Application for certification, 1990 model-year light-duty vehicles - Audi

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

Every year, each manufacturer of passenger cars, light-duty trucks, motorcycles, or heavy-duty engines submits to EPA an application for certification. In the application, the manufacturer gives a detailed technical description of the vehicles or engines he intends to market during the upcoming model year. These engineering data include explanations and/or drawings which describe engine/vehicle parameters such as basic engine design, fuel systems, ignition systems and exhaust and evaporative emission control systems. It also provides information on emission test procedures, service accumulation procedures, fuels to be used, and proposed maintenance requirements to be followed during testing. Section 16 of the applicationmore » contains the results of emission testing, a statement of compliance to the regulations, production engine parameters, and a Summary Sheet Input Form on which issuance of a Certificate of Conformity is based.« less

Application for certification 1993 model year light-duty vehicles - Audi

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

Every year, each manufacturer of passenger cars, light-duty trucks, motorcycles, or heavy-duty engines submits to EPA an application for certification. In the application, the manufacturer gives a detailed technical description of the vehicles or engines he intends to market during the upcoming model year. These engineering data include explanations and/or drawings which describe engine/vehicle parameters such as basic engine design, fuel systems, ignition systems and exhaust and evaporative emission control systems. It also provides information on emission test procedures, service accumulation procedures, fuels to be used, and proposed maintenance requirements to be followed during testing. Section 16 of the applicationmore » contains the results of emission testing, a statement of compliance to the regulations, production engine parameters, and a Summary Sheet Input Form on which issuance of a Certificate of Conformity is based.« less

Application for certification, 1991 model-year light-duty vehicles - Audi

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

Every year, each manufacturer of passenger cars, light-duty trucks, motorcycles, or heavy-duty engines submits to EPA an application for certification. In the application, the manufacturer gives a detailed technical description of the vehicles or engines he intends to market during the upcoming model-year. These engineering data include explanations and/or drawings which describe engine/vehicle parameters such as basic engine design, fuel systems, ignition systems and exhaust and evaporative emission control systems. It also provides information on emission test procedures, service accumulation procedures, fuels to be used, and proposed maintenance requirements to be followed during testing. Section 16 of the application containsmore » the results of emission testing, a statement of compliance to the regulations, production engine parameters and a Summary Sheet Input Form on which issuance of a Certificate of Conformity is based.« less

Application for certification 1981 model year light-duty vehicles - Audi

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

Every year, each manufacturer of passenger cars, light-duty trucks, motorcycles, or heavy-duty engines submits to EPA an application for certification. In the application, the manufacturer gives a detailed technical description of the vehicles or engines he intends to market during the upcoming model year. These engineering data include explanations and/or drawings which describe engine/vehicle parameters such as basic engine design, fuel systems, ignition systems and exhaust and evaporative emission control systems. It also provides information on emission test procedures, service accumulation procedures, fuels to be used, and proposed maintenance requirements to be followed during testing. Section 16 of the applicationmore » contains the results of emission testing, a statement of compliance to the regulations, production engine parameters, and a Summary Sheet Input Form on which issuance of a Certificate of Conformity is based.« less

Application for certification 1987 model year light-duty vehicles - Peugeot

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

Every year, each manufacturer of passenger cars, light-duty trucks, motorcycles, or heavy-duty engines submits to EPA an application for certification. In the application, the manufacturer gives a detailed technical description of the vehicles or engines he intends to market during the upcoming model year. The engineering data include explanations and/or drawings which describe engine/vehicle parameters such as basic engine design, fuel systems, ignition systems and exhaust and evaporative emission control systems. They also provide information on emission test procedures, service accumulation procedures, fuels to be used, and proposed maintenance requirements to be followed during testing. Section 16 of the applicationmore » contains the results of emission testing, a statement of compliance to the regulations, production engine parameters, and a Summary Sheet Input Form on which issuance of a Certificate of Conformity is based.« less

Application for certification 1981 model year light-duty vehicles - Peugeot

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

Every year, each manufacturer of passenger cars, light-duty trucks, motorcycles, or heavy-duty engines submits to EPA an application for certification. In the application, the manufacturer gives a detailed technical description of the vehicles or engines he intends to market during the upcoming model year. These engineering data include explanations and/or drawings which describe engine/vehicle parameters such as basic engine design, fuel systems, ignition systems and exhaust and evaporative emission control systems. It also provides information on emission test procedures, service accumulation procedures, fuels to be used, and proposed maintenance requirements to be followed during testing. Section 16 of the applicationmore » contains the results of emission testing, a statement of compliance to the regulations, production engine parameters, and a Summary Sheet Input Form on which issuance of a Certificate of Conformity is based.« less

Application for certification, 1988 model year light-duty vehicles - Volkswagen, Audi

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

Every year, each manufacturer of passenger cars, light-duty trucks, motorcycles, or heavy-duty engines submits to EPA an application for certification. In the application, the manufacturer gives a detailed technical description of the vehicles or engines he intends to market during the upcoming model year. These engineering data include explanations and/or drawings which describe engine/vehicle parameters such as basic engine design, fuel systems, ignition systems, and exhaust and evaporative emission-control systems. Information is also provided on emission test procedures, service accumulation procedures, fuels to be used, and proposed maintenance requirements to be followed during testing. Section 16 of the application containsmore » the results of emission testing, a statement of compliance to the regulations, production engine parameters, and a Summary Sheet Input Form on which issuance of a Certificate of Conformity is based.« less

Application for certification for 1979 model year for light-duty vehicles - Audi

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

Every year, each manufacturer of passenger cars, light-duty trucks, motorcycles or heavy-duty engines submits to EPA an application for certification. The application consists of two parts. In the part I, the manufacturer gives a detailed technical description of the vehicles or engines he intends to market during the upcoming model year. These engineering data include explanations and/or drawings which describe engine/vehicle parameters such as basic engine design, fuel systems, ignition systems and exhaust and evaporative emission control systems. The part I also provides information on emission test procedures, service accumulation procedures, fuels to be used, and proposed maintenance requirements tomore » be followed during testing. The part II application submitted after emission testing is completed, contains the results of emission testing, a statement of compliance to the regulations, and maintenance instructions to be followed by the ultimate owners of the vehicles.« less

Application for certification, 1986 model year light-duty vehicles - Volkswagen/Audi

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

Every year, each manufacturer of passenger cars, light-duty trucks, motorcycles, or heavy-duty engines submits to EPA an application for certification. In the application, the manufacturer gives a detailed technical description of the vehicles or engines he intends to market during the upcoming model year. These engineering data include explanations and/or drawings which describe engine/vehicle parameters such as basic engine design, fuel systems, ignition systems and exhaust and evaporative emission control systems. It also provides information on emission test procedures, service accumulation procedures, fuels to be used, and proposed maintenance requirements to be followed during testing. Section 16 of the applicationmore » contains the results of emission testing, a statement of compliance to the regulations, production engine parameters, and a Summary Sheet Input Form on which issuance of a Certificate of Conformity is based.« less

Application for certification, 1993 model-year light-duty trucks - Grumman Olson

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1992-01-01

Every year, each manufacturer of passenger cars, light-duty trucks, motorcycles, or heavy-duty engines submits to EPA an application for certification. The report deals with light-duty trucks from Grumman Olson Company. In the application, the manufacturer gives a detailed technical description of the vehicles or engines he intends to market during the upcoming model year. These engineering data include explanations and/or drawings which describe engine/vehicle parameters such as basic engine design, fuel systems, ignition systems and exhaust and evaporative emission control systems. It also provides information on emission test procedures, service accumulation procedures, fuels to be used, and proposed maintenance requirementsmore » to be followed during testing. Section 16 of the application contains the results of emission testing, a statement of compliance to the regulations, production engine parameters, and a Summary Sheet Input Form on which issuance of a Certificate of Conformity is based.« less

Application for certification, 1992 model-year light-duty vehicles - Grumman Olson

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1991-01-01

Every year, each manufacturer of passenger cars, light-duty trucks, motorcycles, or heavy-duty engines submits to EPA an application for certification. In the application, the manufacturer gives a detailed technical description of the vehicles or engines that he intends to market during the upcoming model year. These engineering data include explanations and/or drawings which describe engine/vehicle parameters such as basic engine design, fuel systems, ignition systems and exhaust and evaporative emission control systems. It also provides information on emission test procedures, service accumulation procedures, fuels to be used, and proposed maintenance requirements to be followed during testing. Section 16 of themore » application contains the results of emission testing, a statement of compliance to the regulations, production engine parameters, and a Summary Sheet Input Form on which issuance of a Certificate of Conformity is based.« less

Application for certification for 1979 model year for light-duty vehicles - Peugeot

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

Every year, each manufacturer of passenger cars, light-duty trucks, motorcycles or heavy-duty engines submits to EPA an application for certification. The application consists of two parts. In the part I, the manufacturer gives a detailed technical description of the vehicles or engines he intends to market during the upcoming model year. These engineering data include explanations and/or drawings which describe engine/vehicle parameters such as basic engine design, fuel systems, ignition systems and exhaust and evaporative emission control systems. The part I also provides information on emission test procedures, service accumulation procedures, fuels to be used, and proposed maintenance requirements tomore » be followed during testing. The part II application, submitted after emission testing is completed, contains the results of emission testing, a statement of compliance to the regulations, and maintenance instructions to be followed by the ultimate owners of the vehicles.« less

Application for certification, 1990 model-year light-duty vehicles - US Technical Research Company (Peugeot)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

Every year, each manufacturer of passenger cars, light-duty trucks, motorcycles, or heavy-duty engines submits to EPA an application for certification. In the application, the manufacturer gives a detailed technical description of the vehicles or engines he intends to market during the upcoming model year. These engineering data include explanations and/or drawings which describe engine/vehicle parameters such as basic engine design, fuel systems, ignition systems and exhaust and evaporative emission control systems. It also provides information on emission test procedures, service accumulation procedures, fuels to be used, and proposed maintenance requirements to be followed during testing. Section 16 of the applicationmore » contains the results of emission testing, a statement of compliance to the regulations, production engine parameters, and a Summary Sheet Input Form on which issuance of a Certificate of Conformity is based.« less

Application for certification, 1989 model year light-duty vehicles - US Technical Research Company (Peugeot)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

Every year, each manufacturer of passenger cars, light-duty trucks, motorcycles, or heavy-duty engines submits to EPA an application for certification. In the application, the manufacturer gives a detailed technical description of the vehicles or engines he intends to market during the upcoming model year. These engineering data include explanations and/or drawings which describe engine/vehicle parameters such as basic engine design, fuel systems, ignition systems and exhaust and evaporative emission control systems. It also provides information on emission test procedures, service accumulation procedures, fuels to be used, and proposed maintenance requirements to be followed during testing. Section 16 of the applicationmore » contains the results of emission testing, a statement of compliance to the regulations, production engine parameters, and a Summary Sheet Input Form on which issuance of a Certificate of Conformity is based.« less

78 FR 38821 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-28

... of a fuel leak, could result in fuel accumulating in an area containing electrical equipment. The... maintain buoyancy during emergency landings in water. EASA states that this closing of the fuel tank drains... of a fuel leak in flight, creates ``the risk of fuel accumulation and/or migration'' to an adjacent...

Regulation of Oil Biosynthesis in Algae

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-10-06

renewed interest in microalgae as potential feed stock for renewable fuels including high energy density aviation fuels. Microalgae accumulate large...mechanisms of TAG accumulation relevant to other microalgae and perhaps dedicated biofuel crop plants. Knowledge and understanding of algal model systems...energy density liquid fuels. Long Term Objectives. Under permissive conditions, i.e. nutrient deprivation, many microalgae accumulate oils (TAGs

The Collection of Ice in Jet A-1 Fuel Pipes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Maloney, Thomas C.

Ice collection and blockages in fuel systems have been of interest to the aerospace community since their discovery in the late 1950's when a B-52 crashed. A recent growth of interest was provoked by several incidents that occurred within the last few years. This study seeks to understand the underlying principles of ice growth in fuel flow systems. Tests were performed in a recirculated fuel system with a fuel tank that held approximately 115 gallons of Jet A-1 fuel and ice accumulation was observed in two removable test pipes. The setup was in an altitude chamber capable of -60 °F and the experiments involved full scale flow components. Initially, tests were done to better understand the system and variables that effected accumulation. First, initial conditions within the test pipes were varied. Next, pipe geometry, pipe surface properties, initial water content of the fuel and heat transfer from the fuel pipe were varied. As a result of the tests, observations were made about other effects involved in the study. The effects include: the result of sequentially run tests, the effect of the fuel on the freezing temperature of the entrained water, the effect of ice accumulation on pipe welds, and the effect of the test pipe entrance and exit flow conditions on ice accumulation. The results of initial tests were qualitative. Later quantitative tests were done to demonstrate the dependence of temperature, Reynolds number, and heat transfer on ice accumulation. Tests were quantified with a pressure increase across the pipe sections that was normalized by the expected theoretical initial pressure. As a result of these tests the effect of contamination in the fuel was revealed. For ease of reference, the initial tests were called "stage I" and the later tests were called "stage II". The results of stage I showed that accumulation of soft ice was greatest when a layer of hard ice had initially formed on the pipe surface. Stainless steel collected more ice than Teflon® and there was a lack of a preferential accumulation region downstream of a pipe bend. A greater heat transfer from the pipe increased ice accumulation for aluminum that was made rough with 80 grit sand paper, and for Teflon®. Water was shown to collect in the pipe system as the number of tests increased and the freeze temperature of either the hard or soft ice was about 0 °C. Finally, results of "stage I" tests showed that stainless steel pipe welds were a preferred sight for ice to accumulate. Repeatability was done first in stage II and the normalized pressure increase for two 3/42 un-insulated pipe tests were within 7%. Normalized pressure increase across a pipe was shown to increase as Reynolds number decreased. A 50% increase in Reynolds number led to a 40% decrease in characteristic normalized pressure increase (CNPI). Tests were done at three temperatures and ice accumulated the most at -11 °C. The CNPI at -11 °C was about three times greater than the CNPI at -7.4 °C and about sixty times greater than the CNPI at -19.4 C. A greater heat transfer from the fuel pipe increased ice accumulation. For the amount of time that the tests ran, the total normalized pressure increase was about .9 greater for an un-insulated pipe than for an insulated pipe. Contamination in the fuel increased the amount of soft ice that collected in the system. The CNPI for the more contaminated fuel was more than double the case with less contaminated fuel. Possible solutions for the prevention or decrease of ice accumulation in aircraft fuel systems based on the results of this study are insulated pipes, a change in the type of pipe material, a higher fuel flow rate and cleaner fuel. The fuel temperature could also be altered to avoid temperatures where the most ice accumulates.

Pressurized solid oxide fuel cell integral air accumular containment

DOEpatents

Gillett, James E.; Zafred, Paolo R.; Basel, Richard A.

2004-02-10

A fuel cell generator apparatus contains at least one fuel cell subassembly module in a module housing, where the housing is surrounded by a pressure vessel such that there is an air accumulator space, where the apparatus is associated with an air compressor of a turbine/generator/air compressor system, where pressurized air from the compressor passes into the space and occupies the space and then flows to the fuel cells in the subassembly module, where the air accumulation space provides an accumulator to control any unreacted fuel gas that might flow from the module.

Application for certification, 1991 model year light-duty vehicles - Sports Car America, Puma Division Inc

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1992-01-01

Every year, each manufacturer of passenger cars, light-duty trucks, motorcycles, or heavy-duty engines submits to EPA an application for certification. The report deals with light-duty vehicles from Sports Car America, PUMA Division Incorporated. In the application, the manufacturer gives a detailed technical description of the vehicles or engines he intends to market during the upcoming model year. These engineering data include explanations and/or drawings which describe engine/vehicle parameters such as basic engine design, fuel systems, ignition systems and exhaust and evaporative emission control systems. It also provides information on emission test procedures, service accumulation procedures, fuels to be used, andmore » proposed maintenance requirements to be followed during testing. Section 16 of the application contains the results of emission testing, a statement of compliance to the regulations, production engine parameters, and a Summary Sheet Input Form on which issuance of a Certificate of Conformity is based.« less

Neutron radiation characteristics of the IVth generation reactor spent fuel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bedenko, Sergey; Shamanin, Igor; Grachev, Victor; Knyshev, Vladimir; Ukrainets, Olesya; Zorkin, Andrey

2018-03-01

Exploitation of nuclear power plants as well as construction of new generation reactors lead to great accumulation of spent fuel in interim storage facilities at nuclear power plants, and in spent fuel «wet» and «dry» long-term storages. Consequently, handling the fuel needs more attention. The paper is focused on the creation of an efficient computational model used for developing the procedures and regulations of spent nuclear fuel handling in nuclear fuel cycle of the new generation reactor. A Thorium High-temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor Unit (HGTRU, Russia) was used as an object for numerical research. Fuel isotopic composition of HGTRU was calculated using the verified code of the MCU-5 program. The analysis of alpha emitters and neutron radiation sources was made. The neutron yield resulting from (α,n)-reactions and at spontaneous fission was calculated. In this work it has been shown that contribution of (α,n)-neutrons is insignificant in case of such (Th,Pu)-fuel composition and HGTRU operation mode, and integral neutron yield can be approximated by the Watt spectral function. Spectral and standardized neutron distributions were achieved by approximation of the list of high-precision nuclear data. The distribution functions were prepared in group and continuous form for further use in calculations according to MNCP, MCU, and SCALE.

40 CFR 1066.840 - Highway fuel economy test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 33 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Highway fuel economy test procedure... Highway fuel economy test procedure. This section describes the procedure for the highway fuel economy test (HFET). This test involves emission sampling and fuel economy measurement for certain vehicles as...

A quantitative model and the experimental evaluation of the liquid fuel layer for the downward flame spread of XPS foam.

PubMed

Luo, Shengfeng; Xie, Qiyuan; Tang, Xinyi; Qiu, Rong; Yang, Yun

2017-05-05

The objective of this work is to investigate the distinctive mechanisms of downward flame spread for XPS foam. It was physically considered as a moving down of narrow pool fire instead of downward surface flame spread for normal solids. A method was developed to quantitatively analyze the accumulated liquid fuel based on the experimental measurement of locations of flame tips and burning rates. The results surprisingly showed that about 80% of the generated hot liquid fuel remained in the pool fire during a certain period. Most of the consumed solid XPS foam didn't really burn away but transformed as the liquid fuel in the downward moving pool fire, which might be an important promotion for the fast fire development. The results also indicated that the dripping propensity of the hot liquid fuel depends on the total amount of the hot liquid accumulated in the pool fire. The leading point of the flame front curve might be the breach of the accumulated hot liquid fuel if it is enough for dripping. Finally, it is suggested that horizontal noncombustible barriers for preventing the accumulation and dripping of liquid fuel are helpful for vertical confining of XPS fire. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Trying not to get burned: Understanding homeowners' wildfire risk-mitigation behaviors

Treesearch

Hannah Brenkert-Smith; Patricia A. Champ; Nicholas Flores

2012-01-01

Three causes have been identified for the spiraling cost of wildfire suppression in the United States: climate change, fuel accumulation from past wildfire suppression, and development in fire-prone areas. Because little is likely to be performed to halt the effects of climate on wildfire risk, and because fuel-management budgets cannot keep pace with fuel accumulation...

Tier 2 Intermediate Useful Life (50,000 Miles) and 4000 Mile Supplemental Federal Test Procedure (SFTP) Exhaust Emission Results for a NOx Adsorber and Diesel Particle Filter Equipped Light-Duty Diesel Vehicle

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tatur, M.; Tyrer, H.; Tomazic, D.

2005-01-01

Due to its high efficiency and superior durability the diesel engine is again becoming a prime candidate for future light-duty vehicle applications within the United States. While in Europe the overall diesel share exceeds 40%, the current diesel share in the U.S. is 1%. Despite the current situation and the very stringent Tier 2 emission standards, efforts are being made to introduce the diesel engine back into the U.S. market. In order to succeed, these vehicles have to comply with emissions standards over a 120,000 miles distance while maintaining their excellent fuel economy. The availability of technologies such as high-pressure,more » common-rail fuel systems, low-sulfur diesel fuel, NO{sub x} adsorber catalysts (NAC), and diesel particle filters (DPFs) allow the development of powertrain systems that have the potential to comply with the light-duty Tier 2 emission requirements. In support of this, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has engaged in several test projects under the Advanced Petroleum Based Fuels - Diesel Emission Controls (APBF-DEC) activity. The primary technology being addressed by these projects are the sulfur tolerance and durability of the NAC/DPF system. The project investigated the performance of the emission control system and system desulphurization effects on regulated and unregulated emissions. Emissions measurements were conducted over the Federal Test Procedure (FTP), Supplemental Federal Test Procedure (SFTP), and the Highway Fuel Economy Test (HFET). Testing was conducted after the accumulation of 150 hours of engine operation calculated to be the equivalent of approximately 8,200 miles. For these evaluations three out of six of the FTP test cycles were within the 50,000-mile Tier 2 bin 5 emission standards (0.05 g/mi NO{sub x} and 0.01 g/mi PM). Emissions over the SC03 portion of the SFTP were within the 4,000-mile SFTP standards. The emission of NO{sub x}+NMHC exceeded the 4,000-mile standard over the US06 portion of the SFTP. Testing was also conducted after the accumulation of 1,000 hours of engine operation calculated to be the equivalent of approximately 50,000 miles. Recalibrated driveability maps resulted in more repeatable NOs{sub x} emissions from cycle to cycle. The NO{sub x} level was below the Tier 2 emission limits for 50,000 and 120,000 miles. NMHC emissions were found at a level outside the limit for 120,000 miles.« less

Understory Herbicide as a Treatment For Reducing Hazardous Fuels and Extreme Fire Behavior in Slash Pine Plantations

Treesearch

Patrick H. Brose; Dale Wade

2002-01-01

The 1998 wildfires in Florida sparked a serious debate about the accumulation of hazardous forest fuels and the merits of prescribed fire and alternatives for mitigating that problem. One such alternative is application of understory herbicides and anecdotal evidence suggests they may either exacerbate or lessen the fuel accumulation problem. In 1998, a study was...

Evolution of spent nuclear fuel in dry storage conditions for millennia and beyond

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wiss, Thierry; Hiernaut, Jean-Pol; Roudil, Danièle; Colle, Jean-Yves; Maugeri, Emilio; Talip, Zeynep; Janssen, Arne; Rondinella, Vincenzo; Konings, Rudy J. M.; Matzke, Hans-Joachim; Weber, William J.

2014-08-01

Significant amounts of spent uranium dioxide nuclear fuel are accumulating worldwide from decades of commercial nuclear power production. While such spent fuel is intended to be reprocessed or disposed in geologic repositories, out-of-reactor radiation damage from alpha decay can be detrimental to its structural stability. Here we report on an experimental study in which radiation damage in plutonium dioxide, uranium dioxide samples doped with short-lived alpha-emitters and urano-thorianite minerals have been characterized by XRD, transmission electron microscopy, thermal desorption spectrometry and hardness measurements to assess the long-term stability of spent nuclear fuel to substantial alpha-decay doses. Defect accumulation is predicted to result in swelling of the atomic structure and decrease in fracture toughness; whereas, the accumulation of helium will produce bubbles that result in much larger gaseous-induced swelling that substantially increases the stresses in the constrained spent fuel. Based on these results, the radiation-ageing of highly-aged spent nuclear fuel over more than 10,000 years is predicted.

40 CFR 86.1227-96 - Test procedures; overview.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Test procedures; overview. 86.1227-96... Emission Test Procedures for New Gasoline-Fueled, Natural Gas-Fueled, Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled and Methanol-Fueled Heavy-Duty Vehicles § 86.1227-96 Test procedures; overview. (a) The overall test consists...

Voltage instability in a simulated fuel cell stack correlated to cathode water accumulation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Owejan, J. P.; Trabold, T. A.; Gagliardo, J. J.; Jacobson, D. L.; Carter, R. N.; Hussey, D. S.; Arif, M.

Single fuel cells running independently are often used for fundamental studies of water transport. It is also necessary to assess the dynamic behavior of fuel cell stacks comprised of multiple cells arranged in series, thus providing many paths for flow of reactant hydrogen on the anode and air (or pure oxygen) on the cathode. In the current work, the flow behavior of a fuel cell stack is simulated by using a single-cell test fixture coupled with a bypass flow loop for the cathode flow. This bypass simulates the presence of additional cells in a stack and provides an alternate path for airflow, thus avoiding forced convective purging of cathode flow channels. Liquid water accumulation in the cathode is shown to occur in two modes; initially nearly all the product water is retained in the gas diffusion layer until a critical saturation fraction is reached and then water accumulation in the flow channels begins. Flow redistribution and fuel cell performance loss result from channel slug formation. The application of in-situ neutron radiography affords a transient correlation of performance loss to liquid water accumulation. The current results identify a mechanism whereby depleted cathode flow on a single cell leads to performance loss, which can ultimately cause an operating proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack to fail.

ANALYSIS OF BORON DILUTION TRANSIENTS IN PWRS.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

DIAMOND,D.J.BROMLEY,B.P.ARONSON,A.L.

2004-02-04

A study has been carried out with PARCS/RELAP5 to understand the consequences of hypothetical boron dilution events in pressurized water reactors. The scenarios of concern start with a small-break loss-of-coolant accident. If the event leads to boiling in the core and then the loss of natural circulation, a boron-free condensate can accumulate in the cold leg. The dilution event happens when natural circulation is re-established or a reactor coolant pump (RCP) is restarted in violation of operating procedures. This event is of particular concern in B&W reactors with a lowered-loop design and is a Generic Safety Issue for the U.S.more » Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The results of calculations with the reestablishment of natural circulation show that there is no unacceptable fuel damage. This is determined by calculating the maximum fuel pellet enthalpy, based on the three-dimensional model, and comparing it with the criterion for damage. The calculation is based on a model of a B&W reactor at beginning of the fuel cycle. If an RCP is restarted, unacceptable fuel damage may be possible in plants with sufficiently large volumes of boron-free condensate in the cold leg.« less

Nuclear reactor fuel element having improved heat transfer

DOEpatents

Garnier, J.E.; Begej, S.; Williford, R.E.; Christensen, J.A.

1982-03-03

A nuclear reactor fuel element having improved heat transfer between fuel material and cladding is described. The element consists of an outer cladding tube divided into an upper fuel section containing a central core of fissionable or mixed fissionable and fertile fuel material, slightly smaller in diameter than the inner surface of the cladding tube and a small lower accumulator section, the cladding tube being which is filled with a low molecular weight gas to transfer heat from fuel material to cladding during irradiation. A plurality of essentially vertical grooves in the fuel section extend downward and communicate with the accumulator section. The radial depth of the grooves is sufficient to provide a thermal gradient between the hot fuel surface and the relatively cooler cladding surface to allow thermal segregation to take place between the low molecular weight heat transfer gas and high molecular weight fission product gases produced by the fuel material during irradiation.

75 FR 66651 - Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Model A330-201, -202, -203, -223, and -243 Airplanes, and Model...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-29

... spool down, which occurred while applying fuel gravity feed procedure, in response to low pressure... fuel gravity feed procedure, in response to low pressure indications from all fuel boost pumps, in both... while applying fuel gravity feed procedure, in response to low pressure indications from all fuel boost...

75 FR 39869 - Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Model A330-200 and A330-300 Series Airplanes

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-13

... uncommanded engine 1 in flight spool down, which occurred while applying fuel gravity feed procedure, in... while applying fuel gravity feed procedure, in response to low pressure indications from all fuel boost... applying fuel gravity feed procedure, in response to low pressure indications from all fuel boost pumps, in...

Coal-water slurry sprays from an electronically controlled accumulator fuel injection system: Break-up distances and times

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Caton, J. A.; Payne, S. E.; Terracina, D. P.; Kihm, K. D.

Experiments have been completed to characterize coal-water slurry sprays from an electronically-controlled accumulator fuel injection system of a diesel engine. The sprays were injected into a pressurized chamber equipped with windows. High speed movies, fuel pressures, and needle lifts were obtained as a function of time, orifice diameter, coal loading, gas density in the chamber, and accumulator fuel pressure. For the base conditions (50% by mass coal loading, 0.4 mm diameter nozzle hole, coal-water slurry pressure of 82 MPa (12,000 psi), and a chamber density of 25 kg/m(exp 3)), the break-up time was 0.30 ms. An empirical correlation for spray tip penetration, break-up time, and initial jet velocity was developed. For the conditions of this study, the spray tip penetration and initial jet velocity were 15% greater for coal-water slurry than for diesel fuel or water. Results of this study and the correlation are specific to the tested coal-water slurry and are not general for other coal-water slurry fuels.

40 CFR 63.11213 - What fuel analyses and procedures must I use for the performance tests?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... What fuel analyses and procedures must I use for the performance tests? (a) You must conduct fuel... approximately equal intervals during a test run period. (c) Determine the concentration of mercury in the fuel... 40 Protection of Environment 15 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false What fuel analyses and procedures must...

40 CFR 63.11213 - What fuel analyses and procedures must I use for the performance tests?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... What fuel analyses and procedures must I use for the performance tests? (a) You must conduct fuel... approximately equal intervals during a test run period. (c) Determine the concentration of mercury in the fuel... 40 Protection of Environment 14 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false What fuel analyses and procedures must...

40 CFR 63.11213 - What fuel analyses and procedures must I use for the performance tests?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... What fuel analyses and procedures must I use for the performance tests? (a) You must conduct fuel... approximately equal intervals during a test run period. (c) Determine the concentration of mercury in the fuel... 40 Protection of Environment 15 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false What fuel analyses and procedures must...

40 CFR 63.11213 - What fuel analyses and procedures must I use for the performance tests?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... What fuel analyses and procedures must I use for the performance tests? (a) You must conduct fuel... approximately equal intervals during a test run period. (c) Determine the concentration of mercury in the fuel... 40 Protection of Environment 15 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false What fuel analyses and procedures must...

Liquid Water Saturation and Oxygen Transport Resistance in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Gas Diffusion Layers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Muirhead, Daniel

In this thesis, the relative humidity (RH) of the cathode reactant gas was investigated as a factor which influences gas diffusion layer (GDL) liquid water accumulation and mass transport-related efficiency losses over a range of operating current densities in a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell. Limiting current measurements were used to characterize fuel cell oxygen transport resistance while simultaneous measurements of liquid water accumulation were conducted using synchrotron X-ray radiography. GDL porosity distributions were characterized with micro-computed tomography (microCT). The work presented here can be used by researchers to develop improved numerical models to predict GDL liquid water accumulation and to inform the design of next-generation GDL materials to mitigate mass transport-related efficiency losses. This work also contributes an extensive set of concurrent performance and liquid water visualization data to the PEM fuel cell field that can be used for validating multiphase transport models.

40 CFR 1066.985 - Fuel storage system leak test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 33 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Fuel storage system leak test... Refueling Emission Test Procedures for Motor Vehicles § 1066.985 Fuel storage system leak test procedure. (a... conditions. (3) Leak test equipment must have the ability to pressurize fuel storage systems to at least 4.1...

75 FR 52892 - Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Test Procedures for Residential Water Heaters...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-30

.... Treatment of Fossil-Fuel Consumption in Existing Test Procedures for Fossil-Fuel Vented Heaters 2. Specific.... Proposed Test Procedure Amendments for Pool Heaters 1. Treatment of Fossil-Fuel Consumption in Existing.... Fossil-fuel standby mode and off mode energy use is already integrated into the vented [[Page 52895...

40 CFR 86.1313-94 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... reported in accordance with § 86.094-21(b)(3). (c) Methanol-fuel. (1) Methanol fuel used for exhaust and evaporative emission testing and in service accumulation of methanol-fueled engines shall be representative of commercially available methanol fuel and shall consist of at least 50 percent methanol by volume. (i...

40 CFR 63.7521 - What fuel analyses, fuel specification, and procedures must I use?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... fuel specification analyses for hydrogen sulfide and mercury according to the procedures in paragraphs... 40 Protection of Environment 13 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false What fuel analyses, fuel specification..., Commercial, and Institutional Boilers and Process Heaters Testing, Fuel Analyses, and Initial Compliance...

Cumulative watershed effects of fuel management in the Eastern United States

Treesearch

Russell LaFayette; Maureen T. Brooks; John P. Potyondy; Lisa Audin; Suzanne L. Krieger; Carl C. Trettin

2012-01-01

As a result of effective fire suppression activities over the last 75 years and a reduction in timber harvesting on the national forests, biomass has accumulated increasing the susceptibility of large and more severe wildfires. Reducing accumulated fuels is now a major management objective on the national forests. A combination of traditional silvicultural treatments...

BEHAVE: fire behavior prediction and fuel modeling system--FUEL subsystem

Treesearch

Robert E. Burgan; Richard C. Rothermel

1984-01-01

This manual documents the fuel modeling procedures of BEHAVE--a state-of-the-art wildland fire behavior prediction system. Described are procedures for collecting fuel data, using the data with the program, and testing and adjusting the fuel model.

40 CFR 1054.501 - How do I run a valid emission test?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... accumulation, use the test fuel or any commercially available fuel that is representative of the fuel that in-use engines will use. Note that § 1054.145(n) allows for testing with gasoline test fuels specified by... fuel system representing a production configuration that sends fuel vapors to the test engine's intake...

40 CFR 1054.501 - How do I run a valid emission test?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... general testing. For service accumulation, use the test fuel or any commercially available fuel that is... blended fuel or the specified gasoline test fuel with that engine family. (ii) For nonhandheld engines... model year is based on test data collected using the blended fuel, we may use the blended fuel or the...

40 CFR 1042.501 - How do I run a valid emission test?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... service accumulation, use the test fuel or any commercially available fuel that is representative of the... diesel test fuel for Category 1 and Category 2 engines is the ultra low-sulfur diesel fuel. If we allow you to use a test fuel with higher sulfur levels, identify the test fuel in your application for...

40 CFR 1042.501 - How do I run a valid emission test?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... service accumulation, use the test fuel or any commercially available fuel that is representative of the... diesel test fuel for Category 1 and Category 2 engines is the ultra low-sulfur diesel fuel. If we allow you to use a test fuel with higher sulfur levels, identify the test fuel in your application for...

40 CFR 1042.501 - How do I run a valid emission test?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... service accumulation, use the test fuel or any commercially available fuel that is representative of the... diesel test fuel for Category 1 and Category 2 engines is the ultra low-sulfur diesel fuel. If we allow you to use a test fuel with higher sulfur levels, identify the test fuel in your application for...

40 CFR 1042.501 - How do I run a valid emission test?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... service accumulation, use the test fuel or any commercially available fuel that is representative of the... diesel test fuel for Category 1 and Category 2 engines is the ultra low-sulfur diesel fuel. If we allow you to use a test fuel with higher sulfur levels, identify the test fuel in your application for...

40 CFR 1054.501 - How do I run a valid emission test?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... general testing. For service accumulation, use the test fuel or any commercially available fuel that is... blended fuel or the specified gasoline test fuel with that engine family. (ii) For nonhandheld engines... model year is based on test data collected using the blended fuel, we may use the blended fuel or the...

40 CFR 1042.501 - How do I run a valid emission test?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... service accumulation, use the test fuel or any commercially available fuel that is representative of the... diesel test fuel for Category 1 and Category 2 engines is the ultra low-sulfur diesel fuel. If we allow you to use a test fuel with higher sulfur levels, identify the test fuel in your application for...

40 CFR 1054.501 - How do I run a valid emission test?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... general testing. For service accumulation, use the test fuel or any commercially available fuel that is... blended fuel or the specified gasoline test fuel with that engine family. (ii) For nonhandheld engines... model year is based on test data collected using the blended fuel, we may use the blended fuel or the...

40 CFR 1054.501 - How do I run a valid emission test?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... general testing. For service accumulation, use the test fuel or any commercially available fuel that is... blended fuel or the specified gasoline test fuel with that engine family. (ii) For nonhandheld engines... model year is based on test data collected using the blended fuel, we may use the blended fuel or the...

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle Fuel Economy Testing at the U.S. EPA National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory (SAE Paper 2004-01-2900)

EPA Science Inventory

The introduction of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and their new technology has created the need for development of new fuel economy test procedures and safety procedures during testing. The United States Environmental Protection Agency-National Vehicle Fuels and Emissions Laborato...

40 CFR 1037.501 - General testing and modeling provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...) [Reserved] (d) Use the applicable fuels specified 40 CFR part 1065 to perform valid tests. (1) For service accumulation, use the test fuel or any commercially available fuel that is representative of the fuel that in... emission testing. Unless we specify otherwise, the appropriate diesel test fuel is ultra low-sulfur diesel...

40 CFR 610.42 - Fuel economy measurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Fuel economy measurement. 610.42 Section 610.42 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY RETROFIT DEVICES Test Procedures and Evaluation Criteria General Vehicle Test Procedures § 610.42 Fuel economy measurement. (a) Fuel...

40 CFR 86.106-00 - Equipment required; overview.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) [Reserved]. For guidance see § 86.106-96. (a)(3) Fuel, analytical gas, and driving schedule specifications. Fuel specifications for exhaust and evaporative emissions testing and for mileage accumulation for petroleum-fueled and methanol-fueled vehicles are specified in § 86.113. Analytical gases are specified in...

40 CFR 86.106-00 - Equipment required; overview.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) [Reserved]. For guidance see § 86.106-96. (a)(3) Fuel, analytical gas, and driving schedule specifications. Fuel specifications for exhaust and evaporative emissions testing and for mileage accumulation for petroleum-fueled and methanol-fueled vehicles are specified in § 86.113. Analytical gases are specified in...

Combustion Characterization and Model Fuel Development for Micro-tubular Flame-assisted Fuel Cells.

PubMed

Milcarek, Ryan J; Garrett, Michael J; Baskaran, Amrish; Ahn, Jeongmin

2016-10-02

Combustion based power generation has been accomplished for many years through a number of heat engine systems. Recently, a move towards small scale power generation and micro combustion as well as development in fuel cell research has created new means of power generation that combine solid oxide fuel cells with open flames and combustion exhaust. Instead of relying upon the heat of combustion, these solid oxide fuel cell systems rely on reforming of the fuel via combustion to generate syngas for electrochemical power generation. Procedures were developed to assess the combustion by-products under a wide range of conditions. While theoretical and computational procedures have been developed for assessing fuel-rich combustion exhaust in these applications, experimental techniques have also emerged. The experimental procedures often rely upon a gas chromatograph or mass spectrometer analysis of the flame and exhaust to assess the combustion process as a fuel reformer and means of heat generation. The experimental techniques developed in these areas have been applied anew for the development of the micro-tubular flame-assisted fuel cell. The protocol discussed in this work builds on past techniques to specify a procedure for characterizing fuel-rich combustion exhaust and developing a model fuel-rich combustion exhaust for use in flame-assisted fuel cell testing. The development of the procedure and its applications and limitations are discussed.

Decay heat power of spent nuclear fuel of power reactors with high burnup at long-term storage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ternovykh, Mikhail; Tikhomirov, Georgy; Saldikov, Ivan; Gerasimov, Alexander

2017-09-01

Decay heat power of actinides and fission products from spent nuclear fuel of power VVER-1000 type reactors at long-term storage is calculated. Two modes of storage are considered: mode in which single portion of actinides or fission products is loaded in storage facility, and mode in which actinides or fission products from spent fuel of one VVER reactor are added every year in storage facility during 30 years and then accumulated nuclides are stored without addition new nuclides. Two values of fuel burnup 40 and 70 MW·d/kg are considered for the mode of storage of single fuel unloading. For the mode of accumulation of spent fuel with subsequent storage, one value of burnup of 70 MW·d/kg is considered. Very long time of storage 105 years accepted in calculations allows to simulate final geological disposal of radioactive wastes. Heat power of fission products decreases quickly after 50-100 years of storage. The power of actinides decreases very slow. In passing from 40 to 70 MW·d/kg, power of actinides increases due to accumulation of higher fraction of 244Cm. These data are important in the back end of fuel cycle when improved cooling system of the storage facility will be required along with stronger radiation protection during storage, transportation and processing.

Fuel accumulation and forest structure change following hazardous fuel reduction treatments throughout California

Treesearch

Nicole M. Vaillant; Erin K. Noonan-Wright; Alicia L. Reiner; Carol M. Ewell; Benjamin M. Rau; Josephine A. Fites-Kaufman; Scott N. Dailey

2015-01-01

Altered fuel conditions coupled with changing climate have disrupted fire regimes of forests historically characterised by high-frequency and low-to-moderate-severity fire. Managers use fuel treatments to abate undesirable fire behaviour and effects. Short-term effectiveness of fuel treatments to alter fire behaviour and effects is well documented; however, long-term...

40 CFR 1037.501 - General testing and modeling provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 1065 to perform valid tests. (1) For service accumulation, use the test fuel or any commercially... appropriate diesel test fuel is ultra low-sulfur diesel fuel. (3) For gasoline-fueled vehicles, use the...) AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW HEAVY-DUTY MOTOR VEHICLES Test and Modeling...

Developing models to predict the number of fire hotspots from an accumulated fuel dryness index by vegetation type and region in Mexico

Treesearch

D. Vega-Nieva; J. Briseño-Reyes; M. Nava-Miranda; E. Calleros-Flores; P. López-Serrano; J. Corral-Rivas; E. Montiel-Antuna; M. Cruz-López; M. Cuahutle; R. Ressl; E. Alvarado-Celestino; A. González-Cabán; E. Jiménez; J. Álvarez-González; A. Ruiz-González; R. Burgan; H. Preisler

2018-01-01

Understanding the linkage between accumulated fuel dryness and temporal fire occurrence risk is key for improving decision-making in forest fire management, especially under growing conditions of vegetation stress associated with climate change. This study addresses the development of models to predict the number of 10-day observed Moderate-Resolution Imaging...

Rates of post-fire vegetation recovery and fuel accumulation as a function of burn severity and time-since-burn in four western U.S. ecosystems

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Vegetation recovery and fuel accumulation rates following wildfire are useful measures of ecosystem resilience, yet few studies have quantified these variables over 10 years post-fire. Conventional wisdom is that recovery time to pre-fire condition will be slower as a function of burn severity, as i...

Coal-water slurry spray characteristics of an electronically-controlled accumulator fuel injection system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Caton, J. A.; Payne, S. E.; Terracina, D. P.; Kihm, K. D.

Experiments have been complete to characterize coal-water slurry sprays from a electronically-controlled accumulator fuel injection system of diesel engine. The sprays were injected into a pressurized chamber equipped with windows. High speed movies, fuel pressures and needle lifts were obtained as a function of time, orifice diameter, coal loading, gas density in the chamber, and accumulator fuel pressure. For the base conditions 50% (by mass) coal loading, 0.4 mm diameter nozzle hole, coal-water slurry pressure of 82 MPa (12,000 psi), and a chamber density of 25 kg/m(exp 3), the break-up time was 0.30 ms. An empirical correlation for both spray tip penetration and initial jet velocity was developed. For the conditions of this study, the spray tip penetration and initial jet velocity were 15% greater for coal-water slurry than for diesel fuel or water. Cone angles of the sprays were dependent on the operating conditions and fluid, as well as the time and locations of the measurement. The time-averaged cone angle for the base case conditions was 13.6 degrees. Results of this study and the correlation are specific to the tested coal-water slurry and are not general for other coal-water slurry fuels.

40 CFR 86.1824-01 - Durability demonstration procedures for evaporative emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Durability demonstration procedures for evaporative emissions. This section applies to gasoline-, methanol... constituents. (iv) For flexible-fueled, dual-fueled, multi-fueled, ethanol-fueled and methanol-fueled vehicles... obtained under §§ 86.1845-01, 86.1846-01, 86.1847-01 or from other sources shall be used by the...

40 CFR 86.1824-01 - Durability demonstration procedures for evaporative emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Durability demonstration procedures for evaporative emissions. This section applies to gasoline-, methanol... constituents. (iv) For flexible-fueled, dual-fueled, multi-fueled, ethanol-fueled and methanol-fueled vehicles... obtained under §§ 86.1845-01, 86.1846-01, 86.1847-01 or from other sources shall be used by the...

40 CFR 1060.505 - Other procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... equipment will use another volatile liquid fuel instead of gasoline, use a test fuel that is representative... the test procedures to reflect the effects of using a fuel other than gasoline. (d) Approval. If we... CONTROL OF EVAPORATIVE EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE NONROAD AND STATIONARY EQUIPMENT Test Procedures...

40 CFR 1066.970 - Refueling test for liquid fuels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 33 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Refueling test for liquid fuels. 1066... POLLUTION CONTROLS VEHICLE-TESTING PROCEDURES Evaporative Emission Test Procedures Evaporative and Refueling Emission Test Procedures for Motor Vehicles § 1066.970 Refueling test for liquid fuels. Except as described...

40 CFR 1060.505 - Other procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... equipment will use another volatile liquid fuel instead of gasoline, use a test fuel that is representative... the test procedures to reflect the effects of using a fuel other than gasoline. (d) Approval. If we... CONTROL OF EVAPORATIVE EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE NONROAD AND STATIONARY EQUIPMENT Test Procedures...

40 CFR 1060.505 - Other procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... equipment will use another volatile liquid fuel instead of gasoline, use a test fuel that is representative... the test procedures to reflect the effects of using a fuel other than gasoline. (d) Approval. If we... CONTROL OF EVAPORATIVE EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE NONROAD AND STATIONARY EQUIPMENT Test Procedures...

40 CFR 1060.505 - Other procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... equipment will use another volatile liquid fuel instead of gasoline, use a test fuel that is representative... the test procedures to reflect the effects of using a fuel other than gasoline. (d) Approval. If we... CONTROL OF EVAPORATIVE EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE NONROAD AND STATIONARY EQUIPMENT Test Procedures...

40 CFR 1060.505 - Other procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... equipment will use another volatile liquid fuel instead of gasoline, use a test fuel that is representative... the test procedures to reflect the effects of using a fuel other than gasoline. (d) Approval. If we... CONTROL OF EVAPORATIVE EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE NONROAD AND STATIONARY EQUIPMENT Test Procedures...

40 CFR 86.1227-96 - Test procedures; overview.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Methanol-Fueled Heavy-Duty Vehicles § 86.1227-96 Test procedures; overview. (a) The overall test consists... petroleum gas-fueled, and methanol-fueled vehicles) is designed to determine hydrocarbon and/or methanol... operation, which result in hydrocarbon and/or methanol vapor losses. The test procedure is designed to...

Laboratory Evaluation of Light Obscuration Particle Counters used to Establish use Limits for Aviation Fuel

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-12-01

markings are indicated, follow agency authorization procedures , e.g. RD/FRD, PROPIN, ITAR, etc. Include copyright information. 13. SUPPLEMENTARY...Contamination in Distillate Fuels (Visual Inspection Procedures ), as a final check of fuel to ensure aviation fuel is clear and bright before flight...Laboratories at the Detroit Arsenal. The online procedure for evaluating the light obscuration particle counters was modified from the concepts found

Motorcycle emission control demonstration. Final report April--November 1977

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ullman, T.L.; Hare, C.T.

1977-12-01

The testing of ten motorcycles for exhaust emissions of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) is described. Emission rates in grams per kilometer are presented for the 1975 Federal Test Procedure and the Highway Fuel Economy Test, as well as in percent or parts per million for several steady-state conditions. The test motorcycles were equipped with 2-stroke, 4-stroke, and rotary engines ranging from about 100 to 1000 cc displacement. Several exhaust emission control techniques were applied, including minor and major carburetor enleanment with and without capacitive discharge ignition, secondary air injection with both pumps and reedmore » valves, port liners, thermal reactors, oxidation catalysts, rotary valve modification, a spark ignited afterburner, and a short-circuited air-fuel mixture extraction system. Driveability, performance, and maladjustment (stock only) testing were also performed. All testing was performed with low accumulated distance on the motorcycles. (Portions of this document are not fully legible)« less

Post-fire surface fuel dynamics in California forests across three burn severity classes

Treesearch

Bianca N. I. Eskelson; Vicente J. Monleon

2018-01-01

Forest wildfires consume fuel and are followed by post-fire fuel accumulation. This study examines post-fire surface fuel dynamics over 9 years across a wide range of conditions characteristic of California fires in dry conifer and hardwood forests. We estimated post-fire surface fuel loadings (Mg ha _1) from 191 repeatedly measured United States...

40 CFR 600.116-12 - Special procedures related to electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND GREENHOUSE GAS EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Fuel Economy and Carbon-Related Exhaust Emission Test Procedures § 600.116-12 Special procedures related to electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. (a) Determine fuel economy...

49 CFR 176.905 - Stowage of motor vehicles or mechanical equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... powered by an internal combustion engine, a fuel cell, batteries or a combination thereof, is subject to... leakage from the battery, engine, fuel cell, compressed gas cylinder or accumulator, or fuel tank, as..., each vehicle or mechanical equipment must be inspected for fuel leaks and identifiable faults in the...

40 CFR 86.113-94 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... section shall be reported in accordance with § 86.094-21(b)(3) or § 86.1844-01 as applicable. (c) Methanol fuel. (1) Methanol fuel used for exhaust and evaporative emission testing and in service accumulation shall be representative of commercially available methanol fuel and shall consist of at least 50 percent...

40 CFR 86.113-94 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... section shall be reported in accordance with § 86.094-21(b)(3) or § 86.1844-01 as applicable. (c) Methanol fuel. (1) Methanol fuel used for exhaust and evaporative emission testing and in service accumulation shall be representative of commercially available methanol fuel and shall consist of at least 50 percent...

Short-term impact of post-fire salvage logging on regeneration, hazardous fuel accumulation, and understorey development in ponderosa pine forest of the Black Hills, SD, USA

Treesearch

Tara L Keyser; Fredrick W Smith; Wayne D. Shepperd

2009-01-01

We examined the impacts of post-fire salvage logging on regeneration, fuel accumulation, and understorey vegetation and assessed whether the effects of salvage logging differed between stands burned under moderate and high fire severity following the 2000 Jasper Fire in the Black Hills. In unsalvaged sites, fire-related tree mortality...

Variants of closing the nuclear fuel cycle

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Andrianova, E. A.; Davidenko, V. D.; Tsibulskiy, V. F.; Tsibulskiy, S. V.

2015-12-01

Influence of the nuclear energy structure, the conditions of fuel burnup, and accumulation of new fissile isotopes from the raw isotopes on the main parameters of a closed fuel cycle is considered. The effects of the breeding ratio, the cooling time of the spent fuel in the external fuel cycle, and the separation of the breeding area and the fissile isotope burning area on the parameters of the fuel cycle are analyzed.

Fuel Burn Estimation Using Real Track Data

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chatterji, Gano B.

2011-01-01

A procedure for estimating fuel burned based on actual flight track data, and drag and fuel-flow models is described. The procedure consists of estimating aircraft and wind states, lift, drag and thrust. Fuel-flow for jet aircraft is determined in terms of thrust, true airspeed and altitude as prescribed by the Base of Aircraft Data fuel-flow model. This paper provides a theoretical foundation for computing fuel-flow with most of the information derived from actual flight data. The procedure does not require an explicit model of thrust and calibrated airspeed/Mach profile which are typically needed for trajectory synthesis. To validate the fuel computation method, flight test data provided by the Federal Aviation Administration were processed. Results from this method show that fuel consumed can be estimated within 1% of the actual fuel consumed in the flight test. Next, fuel consumption was estimated with simplified lift and thrust models. Results show negligible difference with respect to the full model without simplifications. An iterative takeoff weight estimation procedure is described for estimating fuel consumption, when takeoff weight is unavailable, and for establishing fuel consumption uncertainty bounds. Finally, the suitability of using radar-based position information for fuel estimation is examined. It is shown that fuel usage could be estimated within 5.4% of the actual value using positions reported in the Airline Situation Display to Industry data with simplified models and iterative takeoff weight computation.

40 CFR 79.50 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... mixture resulting when a fuel additive is added in specified proportion to the base fuel of the fuel... Procedure (FTP) means the body of exhaust and evaporative emissions test procedures described in 40 CFR 86...

40 CFR 79.50 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... mixture resulting when a fuel additive is added in specified proportion to the base fuel of the fuel... Procedure (FTP) means the body of exhaust and evaporative emissions test procedures described in 40 CFR 86...

40 CFR 79.50 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... mixture resulting when a fuel additive is added in specified proportion to the base fuel of the fuel... Procedure (FTP) means the body of exhaust and evaporative emissions test procedures described in 40 CFR 86...

40 CFR 1060.525 - How do I test fuel systems for diurnal emissions?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 33 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false How do I test fuel systems for diurnal... EQUIPMENT Test Procedures § 1060.525 How do I test fuel systems for diurnal emissions? Use the procedures of... emissions from the measured diurnal emissions if the fuel tank is preconditioned with diurnal test fuel as...

40 CFR 1060.525 - How do I test fuel systems for diurnal emissions?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 34 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false How do I test fuel systems for diurnal... EQUIPMENT Test Procedures § 1060.525 How do I test fuel systems for diurnal emissions? Use the procedures of... emissions from the measured diurnal emissions if the fuel tank is preconditioned with diurnal test fuel as...

40 CFR 1060.525 - How do I test fuel systems for diurnal emissions?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 34 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false How do I test fuel systems for diurnal... EQUIPMENT Test Procedures § 1060.525 How do I test fuel systems for diurnal emissions? Use the procedures of... emissions from the measured diurnal emissions if the fuel tank is preconditioned with diurnal test fuel as...

Using BEHAVEPlus for predicting fire behavior in southern Appalachian hardwood stands subjected to fuel reduction treatments

Treesearch

Helen H. Mohr; Thomas A. Waldrop; Dean M. Simon

2010-01-01

There is a crucial need for fuel reduction in United States forests due to decades of fuel accumulation resulting from fire exclusion. The National Fire and Fire Surrogate Study (FFS) addresses this issue by examining the effects of three fuel reduction treatments on numerous response variables. At an FFS site in the southern Appalachian Mountains, fuels were altered...

Status of liquid metal fast breeder reactor fuel development in Japan

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Katsuragawa, M.; Kashihara, H.; Akebi, M.

1993-09-01

The mixed-oxide fuel technology for a liquid metal fast breeder reactor (LMFBR) in Japan is progressing toward commercial deployment of LMFBR. Based on accumulated experience in Joyo and Monju fuel development, efforts for large scale LMFBR fuel development are devoted to improved irradiation performance, reliability and economy. This paper summarizes accomplishments, current activities and future plans for LMFBR fuel development in Japan.

Fuels on disturbed and undisturbed sites in the southern Appalachian Mountains, USA

Treesearch

Thomas A. Waldrop; Lucy Brudnak; Sandra Rideout-Hanzak

2007-01-01

Fuel distribution in the southern Appalachian Mountain region was measured in over 1000 study plots that were stratified by topographic position (aspect and slop position) and disturbance history. Few fuel differences occurred among topographic positions for undisturbed plots, indicating that fuel accumulation is no greater on highly productive sites than on less...

40 CFR 86.1305 - Introduction; structure of subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... this part. (e) Use the fuels specified in 40 CFR part 1065 to perform valid tests, as follows: (1) For service accumulation, use the test fuel or any commercially available fuel that is representative of the... subpart A of this part in a given model year based on this E0 test fuel if those engines are certified...

Understanding Ozark Forest Litter Variability Through a Synthesis of Accumulation Rates and Fire Events

Treesearch

Michael C. Stambaugh; Richard P. Guyette; Keith W. Grabner; Jeremy Kolaks

2006-01-01

Measuring success of fuels management is improved by understanding rates of litter accumulation and decay in relation to disturbance events. Despite the broad ecological importance of litter, little is known about the parameters of accumulation and decay rates in Ozark forests. Previously published estimates were used to derive accumulation rates and combined litter...

40 CFR 86.1427 - Certification Short Test procedure; overview.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... loaded modes. Specific conditions defined by this test procedure include fuel characteristics, ambient... CO fuel, a moderate temperature test with Cold CO fuel, and a warm temperature test with FTP Otto-cycle test fuel, as described in table O-96-1 of § 86.1430. The manufacturer must complete testing for...

40 CFR 86.1427 - Certification Short Test procedure; overview.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... loaded modes. Specific conditions defined by this test procedure include fuel characteristics, ambient... CO fuel, a moderate temperature test with Cold CO fuel, and a warm temperature test with FTP Otto-cycle test fuel, as described in table O-96-1 of § 86.1430. The manufacturer must complete testing for...

40 CFR 86.1427 - Certification Short Test procedure; overview.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... loaded modes. Specific conditions defined by this test procedure include fuel characteristics, ambient... CO fuel, a moderate temperature test with Cold CO fuel, and a warm temperature test with FTP Otto-cycle test fuel, as described in table O-96-1 of § 86.1430. The manufacturer must complete testing for...

40 CFR 86.1427 - Certification Short Test procedure; overview.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... loaded modes. Specific conditions defined by this test procedure include fuel characteristics, ambient... CO fuel, a moderate temperature test with Cold CO fuel, and a warm temperature test with FTP Otto-cycle test fuel, as described in table O-96-1 of § 86.1430. The manufacturer must complete testing for...

40 CFR 86.513 - Fuel and engine lubricant specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Regulations for 1978 and Later New Motorcycles; Test Procedures § 86.513 Fuel and engine lubricant... of § 86.513—Gasoline Test Fuel Specifications Item Value Procedure 1 Distillation Range: 1. Initial... of § 86.513—Natural Gas Test Fuel Specifications Item Value 1 Methane, CH4 Minimum, 89.0 mole percent...

40 CFR 86.146-96 - Fuel dispensing spitback procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... laboratory. (i) The fueling procedure consists of dispensing fuel through a nozzle, interrupted by a series... or methanol. The bag shall be designed and used so that liquid fuel does not spit back onto the... the orifice of the filler pipe. The bag must be designed to permit passage of the dispensing nozzle...

40 CFR 86.146-96 - Fuel dispensing spitback procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... laboratory. (i) The fueling procedure consists of dispensing fuel through a nozzle, interrupted by a series... or methanol. The bag shall be designed and used so that liquid fuel does not spit back onto the... the orifice of the filler pipe. The bag must be designed to permit passage of the dispensing nozzle...

40 CFR 86.1246-96 - Fuel dispensing spitback procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... laboratory. (i) The fueling procedure consists of dispensing fuel through a nozzle, interrupted by a series... or methanol. The bag shall be designed and used so that liquid fuel does not spit back onto the... the orifice of the filler pipe. The bag must be designed to permit passage of the dispensing nozzle...

40 CFR 86.1246-96 - Fuel dispensing spitback procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... laboratory. (i) The fueling procedure consists of dispensing fuel through a nozzle, interrupted by a series... or methanol. The bag shall be designed and used so that liquid fuel does not spit back onto the... the orifice of the filler pipe. The bag must be designed to permit passage of the dispensing nozzle...

Accumulative charge separation for solar fuels production: coupling light-induced single electron transfer to multielectron catalysis.

PubMed

Hammarström, Leif

2015-03-17

The conversion and storage of solar energy into a fuel holds promise to provide a significant part of the future renewable energy demand of our societies. Solar energy technologies today generate heat or electricity, while the large majority of our energy is used in the form of fuels. Direct conversion of solar energy to a fuel would satisfy our needs for storable energy on a large scale. Solar fuels can be generated by absorbing light and converting its energy to chemical energy by electron transfer leading to separation of electrons and holes. The electrons are used in the catalytic reduction of a cheap substrate with low energy content into a high-energy fuel. The holes are filled by oxidation of water, which is the only electron source available for large scale solar fuel production. Absorption of a single photon typically leads to separation of a single electron-hole pair. In contrast, fuel production and water oxidation are multielectron, multiproton reactions. Therefore, a system for direct solar fuel production must be able to accumulate the electrons and holes provided by the sequential absorption of several photons in order to complete the catalytic reactions. In this Account, the process is termed accumulative charge separation. This is considerably more complicated than charge separation on a single electron level and needs particular attention. Semiconductor materials and molecular dyes have for a long time been optimized for use in photovoltaic devices. Efforts are made to develop new systems for light harvesting and charge separation that are better optimized for solar fuel production than those used in the early devices presented so far. Significant progress has recently been made in the discovery and design of better homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts for solar fuels and water oxidation. While the heterogeneous ones perform better today, molecular catalysts based on transition metal complexes offer much greater tunability of electronic and structural properties, they are typically more amenable to mechanistic analysis, and they are small and therefore require less material. Therefore, they have arguably greater potential as future efficient catalysts but must be efficiently coupled to accumulative charge separation. This Account discusses accumulative charge separation with focus on molecular and molecule-semiconductor hybrid systems. The coupling between charge separation and catalysis involves many challenges that are often overlooked, and they are not always apparent when studying water oxidation and fuel formation as separate half-reactions with sacrificial agents. Transition metal catalysts, as well as other multielectron donors and acceptors, cycle through many different states that may quench the excited sensitizer by nonproductive pathways. Examples where this has been shown, often with ultrafast rates, are reviewed. Strategies to avoid these competing energy-loss reactions and still obtain efficient coupling of charge separation to catalysis are discussed. This includes recent examples of dye-sensitized semiconductor devices with molecular catalysts and dyes that realize complete water splitting, albeit with limited efficiency.

Reliability of biomass burning estimates from savanna fires: Biomass burning in northern Australia during the 1999 Biomass Burning and Lightning Experiment B field campaign

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Russell-Smith, Jeremy; Edwards, Andrew C.; Cook, Garry D.

2003-02-01

This paper estimates the two-daily extent of savanna burning and consumption of fine (grass and litter) fuels from an extensive 230,000 km2 region of northern Australia during August-September 1999 encompassing the Australian continental component of the Biomass Burning and Lightning Experiment B (BIBLE B) campaign [, 2002]. The extent of burning for the study region was derived from fire scar mapping of imagery from the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) on board the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellite. The mapping was calibrated and verified with reference to one Landsat scene and associated aerial transect validation data. Fine fuel loads were estimated using published fuel accumulation relationships for major regional fuel types. It is estimated that more than 43,000 km2 was burnt during the 25 day study period, with about 19 Mt of fine (grass and litter) fuels. This paper examines assumptions and errors associated with these estimates. It is estimated from uncalibrated fire mapping derived from AVHRR imagery that 417,500 km2 of the northern Australian savanna was burnt in 1999, of which 136,405 km2, or 30%, occurred in the Northern Territory study region. Using generalized fuel accumulation equations, such biomass burning consumed an estimated 212.3 Mt of fine fuels, but no data are available for consumption of coarse fuels. This figure exceeds a recent estimate, based on fine fuels only, for the combined Australian savanna and temperate grassland biomass burning over the period 1990-1999 but is lower than past estimates derived from classification approaches. We conclude that (1) fire maps derived from coarse-resolution optical imagery can be applied relatively reliably to estimate the extent of savanna fires, generally with 70-80% confidence using the approach adopted here, over the major burning period in northern Australia and (2) substantial further field assessment and associated modeling of fuel accumulation, especially of coarse fuels, is required.

40 CFR 80.177 - Certification test fuels for use with the alternative test procedures and standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Certification test fuels for use with... Detergent Gasoline § 80.177 Certification test fuels for use with the alternative test procedures and standards. (a) General requirements. This section provides specifications for the test fuels required in...

Fuel loading in the Southern Appalachian Mountains may be a function of site quality and decomposition rates

Treesearch

Thomas A. Waldrop; Lucy Brudnak; Sandra Rideout-Hanzak

2013-01-01

Fuel distribution in the Southern Appalachian Mountain region was measured on 1,008 study plots that were stratified by topographic position (aspect and slope position). Few fuel differences occurred among topographic positions indicating that fuel accumulation is no greater on highly productive sites than on less productive sites. Litter was slightly higher on...

Fuel treatments reduce the severity of wildfire effects in dry mixed conifer forest, Washington, USA

Treesearch

Susan J. Prichard; David L. Peterson; Kyle Jacobson

2010-01-01

To address hazardous fuel accumulations, many fuel treatments are being implemented in dry forests, but there have been few opportunities to evaluate treatment efficacy in wildfires. We documented the effectiveness of thinning and prescribed burning in the 2006 Tripod Complex fires. Recent fuel treatments burned in the wildfires and offered an opportunity to evaluate...

Free-piston Stirling hydraulic engine and drive system for automobiles

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Beremand, D. G.; Slaby, J. G.; Nussle, R. C.; Miao, D.

1982-01-01

The calculated fuel economy for an automotive free piston Stirling hydraulic engine and drive system using a pneumatic accumulator with the fuel economy of both a conventional 1980 spark ignition engine in an X body class vehicle and the estimated fuel economy of a 1984 spark ignition vehicle system are compared. The results show that the free piston Stirling hydraulic system with a two speed transmission has a combined fuel economy nearly twice that of the 1980 spark ignition engine - 21.5 versus 10.9 km/liter (50.7 versus 25.6 mpg) under comparable conditions. The fuel economy improvement over the 1984 spark ignition engine was 81 percent. The fuel economy sensitivity of the Stirling hydraulic system to system weight, number of transmission shifts, accumulator pressure ratio and maximum pressure, auxiliary power requirements, braking energy recovery, and varying vehicle performance requirements are considered. An important finding is that a multispeed transmission is not required. The penalty for a single speed versus a two speed transmission is about a 12 percent drop in combined fuel economy to 19.0 km/liter (44.7 mpg). This is still a 60 percent improvement in combined fuel economy over the projected 1984 spark ignition vehicle.

Comparisons of Particulate Size Distributions from Multiple Combustion Strategies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Yizhou

In this study, a comparison of particle size distribution (PSD) measurements from eight different combustion strategies was conducted at four different load-speed points. The PSDs were measured using a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) together with a condensation particle counter (CPC). To study the influence of volatile particles, PSD measurements were performed with and without a volatile particle remover (thermodenuder, TD) at both low and high dilution ratios. The common engine platform utilized in the experiment helps to eliminate the influence of background particulate and ensures similarity in dilution conditions. The results show a large number of volatile particles were present under LDR sample conditions for most of the operating conditions. The use of a TD, especially when coupled with HDR, was demonstrated to be effective at removing volatile particles and provided consistent measurements across all combustion strategies. The PSD comparison showed that gasoline premixed combustion strategies such as HCCI and GCI generally have low PSD magnitudes for particle sizes greater than the Particle Measurement Programme (PMP) cutoff diameter (23 nm), and the PSDs were highly nuclei-mode particle dominated. The strategies using diesel as the only fuel (DLTC and CDC) generally showed the highest particle number emissions for particles larger than 23 nm and had accumulation-mode particle dominated PSDs. A consistent correlation between the increase of the direct-injection of diesel fuel and a higher fraction of accumulation-mode particles was observed over all combustion strategies. A DI fuel substitution study and injector nozzle geometry study were conducted to better understand the correlation between PSD shape and DI fueling. It was found that DI fuel properties has a clear impact on PSD behavior for CDC and NG DPI. Fuel with lower density and lower sooting tendency led to a nuclei-mode particle dominated PSD shape. For NG RCCI, accumulation-mode particle concentration was found to be insensitive to DI fuel properties. Similar PSD behavior of increased nuclei-mode particle fraction was also observed when a smaller orifice nozzle was used for CDC and NG DPI operation. For NG DPI, a reduction of DI fuel fraction generally led to a reduction in accumulation-mode particles.

Catalase measurement: A new field procedure for rapidly estimating microbial loads in fuels and water-bottoms

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Passman, F.J.; Daniels, D.A.; Chesneau, H.F.

1995-05-01

Low-grade microbial infections of fuel and fuel systems generally go undetected until they cause major operational problems. Three interdependent factors contribute to this: mis-diagnosis, incorrect or inadequate sampling procedures and perceived complexity of microbiological testing procedures. After discussing the first two issues, this paper describes a rapid field test for estimating microbial loads in fuels and associated water. The test, adapted from a procedure initially developed to measure microbial loads in metalworking fluids, takes advantage of the nearly universal presence of the enzyme catalase in the microbes that contaminated fuel systems. Samples are reacted with a peroxide-based reagent; liberating oxygenmore » gas. The gas generates a pressure-head in a reaction tube. At fifteen minutes, a patented, electronic pressure-sensing device is used to measure that head-space pressure. The authors present both laboratory and field data from fuels and water-bottoms, demonstrating the excellent correlation between traditional viable test data (acquired after 48-72 hours incubation) and catalase test data (acquired after 15 min.-4 hours). We conclude by recommending procedures for developing a failure analysis data-base to enhance our industry`s understanding of the relationship between uncontrolled microbial contamination and fuel performance problems.« less

10 CFR Appendix II to Part 504 - Fuel Price Computation

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 504—Fuel Price Computation (a) Introduction. This appendix provides the equations and parameters... inflation indices must follow standard statistical procedures and must be fully documented within the... the weighted average fuel price must follow standard statistical procedures and be fully documented...

Fuel and fire behavior in high-elevation five-needle pines affected by mountain pine beetle

Treesearch

Michael J. Jenkins

2011-01-01

Bark beetle-caused tree mortality in conifer forests affects the quantity and quality of forest fuels and has long been assumed to increase fire hazard and potential fire behavior. In reality, bark beetles and their effects on fuel accumulation and subsequent fire hazard have only recently been described. We have extensively sampled fuels in three conifer forest types...

Multiphase transport in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gauthier, Eric D.

Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) enable efficient conversion of fuels to electricity. They have enormous potential due to the high energy density of the fuels they utilize (hydrogen or alcohols). Power density is a major limitation to wide-scale introduction of PEMFCs. Power density in hydrogen fuel cells is limited by accumulation of water in what is termed fuel cell `flooding.' Flooding may occur in either the gas diffusion layer (GDL) or within the flow channels of the bipolar plate. These components comprise the electrodes of the fuel cell and balance transport of reactants/products with electrical conductivity. This thesis explores the role of electrode materials in the fuel cell and examines the fundamental connection between material properties and multiphase transport processes. Water is generated at the cathode catalyst layer. As liquid water accumulates it will utilize the largest pores in the GDL to go from the catalyst layer to the flow channels. Water collects to large pores via lateral transport at the interface between the GDL and catalyst layer. We have shown that water may be collected in these large pores from several centimeters away, suggesting that we could engineer the GDL to control flooding with careful placement and distribution of large flow-directing pores. Once liquid water is in the flow channels it forms slugs that block gas flow. The slugs are pushed along the channel by a pressure gradient that is dependent on the material wettability. The permeable nature of the GDL also plays a major role in slug growth and allowing bypass of gas between adjacent channels. Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) have analogous multiphase flow issues where carbon dioxide bubbles accumulate, `blinding' regions of the fuel cell. This problem is fundamentally similar to water management in hydrogen fuel cells but with a gas/liquid phase inversion. Gas bubbles move laterally through the porous GDL and emerge to form large bubbles within the flow channel. We have compared the role of GDL materials in liquid drop and gas bubble formation and movement within fuel cells.

Composite components on commercial aircraft

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dexter, H. B.

1980-01-01

Commercial aircraft manufacturers are making production commitments to composite structure for future aircraft and modifications to current production aircraft. Flight service programs with advanced composites sponsored by NASA during the past 10 years are described. Approximately 2.5 million total composite component flight hours have been accumulated since 1970 on both commercial transports and helicopters. Design concepts with significant mass savings were developed, appropriate inspection and maintenance procedures were established, and satisfactory service was achieved for the various composite components. A major NASA/U.S. industry technology program to reduce fuel consumption of commercial transport aircraft through the use of advanced composites was undertaken. Ground and flight environmental effects on the composite materials used in the flight service programs supplement the flight service evaluation.

40 CFR 1065.720 - Liquefied petroleum gas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... CONTROLS ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES Engine Fluids, Test Fuels, Analytical Gases and Other Calibration....720—Test Fuel Specifications for Liquefied Petroleum Gas Property Value Reference procedure 1 Propane... methods yield different results, use the results from ASTM D1267. 3 The test fuel must not yield a...

40 CFR 86.113-04 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

..., Research, Min. D 2699 93 Sensitivity, Min. 7.5 Lead (organic), max. g/U.S. gal. (g/liter) D 3237 0.050 (0... Retail octane number above the lowest octane rating that meets the fuel grade the manufacturer will... Retail octane number rather than a fuel grade, then the octane rating of the service accumulation...

40 CFR 86.094-26 - Mileage and service accumulation; emission requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Gas-Fueled, Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled and Methanol-Fueled Heavy-Duty Vehicles § 86.094-26 Mileage... the durability data obtained up to that point out to the durability useful life or to replace the... vehicles and durability data vehicles obtained pursuant to the provisions of this section will be used in...

40 CFR 86.094-26 - Mileage and service accumulation; emission requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Gas-Fueled, Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled and Methanol-Fueled Heavy-Duty Vehicles § 86.094-26 Mileage... the durability data obtained up to that point out to the durability useful life or to replace the... vehicles and durability data vehicles obtained pursuant to the provisions of this section will be used in...

10 CFR 72.230 - Procedures for spent fuel storage cask submittals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Procedures for spent fuel storage cask submittals. 72.230 Section 72.230 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION (CONTINUED) LICENSING REQUIREMENTS FOR THE INDEPENDENT STORAGE OF SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL, HIGH-LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTE, AND REACTOR-RELATED GREATER THAN CLASS C...

40 CFR 1065.720 - Liquefied petroleum gas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... CONTROLS ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES Engine Fluids, Test Fuels, Analytical Gases and Other Calibration....720—Test Fuel Specifications for Liquefied Petroleum Gas Item Value Reference procedure 1 Propane... test fuel must not yield a persistent oil ring when you add 0.3 ml of solvent residue mixture to a...

40 CFR 1065.720 - Liquefied petroleum gas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... CONTROLS ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES Engine Fluids, Test Fuels, Analytical Gases and Other Calibration....720—Test Fuel Specifications for Liquefied Petroleum Gas Item Value Reference procedure 1 Propane... test fuel must not yield a persistent oil ring when you add 0.3 ml of solvent residue mixture to a...

40 CFR 1065.720 - Liquefied petroleum gas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... CONTROLS ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES Engine Fluids, Test Fuels, Analytical Gases and Other Calibration....720—Test Fuel Specifications for Liquefied Petroleum Gas Item Value Reference procedure 1 Propane... test fuel must not yield a persistent oil ring when you add 0.3 ml of solvent residue mixture to a...

40 CFR 1065.715 - Natural gas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... PROCEDURES Engine Fluids, Test Fuels, Analytical Gases and Other Calibration Standards § 1065.715 Natural gas... specifications in the following table: Table 1 of § 1065.715—Test Fuel Specifications for Natural Gas Property....051 mol/mol. 1 Demonstrate compliance with fuel specifications based on the reference procedures in...

Installation, maintenance and operating manual for the Lucas-type fuel injection system of the 3 B rotary engine

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1985-01-01

The installation procedure, maintenance, adjustment and operation of a Lucas type fuel injection system for 13B rotary racing engine is outlined. Components of the fuel injection system and installation procedure and notes are described. Maintenance, adjustment, and operation are discussed.

Fabrication of fuel pin assemblies, phase 3

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Keeton, A. R.; Stemann, L. G.

1972-01-01

Five full size and eight reduced length fuel pins were fabricated for irradiation testing to evaluate design concepts for a fast spectrum lithium cooled compact space power reactor. These assemblies consisted of uranium mononitride fuel pellets encased in a T-111 (Ta-8W-2Hf) clad with a tungsten barrier separating fuel and clad. Fabrication procedures were fully qualified by process development and assembly qualification tests. Detailed specifications and procedures were written for the fabrication and assembly of prototype fuel pins.

40 CFR 86.339-79 - Pre-test procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 18 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Pre-test procedures. 86.339-79 Section... New Gasoline-Fueled and Diesel-Fueled Heavy-Duty Engines; Gaseous Exhaust Test Procedures § 86.339-79 Pre-test procedures. (a) Allow a minimum of 30 minutes warm-up in the stand-by or operating mode prior...

40 CFR 86.339-79 - Pre-test procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Pre-test procedures. 86.339-79 Section... New Gasoline-Fueled and Diesel-Fueled Heavy-Duty Engines; Gaseous Exhaust Test Procedures § 86.339-79 Pre-test procedures. (a) Allow a minimum of 30 minutes warm-up in the stand-by or operating mode prior...

40 CFR 86.339-79 - Pre-test procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Pre-test procedures. 86.339-79 Section... New Gasoline-Fueled and Diesel-Fueled Heavy-Duty Engines; Gaseous Exhaust Test Procedures § 86.339-79 Pre-test procedures. (a) Allow a minimum of 30 minutes warm-up in the stand-by or operating mode prior...

40 CFR 86.339-79 - Pre-test procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 18 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Pre-test procedures. 86.339-79 Section... New Gasoline-Fueled and Diesel-Fueled Heavy-Duty Engines; Gaseous Exhaust Test Procedures § 86.339-79 Pre-test procedures. (a) Allow a minimum of 30 minutes warm-up in the stand-by or operating mode prior...

[Particulate distribution characteristics of Chinese phrase V diesel engine based on butanol-diesel blends].

PubMed

Lou, Di-Ming; Xu, Ning; Fan, Wen-Jia; Zhang, Tao

2014-02-01

With a common rail diesel engine without any modification and the engine exhaust particle number and particle size analyzer EEPS, this study used the air-fuel ratio to investigate the particulate number concentration, mass concentration and number distribution characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with butanol-diesel blends (Bu10, Bu15, Bu20, Bu30 and Bu40) and petroleum diesel. The results show: for all test fuels, the particle number distributions turn to be unimodal. With the increasing of butanol, numbers of nucleation mode particles and small accumulation mode particle decrease. At low speed and low load conditions, the number of large accumulation mode particle increases slightly, but under higher speed and load conditions, the number does not increase. When the fuels contain butanol, the total particle number concentration and mass concentration in all conditions decrease and that is more obvious at high speed load.

Research efforts on fuels, fuel models, and fire behavior in eastern hardwood forests

Treesearch

Thomas A. Waldrop; Lucy Brudnak; Ross J. Phillips; Patrick H. Brose

2006-01-01

Although fire was historically important to most eastern hardwood systems, its reintroduction by prescribed burning programs has been slow. As a result, less information is available on these systems to fire managers. Recent research and nationwide programs are beginning to produce usable products to predict fuel accumulation and fire behavior. We introduce some of...

Fuel injector system

DOEpatents

Hsu, Bertrand D.; Leonard, Gary L.

1988-01-01

A fuel injection system particularly adapted for injecting coal slurry fuels at high pressures includes an accumulator-type fuel injector which utilizes high-pressure pilot fuel as a purging fluid to prevent hard particles in the fuel from impeding the opening and closing movement of a needle valve, and as a hydraulic medium to hold the needle valve in its closed position. A fluid passage in the injector delivers an appropriately small amount of the ignition-aiding pilot fuel to an appropriate region of a chamber in the injector's nozzle so that at the beginning of each injection interval the first stratum of fuel to be discharged consists essentially of pilot fuel and thereafter mostly slurry fuel is injected.

40 CFR 1060.205 - What must I include in my application?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... procedures you used (see § 1060.501). (d) List the specifications of the test fuel to show that it falls... the application (including the test procedures, test parameters, and test fuels) to show you meet the... certification for gasoline or some other fuel type. List each distinguishable configuration in the emission...

40 CFR 1060.205 - What must I include in my application?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... procedures you used (see § 1060.501). (d) List the specifications of the test fuel to show that it falls... the application (including the test procedures, test parameters, and test fuels) to show you meet the... certification for gasoline or some other fuel type. List each distinguishable configuration in the emission...

40 CFR 1060.205 - What must I include in my application?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... procedures you used (see § 1060.501). (d) List the specifications of the test fuel to show that it falls... the application (including the test procedures, test parameters, and test fuels) to show you meet the... certification for gasoline or some other fuel type. List each distinguishable configuration in the emission...

40 CFR 1060.205 - What must I include in my application?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... procedures you used (see § 1060.501). (d) List the specifications of the test fuel to show that it falls... the application (including the test procedures, test parameters, and test fuels) to show you meet the... certification for gasoline or some other fuel type. List each distinguishable configuration in the emission...

40 CFR 1060.205 - What must I include in my application?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... procedures you used (see § 1060.501). (d) List the specifications of the test fuel to show that it falls... the application (including the test procedures, test parameters, and test fuels) to show you meet the... certification for gasoline or some other fuel type. List each distinguishable configuration in the emission...

75 FR 64621 - Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Test Procedures for Residential Furnaces and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-20

... and oil-fired furnaces and boilers consume both fossil fuel and electricity. Electric furnaces and boilers only consume electricity. In this test procedure, fossil-fuel energy consumption is accounted for comprehensively over a full-year cycle, thereby satisfying EISA 2007 requirements for fossil-fuel standby mode and...

77 FR 74559 - Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Test Procedures for Residential Water Heaters...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-17

... fossil fuel as applicable to a given water heater. Specifically, the standby loss testing in the existing... important to note that fossil-fueled direct heating equipment and pool heaters typically consume both fossil... procedures for direct heating equipment, fossil-fuel energy consumption is accounted for comprehensively over...

40 CFR 86.106-96 - Equipment required; overview.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... contains procedures for exhaust emission tests on petroleum-fueled, natural gas-fueled, liquefied petroleum gas-fueled, and methanol-fueled light-duty vehicles and light-duty trucks, and for evaporative emission tests on gasoline-fueled, natural gas-fueled, liquefied petroleum gas-fueled, and methanol-fueled...

40 CFR 86.106-96 - Equipment required; overview.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... contains procedures for exhaust emission tests on petroleum-fueled, natural gas-fueled, liquefied petroleum gas-fueled, and methanol-fueled light-duty vehicles and light-duty trucks, and for evaporative emission tests on gasoline-fueled, natural gas-fueled, liquefied petroleum gas-fueled, and methanol-fueled...

40 CFR 86.106-96 - Equipment required; overview.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... contains procedures for exhaust emission tests on petroleum-fueled, natural gas-fueled, liquefied petroleum gas-fueled, and methanol-fueled light-duty vehicles and light-duty trucks, and for evaporative emission tests on gasoline-fueled, natural gas-fueled, liquefied petroleum gas-fueled, and methanol-fueled...

40 CFR 86.106-96 - Equipment required; overview.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... contains procedures for exhaust emission tests on petroleum-fueled, natural gas-fueled, liquefied petroleum gas-fueled, and methanol-fueled light-duty vehicles and light-duty trucks, and for evaporative emission tests on gasoline-fueled, natural gas-fueled, liquefied petroleum gas-fueled, and methanol-fueled...

40 CFR 80.51 - Vehicle test procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Vehicle test procedures. 80.51 Section...) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Reformulated Gasoline § 80.51 Vehicle test procedures. The test sequence applicable when augmenting the emission models through vehicle testing is as follows: (a) Prepare...

40 CFR 80.51 - Vehicle test procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Vehicle test procedures. 80.51 Section...) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Reformulated Gasoline § 80.51 Vehicle test procedures. The test sequence applicable when augmenting the emission models through vehicle testing is as follows: (a) Prepare...

40 CFR 86.329-79 - System response time; check procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND ENGINES Emission Regulations for New Gasoline-Fueled and Diesel-Fueled Heavy-Duty Engines; Gaseous Exhaust Test Procedures § 86... in step (i). (2) Capillary flow analyzers. This procedure is applicable only to analyzers that have...

Fuel reduction and coarse woody debris dynamics with early season and late season prescribed fires in a Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forest

Treesearch

Eric E. Knapp; Jon E. Keeley; Elizabeth A. Ballenger; Teresa J. Brennan

2005-01-01

Fire exclusion has led to an unnatural accumulation and greater spatial continuity of organic material on the ground in many forests. This material serves both as potential fuel for forest fires and habitat for a large array of forest species. Managers must balance fuel reduction to reduce wildfire hazard with fuel retention targets to maintain other forest functions....

40 CFR 86.1430 - Certification Short Test sequence; general requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... test procedure. Fuel tank drain and fill is performed or a transient test procedure is performed, as... sets of test conditions identified in this subpart are based on the test fuel type present in the vehicle fuel tank and the ambient temperature during the test. Tables O-96-1 and O-96-2 outline the...

40 CFR 86.1430 - Certification Short Test sequence; general requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... test procedure. Fuel tank drain and fill is performed or a transient test procedure is performed, as... sets of test conditions identified in this subpart are based on the test fuel type present in the vehicle fuel tank and the ambient temperature during the test. Tables O-96-1 and O-96-2 outline the...

40 CFR 86.1430 - Certification Short Test sequence; general requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... test procedure. Fuel tank drain and fill is performed or a transient test procedure is performed, as... sets of test conditions identified in this subpart are based on the test fuel type present in the vehicle fuel tank and the ambient temperature during the test. Tables O-96-1 and O-96-2 outline the...

40 CFR 86.1430 - Certification Short Test sequence; general requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... test procedure. Fuel tank drain and fill is performed or a transient test procedure is performed, as... sets of test conditions identified in this subpart are based on the test fuel type present in the vehicle fuel tank and the ambient temperature during the test. Tables O-96-1 and O-96-2 outline the...

Fine fuel moisture measured and estimated in dead Andropogon virginicus in Hawaii

Treesearch

Francis M. Fujioka

1976-01-01

Fuel moisture estimates generated by the National Fire-Danger Rating System procedure were compared with actual fuel moisture measurements determined from laboratory analysis. Meteorological data required for the NFDRS procedure were collected at two heights to assess the effect of temperature and humidity lapse rates. Standard measurements gave the best results, but...

Fuel moisture influences on fire-altered carbon in masticated fuels: An experimental study

Treesearch

Nolan W. Brewer; Alistair M.S. Smith; Jeffery A. Hatten; Philip E. Higuera; Andrew T. Hudak; Roger D. Ottmar; Wade T. Tinkham

2013-01-01

Biomass burning is a significant contributor to atmospheric carbon emissions but may also provide an avenue in which fire-affected ecosystems can accumulate carbon over time, through the generation of highly resistant fire-altered carbon. Identifying how fuel moisture, and subsequent changes in the fire behavior, relates to the production of fire-altered carbon is...

Mechanical mid-story reduction treatments for forest fuel management

Treesearch

B. Rummer; K. Outcalt; D. Brockway

2002-01-01

There are many forest stands where exclusion of fire or lack of management has led to dense understorys and fuel accumulation. Generally, the least expensive treatment is to introduce a regime of prescribed fire as a surrogate for natural forest fire processes in these stands. However, in some cases prescribed fire is not an option. For example, heavy fuel loadings may...

Simulating avian species and foraging group responses to fuel reduction treatments in coniferous forests

Treesearch

Angela M. White; Elise F. Zipkin; Patricia N. Manley; Matthew D. Schlesinger

2013-01-01

Over a century of fire suppression activities have altered the structure and composition of mixed conifer forests throughout the western United States. In the absence of fire, fuels have accumulated in these forests causing concerns over the potential for catastrophic wildfires. Fuel reduction treatments are being used on federal and state lands to reduce the threat of...

40 CFR 86.1213-08 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Emission Test Procedures for New Gasoline-Fueled, Natural Gas-Fueled, Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled and Methanol-Fueled Heavy-Duty Vehicles § 86.1213-08 Fuel specifications. The test fuels listed in 40 CFR part... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Fuel specifications. 86.1213-08...

40 CFR 86.1213-08 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Emission Test Procedures for New Gasoline-Fueled, Natural Gas-Fueled, Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled and Methanol-Fueled Heavy-Duty Vehicles § 86.1213-08 Fuel specifications. The test fuels listed in 40 CFR part... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Fuel specifications. 86.1213-08...

40 CFR 86.1213-08 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Emission Test Procedures for New Gasoline-Fueled, Natural Gas-Fueled, Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled and Methanol-Fueled Heavy-Duty Vehicles § 86.1213-08 Fuel specifications. The test fuels listed in 40 CFR part... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Fuel specifications. 86.1213-08...

40 CFR 86.1213-08 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Emission Test Procedures for New Gasoline-Fueled, Natural Gas-Fueled, Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled and Methanol-Fueled Heavy-Duty Vehicles § 86.1213-08 Fuel specifications. The test fuels listed in 40 CFR part... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Fuel specifications. 86.1213-08...

40 CFR 86.1513 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Otto-Cycle Heavy-Duty Engines, New Methanol-Fueled Natural Gas-Fueled, and Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled Diesel-Cycle Heavy-Duty Engines, New Otto-Cycle Light-Duty Trucks, and New Methanol-Fueled Natural Gas-Fueled, and Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled Diesel-Cycle Light-Duty Trucks; Idle Test Procedures...

40 CFR 86.334-79 - Test procedure overview.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... New Gasoline-Fueled and Diesel-Fueled Heavy-Duty Engines; Gaseous Exhaust Test Procedures § 86.334-79... cycle and 1 hot cycle. The Diesel engine test consists of 3 idle modes and 5 power modes at each of 2 speeds which span the typical operating range of Diesel engines. These procedures require the...

40 CFR 86.334-79 - Test procedure overview.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... New Gasoline-Fueled and Diesel-Fueled Heavy-Duty Engines; Gaseous Exhaust Test Procedures § 86.334-79... cycle and 1 hot cycle. The Diesel engine test consists of 3 idle modes and 5 power modes at each of 2 speeds which span the typical operating range of Diesel engines. These procedures require the...

40 CFR 86.334-79 - Test procedure overview.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... New Gasoline-Fueled and Diesel-Fueled Heavy-Duty Engines; Gaseous Exhaust Test Procedures § 86.334-79... cycle and 1 hot cycle. The Diesel engine test consists of 3 idle modes and 5 power modes at each of 2 speeds which span the typical operating range of Diesel engines. These procedures require the...

Fuel Burn Estimation Model

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chatterji, Gano

2011-01-01

Conclusions: Validated the fuel estimation procedure using flight test data. A good fuel model can be created if weight and fuel data are available. Error in assumed takeoff weight results in similar amount of error in the fuel estimate. Fuel estimation error bounds can be determined.

Effect of hydrocarbon fuel type on fuel

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wong, E. L.; Bittker, D. A.

1982-01-01

A modified jet fuel thermal oxidation tester (JFTOT) procedure was used to evaluate deposit and sediment formation for four pure hydrocarbon fuels over the temperature range 150 to 450 C in 316-stainless-steel heater tubes. Fuel types were a normal alkane, an alkene, a naphthene, and an aromatic. Each fuel exhibited certain distinctive deposit and sediment formation characteristics. The effect of aluminum and 316-stainless-steel heater tube surfaces on deposit formation for the fuel n-decane over the same temperature range was investigated. Results showed that an aluminum surface had lower deposit formation rates at all temperatures investigated. By using a modified JFTOT procedure the thermal stability of four pure hydrocarbon fuels and two practical fuels (Jet A and home heating oil no. 2) was rated on the basis of their breakpoint temperatures. Results indicate that this method could be used to rate thermal stability for a series of fuels.

40 CFR 600.107-08 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Exhaust Emission Test Procedures § 600.107-08 Fuel specifications. (a) The test fuel specifications for... given in paragraph (b) of this section. (b)(1) Diesel test fuel used for cold temperature FTP testing... alternative fuel for cold temperature FTP testing. (c) Test fuels representing fuel types for which there are...

40 CFR 600.107-08 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Exhaust Emission Test Procedures § 600.107-08 Fuel specifications. (a) The test fuel specifications for... given in paragraph (b) of this section. (b)(1) Diesel test fuel used for cold temperature FTP testing... alternative fuel for cold temperature FTP testing. (c) Test fuels representing fuel types for which there are...

40 CFR 600.107-08 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Exhaust Emission Test Procedures § 600.107-08 Fuel specifications. (a) The test fuel specifications for... given in paragraph (b) of this section. (b)(1) Diesel test fuel used for cold temperature FTP testing... alternative fuel for cold temperature FTP testing. (c) Test fuels representing fuel types for which there are...

Design and evaluation of Continuous Descent Approach as a fuel-saving procedure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jin, Li

Continuous Descent Approach (CDA), which is among the key concepts of the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen), is a fuel economical procedure, but requires increased separation to accommodate spacing uncertainties among arriving aircraft. Such negative impact is often overlooked when benefits are estimated. Although a considerable number of researches have been devoted to the estimation of potential fuel saving of CDA, few have attempted to explain the fuel saving observed in field tests from an analytical point of view. This research gives insights into the reasons why CDA saves fuel, and a number of design guidelines for CDA procedures are derived. The analytical relationship between speed, altitude, and time-cumulative fuel consumption is derived based on Base of Aircraft Data (BADA) Total Energy Model. Theoretical analysis implies that speed profile has an impact as substantial as, if not more than, vertical profile on the fuel consumption in the terminal area. In addition, CDA is not intrinsically a fuel-saving procedure: whether CDA saves fuel or not is contingent upon whether the speed profile is properly designed or not. Based on this model, the potential fuel savings due to CDA at San Francisco International Airport were estimated, and the accuracy of this estimation is analyzed. Possible uncertainties in this fuel estimation primarily resulted from the modeled CDA procedure and the inaccuracy of BADA. This thesis also investigates the fuel savings due to CDAs under high traffic conditions, counting not only the savings benefiting from optimal vertical profiles but also the extra fuel burn resulting from the increased separations. The simulated CDAs traffic is based on radar track data, and deconflicted by a scheduling algorithm that targets minimized delays. The delays are absorbed by speed change and path stretching, accounting for the air traffic controls that are entailed by CDAs. The fuel burn statistics calculated based on the BADA Total Energy Model reveals that the CDAs save on average 171.87 kg per arrival, but the number is discounted by delay absorption. The savings diminish as the arrival demand increases, and could be even negative due to large delays. The throughput analysis demonstrated that the impact of CDA on airport capacity is insignificant and tolerable. The Atlanta International Airport was used as the testbed for sensitivity analysis, and the New York Metroplex was used as the test bed for throughput analysis.

Effects of fuel reduction on birds in pitch pine–scrub oak barrens of the United States

Treesearch

David I. King; Scott Schlossberg; Robert T. Brooks; Michael E. Akresh

2011-01-01

Fire-dependent ecosystems include some of the most threatened ecosystems in the world, and where fuels are allowed to accumulate, they can present significant threats to human life and property. Fuel reduction activities can be effective in reducing the risk of wildfire, but these practices need to be evaluated relative to their effect on biodiversity. We surveyed...

Conceptual framework for studying the effects of fuels treatments on avian communities in ponderosa pine forests of northern Arizona

Treesearch

Brett G. Dickson; William M. Block; Thomas D. Sisk

2004-01-01

Many ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests in the western US are dense and contain excessive accumulations of ground and ladder fuels, resulting in forests at high risk of catastrophic fire. Prescribed fire and thinning are two potential tools used in the reduction of forest fuels, although the ecological and economic consequences of applying...

Long-term effects of fuel treatments on aboveground biomass accumulation in ponderosa pine forests of the northern Rocky Mountains

Treesearch

Kate A. Clyatt; Christopher R. Keyes; Sharon M. Hood

2017-01-01

Fuel treatments in ponderosa pine forests of the northern Rocky Mountains are commonly used to modify fire behavior, but it is unclear how different fuel treatments impact the subsequent production and distribution of aboveground biomass, especially in the long term. This research evaluated aboveground biomass responses 23 years after treatment in two silvicultural...

40 CFR 86.1514 - Analytical gases.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Otto-Cycle Heavy-Duty Engines, New Methanol-Fueled Natural Gas-Fueled, and Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled Diesel-Cycle Heavy-Duty Engines, New Otto-Cycle Light-Duty Trucks, and New Methanol-Fueled Natural Gas-Fueled, and Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled Diesel-Cycle Light-Duty Trucks; Idle Test Procedures...

40 CFR 86.1519 - CVS calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Otto-Cycle Heavy-Duty Engines, New Methanol-Fueled Natural Gas-Fueled, and Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled Diesel-Cycle Heavy-Duty Engines, New Otto-Cycle Light-Duty Trucks, and New Methanol-Fueled Natural Gas-Fueled, and Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled Diesel-Cycle Light-Duty Trucks; Idle Test Procedures...

40 CFR 86.1542 - Information required.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Otto-Cycle Heavy-Duty Engines, New Methanol-Fueled Natural Gas-Fueled, and Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled Diesel-Cycle Heavy-Duty Engines, New Otto-Cycle Light-Duty Trucks, and New Methanol-Fueled Natural Gas-Fueled, and Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled Diesel-Cycle Light-Duty Trucks; Idle Test Procedures...

40 CFR 86.1501 - Scope; applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Otto-Cycle Heavy-Duty Engines, New Methanol-Fueled Natural Gas-Fueled, and Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled Diesel-Cycle Heavy-Duty Engines, New Otto-Cycle Light-Duty Trucks, and New Methanol-Fueled Natural Gas-Fueled, and Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled Diesel-Cycle Light-Duty Trucks; Idle Test Procedures...

Measuring fuel moisture content in Alaska: standard methods and procedures.

Treesearch

Rodney A. Norum; Melanie Miller

1984-01-01

Methods and procedures are given for collecting and processing living and dead plant materials for the purpose of determining their water content. Wild-land fuels in Alaska are emphasized, but the methodology is applicable elsewhere. Guides are given for determining the number of samples needed to attain a chosen precision. Detailed procedures are presented for...

Particulate Matter Stack Emission Compliance Test Procedure for Fuel Burning Units.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

West Virginia Air Pollution Control Commission, Charleston.

This publication details the particulate matter emissions test procedure that is applicable for conducting compliance tests for fuel burning units required to be tested under Sub-section 7 of Regulation II (1972) as established by the state of West Virginia Air Pollution Control Commission. The testing procedure is divided into five parts:…

Genome Sequence of the Oleaginous Green Alga, Chlorella vulgaris UTEX 395

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Guarnieri, Michael T.; Levering, Jennifer; Henard, Calvin A.

In this paper, microalgae have garnered extensive interest as renewable fuel feedstocks due to their high production potential relative to terrestrial crops, and unique cultivation capacity on non-arable lands. The oleaginous chlorophyte Chlorella vulgaris represents a promising model microalgal system and production host, due to its ability to synthesize and accumulate large quantities of fuel intermediates in the form of storage lipids. Recent omic analyses have identified transcriptional, post-transcriptional and -translational mechanisms governing lipid accumulation in this alga, including active protein nitrosylation. Here we report the draft nuclear genome and annotation of C. vulgaris UTEX 395.

Genome Sequence of the Oleaginous Green Alga, Chlorella vulgaris UTEX 395

DOE PAGES

Guarnieri, Michael T.; Levering, Jennifer; Henard, Calvin A.; ...

2018-04-05

In this paper, microalgae have garnered extensive interest as renewable fuel feedstocks due to their high production potential relative to terrestrial crops, and unique cultivation capacity on non-arable lands. The oleaginous chlorophyte Chlorella vulgaris represents a promising model microalgal system and production host, due to its ability to synthesize and accumulate large quantities of fuel intermediates in the form of storage lipids. Recent omic analyses have identified transcriptional, post-transcriptional and -translational mechanisms governing lipid accumulation in this alga, including active protein nitrosylation. Here we report the draft nuclear genome and annotation of C. vulgaris UTEX 395.

Ethanol from wood

Treesearch

John I. Zerbe

2008-01-01

With greatly increased gasoline and diesel prices in the United States, worldwide crude oil prices at record levels, dependence on imports from insecure sources, and environmental concern over accumulation of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, residents and legislators recognize the increasing need for alternative supplies of transportation fuels. Production...

Alternative Fuel Trucks Case Studies: Running Refuse Haulers on Compressed Natural Gas

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1996-01-01

Since 1992 the CNG trash trucks have accumulated more than 60,000 miles in : regular service in the New York City fleet. Overall, their performance has been : excellent. The Alternative Fuels Data Center (AFDC) at the Department of : Energy's Nationa...

40 CFR 86.1509 - Exhaust gas sampling system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Otto-Cycle Heavy-Duty Engines, New Methanol-Fueled Natural Gas-Fueled, and Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled Diesel-Cycle Heavy-Duty Engines, New Otto-Cycle Light-Duty Trucks, and New Methanol-Fueled Natural Gas-Fueled, and Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled Diesel-Cycle Light-Duty Trucks; Idle Test Procedures...

40 CFR 600.107-93 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... and Later Model Year Automobiles-Test Procedures § 600.107-93 Fuel specifications. (a) The test fuel... chapter. (c) The test fuel specifications for methanol fuel used in Otto-cycle automobiles are given in § 86.113(a) (3) and (4) of this chapter. (d) The test fuel specifications for methanol fuel used in...

40 CFR 86.1232-96 - Vehicle preconditioning.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Emission Test Procedures for New Gasoline-Fueled, Natural Gas-Fueled, Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled and... liquefied petroleum gas-fueled vehicles. Prior draining of the fuel tanks is not called for if the fuel in... be filled to a minimum of 75% of service pressure for natural gas-fueled vehicles or a minimum of 75...

40 CFR 86.1527 - Idle test procedure; overview.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Regulations for Otto-Cycle Heavy-Duty Engines, New Methanol-Fueled Natural Gas-Fueled, and Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled Diesel-Cycle Heavy-Duty Engines, New Otto-Cycle Light-Duty Trucks, and New Methanol-Fueled...

Enhancement of Aviation Fuel Thermal Stability Characterization Through Application of Ellipsometry

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Browne, Samuel Tucker; Wong, Hubert; Hinderer, Cameron Branch; Klettlinger, Jennifer

2012-01-01

ASTM D3241/Jet Fuel Thermal Oxidation Tester (JFTOT) procedure, the standard method for testing thermal stability of conventional aviation turbine fuels is inherently limited due to the subjectivity in the color standard for tube deposit rating. Quantitative assessment of the physical characteristics of oxidative fuel deposits provides a more powerful method for comparing the thermal oxidation stability characteristics of fuels, especially in a research setting. We propose employing a Spectroscopic Ellipsometer to determine the film thickness and profile of oxidative fuel deposits on JFTOT heater tubes. Using JP-8 aviation fuel and following a modified ASTM D3241 testing procedure, the capabilities of the Ellipsometer will be demonstrated by measuring oxidative fuel deposit profiles for a range of different deposit characteristics. The testing completed in this report was supported by the NASA Fundamental Aeronautics Subsonics Fixed Wing Project

Acylcarnitines as markers of exercise-associated fuel partitioning, xenometabolism, and potential signals to muscle afferent neurons

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

With insulin-resistance or type 2 diabetes mellitus, mismatches between mitochondrial fatty acid fuel delivery and oxidative phosphorylation/tricarboxylic acid cycle activity may contribute to inordinate accumulation of short- or medium-chain acylcarnitine fatty acid derivatives (markers of incomple...

Use of a Burkholderia cenocepacia ABTS Oxidizer in a Microbial Fuel Cell

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) often use biological processes to generate electrons from organic material contained in the anode chamber and abiotic processes employing atmospheric oxygen as the oxidant in the cathode chamber. This study investigated the accumulation of an oxidant in bacterial cultures...

Montane conifer fuel dynamics, Yosemite National Park

USGS Publications Warehouse

van Wagtendonk, J.W.; Moore, P.E.

1997-01-01

Litter and woody fuel accumulation rates over 7 years for 7 montane Sierra Nevada conifer species, including giant sequoia, ponderosa pine, sugar pine, Jeffrey pine, incense-cedar and white fir. Data are from four sites per size class per species with four size classes each. Nonspatial, georeferenced.

40 CFR 86.1231-90 - Vehicle preparation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... recording the temperature of the prescribed test fuel at the approximate mid-volume of the fuel when the... specified test fuel (§ 86.1213) at room temperature. Then drive the vehicle through at least one cycle of... Emission Test Procedures for New Gasoline-Fueled, Natural Gas-Fueled, Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled and...

40 CFR 86.1231-90 - Vehicle preparation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... recording the temperature of the prescribed test fuel at the approximate mid-volume of the fuel when the... specified test fuel (§ 86.1213) at room temperature. Then drive the vehicle through at least one cycle of... Emission Test Procedures for New Gasoline-Fueled, Natural Gas-Fueled, Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled and...

40 CFR 86.1231-96 - Vehicle preparation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... vehicles prepare the fuel tank(s) for recording the temperature of the prescribed test fuel, as described... optional during the running loss test. If vapor temperature is not measured, fuel tank pressure need not be... Emission Test Procedures for New Gasoline-Fueled, Natural Gas-Fueled, Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled and...

40 CFR 86.1231-96 - Vehicle preparation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... vehicles prepare the fuel tank(s) for recording the temperature of the prescribed test fuel, as described... optional during the running loss test. If vapor temperature is not measured, fuel tank pressure need not be... Emission Test Procedures for New Gasoline-Fueled, Natural Gas-Fueled, Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled and...

40 CFR 86.1231-90 - Vehicle preparation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... recording the temperature of the prescribed test fuel at the approximate mid-volume of the fuel when the... specified test fuel (§ 86.1213) at room temperature. Then drive the vehicle through at least one cycle of... Emission Test Procedures for New Gasoline-Fueled, Natural Gas-Fueled, Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled and...

40 CFR 86.1231-96 - Vehicle preparation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... vehicles prepare the fuel tank(s) for recording the temperature of the prescribed test fuel, as described... optional during the running loss test. If vapor temperature is not measured, fuel tank pressure need not be... Emission Test Procedures for New Gasoline-Fueled, Natural Gas-Fueled, Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled and...

40 CFR 86.1231-96 - Vehicle preparation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... vehicles prepare the fuel tank(s) for recording the temperature of the prescribed test fuel, as described... optional during the running loss test. If vapor temperature is not measured, fuel tank pressure need not be... Emission Test Procedures for New Gasoline-Fueled, Natural Gas-Fueled, Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled and...

40 CFR 86.1231-90 - Vehicle preparation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... recording the temperature of the prescribed test fuel at the approximate mid-volume of the fuel when the... specified test fuel (§ 86.1213) at room temperature. Then drive the vehicle through at least one cycle of... Emission Test Procedures for New Gasoline-Fueled, Natural Gas-Fueled, Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled and...

40 CFR 90.417 - Fuel flow measurement specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Fuel flow measurement specifications... Gaseous Exhaust Test Procedures § 90.417 Fuel flow measurement specifications. (a) Fuel flow measurement is required only for raw testing. Fuel flow is allowed for dilute testing. (b) The fuel flow...

40 CFR 86.1527 - Idle test procedure; overview.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Regulations for Otto-Cycle Heavy-Duty Engines, New Methanol-Fueled Natural Gas-Fueled, and Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled Diesel-Cycle Heavy-Duty Engines, New Otto-Cycle Light-Duty Trucks, and New Methanol-Fueled Natural Gas-Fueled, and Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled Diesel-Cycle Light-Duty Trucks; Idle Test...

High-throughput optofluidic profiling of Euglena gracilis with morphological and chemical specificity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guo, Baoshan; Lei, Cheng; Ito, Takuro; Jiang, Yiyue; Ozeki, Yasuyuki; Goda, Keisuke

2016-11-01

The world is faced with environmental problems and the energy crisis due to the combustion and depletion of fossil fuels. The development of reliable, sustainable, and economical sources of alternative fuels is an important, but challenging goal for the world. As an alternative to liquid fossil fuels, algal biofuel is expected to play a key role in alleviating global warming since algae absorb atmospheric CO2 via photosynthesis. Among various algae for fuel production, Euglena gracilis is an attractive microalgal species as it is known to produce wax ester (good for biodiesel and aviation fuel) within lipid droplets. To date, while there exist many techniques for inducing microalgal cells to produce and accumulate lipid with high efficiency, few analytical methods are available for characterizing a population of such lipid-accumulated microalgae including E. gracilis with high throughout, high accuracy, and single-cell resolution simultaneously. Here we demonstrate a high-throughput optofluidic Euglena gracilis profiler which consists of an optical time-stretch microscope and a fluorescence analyzer on top of an inertial-focusing microfluidic device that can detect fluorescence from lipid droplets in their cell body and provide images of E. gracilis cells simultaneously at a high throughput of 10,000 cells/s. With the multi-dimensional information acquired by the system, we classify nitrogen-sufficient (ordinary) and nitrogen-deficient (lipid-accumulated) E. gracilis cells with a low false positive rate of 1.0%. This method provides a promise for evaluating the efficiency of lipid-inducing techniques for biofuel production, which is also applicable for identifying biomedical samples such as blood cells and cancer cells.

Development and demonstration of smoke plume, fire emissions, and pre- and postprescribed fire fuel models on North Carolina Coastal Plain forest ecosystems

Treesearch

Robert A. Mickler; Miriam Rorig; Christopher D. Geron; Gary L. Achtemier; Andrew D. Bailey; Candice Krull; David Brownlie

2007-01-01

Wildland fuels have been accumulating in the United States during at least the past half-century due to wildland fire management practices and policies. The additional fuels contribute to intense fire behavior, increase the costs of wildland fire control, and contribute to the degradation of local and regional air quality. The management of prescribed and wildland fire...

First look at smoke emissions from prescribed burns in long-unburned longleaf pine forests

Treesearch

Sheryl K. Akagi; Robert J. Yokelson; Ian R. Burling; David R. Weise; James Reardon; Shawn Urbanski; Timothy J. Johnson

2014-01-01

While fire has long played a role in the longleaf pine ecosystem, there are still some stands in the southeastern United States where fire has not been reintroduced and fuels have accumulated for 50 years or more. As part of a larger study examining fuel loading and smoke emissions on Department of Defense installations in the southeastern U.S., fuels and trace...

The effects of bark beetle outbreaks on forest development, fuel loads and potential fire behavior in salvage logged and untreated lodgepole pine forests

Treesearch

B. J. Collins; C. C. Rhoades; M. A. Battaglia; R. M. Hubbard

2012-01-01

Recent mountain pine beetle infestations have resulted in widespread tree mortality and the accumulation of dead woody fuels across the Rocky Mountain region, creating concerns over future forest stand conditions and fire behavior. We quantified how salvage logging influenced tree regeneration and fuel loads relative to nearby, uncut stands for 24 lodgepole pine...

Fuels planning: science synthesis and integration; environmental consequences fact sheet 06: wildland fire use: the "other" treatment option

Treesearch

Anne Black

2004-01-01

Fire suppression has reduced acres burned to an average of 2 million acres a year. An unfortunate result of this has been the accumulation of even more above-normal fuel loads in many areas. This paper discusses (1) the important ecological role of fire, (2) using fire as a fuels treatment, and (2) the benefits and risks of fire.

40 CFR 86.157-98 - Refueling test procedures for liquefied petroleum gas-fueled vehicles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... fuel distribution. (c) Vehicle preconditioning. (1) The vehicle fuel tanks are to be filled with fuel that meets the specifications in § 86.113. Fuel tanks shall be filled to 10 percent of nominal fuel.... (2) Within one minute of obtaining the initial FID (or HFID) reading, the dispensed fuel nozzle shall...

40 CFR 86.157-98 - Refueling test procedures for liquefied petroleum gas-fueled vehicles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... fuel distribution. (c) Vehicle preconditioning. (1) The vehicle fuel tanks are to be filled with fuel that meets the specifications in § 86.113. Fuel tanks shall be filled to 10 percent of nominal fuel.... (2) Within one minute of obtaining the initial FID (or HFID) reading, the dispensed fuel nozzle shall...

40 CFR 86.157-98 - Refueling test procedures for liquefied petroleum gas-fueled vehicles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... fuel distribution. (c) Vehicle preconditioning. (1) The vehicle fuel tanks are to be filled with fuel that meets the specifications in § 86.113. Fuel tanks shall be filled to 10 percent of nominal fuel.... (2) Within one minute of obtaining the initial FID (or HFID) reading, the dispensed fuel nozzle shall...

40 CFR 86.157-98 - Refueling test procedures for liquefied petroleum gas-fueled vehicles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... fuel distribution. (c) Vehicle preconditioning. (1) The vehicle fuel tanks are to be filled with fuel that meets the specifications in § 86.113. Fuel tanks shall be filled to 10 percent of nominal fuel.... (2) Within one minute of obtaining the initial FID (or HFID) reading, the dispensed fuel nozzle shall...

Novel electrospun gas diffusion layers for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells: Part II. In operando synchrotron imaging for microscale liquid water transport characterization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chevalier, S.; Ge, N.; Lee, J.; George, M. G.; Liu, H.; Shrestha, P.; Muirhead, D.; Lavielle, N.; Hatton, B. D.; Bazylak, A.

2017-06-01

This is the second paper in a two-part series in which we investigate the impact of the gas diffusion layer structure on the liquid water distribution in an operating polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell through the procedures of design, fabrication, and testing of novel hydrophobic electrospun gas diffusion layers (eGDLs). In this work, fibre diameters and alignment in eGDLs are precisely controlled, and concurrent synchrotron X-ray radiography and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are used to evaluate the influence of the controlled eGDL parameters on the liquid water distribution and on membrane liquid water content. For eGDLs with small fibre diameters (150-200 nm) and correspondingly smaller pore sizes, reduced liquid water accumulation under the flow field ribs is observed. However, more liquid water is pinned onto the eGDL - at the interface with flow field channels. Orienting fibre alignment perpendicular to the flow field channel direction leads to improved eGDL-catalyst layer contact and prevents rib-channel membrane deformation. On the other hand, eGDLs facilitate significant membrane dry-out, even under highly humidified operating conditions at high current densities.

Wilderness fire management in a changing world

Treesearch

Carol Miller

2006-01-01

Several strategies are available for reducing accumulated forest fuels and their associated risks, including naturally or accidentally ignited wildland fires, management ignited prescribed fires, and a variety of mechanical and chemical methods (Omi 1996). However, a combination of policy, law, philosophy, and logistics suggest there is a more limited set of fuels...

Tracking MODIS NDVI time series to estimate fuel accumulation

Treesearch

Kellie A. Uyeda; Douglas A. Stow; Philip J. Riggan

2015-01-01

Patterns of post-fire recovery in southern California chaparral shrublands are important for understanding fuel available for future fires. Satellite remote sensing provides an opportunity to examine these patterns over large spatial extents and at high temporal resolution. The relatively limited temporal range of satellite remote sensing products has previously...

40 CFR 86.113-94 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Heavy-Duty Vehicles; Test Procedures § 86.113-94 Fuel specifications. (a) [Reserved] (b) Petroleum diesel test fuel. (1) The petroleum fuels employed for testing diesel vehicles shall be clean and bright... test fuel is commercially available. (ii) Information acceptable to the Administrator is provided to...

Self-actuated device

DOEpatents

Hecht, Samuel L.

1984-01-01

A self-actuated device, of particular use as a valve or an orifice for nuclear reactor fuel and blanket assemblies, in which a gas produced by a neutron induced nuclear reaction gradually accumulates as a function of neutron fluence. The gas pressure increase occasioned by such accumulation of gas is used to actuate the device.

40 CFR 610.64 - Track test procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... truck or trailer. (4) Fuel economy will be determined by either a gravimetric or volumetric method. (c... dynamometer except that fuel economy will be measured by gravimetric or volumetric methods. ... either a volumetric or gravimetric procedure approved by the Administrator. (5) Vehicle speed and...

40 CFR 610.64 - Track test procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... truck or trailer. (4) Fuel economy will be determined by either a gravimetric or volumetric method. (c... dynamometer except that fuel economy will be measured by gravimetric or volumetric methods. ... either a volumetric or gravimetric procedure approved by the Administrator. (5) Vehicle speed and...

40 CFR 610.10 - Program purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... DEVICES Test Procedures and Evaluation Criteria General Provisions § 610.10 Program purpose. (a) The... standardized procedures, the performance of various retrofit devices applicable to automobiles for which fuel... statistical analysis of data from vehicle tests, the evaluation program will determine the effects on fuel...

40 CFR 610.10 - Program purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... DEVICES Test Procedures and Evaluation Criteria General Provisions § 610.10 Program purpose. (a) The... standardized procedures, the performance of various retrofit devices applicable to automobiles for which fuel... statistical analysis of data from vehicle tests, the evaluation program will determine the effects on fuel...

40 CFR 610.10 - Program purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... DEVICES Test Procedures and Evaluation Criteria General Provisions § 610.10 Program purpose. (a) The... standardized procedures, the performance of various retrofit devices applicable to automobiles for which fuel... statistical analysis of data from vehicle tests, the evaluation program will determine the effects on fuel...

40 CFR 610.10 - Program purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... DEVICES Test Procedures and Evaluation Criteria General Provisions § 610.10 Program purpose. (a) The... standardized procedures, the performance of various retrofit devices applicable to automobiles for which fuel... statistical analysis of data from vehicle tests, the evaluation program will determine the effects on fuel...

40 CFR 86.080-12 - Alternative certification procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled and Methanol-Fueled Heavy-Duty Vehicles § 86.080-12 Alternative certification... are obtained under the abbreviated certification review procedure. (vii) Upon completing all... for certification, test reports and data submitted by the manufacturer, data obtained during an...

40 CFR 86.080-12 - Alternative certification procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled and Methanol-Fueled Heavy-Duty Vehicles § 86.080-12 Alternative certification... are obtained under the abbreviated certification review procedure. (vii) Upon completing all... for certification, test reports and data submitted by the manufacturer, data obtained during an...

40 CFR 600.107-93 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Exhaust Emission Regulations for 1978 and Later Model Year Automobiles-Test Procedures § 600.107-93 Fuel specifications. (a) The test fuel specifications for gasoline-fueled automobiles are given in § 86.113(a) (1) and (2) of this chapter. (b) The test fuel specifications for diesel-fueled automobiles are given in § 86...

40 CFR 92.113 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION FROM LOCOMOTIVES AND LOCOMOTIVE ENGINES Test Procedures § 92.113 Fuel specifications. (a) Diesel test fuel. (1) The diesel fuels for testing locomotives or locomotive engines designed...) of this section shall be reported in accordance with § 92.133. (b) Natural gas test fuel (compressed...

40 CFR 92.113 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...) CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION FROM LOCOMOTIVES AND LOCOMOTIVE ENGINES Test Procedures § 92.113 Fuel specifications. (a) Diesel test fuel. (1) The diesel fuels for testing locomotives or locomotive engines designed... section shall be reported in accordance with § 92.133. (b) Natural gas test fuel (compressed natural gas...

40 CFR 92.113 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...) CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION FROM LOCOMOTIVES AND LOCOMOTIVE ENGINES Test Procedures § 92.113 Fuel specifications. (a) Diesel test fuel. (1) The diesel fuels for testing locomotives or locomotive engines designed... section shall be reported in accordance with § 92.133. (b) Natural gas test fuel (compressed natural gas...

40 CFR 92.113 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...) CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION FROM LOCOMOTIVES AND LOCOMOTIVE ENGINES Test Procedures § 92.113 Fuel specifications. (a) Diesel test fuel. (1) The diesel fuels for testing locomotives or locomotive engines designed... section shall be reported in accordance with § 92.133. (b) Natural gas test fuel (compressed natural gas...

40 CFR 92.113 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION FROM LOCOMOTIVES AND LOCOMOTIVE ENGINES Test Procedures § 92.113 Fuel specifications. (a) Diesel test fuel. (1) The diesel fuels for testing locomotives or locomotive engines designed...) of this section shall be reported in accordance with § 92.133. (b) Natural gas test fuel (compressed...

40 CFR 1065.120 - Fuel properties and fuel temperature and pressure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 33 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Fuel properties and fuel temperature and pressure. 1065.120 Section 1065.120 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES Equipment Specifications § 1065.120 Fuel...

40 CFR 1065.120 - Fuel properties and fuel temperature and pressure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 34 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Fuel properties and fuel temperature and pressure. 1065.120 Section 1065.120 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES Equipment Specifications § 1065.120 Fuel...

40 CFR 1065.120 - Fuel properties and fuel temperature and pressure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 32 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Fuel properties and fuel temperature and pressure. 1065.120 Section 1065.120 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES Equipment Specifications § 1065.120 Fuel...

40 CFR 1065.120 - Fuel properties and fuel temperature and pressure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 33 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Fuel properties and fuel temperature and pressure. 1065.120 Section 1065.120 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES Equipment Specifications § 1065.120 Fuel...

40 CFR 1065.120 - Fuel properties and fuel temperature and pressure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 34 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Fuel properties and fuel temperature and pressure. 1065.120 Section 1065.120 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES Equipment Specifications § 1065.120 Fuel...

14 CFR 34.81 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... EXHAUST EMISSION REQUIREMENTS FOR TURBINE ENGINE POWERED AIRPLANES Test Procedures for Engine Smoke Emissions (Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines) § 34.81 Fuel specifications. Fuel having specifications as provided...

10 CFR 490.704 - Procedures and documentation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Procedures and documentation. 490.704 Section 490.704 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ALTERNATIVE FUEL TRANSPORTATION PROGRAM Biodiesel Fuel... include written documentation stating the quantity of biodiesel purchased, for the given model year, for...

10 CFR 490.704 - Procedures and documentation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Procedures and documentation. 490.704 Section 490.704 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ALTERNATIVE FUEL TRANSPORTATION PROGRAM Biodiesel Fuel... include written documentation stating the quantity of biodiesel purchased, for the given model year, for...

10 CFR 490.704 - Procedures and documentation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Procedures and documentation. 490.704 Section 490.704 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ALTERNATIVE FUEL TRANSPORTATION PROGRAM Biodiesel Fuel... include written documentation stating the quantity of biodiesel purchased, for the given model year, for...

10 CFR 490.704 - Procedures and documentation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Procedures and documentation. 490.704 Section 490.704 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ALTERNATIVE FUEL TRANSPORTATION PROGRAM Biodiesel Fuel... include written documentation stating the quantity of biodiesel purchased, for the given model year, for...

10 CFR 490.704 - Procedures and documentation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Procedures and documentation. 490.704 Section 490.704 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ALTERNATIVE FUEL TRANSPORTATION PROGRAM Biodiesel Fuel... include written documentation stating the quantity of biodiesel purchased, for the given model year, for...

14 CFR 34.81 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT FUEL VENTING AND EXHAUST EMISSION REQUIREMENTS FOR TURBINE ENGINE POWERED AIRPLANES Test Procedures for Engine Smoke Emissions (Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines) § 34.81 Fuel specifications. Fuel having specifications as provided...

14 CFR 34.81 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT FUEL VENTING AND EXHAUST EMISSION REQUIREMENTS FOR TURBINE ENGINE POWERED AIRPLANES Test Procedures for Engine Smoke Emissions (Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines) § 34.81 Fuel specifications. Fuel having specifications as provided...

Internal combustion engine with compressed air collection system

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Brown, P.W.

1988-08-23

This patent describes an internal combustion engine comprising cylinders respectively including a pressure port, pistons respectively movable in the cylinders through respective compression strokes, fuel injectors respectively connected to the cylinders and operative to supply, from a fuel source to the respective cylinders, a metered quantity of fuel conveyed by compressed gas in response to fuel injector operation during the compression strokes of the respective cylinders, a storage tank for accumulating and storing compressed gas, means for selectively connecting the pressure ports to the storage tank only during the compression strokes of the respective cylinders, and duct means connecting themore » storage tank to the fuel injectors for supplying the fuel injectors with compressed gas in response to fuel injector operation.« less

Castellated structures for ITER: Differences of impurity deposition and fuel accumulation in the toroidal and poloidal gaps

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Litnovsky, A.; Philipps, V.; Wienhold, P.; Krieger, K.; Kirschner, A.; Borodin, D.; Sergienko, G.; Schmitz, O.; Kreter, A.; Samm, U.; Richter, S.; Breuer, U.; Textor Team

2009-04-01

Castellation is foreseen for the first wall and divertor area in ITER. The concern of the fuel accumulation and impurity deposition in the gaps of castellated structures calls for dedicated studies. Recently, a tungsten castellated limiter with rectangular and roof-like shaped cells was exposed to the SOL plasmas in TEXTOR. After exposure, roughly two times less fuel was found in the gaps between the shaped cells whereas the difference in carbon deposition was less pronounced. Up to 70 at.% of tungsten was found intermixed in the deposited layers in the gaps. The metal fraction in the deposit decreases rapidly with a depth of the gap. Modeling of carbon deposition in poloidal gaps has provided a qualitative agreement with an experiment. The significant anisotropy of C and D distributions in the toroidal gaps was measured.

40 CFR 80.167 - Confirmatory testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Detergent Gasoline § 80.167 Confirmatory testing. EPA may test a... entail a single vehicle test using the procedures detailed in § 80.165. The test fuel(s) used in... minimum levels specified in § 80.164, and will otherwise conform to the applicable certification test fuel...

40 CFR 1065.703 - Distillate diesel fuel.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... CONTROLS ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES Engine Fluids, Test Fuels, Analytical Gases and Other Calibration... diesel fuel specified for use as a test fuel. See the standard-setting part to determine which grade to... grades are specified in the following table: Table 1 of § 1065.703—Test Fuel Specifications for...

40 CFR 80.165 - Certification test procedures and standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Detergent Gasoline § 80.165 Certification test... detergent additive is mixed in a test fuel meeting all relevant requirements of § 80.164, including the... for such records. (a) Fuel injector deposit control testing. (1) The required test fuel must produce...

40 CFR 94.108 - Test fuels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Test fuels. 94.108 Section 94.108... EMISSIONS FROM MARINE COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES Test Procedures § 94.108 Test fuels. (a) Distillate diesel test fuel. (1) The diesel fuels for testing Category 1 and Category 2 marine engines designed to...

40 CFR 80.167 - Confirmatory testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Detergent Gasoline § 80.167 Confirmatory testing. EPA may test a... national, PADD, or fuel-specific options will generally entail a single vehicle test using the procedures detailed in § 80.165. The test fuel(s) used in conducting confirmatory certification testing will contain...

40 CFR 1065.703 - Distillate diesel fuel.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... CONTROLS ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES Engine Fluids, Test Fuels, Analytical Gases and Other Calibration... diesel fuel specified for use as a test fuel. See the standard-setting part to determine which grade to... inhibitor. (5) Pour depressant. (6) Dye. (7) Dispersant. (8) Biocide. Table 1 of § 1065.703—Test Fuel...

40 CFR 80.167 - Confirmatory testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Detergent Gasoline § 80.167 Confirmatory testing. EPA may test a... national, PADD, or fuel-specific options will generally entail a single vehicle test using the procedures detailed in § 80.165. The test fuel(s) used in conducting confirmatory certification testing will contain...

40 CFR 80.165 - Certification test procedures and standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Detergent Gasoline § 80.165 Certification test... detergent additive is mixed in a test fuel meeting all relevant requirements of § 80.164, including the... for such records. (a) Fuel injector deposit control testing. (1) The required test fuel must produce...

40 CFR 600.107-78 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Exhaust Emission Regulations for 1978 and Later Model Year Automobiles-Test Procedures § 600.107-78 Fuel specifications. (a) The test fuel specifications for gasoline-fueled automobiles are given in paragraph (a)(1) of § 86.113 of this chapter. (b) The test fuel specifications for diesel automobiles are given in...

40 CFR 1065.703 - Distillate diesel fuel.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... CONTROLS ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES Engine Fluids, Test Fuels, Analytical Gases and Other Calibration... diesel fuel specified for use as a test fuel. See the standard-setting part to determine which grade to... inhibitor. (5) Pour depressant. (6) Dye. (7) Dispersant. (8) Biocide. Table 1 of § 1065.703—Test Fuel...

40 CFR 80.167 - Confirmatory testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Detergent Gasoline § 80.167 Confirmatory testing. EPA may test a... national, PADD, or fuel-specific options will generally entail a single vehicle test using the procedures detailed in § 80.165. The test fuel(s) used in conducting confirmatory certification testing will contain...

40 CFR 80.167 - Confirmatory testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Detergent Gasoline § 80.167 Confirmatory testing. EPA may test a... national, PADD, or fuel-specific options will generally entail a single vehicle test using the procedures detailed in § 80.165. The test fuel(s) used in conducting confirmatory certification testing will contain...

40 CFR 94.108 - Test fuels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Test fuels. 94.108 Section 94.108... EMISSIONS FROM MARINE COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES Test Procedures § 94.108 Test fuels. (a) Distillate diesel test fuel. (1) The diesel fuels for testing Category 1 and Category 2 marine engines designed to...

40 CFR 1065.703 - Distillate diesel fuel.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... CONTROLS ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES Engine Fluids, Test Fuels, Analytical Gases and Other Calibration... diesel fuel specified for use as a test fuel. See the standard-setting part to determine which grade to... inhibitor. (5) Pour depressant. (6) Dye. (7) Dispersant. (8) Biocide. Table 1 of § 1065.703—Test Fuel...

40 CFR 610.42 - Fuel economy measurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Fuel economy measurement. (a) Fuel consumption will be measured by: (1) The carbon balance method, or... in addition to the emissions measuring equipment. (b) The carbon balance procedure for measuring fuel consumption relates the carbon products in the exhaust to the amount of fuel burned during the test. This...

40 CFR 610.42 - Fuel economy measurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Fuel economy measurement. (a) Fuel consumption will be measured by: (1) The carbon balance method, or... in addition to the emissions measuring equipment. (b) The carbon balance procedure for measuring fuel consumption relates the carbon products in the exhaust to the amount of fuel burned during the test. This...

40 CFR 610.42 - Fuel economy measurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Fuel economy measurement. (a) Fuel consumption will be measured by: (1) The carbon balance method, or... in addition to the emissions measuring equipment. (b) The carbon balance procedure for measuring fuel consumption relates the carbon products in the exhaust to the amount of fuel burned during the test. This...

40 CFR 610.42 - Fuel economy measurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Fuel economy measurement. (a) Fuel consumption will be measured by: (1) The carbon balance method, or... in addition to the emissions measuring equipment. (b) The carbon balance procedure for measuring fuel consumption relates the carbon products in the exhaust to the amount of fuel burned during the test. This...

40 CFR 94.108 - Test fuels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2014-07-01 2013-07-01 true Test fuels. 94.108 Section 94.108... EMISSIONS FROM MARINE COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES Test Procedures § 94.108 Test fuels. (a) Distillate diesel test fuel. (1) The diesel fuels for testing Category 1 and Category 2 marine engines designed to...

40 CFR 86.135-90 - Dynamometer procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... petroleum gas-fueled Otto-cycle vehicles, the composite samples collected in bags are analyzed for THC, CO..., liquefied petroleum gas-fueled and methanol-fueled diesel-cycle vehicles), THC is sampled and analyzed... analyzed for THC, CO, CO2, CH4, and NOX. (3) For natural gas-fueled, liquefied petroleum gas-fueled and...

10 CFR 501.167 - Fuel use order.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Fuel use order. 501.167 Section 501.167 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (CONTINUED) ALTERNATE FUELS ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES AND SANCTIONS Enforcement § 501.167 Fuel use order. (a) General. OFE will issue a Fuel Use Order if, after considering all the information...

40 CFR 1065.220 - Fuel flow meter.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 34 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Fuel flow meter. 1065.220 Section 1065... ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES Measurement Instruments Flow-Related Measurements § 1065.220 Fuel flow meter. (a) Application. You may use fuel flow in combination with a chemical balance of fuel, inlet air, and...

40 CFR 1065.220 - Fuel flow meter.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 34 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Fuel flow meter. 1065.220 Section 1065... ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES Measurement Instruments Flow-Related Measurements § 1065.220 Fuel flow meter. (a) Application. You may use fuel flow in combination with a chemical balance of fuel, inlet air, and...

40 CFR 89.415 - Fuel flow measurement specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Fuel flow measurement specifications... Emission Test Procedures § 89.415 Fuel flow measurement specifications. The fuel flow rate measurement instrument must have a minimum accuracy of 2 percent of the engine maximum fuel flow rate. The controlling...

40 CFR 91.417 - Fuel flow measurement specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Fuel flow measurement specifications... Procedures § 91.417 Fuel flow measurement specifications. (a) Fuel flow measurement is required only for raw testing but is allowed for dilute testing. (b) The fuel flow rate measurement instrument must have a...

10 CFR 501.167 - Fuel use order.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Fuel use order. 501.167 Section 501.167 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (CONTINUED) ALTERNATE FUELS ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES AND SANCTIONS Enforcement § 501.167 Fuel use order. (a) General. OFE will issue a Fuel Use Order if, after considering all the information...

14 CFR 23.1585 - Operating procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... multiengine airplanes, information identifying each operating condition in which the fuel system independence... fuel system in a configuration used to show compliance with that section. (h) For each airplane showing compliance with § 23.1353 (g)(2) or (g)(3), the operating procedures for disconnecting the battery from its...

40 CFR 86.1413 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Trucks; Certification Short Test Procedures § 86.1413 Fuel specifications. (a) The test fuel to be used... section. (b) CST test fuels by option. (1) Test Option 1: Use Cold CO fuel as specified in the table in § 86.213-94. (2) Test Option 2: Use Cold CO fuel, as specified in the table in § 86.213-94; optionally...

40 CFR 86.1413 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Trucks; Certification Short Test Procedures § 86.1413 Fuel specifications. (a) The test fuel to be used... section. (b) CST test fuels by option. (1) Test Option 1: Use Cold CO fuel as specified in the table in § 86.213-94. (2) Test Option 2: Use Cold CO fuel, as specified in the table in § 86.213-94; optionally...

40 CFR 86.1413 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Trucks; Certification Short Test Procedures § 86.1413 Fuel specifications. (a) The test fuel to be used... section. (b) CST test fuels by option. (1) Test Option 1: Use Cold CO fuel as specified in the table in § 86.213-94. (2) Test Option 2: Use Cold CO fuel, as specified in the table in § 86.213-94; optionally...

40 CFR 86.1413 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Trucks; Certification Short Test Procedures § 86.1413 Fuel specifications. (a) The test fuel to be used... section. (b) CST test fuels by option. (1) Test Option 1: Use Cold CO fuel as specified in the table in § 86.213-94. (2) Test Option 2: Use Cold CO fuel, as specified in the table in § 86.213-94; optionally...

Native herbivore exerts contrasting effects on fire regime and vegetation structure

Treesearch

Jose L. Hierro; Kenneth L. Clark; Lyn C. Branch; Diego Villarreal

2011-01-01

Although native herbivores can alter fire regimes by consuming herbaceous vegetation that serves as fine fuel and, less commonly, accumulating fuel as nest material and other structures, simultaneous considerations of contrasting effects of herbivores on fire have scarcely been addressed. We proposed that a colonial rodent, vizcacha (Lagostomus maximus...

Enhancing biomass utilization for bioenergy-crop rotation systems and alternative conversion processes

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Biomass for bioenergy has a great deal of potential for decreasing our dependence upon fossil fuels and decreasing the net CO2 accumulation in the atmosphere. Crop residues are often promoted as a means of meeting the total biomass goals to provide sufficient amounts of materials for liquid fuel pro...

Managing air pollution impacted forests of California

Treesearch

Michael J. Arbaugh; Trent Proctor; Annie Esperanza

2009-01-01

Fuel treatments (prescribed fire and mechanical removal) on public lands in California are critical for reducing fuel accumulation and wildfire frequency and severity and protecting private property located in the wildland–urban interface. Treatments are especially needed in forests impacted by air pollution and subject to climate change. High ambient ozone (O

[Effects of small hydropower substitute fuel project on forest ecosystem services].

PubMed

Yu, Hai Yan; Zha, Tong Gang; Nie, Li Shui; Lyu, Zhi Yuan

2016-10-01

Based on the Forest Ecosystem Services Assessment Standards (LY/T 1721－2008) issued by the State Forestry Administration, this paper evaluated four key functions of forest ecosystems, i.e., water conservation, soil conservation, carbon fixation and oxygen release, and nutrient accumulation. Focusing on the project area of Majiang County in Guizhou Province, this study provided some quantitative evidence that the implementation of the small hydropower substituting fuel project had positive effects on the values and material quantities of ecosystem service functions. The results showed that the small hydropower substituting fuel project had a significant effect on the increase of forest ecosystem services. Water conservation quantity of Pinus massoniana and Cupressus funebris plantations inside project area was 20662.04 m 3 ·hm -2 ·a -1 , 20.5% higher than outside project area, with soil conservation quantity of 119.1 t·hm -2 ·a -1 , 29.7% higher than outside project area, carbon fixation and oxygen release of 220.49 t·hm -2 ·a -1 , 40.2% higher than outside project area, and forest tree nutrition accumulation of 3.49 t·hm -2 ·a -1 , 48.5% higher than outside project area. Small hydropower substituting fuel project for increasing the quota of forest ecosystem service function value was in the order of carbon fixation and oxygen release function (71400 yuan·hm -2 ·a -1 ) > water conservation function (60100 yuan·hm -2 ·a -1 ) > tree nutrition accumulation function (13800 yuan·hm -2 ·a -1 ) > soil conservation function (8100 yuan·hm -2 ·a -1 ). Small hydropower substituting fuel project played an important role for improving the forest ecological service function value and realizing the sustainable development of forest.

High-Resolution Characterization of UMo Alloy Microstructure

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Devaraj, Arun; Kovarik, Libor; Joshi, Vineet V.

2016-11-30

This report highlights the capabilities and procedure for high-resolution characterization of UMo fuels in PNNL. Uranium-molybdenum (UMo) fuel processing steps, from casting to forming final fuel, directly affect the microstructure of the fuel, which in turn dictates the in-reactor performance of the fuel under irradiation. In order to understand the influence of processing on UMo microstructure, microstructure characterization techniques are necessary. Higher-resolution characterization techniques like transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atom probe tomography (APT) are needed to interrogate the details of the microstructure. The findings from TEM and APT are also directly beneficial for developing predictive multiscale modeling tools thatmore » can predict the microstructure as a function of process parameters. This report provides background on focused-ion-beam–based TEM and APT sample preparation, TEM and APT analysis procedures, and the unique information achievable through such advanced characterization capabilities for UMo fuels, from a fuel fabrication capability viewpoint.« less

14 CFR 29.1585 - Operating procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... condition in which the fuel system independence prescribed in § 29.953 is necessary for safety must be furnished, together with instructions for placing the fuel system in a configuration used to show compliance... compliance with § 29.1353 (c)(6)(ii) or (c)(6)(iii), the operating procedures for disconnecting the battery...

40 CFR 86.1439 - Certification Short Test emission test procedures-EPA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) Emission Regulations for New Gasoline-Fueled Otto-Cycle Light-Duty Vehicles and New Gasoline-Fueled Otto-Cycle Light-Duty Trucks; Certification Short Test Procedures § 86.1439 Certification Short... seconds (mt=30), whichever comes second. (B) The vehicle fails the idle mode and the test is immediately...

40 CFR 86.1439 - Certification Short Test emission test procedures-EPA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (CONTINUED) Emission Regulations for New Gasoline-Fueled Otto-Cycle Light-Duty Vehicles and New Gasoline-Fueled Otto-Cycle Light-Duty Trucks; Certification Short Test Procedures § 86.1439 Certification Short... seconds (mt=30), whichever comes second. (B) The vehicle fails the idle mode and the test is immediately...

40 CFR 86.1506 - Equipment required and specifications; overview.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... specifications appear in §§ 86.1509 through 86.1511. (2) Fuel and analytical tests. Fuel requirements for idle... Test Procedures § 86.1506 Equipment required and specifications; overview. (a) This subpart contains procedures for performing idle exhaust emission tests on Otto-cycle heavy-duty engines and Otto-cycle light...

40 CFR 86.505-2004 - Introduction; structure of subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... procedures and the test fuel described in subpart B of this part for diesel-fueled light-duty vehicles. PM... Regulations for 1978 and Later New Motorcycles; Test Procedures § 86.505-2004 Introduction; structure of... perform exhaust emission tests on motorcycles. Subpart E sets forth the testing requirements and test...

40 CFR 86.505-2004 - Introduction; structure of subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... procedures and the test fuel described in subpart B of this part for diesel-fueled light-duty vehicles. PM... Regulations for 1978 and Later New Motorcycles; Test Procedures § 86.505-2004 Introduction; structure of... perform exhaust emission tests on motorcycles. Subpart E sets forth the testing requirements and test...

40 CFR 86.505-2004 - Introduction; structure of subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... procedures and the test fuel described in subpart B of this part for diesel-fueled light-duty vehicles. PM... Regulations for 1978 and Later New Motorcycles; Test Procedures § 86.505-2004 Introduction; structure of... perform exhaust emission tests on motorcycles. Subpart E sets forth the testing requirements and test...

40 CFR 86.1506 - Equipment required and specifications; overview.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... specifications appear in §§ 86.1509 through 86.1511. (2) Fuel and analytical tests. Fuel requirements for idle... Test Procedures § 86.1506 Equipment required and specifications; overview. (a) This subpart contains procedures for performing idle exhaust emission tests on Otto-cycle heavy-duty engines and Otto-cycle light...

75 FR 8056 - California State Nonroad Engine Pollution Control Standards; California New Nonroad Compression...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-23

... maintenance intervals, recordkeeping, warranties, test procedures, certification test fuel, and engine useful... Control of Emissions of Air Pollution From Nonroad Diesel Engines and Fuel and EPA's Final Rule for Test... request for an authorization of its emission standards and accompanying test procedures for new nonroad...

40 CFR 86.505-2004 - Introduction; structure of subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... procedures and the test fuel described in subpart B of this part for diesel-fueled light-duty vehicles. PM... Regulations for 1978 and Later New Motorcycles; Test Procedures § 86.505-2004 Introduction; structure of... perform exhaust emission tests on motorcycles. Subpart E sets forth the testing requirements and test...

40 CFR 86.1506 - Equipment required and specifications; overview.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... specifications appear in §§ 86.1509 through 86.1511. (2) Fuel and analytical tests. Fuel requirements for idle... Test Procedures § 86.1506 Equipment required and specifications; overview. (a) This subpart contains procedures for performing idle exhaust emission tests on Otto-cycle heavy-duty engines and Otto-cycle light...

40 CFR 86.505-2004 - Introduction; structure of subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... procedures and the test fuel described in subpart B of this part for diesel-fueled light-duty vehicles. PM... Regulations for 1978 and Later New Motorcycles; Test Procedures § 86.505-2004 Introduction; structure of... perform exhaust emission tests on motorcycles. Subpart E sets forth the testing requirements and test...

Final Rule for Standards for Emissions From Natural Gas-Fueled, and Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled Motor Vehicles and Motor Vehicle Engines, and Certification Procedures for Aftermarket Conversions

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This rule provides emission standards and test procedures for the certification of new natural gasfueled, and liquefied petroleum gasfueled light-duty vehicles, light-duty trucks, heavy-duty engines and vehicles, and motorcycles.

40 CFR 86.1432 - Vehicle preparation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... cold temperature compliance pathway, the temperature of the fuel prior to its delivery to the fuel tank... is the Cold CO Test Procedure, performed in accordance with subpart C of this part. (ii) Testing by...). (C) Cold CO Test Procedure, in accordance with subpart C of this part. (c) Soak—(1) Manufacturer's...

40 CFR 86.1432 - Vehicle preparation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... cold temperature compliance pathway, the temperature of the fuel prior to its delivery to the fuel tank... is the Cold CO Test Procedure, performed in accordance with subpart C of this part. (ii) Testing by...). (C) Cold CO Test Procedure, in accordance with subpart C of this part. (c) Soak—(1) Manufacturer's...

ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY VERIFICATION REPORT, MIRATECH CORPORATIONM GECO 3001 AIR/FUEL RATIO CONTROLLER

EPA Science Inventory

Details on the verification test design, measurement test procedures, and Quality assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) procedures can be found in the test plan titled Testing and Quality Assurance Plan, MIRATECH Corporation GECO 3100 Air/Fuel Ratio Controller (SRI 2001). It can be d...

40 CFR 80.133 - Agreed-upon procedures for refiners and importers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Agreed-upon procedures for refiners and importers. 80.133 Section 80.133 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Attest Engagements § 80.133...

Pellet cladding mechanical interactions of ceramic claddings fuels under light water reactor conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Bo-Shiuan

Ceramic materials such as silicon carbide (SiC) are promising candidate materials for nuclear fuel cladding and are of interest as part of a potential accident tolerant fuel design due to its high temperature strength, dimensional stability under irradiation, corrosion resistance, and lower neutron absorption cross-section. It also offers drastically lower hydrogen generation in loss of coolant accidents such as that experienced at Fukushima. With the implementation of SiC material properties to the fuel performance code, FRAPCON, performances of the SiC-clad fuel are compared with the conventional Zircaloy-clad fuel. Due to negligible creep and high stiffness, SiC-clad fuel allows gap closure at higher burnup and insignificant cladding dimensional change. However, severe degradation of SiC thermal conductivity with neutron irradiation will lead to higher fuel temperature with larger fission gas release. High stiffness of SiC has a drawback of accumulating large interfacial pressure upon pellet-cladding mechanical interactions (PCMI). This large stress will eventually reach the flexural strength of SiC, causing failure of SiC cladding instantly in a brittle manner instead of the graceful failure of ductile metallic cladding. The large interfacial pressure causes phenomena that were previously of only marginal significance and thus ignored (such as creep of the fuel) to now have an important role in PCMI. Consideration of the fuel pellet creep and elastic deformation in PCMI models in FRAPCON provide for an improved understanding of the magnitude of accumulated interfacial pressure. Outward swelling of the pellet is retarded by the inward irradiation-induced creep, which then reduces the rate of interfacial pressure buildup. Effect of PCMI can also be reduced and by increasing gap width and cladding thickness. However, increasing gap width and cladding thickness also increases the overall thermal resistance which leads to higher fuel temperature and larger fission gas release. An optimum design is sought considering both thermal and mechanical models of this ceramic cladding with UO2 and advanced high density fuels.

40 CFR 600.201-93 - General applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... FUEL ECONOMY AND CARBON-RELATED EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Fuel Economy Regulations for 1977 and Later Model Year Automobiles-Procedures for Calculating Fuel Economy Values § 600.201-93 General...

40 CFR 600.201-12 - General applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... FUEL ECONOMY AND CARBON-RELATED EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Fuel Economy Regulations for 1977 and Later Model Year Automobiles-Procedures for Calculating Fuel Economy Values § 600.201-12 General...

40 CFR 600.201-86 - General applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... FUEL ECONOMY AND CARBON-RELATED EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Fuel Economy Regulations for 1977 and Later Model Year Automobiles-Procedures for Calculating Fuel Economy Values § 600.201-86 General...

40 CFR 600.201-08 - General applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... FUEL ECONOMY AND CARBON-RELATED EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Fuel Economy Regulations for 1977 and Later Model Year Automobiles-Procedures for Calculating Fuel Economy Values § 600.201-08 General...

40 CFR 87.81 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION FROM AIRCRAFT AND AIRCRAFT ENGINES Test Procedures for Engine Smoke Emissions (Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines) § 87.81 Fuel specifications. Fuel having specifications as provided in § 87...

40 CFR 87.81 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION FROM AIRCRAFT AND AIRCRAFT ENGINES Test Procedures for Engine Smoke Emissions (Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines) § 87.81 Fuel specifications. Fuel having specifications as provided in § 87...

40 CFR 600.110-08 - Equipment calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... FUEL ECONOMY AND GREENHOUSE GAS EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Fuel Economy and Carbon-Related Exhaust Emission Test Procedures § 600.110-08 Equipment calibration. The equipment used for fuel economy...

40 CFR 600.110-08 - Equipment calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... FUEL ECONOMY AND GREENHOUSE GAS EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Fuel Economy and Carbon-Related Exhaust Emission Test Procedures § 600.110-08 Equipment calibration. The equipment used for fuel economy...

40 CFR 1066.950 - Fuel temperature profile.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 33 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Fuel temperature profile. 1066.950 Section 1066.950 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR POLLUTION... Test Procedures for Motor Vehicles § 1066.950 Fuel temperature profile. Develop fuel temperature...

Revised procedure for the measurement of particulate matter in Naval JP5 aviation turbine fuel (F44; AVCAT) using the contaminated fuel detector (CFD)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McVea, G.G.; Power, A.J.

1995-04-01

USA Military Specification MIL-D-22612 provides a procedure for measurement of particulate levels in Naval aviation gas turbine engine JP5 fuel (F44; RAN AVCAT) using the contaminated fuel detector (CFD). Evaluation of this procedure within the specification has revealed significant shortcomings in the application of the theoretical principles upon which the method is based. CFD measurements have been compared to gravimetric results from ASTM D2276, which provides accurate determination of concentrations of particulate matter in JP5. Inaccuracies evident in the CFD readings have been found to relate to the high sensitivity of the CFD to variations in fuel particulate extinction coefficientsmore » (ECs) (relating to fuel sediment colour) and to an error in the application of light transmittance theory in the recommended method. This report demonstrates that accurate CFD determination of JP5 particulate concentrations depends on spectrophotometric measurement of a narrow range of ECs of particulate matter. A range of fuel sediments derived from Australian naval ship and shore fuel storages was studied. It was observed that the CFD plot, which is in light transmittance mode, in theory provides a curved line graph against the gravimetric test results, whereas MIL-D-22612 describes a straight line graph. It was concluded that this must be an approximation. However, conversion of light transmittance data derived from the CFD into the reciprocal logarithm to give light absorbance data was shown to give a straight line graph which corresponded well with the gravimetric results. This relationship depended on construction of the graph on the basis of a narrow range of known particulate ECs. The conversion to absorbance gave improved correlation for JP5 particulate measurements with gravimetric procedures, using the CFD.« less

40 CFR 86.335-79 - Gasoline-fueled engine test cycle.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 18 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Gasoline-fueled engine test cycle. 86... Regulations for New Gasoline-Fueled and Diesel-Fueled Heavy-Duty Engines; Gaseous Exhaust Test Procedures § 86.335-79 Gasoline-fueled engine test cycle. (a) The following test sequence shall be followed in...

40 CFR 86.335-79 - Gasoline-fueled engine test cycle.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Gasoline-fueled engine test cycle. 86... Regulations for New Gasoline-Fueled and Diesel-Fueled Heavy-Duty Engines; Gaseous Exhaust Test Procedures § 86.335-79 Gasoline-fueled engine test cycle. (a) The following test sequence shall be followed in...

40 CFR 86.335-79 - Gasoline-fueled engine test cycle.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Gasoline-fueled engine test cycle. 86... Regulations for New Gasoline-Fueled and Diesel-Fueled Heavy-Duty Engines; Gaseous Exhaust Test Procedures § 86.335-79 Gasoline-fueled engine test cycle. (a) The following test sequence shall be followed in...

33 CFR 183.580 - Static pressure test for fuel tanks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Static pressure test for fuel... SECURITY (CONTINUED) BOATING SAFETY BOATS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT Fuel Systems Tests § 183.580 Static pressure test for fuel tanks. A fuel tank is tested by performing the following procedures in the following...

33 CFR 183.580 - Static pressure test for fuel tanks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Static pressure test for fuel... SECURITY (CONTINUED) BOATING SAFETY BOATS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT Fuel Systems Tests § 183.580 Static pressure test for fuel tanks. A fuel tank is tested by performing the following procedures in the following...

40 CFR 600.107-78 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... and Later Model Year Automobiles-Test Procedures § 600.107-78 Fuel specifications. (a) The test fuel... test fuel specifications for diesel automobiles are given in paragraphs (b) (1) and (2) of § 86.113 of... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Fuel specifications. 600.107-78...

33 CFR 183.580 - Static pressure test for fuel tanks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Static pressure test for fuel... SECURITY (CONTINUED) BOATING SAFETY BOATS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT Fuel Systems Tests § 183.580 Static pressure test for fuel tanks. A fuel tank is tested by performing the following procedures in the following...

33 CFR 183.580 - Static pressure test for fuel tanks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Static pressure test for fuel... SECURITY (CONTINUED) BOATING SAFETY BOATS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT Fuel Systems Tests § 183.580 Static pressure test for fuel tanks. A fuel tank is tested by performing the following procedures in the following...

33 CFR 183.580 - Static pressure test for fuel tanks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Static pressure test for fuel... SECURITY (CONTINUED) BOATING SAFETY BOATS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT Fuel Systems Tests § 183.580 Static pressure test for fuel tanks. A fuel tank is tested by performing the following procedures in the following...

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Engines and Related Technologies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

2001-12-01

The Hydrogen Fuel Cell Engines and Related Technologies report documents the first training course ever developed and made available to the transportation community and general public on the use hydrogen fuel cells in transportation. The course is designed to train a new generation of technicians in gaining a more complete understanding of the concepts, procedures, and technologies involved with hydrogen fuel cell use in transportation purposes. The manual contains 11 modules (chapters). The first eight modules cover (1) hydrogen properties, use and safety; and (2) fuel cell technology and its systems, fuel cell engine design and safety, and design and maintenance of a heavy duty fuel cell bus engine. The different types of fuel cells and hybrid electric vehicles are presented, however, the system descriptions and maintenance procedures focus on proton-exchange-membrane (PEM) fuel cells with respect to heavy duty transit applications. Modules 9 and 10 are intended to provide a better understanding of the acts, codes, regulations and guidelines concerning the use of hydrogen, as well as the safety guidelines for both hydrogen maintenance and fueling facilities. Module 11 presents a glossary and conversions.

40 CFR 600.204-77 - Section numbering, construction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND CARBON-RELATED EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Fuel Economy Regulations for 1977 and Later Model Year Automobiles-Procedures for Calculating Fuel Economy Values § 600.204-77...

40 CFR 600.510-08 - Calculation of average fuel economy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Calculation of average fuel economy...) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND GREENHOUSE GAS EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Procedures for Determining Manufacturer's Average Fuel Economy and Manufacturer's Average Carbon-Related Exhaust Emissions...

40 CFR 600.510-08 - Calculation of average fuel economy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Calculation of average fuel economy...) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND GREENHOUSE GAS EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Procedures for Determining Manufacturer's Average Fuel Economy and Manufacturer's Average Carbon-Related Exhaust Emissions...

78 FR 23927 - Forms and Procedures for Submitting Attest Engagements Under Various Subparts

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-23

... gasoline, anti-dumping, gasoline sulfur, benzene content, and the renewable fuel standard. DATES: The... the reformulated gasoline, anti-dumping, gasoline sulfur, and benzene programs, and the renewable fuel...; Confidential business information; Diesel fuel; Fuel additives; Gasoline; Imports; Motor vehicle pollution...

40 CFR 79.23 - Registration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additive Registration Procedures § 79.23 Registration. (a) If the... additive which includes all of the information and assurances required by § 79.21 and has satisfactorily... the fuel additive and notify the fuel manufacturer of such registration. (b) The Administrator shall...

40 CFR 79.23 - Registration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additive Registration Procedures § 79.23 Registration. (a) If the... additive which includes all of the information and assurances required by § 79.21 and has satisfactorily... the fuel additive and notify the fuel manufacturer of such registration. (b) The Administrator shall...

40 CFR 79.23 - Registration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additive Registration Procedures § 79.23 Registration. (a) If the... additive which includes all of the information and assurances required by § 79.21 and has satisfactorily... the fuel additive and notify the fuel manufacturer of such registration. (b) The Administrator shall...

40 CFR 79.23 - Registration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additive Registration Procedures § 79.23 Registration. (a) If the... additive which includes all of the information and assurances required by § 79.21 and has satisfactorily... the fuel additive and notify the fuel manufacturer of such registration. (b) The Administrator shall...

40 CFR 79.23 - Registration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additive Registration Procedures § 79.23 Registration. (a) If the... additive which includes all of the information and assurances required by § 79.21 and has satisfactorily... the fuel additive and notify the fuel manufacturer of such registration. (b) The Administrator shall...

40 CFR 89.415 - Fuel flow measurement specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Fuel flow measurement specifications. 89.415 Section 89.415 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR... Emission Test Procedures § 89.415 Fuel flow measurement specifications. The fuel flow rate measurement...

40 CFR 90.417 - Fuel flow measurement specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Fuel flow measurement specifications. 90.417 Section 90.417 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR... Gaseous Exhaust Test Procedures § 90.417 Fuel flow measurement specifications. (a) Fuel flow measurement...

40 CFR 86.1513 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Fuel specifications. 86.1513 Section 86.1513 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED..., and Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled Diesel-Cycle Light-Duty Trucks; Idle Test Procedures § 86.1513 Fuel...

40 CFR 60.46 - Test methods and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel... fossil fuels or fossil fuel and wood residue are fired, the owner or operator (in order to compute the...

40 CFR 60.46 - Test methods and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel... fossil fuels or fossil fuel and wood residue are fired, the owner or operator (in order to compute the...

40 CFR 60.46 - Test methods and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel... fossil fuels or fossil fuel and wood residue are fired, the owner or operator (in order to compute the...

40 CFR 60.46 - Test methods and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel... the results of the four pairs of samples. (c) When combinations of fossil fuels or fossil fuel and...

40 CFR 60.46 - Test methods and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel... the results of the four pairs of samples. (c) When combinations of fossil fuels or fossil fuel and...

Delayed flap approach procedures for noise abatement and fuel conservation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Edwards, F. G.; Bull, J. S.; Foster, J. D.; Hegarty, D. M.; Drinkwater, F. J., III

1976-01-01

The NASA/Ames Research Center is currently investigating the delayed flap approach during which pilot actions are determined and prescribed by an onboard digital computer. The onboard digital computer determines the proper timing for the deployment of the landing gear and flaps based on the existing winds and airplane gross weight. Advisory commands are displayed to the pilot. The approach is flown along the conventional ILS glide slope but is initiated at a higher airspeed and in a clean aircraft configuration that allows for low thrust and results in reduced noise and fuel consumption. Topics discussed include operational procedures, pilot acceptability of these procedures, and fuel/noise benefits resulting from flight tests and simulation.

Deconstructing the King Megafire.

PubMed

Coen, Janice L; Stavros, E Natasha; Fites-Kaufman, Josephine A

2018-05-24

Hypotheses that megafires - very large, high impact fires - are caused by either climate effects such as drought or fuel accumulation due to fire exclusion with accompanying changes to forest structure have long been alleged and guided policy but their physical basis remains untested. Here, unique airborne observations and microscale simulations using a coupled weather - wildland fire behavior model allowed a recent megafire, the King Fire, to be deconstructed and the relative impacts of forest structure, fuel load, weather, and drought on fire size, behavior, and duration to be separated. Simulations reproduced observed details including the arrival at an inclined canyon, a 25-km run, and later slower growth and features. Analysis revealed that fire-induced winds that equaled or exceeded ambient winds and fine-scale airflow undetected by surface weather networks were primarily responsible for the fire's rapid growth and size. Sensitivity tests varied fuel moisture and amount across wide ranges and showed that both drought and fuel accumulation effects were secondary, limited to sloped terrain where they compounded each other, and, in this case, unable to significantly impact the final extent. Compared to standard data, fuel models derived solely from remote sensing of vegetation type and forest structure improved simulated fire progression, notably in disturbed areas, and the distribution of burn severity. These results point to self-reinforcing internal dynamics rather than external forces as a means of generating this and possibly other outlier fire events. Hence, extreme fires need not arise from extreme fire environment conditions. Kinematic models used in operations do not capture fire-induced winds and dynamic feedbacks so can underestimate megafire events. The outcomes provided a nuanced view of weather, forest structure, fuel accumulation, and drought impacts on landscape-scale fire behavior - roles that can be misconstrued using correlational analyses between area burned and macroscale climate data or other exogenous factors. A practical outcome is that fuel treatments should be focused on sloped terrain, where factors multiply, for highest impact. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

An expert system to manage the operation of the Space Shuttle's fuel cell cryogenic reactant tanks

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Murphey, Amy Y.

1990-01-01

This paper describes a rule-based expert system to manage the operation of the Space Shuttle's cryogenic fuel system. Rules are based on standard fuel tank operating procedures described in the EECOM Console Handbook. The problem of configuring the operation of the Space Shuttle's fuel tanks is well-bounded and well defined. Moreover, the solution of this problem can be encoded in a knowledge-based system. Therefore, a rule-based expert system is the appropriate paradigm. Furthermore, the expert system could be used in coordination with power system simulation software to design operating procedures for specific missions.

Modeling and risk assessment for soil temperatures beneath prescribed forest fires

Treesearch

Haiganoush K. Preisler; Sally M. Haase; Stephen S. Sackett

2000-01-01

Prescribed fire is a management tool used by wildland resource management organizations in many ecosystems to reduce hazardous fuels and to achieve a host of other objectives. To study the effects of fire in naturally accumulating fuel conditions, the ambient soil temperature is monitored beneath prescribed burns. In this study we developed a stochastic model for...

Forest structure and downed woody debris in boreal temperate, and tropical forest fragments

Treesearch

William A. Gould; Grizelle Gonzalez; Andrew T. Hudak; Teresa Nettleton Hollingsworth; Jamie Hollingsworth

2008-01-01

Forest fragmentation affects the heterogeneity of accumulated fuels by increasing the diversity of forest types and by increasing forest edges. This heterogeneity has implications in how we manage fuels, fire, and forests. Understanding the relative importance of fragmentation on woody biomass within a single climatic regime, and along climatic gradients, will improve...

Wildland fires and air pollution. Developments in Environmental Science 8

Treesearch

Andrzej Bytnerowicz; Michael Arbaugh; Christian Andersen; Allen Riebau

2009-01-01

The interaction between smoke and air pollution creates a public health challenge. Fuels treatments proposed for National Forests are intended to reduce fuel accumulations and wildfire frequency and severity, as well as to protect property located in the wild land-urban interface. However, prescribed fires produce gases and aerosols that have instantaneous and long-...

Initial ecosystem restoration in the highly erodible Kisatchie Sandstone Hills

Treesearch

D. Andrew Scott

2014-01-01

Restoration of the unique and diverse habitats of the Kisatchie Sandstone Hills requires the re-introduction of fire to reduce fuel accumulation and promote herbaceous vegetation, but some soils in the area are extremely erodible, and past fires have resulted in high erosion rates. Overstory and understory vegetation, downed woody fuels, and other stand attributes were...

Recovering lost ground: effects of soil burn intensity on nutrients and ectomycorrhiza communities of ponderosa pine seedlings

Treesearch

Ariel D. Cowan; Jane E. Smith; Stephen A. Fitzgerald

2016-01-01

Fuel accumulation and climate shifts are predicted to increase the frequency of high-severity fires in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests of central Oregon. The combustion of fuels containing large downed wood can result in intense soil heating, alteration of soil properties, and mortality of microbes. Previous studies show ectomycorrhizal...

Public acceptance of wildland fire and fuel management: Panel responses in seven locations

Treesearch

Eric Toman; Bruce Shindler; Sarah McCaffrey; James Bennett

2014-01-01

Wildland fire affects both public and private resources throughout the United States. A century of fire suppression has contributed to changing ecological conditions and accumulated fuel loads. Managers have used a variety of approaches to address these conditions and reduce the likelihood of wildland fires that may result in adverse ecological impacts and threaten...

75 FR 17075 - Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Test Procedures for Residential Furnaces and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-05

... different in mathematical form, is conceptually the same as the integrated AFUE for fossil fueled furnaces... that gas-fired and oil-fried furnaces and boilers consume both fossil fuel and electricity, while electric furnaces and boilers only consume electricity. The current test procedure accounts for all fossil...

Handbook for inventorying surface fuels and biomass in the Interior West

Treesearch

James K. Brown; Rick D. Oberheu; Cameron M. Johnston

1982-01-01

Presents comprehensive procedures for inventorying weight per unit area of living and dead surface vegetation, to facilitate estimation of biomass and appraisal of fuels. Provides instructions for conducting fieldwork and calculating estimates of downed woody material, forest floor litter and duff, herbaceous vegetation, shrubs, and small conifers. Procedures produce...

Analytic tests and their relation to jet fuel thermal stability

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Heneghan, S.P.; Kauffman, R.E.

1995-05-01

The evaluation of jet fuel thermal stability (TS) by simple analytic procedures has long been a goal of fuels chemists. The reason is obvious: if the analytic chemist can determine which types of material cause his test to respond, the refiners will know which materials to remove to improve stability. Complicating this quest is the lack of an acceptable quantitative TS test with which to compare any analytic procedures. To circumvent this problem, we recently compiled the results of TS tests for 12 fuels using six separate test procedures. The results covering a range of flow and temperature conditions showmore » that TS is not as dependent on test conditions as previously thought. Also, comparing the results from these tests with several analytic procedures shows that either a measure of the number of phenols or the total sulfur present in jet fuels is strongly indicative of the TS. The phenols have been measured using a cyclic voltammetry technique and the polar material by gas chromatography (atomic emission detection) following a solid phase extraction on silica gel. The polar material has been identified as mainly phenols (by mass spectrometry identification). Measures of the total acid number or peroxide concentration have little correlation with TS.« less

Alternative Fuels Data Center

Science.gov Websites

Fuel Economy Test Procedures and Labeling The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for motor vehicle fuel economy testing. Manufacturers test their own vehicles and report the . To aid consumers shopping for new vehicles, EPA redesigned the fuel economy window sticker posted on

40 CFR 86.1401 - Scope; applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND ENGINES (CONTINUED) Emission Regulations for New Gasoline-Fueled Otto-Cycle Light-Duty Vehicles and New Gasoline-Fueled Otto-Cycle Light-Duty... procedures for gasoline-fueled Otto-cycle light-duty vehicles, and for gasoline-fueled Otto-cycle light-duty...

40 CFR 1065.701 - General requirements for test fuels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 34 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false General requirements for test fuels... POLLUTION CONTROLS ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES Engine Fluids, Test Fuels, Analytical Gases and Other Calibration Standards § 1065.701 General requirements for test fuels. (a) General. For all emission...

40 CFR 1065.701 - General requirements for test fuels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 34 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false General requirements for test fuels... POLLUTION CONTROLS ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES Engine Fluids, Test Fuels, Analytical Gases and Other Calibration Standards § 1065.701 General requirements for test fuels. (a) General. For all emission...

40 CFR 1065.701 - General requirements for test fuels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 33 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false General requirements for test fuels... POLLUTION CONTROLS ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES Engine Fluids, Test Fuels, Analytical Gases and Other Calibration Standards § 1065.701 General requirements for test fuels. (a) General. For all emission...

40 CFR 1065.701 - General requirements for test fuels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 33 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false General requirements for test fuels... POLLUTION CONTROLS ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES Engine Fluids, Test Fuels, Analytical Gases and Other Calibration Standards § 1065.701 General requirements for test fuels. (a) General. For all emission...

40 CFR 91.417 - Fuel flow measurement specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Fuel flow measurement specifications. 91.417 Section 91.417 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR... Procedures § 91.417 Fuel flow measurement specifications. (a) Fuel flow measurement is required only for raw...

40 CFR 86.213-94 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Fuel specifications. 86.213-94 Section...-Duty Passenger Vehicles; Cold Temperature Test Procedures § 86.213-94 Fuel specifications. Gasoline... manufacturer and shall be made available to the Administrator upon request. Table—Cold CO Fuel Specifications...

40 CFR 86.213-94 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 18 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Fuel specifications. 86.213-94 Section...-Duty Passenger Vehicles; Cold Temperature Test Procedures § 86.213-94 Fuel specifications. Gasoline... manufacturer and shall be made available to the Administrator upon request. Table—Cold CO Fuel Specifications...

40 CFR 86.213-94 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Fuel specifications. 86.213-94 Section...-Duty Passenger Vehicles; Cold Temperature Test Procedures § 86.213-94 Fuel specifications. Gasoline... manufacturer and shall be made available to the Administrator upon request. Table—Cold CO Fuel Specifications...

76 FR 22059 - Airworthiness Directives; The Boeing Company Model 757 Airplanes, and Model 767-200, 767-300, and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-20

... procedures to follow to ensure that a fuel filter impending bypass condition due to gross fuel contamination... fuel filter impending bypass condition due to gross fuel contamination is detected in a timely manner... flight crew of a left engine fuel filter contamination and imminent bypass condition, which may indicate...

Applications of thermal energy storage to process heat storage and recovery in the paper and pulp industry

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Carr, J. H.; Hurley, P. J.; Martin, P. J.

1978-01-01

Applications of Thermal Energy Storage (TES) in a paper and pulp mill power house were studied as one approach to the transfer of steam production from fossil fuel boilers to waste fuel of (hog fuel) boilers. Data from specific mills were analyzed, and various TES concepts evaluated for application in the process steam supply system. Constant pressure and variable pressure steam accumulators were found to be the most attractive storage concepts for this application.

Exploring the Feasibility of Providing Electrical Power to Remote Bases Via Space-Based Solar Power Satellites

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-06-01

batteries and 51 power management. Such a concept may lead to an architectural approach using both SSP satellites and fossil fuels . One technical area of...growing concerns regarding long-term accumulation of fossil fuel - driven green-house gases in the earth’s atmosphere. Third, the prospect exists that...global production of petroleum and other fossil fuels will peak and possibly decline in the next few decades. John Mankins is a researcher in SSP and

Summary of LCRE fuel element design including supporting experimental data

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

None, None

Declassified 18 Sep 1973. The design basis of the LCRE fuel pin is presented. The fuel pin consists of a Cb-1 Zr alloy cladding tube 0.305 inch diameter, 0.015 inch wall thickness and 35.96 inches long. The active fuel section is 13.5 inches long, with top and bottom reflector rods each 6.9 inches long and with a 4 inch gas accumulation space at each end. The cladding is designed as a pressure vessel to contain the gases released from the fuel and end refiector materials, which results in an internal gas pressure buildup in the pins during reactor operation. (23more » referencea) (auth)« less

Raman-based Oxygen and Nitrogen Sensor for Monitoring Empty Airplane Fuel Tanks

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chen, Peter C.

2004-01-01

The purpose of this project was to develop a Raman-based method for detecting oxygen and nitrogen in empty fuel tanks. The need for such a method comes from the potential danger of allowing explosive oxygen-fuel mixtures to accumulate in empty airplane fuel tanks. An explosion resulting from such a mixture is believed to have caused the Flight TWA 800 disaster in 1996. Recently, (e.g., February 17,2004 press release) the FAA announced its intentions to make fuel tank inerting mandatory. One potential solution to this problem is to use an inert gas such as nitrogen to flood the empty fue1 tanks in order to reduce the concentration of oxygen.

From bio-mineralisation to fuel cells: biomanufacture of Pt and Pd nanocrystals for fuel cell electrode catalyst.

PubMed

Yong, P; Paterson-Beedle, M; Mikheenko, I P; Macaskie, L E

2007-04-01

Biosynthesis of nano-scale platinum and palladium was achieved via enzymatically-mediated deposition of metal ions from solution. The bio-accumulated Pt(0) and Pd(0) crystals were dried, applied onto carbon paper and tested as anodes in a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell for power production. Up to 100% and 81% of the maximum power generation was achieved by the bio-Pt and bio-Pd catalysts, respectively, compared to commercial fuel cell grade Pt catalyst. Hence, biomineralisation could pave the way for economical production of fuel cell catalysts since previous studies have shown that precious metals can be biorecovered from wastes into catalytically active bionanomaterials.

77 FR 70382 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-11-26

... the fuel tank draining system. This proposed AD is prompted by a closed fuel tank drain that, in the... fuel tank compartments' draining system. FAA's Determination These helicopters have been approved by... buoyancy fixed parts, the ASBs describe procedures to modify the fuel tank draining system by removing...

40 CFR 92.107 - Fuel flow measurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

.... (iii) If the mass of fuel consumed is measured electronically (load cell, load beam, etc.), the error... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2014-07-01 2013-07-01 true Fuel flow measurement. 92.107 Section...) CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION FROM LOCOMOTIVES AND LOCOMOTIVE ENGINES Test Procedures § 92.107 Fuel flow...

40 CFR 92.107 - Fuel flow measurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

.... (iii) If the mass of fuel consumed is measured electronically (load cell, load beam, etc.), the error... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Fuel flow measurement. 92.107 Section...) CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION FROM LOCOMOTIVES AND LOCOMOTIVE ENGINES Test Procedures § 92.107 Fuel flow...

40 CFR 92.107 - Fuel flow measurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

.... (iii) If the mass of fuel consumed is measured electronically (load cell, load beam, etc.), the error... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Fuel flow measurement. 92.107 Section...) CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION FROM LOCOMOTIVES AND LOCOMOTIVE ENGINES Test Procedures § 92.107 Fuel flow...

40 CFR 92.107 - Fuel flow measurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

.... (iii) If the mass of fuel consumed is measured electronically (load cell, load beam, etc.), the error... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Fuel flow measurement. 92.107 Section...) CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION FROM LOCOMOTIVES AND LOCOMOTIVE ENGINES Test Procedures § 92.107 Fuel flow...

40 CFR 92.107 - Fuel flow measurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

.... (iii) If the mass of fuel consumed is measured electronically (load cell, load beam, etc.), the error... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Fuel flow measurement. 92.107 Section...) CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION FROM LOCOMOTIVES AND LOCOMOTIVE ENGINES Test Procedures § 92.107 Fuel flow...

40 CFR 86.113-04 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Heavy-Duty Vehicles; Test Procedures § 86.113-04 Fuel specifications. This section includes text that... exhaust and evaporative emission testing: Table 1 of § 86.113-04—Test Fuel Specifications for Gasoline... method. (2) Manufacturers may use California test fuels, as follows: (i) For model year 2014 and earlier...

40 CFR 86.113-07 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Heavy-Duty Vehicles; Test Procedures § 86.113-07 Fuel specifications. Section 86.113-07 includes text... that incorporate sulfur-sensitive technologies, the manufacturer may test the vehicle using a test fuel...., certified to California and EPA standards), the manufacturer may test the vehicle using a test fuel whose...

40 CFR 86.213-11 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...-Duty Passenger Vehicles; Cold Temperature Test Procedures § 86.213-11 Fuel specifications. (a) Gasoline... the text in this section follows: Table—Cold CO Fuel Specifications Item ASTM test Cold CO low octane.... Diesel test fuel used for cold temperature FTP testing under part 600 of this chapter must be a winter...

40 CFR 86.213-11 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...-Duty Passenger Vehicles; Cold Temperature Test Procedures § 86.213-11 Fuel specifications. (a) Gasoline... the text in this section follows: Table—Cold CO Fuel Specifications Item ASTM test Cold CO low octane.... Diesel test fuel used for cold temperature FTP testing under part 600 of this chapter must be a winter...

40 CFR 86.113-07 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Heavy-Duty Vehicles; Test Procedures § 86.113-07 Fuel specifications. Section 86.113-07 includes text... that incorporate sulfur-sensitive technologies, the manufacturer may test the vehicle using a test fuel...., certified to California and EPA standards), the manufacturer may test the vehicle using a test fuel whose...

40 CFR 86.213-11 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...-Duty Passenger Vehicles; Cold Temperature Test Procedures § 86.213-11 Fuel specifications. (a) Gasoline... the text in this section follows: Table—Cold CO Fuel Specifications Item ASTM test Cold CO low octane.... Diesel test fuel used for cold temperature FTP testing under part 600 of this chapter must be a winter...

40 CFR 86.113-07 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Heavy-Duty Vehicles; Test Procedures § 86.113-07 Fuel specifications. Section 86.113-07 includes text... that incorporate sulfur-sensitive technologies, the manufacturer may test the vehicle using a test fuel...., certified to California and EPA standards), the manufacturer may test the vehicle using a test fuel whose...

40 CFR 86.131-96 - Vehicle preparation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Heavy-Duty Vehicles; Test Procedures § 86.131-96 Vehicle preparation. (a) For gasoline- and methanol-fueled vehicles prepare the fuel tank(s) for recording the temperature of the prescribed test fuel, as... optional during the running loss test. If vapor temperature is not measured, fuel tank pressure need not be...

40 CFR 86.131-96 - Vehicle preparation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Heavy-Duty Vehicles; Test Procedures § 86.131-96 Vehicle preparation. (a) For gasoline- and methanol-fueled vehicles prepare the fuel tank(s) for recording the temperature of the prescribed test fuel, as... optional during the running loss test. If vapor temperature is not measured, fuel tank pressure need not be...

40 CFR 86.131-96 - Vehicle preparation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Heavy-Duty Vehicles; Test Procedures § 86.131-96 Vehicle preparation. (a) For gasoline- and methanol-fueled vehicles prepare the fuel tank(s) for recording the temperature of the prescribed test fuel, as... optional during the running loss test. If vapor temperature is not measured, fuel tank pressure need not be...

40 CFR 86.131-96 - Vehicle preparation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Heavy-Duty Vehicles; Test Procedures § 86.131-96 Vehicle preparation. (a) For gasoline- and methanol-fueled vehicles prepare the fuel tank(s) for recording the temperature of the prescribed test fuel, as... optional during the running loss test. If vapor temperature is not measured, fuel tank pressure need not be...

40 CFR 86.213-11 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...-Duty Passenger Vehicles; Cold Temperature Test Procedures § 86.213-11 Fuel specifications. (a) Gasoline... the text in this section follows: Table—Cold CO Fuel Specifications Item ASTM test Cold CO low octane.... Diesel test fuel used for cold temperature FTP testing under part 600 of this chapter must be a winter...

40 CFR 86.113-07 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Heavy-Duty Vehicles; Test Procedures § 86.113-07 Fuel specifications. Section 86.113-07 includes text... that incorporate sulfur-sensitive technologies, the manufacturer may test the vehicle using a test fuel...., certified to California and EPA standards), the manufacturer may test the vehicle using a test fuel whose...

40 CFR 86.131-96 - Vehicle preparation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Heavy-Duty Vehicles; Test Procedures § 86.131-96 Vehicle preparation. (a) For gasoline- and methanol-fueled vehicles prepare the fuel tank(s) for recording the temperature of the prescribed test fuel, as... optional during the running loss test. If vapor temperature is not measured, fuel tank pressure need not be...

40 CFR 86.1207-96 - Sampling and analytical systems; evaporative emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (CONTINUED) Evaporative Emission Test Procedures for New Gasoline-Fueled, Natural Gas-Fueled, Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled and Methanol-Fueled Heavy-Duty Vehicles § 86.1207-96 Sampling and analytical systems..., the enclosure shall be gas tight in accordance with § 86.1217-96. Interior surfaces must be...

40 CFR 86.1207-96 - Sampling and analytical systems; evaporative emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) Evaporative Emission Test Procedures for New Gasoline-Fueled, Natural Gas-Fueled, Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled and Methanol-Fueled Heavy-Duty Vehicles § 86.1207-96 Sampling and analytical systems..., the enclosure shall be gas tight in accordance with § 86.1217-96. Interior surfaces must be...

46 CFR 153.1025 - Motor fuel antiknock compounds.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Motor fuel antiknock compounds. 153.1025 Section 153... Cargo Procedures § 153.1025 Motor fuel antiknock compounds. (a) No person may load or carry any other cargo in a containment system approved for motor fuel antiknock compounds containing lead alkyls except...

27 CFR 19.709 - Gauging.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... Gauging. (a) Gauging equipment and methods. A proprietor of an alcohol fuel plant must perform periodic gauges of the distilled spirits and fuel alcohol at the alcohol fuel plant. The procedures for the... following rules for the gauging of distilled spirits and fuel alcohol under this subpart also apply: (1) The...

40 CFR 86.343-79 - Chart reading.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Gasoline-Fueled and Diesel-Fueled Heavy-Duty Engines; Gaseous Exhaust Test Procedures § 86.343-79 Chart... responses corresponding to the end of each mode. (c) For gasoline-fueled engines, determine whether the test... gasoline-fueled engine mode); or (3) 5 percent of maximum torque during the remainder of the mode...

40 CFR 86.343-79 - Chart reading.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Gasoline-Fueled and Diesel-Fueled Heavy-Duty Engines; Gaseous Exhaust Test Procedures § 86.343-79 Chart... responses corresponding to the end of each mode. (c) For gasoline-fueled engines, determine whether the test... gasoline-fueled engine mode); or (3) 5 percent of maximum torque during the remainder of the mode...

40 CFR 79.22 - Determination of noncompliance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (CONTINUED) REGISTRATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additive Registration Procedures § 79.22 Determination... fuel additive has failed to submit all of the information required by § 79.21, or determines within the... which is required prior to registration of the fuel additive by any provision of subpart F of this part...

40 CFR 79.22 - Determination of noncompliance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (CONTINUED) REGISTRATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additive Registration Procedures § 79.22 Determination... fuel additive has failed to submit all of the information required by § 79.21, or determines within the... which is required prior to registration of the fuel additive by any provision of subpart F of this part...

40 CFR 79.22 - Determination of noncompliance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) REGISTRATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additive Registration Procedures § 79.22 Determination... fuel additive has failed to submit all of the information required by § 79.21, or determines within the... which is required prior to registration of the fuel additive by any provision of subpart F of this part...

40 CFR 79.22 - Determination of noncompliance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (CONTINUED) REGISTRATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additive Registration Procedures § 79.22 Determination... fuel additive has failed to submit all of the information required by § 79.21, or determines within the... which is required prior to registration of the fuel additive by any provision of subpart F of this part...

40 CFR 79.22 - Determination of noncompliance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (CONTINUED) REGISTRATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additive Registration Procedures § 79.22 Determination... fuel additive has failed to submit all of the information required by § 79.21, or determines within the... which is required prior to registration of the fuel additive by any provision of subpart F of this part...

40 CFR 86.308-79 - Gas specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... New Gasoline-Fueled and Diesel-Fueled Heavy-Duty Engines; Gaseous Exhaust Test Procedures § 86.308-79... Diesel engine tests the diluent shall be zero-grade air. (3) Calibration or span gases for the NOX...) Alternate pure hydrogen fuel. Some HFID's are designed to operate on pure hydrogen. Generally the HFID fuel...

40 CFR 86.308-79 - Gas specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... New Gasoline-Fueled and Diesel-Fueled Heavy-Duty Engines; Gaseous Exhaust Test Procedures § 86.308-79... Diesel engine tests the diluent shall be zero-grade air. (3) Calibration or span gases for the NOX...) Alternate pure hydrogen fuel. Some HFID's are designed to operate on pure hydrogen. Generally the HFID fuel...

14 CFR 23.1585 - Operating procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... each operating condition in which the fuel system independence prescribed in § 23.953 is necessary for safety must be furnished, together with instructions for placing the fuel system in a configuration used... furnished. (i) Information on the total quantity of usable fuel for each fuel tank, and the effect on the...

40 CFR 86.1234-96 - Running loss test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Running loss test. 86.1234-96 Section... Emission Test Procedures for New Gasoline-Fueled, Natural Gas-Fueled, Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled and Methanol-Fueled Heavy-Duty Vehicles § 86.1234-96 Running loss test. (a) Overview. Gasoline- and methanol...

40 CFR 86.1234-96 - Running loss test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Running loss test. 86.1234-96 Section... Emission Test Procedures for New Gasoline-Fueled, Natural Gas-Fueled, Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled and Methanol-Fueled Heavy-Duty Vehicles § 86.1234-96 Running loss test. (a) Overview. Gasoline- and methanol...

40 CFR 86.1234-96 - Running loss test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Running loss test. 86.1234-96 Section... Emission Test Procedures for New Gasoline-Fueled, Natural Gas-Fueled, Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled and Methanol-Fueled Heavy-Duty Vehicles § 86.1234-96 Running loss test. (a) Overview. Gasoline- and methanol...

40 CFR 86.1234-96 - Running loss test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Running loss test. 86.1234-96 Section... Emission Test Procedures for New Gasoline-Fueled, Natural Gas-Fueled, Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled and Methanol-Fueled Heavy-Duty Vehicles § 86.1234-96 Running loss test. (a) Overview. Gasoline- and methanol...

40 CFR 86.213-04 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Fuel specifications. 86.213-04 Section...-Duty Passenger Vehicles; Cold Temperature Test Procedures § 86.213-04 Fuel specifications. Gasoline... manufacturer and must be made available to the Administrator upon request. The table listing the cold CO fuel...

40 CFR 86.213-04 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 18 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Fuel specifications. 86.213-04 Section...-Duty Passenger Vehicles; Cold Temperature Test Procedures § 86.213-04 Fuel specifications. Gasoline... manufacturer and must be made available to the Administrator upon request. The table listing the cold CO fuel...

46 CFR 153.1025 - Motor fuel antiknock compounds.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Motor fuel antiknock compounds. 153.1025 Section 153... Cargo Procedures § 153.1025 Motor fuel antiknock compounds. (a) No person may load or carry any other cargo in a containment system approved for motor fuel antiknock compounds containing lead alkyls except...

46 CFR 153.1025 - Motor fuel antiknock compounds.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Motor fuel antiknock compounds. 153.1025 Section 153... Cargo Procedures § 153.1025 Motor fuel antiknock compounds. (a) No person may load or carry any other cargo in a containment system approved for motor fuel antiknock compounds containing lead alkyls except...

40 CFR 86.213-04 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Fuel specifications. 86.213-04 Section...-Duty Passenger Vehicles; Cold Temperature Test Procedures § 86.213-04 Fuel specifications. Gasoline... manufacturer and must be made available to the Administrator upon request. The table listing the cold CO fuel...

Alternative Fuels Data Center

Science.gov Websites

procedures to promote the cost-effective use of non-petroleum fuel vehicles and other fleet efficiency improvements. The policies must strive for the use of non-petroleum based fuels at least 90% of the time when

40 CFR 1051.515 - How do I test my fuel tank for permeation emissions?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 33 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false How do I test my fuel tank for... Procedures § 1051.515 How do I test my fuel tank for permeation emissions? Measure permeation emissions by... make sure not to overestimate the surface area. (3) Fill the fuel tank with the test fuel specified in...

40 CFR 1051.515 - How do I test my fuel tank for permeation emissions?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 32 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false How do I test my fuel tank for... Procedures § 1051.515 How do I test my fuel tank for permeation emissions? Measure permeation emissions by... make sure not to overestimate the surface area. (3) Fill the fuel tank with the test fuel specified in...

40 CFR 1051.515 - How do I test my fuel tank for permeation emissions?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 34 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false How do I test my fuel tank for... Procedures § 1051.515 How do I test my fuel tank for permeation emissions? Measure permeation emissions by... make sure not to overestimate the surface area. (3) Fill the fuel tank with the test fuel specified in...

40 CFR 1060.521 - How do I test fuel caps for permeation emissions?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 33 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false How do I test fuel caps for permeation... EQUIPMENT Test Procedures § 1060.521 How do I test fuel caps for permeation emissions? If you measure a fuel.... However, you may not combine these emission measurements if you test the fuel cap at a nominal temperature...

40 CFR 1060.521 - How do I test fuel caps for permeation emissions?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 34 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false How do I test fuel caps for permeation... EQUIPMENT Test Procedures § 1060.521 How do I test fuel caps for permeation emissions? If you measure a fuel.... However, you may not combine these emission measurements if you test the fuel cap at a nominal temperature...

40 CFR 1051.515 - How do I test my fuel tank for permeation emissions?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 34 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false How do I test my fuel tank for... Procedures § 1051.515 How do I test my fuel tank for permeation emissions? Measure permeation emissions by... make sure not to overestimate the surface area. (3) Fill the fuel tank with the test fuel specified in...

40 CFR 1051.515 - How do I test my fuel tank for permeation emissions?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 33 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false How do I test my fuel tank for... Procedures § 1051.515 How do I test my fuel tank for permeation emissions? Measure permeation emissions by... make sure not to overestimate the surface area. (3) Fill the fuel tank with the test fuel specified in...

40 CFR 1060.521 - How do I test fuel caps for permeation emissions?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 34 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false How do I test fuel caps for permeation... EQUIPMENT Test Procedures § 1060.521 How do I test fuel caps for permeation emissions? If you measure a fuel.... However, you may not combine these emission measurements if you test the fuel cap at a nominal temperature...

40 CFR 1060.521 - How do I test fuel caps for permeation emissions?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 33 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false How do I test fuel caps for permeation... EQUIPMENT Test Procedures § 1060.521 How do I test fuel caps for permeation emissions? If you measure a fuel.... However, you may not combine these emission measurements if you test the fuel cap at a nominal temperature...

Evaluation of Particle Counter Technology for Detection of Fuel Contamination Detection Utilizing Fuel System Supply Point

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-06-19

product used as a diesel product for ground use (1). Free water contamination (droplets) may appear as fine droplets or slugs of water in the fuel...methods and test procedures for the calibration and use of automatic particle counters. The transition of this technology to the fuel industry is...UNCLASSIFIED 6 UNCLASSIFIED Receipt Vehicle Fuel Tank Fuel Injector Aviation Fuel DEF (AUST) 5695B 18/16/13 Parker 18

Radioactive waste management and plutonium recovery within the context of the development of nuclear energy in Russia

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kushnikov, V.

1996-05-01

The Russian strategy for radioactive waste and plutonium management is based on the concept of the closed fuel cycle that has been adopted in Russia, and, to a great degree, falls under the jurisdiction of the existing Russian nuclear energy structures. From its very beginning, Russian atomic energy policy was based on finding the most effective method of developing the new fuel direction with the maximum possible utilization of the energy potential from the fission of heavy atoms and the achievement of fuel self-sufficiency through the recycling of secondary fuel. Although there can be no doubt about the importance ofmore » economic considerations (for the future), concerns for the safety of the environment are currently of the utmost importance. In this context, spent NPP fuel can be viewed as a waste to be buried only if there is persuasive evidence that such an approach is both economically and environmentally sound. The production of I GW of energy per year is accompanied by the accumulation of up to 800-1000 kg of highly radioactive fission products and approximately 250 kg of plutonium. Currently, spent fuel from the VVER 100 and the RBNK reactors contains approximately 25 tons of plutonium. There is an additional 30 tons of fuel-grade plutonium in the form of purified oxide, separated from spent fuels used in VVER440 reactors and other power production facilities, as well as approximately 100 tons of weapons-grade plutonium from dismantled warheads. The spent fuel accumulates significant amounts of small actinoids - neptunium americium, and curium. Science and technology have not yet found technical solutions for safe and secure burial of non-reprocessed spent fuel with such a broad range of products, which are typically highly radioactive and will continue to pose a threat for hundreds of thousands of years.« less

Conditions inside fisher dens during prescribed fires; what is the risk posed by spring underburns?

Treesearch

Craig M. Thompson; Kathryn L. Purcell

2016-01-01

The use of spring prescribed fires to reduce accumulated fuel loads in western forests and facilitate the return of natural fire regimes is a controversial topic. While spring burns can be effective at reducing fuel loads and restoring heterogeneous landscapes, concerns exist over the potential impacts of unnaturally-timed fires to native species. To protect native...

Estimating small mammal abundance on fuels treatment units in southwestern ponderosa pine forests

Treesearch

Sarah J. Converse; Brett G. Dickson; Gary C. White; William M. Block

2004-01-01

In many North American forests, post-European settlement fire suppression efforts have resulted in the excessive accumulation of forest fuels and changes to the historic fire regime, thereby increasing the risk of catastrophic wildfires (Cooper 1960; Dodge 1972; Covington and Moore 1994). To reduce this risk, it is necessary to develop treatments that will remove...

Establishment of a long-term fire salvage study in an interior ponderosa pine forest

Treesearch

Martin W. Ritchie; Eric E. Knapp

2014-01-01

An experiment designed to evaluate the treatment effects of salvaging merchantable fire-killed trees on surface fuels and regeneration was established after a wildfire in northeastern California. The study was then monitored for 10 years. Surface fuel accumulations were rapid, corresponding with a high rate of snag decay and subsequent breakage or windthrow. Pine snags...

Mesquite cover responses in rotational grazing/prescribed fire management systems: Landscape assessment using aerial images

Treesearch

R. J. Ansley; W. E. Pinchak; W. R. Teague

2007-01-01

Prescribed fire is used to reduce rate of mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) encroachment and dominance on grassland ecosystems, but is difficult to apply in continuousgrazed systems because of the difficulty in accumulating sufficient herbaceous biomass (that is, ‘fine fuel’) that is needed to fuel fire. We evaluated the potential of rotationally...

The Influence of Stellar Spin on Ignition of Thermonuclear Runaways

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Galloway, Duncan K.; in ’t Zand, Jean J. M.; Chenevez, Jérôme; Keek, Laurens; Sanchez-Fernandez, Celia; Worpel, Hauke; Lampe, Nathanael; Kuulkers, Erik; Watts, Anna; Ootes, Laura; The MINBAR collaboration

2018-04-01

Runaway thermonuclear burning of a layer of accumulated fuel on the surface of a compact star provides a brief but intense display of stellar nuclear processes. For neutron stars accreting from a binary companion, these events manifest as thermonuclear (type-I) X-ray bursts, and recur on typical timescales of hours to days. We measured the burst rate as a function of accretion rate, from seven neutron stars with known spin rates, using a burst sample accumulated over several decades. At the highest accretion rates, the burst rate is lower for faster spinning stars. The observations imply that fast (>400 Hz) rotation encourages stabilization of nuclear burning, suggesting a dynamical dependence of nuclear ignition on the spin rate. This dependence is unexpected, because faster rotation entails less shear between the surrounding accretion disk and the star. Large-scale circulation in the fuel layer, leading to enhanced mixing of the burst ashes into the fuel layer, may explain this behavior; further numerical simulations are required to confirm this.

Geochemical controls on vanadium accumulation in fossil fuels

USGS Publications Warehouse

Breit, G.N.; Wanty, R.B.

1989-01-01

High vanadium contents in petroleum and other fossil fuels have been attributed to organic-matter type, organisms, volcanic emanations, diffusion of sea water, and epigenetic enrichment. However, these factors are inadequate to account for the high abundance of vanadium in some fossil fuels and the paucity in others. By examining vanadium deposits in sedimentary rocks with sparse organic matter, constraints are placed on processes controlling vanadium accumulation in organic-rich sediments. Vanadium, as vanadate (V(V)), entered some depositional basins in oxidizing waters from dry, subaerial environments. Upon contact with organic matter in anoxic waters, V(V) is reduced to vanadyl (V(IV)), which can be removed from the water column by adsorption. H2S reduces V(IV) to V(III), which hydrolyzes and precipitates. The lack of V(III) in petroleum suggests that reduction of V(IV) to V(III) is inhibited by organic complexes. In the absence of strong complexing agents, V(III) forms and is incorporated in clay minerals.

Geochemical controls of vanadium accumulation in fossil fuels

USGS Publications Warehouse

Breit, G.N.; Wanty, R.B.

1989-01-01

High vanadium contents in petroleum and other fossil fuels have been attributed to organic-matter type, organisms, volcanic emanations, diffusion of sea water, and epigenetic enrichment. However, these factors are inadequate to account for the high abundance of vanadium in some fossil fuels and the paucity in others. By examining vanadium deposits in sedimentary rocks with sparse organic matter, constraints are placed on processes controlling vanadium accumulation in organic-rich sediments. Vanadium, as vanadate (V(V)), entered some depositional basins in oxidizing waters from dry, subaerial environments. Upon contact with organic matter in anoxic waters, V(V) is reduced to vanadyl (V(IV)), which can be removed from the water column by adsorption. H2S reduces V(IV) to V(III), which hydrolyzes and precipitates. The lack of V(III) in petroleum suggests that reduction of V(IV) to V(III) is inhibited by organic complexes. In the absence of strong complexing agents, V(III) forms and is incorporated in clay minerals.

An Analysis of the Thermal Stability of Conventional and Alternative Aviation Fuels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Young, Neell

An experimental apparatus was used to examine the thermal stability of conventional and alternative aviation fuels. The apparatus is a simplified but controllable representation of an aircraft fuel system consisting of a preheating section and a test section. The preheating section simulates the fuel conditions as it acts as a coolant on board of the aircraft while the test section simulates the conditions of the fuel injection nozzles. The apparatus measures the accumulated deposit by taking the pressure drop data across the heated test section. After thermal stressing, the pressure drop data is verified by a carbon burnoff apparatus. The fuel chemical composition is evaluated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Experimental results are presented and discussed in this thesis for four different types of aviation fuels to show the relationship between fuel chemical composition and coking propensity. The experiments show that fuels with aromatic content tend to produce more deposits and the alternative fuels are potentially more thermally stable than their conventional counterparts.

Accumulative effects of indoor air pollution exposure on leukocyte telomere length among non-smokers.

PubMed

Lin, Nan; Mu, Xinlin; Wang, Guilian; Ren, Yu'ang; Su, Shu; Li, Zhiwen; Wang, Bin; Tao, Shu

2017-08-01

Indoor air pollution is an important environmental factor that contributes to the burden of various diseases. Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution is associated with telomere shortening. However, the association between chronic indoor air pollution from household fuel combustion and leukocyte telomere length has not been studied. In our study, 137 cancer-free non-smokers were recruited. Their exposure levels to indoor air pollution from 1985 to 2014 were assessed using a face-to-face interview questionnaire, and leukocyte telomere length (LTL) was measured using a monochrome multiplex quantitative PCR method. Accumulative exposure to solid fuel usage for cooking was negatively correlated with LTL. The LTL of residents who were exposed to solid fuel combustion for three decades (LTL = 0.70 ± 0.17) was significantly shorter than that of other populations. In addition, education and occupation were related to both exposure to solid fuel and LTL. Sociodemographic factors may play a mediating role in the correlation between leukocyte telomere length and environmental exposure to indoor air pollution. In conclusion, long-term exposure to indoor air pollution may cause LTL dysfunction. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Uncertainties in Estimates of Fleet Average Fuel Economy : A Statistical Evaluation

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1977-01-01

Research was performed to assess the current Federal procedure for estimating the average fuel economy of each automobile manufacturer's new car fleet. Test vehicle selection and fuel economy estimation methods were characterized statistically and so...

40 CFR 600.210-08 - Calculation of fuel economy values for labeling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and vehicles equipped with hydrogen... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Calculation of fuel economy values for... (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND GREENHOUSE GAS EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Procedures for...

40 CFR 600.210-08 - Calculation of fuel economy values for labeling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and vehicles equipped with hydrogen... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Calculation of fuel economy values for... (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND GREENHOUSE GAS EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Procedures for...

40 CFR 600.210-08 - Calculation of fuel economy values for labeling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... including, but not limited to battery electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Calculation of fuel economy values for... (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND CARBON-RELATED EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Procedures for...

40 CFR 600.209-85 - Calculation of fuel economy values for labeling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Calculation of fuel economy values for... (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND CARBON-RELATED EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Procedures for Calculating Fuel Economy and Carbon-Related Exhaust Emission Values for 1977 and Later Model Year Automobiles...

40 CFR 600.207-86 - Calculation of fuel economy values for a model type.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Calculation of fuel economy values for... AGENCY (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND CARBON-RELATED EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Procedures for Calculating Fuel Economy and Carbon-Related Exhaust Emission Values for 1977 and Later Model...

40 CFR 600.211-08 - Sample calculation of fuel economy values for labeling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Sample calculation of fuel economy... AGENCY (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND CARBON-RELATED EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Procedures for Calculating Fuel Economy and Carbon-Related Exhaust Emission Values for 1977 and Later Model...

40 CFR 610.31 - Vehicle tests for fuel economy and exhaust emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Vehicle tests for fuel economy and... (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY RETROFIT DEVICES Test Procedures and Evaluation Criteria Test Requirement Criteria § 610.31 Vehicle tests for fuel economy and exhaust emissions. (a) The tests described in...

40 CFR 80.165 - Certification test procedures and standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Detergent Gasoline § 80.165 Certification test... additive is mixed in a test fuel meeting all relevant requirements of § 80.164, including the deposit... control testing. The required test fuel must produce no more than 5% flow restriction in any one injector...

40 CFR 610.31 - Vehicle tests for fuel economy and exhaust emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Vehicle tests for fuel economy and... (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY RETROFIT DEVICES Test Procedures and Evaluation Criteria Test Requirement Criteria § 610.31 Vehicle tests for fuel economy and exhaust emissions. (a) The tests described in...

40 CFR 610.31 - Vehicle tests for fuel economy and exhaust emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Vehicle tests for fuel economy and... (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY RETROFIT DEVICES Test Procedures and Evaluation Criteria Test Requirement Criteria § 610.31 Vehicle tests for fuel economy and exhaust emissions. (a) The tests described in...

40 CFR 610.31 - Vehicle tests for fuel economy and exhaust emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Vehicle tests for fuel economy and... (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY RETROFIT DEVICES Test Procedures and Evaluation Criteria Test Requirement Criteria § 610.31 Vehicle tests for fuel economy and exhaust emissions. (a) The tests described in...

40 CFR 86.127-00 - Test procedures; overview.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... following emissions: (1) Gaseous exhaust THC, CO, NOX. CO2 (for petroleum-fueled and gaseous- fueled... vehicles). (b) The FTP Otto-cycle exhaust emission test is designed to determine gaseous THC, CO, CO2, CH4... determine gaseous THC, NMHC, CO, CO2, CH4, and NOX emissions from gasoline-fueled or diesel-fueled vehicles...

40 CFR 86.127-00 - Test procedures; overview.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... following emissions: (1) Gaseous exhaust THC, CO, NOX. CO2 (for petroleum-fueled and gaseous- fueled... vehicles). (b) The FTP Otto-cycle exhaust emission test is designed to determine gaseous THC, CO, CO2, CH4... determine gaseous THC, NMHC, CO, CO2, CH4, and NOX emissions from gasoline-fueled or diesel-fueled vehicles...

40 CFR 86.127-00 - Test procedures; overview.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... following emissions: (1) Gaseous exhaust THC, CO, NOX. CO2 (for petroleum-fueled and gaseous- fueled... vehicles). (b) The FTP Otto-cycle exhaust emission test is designed to determine gaseous THC, CO, CO2, CH4... determine gaseous THC, NMHC, CO, CO2, CH4, and NOX emissions from gasoline-fueled or diesel-fueled vehicles...

Laboratory procedure for estimating residue dynamics of xenobiotic contaminants in a freshwater food chain

USGS Publications Warehouse

Johnson, B. Thomas

1980-01-01

A laboratory method of measuring the accumulation, transfer, elimination, and degradation of xenobiotic contaminants is described for organisms in a freshwater food chain (microorganisms, filter-feeder, and fish). A flow-through diluter-system, 14C-labeled contaminants, gas and thin-layer chromatography, autoradiography, and liquid scintillation spectrometry are used in making residue determinations. Accumulation factors and various index values are developed for measuring and estimating potential accumulation of xenobiotic contaminants by aquatic organisms. The laboratory procedure is economical, simple, reproducible, and ecologically relevant.

40 CFR 1066.101 - Overview.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... PROCEDURES Equipment, Measurement Instruments, Fuel, and Analytical Gas Specifications § 1066.101 Overview. (a) This subpart addresses equipment related to emission testing, as well as test fuels and... specifications for fuels, engine fluids, and analytical gases; these specifications apply for testing under this...

14 CFR 34.60 - Introduction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... test fuel that meets the specifications described in Appendix 4 of ICAO Annex 16. The test fuel must... Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT FUEL VENTING AND EXHAUST EMISSION REQUIREMENTS FOR TURBINE ENGINE POWERED AIRPLANES Test Procedures for Engine Exhaust...

40 CFR 1060.521 - How do I test fuel caps for permeation emissions?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 32 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false How do I test fuel caps for permeation... EQUIPMENT Test Procedures § 1060.521 How do I test fuel caps for permeation emissions? If you measure a fuel tank's permeation emissions with a nonpermeable covering in place of the fuel cap under § 1060.520(b)(5...

Catalytic combustion of residual fuels

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bulzan, D. L.; Tacina, R. R.

1981-01-01

A noble metal catalytic reactor was tested using two grades of petroleum derived residual fuels at specified inlet air temperatures, pressures, and reference velocities. Combustion efficiencies greater than 99.5 percent were obtained. Steady state operation of the catalytic reactor required inlet air temperatures of at least 800 K. At lower inlet air temperatures, upstream burning in the premixing zone occurred which was probably caused by fuel deposition and accumulation on the premixing zone walls. Increasing the inlet air temperature prevented this occurrence. Both residual fuels contained about 0.5 percent nitrogen by weight. NO sub x emissions ranged from 50 to 110 ppm by volume at 15 percent excess O2. Conversion of fuel-bound nitrogen to NO sub x ranged from 25 to 50 percent.

40 CFR Appendix II to Part 600 - Sample Fuel Economy Calculations

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Federal Emission Test Procedure and the following results were calculated: HC=.139 grams/mile CO=1.59 grams/mile CO2=317 grams/mile According to the procedure in § 600.113-78, the city fuel economy or MPGc, for the vehicle may be calculated by substituting the HC, CO, and CO2 grams/mile values into the...

40 CFR Appendix II to Part 600 - Sample Fuel Economy Calculations

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Federal Emission Test Procedure and the following results were calculated: HC=.139 grams/mile CO=1.59 grams/mile CO2=317 grams/mile According to the procedure in § 600.113-78, the city fuel economy or MPGc, for the vehicle may be calculated by substituting the HC, CO, and CO2 grams/mile values into the...

40 CFR Appendix II to Part 600 - Sample Fuel Economy Calculations

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Federal Emission Test Procedure and the following results were calculated: HC=.139 grams/mile CO=1.59 grams/mile CO2=317 grams/mile According to the procedure in § 600.113-78, the city fuel economy or MPGc, for the vehicle may be calculated by substituting the HC, CO, and CO2 grams/mile values into the...

40 CFR Appendix II to Part 600 - Sample Fuel Economy Calculations

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Federal Emission Test Procedure and the following results were calculated: HC=.139 grams/mile CO=1.59 grams/mile CO2=317 grams/mile According to the procedure in § 600.113-78, the city fuel economy or MPGc, for the vehicle may be calculated by substituting the HC, CO, and CO2 grams/mile values into the...

40 CFR 60.44c - Compliance and performance test methods and procedures for sulfur dioxide.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... = Fraction of the total heat input from fuel combustion derived from coal and oil, as determined by... total heat input from fuel combustion derived from coal and oil, as determined by applicable procedures... generating unit load during the 30-day period does not have to be the maximum design heat input capacity, but...

Development of Nitride Coating Using Atomic Layer Deposition for Low-Enriched Uranium Fuel Powder

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bhattacharya, Sumit

High-performance research reactors require fuel that operates at high specific power and can withstand high fission density, but at relatively low temperatures. The design of the research reactor fuels is done for efficient heat emission, and consists of assemblies of thin-plates cladding made from aluminum alloy. The low-enriched fuels (LEU) were developed for replacing high-enriched fuels (HEU) for these reactors necessitates a significantly increased uranium density in the fuel to counterbalance the decrease in enrichment. One of the most promising new fuel candidate is U-Mo alloy, in a U-Mo/Al dispersion fuel form, due to its high uranium loading as well as excellent irradiation resistance performance, is being developed extensively to convert from HEU fuel to LEU fuel for high-performance research reactors. However, the formation of an interaction layer (IL) between U-Mo particles and the Al matrix, and the associated pore formation, under high heat flux and high burnup conditions, degrade the irradiation performance of the U-Mo/Al dispersion fuel. From the recent tests results accumulated from the surface engineering of low enriched uranium fuel (SELENIUM) and MIR reactor displayed that a surface barrier coating like physical vapor deposited (PVD) zirconium nitride (ZrN) can significantly reduce the interaction layer. The barrier coating performed well at low burn up but above a fluence rate of 5x 1021 ions/cm2 the swelling reappeared due to formation interaction layer. With this result in mind the objective of this research was to develop an ultrathin ZrN coating over particulate uranium-molybdenum nuclear fuel using a modified savannah 200 atomic layer deposition (ALD) system. This is done in support of the US Department of Energy's (DOE) effort to slow down the interaction at fluence rate and reach higher burn up for high power research reactor. The low-pressure Savannah 200 ALD system is modified to be designed as a batch powder coating system using the metal organic chemical precursors tetrakis dimethylamido zirconium (TDMAZr) and ammonia( NH3) for succesful deposition of ZrN coating. Nitrogen (N2) gas carried the chemicals to a hot wall reactor maintained at a temperature range of 235 to 245 °C. The ALD system design evolved over the course of this research as the process variables were steadily improved. The conditions found deemed for attaining best coating were at a temperature of 245 °C, with pulse time of 0.8 seconds for TDMAZr and 0.1 seconds for NH3 along with 15 seconds of purge time in-between each cycle. The ALD system was successful in making 1-micrometer (um) ZrN with low levels of chemical impurities over U-Mo powder batches. The deposited coatings were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and Transmission electron microscope (TEM). This document describes the establishment of the Savannah 200 ALD system, precursor surface reaction procedures and finally the nature of the coating achieved, including characterization of the coating at the different stages of deposition. It was found that an interlayer of alumina in between ZrN and the U-Mo surface was required to reduce the residual stress generated during the ALD procedure. The alumina not only removed the risk of cracking and spallation of the ZrN coating but also provided adequate strength for the barrier layer to withstand the fuel plate rolling conditions. The ZrN coating was nano crystalline in nature, with grain size varying from 5-10 nm, the deposited layer was found to be dense consisting of a layered structure. The coating could retain its crystallinity and maintain its phase when irradiated with 1 MeV single charged ion Kr to produce a damage of 10 displacement per atom (DPA) at intermediate voltage electron microscopy (IVEM).

Modelling the radiolytic corrosion of α-doped UO2 and spent nuclear fuel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Nazhen; Qin, Zack; Noël, James J.; Shoesmith, David W.

2017-10-01

A model previously developed to predict the corrosion rate of spent fuel (UO2) inside a failed waste container has been adapted to simulate the rates measured on a wide range of α-doped UO2 and spent fuel specimens. This simulation confirms the validity of the model and demonstrates that the steady-state corrosion rate is controlled by the radiolytic production of H2O2 (which has been shown to be the primary oxidant driving fuel corrosion), irrespective of the reactivity of the UO2 matrix. The model was then used to determine the consequences of corrosion inside a failed container resealed by steel corrosion products. The possible accumulation of O2, produced by H2O2 decomposition, was found to accelerate the corrosion rate in a closed system. However, the simultaneous accumulation of radiolytic H2, which is activated as a reductant on the noble metal (ε) particles in the spent fuel, rapidly overcame this acceleration leading to the eventual suppression of the corrosion rate to insignificant values. Calculations also showed that, while the radiation dose rate, the H2O2 decomposition ratio, and the surface coverage of ε particles all influenced the short term corrosion rate, the influence of the radiolytically produced H2 was the overwhelming influence in reducing the rate to negligible level (i.e., <10-20 mol m-2 s-1).

The scheme for evaluation of isotopic composition of fast reactor core in closed nuclear fuel cycle

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saldikov, I. S.; Ternovykh, M. Yu; Fomichenko, P. A.; Gerasimov, A. S.

2017-01-01

The PRORYV (i.e. «Breakthrough» in Russian) project is currently under development. Within the framework of this project, fast reactors BN-1200 and BREST-OD-300 should be built to, inter alia, demonstrate possibility of the closed nuclear fuel cycle technologies with plutonium as a main source of power. Russia has a large inventory of plutonium which was accumulated in the result of reprocessing of spent fuel of thermal power reactors and conversion of nuclear weapons. This kind of plutonium will be used for development of initial fuel assemblies for fast reactors. To solve the closed nuclear fuel modeling tasks REPRORYV code was developed. It simulates the mass flow for nuclides in the closed fuel cycle. This paper presents the results of modeling of a closed nuclear fuel cycle, nuclide flows considering the influence of the uncertainty on the outcome of neutron-physical characteristics of the reactor.

Paratransit Vehicle Test and Evaluation : Volume 4. Fuel Economy Tests.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1978-06-01

A series of tests and evaluations of two prototype vehicles for paratransit were conducted. This volume (Volume IV) presents the test procedures and results of the fuel economy tests. The test series determined the fuel economy of the vehicles as the...

40 CFR 600.111-08 - Test procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... vehicles, including, but not limited to fuel cell vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles using hydraulic energy... 600.111-08 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND GREENHOUSE GAS EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Fuel Economy and Carbon-Related Exhaust...

40 CFR 87.61 - Turbine fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Turbine fuel specifications. 87.61 Section 87.61 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) Definitions. Test Procedures § 87.61 Turbine fuel specifications. Link to an amendment published...

40 CFR 87.81 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Fuel specifications. 87.81 Section 87.81 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) Definitions. Test Procedures for Engine Smoke Emissions (Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines) § 87.81 Fuel...

10 CFR 501.181 - Sanctions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... ENERGY (CONTINUED) ALTERNATE FUELS ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES AND SANCTIONS Investigations, Violations... for each violation: Any person who operates a powerplant or major fuel burning installation under an... (ii) Notice of noncompliance is a final Fuel Use Order issued under § 501.167 of this part. [46 FR...

78 FR 69789 - Policy and Procedures Concerning the Use of Airport Revenue; Proceeds From Taxes on Aviation Fuel

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-21

... two general categories of fuel used in aircraft: aviation gasoline, or ``avgas,'' used in... aircraft fuel from the sales tax. The Nebraska Legislature considered repealing that exemption and proposed to make the aircraft fuel tax proceeds payable to the state general fund. An opinion was sought on...

40 CFR 610.31 - Vehicle tests for fuel economy and exhaust emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Vehicle tests for fuel economy and exhaust emissions. 610.31 Section 610.31 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY RETROFIT DEVICES Test Procedures and Evaluation Criteria Test Requirement Criteria § 610.31 Vehicle tests for fuel...

40 CFR 600.114-08 - Vehicle-specific 5-cycle fuel economy and carbon-related exhaust emission calculations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Vehicle-specific 5-cycle fuel economy... Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND GREENHOUSE GAS EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Fuel Economy and Carbon-Related Exhaust Emission Test Procedures § 600.114-08...

40 CFR 600.114-12 - Vehicle-specific 5-cycle fuel economy and carbon-related exhaust emission calculations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Vehicle-specific 5-cycle fuel economy... Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND GREENHOUSE GAS EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Fuel Economy and Carbon-Related Exhaust Emission Test Procedures § 600.114-12...

40 CFR 600.114-12 - Vehicle-specific 5-cycle fuel economy and carbon-related exhaust emission calculations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Vehicle-specific 5-cycle fuel economy... Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND GREENHOUSE GAS EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Fuel Economy and Carbon-Related Exhaust Emission Test Procedures § 600.114-12...

40 CFR 600.114-08 - Vehicle-specific 5-cycle fuel economy and carbon-related exhaust emission calculations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Vehicle-specific 5-cycle fuel economy... Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND GREENHOUSE GAS EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Fuel Economy and Carbon-Related Exhaust Emission Test Procedures § 600.114-08...

40 CFR 86.113-15 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Heavy-Duty Vehicles; Test Procedures § 86.113-15 Fuel specifications. Section 86.113-15 includes text... transition to an ethanol-blend test fuel for vehicles certified under subpart S of this part. You may use the test fuels specified in § 86.113-04(a) for vehicles that are not yet subject to testing with the new...

40 CFR 80.50 - General test procedure requirements for augmentation of the emission models.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... § 80.45. (1) VOC, NOX, CO, and CO2 emissions must be measured for all fuel-vehicle combinations tested. (2) Toxics emissions must be measured when testing the extension fuels per the requirements of § 80... PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Reformulated...

40 CFR 80.50 - General test procedure requirements for augmentation of the emission models.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... § 80.45. (1) VOC, NOX, CO, and CO2 emissions must be measured for all fuel-vehicle combinations tested. (2) Toxics emissions must be measured when testing the extension fuels per the requirements of § 80... PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Reformulated...

40 CFR 80.50 - General test procedure requirements for augmentation of the emission models.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... § 80.45. (1) VOC, NOX, CO, and CO2 emissions must be measured for all fuel-vehicle combinations tested. (2) Toxics emissions must be measured when testing the extension fuels per the requirements of § 80... PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Reformulated...

40 CFR 80.50 - General test procedure requirements for augmentation of the emission models.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... § 80.45. (1) VOC, NOX, CO, and CO2 emissions must be measured for all fuel-vehicle combinations tested. (2) Toxics emissions must be measured when testing the extension fuels per the requirements of § 80... PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Reformulated...

10 CFR 436.16 - Establishing non-fuel and non-water cost categories.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Establishing non-fuel and non-water cost categories. 436... PLANNING PROGRAMS Methodology and Procedures for Life Cycle Cost Analyses § 436.16 Establishing non-fuel and non-water cost categories. (a) The relevant non-fuel cost categories are— (1) Investment costs; (2...

10 CFR 436.16 - Establishing non-fuel and non-water cost categories.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Establishing non-fuel and non-water cost categories. 436... PLANNING PROGRAMS Methodology and Procedures for Life Cycle Cost Analyses § 436.16 Establishing non-fuel and non-water cost categories. (a) The relevant non-fuel cost categories are— (1) Investment costs; (2...

Stand structure, fuelloads, and fire behavior in riparian and upland forests, Sierra Nevada Mountains, USA; a comparison of current and reconstructed conditions

Treesearch

Kip Van de Water; Malcolm North

2011-01-01

Fire plays an important role in shaping many Sierran coniferous forests, but longer fire return intervals and reductions in area burned have altered forest conditions. Productive, mesic riparian forests can accumulate high stem densities and fuel loads, making them susceptible to high-severity fire. Fuels treatments applied to upland forests, however, are...

Forest fuel reduction alters fire severity and long-term carbon storage in three Pacific Northwest ecosystems

Treesearch

Stephen R. Mitchell; Mark E. Harmon; Kari E.B. O' Connell

2009-01-01

Two forest management objectives being debated in the context of federally managed landscapes in the U.S. Pacific Northwest involve a perceived trade-off between fire restoration and carbon sequestration. The former strategy would reduce fuel (and therefore carbon [C]) that has accumulated through a century of fire suppression and exclusion which has led to extreme...

Predicting post-fire hillslope erosion in forest lands of the western United States

Treesearch

Mary Ellen Miller; Lee H. MacDonald; Peter R. Robichaud; William J. Elliot

2011-01-01

Many forests and their associated water resources are at increasing risk from large and severe wildfires due to high fuel accumulations and climate change. Extensive fuel treatments are being proposed, but it is not clear where such treatments should be focussed. The goals of this project were to: (1) predict potential post-fire erosion rates for forests and shrublands...

Response of small mammal populations to fuel treatment and precipitation in a ponderosa pine forest, New Mexico

Treesearch

Karen E. Bagne; Deborah M. Finch

2009-01-01

Mechanical and fire treatments are commonly used to reduce fuels where land use practices have encouraged accumulation of woody debris and high densities of trees. Treatments focus on restoration of vegetation structure, but will also affect wildlife populations. Small mammal populations were monitored before and after dense tree stands were thinned on 2,800 ha in NM,...

Toward production of jet fuel functionality in oilseeds: identification of FatB acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterases and evaluation of combinatorial expression strategies in Camelina seeds

PubMed Central

Kim, Hae Jin; Silva, Jillian E.; Vu, Hieu Sy; Mockaitis, Keithanne; Nam, Jeong-Won; Cahoon, Edgar B.

2015-01-01

Seeds of members of the genus Cuphea accumulate medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs; 8:0–14:0). MCFA- and palmitic acid- (16:0) rich vegetable oils have received attention for jet fuel production, given their similarity in chain length to Jet A fuel hydrocarbons. Studies were conducted to test genes, including those from Cuphea, for their ability to confer jet fuel-type fatty acid accumulation in seed oil of the emerging biofuel crop Camelina sativa. Transcriptomes from Cuphea viscosissima and Cuphea pulcherrima developing seeds that accumulate >90% of C8 and C10 fatty acids revealed three FatB cDNAs (CpuFatB3, CvFatB1, and CpuFatB4) expressed predominantly in seeds and structurally divergent from typical FatB thioesterases that release 16:0 from acyl carrier protein (ACP). Expression of CpuFatB3 and CvFatB1 resulted in Camelina oil with capric acid (10:0), and CpuFatB4 expression conferred myristic acid (14:0) production and increased 16:0. Co-expression of combinations of previously characterized Cuphea and California bay FatBs produced Camelina oils with mixtures of C8–C16 fatty acids, but amounts of each fatty acid were less than obtained by expression of individual FatB cDNAs. Increases in lauric acid (12:0) and 14:0, but not 10:0, in Camelina oil and at the sn-2 position of triacylglycerols resulted from inclusion of a coconut lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase specialized for MCFAs. RNA interference (RNAi) suppression of Camelina β-ketoacyl-ACP synthase II, however, reduced 12:0 in seeds expressing a 12:0-ACP-specific FatB. Camelina lines presented here provide platforms for additional metabolic engineering targeting fatty acid synthase and specialized acyltransferases for achieving oils with high levels of jet fuel-type fatty acids. PMID:25969557