Sample records for active heat production

  1. Diurnal variation in heat production related to some physical activities in laying hens.

    PubMed

    Li, Y Z; Ito, T; Yamamoto, S

    1991-09-01

    1. Heat production, standing and eating activities, and hourly food intake of 4 laying hens were observed simultaneously and the effects of activity and food intake on heat production were studied. 2. Average heat production during the dark period (20.00 to 06.00 h) was 18.9 kJ/kgW0.75 h which was 33% lower than that during the light period. About 76% of the light-dark difference in the rate of heat production was probably associated with activity and posture. 3. Standing time, which included a range of behavioural activities, occupied 90% of the light period and the increased rate of heat production associated with standing was estimated to be about 18% of daily heat production. 4. Eating time occupied 40% of the light period; the heat production associated with eating activity represented about 5% of daily heat production or 3% of ME intake. 5. Because the regression of heat production on time spent eating agreed with the regression of heat production on hourly food intake, it is suggested that the energy expenditure associated with ad libitum feeding can be estimated for hens from the regression of heat production on hourly food intake.

  2. The Chemistry of Self-Heating Food Products: An Activity for Classroom Engagement

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Oliver-Hoyo, Maria T.; Pinto, Gabriel; Llorens-Molina, Juan Antonio

    2009-01-01

    Two commercial self-heating food products have been used to apply chemical concepts such as stoichiometry, enthalpies of reactions and solutions, and heat transfer in a classroom activity. These products are the self-heating beverages sold in Europe and the Meals, Ready to Eat or MREs used primarily by the military in the United States. The main…

  3. Hyperthyroidism increases the uncoupled ATPase activity and heat production by the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase.

    PubMed

    Arruda, Ana Paula; Da-Silva, Wagner S; Carvalho, Denise P; De Meis, Leopoldo

    2003-11-01

    The sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase is able to modulate the distribution of energy released during ATP hydrolysis, so that a portion of energy is used for Ca2+ transport (coupled ATPase activity) and a portion is converted into heat (uncoupled ATPase activity). In this report it is shown that T4 administration to rabbits promotes an increase in the rates of both the uncoupled ATPase activity and heat production in sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles, and that the degree of activation varies depending on the muscle type used. In white muscles hyperthyroidism promotes a 0.8-fold increase of the uncoupled ATPase activity and in red muscle a 4-fold increase. The yield of vesicles from hyperthyroid muscles is 3-4-fold larger than that obtained from normal muscles; thus the rate of heat production by the Ca2+-ATPase expressed in terms of g of muscle in hyperthyroidism is increased by a factor of 3.6 in white muscles and 12.0 in red muscles. The data presented suggest that the Ca2+-ATPase uncoupled activity may represent one of the heat sources that contributes to the enhanced thermogenesis noted in hyperthyroidism.

  4. Heat treatment of curdlan enhances the enzymatic production of biologically active β-(1,3)-glucan oligosaccharides.

    PubMed

    Kumagai, Yuya; Okuyama, Masayuki; Kimura, Atsuo

    2016-08-01

    Biologically active β-(1,3)-glucan oligosaccharides were prepared from curdlan using GH64 enzyme (KfGH64). KfGH64 showed low activity toward native curdlan; thereby pretreatment conditions of curdlan were evaluated. KfGH64 showed the highest activity toward curdlan with heat treatment. The most efficient pretreatment (90°C for 0.5h) converted approximately 60% of curdlan into soluble saccharides under the optimized enzyme reaction conditions (pH 5.5, 37°C, 100rpm mixing speed, 24h, and 10μg of KfGH64/1g of curdlan). The resulting products were predominantly laminaripentaose and a small amount of β-(1,3)-glucans with an average degree of polymerization (DP) of 13 and 130. The products did not contain small oligosaccharides (DP<5), indicating that the hydrolysis of heat-treated curdlan by KfGH64 is a suitable method for the production of biologically active β-(1,3)-glucan oligosaccharides. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  5. Oxidation of chlorinated ethenes by heat-activated persulfate: kinetics and products.

    PubMed

    Waldemer, Rachel H; Tratnyek, Paul G; Johnson, Richard L; Nurmi, James T

    2007-02-01

    In situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) and in situ thermal remediation (ISTR) are applicable to treatment of groundwater contaminated with chlorinated ethenes. ISCO with persulfate (S2O8(2-)) requires activation, and this can be achieved with the heat from ISTR, so there may be advantages to combining these technologies. To explore this possibility, we determined the kinetics and products of chlorinated ethene oxidation with heat-activated persulfate and compared them to the temperature dependence of other degradation pathways. The kinetics of chlorinated ethene disappearance were pseudo-first-order for 1-2 half-lives, and the resulting rate constants-measured from 30 to 70 degrees C--fit the Arrhenius equation, yielding apparent activation energies of 101 +/- 4 kJ mol(-1) for tetrachloroethene (PCE), 108 +/- 3 kJ mol(-1) for trichloroethene (TCE), 144 +/- 5 kJ mol(-1) for cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cis-DCE), and 141 +/- 2 kJ mol(-1) for trans-1,2-dichloroethene (trans-DCE). Chlorinated byproducts were observed, but most of the parent material was completely dechlorinated. Arrhenius parameters for hydrolysis and oxidation by persulfate or permanganate were used to calculate rates of chlorinated ethene degradation by these processes over the range of temperatures relevant to ISTR and the range of oxidant concentrations and pH relevant to ISCO.

  6. Does the intercept of the heat-stress relation provide an accurate estimate of cardiac activation heat?

    PubMed

    Pham, Toan; Tran, Kenneth; Mellor, Kimberley M; Hickey, Anthony; Power, Amelia; Ward, Marie-Louise; Taberner, Andrew; Han, June-Chiew; Loiselle, Denis

    2017-07-15

    The heat of activation of cardiac muscle reflects the metabolic cost of restoring ionic homeostasis following a contraction. The accuracy of its measurement depends critically on the abolition of crossbridge cycling. We abolished crossbridge activity in isolated rat ventricular trabeculae by use of blebbistatin, an agent that selectively inhibits myosin II ATPase. We found cardiac activation heat to be muscle length independent and to account for 15-20% of total heat production at body temperature. We conclude that it can be accurately estimated at minimal muscle length. Activation heat arises from two sources during the contraction of striated muscle. It reflects the metabolic expenditure associated with Ca 2+ pumping by the sarcoplasmic reticular Ca 2+ -ATPase and Ca 2+ translocation by the Na + /Ca 2+ exchanger coupled to the Na + ,K + -ATPase. In cardiac preparations, investigators are constrained in estimating its magnitude by reducing muscle length to the point where macroscopic twitch force vanishes. But this experimental protocol has been criticised since, at zero force, the observed heat may be contaminated by residual crossbridge cycling activity. To eliminate this concern, the putative thermal contribution from crossbridge cycling activity must be abolished, at least at minimal muscle length. We achieved this using blebbistatin, a selective inhibitor of myosin II ATPase. Using a microcalorimeter, we measured the force production and heat output, as functions of muscle length, of isolated rat trabeculae from both ventricles contracting isometrically at 5 Hz and at 37°C. In the presence of blebbistatin (15 μmol l -1 ), active force was zero but heat output remained constant, at all muscle lengths. Activation heat measured in the presence of blebbistatin was not different from that estimated from the intercept of the heat-stress relation in its absence. We thus reached two conclusions. First, activation heat is independent of muscle length. Second

  7. Heat Production as a Tool in Geothermal Exploration

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rhodes, J. M.; Koteas, C.; Mabee, S. B.; Thomas, M.; Gagnon, T.

    2012-12-01

    Heat flow data (together with knowledge, or assumptions, of stratigraphy, thermal conductivity and heat production) provide the prime parameter for estimating the potential of geothermal resources. Unfortunately this information is expensive to obtain as it requires deep boreholes. Consequently it is sparse or lacking in areas not traditionally considered as having geothermal potential. New England (and most of the northeastern U.S.A.) is one such area. However, in the absence of volcano-derived hydrothermal activity with its attendant high heat flow, granitic plutons provide an alternative geothermal resource. Compared with other crustal rocks, granites contain higher concentrations of heat-producing elements (K, U, Th). Additionally, they are relatively homogeneous, compared to surrounding country rock, allowing for stimulation through hydro-fracking of large (>1 km3) geothermal reservoirs. Consequently we have adopted a different approach, obtaining heat production data rather then relying on the very sparse heat flow data. Birch and colleagues long since recognized the relationship between heat flow and heat production as an integral part of their concept of Heat Flow Provinces. Heat production is readily determined in the laboratory by measuring the density of a sample and the concentrations of its heat-producing elements potassium, uranium and thorium. We have determined the heat production for 570 samples from most of the major granitic and gneissic bodies in Massachusetts and Connecticut. We have also measured these parameters for 70 sedimentary rocks that cover granites and gneiss in the Connecticut and Narragansett Basins. This data is being used to calculate inferred heat flow data for these localities. Comparison of these inferred heat flow values with the sparse number of those measured directly in boreholes in the two States is encouraging, indicating that this approach has merit. We have also measured thermal conductivity on all of these samples

  8. Alterations in heat loss and heat production mechanisms in rat exposed to hypergravic fields

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Horowitz, J. M.; Horwitz, B. A.; Oyama, J.

    1982-01-01

    A review of studies investigating the thermal response of rats exposed to hypergravic fields well below maximum tolerance levels is presented. It is concluded that several lines of evidence indicate that the neural switching network for temperature regulation and cardiovascular channeling of blood flow is transiently affected during the first hour a rat is exposed to hypergravity. Moreover, even after one hour of exposure, when the core temperature has fallen several degrees, shivering and nonshivering thermogenesis are not fully activated. Only after prolonged exposure to hypergravic fields do heat production mechanisms recover sufficiently to bring the core temperature back to a normal level. Thus, the data indicate a more rapid recovery of effector mechanisms for heat loss than for heat production.

  9. Working in Australia's heat: health promotion concerns for health and productivity.

    PubMed

    Singh, Sudhvir; Hanna, Elizabeth G; Kjellstrom, Tord

    2015-06-01

    This exploratory study describes the experiences arising from exposure to extreme summer heat, and the related health protection and promotion issues for working people in Australia. Twenty key informants representing different industry types and occupational groups or activities in Australia provided semi-structured interviews concerning: (i) perceptions of workplace heat exposure in the industry they represented, (ii) reported impacts on health and productivity, as well as (iii) actions taken to reduce exposure or effects of environmental heat exposure. All interviewees reported that excessive heat exposure presents a significant challenge for their industry or activity. People working in physically demanding jobs in temperatures>35°C frequently develop symptoms, and working beyond heat tolerance is common. To avoid potentially dangerous health impacts they must either slow down or change their work habits. Such health-preserving actions result in lost work capacity. Approximately one-third of baseline work productivity can be lost in physically demanding jobs when working at 40°C. Employers and workers consider that heat exposure is a 'natural hazard' in Australia that cannot easily be avoided and so must be accommodated or managed. Among participants in this study, the locus of responsibility for coping with heat lay with the individual, rather than the employer. Heat exposure during Australian summers commonly results in adverse health effects and productivity losses, although quantification studies are lacking. Lack of understanding of the hazardous nature of heat exposure exacerbates the serious risk of heat stress, as entrenched attitudinal barriers hamper amelioration or effective management of this increasing occupational health threat. Educational programmes and workplace heat guidelines are required. Without intervention, climate change in hot countries, such as Australia, can be expected to further exacerbate heat-related burden of disease and loss

  10. Heating production fluids in a wellbore

    DOEpatents

    Orrego, Yamila; Jankowski, Todd A.

    2016-07-12

    A method for heating a production fluid in a wellbore. The method can include heating, using a packer fluid, a working fluid flowing through a first medium disposed in a first section of the wellbore, where the first medium transfers heat from the packer fluid to the working fluid. The method can also include circulating the working fluid into a second section of the wellbore through a second medium, where the second medium transfers heat from the working fluid to the production fluid. The method can further include returning the working fluid to the first section of the wellbore through the first medium.

  11. Active microchannel heat exchanger

    DOEpatents

    Tonkovich, Anna Lee Y [Pasco, WA; Roberts, Gary L [West Richland, WA; Call, Charles J [Pasco, WA; Wegeng, Robert S [Richland, WA; Wang, Yong [Richland, WA

    2001-01-01

    The present invention is an active microchannel heat exchanger with an active heat source and with microchannel architecture. The microchannel heat exchanger has (a) an exothermic reaction chamber; (b) an exhaust chamber; and (c) a heat exchanger chamber in thermal contact with the exhaust chamber, wherein (d) heat from the exothermic reaction chamber is convected by an exothermic reaction exhaust through the exhaust chamber and by conduction through a containment wall to the working fluid in the heat exchanger chamber thereby raising a temperature of the working fluid. The invention is particularly useful as a liquid fuel vaporizer and/or a steam generator for fuel cell power systems, and as a heat source for sustaining endothermic chemical reactions and initiating exothermic reactions.

  12. Heat-mediated activation of affinity-immobilized Taq DNA polymerase.

    PubMed

    Nilsson, J; Bosnes, M; Larsen, F; Nygren, P A; Uhlén, M; Lundeberg, J

    1997-04-01

    A novel strategy for heat-mediated activation of recombinant Taq DNA polymerase is described. A serum albumin binding protein tag is used to affinity-immobilize an E. coli-expressed Taq DNA polymerase fusion protein onto a solid support coated with human serum albumin (HSA). Analysis of heat-mediated elution showed that elevated temperatures (> 70 degrees C) were required to significantly release the fusion protein from the solid support. A primer-extension assay showed that immobilization of the fusion protein resulted in little or no extension product. In contrast, fusion protein released from the HSA ligand by heat showed high polymerase activity. Thus, a heat-mediated release and reactivation of the Taq DNA polymerase fusion protein from the solid support can be obtained to allow for hot-start PCR with improved amplification performance.

  13. Oxidation of benzoic acid by heat-activated persulfate: Effect of temperature on transformation pathway and product distribution.

    PubMed

    Zrinyi, Nick; Pham, Anh Le-Tuan

    2017-09-01

    Heat activates persulfate (S 2 O 8 2- ) into sulfate radical (SO 4 - ), a powerful oxidant capable of transforming a wide variety of contaminants. Previous studies have shown that an increase in temperature accelerates the rates of persulfate activation and contaminant transformation. However, few studies have considered the effect of temperature on contaminant transformation pathway. The objective of this study was to determine how temperature (T = 22-70 °C) influences the activation of persulfate, the transformation of benzoic acid (i.e., a model compound), and the distribution of benzoic acid oxidation products. The time-concentration profiles of the products suggest that benzoic acid was transformed via decarboxylation and hydroxylation mechanisms, with the former becoming increasingly important at elevated temperatures. The pathway through which the products were further oxidized was also influenced by the temperature of persulfate activation. Our findings suggest that the role of temperature in the persulfate-based treatment systems is not limited only to controlling the rates of sulfate and hydroxyl radical generation. The ability of sulfate radical to initiate decarboxylation reactions and, more broadly, fragmentation reactions, as well as the effect of temperature on these transformation pathways could be important to the transformation of a number of organic contaminants. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  14. Modelling of labour productivity loss due to climate change: HEAT-SHIELD

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kjellstrom, Tord; Daanen, Hein

    2016-04-01

    Climate change will bring higher heat levels (temperature and humidity combined) to large parts of the world. When these levels reach above thresholds well defined by human physiology, the ability to maintain physical activity levels decrease and labour productivity is reduced. This impact is of particular importance in work situations in areas with long high intensity hot seasons, but also affects cooler areas during heat waves. Our modelling of labour productivity loss includes climate model data of the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Inter-comparison Project (ISI-MIP), calculations of heat stress indexes during different months, estimations of work capacity loss and its annual impacts in different parts of the world. Different climate models will be compared for the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) and the outcomes of the 2015 Paris Climate Conference (COP21) agreements. The validation includes comparisons of modelling outputs with actual field studies using historical heat data. These modelling approaches are a first stage contribution to the European Commission funded HEAT-SHIELD project.

  15. Using Forecast and Observed Weather Data to Assess Performance of Forecast Products in Identifying Heat Waves and Estimating Heat Wave Effects on Mortality

    PubMed Central

    Chen, Yeh-Hsin; Schwartz, Joel D.; Rood, Richard B.; O’Neill, Marie S.

    2014-01-01

    Background: Heat wave and health warning systems are activated based on forecasts of health-threatening hot weather. Objective: We estimated heat–mortality associations based on forecast and observed weather data in Detroit, Michigan, and compared the accuracy of forecast products for predicting heat waves. Methods: We derived and compared apparent temperature (AT) and heat wave days (with heat waves defined as ≥ 2 days of daily mean AT ≥ 95th percentile of warm-season average) from weather observations and six different forecast products. We used Poisson regression with and without adjustment for ozone and/or PM10 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 μm) to estimate and compare associations of daily all-cause mortality with observed and predicted AT and heat wave days. Results: The 1-day-ahead forecast of a local operational product, Revised Digital Forecast, had about half the number of false positives compared with all other forecasts. On average, controlling for heat waves, days with observed AT = 25.3°C were associated with 3.5% higher mortality (95% CI: –1.6, 8.8%) than days with AT = 8.5°C. Observed heat wave days were associated with 6.2% higher mortality (95% CI: –0.4, 13.2%) than non–heat wave days. The accuracy of predictions varied, but associations between mortality and forecast heat generally tended to overestimate heat effects, whereas associations with forecast heat waves tended to underestimate heat wave effects, relative to associations based on observed weather metrics. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that incorporating knowledge of local conditions may improve the accuracy of predictions used to activate heat wave and health warning systems. Citation: Zhang K, Chen YH, Schwartz JD, Rood RB, O’Neill MS. 2014. Using forecast and observed weather data to assess performance of forecast products in identifying heat waves and estimating heat wave effects on mortality. Environ Health Perspect 122:912–918;

  16. Fungistatic activity of heat-treated flaxseed determined by response surface methodology.

    PubMed

    Xu, Y; Hall, C; Wolf-Hall, C

    2008-08-01

    The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of heat treatment on the fungistatic activity of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) in potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium and a fresh noodle system. The radial growth of Penicilliumn chrysogenum, Aspergillus flavus, and a Penicillium sp. isolated from moldy noodles, as well as the mold count of fresh noodle enriched with heat treated flaxseed, were used to assess antifungal activity. A central composite design in the response surface methodology was used to predict the effect of heating temperature and time on antifungal activity of flaxseed flour (FF). Statistical analysis determined that the linear terms of both variables (that is, heating temperature and time) and the quadratic terms of the heating temperature had significant (P<0.05) effects on the radial growth of all 3 test fungi and the mold count log-cycle reduction of fresh noodle. The interactions between the temperature and time were significant for all dependent variables (P<0.05). Significant reductions in antifungal activities were found when FF was subjected to high temperatures, regardless of heating time. In contrast, prolonging the heating time did not substantially affect the antifungal activities of FF at low temperature. However, 60% of the antifungal activity was retained after FF was heated at 100 degrees C for 15 min, which suggests a potential use of FF as an antifungal additive in food products subjected to low to mild heat treatments.

  17. Heat shock treatment improves Trametes versicolor laccase production.

    PubMed

    Wang, Feng; Guo, Chen; Wei, Tao; Zhang, Tian; Liu, Chun-Zhao

    2012-09-01

    An efficient heat shock strategy has been developed to improve laccase production in submerged Trametes versicolor cultures. The optimized heat shock strategy consists of subjecting T. versicolor mycelial pellets to three heat shock treatments at 45 °C for 45 min, starting at culture day 0, with a 24-h interval between treatments. Laccase production increased by more than 1.6-fold relative to the control in both flasks and a 5-L bioreactor because the expression of the laccase gene was enhanced by heat shock induction. The present work demonstrates that heat shock induction is a promising method because it both improves fungal laccase production and has a good potential in industrial application.

  18. Heat production during contraction in skeletal muscle of hypothyroid mice

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Leijendekker, W.J.; van Hardeveld, C.; Elzinga, G.

    1987-08-01

    The effect of hypothyroidism on tension-independent and -dependent heat produced during a twitch and a tetanic contraction of extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus muscle of mice was examined. The amount of heat produced during a twitch and the rate of heat development during a tetanus of EDL and soleus were measured at and above optimal length. The effect of hypothyroidism on force production was <30%. Straight lines were used to fit the relation between heat production and force. Hypothyroidism significantly decreases tension-independent heat during contraction of EDL and soleus muscle. Because the tension-independent heat is considered to be relatedmore » to the Ca{sup 2+} cycling, these findings suggest that ATP splitting due to the Ca{sup 2+} cycling is reduced in hypothyroid mice. This conclusion was strengthened by the observation that the oxalate-supported {sup 45}Ca{sup 2+}-uptake activity and {sup 45}Ca{sup 2+}-loading capacity of muscle homogenates from hypothyroid mice were reduced, respectively, to 51 and to 65% in soleus and to 63 and 73% in EDL muscle as compared with euthyroid mice. The tension-dependent rate of heat development during a tetanus was also decreased in soleus muscle of hypothyroid mice. This suggests a lower rate of ATP hydrolysis related to cross-bridge cycling in this muscle due to the hypothyroid state.« less

  19. Heat Pre-Treatment of Beverages Wastewater on Hydrogen Production

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Uyub, S. Z.; Mohd, N. S.; Ibrahim, S.

    2017-06-01

    At present, a large variety of alternative fuels have been investigated and hydrogen gas is considered as the possible solution for the future due to its unique characteristics. Through dark fermentation process, several factors were found to have significant impact on the hydrogen production either through process enhancement or inhibition and degradation rates or influencing parameters. This work was initiated to investigate the optimum conditions for heat pre-treatment and initial pH for the dark fermentative process under mesophilic condition using a central composite design and response surface methodology (RSM). Different heat treatment conditions and pH were performed on the seed sludge collected from the anaerobic digester of beverage wastewater treatment plant. Heat treatment of inoculum was optimized at different exposure times (30, 90, 120 min), temperatures (80, 90 and 100°C) and pH (4.5, 5.5, 6.5) in order to maximize the biohydrogen production and methanogens activity inhibition. It was found that the optimum heat pre-treatment condition and pH occurred at 100°C for 50 min and the pH of 6.00. At this optimum condition the hydrogen yield was 63.0476 ml H2/mol glucose (H2 Yield) and the COD removal efficiency was 90.87%. In conclusion, it can be hypothesized that different heat treatment conditions led to differences in the initial microbial communities (hydrogen producing bacteria) which resulted in the different hydrogen yields.

  20. Effects of heat treatment on antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of orange by-products

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    This study investigated the changes in functional components, antioxidative activities, antibacterial activities, anti-inflammatory activities of orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) by-products (OBP) by heat treatment at 50 and 100 degrees C (hereafter, 50D and 100D extracts, respectively). Optimal...

  1. Metabolic heat production, heat loss and the circadian rhythm of body temperature in the rat.

    PubMed

    Refinetti, Roberto

    2003-05-01

    Metabolic heat production (calculated from oxygen consumption), dry heat loss (measured in a calorimeter) and body temperature (measured by telemetry) were recorded simultaneously at 6 min intervals over five consecutive days in rats maintained in constant darkness. Robust circadian rhythmicity (confirmed by chi square periodogram analysis) was observed in all three variables. The rhythm of heat production was phase-advanced by about half an hour in relation to the body temperature rhythm, whereas the rhythm of heat loss was phase-delayed by about half an hour. The balance of heat production and heat loss exhibited a daily oscillation 180 deg out of phase with the oscillation in body temperature. Computations indicated that the amount of heat associated with the generation of the body temperature rhythm (1.6 kJ) corresponds to less than 1 % of the total daily energy budget (172 kJ) in this species. Because of the small magnitude of the fraction of heat balance associated with the body temperature rhythm, it is likely that the daily oscillation in heat balance has a very slow effect on body temperature, thus accounting for the 180 deg phase difference between the rhythms of heat balance and body temperature.

  2. Heat storage in Asian elephants during submaximal exercise: behavioral regulation of thermoregulatory constraints on activity in endothermic gigantotherms.

    PubMed

    Rowe, M F; Bakken, G S; Ratliff, J J; Langman, V A

    2013-05-15

    Gigantic size presents both opportunities and challenges in thermoregulation. Allometric scaling relationships suggest that gigantic animals have difficulty dissipating metabolic heat. Large body size permits the maintenance of fairly constant core body temperatures in ectothermic animals by means of gigantothermy. Conversely, gigantothermy combined with endothermic metabolic rate and activity likely results in heat production rates that exceed heat loss rates. In tropical environments, it has been suggested that a substantial rate of heat storage might result in a potentially lethal rise in core body temperature in both elephants and endothermic dinosaurs. However, the behavioral choice of nocturnal activity might reduce heat storage. We sought to test the hypothesis that there is a functionally significant relationship between heat storage and locomotion in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus), and model the thermoregulatory constraints on activity in elephants and a similarly sized migratory dinosaur, Edmontosaurus. Pre- and post-exercise (N=37 trials) measurements of core body temperature and skin temperature, using thermography were made in two adult female Asian elephants at the Audubon Zoo in New Orleans, LA, USA. Over ambient air temperatures ranging from 8 to 34.5°C, when elephants exercised in full sun, ~56 to 100% of active metabolic heat production was stored in core body tissues. We estimate that during nocturnal activity, in the absence of solar radiation, between 5 and 64% of metabolic heat production would be stored in core tissues. Potentially lethal rates of heat storage in active elephants and Edmontosaurus could be behaviorally regulated by nocturnal activity.

  3. Active transport and heat.

    PubMed

    Tait, Peter W

    2011-07-01

    Increasing heat may impede peoples' ability to be active outdoors thus limiting active transport options. Co-benefits from mitigation of and adaptation to global warming should not be assumed but need to be actively designed into strategies.

  4. Entropy Production and Fluctuation Theorems for Active Matter

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mandal, Dibyendu; Klymko, Katherine; DeWeese, Michael R.

    2017-12-01

    Active biological systems reside far from equilibrium, dissipating heat even in their steady state, thus requiring an extension of conventional equilibrium thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. In this Letter, we have extended the emerging framework of stochastic thermodynamics to active matter. In particular, for the active Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model, we have provided consistent definitions of thermodynamic quantities such as work, energy, heat, entropy, and entropy production at the level of single, stochastic trajectories and derived related fluctuation relations. We have developed a generalization of the Clausius inequality, which is valid even in the presence of the non-Hamiltonian dynamics underlying active matter systems. We have illustrated our results with explicit numerical studies.

  5. Active heat exchange system development for latent heat thermal energy storage

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Lefrois, R. T.; Mathur, A. K.

    1980-01-01

    Five tasks to select, design, fabricate, test and evaluate candidate active heat exchanger modules for future applications to solar and conventional utility power plants were discussed. Alternative mechanizations of active heat exchange concepts were analyzed for use with heat of fusion phase change materials (PCMs) in the temperature range of 250 to 350 C. Twenty-six heat exchange concepts were reviewed, and eight were selected for detailed assessment. Two candidates were selected for small-scale experimentation: a coated tube and shell heat exchanger and a direct contact reflux boiler. A dilute eutectic mixture of sodium nitrate and sodium hydroxide was selected as the PCM from over 50 candidate inorganic salt mixtures. Based on a salt screening process, eight major component salts were selected initially for further evaluation. The most attractive major components in the temperature range of 250 to 350 C appeared to be NaNO3, NaNO2, and NaOH. Sketches of the two active heat exchange concepts selected for test are given.

  6. Active heat exchange system development for latent heat thermal energy storage

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lefrois, R. T.; Mathur, A. K.

    1980-04-01

    Five tasks to select, design, fabricate, test and evaluate candidate active heat exchanger modules for future applications to solar and conventional utility power plants were discussed. Alternative mechanizations of active heat exchange concepts were analyzed for use with heat of fusion phase change materials (PCMs) in the temperature range of 250 to 350 C. Twenty-six heat exchange concepts were reviewed, and eight were selected for detailed assessment. Two candidates were selected for small-scale experimentation: a coated tube and shell heat exchanger and a direct contact reflux boiler. A dilute eutectic mixture of sodium nitrate and sodium hydroxide was selected as the PCM from over 50 candidate inorganic salt mixtures. Based on a salt screening process, eight major component salts were selected initially for further evaluation. The most attractive major components in the temperature range of 250 to 350 C appeared to be NaNO3, NaNO2, and NaOH. Sketches of the two active heat exchange concepts selected for test are given.

  7. Influence of microwave heating on biogas production from Sida hermaphrodita silage.

    PubMed

    Zieliński, Marcin; Dębowski, Marcin; Rusanowska, Paulina

    2017-12-01

    This study compared the effects on biogas production of suspended sludge versus a combination of suspended sludge and immobilized biomass, and microwave versus convection heating. Biogas production was the highest in the hybrid bioreactor heated by microwaves (385L/kg VS) and also the most stable, as shown by the FOS/TAC ratio and pH. Regardless of the type of heating, biogas production was 8% higher with immobilized biomass than without. Although the lag phase of biogas production was shorter with microwave heating than without, the log phase was longer, and biogas production in the microwave heated bioreactors took about twice as long (ca. 40days) to plateau as in the conventionally heated bioreactors. These differences in the profile of biogas production are likely due to the athermal effects of microwave irradiation. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  8. Heat stress causes substantial labour productivity loss in Australia

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zander, Kerstin K.; Botzen, Wouter J. W.; Oppermann, Elspeth; Kjellstrom, Tord; Garnett, Stephen T.

    2015-07-01

    Heat stress at the workplace is an occupational health hazard that reduces labour productivity. Assessment of productivity loss resulting from climate change has so far been based on physiological models of heat exposure. These models suggest productivity may decrease by 11-27% by 2080 in hot regions such as Asia and the Caribbean, and globally by up to 20% in hot months by 2050. Using an approach derived from health economics, we describe self-reported estimates of work absenteeism and reductions in work performance caused by heat in Australia during 2013/2014. We found that the annual costs were US$655 per person across a representative sample of 1,726 employed Australians. This represents an annual economic burden of around US$6.2 billion (95% CI: 5.2-7.3 billion) for the Australian workforce. This amounts to 0.33 to 0.47% of Australia’s GDP. Although this was a period when many Australians experienced what is at present considered exceptional heat, our results suggest that adaptation measures to reduce heat effects should be adopted widely if severe economic impacts from labour productivity loss are to be avoided if heat waves become as frequent as predicted.

  9. Differential heat stability of amphenicols characterized by structural degradation, mass spectrometry and antimicrobial activity.

    PubMed

    Franje, Catherine A; Chang, Shao-Kuang; Shyu, Ching-Lin; Davis, Jennifer L; Lee, Yan-Wen; Lee, Ren-Jye; Chang, Chao-Chin; Chou, Chi-Chung

    2010-12-01

    Heat stability of amphenicols and the relationship between structural degradation and antimicrobial activity after heating has not been well investigated. Florfenicol (FF), thiamphenicol (TAP), and chloramphenicol (CAP) were heated at 100 degrees C in water, salt water, soybean sauce and chicken meat for up to 2h. Degradation and antimicrobial activity of the compounds was evaluated using capillary electrophoresis (CE) with UV-DAD spectrometry, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay, and gas chromatography with electron impact ionization mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS). Heat stability of amphenicols in matrices was ranked as water> or =salt water>soybean sauce>meat, suggesting that heat degradation of amphenicols was accelerated in soybean sauce and was not protected in meat. Heat stability by drug and matrices was ranked as FF>TAP=CAP in water, FF=TAP>CAP in salt water, TAP> or =FF=CAP in soybean sauce, and TAP> or =FF=CAP in meat, indicating differential heat stability of amphenicols among the 3 drugs and in different matrices. In accordance with the less than 20% degradation, the MIC against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus did not change after 2h heating in water. A 5-min heating of amphenicols in water by microwave oven generated comparable percentage degradation to boiling in water bath for 30 min to 1h. Both CE and GC-MS analysis showed that heating of FF produced TAP but not FF amine as one of its breakdown products. In conclusion, despite close similarity in structure; amphenicols exhibited differential behavior toward heating degradation in solutions and protein matrices. Although higher degradations of amphenicols were observed in soybean sauce and meat, heating treatment may generate product with antimicrobial activity (FF to TAP), therefore, heating of amphenicol residues in food cannot always be assumed safe. Copyright (c) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  10. Cascade heat recovery with coproduct gas production

    DOEpatents

    Brown, William R.; Cassano, Anthony A.; Dunbobbin, Brian R.; Rao, Pradip; Erickson, Donald C.

    1986-01-01

    A process for the integration of a chemical absorption separation of oxygen and nitrogen from air with a combustion process is set forth wherein excess temperature availability from the combustion process is more effectively utilized to desorb oxygen product from the absorbent and then the sensible heat and absorption reaction heat is further utilized to produce a high temperature process stream. The oxygen may be utilized to enrich the combustion process wherein the high temperature heat for desorption is conducted in a heat exchange preferably performed with a pressure differential of less than 10 atmospheres which provides considerable flexibility in the heat exchange.

  11. Effects of heat treatment on the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of orange by-products.

    PubMed

    Li, Chien-Chun; Hsu, Hui-Jin; Wang, Yu-Shiang; Cassidy, Jennifer; Sheen, Shiowshuh; Liu, Shih-Chuan

    2017-07-19

    This study investigated the changes in the functional components, antioxidative activities, antibacterial activities, anti-inflammatory activities of orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) by-products (OBP) on heat treatment at 50 and 100 °C (hereafter denoted 50D and 100D extracts, respectively). Optimal heating conditions were also investigated. The total phenolic content, flavonoid content and antioxidative activities of OBP extracts significantly increased on heat treatment. The lag time of Cu 2+ -induced oxidation of human LDL was increased by 2.61, 8.61 and 8.76-fold with the addition of 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 mg ml -1 100D extracts, respectively. The 100D extracts may significantly inhibit the growth of E. coli O157, Salmonella typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes. 1 μg mL -1 of 100D extract may suppress the TNF-α-induced ICAM-1 protein expression. The optimal heating time for OBP was 26 h at 100 °C, which resulted in the highest antioxidant activities.

  12. They’re heating up: Internet search query trends reveal significant public interest in heat-not-burn tobacco products

    PubMed Central

    Caputi, Theodore L.; Leas, Eric; Dredze, Mark; Cohen, Joanna E.; Ayers, John W.

    2017-01-01

    Heat-not-burn tobacco products, battery powered devices that heat leaf tobacco to approximately 500 degrees Fahrenheit to produce an inhalable aerosol, are being introduced in markets around the world. Japan, where manufacturers have marketed several heat-not-burn brands since 2014, has been the focal national test market, with the intention of developing global marketing strategies. We used Google search query data to estimate, for the first time, the scale and growth potential of heat-not-burn tobacco products. Average monthly searches for heat-not-burn products rose 1,426% (95%CI: 746,3574) between their first (2015) and second (2016) complete years on the market and an additional 100% (95%CI: 60, 173) between the products second (2016) and third years on the market (Jan-Sep 2017). There are now between 5.9 and 7.5 million heat-not-burn related Google searches in Japan each month based on September 2017 estimates. Moreover, forecasts relying on the historical trends suggest heat-not-burn searches will increase an additional 32% (95%CI: -4 to 79) during 2018, compared to current estimates for 2017 (Jan-Sep), with continued growth thereafter expected. Contrasting heat-not-burn’s rise in Japan to electronic cigarettes’ rise in the United States we find searches for heat-not-burn eclipsed electronic cigarette searches during April 2016. Moreover, the change in average monthly queries for heat-not-burn in Japan between 2015 and 2017 was 399 (95% CI: 184, 1490) times larger than the change in average monthly queries for electronic cigarettes in the Unites States over the same time period, increasing by 2,956% (95% CI: 1729, 7304) compared to only 7% (95% CI: 3,13). Our findings are a clarion call for tobacco control leaders to ready themselves as heat-not-burn tobacco products will likely garner substantial interest as they are introduced into new markets. Public health practitioners should expand heat-not-burn tobacco product surveillance, adjust existing tobacco

  13. They're heating up: Internet search query trends reveal significant public interest in heat-not-burn tobacco products.

    PubMed

    Caputi, Theodore L; Leas, Eric; Dredze, Mark; Cohen, Joanna E; Ayers, John W

    2017-01-01

    Heat-not-burn tobacco products, battery powered devices that heat leaf tobacco to approximately 500 degrees Fahrenheit to produce an inhalable aerosol, are being introduced in markets around the world. Japan, where manufacturers have marketed several heat-not-burn brands since 2014, has been the focal national test market, with the intention of developing global marketing strategies. We used Google search query data to estimate, for the first time, the scale and growth potential of heat-not-burn tobacco products. Average monthly searches for heat-not-burn products rose 1,426% (95%CI: 746,3574) between their first (2015) and second (2016) complete years on the market and an additional 100% (95%CI: 60, 173) between the products second (2016) and third years on the market (Jan-Sep 2017). There are now between 5.9 and 7.5 million heat-not-burn related Google searches in Japan each month based on September 2017 estimates. Moreover, forecasts relying on the historical trends suggest heat-not-burn searches will increase an additional 32% (95%CI: -4 to 79) during 2018, compared to current estimates for 2017 (Jan-Sep), with continued growth thereafter expected. Contrasting heat-not-burn's rise in Japan to electronic cigarettes' rise in the United States we find searches for heat-not-burn eclipsed electronic cigarette searches during April 2016. Moreover, the change in average monthly queries for heat-not-burn in Japan between 2015 and 2017 was 399 (95% CI: 184, 1490) times larger than the change in average monthly queries for electronic cigarettes in the Unites States over the same time period, increasing by 2,956% (95% CI: 1729, 7304) compared to only 7% (95% CI: 3,13). Our findings are a clarion call for tobacco control leaders to ready themselves as heat-not-burn tobacco products will likely garner substantial interest as they are introduced into new markets. Public health practitioners should expand heat-not-burn tobacco product surveillance, adjust existing tobacco

  14. Heat, temperature and Clausius inequality in a model for active Brownian particles

    PubMed Central

    Marconi, Umberto Marini Bettolo; Puglisi, Andrea; Maggi, Claudio

    2017-01-01

    Methods of stochastic thermodynamics and hydrodynamics are applied to a recently introduced model of active particles. The model consists of an overdamped particle subject to Gaussian coloured noise. Inspired by stochastic thermodynamics, we derive from the system’s Fokker-Planck equation the average exchanges of heat and work with the active bath and the associated entropy production. We show that a Clausius inequality holds, with the local (non-uniform) temperature of the active bath replacing the uniform temperature usually encountered in equilibrium systems. Furthermore, by restricting the dynamical space to the first velocity moments of the local distribution function we derive a hydrodynamic description where local pressure, kinetic temperature and internal heat fluxes appear and are consistent with the previous thermodynamic analysis. The procedure also shows under which conditions one obtains the unified coloured noise approximation (UCNA): such an approximation neglects the fast relaxation to the active bath and therefore yields detailed balance and zero entropy production. In the last part, by using multiple time-scale analysis, we provide a constructive method (alternative to UCNA) to determine the solution of the Kramers equation and go beyond the detailed balance condition determining negative entropy production. PMID:28429787

  15. Heat, temperature and Clausius inequality in a model for active Brownian particles.

    PubMed

    Marconi, Umberto Marini Bettolo; Puglisi, Andrea; Maggi, Claudio

    2017-04-21

    Methods of stochastic thermodynamics and hydrodynamics are applied to a recently introduced model of active particles. The model consists of an overdamped particle subject to Gaussian coloured noise. Inspired by stochastic thermodynamics, we derive from the system's Fokker-Planck equation the average exchanges of heat and work with the active bath and the associated entropy production. We show that a Clausius inequality holds, with the local (non-uniform) temperature of the active bath replacing the uniform temperature usually encountered in equilibrium systems. Furthermore, by restricting the dynamical space to the first velocity moments of the local distribution function we derive a hydrodynamic description where local pressure, kinetic temperature and internal heat fluxes appear and are consistent with the previous thermodynamic analysis. The procedure also shows under which conditions one obtains the unified coloured noise approximation (UCNA): such an approximation neglects the fast relaxation to the active bath and therefore yields detailed balance and zero entropy production. In the last part, by using multiple time-scale analysis, we provide a constructive method (alternative to UCNA) to determine the solution of the Kramers equation and go beyond the detailed balance condition determining negative entropy production.

  16. Cascade heat recovery with coproduct gas production

    DOEpatents

    Brown, W.R.; Cassano, A.A.; Dunbobbin, B.R.; Rao, P.; Erickson, D.C.

    1986-10-14

    A process for the integration of a chemical absorption separation of oxygen and nitrogen from air with a combustion process is set forth wherein excess temperature availability from the combustion process is more effectively utilized to desorb oxygen product from the absorbent and then the sensible heat and absorption reaction heat is further utilized to produce a high temperature process stream. The oxygen may be utilized to enrich the combustion process wherein the high temperature heat for desorption is conducted in a heat exchange preferably performed with a pressure differential of less than 10 atmospheres which provides considerable flexibility in the heat exchange. 4 figs.

  17. Heat and moisture production of modern swine

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    The heat and moisture production (HP and MP) values that are currently published in the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) standards are from data collected in either the 1970’s (nursery piglets) or the 1950’s (growing-finishing pigs). This series of ...

  18. Active heat exchange system development for latent heat thermal energy storage

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Lefrois, R. T.; Knowles, G. R.; Mathur, A. K.; Budimir, J.

    1979-01-01

    Active heat exchange concepts for use with thermal energy storage systems in the temperature range of 250 C to 350 C, using the heat of fusion of molten salts for storing thermal energy are described. Salt mixtures that freeze and melt in appropriate ranges are identified and are evaluated for physico-chemical, economic, corrosive and safety characteristics. Eight active heat exchange concepts for heat transfer during solidification are conceived and conceptually designed for use with selected storage media. The concepts are analyzed for their scalability, maintenance, safety, technological development and costs. A model for estimating and scaling storage system costs is developed and is used for economic evaluation of salt mixtures and heat exchange concepts for a large scale application. The importance of comparing salts and heat exchange concepts on a total system cost basis, rather than the component cost basis alone, is pointed out. The heat exchange concepts were sized and compared for 6.5 MPa/281 C steam conditions and a 1000 MW(t) heat rate for six hours. A cost sensitivity analysis for other design conditions is also carried out.

  19. Olive oil-supplemented diet alleviates acute heat stress-induced mitochondrial ROS production in chicken skeletal muscle.

    PubMed

    Mujahid, Ahmad; Akiba, Yukio; Toyomizu, Masaaki

    2009-09-01

    We have previously shown that avian uncoupling protein (avUCP) is downregulated on exposure to acute heat stress, stimulating mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and oxidative damage. In this study, we investigated whether upregulation of avUCP could attenuate oxidative damage caused by acute heat stress. Broiler chickens (Gallus gallus) were fed either a control diet or an olive oil-supplemented diet (6.7%), which has been shown to increase the expression of UCP3 in mammals, for 8 days and then exposed either to heat stress (34 degrees C, 12 h) or kept at a thermoneutral temperature (25 degrees C). Skeletal muscle mitochondrial ROS (measured as H(2)O(2)) production, avUCP expression, oxidative damage, mitochondrial membrane potential, and oxygen consumption were studied. We confirmed that heat stress increased mitochondrial ROS production and malondialdehyde levels and decreased the amount of avUCP. As expected, feeding birds an olive oil-supplemented diet increased the expression of avUCP in skeletal muscle mitochondria and decreased ROS production and oxidative damage. Studies on mitochondrial function showed that heat stress increased membrane potential in state 4, which was reversed by feeding birds an olive oil-supplemented diet, although no differences in basal proton leak were observed between control and heat-stressed groups. These results show that under heat stress, mitochondrial ROS production and olive oil-induced reduction of ROS production may occur due to changes in respiratory chain activity as well as avUCP expression in skeletal muscle mitochondria.

  20. Heat exposure, cardiovascular stress and work productivity in rice harvesters in India: implications for a climate change future.

    PubMed

    Sahu, Subhashis; Sett, Moumita; Kjellstrom, Tord

    2013-01-01

    Excessive workplace heat exposures create well-known risks of heat stroke, and it limits the workers' capacity to sustain physical activity. There is very limited evidence available on how these effects reduce work productivity, while the quantitative relationship between heat and work productivity is an essential basis for climate change impact assessments. We measured hourly heat exposure in rice fields in West Bengal and recorded perceived health problems via interviews of 124 rice harvesters. In a sub-group (n = 48) heart rate was recorded every minute in a standard work situation. Work productivity was recorded as hourly rice bundle collection output. The hourly heat levels (WBGT = Wet Bulb Globe Temperature) were 26-32°C (at air temperatures of 30-38°C), exceeding international standards. Most workers reported exhaustion and pain during work on hot days. Heart rate recovered quickly at low heat, but more slowly at high heat, indicating cardiovascular strain. The hourly number of rice bundles collected was significantly reduced at WBGT>26°C (approximately 5% per°C of increased WBGT). We conclude that high heat exposure in agriculture caused heat strain and reduced work productivity. This reduction will be exacerbated by climate change and may undermine the local economy.

  1. Malignant hyperthermia and calcium-induced heat production.

    PubMed

    Ueda, I; Shinoda, F; Kamaya, H; Krishna, P R

    1994-05-01

    The abnormal increase in intracellular Ca++ in malignant hyperthermia (MH) is well documented, but the link between the increased Ca++ concentration and high temperature remains speculative. We investigated the possibility that the Ca(++)-induced change in the state of cell membranes may contribute to the temperature elevation. Calcium ion transforms phospholipid membranes from the fluid to solid state. This is analogous to the freezing of water, and liberates latent heat. Differential titration calorimetry (DTC) measures heat production or absorption during ligand binding to macromolecules. When CaCl2 solution was added to anionic dimyristoylphosphatidic acid (DMPA) and dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol (DMPG) vesicle membranes in incremental doses, DTC showed that the heat production suddenly increased when the Ca++ concentration exceeded about 120 microM. At this Ca++ concentration range, these lipid membranes underwent phase transition. The latent heat of transition was measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The values were 7.1 +/- 0.7 (SD, n = 4) kcal.mol-1 of DMPA and 6.8 +/- 0.7 (SD, n = 4) kcal.mol-1 of DMPG. The study shows that Ca++ produces heat when bound to lipid membranes. We are not proposing, however, that this is the sole source of heat. We contend that the lipid phase transition is one of the heat sources and it may trigger a hypermetabolic state by elevating the temperature of cell membranes. Because Ca++ is implicated as the second messenger in signal transduction, multiple systems may be involved. More studies are needed to clarify how Ca++ increases body temperature.

  2. Compressed air production with waste heat utilization in industry

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nolting, E.

    1984-06-01

    The centralized power-heat coupling (PHC) technique using block heating power stations, is presented. Compressed air production in PHC technique with internal combustion engine drive achieves a high degree of primary energy utilization. Cost savings of 50% are reached compared to conventional production. The simultaneous utilization of compressed air and heat is especially interesting. A speed regulated drive via an internal combustion motor gives a further saving of 10% to 20% compared to intermittent operation. The high fuel utilization efficiency ( 80%) leads to a pay off after two years for operation times of 3000 hr.

  3. Hydration heat of alkali activated fine-grained ceramic

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jerman, Miloš; Černý, Robert

    2017-07-01

    Early-age hydration heat of alkali activated ceramic dust is studied as a function of silicate modulus. A mixture of sodium hydroxide and water glass is used as alkali activator. The measurements are carried out using a large-volume isothermal heat flow calorimeter which is capable of detecting even very small values of specific heat power. Experimental results show that the specific hydration heat power of alkali activated fine-ground ceramic is very low and increases with the decreasing silicate modulus of the mix.

  4. Cardiac activation heat remains inversely dependent on temperature over the range 27-37°C.

    PubMed

    Johnston, Callum M; Han, June-Chiew; Loiselle, Denis S; Nielsen, Poul M F; Taberner, Andrew J

    2016-06-01

    The relation between heat output and stress production (force per cross-sectional area) of isolated cardiac tissue is a key metric that provides insight into muscle energetic performance. The heat intercept of the relation, termed "activation heat," reflects the metabolic cost of restoring transmembrane gradients of Na(+) and K(+) following electrical excitation, and myoplasmic Ca(2+) concentration following its release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. At subphysiological temperatures, activation heat is inversely dependent on temperature. Thus one may presume that activation heat would decrease even further at body temperature. However, this assumption is prima facie inconsistent with a study, using intact hearts, which revealed no apparent change in the combination of activation and basal metabolism between 27 and 37°C. It is thus desired to directly determine the change in activation heat between 27 and 37°C. In this study, we use our recently constructed high-thermal resolution muscle calorimeter to determine the first heat-stress relation of isolated cardiac muscle at 37°C. We compare the relation at 37°C to that at 27°C to examine whether the inverse temperature dependence of activation heat, observed under hypothermic conditions, prevails at body temperature. Our results show that activation heat was reduced (from 3.5 ± 0.3 to 2.3 ± 0.3 kJ/m(3)) at the higher temperature. This leads us to conclude that activation metabolism continues to decline as temperature is increased from hypothermia to normothermia and allows us to comment on results obtained from the intact heart by previous investigators. Copyright © 2016 the American Physiological Society.

  5. Non-Heat Treatable Alloy Sheet Products

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Hayden, H.W.; Barthold, G.W.; Das, S.K.

    ALCAR is an innovative approach for conducting multi-company, pre-competitive research and development programs. ALCAR has been formed to crate a partnership of aluminum producers, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers Center for Research and Technology Development (ASME/CRTD), the United States Department of Energy (USDOE), three USDOE National Laboratories, and a Technical Advisory Committee for conducting cooperative, pre-competitive research on the development of flower-cost, non-heat treated (NHT) aluminum alloys for automotive sheet applications with strength, formability and surface appearance similar to current heat treated (HT) aluminum alloys under consideration. The effort has been supported by the USDOE, Office of Transportation Technologymore » (OTT) through a three-year program with 50/50 cost share at a total program cost of $3 million. The program has led to the development of new and modified 5000 series aluminum ally compositions. Pilot production-size ingots have bee n melted, cast, hot rolled and cold rolled. Stamping trials on samples of rolled product for demonstrating production of typical automotive components have been successful.« less

  6. Heat production and body temperature during cooling and rewarming in overweight and lean men.

    PubMed

    Claessens-van Ooijen, Anne M J; Westerterp, Klaas R; Wouters, Loek; Schoffelen, Paul F M; van Steenhoven, Anton A; van Marken Lichtenbelt, Wouter D

    2006-11-01

    To compare overweight and lean subjects with respect to thermogenesis and physiological insulation in response to mild cold and rewarming. Ten overweight men (mean BMI, 29.2 +/- 2.8 kg/m(2)) and 10 lean men (mean BMI, 21.1 +/- 2.0 kg/m(2)) were exposed to cold air for 1 hour, followed by 1 hour of rewarming. Body composition was determined by hydrodensitometry and deuterium dilution. Heat production and body temperatures were measured continuously by indirect calorimetry and thermistors, respectively. Muscle activity was recorded using electromyography. In both groups, heat production increased significantly during cooling (lean, p = 0.004; overweight, p = 0.006). The increase was larger in the lean group compared with the overweight group (p = 0.04). During rewarming, heat production returned to baseline in the overweight group and stayed higher compared with baseline in the lean group (p = 0.003). The difference in heat production between rewarming and baseline was larger in the lean (p = 0.01) than in the overweight subjects. Weighted body temperature of both groups decreased during cold exposure (lean, p = 0.002; overweight, p < 0.001) and did not return to baseline during rewarming. Overweight subjects showed a blunted mild cold-induced thermogenesis. The insulative cold response was not different among the groups. The energy-efficient response of the overweight subjects can have consequences for energy balance in the long term. The results support the concept of a dynamic heat regulation model instead of temperature regulation around a fixed set point.

  7. Adjustments in metabolic heat production by squirrel monkeys exposed to microwaves

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Adair, E.R.; Adams, B.W.

    1982-04-01

    The basic fact that microwave exposure can lower metabolic heat production has been previously demonstrated for the mouse by Ho and Edwards (1977) and for the rat by Phillips et al. (1975). The general conclusion drawn from both studies was that the metabolic reduction produced by microwave exposure was dose dependent. The present study extends the investigation into the effects of microwave exposure on metabolic heat production to a primate, the squirrel monkey. When squirrel monkeys are restrained in cool environments, body temperature is regulated by an increase in metabolic heat production. The results of the current study demonstrate thatmore » either brief or prolonged whole-body exposure to a microwave field will cause a reduction of this elevated heat production by an amount directly related to the microwave energy absorbed.« less

  8. An Analysis of the Impact of Heat Waves in Labor and Crop Productivity in the Agricultural Sector in California

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Castillo, F.; Wehner, M. F.; Gilless, J. K.

    2017-12-01

    California agriculture is an important economic activity for the state. California leads the nation in farms sales since 1950. In addition, agricultural employment in California reached approximately 410,000. Production of many fruits and vegetables is labor intensive and labor costs represent anywhere from 20% to 40% of total production costs. In additon, agricutlural production growth has been the highest for labor intensive crops such as berries (all types) and nuts. Given the importance of the agricultural sector and the labor component whithin it, the analysis of the impact of climate change on the agricultural sector of California becomes imperative. Heat waves are a weather related extreme that impact labor productivity, specially outdoor labor producitivity. We use crop production function analysis that incorporates socio economic variables such as crop prices, total acreage, production levels and harvest timiline with climate related variables such as an estimated Heat Index (HI) to analize the impact of heat waves on crop production via an impact on labor productivity for selected crops in the Central and Imperial Valleys in California. The analysis finds that the impact of heat waves varies by the degree of labor intensity of the crop and the relative intensity of the heat wave.

  9. Combustion of horse manure for heat production.

    PubMed

    Lundgren, J; Pettersson, E

    2009-06-01

    The main objectives of this paper have been to evaluate the use of horse manure and wood-shavings as a fuel for heat production and to provide sets of data on the chemical composition, ash characteristics and ash forming elements of the fuel. Another objective has been to investigate the possibility to use the ash as fertiliser by analysing the heavy metal and nutrient contents. The results showed that the fuel is well suited for combustion for heat production causing low emissions of products of incomplete combustion. The emissions of NO(x) were however high due to the high content of fuel bound nitrogen. Emissions of CO and NO(x) were typically in the range of 30-150 mg/Nm(3) and 280-350 mg/Nm(3) at 10 vol% O(2), respectively. The analysis of the ash showed on sufficiently low concentration of heavy metals to allow recycling.

  10. Salicylic Acid and Ethylene Pathways Are Differentially Activated in Melon Cotyledons by Active or Heat-Denatured Cellulase from Trichoderma longibrachiatum

    PubMed Central

    Martinez, Christelle; Blanc, Frédéric; Le Claire, Emilie; Besnard, Olivier; Nicole, Michel; Baccou, Jean-Claude

    2001-01-01

    Infiltration of cellulase (EC 3.2.1.4) from Trichoderma longibrachiatum into melon (Cucumis melo) cotyledons induced several key defense mechanisms and hypersensitive reaction-like symptoms. An oxidative burst was observed 3 hours after treatment and was followed by activation of ethylene and salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathways leading to marked induction of peroxidase and chitinase activities. The treatment of cotyledons by heat-denatured cellulase also led to some induction of peroxidase and chitinase activities, but the oxidative burst and SA production were not observed. Co-infiltration of aminoethoxyvinil-glycine (an ethylene inhibitor) with the active cellulase did not affect the high increase of peroxidase and chitinase activities. In contrast, co-infiltration of aminoethoxyvinil-glycine with the denatured enzyme blocked peroxidase and chitinase activities. Our data suggest that the SA pathway (induced by the cellulase activity) and ethylene pathway (induced by heat-denatured and active protein) together coordinate the activation of defense mechanisms. We found a partial interaction between both signaling pathways since SA caused an inhibition of the ethylene production and a decrease in peroxidase activity when co-infiltrated with denatured cellulase. Treatments with active or denatured cellulase caused a reduction in powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fuliginea) disease. PMID:11553761

  11. The forgotten component of sub-glacial heat flow: Upper crustal heat production and resultant total heat flux on the Antarctic Peninsula

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Burton-Johnson, Alex; Halpin, Jacqueline; Whittaker, Joanne; Watson, Sally

    2017-04-01

    Seismic and magnetic geophysical methods have both been employed to produce estimates of heat flux beneath the Antarctic ice sheet. However, both methods use a homogeneous upper crustal model despite the variable concentration of heat producing elements within its composite lithologies. Using geological and geochemical datasets from the Antarctic Peninsula we have developed a new methodology for incorporating upper crustal heat production in heat flux models and have shown the greater variability this introduces in to estimates of crustal heat flux, with implications for glaciological modelling.

  12. Determinants of heat production in newborn lambs

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Eales, F. A.; Small, J.

    1980-06-01

    Measurement of summit metabolism (the maximum rate of heat production) in lambs aged 1 or 4h revealed considerable between animal variation. Summit metabolism per unit body weight decreased as body weight increased whereas summit metabolism per unit body surface area was independent of body weight. Severe pre-partum hypoxia was apparently associated with a low summit metabolism at 1 or 4h of age which made such lambs very susceptible to hypothermia. This deficiency in heat production capacity did not appear to be a permanent featuresince most lambs so affected recovered full thermoregulatory ability by 12h of age. Feeding of colostrum conferred an immediate 18% increase in summit metabolism. The significance of these findings to the prevention of hypothermia in the newborn lamb is discussed.

  13. Heat Production During Countermeasure Exercises Planned for the International Space Station

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Rapley, Michael G.; Lee, Stuart M. C.; Guilliams, Mark E.; Greenisen, Michael C.; Schneider, Suzanne M.

    2004-01-01

    This investigation's purpose was to determine the amount of heat produced when performing aerobic and resistance exercises planned as part of the exercise countermeasures prescription for the ISS. These data will be used to determine thermal control requirements of the Node 1 and other modules where exercise hardware might reside. To determine heat production during resistive exercise, 6 subjects using the iRED performed 5 resistance exercises which form the core exercises of the current ISS resistive exercise countermeasures. Each exerciser performed a warm-up set at 50% effort, then 3 sets of increasing resistance. We measured oxygen consumption and work during each exercise. Heat loss was calculated as the difference between the gross energy expenditure (minus resting metabolism) and the work performed. To determine heat production during aerobic exercise, 14 subjects performed an interval, cycle exercise protocol and 7 subjects performed a continuous, treadmill protocol. Each 30-min. exercise is similar to exercises planned for ISS. Oxygen consumption monitored continuously during the exercises was used to calculate the gross energy expenditure. For cycle exercise, work performed was calculated based on the ergometer's resistance setting and pedaling frequency. For treadmill, total work was estimated by assuming 25% work efficiency and subtracting the calculated heat production and resting metabolic rate from the gross energy expenditure. This heat production needs to be considered when determining the location of exercise hardware on ISS and designing environmental control systems. These values reflect only the human subject s produced heat; heat produced by the exercise hardware also will contribute to the heat load.

  14. Radiogenic heat production in sedimentary rocks of the Gulf of Mexico Basin, south Texas

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    McKenna, T.E.; Sharp, J.M.

    1998-01-01

    Radiogenic heat production within the sedimentary section of the Gulf of Mexico basin is a significant source of heat. Radiogenic heat should be included in thermal models of this basin (and perhaps other sedimentary basins). We calculate that radiogenic heat may contribute up to 26% of the overall surface heat-flow density for an area in south Texas. Based on measurements of the radioactive decay rate of ??-particles, potassium concentration, and bulk density, we calculate radiogenic heat production for Stuart City (Lower Cretaceous) limestones, Wilcox (Eocene) sandstones and mudrocks, and Frio (Oligocene) sandstones and mudrocks from south Texas. Heat production rates range from a low of 0.07 ?? 0.01 ??W/m3 in clean Stuart City limestones to 2.21 ?? 0.24??W/m3 in Frio mudrocks. Mean heat production rates for Wilcox sandstones, Frio sandstones, Wilcox mudrocks, and Frio mudrocks are 0.88, 1.19, 1.50, and 1.72 ??W/m3, respectively. In general, the mudrocks produce about 30-40% more heat than stratigraphically equivalent sandstones. Frio rocks produce about 15% more heat than Wilcox rocks per unit volume of clastic rock (sandstone/mudrock). A one-dimensional heat-conduction model indicates that this radiogenic heat source has a significant effect on subsurface temperatures. If a thermal model were calibrated to observed temperatures by optimizing basal heat-flow density and ignoring sediment heat production, the extrapolated present-day temperature of a deeply buried source rock would be overestimated.Radiogenic heat production within the sedimentary section of the Gulf of Mexico basin is a significant source of heat. Radiogenic heat should be included in thermal models of this basin (and perhaps other sedimentary basins). We calculate that radiogenic heat may contribute up to 26% of the overall surface heat-flow density for an area in south Texas. Based on measurements of the radioactive decay rate of ??-particles, potassium concentration, and bulk density, we

  15. Investigations about the quantitative changes of carbon dioxide production in humans. Report 2: Carbon dioxide production during fever and its relationship with heat production

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Liebermeister, C.

    1978-01-01

    Investigations are cited and explained for carbon dioxide production during fever and its relationship with heat production. The general topics of discussion are: (1) carbon dioxide production for alternating fever attacks; (2) heat balance during the perspiration phase; (3) heat balance during the chill phase; (4) the theory of fever; and (5) chill phase for other fever attacks.

  16. Effects of two different dietary fermentable carbohydrates on activity and heat production in group-housed growing pigs.

    PubMed

    Rijnen, M M J A; Verstegen, M W A; Heetkamp, M J W; Schrama, J W

    2003-05-01

    The effects of two sources of dietary fiber (DF) on behavior and heat production (HP) in group-housed growing pigs were studied. Twenty clusters of 14 barrows (50 kg) were fed one of 10 diets. Diets differed mainly in type and content of fermentable DF (fDF) and in content of digestible starch. Five diets contained solvent-extracted coconut meal (SECM) and five diets contained soybean hulls (SBH) as the main fDF source. On an as-fed basis, pigs received 3.5, 13.2, 23.0, 32.7, or 42.4 g x kg(-0.75) x d(-1) of SECM or SBH. A total of 280 crossbred growing pigs were used, divided into clusters of 14 pigs each. Pigs were group-housed and fed at 2.5 times the assumed maintenance energy requirements. All clusters were fed similar amounts of NE, ileal-digestible protein and amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. Consequently, DMI differed among diets because NE content decreased with increasing DF content. After a 32-d preliminary period, HP was measured per cluster during a 7-d experimental period in environmentally controlled respiration chambers. Behavior of the pigs was recorded using time-lapse video recordings during two different days within the experimental period. Intake of digestible starch and fDF was different (P < 0.001) among diets, whereas intake of digestible CP was similar among diets. On average, pigs spent 153 min standing, 42 min sitting, 202 min lying on their chest, and 1,043 min lying on their flanks each day. Pigs fed SECM diets spent, on average, less time (P < 0.05) lying on their chest than pigs fed SBH diets. Total time spent on physical activity (i.e., standing plus sitting, 195 min/d) was not affected by diet. Total HP and resting HP were affected by diet and were on average lower (P < 0.01) for pigs fed SECM diets than for pigs fed SBH diets. Activity-related heat production (AHP) averaged 65 kJ x kg(-0.75) x d(-1) and was not affected by diet. There was a linear relationship (P < 0.001) between fDF intake and HP, but there was no relationship

  17. Rubisco activase and wheat productivity under heat stress conditions

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Rubisco activase (RCA) constrains the photosynthetic potential of plants at high temperature (heat stress). We hypothesized that endogenous levels of RCA could serve as an important determinant of plant productivity under heat stress conditions. In this study, we investigated the possible relation...

  18. Zero-valent iron enhanced methanogenic activity in anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge after heat and alkali pretreatment.

    PubMed

    Zhang, Yaobin; Feng, Yinghong; Quan, Xie

    2015-04-01

    Heat or alkali pretreatment is the effective method to improve hydrolysis of waste sludge and then enhance anaerobic sludge digestion. However the pretreatment may inactivate the methanogens in the sludge. In the present work, zero-valent iron (ZVI) was used to enhance the methanogenic activity in anaerobic sludge digester under two methanogens-suppressing conditions, i.e. heat-pretreatment and alkali condition respectively. With the addition of ZVI, the lag time of methane production was shortened, and the methane yield increased by 91.5% compared to the control group. The consumption of VFA was accelerated by ZVI, especially for acetate, indicating that the acetoclastic methanogenesis was enhanced. In the alkali-condition experiment, the hydrogen produced decreased from 27.6 to 18.8 mL when increasing the ZVI dosage from 0 to 10 g/L. Correspondingly, the methane yield increased from 1.9 to 32.2 mL, which meant that the H2-utilizing methanogenes was enriched. These results suggested that the addition of ZVI into anaerobic digestion of sludge after pretreated by the heat or alkali process could efficiently recover the methanogenic activity and increase the methane production and sludge reduction. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  19. Heat production: Longitudinal versus torsional phacoemulsification.

    PubMed

    Han, Young Keun; Miller, Kevin M

    2009-10-01

    To compare the heat production of longitudinal versus torsional phacoemulsification under strict laboratory test conditions. Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and Jules Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA. Two Infiniti phacoemulsification handpieces were inserted into silicone test chambers filled with a balanced salt solution and imaged serially using a thermal camera. Incision compression was simulated by suspending 25.3 g weights from the silicone chambers. To simulate occlusion of the phacoemulsification tip, the aspiration line was clamped. Peak temperatures were measured 0, 10, 30, 60, and 120 seconds after the commencement of continuous ultrasound power. The 2 handpieces, operating exclusively in longitudinal or torsional modes, were compared 3 ways: (1) using the same power displayed on the instrument console, (2) using identical stroke lengths, and (3) using the same applied energy, a product of stroke length and frequency. For all 3 comparisons, torsional phacoemulsification resulted in lower temperatures at each time point. At the same displayed power setting, the scenario most familiar to cataract surgeons, longitudinal phacoemulsification elevated temperatures up to 41.5 degrees C more than torsional phacoemulsification. Torsional phacoemulsification generated less heat than longitudinal phacoemulsification in all 3 comparison tests. Lower operating temperatures indicate lower heat generation within the same volume of fluid, and this may provide additional thermal protection during cataract surgery.

  20. Light masking of circadian rhythms of heat production, heat loss, and body temperature in squirrel monkeys

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Robinson, E. L.; Fuller, C. A.

    1999-01-01

    Whole body heat production (HP) and heat loss (HL) were examined to determine their relative contributions to light masking of the circadian rhythm in body temperature (Tb). Squirrel monkey metabolism (n = 6) was monitored by both indirect and direct calorimetry, with telemetered measurement of body temperature and activity. Feeding was also measured. Responses to an entraining light-dark (LD) cycle (LD 12:12) and a masking LD cycle (LD 2:2) were compared. HP and HL contributed to both the daily rhythm and the masking changes in Tb. All variables showed phase-dependent masking responses. Masking transients at L or D transitions were generally greater during subjective day; however, L masking resulted in sustained elevation of Tb, HP, and HL during subjective night. Parallel, apparently compensatory, changes of HL and HP suggest action by both the circadian timing system and light masking on Tb set point. Furthermore, transient HL increases during subjective night suggest that gain change may supplement set point regulation of Tb.

  1. Temperature-gated thermal rectifier for active heat flow control.

    PubMed

    Zhu, Jia; Hippalgaonkar, Kedar; Shen, Sheng; Wang, Kevin; Abate, Yohannes; Lee, Sangwook; Wu, Junqiao; Yin, Xiaobo; Majumdar, Arun; Zhang, Xiang

    2014-08-13

    Active heat flow control is essential for broad applications of heating, cooling, and energy conversion. Like electronic devices developed for the control of electric power, it is very desirable to develop advanced all-thermal solid-state devices that actively control heat flow without consuming other forms of energy. Here we demonstrate temperature-gated thermal rectification using vanadium dioxide beams in which the environmental temperature actively modulates asymmetric heat flow. In this three terminal device, there are two switchable states, which can be regulated by global heating. In the "Rectifier" state, we observe up to 28% thermal rectification. In the "Resistor" state, the thermal rectification is significantly suppressed (<1%). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of solid-state active-thermal devices with a large rectification in the Rectifier state. This temperature-gated rectifier can have substantial implications ranging from autonomous thermal management of heating and cooling systems to efficient thermal energy conversion and storage.

  2. Maillard reaction products from highly heated food prevent mast cell number increase and inflammation in a mouse model of colitis.

    PubMed

    Al Amir, Issam; Dubayle, David; Héron, Anne; Delayre-Orthez, Carine; Anton, Pauline M

    2017-12-01

    Links between food and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are often suggested, but the role of food processing has not been extensively studied. Heat treatment is known to cause the loss of nutrients and the appearance of neoformed compounds such as Maillard reaction products. Their involvement in gut inflammation is equivocal, as some may have proinflammatory effects, whereas other seem to be protective. As IBDs are associated with the recruitment of immune cells, including mast cells, we raised the hypothesis that dietary Maillard reaction products generated through heat treatment of food may limit the colitic response and its associated recruitment of mast cells. An experimental model of colitis was used in mice submitted to mildly and highly heated rodent food. Adult male mice were divided in 3 groups and received nonheated, mildly heated, or highly heated chow during 21 days. In the last week of the study, each group was split into 2 subgroups, submitted or not (controls) to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis. Weight variations, macroscopic lesions, colonic myeloperoxidase activity, and mucosal mast cell number were evaluated at the end of the experiment. Only highly heated chow significantly prevented DSS-induced weight loss, myeloperoxidase activity, and mast cell number increase in the colonic mucosa of DSS-colitic mice. We suggest that Maillard reaction products from highly heated food may limit the occurrence of inflammatory phases in IBD patients. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  3. Effect of heated naringenin on immunomodulatory properties and cellular antioxidant activity.

    PubMed

    Maatouk, Mouna; Elgueder, Dorra; Mustapha, Nadia; Chaaban, Hind; Bzéouich, Imen Mokdad; Loannou, Irina; Kilani, Soumaya; Ghoul, Mohamed; Ghedira, Kamel; Chekir-Ghedira, Leila

    2016-11-01

    Naringenin is one of the most popular flavonoids derived from citrus. It has been reported to be an effective anti-inflammatory compound. Citrus fruit may be used raw, cooked, stewed, or boiled. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of thermal processes on naringenin in its immunomodulatory and cellular antioxidant activities. The effects of flavonoids on B and T cell proliferation were assessed on splenocytes stimulated or not with mitogens. However, their effects on cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and natural killer (NK) activities were assessed in splenocytes co-incubated with target cells. The amount of nitric oxide production and the lysosomal enzyme activity were evaluated in vitro on mouse peritoneal macrophages. Cellular antioxidant activity in splenocytes and macrophages was determined by measuring the fluorescence of the dichlorofluorescin (DCF). Our findings revealed that naringenin induces B cell proliferation and enhances NK activity. The highest concentration of native naringenin exhibits a significant proliferation of T cells, induces CTL activity, and inhibits cellular oxidation in macrophages. Conversely, it was observed that when heat-processed, naringenin improves the cellular antioxidant activity in splenocytes, increases the cytotoxic activity of NK cells, and suppresses the cytotoxicity of T cells. However, heat treatment maintains the anti-inflammatory potency of naringenin.

  4. Antibacterial and Antidiarrheal Activities of Plant Products against Enterotoxinogenic Escherichia coli

    PubMed Central

    Dubreuil, J. Daniel

    2013-01-01

    Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) produces two types of enterotoxins: heat-labile (LT) and heat-stable (STa and STb). These molecules are involved in the induction of secretory diarrhea in animals including humans. This condition is currently treated using a fluid replacement therapy and antibiotics. This treatment is often not available to people in developing countries, and several die from the condition provoke by ETEC. Over the years, plants and plant extracts have been use as traditional medicine to treat various gastrointestinal ailments including diarrhea. Many of these plant products have been claimed to be active against diarrhea, however few have been extensively studied. The main objective of this review was to gather the scattered information on the antidiarrheal activities reported for various plant products on ETEC. This includes two major effects: (1) The inhibitory effect on bacterial growth or viability and (2) The interference with ETEC enterotoxins activity upon the intestinal epithelium. We will focus on plant products and extracts for which we have major indications of their biological activity against ETEC and their enterotoxins. Because Vibrio cholerae toxin (CT) is structurally, antigenically and mechanistically related to LT, it will also be discussed in this review. PMID:24212181

  5. Active heat exchange system development for latent heat thermal energy storage

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Alario, J.; Kosson, R.; Haslett, R.

    1980-01-01

    Various active heat exchange concepts were identified from among three generic categories: scrapers, agitators/vibrators and slurries. The more practical ones were given a more detailed technical evaluation and an economic comparison with a passive tube-shell design for a reference application (300 MW sub t storage for 6 hours). Two concepts were selected for hardware development: (1) a direct contact heat exchanger in which molten salt droplets are injected into a cooler counterflowing stream of liquid metal carrier fluid, and (2) a rotating drum scraper in which molten salt is sprayed onto the circumference of a rotating drum, which contains the fluid salt is sprayed onto the circumference of a rotating drum, which contains the fluid heat sink in an internal annulus near the surface. A fixed scraper blade removes the solidified salt from the surface which was nickel plated to decrease adhesion forces. In addition to improving performance by providing a nearly constant transfer rate during discharge, these active heat exchanger concepts were estimated to cost at least 25% less than the passive tube-shell design.

  6. Engineered heat treated methanogenic granules: a promising biotechnological approach for extreme thermophilic biohydrogen production.

    PubMed

    Abreu, Angela A; Alves, Joana I; Pereira, M Alcina; Karakashev, Dimitar; Alves, M Madalena; Angelidaki, Irini

    2010-12-01

    In the present study, two granular systems were compared in terms of hydrogen production rate, stability and bacterial diversity under extreme thermophilic conditions (70 degrees C). Two EGSB reactors were individually inoculated with heat treated methanogenic granules (HTG) and HTG amended with enrichment culture with high capacity of hydrogen production (engineered heat treated methanogenic granules - EHTG), respectively. The reactor inoculated with EHTG (R(EHTG)) attained a maximum production rate of 2.7l H(2)l(-1)day(-1) in steady state. In comparison, the R(HTG) containing the HTG granules was very unstable, with low hydrogen productions and only two peaks of hydrogen (0.8 and 1.5l H(2)l(-1)day(-1)). The presence of active hydrogen producers in the R(EHTG) system during the reactor start-up resulted in the development of an efficient H(2)-producing bacterial community. The results showed that "engineered inocula" where known hydrogen producers are co-inoculated with HTG is an efficient way to start up biohydrogen-producing reactors. Copyright (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  7. Assessment of heat treatment of dairy products by MALDI-TOF-MS.

    PubMed

    Meltretter, Jasmin; Birlouez-Aragon, Inès; Becker, Cord-Michael; Pischetsrieder, Monika

    2009-12-01

    The formation of the Amadori product from lactose (protein lactosylation) is a major parameter to evaluate the quality of processed milk. Here, MALDI-TOF-MS was used for the relative quantification of lactose-adducts in heated milk. Milk was heated at a temperature of 70, 80, and 100 degrees C between 0 and 300 min, diluted, and subjected directly to MALDI-TOF-MS. The lactosylation rate of alpha-lactalbumin increased with increasing reaction temperature and time. The results correlated well with established markers for heat treatment of milk (concentration of total soluble protein, soluble alpha-lactalbumin and beta-lactoglobulin at pH 4.6, and fluorescence of advanced Maillard products and soluble tryptophan index; r=0.969-0.997). The method was also applied to examine commercially available dairy products. In severely heated products, protein pre-purification by immobilized metal affinity chromatography improved spectra quality. Relative quantification of protein lactosylation by MALDI-TOF-MS proved to be a very fast and reliable method to monitor early Maillard reaction during milk processing.

  8. Adaptation to hot climate and strategies to alleviate heat stress in livestock production.

    PubMed

    Renaudeau, D; Collin, A; Yahav, S; de Basilio, V; Gourdine, J L; Collier, R J

    2012-05-01

    Despite many challenges faced by animal producers, including environmental problems, diseases, economic pressure, and feed availability, it is still predicted that animal production in developing countries will continue to sustain the future growth of the world's meat production. In these areas, livestock performance is generally lower than those obtained in Western Europe and North America. Although many factors can be involved, climatic factors are among the first and crucial limiting factors of the development of animal production in warm regions. In addition, global warming will further accentuate heat stress-related problems. The objective of this paper was to review the effective strategies to alleviate heat stress in the context of tropical livestock production systems. These strategies can be classified into three groups: those increasing feed intake or decreasing metabolic heat production, those enhancing heat-loss capacities, and those involving genetic selection for heat tolerance. Under heat stress, improved production should be possible through modifications of diet composition that either promotes a higher intake or compensates the low feed consumption. In addition, altering feeding management such as a change in feeding time and/or frequency, are efficient tools to avoid excessive heat load and improve survival rate, especially in poultry. Methods to enhance heat exchange between the environment and the animal and those changing the environment to prevent or limit heat stress can be used to improve performance under hot climatic conditions. Although differences in thermal tolerance exist between livestock species (ruminants > monogastrics), there are also large differences between breeds of a species and within each breed. Consequently, the opportunity may exist to improve thermal tolerance of the animals using genetic tools. However, further research is required to quantify the genetic antagonism between adaptation and production traits to evaluate

  9. Selective activation of human heat shock gene transcription by nitrosourea antitumor drugs mediated by isocyanate-induced damage and activation of heat shock transcription factor.

    PubMed Central

    Kroes, R A; Abravaya, K; Seidenfeld, J; Morimoto, R I

    1991-01-01

    Treatment of cultured human tumor cells with the chloroethylnitrosourea antitumor drug 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) selectively induces transcription and protein synthesis of a subset of the human heat shock or stress-induced genes (HSP90 and HSP70) with little effect on other stress genes or on expression of the c-fos, c-myc, or beta-actin genes. The active component of BCNU and related compounds appears to be the isocyanate moiety that causes carbamoylation of proteins and nucleic acids. Transcriptional activation of the human HSP70 gene by BCNU is dependent on the heat shock element and correlates with the level of heat shock transcription factor and its binding to the heat shock element in vivo. Unlike activation by heat or heavy metals, BCNU-mediated activation is strongly dependent upon new protein synthesis. This suggests that BCNU-induced, isocyanate-mediated damage to newly synthesized protein(s) may be responsible for activation of the heat shock transcription factor and increased transcription of the HSP90 and HSP70 genes. Images PMID:2052560

  10. Effect of heating system using a geothermal heat pump on the production performance and housing environment of broiler chickens.

    PubMed

    Choi, H C; Salim, H M; Akter, N; Na, J C; Kang, H K; Kim, M J; Kim, D W; Bang, H T; Chae, H S; Suh, O S

    2012-02-01

    A geothermal heat pump (GHP) is a potential heat source for the economic heating of broiler houses with optimum production performance. An investigation was conducted to evaluate the effect of a heating system using a GHP on production performance and housing environment of broiler chickens. A comparative analysis was also performed between the GHP system and a conventional heating system that used diesel for fuel. In total, 34,000 one-day-old straight run broiler chicks were assigned to 2 broiler houses with 5 replicates in each (3,400 birds/replicate pen) for 35 d. Oxygen(,) CO(2), and NH(3) concentrations in the broiler house, energy consumption and cost of heating, and production performance of broilers were evaluated. Results showed that the final BW gain significantly (P < 0.05) increased when chicks were reared in the GHP broiler house compared with that of chicks reared in the conventional broiler house (1.73 vs. 1.62 kg/bird). The heating system did not affect the mortality of chicks during the first 4 wk of the experimental period, but the mortality markedly increased in the conventional broiler house during the last wk of the experiment. Oxygen content in the broiler house during the experimental period was not affected by the heating system, but the CO(2) and NH(3) contents significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the conventional broiler house compared with those in the GHP house. Fuel consumption was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) and electricity consumption significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the GHP house compared with the consumption in the conventional house during the experiment. The total energy cost of heating the GHP house was significantly lower (P < 0.05) compared with that of the conventional house. It is concluded that a GHP system could increase the production performance of broiler chicks due to increased inside air quality of the broiler house. The GHP system had lower CO(2) and NH(3) emissions with lower energy cost than the

  11. Crustal heat production and estimate of terrestrial heat flow in central East Antarctica, with implications for thermal input to the East Antarctic ice sheet

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Goodge, John W.

    2018-02-01

    Terrestrial heat flow is a critical first-order factor governing the thermal condition and, therefore, mechanical stability of Antarctic ice sheets, yet heat flow across Antarctica is poorly known. Previous estimates of terrestrial heat flow in East Antarctica come from inversion of seismic and magnetic geophysical data, by modeling temperature profiles in ice boreholes, and by calculation from heat production values reported for exposed bedrock. Although accurate estimates of surface heat flow are important as an input parameter for ice-sheet growth and stability models, there are no direct measurements of terrestrial heat flow in East Antarctica coupled to either subglacial sediment or bedrock. As has been done with bedrock exposed along coastal margins and in rare inland outcrops, valuable estimates of heat flow in central East Antarctica can be extrapolated from heat production determined by the geochemical composition of glacial rock clasts eroded from the continental interior. In this study, U, Th, and K concentrations in a suite of Proterozoic (1.2-2.0 Ga) granitoids sourced within the Byrd and Nimrod glacial drainages of central East Antarctica indicate average upper crustal heat production (Ho) of about 2.6 ± 1.9 µW m-3. Assuming typical mantle and lower crustal heat flux for stable continental shields, and a length scale for the distribution of heat production in the upper crust, the heat production values determined for individual samples yield estimates of surface heat flow (qo) ranging from 33 to 84 mW m-2 and an average of 48.0 ± 13.6 mW m-2. Estimates of heat production obtained for this suite of glacially sourced granitoids therefore indicate that the interior of the East Antarctic ice sheet is underlain in part by Proterozoic continental lithosphere with an average surface heat flow, providing constraints on both geodynamic history and ice-sheet stability. The ages and geothermal characteristics of the granites indicate that crust in central

  12. Foraging behavior of two cattle breeds, a whole-year study: I. Heat production, activity, and energy costs.

    PubMed

    Aharoni, Y; Dolev, A; Henkin, Z; Yehuda, Y; Ezra, A; Ungar, E D; Shabtay, A; Brosh, A

    2013-03-01

    The foraging behavior and energy costs of activity of 19 large-frame Beefmaster × Simford (BS) cross mature cows and 14 small-frame Baladi (BA) mature cows was determined. Cows were allocated to the same paddock of a Mediterranean pasture and were monitored during 5 seasons throughout 2006 and 2007: spring (April 2006), summer (June 2006), autumn (September 2006), winter (February 2007), and early spring (March 2007). Cows were given poultry litter (25% CP, DM basis) as supplemental feed during autumn only. The cows were fitted for 3 to 4 d in each season with global positioning system (GPS) monitors, activity monitors attached to 1 of their hind legs, and heart rate (HR) monitors harnessed to their chests. Oxygen consumption per heart beat was determined for each cow during each season to enable conversion of the diurnal HR patterns to heat production (HP) units. All GPS data of cattle locations and activity and the HR and HP data were synchronized to produce simultaneous 5-min interval records; step length also was calculated for each record. These records provided summaries of partitioning among activities: lying down, standing, foraging, and walking without foraging as well as horizontal and vertical distances walked per day and number of steps taken per day. These attributes were analyzed using multiple regression models to relate these activities to HP and to estimate specific HP costs per unit of each activity. Accordingly, the daily energy costs of activity were calculated for the 2 cattle types in each season as the product of the specific activity and the number of units of each activity per day. The HP level of the large-frame BS cows was greater than that of the small-frame BA cows in winter and lower in spring (P < 0.001); however, the respective HP levels were much closer in summer and autumn, with BA cows having values greater by 3% than those of BS cows. The BA cows were more active than the BS cows during all seasons: they foraged for more hours

  13. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K inhibits heat shock-induced transcriptional activity of heat shock factor 1.

    PubMed

    Kim, Hee-Jung; Lee, Jae-Jin; Cho, Jin-Hwan; Jeong, Jaeho; Park, A Young; Kang, Wonmo; Lee, Kong-Joo

    2017-08-04

    When cells are exposed to heat shock and various other stresses, heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) is activated, and the heat shock response (HSR) is elicited. To better understand the molecular regulation of the HSR, we used 2D-PAGE-based proteome analysis to screen for heat shock-induced post-translationally modified cellular proteins. Our analysis revealed that two protein spots typically present on 2D-PAGE gels and containing heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K) with trioxidized Cys 132 disappeared after the heat shock treatment and reappeared during recovery, but the total amount of hnRNP K protein remained unchanged. We next tested whether hnRNP K plays a role in HSR by regulating HSF1 and found that hnRNP K inhibits HSF1 activity, resulting in reduced expression of hsp70 and hsp27 mRNAs. hnRNP K also reduced binding affinity of HSF1 to the heat shock element by directly interacting with HSF1 but did not affect HSF1 phosphorylation-dependent activation or nuclear localization. hnRNP K lost its ability to induce these effects when its Cys 132 was substituted with Ser, Asp, or Glu. These findings suggest that hnRNP K inhibits transcriptional activity of HSF1 by inhibiting its binding to heat shock element and that the oxidation status of Cys 132 in hnRNP K is critical for this inhibition. © 2017 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

  14. Retrieved Vertical Profiles of Latent Heat Release Using TRMM Rainfall Products

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Tao, W.-K.; Lang, S.; Olson, W. S.; Meneghini, R.; Yang, S.; Simpson, J.; Kummerow, C.; Smith, E.

    2000-01-01

    This paper represents the first attempt to use TRMM rainfall information to estimate the four dimensional latent heating structure over the global tropics for February 1998. The mean latent heating profiles over six oceanic regions (TOGA COARE IFA, Central Pacific, S. Pacific Convergence Zone, East Pacific, Indian Ocean and Atlantic Ocean) and three continental regions (S. America, Central Africa and Australia) are estimated and studied. The heating profiles obtained from the results of diagnostic budget studies over a broad range of geographic locations are used to provide comparisons and indirect validation for the heating algorithm estimated heating profiles. Three different latent heating algorithms, the Goddard Convective-Stratiform (CSH) heating, the Goddard Profiling (GPROF) heating, and the Hydrometeor heating (HH) are used and their results are intercompared. The horizontal distribution or patterns of latent heat release from the three different heating retrieval methods are quite similar. They all can identify the areas of major convective activity (i.e., a well defined ITCZ in the Pacific, a distinct SPCZ) in the global tropics. The magnitude of their estimated latent heating release is also not in bad agreement with each other and with those determined from diagnostic budget studies. However, the major difference among these three heating retrieval algorithms is the altitude of the maximum heating level. The CSH algorithm estimated heating profiles only show one maximum heating level, and the level varies between convective activity from various geographic locations. These features are in good agreement with diagnostic budget studies. By contrast, two maximum heating levels were found using the GPROF heating and HH algorithms. The latent heating profiles estimated from all three methods can not show cooling between active convective events. We also examined the impact of different TMI (Multi-channel Passive Microwave Sensor) and PR (Precipitation Radar

  15. Solar Water Heating System for Biodiesel Production

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Syaifurrahman; Usman, A. Gani; Rinjani, Rakasiwi

    2018-02-01

    Nowadays, electricity become very expensive thing in some remote areas. Energy from solar panels give the solution as renewable energy that is environment friendly. West Borneo is located on the equator where the sun shines for almost 10-15 hours/day. Solar water heating system which is includes storage tank and solar collections becomes a cost-effective way to generate the energy. Solar panel heat water is delivered to water in storage tank. Hot water is used as hot fluid in biodiesel jacked reactor. The purposes of this research are to design Solar Water Heating System for Biodiesel Production and measure the rate of heat-transfer water in storage tank. This test has done for 6 days, every day from 8.30 am until 2.30 pm. Storage tank and collection are made from stainless steel and polystyrene a well-insulated. The results show that the heater can be reach at 50ºC for ±2.5 hours and the maximum temperature is 62ºC where the average of light intensity is 1280 lux.

  16. A new heat flux model for the Antarctic Peninsula incorporating spatially variable upper crustal radiogenic heat production

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Burton-Johnson, A.; Halpin, J. A.; Whittaker, J. M.; Graham, F. S.; Watson, S. J.

    2017-06-01

    A new method for modeling heat flux shows that the upper crust contributes up to 70% of the Antarctic Peninsula's subglacial heat flux and that heat flux values are more variable at smaller spatial resolutions than geophysical methods can resolve. Results indicate a higher heat flux on the east and south of the Peninsula (mean 81 mW m-2) where silicic rocks predominate, than on the west and north (mean 67 mW m-2) where volcanic arc and quartzose sediments are dominant. While the data supports the contribution of heat-producing element-enriched granitic rocks to high heat flux values, sedimentary rocks can be of comparative importance dependent on their provenance and petrography. Models of subglacial heat flux must utilize a heterogeneous upper crust with variable radioactive heat production if they are to accurately predict basal conditions of the ice sheet. Our new methodology and data set facilitate improved numerical model simulations of ice sheet dynamics.Plain Language SummaryAs the climate changes, the Antarctic ice sheet represents the single largest potential source of sea level rise. However, one key parameter controlling how the ice sheet flows remains poorly constrained: the effect of <span class="hlt">heat</span> derived from the Earth's geology on the base of the ice sheet (known as subglacial <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux). Although this may not seem like a lot of <span class="hlt">heat</span>, under slow-flowing ice, this "<span class="hlt">heat</span> flux" can control how well the ice sheet can flow over the rocks and even lead to melting of the ice at its base. Current models for Antarctica's <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux use geophysics to determine how thin the crust is and consequently how easily <span class="hlt">heat</span> from the Earth's mantle can warm the surface. We show here that <span class="hlt">heat</span> produced by radioactive decay within the Earth's crust can have an even greater and much more variable contribution to the subglacial <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux than estimated by these previous models. We present a new methodology allowing this crustal <span class="hlt">heat</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22205665','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22205665"><span>Ruminant Nutrition Symposium: ruminant <span class="hlt">production</span> and metabolic responses to <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Baumgard, L H; Rhoads, R P</p> <p>2012-06-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Heat</span> stress compromises efficient animal <span class="hlt">production</span> by marginalizing nutrition, management, and genetic selection efforts to maximize performance endpoints. Modifying farm infrastructure has yielded modest success in mitigating <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress-related losses, yet poor <span class="hlt">production</span> during the summer remains arguably the costliest issue facing livestock producers. Reduced output (e.g., milk yield and muscle growth) during <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress was traditionally thought to result from decreased nutrient intake (i.e., a classic biological response shared by all animals during environmental-induced hyperthermia). Our recent observations have begun to challenge this belief and indicate <span class="hlt">heat</span>-stressed animals employ novel homeorhetic strategies to direct metabolic and fuel selection priorities independently of nutrient intake or energy balance. Alterations in systemic physiology support a shift in carbohydrate metabolism, evident by increased basal and stimulated circulating insulin concentrations. Perhaps most intriguing given the energetic shortfall of the <span class="hlt">heat</span>-stressed animal is the apparent lack of basal adipose tissue mobilization coupled with a reduced responsiveness to lipolytic stimuli. Thus, the <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress response markedly alters postabsorptive carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism independently of reduced feed intake through coordinated changes in fuel supply and utilization by multiple tissues. Interestingly, the systemic, cellular, and molecular changes appear conserved amongst different species and physiological states. Ultimately, these changes result in the reprioritization of fuel selection during <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress, which appears to be primarily responsible for reduced ruminant animal <span class="hlt">productivity</span> during the warm summer months.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17995720','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17995720"><span><span class="hlt">Product</span> formulation for ohmic <span class="hlt">heating</span>: blanching as a pretreatment method to improve uniformity in <span class="hlt">heating</span> of solid-liquid food mixtures.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sarang, S; Sastry, S K; Gaines, J; Yang, T C S; Dunne, P</p> <p>2007-06-01</p> <p>The electrical conductivity of food components is critical to ohmic <span class="hlt">heating</span>. Food components of different electrical conductivities <span class="hlt">heat</span> at different rates. While equal electrical conductivities of all phases are desirable, real food <span class="hlt">products</span> may behave differently. In the present study involving chicken chow mein consisting of a sauce and different solid components, celery, water chestnuts, mushrooms, bean sprouts, and chicken, it was observed that the sauce was more conductive than all solid components over the measured temperature range. To improve <span class="hlt">heating</span> uniformity, a blanching method was developed to increase the ionic content of the solid components. By blanching different solid components in a highly conductive sauce at 100 degrees C for different lengths of time, it was possible to adjust their conductivity to that of the sauce. Chicken chow mein samples containing blanched particulates were compared with untreated samples with respect to ohmic <span class="hlt">heating</span> uniformity at 60 Hz up to 140 degrees C. All components of the treated <span class="hlt">product</span> containing blanched solids <span class="hlt">heated</span> more uniformly than untreated <span class="hlt">product</span>. In sensory tests, 3 different formulations of the blanched <span class="hlt">product</span> showed good quality attributes and overall acceptability, demonstrating the practical feasibility of the blanching protocol.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25256946','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25256946"><span>Effects of obesity on body temperature in otherwise-healthy females when controlling hydration and <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> during exercise in the <span class="hlt">heat</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Adams, J D; Ganio, Matthew S; Burchfield, Jenna M; Matthews, Andy C; Werner, Rachel N; Chokbengboun, Amanda J; Dougherty, Erin K; LaChance, Alex A</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Previous studies investigating body temperature responses in obese individuals during exercise in the <span class="hlt">heat</span> fail to control metabolic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> or hydration status during exercise. To determine if there are differences in body temperature responses between obese and non-obese females when controlling metabolic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> during exercise. Twenty healthy females, ten obese (43.5 ± 4.5 % fat, 77.5 ± 14.4 kg) and ten non-obese (26.3 ± 6.2 % fat, 53.7 ± 6.4 kg), cycled for 60 min in a warm environment (40 °C, 30 % humidity) at a work load that elicited either 300 W of metabolic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> (fixed <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>; FHP) or 175 W/m(2) of skin surface area (body surface area, BSA). Before and during exercise, rectal temperature (T re), mean skin temperature (T sk), oxygen uptake (VO2), and sweat rate were measured. Fluid was provided throughout exercise so that euhydration was maintained throughout. In the FHP trial, when absolute <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> was similar between obese (287 ± 15 W) and non-obese (295 ± 18 W) individuals (P > 0.05), there were no differences at the end of exercise in T re (38.26 ± 0.40 vs. 38.30 ± 0.30 °C, respectively) or T sk (36.94 ± 1.65 vs. 35.85 ± 0.67 °C) (all P > 0.05). In the BSA trials, relative <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> was similar between obese and non-obese individuals (168 ± 8 vs. 176 ± 5 W/m(2), respectively; P > 0.05). Similar to the FHP trials, there were no differences between obese and non-obese T re (38.45 ± 0.33 vs. 38.08 ± 0.29 °C, respectively) or T sk (36.82 ± 1.04 vs. 36.11 ± 0.64 °C) at the end of exercise (all P > 0.05). When obese and non-obese females exercised at a fixed metabolic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> and euhydration was maintained, there were no differences in body temperature between groups.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhCS1013a2194D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhCS1013a2194D"><span><span class="hlt">Production</span> of purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) juice having high anthocyanin content and antioxidant <span class="hlt">activity</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dwiyanti, G.; Siswaningsih, W.; Febrianti, A.</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>The purpose of the study was to retrieve procedure of <span class="hlt">production</span> of purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) juice with the best total anthocyanin and antioxidant <span class="hlt">activity</span>. Purple sweet potato was processed into purple sweet potato juice through a process of <span class="hlt">heating</span> with temperature variations of 700C, 800C, and 900C and various duration of <span class="hlt">heating</span>, which are 5 mins, 10 mins, and 15 mins. The total anthocyanin was determined by using pH differential method. The antioxidant <span class="hlt">activity</span> was determined by using DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl) method. Total anthocyanin of purple sweet potato juice declined in the range between 215.08 mg/L - 101.86 mg/L. The antioxidant <span class="hlt">activity</span> of purple sweet potato juice declined in the range between 90.63% - 67.79%. Antioxidant <span class="hlt">activity</span> and total anthocyanin purple sweet potato juice decreases with increasing temperature and duration of <span class="hlt">heating</span>. The best characteristics found in purple sweet potato juice were made with warming temperatures of 800C. The <span class="hlt">product</span> with the highest antioxidant <span class="hlt">activity</span>, total anthocyanins, and good durability was prepared at 800C <span class="hlt">heating</span> temperature for 5 mins.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li class="active"><span>4</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_4 --> <div id="page_5" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li class="active"><span>5</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="81"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1091189','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1091189"><span>Effect of Sodium Carboxymethyl Celluloses on Water-catalyzed Self-degradation of 200-degree C-<span class="hlt">heated</span> Alkali-<span class="hlt">Activated</span> Cement</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Sugama T.; Pyatina, T.</p> <p>2012-05-01</p> <p>We investigated the usefulness of sodium carboxymethyl celluloses (CMC) in promoting self-degradation of 200°C-<span class="hlt">heated</span> sodium silicate-<span class="hlt">activated</span> slag/Class C fly ash cementitious material after contact with water. CMC emitted two major volatile compounds, CO2 and acetic acid, creating a porous structure in cement. CMC also reacted with NaOH from sodium silicate to form three water-insensitive solid reaction <span class="hlt">products</span>, disodium glycolate salt, sodium glucosidic salt, and sodium bicarbonate. Other water-sensitive solid reaction <span class="hlt">products</span>, such as sodium polysilicate and sodium carbonate, were derived from hydrolysates of sodium silicate. Dissolution of these <span class="hlt">products</span> upon contact with water generated <span class="hlt">heat</span> that promoted cement’s self-degradation. Thus,more » CMC of high molecular weight rendered two important features to the water-catalyzed self-degradation of <span class="hlt">heated</span> cement: One was the high <span class="hlt">heat</span> energy generated in exothermic reactions in cement; the other was the introduction of extensive porosity into cement.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26133477','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26133477"><span>Biodiesel <span class="hlt">production</span> process from microalgae oil by waste <span class="hlt">heat</span> recovery and process integration.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Song, Chunfeng; Chen, Guanyi; Ji, Na; Liu, Qingling; Kansha, Yasuki; Tsutsumi, Atsushi</p> <p>2015-10-01</p> <p>In this work, the optimization of microalgae oil (MO) based biodiesel <span class="hlt">production</span> process is carried out by waste <span class="hlt">heat</span> recovery and process integration. The exergy analysis of each <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchanger presented an efficient <span class="hlt">heat</span> coupling between hot and cold streams, thus minimizing the total exergy destruction. Simulation results showed that the unit <span class="hlt">production</span> cost of optimized process is 0.592$/L biodiesel, and approximately 0.172$/L biodiesel can be avoided by <span class="hlt">heat</span> integration. Although the capital cost of the optimized biodiesel <span class="hlt">production</span> process increased 32.5% and 23.5% compared to the reference cases, the operational cost can be reduced by approximately 22.5% and 41.6%. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5719469','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5719469"><span>Treatment of Aqueous Film-Forming Foam by <span class="hlt">Heat-Activated</span> Persulfate Under Conditions Representative of In Situ Chemical Oxidation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been detected in an increasing number of water supplies. In many instances, the contamination is associated with the use of PFAS-containing aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF) in firefighting <span class="hlt">activities</span>. To investigate the potential for remediating AFFF contamination in groundwater with <span class="hlt">heat-activated</span> persulfate, PFAS oxidation and the generation of transformation <span class="hlt">products</span> was evaluated under well-controlled conditions. Fluorotelomer- and perfluoroalkyl sulfonamide-based polyfluorinated compounds were transformed to perfluorinated carboxylic acids, which underwent further degradation under acidic conditions produced after persulfate decomposed. The presence of aquifer sediments decreased the efficiency of the remedial process but did not alter the transformation pathways. At high concentrations, the presence of organic solvents, such as those present in AFFF formulations, inhibited transformation of a representative perfluorinated compound, perfluorooctanoic acid. <span class="hlt">Heat-activated</span> persulfate did not transform perfluorooctanesulfonic acid or perfluorohexanesulfonic acid under any conditions. Despite challenges associated with the creation of acidic conditions in the subsurface, the potential for generation of undesirable transformation <span class="hlt">products</span>, and the release of toxic metals, <span class="hlt">heat-activated</span> persulfate may be a useful in situ treatment for sites contaminated with polyfluoroalkyl substances and perfluorocarboxylic acids. PMID:29164864</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRB..122.5766P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRB..122.5766P"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> flow, <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>, and crustal temperatures in the Archaean Bundelkhand craton, north-central India: Implications for thermal regime beneath the Indian shield</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Podugu, Nagaraju; Ray, Labani; Singh, S. P.; Roy, Sukanta</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Heat</span> flow and <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> data sets constrain the crustal thermal structure in the 2.5-3.5 Ga Bundelkhand craton, the oldest cratonic core in northern Indian shield, for the first time and allow comparisons with the southern Indian shield. Temperature measurements carried out in 10 boreholes at five sites in the craton, combined with systematic thermal conductivity measurements on major rock types, yield low <span class="hlt">heat</span> flow in the range of 32-41 mW m-2, which is distinct from the generally high <span class="hlt">heat</span> flow reported from other parts of the northern Indian shield. Radioelemental measurements on 243 samples of drill cores and outcrops reveal both large variability and high average <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> for the Neo-Archaean to Palaeo-Proterozoic granites (4.0 ± 2.1 (SD) μW m-3) relative to the Meso-Archaean tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) gneisses (2.0 ± 1.0 (SD) μW m-3). On the basis of new <span class="hlt">heat</span> flow and <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> data sets combined with available geological and geophysical information, a set of steady state, <span class="hlt">heat</span> flow-crustal <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> models representative of varying crustal scenarios in the craton are envisaged. Mantle <span class="hlt">heat</span> flow and Moho temperatures are found to be in the range of 12-22 mW m-2 and 290-420°C, respectively, not much different from those reported for the similar age Dharwar craton in southern India. This study reveals similar mantle thermal regimes across the northern and southern parts of the Indian shield, in spite of varying surface <span class="hlt">heat</span> flow regimes, implying that much of the intraprovince and interprovince variations in the Indian shield are explained by variations in upper crustal <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5361187','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5361187"><span>Near-surface <span class="hlt">Heating</span> of Young Rift Sediment Causes Mass <span class="hlt">Production</span> and Discharge of Reactive Dissolved Organic Matter</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Lin, Yu-Shih; Koch, Boris P.; Feseker, Tomas; Ziervogel, Kai; Goldhammer, Tobias; Schmidt, Frauke; Witt, Matthias; Kellermann, Matthias Y.; Zabel, Matthias; Teske, Andreas; Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Ocean margin sediments have been considered as important sources of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to the deep ocean, yet the contribution from advective settings has just started to be acknowledged. Here we present evidence showing that near-surface <span class="hlt">heating</span> of sediment in the Guaymas Basin, a young extensional depression, causes mass <span class="hlt">production</span> and discharge of reactive dissolved organic matter (DOM). In the sediment <span class="hlt">heated</span> up to ~100 °C, we found unexpectedly low DOC concentrations in the pore waters, reflecting the combined effect of thermal desorption and advective fluid flow. <span class="hlt">Heating</span> experiments suggested DOC <span class="hlt">production</span> to be a rapid, abiotic process with the DOC concentration increasing exponentially with temperature. The high proportions of total hydrolyzable amino acids and presence of chemical species affiliated with <span class="hlt">activated</span> hydrocarbons, carbohydrates and peptides indicate high reactivity of the DOM. Model simulation suggests that at the local scale, near-surface <span class="hlt">heating</span> of sediment creates short and massive DOC discharge events that elevate the bottom-water DOC concentration. Because of the heterogeneous distribution of high <span class="hlt">heat</span> flow areas, the expulsion of reactive DOM is spotty at any given time. We conclude that hydrothermal <span class="hlt">heating</span> of young rift sediments alter deep-ocean budgets of bioavailable DOM, creating organic-rich habitats for benthic life. PMID:28327661</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/867128','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/867128"><span>Carbonaceous material for <span class="hlt">production</span> of hydrogen from low <span class="hlt">heating</span> value fuel gases</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Koutsoukos, Elias P.</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>A process for the catalytic <span class="hlt">production</span> of hydrogen, from a wide variety of low <span class="hlt">heating</span> value fuel gases containing carbon monoxide, comprises circulating a carbonaceous material between two reactors--a carbon deposition reactor and a steaming reactor. In the carbon deposition reactor, carbon monoxide is removed from a fuel gas and is deposited on the carbonaceous material as an <span class="hlt">active</span> carbon. In the steaming reactor, the reactive carbon reacts with steam to give hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The carbonaceous material contains a metal component comprising from about 75% to about 95% cobalt, from about 5% to about 15% iron, and up to about 10% chromium, and is effective in suppressing the <span class="hlt">production</span> of methane in the steaming reactor.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25273634','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25273634"><span>Palm kernel cake extract exerts hepatoprotective <span class="hlt">activity</span> in <span class="hlt">heat</span>-induced oxidative stress in chicken hepatocytes.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Oskoueian, Ehsan; Abdullah, Norhani; Idrus, Zulkifli; Ebrahimi, Mahdi; Goh, Yong Meng; Shakeri, Majid; Oskoueian, Armin</p> <p>2014-10-02</p> <p>Palm kernel cake (PKC), the most abundant by-<span class="hlt">product</span> of oil palm industry is believed to contain bioactive compounds with hepatoprotective potential. These compounds may serve as hepatoprotective agents which could help the poultry industry to alleviate adverse effects of <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress on liver function in chickens. This study was performed to evaluate the hepatoprotective potential of PKC extract in <span class="hlt">heat</span>-induced oxidative stress in chicken hepatocytes. The nature of the <span class="hlt">active</span> metabolites and elucidation of the possible mechanism involved were also investigated. The PKC extract possessed free radical scavenging <span class="hlt">activity</span> with values significantly (p < 0.05) lower than silymarin as the reference antioxidant. <span class="hlt">Heat</span>-induced oxidative stress in chicken hepatocyte impaired the total protein, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes <span class="hlt">activity</span> significantly (p < 0.05). Treatment of <span class="hlt">heat</span>-induced hepatocytes with PKC extract (125 μg/ml) and silymarin as positive control increased these values significantly (p < 0.05). The real time PCR and western blot analyses revealed the significant (p < 0.05) up-regulation of oxidative stress biomarkers including TNF-like, IFN-γ and IL-1β genes; NF-κB, COX-2, iNOS and Hsp70 proteins expression upon <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress in chicken hepatocytes. The PKC extract and silymarin were able to alleviate the expression of all of these biomarkers in <span class="hlt">heat</span>-induced chicken hepatocytes. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of PKC extract showed the presence of fatty acids, phenolic compounds, sugar derivatives and other organic compounds such as furfural which could be responsible for the observed hepatoprotective <span class="hlt">activity</span>. Palm kernel cake extract could be a potential agent to protect hepatocytes function under <span class="hlt">heat</span> induced oxidative stress.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3442860','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3442860"><span>Calcium promotes <span class="hlt">activity</span> and confers <span class="hlt">heat</span> stability on plant peroxidases</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Plieth, Christoph; Vollbehr, Sonja</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>In this paper we demonstrate how peroxidase (PO) <span class="hlt">activities</span> and their <span class="hlt">heat</span> stability correlate with the availability of free Ca2+ ions. Calcium ions work as a molecular switch for PO <span class="hlt">activity</span> and exert a protective function, rendering POs <span class="hlt">heat</span> stable. The concentration ranges of these two <span class="hlt">activities</span> differ markedly. POs are <span class="hlt">activated</span> by µM Ca2+ concentration ranges, whereas <span class="hlt">heat</span> stabilization is observed in the nM range. This suggests the existence of different Ca2+ binding sites. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> stability of POs depends on the source plant species. Terrestrial plants have POs that exhibit higher temperature stability than those POs from limnic and marine plants. Different POs from a single species can differ in terms of <span class="hlt">heat</span> stability. The abundance of different POs within a plant is dependent on age and developmental stage. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> stability of a PO does not necessarily correlate with the maximum temperature the source species is usually exposed to in its natural habitat. This raises questions on the role of POs in the <span class="hlt">heat</span> tolerance of plants. Consequently, detailed investigations are needed to identify and characterize individual POs, with regard to their genetic origin, subcellular expression, tissue abundance, developmental emergence and their functions in innate and acquired <span class="hlt">heat</span> tolerance. PMID:22580695</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24471114','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24471114"><span>Effect of <span class="hlt">Heating</span> on DPPH Radical Scavenging <span class="hlt">Activity</span> of Meat Substitute.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Song, Hyeun Sung; Bae, Jun Kyu; Park, Inshik</p> <p>2013-03-01</p> <p>This study was conducted to evaluate the increase of DPPH radical scavenging <span class="hlt">activity</span> of meat substitute by <span class="hlt">heating</span>. The meat substitute showed higher DPPH radical scavenging <span class="hlt">activity</span> than those of other foods rich in protein such as beef, pork, chicken, and soybean curd. The DPPH radical scavenging <span class="hlt">activity</span> of meat substitute was dependent upon concentration, <span class="hlt">heating</span> temperature and <span class="hlt">heating</span> time of meat substitute. The DPPH radical scavenging <span class="hlt">activity</span> of meat substitute was enhanced with increasing <span class="hlt">heating</span> temperature and time. The increase of DPPH radical scavenging <span class="hlt">activity</span> was only applied to meat substitute without showing any <span class="hlt">activation</span> in other foods rich in protein such as beef, pork, chicken, and soybean curd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.T13B0517B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.T13B0517B"><span>A new <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux model for the Antarctic Peninsula incorporating spatially variable upper crustal radiogenic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Burton-Johnson, A.; Halpin, J.; Whittaker, J. M.; Graham, F. S.; Watson, S. J.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>We present recently published findings (Burton-Johnson et al., 2017) on the variability of Antarctic sub-glacial <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux and the impact from upper crustal geology. Our new method reveals that the upper crust contributes up to 70% of the Antarctic Peninsula's subglacial <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux, and that <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux values are more variable at smaller spatial resolutions than geophysical methods can resolve. Results indicate a higher <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux on the east and south of the Peninsula (mean 81 mWm-2) where silicic rocks predominate, than on the west and north (mean 67 mWm-2) where volcanic arc and quartzose sediments are dominant. Whilst the data supports the contribution of HPE-enriched granitic rocks to high <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux values, sedimentary rocks can be of comparative importance dependent on their provenance and petrography. Models of subglacial <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux must utilize a heterogeneous upper crust with variable radioactive <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> if they are to accurately predict basal conditions of the ice sheet. Our new methodology and dataset facilitate improved numerical model simulations of ice sheet dynamics. The most significant challenge faced remains accurate determination of crustal structure, particularly the depths of the HPE-enriched sedimentary basins and the sub-glacial geology away from exposed outcrops. Continuing research (particularly detailed geophysical interpretation) will better constrain these unknowns and the effect of upper crustal geology on the Antarctic ice sheet. Burton-Johnson, A., Halpin, J.A., Whittaker, J.M., Graham, F.S., and Watson, S.J., 2017, A new <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux model for the Antarctic Peninsula incorporating spatially variable upper crustal radiogenic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 44, doi: 10.1002/2017GL073596.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21796051','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21796051"><span>Sweating is greater in NCAA football linemen independently of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Deren, Tomasz M; Coris, Eric E; Bain, Anthony R; Walz, Steve M; Jay, Ollie</p> <p>2012-02-01</p> <p>The study's purpose was to investigate whether differences in local sweat rates on the upper body between American football linemen (L) and backs (B) exist independently of differences in metabolic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>. Twelve NCAA Division I American football players (6 linemen (mass = 141.6 ± 6.5 kg, body surface area (BSA) = 2.67 ± 0.08 m2) and 6 backs (mass = 88.1 ± 13.4 kg, BSA = 2.11 ± 0.19 m2)) cycled at a fixed metabolic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> per unit BSA of 350 W·m(-2) for 60 min in a climatic chamber (t(db) [dry bulb temperature] = 32.4°C ± 1.0°C, t(wb) [wet bulb temperature] = 26.3°C ± 0.6°C, v [air velocity] = 0.9 ± 0.1 m·s(-1)). Local sweat rates on the head, arm, shoulder, lower back, and chest were measured after 10, 30, and 50 min of exercise. Core temperature, mean skin temperature, and HR were measured throughout exercise. Because metabolic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> per unit surface area was fixed between participants, the rate of evaporation required for <span class="hlt">heat</span> balance was similar (L = 261 ± 35 W·m(-2), B = 294 ± 30 W·m(-2), P = 0.11). However, local sweat rates on the head, arm, shoulder, and chest were all significantly greater (P < 0.05) in linemen at all time points, and end-exercise core temperature was significantly greater (P = 0.033) in linemen (38.5°C ± 0.4°C) relative to backs (38.0°C ± 0.2°C) despite a ∼25% lower <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> per unit mass. The change in mean skin temperature from rest was greater in linemen (P < 0.001) after 15, 30, 45, and 60 min, and HR was greater in linemen for the last 30 min of exercise. Football linemen sweat significantly more on the torso and head than football backs independently of any differences in metabolic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> per unit BSA and therefore the evaporative requirements for <span class="hlt">heat</span> balance. Despite greater sweating, linemen demonstrated significantly greater elevations in core temperature suggesting that sweating efficiency (i.e., the proportion of sweat that evaporates) was much lower in</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800014331','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800014331"><span><span class="hlt">Active</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchange system development for latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> thermal energy storage</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lefrois, R. T.</p> <p>1980-01-01</p> <p>Alternative mechanizations of <span class="hlt">active</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchange concepts were analyzed for use with <span class="hlt">heat</span> of fusion Phase Change Materials (PCM's) in the temperature range of 250 C to 350 C for solar and conventional power plant applications. Over 24 <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchange concepts were reviewed, and eight were selected for detailed assessment. Two candidates were chosen for small-scale experimentation: a coated tube and shell that exchanger, and a direct contact reflux boiler. A dilute eutectic mixture of sodium nitrate and sodium hydroxide was selected as the PCM from over fifty inorganic salt mixtures investigated. Preliminary experiments with various tube coatings indicated that a nickel or chrome plating of Teflon or Ryton coating had promise of being successful. An electroless nickel plating was selected for further testing. A series of tests with nickel-plated <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer tubes showed that the solidifying sodium nitrate adhered to the tubes and the experiment failed to meet the required discharge <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer rate of 10 kW(t). Testing of the reflux boiler is under way.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980tes..nasa..337L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980tes..nasa..337L"><span><span class="hlt">Active</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchange system development for latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> thermal energy storage</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lefrois, R. T.</p> <p>1980-03-01</p> <p>Alternative mechanizations of <span class="hlt">active</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchange concepts were analyzed for use with <span class="hlt">heat</span> of fusion Phase Change Materials (PCM's) in the temperature range of 250 C to 350 C for solar and conventional power plant applications. Over 24 <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchange concepts were reviewed, and eight were selected for detailed assessment. Two candidates were chosen for small-scale experimentation: a coated tube and shell that exchanger, and a direct contact reflux boiler. A dilute eutectic mixture of sodium nitrate and sodium hydroxide was selected as the PCM from over fifty inorganic salt mixtures investigated. Preliminary experiments with various tube coatings indicated that a nickel or chrome plating of Teflon or Ryton coating had promise of being successful. An electroless nickel plating was selected for further testing. A series of tests with nickel-plated <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer tubes showed that the solidifying sodium nitrate adhered to the tubes and the experiment failed to meet the required discharge <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer rate of 10 kW(t). Testing of the reflux boiler is under way.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3315147','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3315147"><span>Selective disruption of high sensitivity <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">activation</span> but not capsaicin <span class="hlt">activation</span> of TRPV1 channels by pore turret mutations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Cui, Yuanyuan; Yang, Fan; Cao, Xu; Yarov-Yarovoy, Vladimir</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>The capsaicin receptor transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV)1 is a highly <span class="hlt">heat</span>-sensitive ion channel. Although chemical <span class="hlt">activation</span> and <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">activation</span> of TRPV1 elicit similar pungent, painful sensation, the molecular mechanism underlying synergistic <span class="hlt">activation</span> remains mysterious. In particular, where the temperature sensor is located and whether <span class="hlt">heat</span> and capsaicin share a common <span class="hlt">activation</span> pathway are debated. To address these fundamental issues, we searched for channel mutations that selectively affected one form of <span class="hlt">activation</span>. We found that deletion of the first 10 amino acids of the pore turret significantly reduced the <span class="hlt">heat</span> response amplitude and shifted the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">activation</span> threshold, whereas capsaicin <span class="hlt">activation</span> remained unchanged. Removing larger portions of the turret disrupted channel function. Introducing an artificial sequence to replace the deleted region restored sensitive capsaicin <span class="hlt">activation</span> in these nonfunctional channels. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">activation</span>, however, remained significantly impaired, with the current exhibiting diminishing <span class="hlt">heat</span> sensitivity to a level indistinguishable from that of a voltage-gated potassium channel, Kv7.4. Our results demonstrate that <span class="hlt">heat</span> and capsaicin <span class="hlt">activation</span> of TRPV1 are structurally and mechanistically distinct processes, and the pore turret is an indispensible channel structure involved in the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">activation</span> process but is not part of the capsaicin <span class="hlt">activation</span> pathway. Synergistic effect of <span class="hlt">heat</span> and capsaicin on TRPV1 <span class="hlt">activation</span> may originate from convergence of the two pathways on a common <span class="hlt">activation</span> gate. PMID:22412190</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19060976','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19060976"><span>The measurable <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux that accompanies <span class="hlt">active</span> transport by Ca2+-ATPase.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bedeaux, Dick; Kjelstrup, Signe</p> <p>2008-12-28</p> <p>We present a new mesoscopic basis which can be used to derive flux equations for the forward and reverse mode of operation of ion-pumps. We obtain a description of the fluxes far from global equilibrium. An asymmetric set of transport coefficients is obtained, by assuming that the chemical reaction as well as the ion transports are <span class="hlt">activated</span>, and that the enzyme has a temperature independent of the <span class="hlt">activation</span> coordinates. Close to global equilibrium, the description reduces to the well known one from non-equilibrium thermodynamics with a symmetric set of transport coefficients. We show how the measurable <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux and the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> under isothermal conditions, as well as thermogenesis, can be defined. Thermogenesis is defined via the onset of the chemical reaction or ion transports by a temperature drop. A prescription has been given for how to determine transport coefficients on the mesocopic level, using the macroscopic coefficient obtained from measurements, the <span class="hlt">activation</span> enthalpy, and a proper probability distribution. The method may give new impetus to a long-standing unsolved transport problem in biophysics.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3867152','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3867152"><span>Effect of <span class="hlt">Heating</span> on DPPH Radical Scavenging <span class="hlt">Activity</span> of Meat Substitute</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Song, Hyeun Sung; Bae, Jun Kyu; Park, Inshik</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>This study was conducted to evaluate the increase of DPPH radical scavenging <span class="hlt">activity</span> of meat substitute by <span class="hlt">heating</span>. The meat substitute showed higher DPPH radical scavenging <span class="hlt">activity</span> than those of other foods rich in protein such as beef, pork, chicken, and soybean curd. The DPPH radical scavenging <span class="hlt">activity</span> of meat substitute was dependent upon concentration, <span class="hlt">heating</span> temperature and <span class="hlt">heating</span> time of meat substitute. The DPPH radical scavenging <span class="hlt">activity</span> of meat substitute was enhanced with increasing <span class="hlt">heating</span> temperature and time. The increase of DPPH radical scavenging <span class="hlt">activity</span> was only applied to meat substitute without showing any <span class="hlt">activation</span> in other foods rich in protein such as beef, pork, chicken, and soybean curd. PMID:24471114</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26055916','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26055916"><span>Effects of <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress on serum insulin, adipokines, AMP-<span class="hlt">activated</span> protein kinase, and <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock signal molecules in dairy cows.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Min, Li; Cheng, Jian-bo; Shi, Bao-lu; Yang, Hong-jian; Zheng, Nan; Wang, Jia-qi</p> <p>2015-06-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Heat</span> stress affects feed intake, milk <span class="hlt">production</span>, and endocrine status in dairy cows. The temperature-humidity index (THI) is employed as an index to evaluate the degree of <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress in dairy cows. However, it is difficult to ascertain whether THI is the most appropriate measurement of <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress in dairy cows. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress on serum insulin, adipokines (leptin and adiponectin), AMP-<span class="hlt">activated</span> protein kinase (AMPK), and <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock signal molecules (<span class="hlt">heat</span> shock transcription factor (HSF) and <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock proteins (HSP)) in dairy cows and to research biomarkers to be used for better understanding the meaning of THI as a bioclimatic index. To achieve these objectives, two experiments were performed. The first experiment: eighteen lactating Holstein dairy cows were used. The treatments were: <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress (HS, THI average=81.7, n=9) and cooling (CL, THI average=53.4, n=9). Samples of HS were obtained on August 16, 2013, and samples of CL were collected on April 7, 2014 in natural conditions. The second experiment: HS treatment cows (n=9) from the first experiment were fed for 8 weeks from August 16, 2013 to October 12, 2013. Samples for moderate <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress, mild <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress, and no <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress were obtained, respectively, according to the physical alterations of the THI. Results showed that <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress significantly increased the serum adiponectin, AMPK, HSF, HSP27, HSP70, and HSP90 (P<0.05). Adiponectin is strongly associated with AMPK. The increases of adiponectin and AMPK may be one of the mechanisms to maintain homeostasis in <span class="hlt">heat</span>-stressed dairy cows. When <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress treatment lasted 8 weeks, a higher expression of HSF and HSP70 was observed under moderate <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress. Serum HSF and HSP70 are sensitive and accurate in <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress and they could be potential indicators of animal response to <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress. We recommend serum HSF and HSP70 as meaningful biomarkers to supplement the THI and evaluate moderate <span class="hlt">heat</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4471606','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4471606"><span>Effects of <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress on serum insulin, adipokines, AMP-<span class="hlt">activated</span> protein kinase, and <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock signal molecules in dairy cows*</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Min, Li; Cheng, Jian-bo; Shi, Bao-lu; Yang, Hong-jian; Zheng, Nan; Wang, Jia-qi</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Heat</span> stress affects feed intake, milk <span class="hlt">production</span>, and endocrine status in dairy cows. The temperature-humidity index (THI) is employed as an index to evaluate the degree of <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress in dairy cows. However, it is difficult to ascertain whether THI is the most appropriate measurement of <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress in dairy cows. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress on serum insulin, adipokines (leptin and adiponectin), AMP-<span class="hlt">activated</span> protein kinase (AMPK), and <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock signal molecules (<span class="hlt">heat</span> shock transcription factor (HSF) and <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock proteins (HSP)) in dairy cows and to research biomarkers to be used for better understanding the meaning of THI as a bioclimatic index. To achieve these objectives, two experiments were performed. The first experiment: eighteen lactating Holstein dairy cows were used. The treatments were: <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress (HS, THI average=81.7, n=9) and cooling (CL, THI average=53.4, n=9). Samples of HS were obtained on August 16, 2013, and samples of CL were collected on April 7, 2014 in natural conditions. The second experiment: HS treatment cows (n=9) from the first experiment were fed for 8 weeks from August 16, 2013 to October 12, 2013. Samples for moderate <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress, mild <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress, and no <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress were obtained, respectively, according to the physical alterations of the THI. Results showed that <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress significantly increased the serum adiponectin, AMPK, HSF, HSP27, HSP70, and HSP90 (P<0.05). Adiponectin is strongly associated with AMPK. The increases of adiponectin and AMPK may be one of the mechanisms to maintain homeostasis in <span class="hlt">heat</span>-stressed dairy cows. When <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress treatment lasted 8 weeks, a higher expression of HSF and HSP70 was observed under moderate <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress. Serum HSF and HSP70 are sensitive and accurate in <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress and they could be potential indicators of animal response to <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress. We recommend serum HSF and HSP70 as meaningful biomarkers to supplement the THI and evaluate moderate <span class="hlt">heat</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25977038','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25977038"><span>Antioxidants in <span class="hlt">heat</span>-processed koji and the <span class="hlt">production</span> mechanisms.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Okutsu, Kayu; Yoshizaki, Yumiko; Ikeda, Natsumi; Kusano, Tatsuro; Hashimoto, Fumio; Takamine, Kazunori</p> <p>2015-11-15</p> <p>We previously developed antioxidative <span class="hlt">heat</span>-processed (HP)-koji via two-step <span class="hlt">heating</span> (55 °C/2days → 75 °C/3 days) of white-koji. In this study, we isolated antioxidants in HP-koji and investigated their formation mechanisms. The antioxidants were identified to be 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) and 5-(α-D-glucopyranosyloxymethyl)-2-furfural (GMF) based on nuclear magnetic resonance spectral analysis. HMF and GMF were not present in intact koji, but were formed by <span class="hlt">heating</span> at 75 °C. As <span class="hlt">production</span> of these antioxidants was more effective by two-step <span class="hlt">heating</span> than by constant <span class="hlt">heating</span> at 55 °C or 75 °C, we presumed that the antioxidant precursors are derived enzymatically at 55°C and that the antioxidants are formed subsequently by thermal reaction at 75 °C. The <span class="hlt">heating</span> assay of saccharide solutions revealed glucose and isomaltose as HMF and GMF precursors, respectively, and thus the novel finding of GMF formation from isomaltose. Finally, HMF and GMF were effectively formed by two-step <span class="hlt">heating</span> from glucose and isomaltose present in koji. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4890741','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4890741"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> resistance of Salmonella in various egg <span class="hlt">products</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Garibaldi, J A; Straka, R P; Ijichi, K</p> <p>1969-04-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">heat</span>-resistance characteristics of Salmonella typhimurium Tm-1, a reference strain in the stationary phase of growth, were determined at several temperatures in the major types of <span class="hlt">products</span> produced by the egg industry. The time required to kill 90% of the population (D value) at a given temperature in specific egg <span class="hlt">products</span> was as follows: at 60 C (140 F), D = 0.27 min for whole egg; D = 0.60 min for whole egg plus 10% sucrose; D = 1.0 min for fortified whole egg; D = 0.20 min for egg white (pH 7.3), stabilized with aluminum; D = 0.40 min for egg yolk; D = 4.0 min for egg yolk plus 10% sucrose; D = 5.1 min for egg yolk plus 10% NaCl; D = 1.0 min for scrambled egg mix; at 55 C (131 F), D = 0.55 min for egg white (pH 9.2); D = 1.2 min for egg white (pH 9.2) plus 10% sucrose. The average Z value (number of degrees, either centigrade or fahrenheit, for a thermal destruction time curve to traverse one logarithmic cycle) was 4.6 C (8.3 F) with a range from 4.2 to 5.3 C. Supplementation with 10% sucrose appeared to have a severalfold greater effect on the <span class="hlt">heat</span> stabilization of egg white proteins than on S. typhimurium Tm-1. This information should be of value in the formulation of <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatments to insure that all egg <span class="hlt">products</span> be free of viable salmonellae.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li class="active"><span>5</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_5 --> <div id="page_6" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li class="active"><span>6</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="101"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=377728','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=377728"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> Resistance of Salmonella in Various Egg <span class="hlt">Products</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Garibaldi, J. A.; Straka, R. P.; Ijichi, K.</p> <p>1969-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">heat</span>-resistance characteristics of Salmonella typhimurium Tm-1, a reference strain in the stationary phase of growth, were determined at several temperatures in the major types of <span class="hlt">products</span> produced by the egg industry. The time required to kill 90% of the population (D value) at a given temperature in specific egg <span class="hlt">products</span> was as follows: at 60 C (140 F), D = 0.27 min for whole egg; D = 0.60 min for whole egg plus 10% sucrose; D = 1.0 min for fortified whole egg; D = 0.20 min for egg white (pH 7.3), stabilized with aluminum; D = 0.40 min for egg yolk; D = 4.0 min for egg yolk plus 10% sucrose; D = 5.1 min for egg yolk plus 10% NaCl; D = 1.0 min for scrambled egg mix; at 55 C (131 F), D = 0.55 min for egg white (pH 9.2); D = 1.2 min for egg white (pH 9.2) plus 10% sucrose. The average Z value (number of degrees, either centigrade or fahrenheit, for a thermal destruction time curve to traverse one logarithmic cycle) was 4.6 C (8.3 F) with a range from 4.2 to 5.3 C. Supplementation with 10% sucrose appeared to have a severalfold greater effect on the <span class="hlt">heat</span> stabilization of egg white proteins than on S. typhimurium Tm-1. This information should be of value in the formulation of <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatments to insure that all egg <span class="hlt">products</span> be free of viable salmonellae. Images PMID:4890741</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3143386','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3143386"><span>Effect of Flash-<span class="hlt">Heat</span> Treatment on Antimicrobial <span class="hlt">Activity</span> of Breastmilk</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Wiedeman, Jean; Buehring, Gertrude; Peerson, Janet M.; Hayfron, Kweku; K'Aluoch, Okumu; Lonnerdal, Bo; Israel-Ballard, Kiersten; Coutsoudis, Anna; Abrams, Barbara</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Abstract Background and Objectives The World Health Organization recommends human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive mothers in resource-poor regions <span class="hlt">heat</span>-treat expressed breastmilk during periods of increased maternal-to-child transmission risk. Flash-<span class="hlt">heat</span>, a “low tech” pasteurization method, inactivates HIV, but effects on milk protein bioactivity are unknown. The objectives were to measure flash-<span class="hlt">heat</span>'s effect on antimicrobial properties of lactoferrin, lysozyme, and whole milk and on the digestive resistance of lactoferrin and lysozyme. Methods Flash-<span class="hlt">heated</span> and unheated breastmilk aliquots from HIV-positive mothers in South Africa were “spiked” with Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and then cultured for 0, 3, and 6 hours. Lysozyme and lactoferrin <span class="hlt">activities</span> were determined by lysis of Micrococcus luteus cells and inhibition of enteropathogenic E. coli, respectively, measured spectrophotometrically. Percentages of proteins surviving in vitro digestion, lactoferrin and lysozyme <span class="hlt">activity</span>, and bacteriostatic <span class="hlt">activity</span> of whole milk in <span class="hlt">heated</span> versus unheated samples were compared. Results There was no difference in rate of growth of E. coli or S. aureus in flash-<span class="hlt">heated</span> versus unheated whole milk (p = 0.61 and p = 0.96, respectively). Mean (95% confidence interval) antibacterial <span class="hlt">activity</span> of lactoferrin was diminished 11.1% (7.8%, 14.3%) and that of lysozyme by up to 56.6% (47.1%, 64.5%) by flash-<span class="hlt">heat</span>. Digestion of lysozyme was unaffected (p = 0.12), but 25.4% less lactoferrin survived digestion (p < 0.0001). Conclusions In summary, flash-<span class="hlt">heat</span> resulted in minimally decreased lactoferrin and moderately decreased lysozyme bioactivity, but bacteriostatic <span class="hlt">activity</span> of whole milk against representative bacteria was unaffected. This suggests flash-<span class="hlt">heated</span> breastmilk likely has a similar profile of resistance to bacterial contamination as that of unheated milk. Clinical significance of the decreased bioactivity should be tested in clinical</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21091243','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21091243"><span>Effect of flash-<span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment on antimicrobial <span class="hlt">activity</span> of breastmilk.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chantry, Caroline J; Wiedeman, Jean; Buehring, Gertrude; Peerson, Janet M; Hayfron, Kweku; K'Aluoch, Okumu; Lonnerdal, Bo; Israel-Ballard, Kiersten; Coutsoudis, Anna; Abrams, Barbara</p> <p>2011-06-01</p> <p>The World Health Organization recommends human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive mothers in resource-poor regions <span class="hlt">heat</span>-treat expressed breastmilk during periods of increased maternal-to-child transmission risk. Flash-<span class="hlt">heat</span>, a "low tech" pasteurization method, inactivates HIV, but effects on milk protein bioactivity are unknown. The objectives were to measure flash-<span class="hlt">heat</span>'s effect on antimicrobial properties of lactoferrin, lysozyme, and whole milk and on the digestive resistance of lactoferrin and lysozyme. Flash-<span class="hlt">heated</span> and unheated breastmilk aliquots from HIV-positive mothers in South Africa were "spiked" with Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and then cultured for 0, 3, and 6 hours. Lysozyme and lactoferrin <span class="hlt">activities</span> were determined by lysis of Micrococcus luteus cells and inhibition of enteropathogenic E. coli, respectively, measured spectrophotometrically. Percentages of proteins surviving in vitro digestion, lactoferrin and lysozyme <span class="hlt">activity</span>, and bacteriostatic <span class="hlt">activity</span> of whole milk in <span class="hlt">heated</span> versus unheated samples were compared. There was no difference in rate of growth of E. coli or S. aureus in flash-<span class="hlt">heated</span> versus unheated whole milk (p = 0.61 and p = 0.96, respectively). Mean (95% confidence interval) antibacterial <span class="hlt">activity</span> of lactoferrin was diminished 11.1% (7.8%, 14.3%) and that of lysozyme by up to 56.6% (47.1%, 64.5%) by flash-<span class="hlt">heat</span>. Digestion of lysozyme was unaffected (p = 0.12), but 25.4% less lactoferrin survived digestion (p < 0.0001). In summary, flash-<span class="hlt">heat</span> resulted in minimally decreased lactoferrin and moderately decreased lysozyme bioactivity, but bacteriostatic <span class="hlt">activity</span> of whole milk against representative bacteria was unaffected. This suggests flash-<span class="hlt">heated</span> breastmilk likely has a similar profile of resistance to bacterial contamination as that of unheated milk. Clinical significance of the decreased bioactivity should be tested in clinical trials.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26152573','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26152573"><span>AGPase: its role in crop <span class="hlt">productivity</span> with emphasis on <span class="hlt">heat</span> tolerance in cereals.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Saripalli, Gautam; Gupta, Pushpendra Kumar</p> <p>2015-10-01</p> <p>AGPase, a key enzyme of starch biosynthetic pathway, has a significant role in crop <span class="hlt">productivity</span>. Thermotolerant variants of AGPase in cereals may be used for developing cultivars, which may enhance <span class="hlt">productivity</span> under <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress. Improvement of crop <span class="hlt">productivity</span> has always been the major goal of plant breeders to meet the global demand for food. However, crop <span class="hlt">productivity</span> itself is influenced in a large measure by a number of abiotic stresses including <span class="hlt">heat</span>, which causes major losses in crop <span class="hlt">productivity</span>. In cereals, crop <span class="hlt">productivity</span> in terms of grain yield mainly depends upon the seed starch content so that starch biosynthesis and the enzymes involved in this process have been a major area of investigation for plant physiologists and plant breeders alike. Considerable work has been done on AGPase and its role in crop <span class="hlt">productivity</span>, particularly under <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress, because this enzyme is one of the major enzymes, which catalyses the rate-limiting first committed key enzymatic step of starch biosynthesis. Keeping the above in view, this review focuses on the basic features of AGPase including its structure, regulatory mechanisms involving allosteric regulators, its sub-cellular localization and its genetics. Major emphasis, however, has been laid on the genetics of AGPases and its manipulation for developing high yielding cultivars that will have comparable <span class="hlt">productivity</span> under <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress. Some important thermotolerant variants of AGPase, which mainly involve specific amino acid substitutions, have been highlighted, and the prospects of using these thermotolerant variants of AGPase in developing cultivars for <span class="hlt">heat</span> prone areas have been discussed. The review also includes a brief account on transgenics for AGPase, which have been developed for basic studies and crop improvement.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016IJBm...60.1357W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016IJBm...60.1357W"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> stress and antioxidant enzyme <span class="hlt">activity</span> in bubaline ( Bubalus bubalis) oocytes during in vitro maturation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Waiz, Syma Ashraf; Raies-ul-Haq, Mohammad; Dhanda, Suman; Kumar, Anil; Goud, T. Sridhar; Chauhan, M. S.; Upadhyay, R. C.</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>In vitro environments like <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress usually increase the <span class="hlt">production</span> of reactive oxygen species in bubaline oocytes which have been implicated as one of the major causes for reduced developmental competence. Oocytes during meiotic maturation are sensitive to oxidative stress, and <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress accelerates cellular metabolism, resulting in the higher <span class="hlt">production</span> of free radicals. Therefore, the aim of present work was to assess the impact of <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress during meiotic maturation on bubaline cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC), denuded oocytes (DO), and cumulus cell mass in terms of their oxidative status. Accordingly, for control group, COC were matured at 38.5 °C for complete 24 h of meiotic maturation and <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress of 40.5 and 41.5 °C was applied to COC during the first 12 h of maturation and then moved to 38.5 °C for rest of the 12 h. In another group, COC after maturation were denuded from the surrounding cumulus cells by manual pipetting. Results indicated that the <span class="hlt">production</span> of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxides, and nitric oxide (NO) was significantly ( P < 0.05) higher in the oocytes subjected to <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress (40.5 and 41.5 °C) during meiotic maturation compared to the oocytes matured under standard in vitro culture conditions (38.5 °C). Also, the antioxidant enzymatic <span class="hlt">activities</span> of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase were significantly ( P < 0.05) increased in all the treatment groups compared to the control group. Therefore, the present study clearly establishes that <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress ensues oxidative stress in bubaline oocytes which triggers the induction of antioxidant enzymatic defense system for scavenging the ROS.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7689355','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7689355"><span>Analysis of ultradian <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> and aortic core temperature rhythms in the rat.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gómez-Sierra, J M; Canela, E I; Esteve, M; Rafecas, I; Closa, D; Remesar, X; Alemany, M</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>The rhythms of aortic core temperature and overall <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> in Wistar rats was analyzed by using long series of recordings of temperature obtained from implanted thermocouple probes and <span class="hlt">heat</span> release values from a chamber calorimeter. There was a very high degree of repetitiveness in the presentation of actual <span class="hlt">heat</span> rhythms, with high cross-correlation values ascertained wit paired periodograms. No differences were observed between <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> between male and female adult rats. The cross-correlation for temperature gave similar figures. The cross-correlation study between <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> and aortic core temperature in the same animals was significant and showed a displacement of about 30 minutes between <span class="hlt">heat</span> release and aortic core temperature. The analysis of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> showed a strong predominance of rhythms with periods of 24 hours (frequencies < 11.6 microHz) or more; other rhythms detected (of roughly the same relative importance) had periods of 8 or 2.2 hours (35 or 126 microHz, respectively). The analysis of aortic core temperature showed a smaller quantitative contribution of the 8 or 2.2 hours (35 or 126 microHz) rhythms, with other harmonic rhythms interspersed (5.1 and 4.0 hours, i.e. 54 and 69 microHz). The proportion of 'noise' or cycles lower than 30 minutes (< 550 microHz) was higher in internal temperature than in the actual release of <span class="hlt">heat</span>. The results are in agreement with the existence of a basic period of about 130 minutes (126 microHz) of warming/cooling of the blood, with a number of other harmonic rhythms superimposed upon the basic circadian rhythm.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27892683','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27892683"><span>Computer simulation for improving radio frequency (RF) <span class="hlt">heating</span> uniformity of food <span class="hlt">products</span>: A review.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Huang, Zhi; Marra, Francesco; Subbiah, Jeyamkondan; Wang, Shaojin</p> <p>2018-04-13</p> <p>Radio frequency (RF) <span class="hlt">heating</span> has great potential for achieving rapid and volumetric <span class="hlt">heating</span> in foods, providing safe and high-quality food <span class="hlt">products</span> due to deep penetration depth, moisture self-balance effects, and leaving no chemical residues. However, the nonuniform <span class="hlt">heating</span> problem (usually resulting in hot and cold spots in the <span class="hlt">heated</span> <span class="hlt">product</span>) needs to be resolved. The inhomogeneous temperature distribution not only affects the quality of the food but also raises the issue of food safety when the microorganisms or insects may not be controlled in the cold spots. The mathematical modeling for RF <span class="hlt">heating</span> processes has been extensively studied in a wide variety of agricultural <span class="hlt">products</span> recently. This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent progresses in computer simulation for RF <span class="hlt">heating</span> uniformity improvement and the offered solutions to reduce the <span class="hlt">heating</span> nonuniformity. It provides a brief introduction on the basic principle of RF <span class="hlt">heating</span> technology, analyzes the applications of numerical simulation, and discusses the factors influencing the RF <span class="hlt">heating</span> uniformity and the possible methods to improve <span class="hlt">heating</span> uniformity. Mathematical modeling improves the understanding of RF <span class="hlt">heating</span> of food and is essential to optimize the RF treatment protocol for pasteurization and disinfestation applications. Recommendations for future research have been proposed to further improve the accuracy of numerical models, by covering both <span class="hlt">heat</span> and mass transfers in the model, validating these models with sample movement and mixing, and identifying the important model parameters by sensitivity analysis.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27771118','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27771118"><span>Puerarin ameliorates <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis in bovine Sertoli cells by suppressing ROS <span class="hlt">production</span> and upregulating Hsp72 expression.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cong, Xia; Zhang, Qian; Li, Huatao; Jiang, Zhongling; Cao, Rongfeng; Gao, Shansong; Tian, Wenru</p> <p>2017-01-15</p> <p>Puerarin, a bioactive isoflavone glucoside extracted from radix Puerariae, has been proven to possess many biological <span class="hlt">activities</span>. However, the role of puerarin in protecting bovine Sertoli cells (bSCs) under <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress conditions remains to be clarified. The present study aimed to explore the possible protective mechanism of puerarin for primary cultured bSCs subjected to <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress. Bovine Sertoli cells were treated with 15 μM of puerarin before they were exposed to 42 °C for 1 hour. The dose of puerarin (15 μM) was determined on the basis of cell viability. The results showed that puerarin treatment suppressed the <span class="hlt">production</span> of reactive oxygen species and decreased the oxidative damage of the bSCs subjected to <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress, as indicated by changes in superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase <span class="hlt">activities</span> and malondialdehyde content. Moreover, puerarin treatment also suppressed the initiation of mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway, as revealed by changes in Bax to Bcl-2 ratio, mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome C release, caspase-3 <span class="hlt">activation</span>, and apoptotic rate compared with the <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress group. In addition, puerarin treatment increased Hsp72 expression in the bSCs with no apparent cellular cytotoxicity compared with the control group. Furthermore, increased Hsp72 was detected in the <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress plus puerarin group compared with the <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress group. In conclusion, puerarin attenuates <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis of bSCs by suppressing reactive oxygen species <span class="hlt">production</span> and upregulating Hsp72 expression. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291561','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291561"><span>3D slicing of radiogenic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> in Bahariya Formation, Tut oil field, North-Western Desert, Egypt.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Al-Alfy, I M; Nabih, M A</p> <p>2013-03-01</p> <p>A 3D block of radiogenic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> was constructed from the subsurface total gamma ray logs of Bahariya Formation, Western Desert, Egypt. The studied rocks possess a range of radiogenic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> varying from 0.21 μWm(-3) to 2.2 μWm(-3). Sandstone rocks of Bahariya Formation have higher radiogenic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> than the average for crustal sedimentary rocks. The high values of density log of Bahariya Formation indicate the presence of iron oxides which contribute the uranium radioactive ores that increase the radiogenic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> of these rocks. The average radiogenic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> produced from the study area is calculated as 6.3 kW. The histogram and cumulative frequency analyses illustrate that the range from 0.8 to 1.2 μWm(-3) is about 45.3% of radiogenic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> values. The 3D slicing of the reservoir shows that the southeastern and northeastern parts of the study area have higher radiogenic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> than other parts. Crown Copyright © 2012. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28445838','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28445838"><span>Addition of insulin-like growth factor I to the maturation medium of bovine oocytes subjected to <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock: effects on the <span class="hlt">production</span> of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial <span class="hlt">activity</span> and oocyte competence.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ascari, I J; Alves, N G; Jasmin, J; Lima, R R; Quintão, C C R; Oberlender, G; Moraes, E A; Camargo, L S A</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>This study was performed to investigate the effects of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) addition to in vitro maturation (IVM) medium on apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential, ROS <span class="hlt">production</span>, and developmental competence of bovine oocytes subjected to <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock. Two temperatures (conventional: 24 h at 38.5°C, or <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock: 12 h at 41°C followed by 12 h at 38.5°C) and 3 IGF-I concentrations (0, 25, and 100 ng/mL) were tested during IVM. The oocytes were then fertilized in vitro, and the presumptive zygotes were cultured until reaching the blastocyst stage. There was no interaction between temperature and IGF-I concentration for any variable evaluated (P > 0.05). The addition of IGF-I did not alter the proportion of nuclear maturation, TUNEL-positive oocytes and caspase-3 <span class="hlt">activity</span>, or blastocyst proportion on Days 7 and 8 post-fertilization. Furthermore, the total number of cells and the number of cells in the inner cell mass (ICM) in the blastocyst were not altered (P > 0.05). However, IGF-I increased (P < 0.05) the mitochondrial membrane potential and the <span class="hlt">production</span> of ROS in oocytes and decreased (P < 0.05) the proportion of apoptotic cells in the ICM in blastocysts. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> shock increased (P < 0.05) the proportion of TUNEL-positive oocytes and ROS <span class="hlt">production</span> and reduced (P < 0.05) the mitochondrial membrane potential. Moreover, <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock increased (P < 0.05) the apoptosis proportion in the ICM cells. In conclusion, supplementing IVM medium with IGF-I may increase the mitochondrial membrane potential and ROS <span class="hlt">production</span> in oocytes and decrease apoptosis in the ICM in blastocysts. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> shock for 12 h compromised oocyte developmental competence and increased apoptosis within the ICM cells of the blastocysts. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25255756','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25255756"><span>Effects of <span class="hlt">heat</span> acclimation on photosynthesis, antioxidant enzyme <span class="hlt">activities</span>, and gene expression in orchardgrass under <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zhao, Xin Xin; Huang, Lin Kai; Zhang, Xin Quan; Li, Zhou; Peng, Yan</p> <p>2014-09-01</p> <p>The present study was designed to examine the effects of <span class="hlt">heat</span> acclimation on enzymatic <span class="hlt">activity</span>, transcription levels, the photosynthesis processes associated with thermostability in orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.).The stomatal conductance (Gs), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), and transpiration rates (Tr) of both <span class="hlt">heat</span>-acclimated (HA) and non-acclimated (NA) plants were drastically reduced during <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment [using a 5-day <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress treatment (38/30 °C ‒ day/night) followed by a 3-day recovery under control conditions (25/20 °C ‒ day/night), in order to consolidate the second cycle was permitted]. Water use efficiency increased more steeply in the HA (4.9 times) versus the NA (1.8 times) plants, and the intercellular CO2 concentration decreased gently in NA (10.9%) and HA (25.3%) plants after 20 d of treatments compared to 0 days'. Furthermore, <span class="hlt">heat</span>-acclimated plants were able to maintain significant <span class="hlt">activity</span> levels of superoxide disumutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (POD), and transcription levels of genes encoding these enzymes; in addition, HA plants displayed lower malondialdehyde content and lower electrolyte leakage than NA plants. These results suggest that maintenance of <span class="hlt">activity</span> and transcription levels of antioxidant enzymes as well as photosynthesis are associated with variable thermostability in HA and NA plants. This likely occurs through cellular membrane stabilization and improvements in water use efficiency in the photosynthetic process during <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress. The association between antioxidant enzyme <span class="hlt">activity</span> and gene expression, both of which may vary with genetic variation in <span class="hlt">heat</span> tolerance, is important to further understand the molecular mechanisms that contribute to <span class="hlt">heat</span> tolerance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUFM.T22B..07B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUFM.T22B..07B"><span>Birch's Crustal <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Production-Heat</span> Flow Law: Key to Quantifying Mantle <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Flow as a function of time</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Blackwell, D. D.; Thakur, M.</p> <p>2007-12-01</p> <p>Birch (1968) first showed the linear correlation of surface <span class="hlt">heat</span> flow and radioactive <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> (Qs = Qo + bAs ) in granites in New England, USA and discussed implications to the vertical scale of radioactive <span class="hlt">heat</span> generation in the crust. Subsequently similar relationships have been found worldwide and numerous papers written describing more details and expanding the implications of Birch's Law. The results are a powerful contribution from <span class="hlt">heat</span> flow research to the understanding of the lithosphere and its evolution. Models are both well constrained experimentally and simple in implications. However, there still exist thermal models of the crust and lithosphere that do not have the same firm foundation and involve unnecessary ad hoc assumptions. A main point of confusion has been that the several of the original relationships were so low in error as to be considered by some to be "fortuitous". Interestingly a "similar" relationship has been proposed based on regional scale averaging of Qs -As data. A second point of confusion is that one admissible crustal radioactivity distribution model (the constant <span class="hlt">heat</span> generation to depth b) has been criticized as unrealistic for a number of reasons, including the effect of erosion. However, it is appropriate to refer to the Qs -As relationship as a law because in fact the relationship holds as long as the vertical distribution is "geologically realistic." as will be demonstrated in this paper. All geologic and geophysical models of the continental crust imply decreasing <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> as a function of depth (i.e. the seismic layering for example) except in very special cases. This general decrease with depth is the only condition required for the existence of a "linear" Qs -As relationship. A comparison of all the Qs -As relationships proposed for terrains not affected by thermal events over the last 150 to 200 Ma shows a remarkably uniformity in slope (10 ± 3 km) and intercept value (30 ± 5 mWm-2 ). Therefore these</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ThEng..63..309F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ThEng..63..309F"><span>Turbokon scientific and <span class="hlt">production</span> implementation company—25 years of <span class="hlt">activity</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Favorskii, O. N.; Leont'ev, A. I.; Milman, O. O.</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>The main results of studies performed at ZAO Turbokon NPVP in cooperation with leading Russian scientific organizations during 25 years of its <span class="hlt">activity</span> in the field of development of unique ecologically clean electric power and <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> technologies are described. They include the development and experimental verification using prototypes and full-scale models of highly efficient air-cooled condensers for steam turbines, a high temperature gas steam turbine for stationary and transport power engineering, a nonfuel technology of electric power <span class="hlt">production</span> using steam turbine installations with a unit power of 4-20 MW at gas-main pipelines and industrial boiler houses and <span class="hlt">heat</span> stations. The results of efforts in the field of reducing vibroactivity of power equipment for transport installations are given. Basic directions of further research for increasing the efficiency and ecological safety of home power engineering are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29146311','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29146311"><span>Microbial communities involved in biogas <span class="hlt">production</span> exhibit high resilience to <span class="hlt">heat</span> shocks.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Abendroth, Christian; Hahnke, Sarah; Simeonov, Claudia; Klocke, Michael; Casani-Miravalls, Sonia; Ramm, Patrice; Bürger, Christoph; Luschnig, Olaf; Porcar, Manuel</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>We report here the impact of <span class="hlt">heat</span>-shock treatments (55 and 70 °C) on the biogas <span class="hlt">production</span> within the acidification stage of a two-stage reactor system for anaerobic digestion and biomethanation of grass. The microbiome proved both taxonomically and functionally very robust, since <span class="hlt">heat</span> shocks caused minor community shifts compared to the controls, and biogas yield was not decreased. The strongest impact on the microbial profile was observed with a combination of <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock and low pH. Since no transient reduction of microbial diversity occured after the shock, biogas keyplayers, but also potential pathogens, survived the treatment. All along the experiment, the <span class="hlt">heat</span>-resistant bacterial profile consisted mainly of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria. Bacteroides and Acholeplasma were reduced after <span class="hlt">heat</span> shocks. An increase was observed for Aminobacterium. Our results prove the stability to thermal stresses of the microbial communities involved in acidification, and the resilience in biogas <span class="hlt">production</span> irrespectively of the thermal treatment. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ClDy..tmp...26L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ClDy..tmp...26L"><span>Response of eddy <span class="hlt">activities</span> to localized diabatic <span class="hlt">heating</span> in Held-Suarez simulations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lin, Yanluan; Zhang, Jishi; Li, Xingrui; Deng, Yi</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Widespread air pollutions, such as black carbon over East Asia in recent years, could induce a localized diabatic <span class="hlt">heating</span>, and thus lead to localized static stability and meridional temperature gradient (MTG) changes. Although effect of static stability and MTG on eddies has been addressed by the linear baroclinic instability theory, impacts of a localized <span class="hlt">heating</span> on mid-latitude eddy <span class="hlt">activities</span> have not been well explored and quantified. Via a series of idealized global Held-Suarez simulations with different magnitudes of localized <span class="hlt">heating</span> at different altitudes and latitudes, responses of mid-latitude eddy <span class="hlt">activity</span> and circulation to these temperature perturbations are systematically investigated. Climatologically, the localized <span class="hlt">heating</span> in the lower atmosphere induces a wave-like response of eddy <span class="hlt">activity</span> near the mid-latitude jet stream. Over the <span class="hlt">heating</span> region, eddy <span class="hlt">activity</span> tends to be weakening due to the increased static stability. However, there are cyclonic anomalies over the upstream and downstream of the <span class="hlt">heating</span> region. The zonal mean eddy <span class="hlt">activity</span> weakens along the baroclinic zone due to reduced MTG and increased static stability. Furthermore, the response of eddy <span class="hlt">activity</span> increased as the <span class="hlt">heating</span> magnitude is increased and moved to higher altitudes. The influence of the <span class="hlt">heating</span> decreases as the <span class="hlt">heating</span> is prescribed further away from the climatological mid-latitude jet. This implies that the localized <span class="hlt">heating</span> is most effective over the region with the maximum baroclinicity. Besides, enhanced storm track downstream of the localized <span class="hlt">heating</span> area found here suggests that increased aerosols over East Asia might strengthen the North Pacific storm track.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003IJTPE.123..333O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003IJTPE.123..333O"><span>Study of Hydrogen <span class="hlt">Production</span> Method using Latent <span class="hlt">Heat</span> of Liquefied Natural Gas</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ogawa, Masaru; Seki, Tatsuyoshi; Honda, Hiroshi; Nakamura, Motomu; Takatani, Yoshiaki</p> <p></p> <p>In recent years, Fuel Cell Electrical Vehicle is expected to improve urban environment. Particularly a hydrogen fuel type FCEV expected for urban use, because its excellent characters such as short startup time, high responsibility and zero emission. On the other hand, as far as hydrogen <span class="hlt">production</span> is concerned, large amount of CO2 is exhausted into the atmosphere by the process of LNG reforming. In our research, we studied the utilization of LNG latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> for hydrogen gas <span class="hlt">production</span> process as well as liquefied hydrogen process. Furthermore, CO2---Capturing as liquid state or solid state from hydrogen gas <span class="hlt">production</span> process by LNG is also studied. Results of research shows that LNG latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> is very effect to cool hydrogen gas for conventional hydrogen liquefied process. However, the LNG latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> is not available for LNG reforming process. If we want to use LNG latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> for this process, we have to develop new hydrogen gas produce process. In this new method, both hydrogen and CO2 is cooled by LNG directly, and CO2 is removed from the reforming gas. In order to make this method practical, we should develop a new type <span class="hlt">heat</span>-exchanger to prevent solid CO2 from interfering the performance of it.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4422574','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4422574"><span>Sympathetic <span class="hlt">activity</span> during passive <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress in healthy aged humans</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Gagnon, Daniel; Schlader, Zachary J; Crandall, Craig G</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Abstract Cardiovascular adjustments during <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress are generally attenuated in healthy aged humans, which could be due to lower increases in sympathetic <span class="hlt">activity</span> compared to the young. We compared muscle sympathetic nerve <span class="hlt">activity</span> (MSNA) between 11 young (Y: 28 ± 4 years) and 10 aged (A: 70 ± 5 years) subjects prior to and during passive <span class="hlt">heating</span>. Furthermore, MSNA responses were compared when a cold pressor test (CPT) and lower body negative pressure (LBNP) were superimposed upon <span class="hlt">heating</span>. Baseline MSNA burst frequency (Y: 15 ± 4 vs. A: 31 ± 3 bursts min−1, P ≤ 0.01) and burst incidence (Y: 26 ± 8 vs. A: 50 ± 7 bursts (100 cardiac cycles (CC))−1, P ≤ 0.01) were greater in the aged. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> stress increased core temperature to a similar extent in both groups (Y: +1.2 ± 0.1 vs. A: +1.2 ± 0.0°C, P = 0.99). Absolute levels of MSNA remained greater in the aged during <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress (burst frequency: Y: 47 ± 6 vs. A: 63 ± 11 bursts min−1, P ≤ 0.01; burst incidence: Y: 48 ± 8 vs. A: 67 ± 9 bursts (100 CC)−1, P ≤ 0.01); however, the increase in both variables was similar between groups (both P ≥ 0.1). The CPT and LBNP further increased MSNA burst frequency and burst incidence, although the magnitude of increase was similar between groups (both P ≥ 0.07). These results suggest that increases in sympathetic <span class="hlt">activity</span> during <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress are not attenuated in healthy aged humans. Key points Cardiovascular adjustments to <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress are attenuated in healthy aged individuals, which could contribute to their greater prevalence of <span class="hlt">heat</span>-related illnesses and deaths during <span class="hlt">heat</span> waves. The attenuated cardiovascular adjustments in the aged could be due to lower increases in sympathetic nerve <span class="hlt">activity</span> during <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress. We examined muscle sympathetic nerve <span class="hlt">activity</span> (MSNA) and plasma catecholamine concentrations in healthy young and aged individuals during whole-body passive <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress. The main finding</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28013279','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28013279"><span>Inducible Transposition of a <span class="hlt">Heat-Activated</span> Retrotransposon in Tissue Culture.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Masuta, Yukari; Nozawa, Kosuke; Takagi, Hiroki; Yaegashi, Hiroki; Tanaka, Keisuke; Ito, Tasuku; Saito, Hideyuki; Kobayashi, Hisato; Matsunaga, Wataru; Masuda, Seiji; Kato, Atsushi; Ito, Hidetaka</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>A transposition of a <span class="hlt">heat-activated</span> retrotransposon named ONSEN required compromise of a small RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation that includes RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) machinery after <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment. In the current study, we analyzed the transcriptional and transpositional <span class="hlt">activation</span> of ONSEN to better understand the underlying molecular mechanism involved in the maintenance and/or induction of transposon <span class="hlt">activation</span> in plant tissue culture. We found the transposition of <span class="hlt">heat</span>-primed ONSEN during tissue culture independently of RdDM mutation. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">activation</span> of ONSEN transcripts was not significantly up-regulated in tissue culture compared with that in <span class="hlt">heat</span>-stressed seedlings, indicating that the transposition of ONSEN was regulated independently of the transcript level. RdDM-related genes were up-regulated by <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress in both tissue culture and seedlings. The level of DNA methylation of ONSEN did not show any change in tissue culture, and the amount of ONSEN-derived small RNAs was not affected by <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress. The results indicated that the transposition of ONSEN was regulated by an alternative mechanism in addition to the RdDM-mediated epigenetic regulation in tissue culture. We applied the tissue culture-induced transposition of ONSEN to Japanese radish, an important breeding species of the family Brassicaceae. Several new insertions were detected in a regenerated plant derived from <span class="hlt">heat</span>-stressed tissues and its self-fertilized progeny, revealing the possibility of molecular breeding without genetic modification. © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/88887-mutagenic-activity-heterocyclic-amine-content-heated-foods','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/88887-mutagenic-activity-heterocyclic-amine-content-heated-foods"><span>Mutagenic <span class="hlt">activity</span> and heterocyclic amine content of <span class="hlt">heated</span> foods</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Knize, M.G.; Johansson, M.; Jones, A.L.</p> <p>1994-12-31</p> <p>Cooked foods were extracted and analyzed for mutagenic <span class="hlt">activity</span> and assayed for known heterocyclic amines (HAs) by the Ames/Salmonella test and HPLC, respectively. Fried meats contain HAs (predominantly PhIP, MeIQx, DiMeIQx, and A{alpha}C) that are potent promutagens in bacteria, mutagenic in cultured mammalian cells, and carcinogenic in rodents and in nonhuman primates. Meats contain levels ranging from undetectable (< 0.1 ppb) to 50 ppb of known HAs when fried at temperatures from 190 to 250{degrees}C. These identified compounds are responsible for ca 75% of the measured mutagenic <span class="hlt">activity</span> in Salmonella strain TA98. Barbecued beef and chicken have up to severalmore » thousand TA98 revertants per gram (rev/g) of cooked meat, with only ca 30% of the mutagenic <span class="hlt">activity</span> accounted for by known heterocyclic amines. Some <span class="hlt">heated</span> nonmeat foods also contain potent mutagenic <span class="hlt">activity</span>. Toasted breads, cereals and snack foods have 0 to 10 TA98 rev/g, but overtoasting yields up to 40 rev/g, wheat and gluten-containing <span class="hlt">products</span> are associated with higher <span class="hlt">activity</span>. Grain-based coffee-substitute powders and instant coffees have 190 to 380 rev/g in TA98, and 1100 to 4000 rev/g in strain YG1024. The identify of the compounds responsible for the mutagenic <span class="hlt">activity</span> are unknown in these non-meat foods. Toasted grain-based foods probably contribute less than 10% of the total mutagenic <span class="hlt">activity</span> of the diet, with meat <span class="hlt">products</span> responsible for the reminder. The finding of varying amounts of known and unknown mutagens in some cooked foods may be responsible for the poorly understood variation in human cancer incidence worldwide.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19810008066','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19810008066"><span>Development and testing of <span class="hlt">heat</span> transport fluids for use in <span class="hlt">active</span> solar <span class="hlt">heating</span> and cooling systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Parker, J. C.</p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>Work on <span class="hlt">heat</span> transport fluids for use with <span class="hlt">active</span> solar <span class="hlt">heating</span> and cooling systems is described. Program objectives and how they were accomplished including problems encountered during testing are discussed.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li class="active"><span>6</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_6 --> <div id="page_7" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li class="active"><span>7</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="121"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27441284','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27441284"><span>The equivalence of minimum entropy <span class="hlt">production</span> and maximum thermal efficiency in endoreversible <span class="hlt">heat</span> engines.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Haseli, Y</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>The objective of this study is to investigate the thermal efficiency and power <span class="hlt">production</span> of typical models of endoreversible <span class="hlt">heat</span> engines at the regime of minimum entropy generation rate. The study considers the Curzon-Ahlborn engine, the Novikov's engine, and the Carnot vapor cycle. The operational regimes at maximum thermal efficiency, maximum power output and minimum entropy <span class="hlt">production</span> rate are compared for each of these engines. The results reveal that in an endoreversible <span class="hlt">heat</span> engine, a reduction in entropy <span class="hlt">production</span> corresponds to an increase in thermal efficiency. The three criteria of minimum entropy <span class="hlt">production</span>, the maximum thermal efficiency, and the maximum power may become equivalent at the condition of fixed <span class="hlt">heat</span> input.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20833711','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20833711"><span>Sulforaphane <span class="hlt">activates</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock response and enhances proteasome <span class="hlt">activity</span> through up-regulation of Hsp27.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gan, Nanqin; Wu, Yu-Chieh; Brunet, Mathilde; Garrido, Carmen; Chung, Fung-Lung; Dai, Chengkai; Mi, Lixin</p> <p>2010-11-12</p> <p>It is conceivable that stimulating proteasome <span class="hlt">activity</span> for rapid removal of misfolded and oxidized proteins is a promising strategy to prevent and alleviate aging-related diseases. Sulforaphane (SFN), an effective cancer preventive agent derived from cruciferous vegetables, has been shown to enhance proteasome <span class="hlt">activities</span> in mammalian cells and to reduce the level of oxidized proteins and amyloid β-induced cytotoxicity. Here, we report that SFN <span class="hlt">activates</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock transcription factor 1-mediated <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock response. Specifically, SFN-induced expression of <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock protein 27 (Hsp27) underlies SFN-stimulated proteasome <span class="hlt">activity</span>. SFN-induced proteasome <span class="hlt">activity</span> was significantly enhanced in Hsp27-overexpressing cells but absent in Hsp27-silenced cells. The role of Hsp27 in regulating proteasome <span class="hlt">activity</span> was further confirmed in isogenic REG cells, in which SFN-induced proteasome <span class="hlt">activation</span> was only observed in cells stably overexpressing Hsp27, but not in the Hsp27-free parental cells. Finally, we demonstrated that phosphorylation of Hsp27 is irrelevant to SFN-induced proteasome <span class="hlt">activation</span>. This study provides a novel mechanism underlying SFN-induced proteasome <span class="hlt">activity</span>. This is the first report to show that <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock response by SFN, in addition to the antioxidant response mediated by the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway, may contribute to cytoprotection.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8894547','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8894547"><span>Dietary fat affects <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> and other variables of equine performance, under hot and humid conditions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kronfeld, D S</p> <p>1996-07-01</p> <p>Does dietary fat supplementation during conditioning improve athletic performance, especially in the <span class="hlt">heat</span>? Fat adaptation has been used to increase energy density, decrease bowel bulk and faecal output and reduce health risks associated with hydrolysable carbohydrate overload. It may also reduce spontaneous <span class="hlt">activity</span> and reactivity (excitability), increase fatty acid oxidation, reduce CO2 <span class="hlt">production</span> and associated acidosis, enhance metabolic regulation of glycolysis, improve both aerobic and anaerobic performance and substantially reduce <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>. A thermochemical analysis of ATP generation showed the least <span class="hlt">heat</span> release during the direct oxidation of long chain fatty acids, which have a 3% advantage over glucose and 20 to 30% over short chain fatty acids and amino acids. Indirect oxidation via storage as triglyceride increased <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss during ATP generation by 3% for stearic acid, 65% for glucose and 174% for acetic acid. Meal feeding and nutrient storage, therefore, accentuates the advantage of dietary fat. A calorimetric model was based on initial estimates of net energy for competitive work (10.76 MJ for the Endurance Test of an Olympic level 3-day-event), other work (14.4 MJ/day) and maintenance (36 MJ), then applied estimates of efficiencies to derive associated <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">productions</span> for the utilisation of 3 diets, Diet A: hay (100), Diet B: hay and oats (50:50) and Diet C: hay, oats and vegetable oil (45:45:10), the difference between the last 2 diets representing fat adaptation. During a 90.5 min speed and stamina test, <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> was estimated as 37, 35.4 and 34.6 MJ for the 3 diets, respectively, an advantage 0.8 MJ less <span class="hlt">heat</span> load for the fat adapted horse, which would reduce water needed for evaporation by 0.33 kg and reduce body temperature increase by about 0.07 degree C. Total estimated daily <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> was 105, 93 and 88 MJ for the 3 diets, respectively, suggesting a 5 MJ advantage for the fat adapted horse (Diet C vs. Diet B). Estimated</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6856094-catalase-superoxide-dismutase-activities-after-heat-injury-listeria-monocytogenes','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6856094-catalase-superoxide-dismutase-activities-after-heat-injury-listeria-monocytogenes"><span>Catalase and superoxide dismutase <span class="hlt">activities</span> after <span class="hlt">heat</span> injury of listeria monocytogenes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Dallmier, A.W.; Martin, S.E.</p> <p>1988-02-01</p> <p>Four strains of Listeria monocytogenes were examined for catalase (CA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) <span class="hlt">activities</span>. The two strains having the highest CA <span class="hlt">activities</span> (LCDC and Scott A) also possessed the highest SOD <span class="hlt">activities</span>. The CA <span class="hlt">activity</span> of <span class="hlt">heated</span> cell extracts of all four strains examined decreased sharply between 55 and 60/sup 0/C. SOD was more <span class="hlt">heat</span> labile than CA. Two L. monocytogenes strains demonstrated a decline in SOD <span class="hlt">activity</span> after <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment at 45/sup 0/C, whereas the other two strains demonstrated a decline at 50/sup 0/C. Sublethal <span class="hlt">heating</span> of the cells at 55/sup 0/C resulted in increased sensitivity to 5.5%more » NaCl. Exogenous hydrogen peroxide was added to suspensions of L. monocytogenes; strains producing the highest CA levels showed the greatest H/sub 2/O/sub 2/ resistance.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28025697','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28025697"><span>Metabolic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> by human and animal populations in cities.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Stewart, Iain D; Kennedy, Chris A</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>Anthropogenic <span class="hlt">heating</span> from building energy use, vehicle fuel consumption, and human metabolism is a key term in the urban energy budget equation. <span class="hlt">Heating</span> from human metabolism, however, is often excluded from urban energy budgets because it is widely observed to be negligible. Few reports for low-latitude cities are available to support this observation, and no reports exist on the contribution of domestic animals to urban <span class="hlt">heat</span> budgets. To provide a more comprehensive view of metabolic <span class="hlt">heating</span> in cities, we quantified all terms of the anthropogenic <span class="hlt">heat</span> budget at metropolitan scale for the world's 26 largest cities, using a top-down statistical approach. Results show that metabolic <span class="hlt">heat</span> release from human populations in mid-latitude cities (e.g. London, Tokyo, New York) accounts for 4-8% of annual anthropogenic <span class="hlt">heating</span>, compared to 10-45% in high-density tropical cities (e.g. Cairo, Dhaka, Kolkata). <span class="hlt">Heat</span> release from animal populations amounts to <1% of anthropogenic <span class="hlt">heating</span> in all cities. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> flux density from human and animal metabolism combined is highest in Mumbai-the world's most densely populated megacity-at 6.5 W m -2 , surpassing <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> by electricity use in buildings (5.8 W m -2 ) and fuel combustion in vehicles (3.9 W m -2 ). These findings, along with recent output from global climate models, suggest that in the world's largest and most crowded cities, <span class="hlt">heat</span> emissions from human metabolism alone can force measurable change in mean annual temperature at regional scale.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017IJBm...61.1159S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017IJBm...61.1159S"><span>Metabolic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> by human and animal populations in cities</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Stewart, Iain D.; Kennedy, Chris A.</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>Anthropogenic <span class="hlt">heating</span> from building energy use, vehicle fuel consumption, and human metabolism is a key term in the urban energy budget equation. <span class="hlt">Heating</span> from human metabolism, however, is often excluded from urban energy budgets because it is widely observed to be negligible. Few reports for low-latitude cities are available to support this observation, and no reports exist on the contribution of domestic animals to urban <span class="hlt">heat</span> budgets. To provide a more comprehensive view of metabolic <span class="hlt">heating</span> in cities, we quantified all terms of the anthropogenic <span class="hlt">heat</span> budget at metropolitan scale for the world's 26 largest cities, using a top-down statistical approach. Results show that metabolic <span class="hlt">heat</span> release from human populations in mid-latitude cities (e.g. London, Tokyo, New York) accounts for 4-8% of annual anthropogenic <span class="hlt">heating</span>, compared to 10-45% in high-density tropical cities (e.g. Cairo, Dhaka, Kolkata). <span class="hlt">Heat</span> release from animal populations amounts to <1% of anthropogenic <span class="hlt">heating</span> in all cities. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> flux density from human and animal metabolism combined is highest in Mumbai—the world's most densely populated megacity—at 6.5 W m-2, surpassing <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> by electricity use in buildings (5.8 W m-2) and fuel combustion in vehicles (3.9 W m-2). These findings, along with recent output from global climate models, suggest that in the world's largest and most crowded cities, <span class="hlt">heat</span> emissions from human metabolism alone can force measurable change in mean annual temperature at regional scale.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ChJOL..28..924Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ChJOL..28..924Z"><span>Salicylic acid and <span class="hlt">heat</span> acclimation pretreatment protects Laminaria japonica sporophyte (Phaeophyceae) from <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhou, Bin; Tang, Xuexi; Wang, You</p> <p>2010-07-01</p> <p>Possible mediatory roles of <span class="hlt">heat</span> acclimation and salicylic acid in protecting the sporophyte of marine macroalga Laminaria japonica (Phaeophyceae) from <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress were studied. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> stress resulted in oxidative injury in the kelp blades. Under <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress significant accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malonaldehyde (MDA), a membrane lipid peroxidation <span class="hlt">product</span>, and a drastic decrease in chlorophyll a content were recorded. <span class="hlt">Activity</span> of the enzymatic antioxidant system was drastically affected by <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress. The <span class="hlt">activity</span> of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was significantly increased while peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) were greatly inhibited and, simultaneously, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase was <span class="hlt">activated</span> while polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was inhibited. Both <span class="hlt">heat</span> acclimation pretreatment and exogenous application of salicylic acid alleviated oxidative damage in kelp blades. Blades receiving <span class="hlt">heat</span> acclimation pretreatment and exogenous salicylic acid prior to <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress exhibited a reduced increase in H2O2 and MDA content, and a lower reduction in chlorophyll a content. Pretreatment with <span class="hlt">heat</span> acclimation and salicylic acid elevated <span class="hlt">activities</span> of SOD, POD, CAT, GPX and PPO. Considering these results collectively, we speculate that the inhibition of antioxidant enzymes is a possible cause of the <span class="hlt">heat</span>-stress-induced oxidative stress in L. japonica, and enhanced thermotolerance may be associated, at least in part, with the elevated <span class="hlt">activity</span> of the enzymatic antioxidant system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7158993-method-preparing-high-heating-value-fuel-product','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7158993-method-preparing-high-heating-value-fuel-product"><span>Method of preparing a high <span class="hlt">heating</span> value fuel <span class="hlt">product</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Somerville, R.; Fan, L.T.</p> <p>1989-10-24</p> <p>This patent describes a method of preparing a high <span class="hlt">heating</span> value fuel <span class="hlt">product</span>. The method comprising the steps of: blending a high <span class="hlt">heating</span> value waste material with a cellulosic material; mixing an organic reagent to the blended mixture of the waste material and the cellulosic material, the organic reagent being a mixture having a 4-15 weight percent of a chemical selected from the group consisting of: triethylene, glycol, diethylene glycol, and glycerin propylene glycol; introducing a pozzolanic agent to the blended mixture for controlling the rate of solidification; and forming the blended mixture into a form suitable for handling. Alsomore » described is the same method with the mixture of the organic reagent further comprising: a 20-32 weight percent calcium chloride solution. Another method of preparing a fuel <span class="hlt">product</span> is also described.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4410550','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4410550"><span>Stellar <span class="hlt">activity</span> and coronal <span class="hlt">heating</span>: an overview of recent results</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Testa, Paola; Saar, Steven H.; Drake, Jeremy J.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Observations of the coronae of the Sun and of solar-like stars provide complementary information to advance our understanding of stellar magnetic <span class="hlt">activity</span>, and of the processes leading to the <span class="hlt">heating</span> of their outer atmospheres. While solar observations allow us to study the corona at high spatial and temporal resolution, the study of stellar coronae allows us to probe stellar <span class="hlt">activity</span> over a wide range of ages and stellar parameters. Stellar studies therefore provide us with additional tools for understanding coronal <span class="hlt">heating</span> processes, as well as the long-term evolution of solar X-ray <span class="hlt">activity</span>. We discuss how recent studies of stellar magnetic fields and coronae contribute to our understanding of the phenomenon of <span class="hlt">activity</span> and coronal <span class="hlt">heating</span> in late-type stars. PMID:25897087</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22136796','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22136796"><span>Development of a <span class="hlt">heat</span>-processing method for koji to enhance its antioxidant <span class="hlt">activity</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Okutsu, Kayu; Yoshizaki, Yumiko; Takamine, Kazunori; Tamaki, Hisanori; Ito, Kiyoshi; Sameshima, Yoshihiro</p> <p>2012-03-01</p> <p>We developed a <span class="hlt">heat</span>-processing method to enhance the antioxidant <span class="hlt">activity</span> of koji. The superoxide anion scavenging <span class="hlt">activity</span> (SOSA) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) of <span class="hlt">heat</span>-processed koji (HP-koji) at 55 °C for 7 days were 4.9 times and 4.2 times, respectively, those of unheated koji. These results showed that <span class="hlt">heat</span> processing effectively enhances the antioxidant <span class="hlt">activity</span> of koji. Analysis of the antioxidant <span class="hlt">activities</span> of koji subjected to a range of temperatures (45-75 °C) revealed that the SOSA is enhanced by <span class="hlt">heating</span> at higher temperatures, which might be catalyzed by Maillard reaction, whereas the ORAC was enhanced by <span class="hlt">heating</span> at lower temperatures, which might be catalyzed by an enzymatic reaction. Assuming these enhancements in antioxidant <span class="hlt">activities</span> are contributed by both Maillard and enzyme reactions, we hypothesized that the antioxidant <span class="hlt">activity</span> of HP-koji could be more effectively amplified by <span class="hlt">heating</span> at a higher temperature after the progression of the enzymatic reaction at a moderate temperature. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of <span class="hlt">heating</span> of koji in a stepwise manner, first at 55 °C for 2 days and then at 75 °C for 5days. The antioxidant <span class="hlt">activities</span> of stepwise-<span class="hlt">heated</span> HP-koji were higher than those of koji <span class="hlt">heated</span> at either 55 °C or 75 °C. The SOSA and ORAC of stepwise-<span class="hlt">heated</span> HP-koji were 94 times and 6 times, respectively, those of unheated koji. This result suggests that enzymatic reaction followed by Maillard reaction can effectively enhance the antioxidant <span class="hlt">activity</span> of HP-koji. Thus, we developed a novel <span class="hlt">heat</span>-processing method to enhance the antioxidant <span class="hlt">activity</span> of koji. Copyright © 2011 The Society for Biotechnology, Japan. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AIPC.1103..105H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AIPC.1103..105H"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> Pipe Solar Receiver for Oxygen <span class="hlt">Production</span> of Lunar Regolith</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hartenstine, John R.; Anderson, William G.; Walker, Kara L.; Ellis, Michael C.</p> <p>2009-03-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe solar receiver operating in the 1050° C range is proposed for use in the hydrogen reduction process for the extraction of oxygen from the lunar soil. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe solar receiver is designed to accept, isothermalize and transfer solar thermal energy to reactors for oxygen <span class="hlt">production</span>. This increases the available area for <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer, and increases throughput and efficiency. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe uses sodium as the working fluid, and Haynes 230 as the <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe envelope material. Initial design requirements have been established for the <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe solar receiver design based on information from the NASA In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) program. Multiple <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe solar receiver designs were evaluated based on thermal performance, temperature uniformity, and integration with the solar concentrator and the regolith reactor(s). Two designs were selected based on these criteria: an annular <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe contained within the regolith reactor and an annular <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe with a remote location for the reactor. Additional design concepts have been developed that would use a single concentrator with a single solar receiver to supply and regulate power to multiple reactors. These designs use variable conductance or pressure controlled <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipes for passive power distribution management between reactors. Following the design study, a demonstration <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe solar receiver was fabricated and tested. Test results demonstrated near uniform temperature on the outer surface of the pipe, which will ultimately be in contact with the regolith reactor.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19960024418&hterms=heat+pumps&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dheat%2Bpumps','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19960024418&hterms=heat+pumps&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dheat%2Bpumps"><span><span class="hlt">Activated</span>-Carbon Sorbent With Integral <span class="hlt">Heat</span>-Transfer Device</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Jones, Jack A.; Yavrouian, Andre</p> <p>1996-01-01</p> <p>Prototype adsorption device used, for example, in adsorption <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump, to store natural gas to power automobile, or to separate components of fluid mixtures. Device includes <span class="hlt">activated</span> carbon held together by binder and molded into finned <span class="hlt">heat</span>-transfer device providing rapid <span class="hlt">heating</span> or cooling to enable rapid adsorption or desorption of fluids. Concepts of design and fabrication of device equally valid for such other highly thermally conductive devices as copper-finned tubes, and for such other high-surface-area sorbents as zeolites or silicates.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=312873','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=312873"><span>RSK2 represses HSF1 <span class="hlt">activation</span> during <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Wang, Xiaozhe; Asea, Alexzander; Xie, Yue; Kabingu, Edith; Stevenson, Mary Ann; Calderwood, Stuart K.</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Heat</span> shock transcription factor 1(HSF1) <span class="hlt">activation</span> is a multistep process. The conversion of a latent cytoplasmic form to a nuclear, DNA binding state appears to be <span class="hlt">activated</span> by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In previous studies, we showed that HSF 1 is phosphorylated by the protein kinase RSK2 in vitro and that this effect is inhibited by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs at the concentration that leads to the <span class="hlt">activation</span> of HSF1 in vivo (Stevenson et al 1999). In the present study, using cells from a patient with Coffin-Lowry syndrome (deficient in RSK2), we demonstrate that RSK2 slightly represses <span class="hlt">activation</span> of HSF1 in vivo at 37°C. In Coffin-Lowry syndrome cells, HSF1-HSE DNA binding <span class="hlt">activity</span> after treatment with sodium salicylate was slightly higher than that in untreated cells, indicating that although RSK2 is involved in HSF1 regulation, it is not the unique protein kinase that suppresses HSF1-HSE binding <span class="hlt">activity</span> at 37°C. However, <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock treatment resulted in significantly higher HSF1-HSE binding <span class="hlt">activity</span> in Coffin-Lowry syndrome cells as compared with normal controls, suggesting that RSK2 represses HSF1-HSE binding <span class="hlt">activity</span> during <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock. PMID:11189448</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11189448','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11189448"><span>RSK2 represses HSF1 <span class="hlt">activation</span> during <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wang, X; Asea, A; Xie, Y; Kabingu, E; Stevenson, M A; Calderwood, S K</p> <p>2000-11-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Heat</span> shock transcription factor 1(HSF1) <span class="hlt">activation</span> is a multistep process. The conversion of a latent cytoplasmic form to a nuclear, DNA binding state appears to be <span class="hlt">activated</span> by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In previous studies, we showed that HSF 1 is phosphorylated by the protein kinase RSK2 in vitro and that this effect is inhibited by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs at the concentration that leads to the <span class="hlt">activation</span> of HSF1 in vivo (Stevenson et al 1999). In the present study, using cells from a patient with Coffin-Lowry syndrome (deficient in RSK2), we demonstrate that RSK2 slightly represses <span class="hlt">activation</span> of HSF1 in vivo at 37 degrees C. In Coffin-Lowry syndrome cells, HSF1-HSE DNA binding <span class="hlt">activity</span> after treatment with sodium salicylate was slightly higher than that in untreated cells, indicating that although RSK2 is involved in HSF1 regulation, it is not the unique protein kinase that suppresses HSF1-HSE binding <span class="hlt">activity</span> at 37 degrees C. However, <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock treatment resulted in significantly higher HSF1-HSE binding <span class="hlt">activity</span> in Coffin-Lowry syndrome cells as compared with normal controls, suggesting that RSK2 represses HSF1-HSE binding <span class="hlt">activity</span> during <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19780019594','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19780019594"><span>Preliminary design <span class="hlt">activities</span> for solar <span class="hlt">heating</span> and cooling systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>Information on the development of solar <span class="hlt">heating</span> and cooling systems is presented. The major emphasis is placed on program organization, system size definition, site identification, system approaches, <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump and equipment design, collector procurement, and other preliminary design <span class="hlt">activities</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26240354','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26240354"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> dissipation guides <span class="hlt">activation</span> in signaling proteins.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Weber, Jeffrey K; Shukla, Diwakar; Pande, Vijay S</p> <p>2015-08-18</p> <p>Life is fundamentally a nonequilibrium phenomenon. At the expense of dissipated energy, living things perform irreversible processes that allow them to propagate and reproduce. Within cells, evolution has designed nanoscale machines to do meaningful work with energy harnessed from a continuous flux of <span class="hlt">heat</span> and particles. As dictated by the Second Law of Thermodynamics and its fluctuation theorem corollaries, irreversibility in nonequilibrium processes can be quantified in terms of how much entropy such dynamics produce. In this work, we seek to address a fundamental question linking biology and nonequilibrium physics: can the evolved dissipative pathways that facilitate biomolecular function be identified by their extent of entropy <span class="hlt">production</span> in general relaxation processes? We here synthesize massive molecular dynamics simulations, Markov state models (MSMs), and nonequilibrium statistical mechanical theory to probe dissipation in two key classes of signaling proteins: kinases and G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Applying machinery from large deviation theory, we use MSMs constructed from protein simulations to generate dynamics conforming to positive levels of entropy <span class="hlt">production</span>. We note the emergence of an array of peaks in the dynamical response (transient analogs of phase transitions) that draw the proteins between distinct levels of dissipation, and we see that the binding of ATP and agonist molecules modifies the observed dissipative landscapes. Overall, we find that dissipation is tightly coupled to <span class="hlt">activation</span> in these signaling systems: dominant entropy-producing trajectories become localized near important barriers along known biological <span class="hlt">activation</span> pathways. We go on to classify an array of equilibrium and nonequilibrium molecular switches that harmonize to promote functional dynamics.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JVGR..338....1H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JVGR..338....1H"><span>Gamma-ray spectrometry in the field: Radioactive <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> in the Central Slovakian Volcanic Zone</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Harley, Thomas L.; Westaway, Rob; McCay, Alistair T.</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>We report 62 sets of measurements from central-southern Slovakia, obtained using a modern portable gamma-ray spectrometer, which reveal the radioactive <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> in intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks of the Late Cenozoic Central Slovakian Volcanic Zone. Sites in granodiorite of the Štiavnica pluton are thus shown to have <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> in the range 2.2-4.9 μW m- 3, this variability being primarily a reflection of variations in content of the trace element uranium. Sites in dioritic parts of this pluton have a lower, but overlapping, range of values, 2.1-4.4 μW m- 3. Sites that have been interpreted in adjoining minor dioritic intrusions of similar age have <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> in the range 1.4-3.3 μW m- 3. The main Štiavnica pluton has zoned composition, with potassium and uranium content and radioactive <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> typically increasing inward from its margins, reflecting variations observed in other granodioritic plutons elsewhere. It is indeed possible that the adjoining dioritic rocks, hitherto assigned to other minor intrusions of similar age, located around the periphery of the Štiavnica pluton, in reality provide further evidence for zonation of the same pluton. The vicinity of this pluton is associated with surface <span class="hlt">heat</span> flow 40 mW m- 2 above the regional background. On the basis of our <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> measurements, we thus infer that the pluton has a substantial vertical extent, our preferred estimate for the scale depth for its downward decrease in radioactive <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> being 8 km. Nonetheless, this pluton lacks any significant negative Bouguer gravity anomaly. We attribute this to the effect of the surrounding volcanic caldera, filled with relatively low-density lavas, 'masking' the pluton's own gravity anomaly. We envisage that emplacement occurred when the pluton was much hotter, and thus of lower density, than at present, its continued uplift, evident from the local geomorphology, being the isostatic consequence of localized erosion</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-12-12/pdf/2012-29957.pdf','FEDREG'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-12-12/pdf/2012-29957.pdf"><span>77 FR 74027 - Certain Integrated Circuit Packages Provided with Multiple <span class="hlt">Heat</span>-Conducting Paths and <span class="hlt">Products</span>...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR">Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-12-12</p> <p>... INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Investigation No. 337-TA-851] Certain Integrated Circuit Packages Provided with Multiple <span class="hlt">Heat</span>- Conducting Paths and <span class="hlt">Products</span> Containing Same; Commission Determination Not To... provided with multiple <span class="hlt">heat</span>-conducting paths and <span class="hlt">products</span> containing same by reason of infringement of...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19910012859','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19910012859"><span>A comparison of microwave versus direct solar <span class="hlt">heating</span> for lunar brick <span class="hlt">production</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Yankee, S. J.; Strenski, D. G.; Pletka, B. J.; Patil, D. S.; Mutsuddy, B. C.</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>Two processing techniques considered suitable for producing bricks from lunar regolith are examined: direct solar <span class="hlt">heating</span> and microwave <span class="hlt">heating</span>. An analysis was performed to compare the two processes in terms of the amount of power and time required to fabricate bricks of various sizes. Microwave <span class="hlt">heating</span> was shown to be significantly faster than solar <span class="hlt">heating</span> for rapid <span class="hlt">production</span> of realistic-size bricks. However, the relative simplicity of the solar collector(s) used for the solar furnace compared to the equipment necessary for microwave generation may present an economic tradeoff.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28601088','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28601088"><span>SIRT1 <span class="hlt">activation</span> mediates <span class="hlt">heat</span>-induced survival of UVB damaged Keratinocytes.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Calapre, Leslie; Gray, Elin S; Kurdykowski, Sandrine; David, Anthony; Descargues, Pascal; Ziman, Mel</p> <p>2017-06-10</p> <p>Exposure to <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress after UVB irradiation induces a reduction of apoptosis, resulting in survival of DNA damaged human keratinocytes. This <span class="hlt">heat</span>-mediated evasion of apoptosis appears to be mediated by <span class="hlt">activation</span> of SIRT1 and inactivation of p53 signalling. In this study, we assessed the role of SIRT1 in the inactivation of p53 signalling and impairment of DNA damage response in UVB plus <span class="hlt">heat</span> exposed keratinocytes. <span class="hlt">Activation</span> of SIRT1 after multiple UVB plus <span class="hlt">heat</span> exposures resulted in increased p53 deacetylation at K382, which is known to affect its binding to specific target genes. Accordingly, we noted decreased apoptosis and down regulation of the p53 targeted pro-apoptotic gene BAX and the DNA repair genes ERCC1 and XPC after UVB plus <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatments. In addition, UVB plus <span class="hlt">heat</span> induced increased expression of the cell survival gene Survivin and the proliferation marker Ki67. Notably, keratinocytes exposed to UVB plus <span class="hlt">heat</span> in the presence of the SIRT1 inhibitor, Ex-527, showed a similar phenotype to those exposed to UV alone; i.e. an increase in p53 acetylation, increased apoptosis and low levels of Survivin. This study demonstrate that <span class="hlt">heat</span>-induced SIRT1 <span class="hlt">activation</span> mediates survival of DNA damaged keratinocytes through deacetylation of p53 after exposure to UVB plus <span class="hlt">heat</span>.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li class="active"><span>7</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_7 --> <div id="page_8" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li class="active"><span>8</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="141"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29576515','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29576515"><span>Pyrolysis of polystyrene waste in the presence of <span class="hlt">activated</span> carbon in conventional and microwave <span class="hlt">heating</span> using modified thermocouple.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Prathiba, R; Shruthi, M; Miranda, Lima Rose</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>Pyrolysis process was experimented using two types of <span class="hlt">heating</span> source, namely conventional and microwave. Polystyrene (PS) plastic waste was used as feedstock in a batch reactor for both the conventional (slow pyrolysis) and microwave pyrolysis. The effect of <span class="hlt">activated</span> carbon to polystyrene ratio on (i) yield of oil, gas and residues (ii) reaction temperature (iii) reaction time were studied. Quality of oil from pyrolysis of polystyrene were assessed for the possible applicability in fuel <span class="hlt">production</span>. Microwave power of 450 W and polymer to <span class="hlt">activated</span> carbon ratio of 10:1, resulted in the highest oil yield of 93.04 wt.% with a higher <span class="hlt">heating</span> value of 45 MJ kg -1 and a kinematic viscosity of 2.7 cSt. Microwave <span class="hlt">heating</span> when compared to conventional <span class="hlt">heating</span> method, exhibits a reaction temperature and time of 330 °C in 5.5 min, whereas in conventional <span class="hlt">heating</span> system it was 418 °C in 60 min. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of liquid oil from microwave pyrolysis predominantly yields alkenes of 8.44 wt.%, α-methyl styrene 0.96 wt.%, condensed ring aromatics 23.21 wt.% and benzene derivatives 26.77 wt.% when the polystyrene to <span class="hlt">activated</span> carbon ratio was 10:1. Significant factor of using microwave <span class="hlt">heating</span> is the amount of energy converted (kWh) is lesser than conventional <span class="hlt">heating</span>. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9665818','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9665818"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span>-shock-specific phosphorylation and transcriptional <span class="hlt">activity</span> of RNA polymerase II.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Egyházi, E; Ossoinak, A; Lee, J M; Greenleaf, A L; Mäkelä, T P; Pigon, A</p> <p>1998-07-10</p> <p>The carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest RNA polymerase II (pol II) subunit is a target for extensive phosphorylation in vivo. Using in vitro kinase assays it was found that several different protein kinases can phosphorylate the CTD including the transcription factor IIH-associated CDK-<span class="hlt">activating</span> CDK7 kinase (R. Roy, J. P. Adamczewski, T. Seroz, W. Vermeulen, J. P. Tassan, L. Schaeffer, E. A. Nigg, J. H. Hoeijmakers, and J. M. Egly, 1994, Cell 79, 1093-1101). Here we report the colocalization of CDK7 and the phosphorylated form of CTD (phosphoCTD) to <span class="hlt">actively</span> transcribing genes in intact salivary gland cells of Chironomus tentans. Following a <span class="hlt">heat</span>-shock treatment, both CDK7 and pol II staining disappear from non-<span class="hlt">heat</span>-shock genes concomitantly with the abolishment of transcriptional <span class="hlt">activity</span> of these genes. In contrast, the <span class="hlt">actively</span> transcribing <span class="hlt">heat</span>-shock genes, manifested as chromosomal puff 5C on chromosome IV (IV-5C), stain intensely for phosphoCTD, but are devoid of CDK7. Furthermore, the staining of puff IV-5C with anti-PCTD antibodies was not detectably influenced by the TFIIH kinase and transcription inhibitor 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB). Following <span class="hlt">heat</span>-shock treatment, the transcription of non-<span class="hlt">heat</span>-shock genes was completely eliminated, while newly formed <span class="hlt">heat</span>-shock gene transcripts emerged in a DRB-resistant manner. Thus, <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock in these cells induces a rapid clearance of CDK7 from the non-<span class="hlt">heat</span>-shock genes, indicating a lack of involvement of CDK7 in the induction and function of the <span class="hlt">heat</span>-induced genes. The results taken together suggest the existence of <span class="hlt">heat</span>-shock-specific CTD phosphorylation in living cells. This phosphorylation is resistant to DRB treatment, suggesting that not only phosphorylation but also transcription of <span class="hlt">heat</span>-shock genes is DRB resistant and that CDK7 in <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock cells is not associated with TFIIH.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25708407','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25708407"><span>Biodiesel <span class="hlt">production</span> from waste frying oil using waste animal bone and solar <span class="hlt">heat</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Corro, Grisel; Sánchez, Nallely; Pal, Umapada; Bañuelos, Fortino</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>A two-step catalytic process for the <span class="hlt">production</span> of biodiesel from waste frying oil (WFO) at low cost, utilizing waste animal-bone as catalyst and solar radiation as <span class="hlt">heat</span> source is reported in this work. In the first step, the free fatty acids (FFA) in WFO were esterified with methanol by a catalytic process using calcined waste animal-bone as catalyst, which remains <span class="hlt">active</span> even after 10 esterification runs. The trans-esterification step was catalyzed by NaOH through thermal <span class="hlt">activation</span> process. Produced biodiesel fulfills all the international requirements for its utilization as a fuel. A probable reaction mechanism for the esterification process is proposed considering the presence of hydroxyapatite at the surface of calcined animal bones. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11544263','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11544263"><span>Correlation between uncoupled ATP hydrolysis and <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> by the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase: coupling effect of fluoride.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Reis, M; Farage, M; de Souza, A C; de Meis, L</p> <p>2001-11-16</p> <p>The sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase transports Ca(2+) using the chemical energy derived from ATP hydrolysis. Part of the chemical energy is used to translocate Ca(2+) through the membrane (work) and part is dissipated as <span class="hlt">heat</span>. The amount of <span class="hlt">heat</span> produced during catalysis increases after formation of the Ca(2+) gradient across the vesicle membrane. In the absence of gradient (leaky vesicles) the amount of <span class="hlt">heat</span> produced/mol of ATP cleaved is half of that measured in the presence of the gradient. After formation of the gradient, part of the ATPase <span class="hlt">activity</span> is not coupled to Ca(2+) transport. We now show that NaF can impair the uncoupled ATPase <span class="hlt">activity</span> with discrete effect on the ATPase <span class="hlt">activity</span> coupled to Ca(2+) transport. For the control vesicles not treated with NaF, after formation of the gradient only 20% of the ATP cleaved is coupled to Ca(2+) transport, and the caloric yield of the total ATPase <span class="hlt">activity</span> (coupled plus uncoupled) is 22.8 kcal released/mol of ATP cleaved. In contrast, the vesicles treated with NaF consume only the ATP needed to maintain the gradient, and the caloric yield of ATP hydrolysis is 3.1 kcal/mol of ATP. The slow ATPase <span class="hlt">activity</span> measured in vesicles treated with NaF has the same Ca(2+) dependence as the control vesicles. This demonstrates unambiguously that the uncoupled <span class="hlt">activity</span> is an actual pathway of the Ca(2+)-ATPase rather than a contaminating phosphatase. We conclude that when ATP hydrolysis occurs without coupled biological work most of the chemical energy is dissipated as <span class="hlt">heat</span>. Thus, uncoupled ATPase <span class="hlt">activity</span> appears to be the mechanistic feature underlying the ability of the Ca(2+)-ATPase to modulated <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5766136','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5766136"><span>Educational gradients in the use of electronic cigarettes and <span class="hlt">heat</span>-not-burn tobacco <span class="hlt">products</span> in Japan</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Miyazaki, Yuki</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Objectives In addition to electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), tobacco companies have recently begun to sell <span class="hlt">heat</span>-not-burn tobacco <span class="hlt">products</span>, Ploom and iQOS in Japan. Previous research has reported an inverse association between combustible cigarette smoking and educational attainment, but little is known about the association for e-cigarettes, especially <span class="hlt">heat</span>-not-burn tobacco <span class="hlt">products</span>. Our objective was to analyze the relationship between educational attainment and e-cigarette and <span class="hlt">heat</span>-not-burn tobacco use. Setting An internet survey (randomly sampled research agency panelists) in Japan. Participants A total of 7338 respondents aged 18–69 years in 2015 (3632 men and 3706women). Primary measures Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of educational attainment for current smoking (combustible cigarettes), e-cigarette ever-use, and <span class="hlt">heat</span>-not-burn ever-use were calculated by multivariable logistic regression models using covariates including socio-demographic factors. Stratified analyses according to smoking status (combustible cigarettes) were additionally performed for e-cigarette ever-use and <span class="hlt">heat</span>-not-burn tobacco <span class="hlt">product</span> ever-use. Results Associations between educational attainment and e-cigarette ever-use or <span class="hlt">heat</span>-not-burn tobacco ever-use are not straightforward, although these associations are not statistically significant except for one cell. For example, using "graduate school" education as a reference category, adjusted ORs for "high school" were 1.44 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.85–2.44) for e-cigarettes ever-use and 0.75 (95% CI:0.19–2.97) for <span class="hlt">heat</span>-not-burn tobacco <span class="hlt">product</span> ever-use. Among current smokers, compared with “graduate school” (reference), those with lower educational attainment showed 0.6 to 0.7 ORs for e-cigarette ever-use: e.g.,"4-year university"(OR = 0.54, 95% CI:0.24–1.24) and "high school" (OR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.30–1.60). Among former smokers, lower education indicated higher ORs for both e-cigarettes and <span class="hlt">heat</span>-not-burn tobacco ever</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29329351','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29329351"><span>Educational gradients in the use of electronic cigarettes and <span class="hlt">heat</span>-not-burn tobacco <span class="hlt">products</span> in Japan.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Miyazaki, Yuki; Tabuchi, Takahiro</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>In addition to electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), tobacco companies have recently begun to sell <span class="hlt">heat</span>-not-burn tobacco <span class="hlt">products</span>, Ploom and iQOS in Japan. Previous research has reported an inverse association between combustible cigarette smoking and educational attainment, but little is known about the association for e-cigarettes, especially <span class="hlt">heat</span>-not-burn tobacco <span class="hlt">products</span>. Our objective was to analyze the relationship between educational attainment and e-cigarette and <span class="hlt">heat</span>-not-burn tobacco use. An internet survey (randomly sampled research agency panelists) in Japan. A total of 7338 respondents aged 18-69 years in 2015 (3632 men and 3706women). Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of educational attainment for current smoking (combustible cigarettes), e-cigarette ever-use, and <span class="hlt">heat</span>-not-burn ever-use were calculated by multivariable logistic regression models using covariates including socio-demographic factors. Stratified analyses according to smoking status (combustible cigarettes) were additionally performed for e-cigarette ever-use and <span class="hlt">heat</span>-not-burn tobacco <span class="hlt">product</span> ever-use. Associations between educational attainment and e-cigarette ever-use or <span class="hlt">heat</span>-not-burn tobacco ever-use are not straightforward, although these associations are not statistically significant except for one cell. For example, using "graduate school" education as a reference category, adjusted ORs for "high school" were 1.44 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.85-2.44) for e-cigarettes ever-use and 0.75 (95% CI:0.19-2.97) for <span class="hlt">heat</span>-not-burn tobacco <span class="hlt">product</span> ever-use. Among current smokers, compared with "graduate school" (reference), those with lower educational attainment showed 0.6 to 0.7 ORs for e-cigarette ever-use: e.g.,"4-year university"(OR = 0.54, 95% CI:0.24-1.24) and "high school" (OR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.30-1.60). Among former smokers, lower education indicated higher ORs for both e-cigarettes and <span class="hlt">heat</span>-not-burn tobacco ever-use. This study provides baseline information on educational gradients of e</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3874569','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3874569"><span>Divalent cations potentiate TRPV1 channel by lowering the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">activation</span> threshold</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Cao, Xu; Ma, Linlin; Yang, Fan</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) channel responds to a wide spectrum of physical and chemical stimuli. In doing so, it serves as a polymodal cellular sensor for temperature change and pain. Many chemicals are known to strongly potentiate TRPV1 <span class="hlt">activation</span>, though how this is achieved remains unclear. In this study we investigated the molecular mechanism underlying the gating effects of divalent cations Mg2+ and Ba2+. Using a combination of fluorescence imaging and patch-clamp analysis, we found that these cations potentiate TRPV1 gating by most likely promoting the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">activation</span> process. Mg2+ substantially lowers the <span class="hlt">activation</span> threshold temperature; as a result, a significant fraction of channels are <span class="hlt">heat-activated</span> at room temperature. Although Mg2+ also potentiates capsaicin- and voltage-dependent <span class="hlt">activation</span>, these processes were found either to be not required (in the case of capsaicin) or insufficient (in the case of voltage) to mediate the <span class="hlt">activating</span> effect. In support of a selective effect on <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">activation</span>, Mg2+ and Ba2+ cause a Ca2+-independent desensitization that specifically prevents <span class="hlt">heat</span>-induced channel <span class="hlt">activation</span> but does not prevent capsaicin-induced <span class="hlt">activation</span>. These results can be satisfactorily explained within an allosteric gating framework in which divalent cations strongly promote the <span class="hlt">heat</span>-dependent conformational change or its coupling to channel <span class="hlt">activation</span>, which is further coupled to the voltage- and capsaicin-dependent processes. PMID:24344247</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017IJBm...61.1675G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017IJBm...61.1675G"><span>Differences in response to <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress due to <span class="hlt">production</span> level and breed of dairy cows</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gantner, Vesna; Bobic, Tina; Gantner, Ranko; Gregic, Maja; Kuterovac, Kresimir; Novakovic, Jurica; Potocnik, Klemen</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>The climatic conditions in Croatia are deteriorating which significantly increases the frequency of <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress. This creates a need for an adequate dairy farming strategy. The impact of <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress can be reduced in many ways, but the best long-term solution includes the genetic evaluation and selection for <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress resistance. In order to create the basis for genetic evaluation, this research determined the variation in daily milk yield (DMY) and somatic cell count (SCC) as well as the differences in resistance to <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress due to <span class="hlt">production</span> level (high, low) and breed (Holstein, Simmental) of dairy cattle breed in Croatia. For statistical analysis, 1,070,554 test-day records from 70,135 Holsteins reared on 5679 farms and 1,300,683 test-day records from 86,013 Simmentals reared on 8827 farms in Croatia provided by the Croatian Agricultural Agency were used. The results of this research indicate that the high-producing cows are much more susceptible to <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress than low-producing especially Holsteins. Also, the results of this research indicate that Simmental breed, in terms of daily milk <span class="hlt">production</span> and somatic cell count, could be more resistant to <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress than Holstein. The following research should determine whether Simmentals are genetically more appropriate for the challenges that are in store for the future milk <span class="hlt">production</span> in this region. Furthermore, could an adequate <span class="hlt">production</span> level be achieved with Simmentals by maintaining the <span class="hlt">heat</span> resistance?</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28477223','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28477223"><span>Differences in response to <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress due to <span class="hlt">production</span> level and breed of dairy cows.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gantner, Vesna; Bobic, Tina; Gantner, Ranko; Gregic, Maja; Kuterovac, Kresimir; Novakovic, Jurica; Potocnik, Klemen</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>The climatic conditions in Croatia are deteriorating which significantly increases the frequency of <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress. This creates a need for an adequate dairy farming strategy. The impact of <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress can be reduced in many ways, but the best long-term solution includes the genetic evaluation and selection for <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress resistance. In order to create the basis for genetic evaluation, this research determined the variation in daily milk yield (DMY) and somatic cell count (SCC) as well as the differences in resistance to <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress due to <span class="hlt">production</span> level (high, low) and breed (Holstein, Simmental) of dairy cattle breed in Croatia. For statistical analysis, 1,070,554 test-day records from 70,135 Holsteins reared on 5679 farms and 1,300,683 test-day records from 86,013 Simmentals reared on 8827 farms in Croatia provided by the Croatian Agricultural Agency were used. The results of this research indicate that the high-producing cows are much more susceptible to <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress than low-producing especially Holsteins. Also, the results of this research indicate that Simmental breed, in terms of daily milk <span class="hlt">production</span> and somatic cell count, could be more resistant to <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress than Holstein. The following research should determine whether Simmentals are genetically more appropriate for the challenges that are in store for the future milk <span class="hlt">production</span> in this region. Furthermore, could an adequate <span class="hlt">production</span> level be achieved with Simmentals by maintaining the <span class="hlt">heat</span> resistance?</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15752327','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15752327"><span>Improvement of bioinsecticides <span class="hlt">production</span> through adaptation of Bacillus thuringiensis cells to <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment and NaCl addition.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ghribi, D; Zouari, N; Jaoua, S</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>The present work aimed to increase yields of delta-endotoxin <span class="hlt">production</span> through adaptation of Bacillus thuringiensis cells to <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock and sodium chloride and to investigate their involvements in bioinsecticides <span class="hlt">production</span> improvement. Growing B. thuringiensis cells were <span class="hlt">heat</span> treated after different incubation times to study the response of the adaptative surviving cells in terms of delta-endotoxin synthesis. Similarly, adaptation of B. thuringiensis cells to sodium chloride was investigated. Adaptation to combined stressors was also evaluated. When applied separately in the glucose-based medium, 20-min <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment of 6-h-old cultures and addition of 7 g l(-1) NaCl at the beginning of the incubation gave respectively 38 and 27% delta-endotoxin <span class="hlt">production</span> improvements. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> shock improved toxin synthesis yields, while NaCl addition improved delta-endotoxin <span class="hlt">production</span> by increasing the spore titres without significant effect on toxin synthesis yields. Cumulative improvements (66%) were obtained by combination of the two stressors at the conditions previously established for each one. Interestingly, when the similar approach was conducted by using the large scale <span class="hlt">production</span> medium based on gruel and fish meal, 17, 8 and 29% delta-endotoxin <span class="hlt">production</span> improvements were respectively, obtained with <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock, NaCl and combined stressors. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> treatment of vegetative B. thuringiensis cells and NaCl addition to the culture media improved bioinsecticides <span class="hlt">production</span>. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> treatment increased toxin synthesis yields, while addition of NaCl increased biomass <span class="hlt">production</span> yields. Cumulative improvements of 66 and 29% were obtained in glucose and economic <span class="hlt">production</span> media, respectively. Overproduction of bioinsecticides by B. thuringiensis could be obtained by the combination of <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment of vegetative cells and addition of NaCl to the culture medium. This should contribute to a significant reduction of the cost of B. thuringiensis bioinsecticides <span class="hlt">production</span> and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19780069965&hterms=urease&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Durease','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19780069965&hterms=urease&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Durease"><span>Degradation of Biochemical <span class="hlt">Activity</span> in Soil Sterilized by Dry <span class="hlt">Heat</span> and Gamma Radiation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Shih, K. L.; Souza, K. A.</p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>The effect of soil sterilization by dry <span class="hlt">heat</span> (0.08% relative humidity), gamma radiation, or both on soil phosphatase, urease, and decarboxylase <span class="hlt">activity</span> was studied. Soil sterilized by a long exposure to dry <span class="hlt">heat</span> at relatively low temperatures (eight weeks at 100.5 C) retained higher <span class="hlt">activities</span> than did soil exposed to a higher temperature (two weeks at 124.5 C), while all <span class="hlt">activity</span> was destroyed by four days at 148.5 C. Sterilization with 7.5 Mrads destroyed less <span class="hlt">activity</span> than did <span class="hlt">heat</span> sterilization. The effect of several individually nonsterizing doses of <span class="hlt">heat</span> radiation is described.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=380161','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=380161"><span>Effect of <span class="hlt">Heat</span> on the Antimicrobial <span class="hlt">Activity</span> of Brilliant Green Dye</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Moats, W. A.; Kinner, J. A.; Maddox, S. E.</p> <p>1974-01-01</p> <p>Antimicrobial <span class="hlt">activity</span> of brilliant green dye in Trypticase soy broth (BBL) is reduced and ultimately destroyed by prolonged autoclaving at 121 C. Loss of antimicrobial <span class="hlt">activity</span> is accompanied by decolorization of the dye. This is consistent with other evidence that antimicrobial <span class="hlt">activity</span> of brilliant green resides in the colored dye ion. The dye is not decolorized when <span class="hlt">heated</span> in distilled water or peptone, but is decolorized by <span class="hlt">heating</span> in glucose, glycine, or sodium dodecyl sulfate, showing that decolorization results from reaction with components of the medium. To ensure optimal results, it is recommended that bacteriological media be sterilized by <span class="hlt">heat</span> prior to addition of brilliant green dye. PMID:4208510</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800014334','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800014334"><span><span class="hlt">Active</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchange system development for latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> thermal energy storage</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Alario, J.; Haslett, R.</p> <p>1980-01-01</p> <p>Various <span class="hlt">active</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchange concepts were identified from among three generic categories: scrapers, agitators/vibrators and slurries. The more practical ones were given a more detailed technical evaluation and an economic comparison with a passive tube-shell design for a reference application. Two concepts selected for hardware development are a direct contact <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchanger in which molten salt droplets are injected into a cooler counterflowing stream of liquid metal carrier fluid, and a rotating drum scraper in which molten salt is sprayed onto the circumference of a rotating drum, which contains the fluid <span class="hlt">heat</span> sink in an internal annulus near the surface. A fixed scraper blade removes the solidified salt from the surface which has been nickel plated to decrease adhesion forces. Suitable phase change material (PCM) storage media with melting points in the temperature range of interest (250 C to 400 C) were investigated. The specific salt recommended for laboratory tests was a chloride eutectic (20.5KCl-24/5 NaCl-55.0MgCl 2% by wt.), with a nominal melting point of 385 C.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28675841','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28675841"><span>Comparison of microwave and conduction-convection <span class="hlt">heating</span> autohydrolysis pretreatment for bioethanol <span class="hlt">production</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Aguilar-Reynosa, Alejandra; Romaní, Aloia; Rodríguez-Jasso, Rosa M; Aguilar, Cristóbal N; Garrote, Gil; Ruiz, Héctor A</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>This work describes the application of two forms of <span class="hlt">heating</span> for autohydrolysis pretreatment on isothermal regimen: conduction-convection <span class="hlt">heating</span> and microwave <span class="hlt">heating</span> processing using corn stover as raw material for bioethanol <span class="hlt">production</span>. Pretreatments were performed using different operational conditions: residence time (10-50 min) and temperature (160-200°C) for both pretreatments. Subsequently, the susceptibility of pretreated solids was studied using low enzyme loads, and high substrate loads. The highest conversion was 95.1% for microwave pretreated solids. Also solids pretreated by microwave <span class="hlt">heating</span> processing showed better ethanol conversion in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process (92% corresponding to 33.8g/L). Therefore, microwave <span class="hlt">heating</span> processing is a promising technology in the pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22597023-magnonics-selective-heat-production-nanocomposites-different-magnetic-nanoparticles','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22597023-magnonics-selective-heat-production-nanocomposites-different-magnetic-nanoparticles"><span>Magnonics: Selective <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> in nanocomposites with different magnetic nanoparticles</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Gu, Yu; Kornev, Konstantin G.</p> <p>2016-03-07</p> <p>We theoretically study Ferromagnetic Resonance (FMR) in nanocomposites focusing on the analysis of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>. It is demonstrated that at the FMR frequency, the temperature of nanoparticles can be raised at the rate of a few degrees per second at the electromagnetic (EM) irradiation power equivalent to the sunlight power. Thus, using FMR, one can initiate either surface or bulk reaction in the vicinity of a particular magnetic inclusion by purposely delivering <span class="hlt">heat</span> to the nanoscale at a sufficiently fast rate. We examined the FMR features in (a) the film with a mixture of nanoparticles made of different materials; (b)more » the laminated films where each layer is filled with a particular type of magnetic nanoparticles. It is shown that different nanoparticles can be selectively <span class="hlt">heated</span> at the different bands of EM spectrum. This effect opens up new exciting opportunities to control the microwave assisted chemical reactions depending on the <span class="hlt">heating</span> rate.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28139172','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28139172"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> exposure and <span class="hlt">productivity</span> in orchards: Implications for climate change research.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Quiller, Grant; Krenz, Jennifer; Ebi, Kristie; Hess, Jeremy J; Fenske, Richard A; Sampson, Paul D; Pan, Mengjie; Spector, June T</p> <p>2017-11-02</p> <p>Recent studies suggest that <span class="hlt">heat</span> exposure degrades work <span class="hlt">productivity</span>, but such studies have not considered individual- and workplace-level factors. Forty-six tree-fruit harvesters (98% Latino/a) from 6 orchards participated in a cross-sectional study in central/eastern Washington in 2015. The association between maximum measured work-shift wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT max ) and <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (total weight of fruit bins collected per time worked) was estimated using linear mixed-effects models, adjusting for relevant confounders. The mean (standard deviation) WBGT max was 27.9°C (3.6°C) in August and 21.2°C (2.0°C) in September. There was a trend of decreasing <span class="hlt">productivity</span> with increasing WBGT max , but this association was not statistically significant. When individual- and workplace-level factors were included in the model, the association approached the null. Not considering individual, work, and economic factors that affect rest and recovery in projections of the effects of climate change could result in overestimates of reductions in future <span class="hlt">productivity</span> and underestimate risk of <span class="hlt">heat</span> illness.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19502737','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19502737"><span>Antibacterial <span class="hlt">activity</span> of recombinant human lactoferrin from rice: effect of <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Conesa, Celia; Rota, Carmen; Castillo, Eduardo; Pérez, María-Dolores; Calvo, Miguel; Sánchez, Lourdes</p> <p>2009-06-01</p> <p>The antibacterial <span class="hlt">activity</span> of recombinant human lactoferrin from rice (rhLF) compared with that of human milk lactoferrin (hLF) was evaluated against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Enteritidis and Listeria monocytogenes. The hydrolysates of rhLF and hLF were found to be more <span class="hlt">active</span> than native proteins against E. coli O157:H7, and their <span class="hlt">activity</span> was independent of their iron saturation. The effect of different <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatments on the antibacterial <span class="hlt">activity</span> of apo-rhLF was studied and compared with hLF. We observed that an HTST pasteurization treatment did not affect the antimicrobial <span class="hlt">activity</span> of lactoferrin against the pathogens studied. Furthermore, the <span class="hlt">activity</span> of apo-rhLF and hLF against E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes in UHT milk and whey was assayed, finding a decrease in the number of bacteria, although lower than that observed in a broth medium. This study shows the similar antibacterial <span class="hlt">activity</span> of rhLF and hLF which is important in order to consider the addition of rhLF as a supplement in special <span class="hlt">products</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22733425','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22733425"><span>The temperature response of CO2 assimilation, photochemical <span class="hlt">activities</span> and Rubisco <span class="hlt">activation</span> in Camelina sativa, a potential bioenergy crop with limited capacity for acclimation to <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Carmo-Silva, A Elizabete; Salvucci, Michael E</p> <p>2012-11-01</p> <p>The temperature optimum of photosynthesis coincides with the average daytime temperature in a species' native environment. Moderate <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress occurs when temperatures exceed the optimum, inhibiting photosynthesis and decreasing <span class="hlt">productivity</span>. In the present study, the temperature response of photosynthesis and the potential for <span class="hlt">heat</span> acclimation was evaluated for Camelina sativa, a bioenergy crop. The temperature optimum of net CO(2) assimilation rate (A) under atmospheric conditions was 30-32 °C and was only slightly higher under non-photorespiratory conditions. The <span class="hlt">activation</span> state of Rubisco was closely correlated with A at supra-optimal temperatures, exhibiting a parallel decrease with increasing leaf temperature. At both control and elevated temperatures, the modeled response of A to intercellular CO(2) concentration was consistent with Rubisco limiting A at ambient CO(2). Rubisco <span class="hlt">activation</span> and photochemical <span class="hlt">activities</span> were affected by moderate <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress at lower temperatures in camelina than in the warm-adapted species cotton and tobacco. Growth under conditions that imposed a daily interval of moderate <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress caused a 63 % reduction in camelina seed yield. Levels of cpn60 protein were elevated under the higher growth temperature, but acclimation of photosynthesis was minimal. Inactivation of Rubisco in camelina at temperatures above 35 °C was consistent with the temperature response of Rubisco activase <span class="hlt">activity</span> and indicated that Rubisco activase was a prime target of inhibition by moderate <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress in camelina. That photosynthesis exhibited no acclimation to moderate <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress will likely impact the development of camelina and other cool season Brassicaceae as sources of bioenergy in a warmer world.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMDI51B0301A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMDI51B0301A"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> in granitic rocks: Global analysis based on a new data compilation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Artemieva, I. M.; Thybo, H.; Jakobsen, K.; Sørensen, N. K.; Nielsen, L. S. K.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Granitic rocks play special role in the evolution of the Earth and its thermal regime. Their compositional variability provides constraints on global differentiation processes and large scale planetary evolution, while <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> by radioactive decay is among the main <span class="hlt">heat</span> sources in the Earth. We analyze a new global database GRANITE2017 on the abundances of Th, U, K and <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> in granitic rocks based on all available published data. Statistical analysis of the data shows a huge scatter in all parameters, but the following conclusions can be made. (i) Bulk <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> in granitic rocks of all ages is ca. 2.0 microW/m3 . It is very low in Archean-Early Proterozoic granitic rocks and there is a remarkable peak in Middle Proterozoic granites followed by a gradual decrease towards Cenozoic granites. (ii) There is no systematic correlation between the tectonically controlled granite-type and bulk <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>, although A-type (anorogenic) granites are the most radioactive, and many of them were emplaced in Middle Proterozoic. (iii) There is no systematic correlation between <span class="hlt">heat</span> flow and concentrations of radiogenic elements. (iv) The present-day global average Th/U value is 4.75 with a maximum in Archean-Early Proterozoic granites (5.75) and a minimum in Middle-Late Proterozoic granites (3.78). The Th/U ratio at the time of granite emplacement has a minimum in Archean (2.78). (v) The present-day K/U ratio is close to a global estimate for the continental crust only for the entire dataset (1460), but differs from the global ratio for each geological time. (vi) We recognize a sharp change in radiogenic concentrations and ratios from the Early Proterozoic to Middle Proterozoic granites. The Proterozoic anomaly may be caused by major plate reorganizations possibly related to the supercontinent cycle when changes in the granite forming processes may be expected, or it may even indicate a change in global thermal regime, mantle dynamics and plate</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23607263','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23607263"><span>Effects of steam pretreatment and co-<span class="hlt">production</span> with ethanol on the energy efficiency and process economics of combined biogas, <span class="hlt">heat</span> and electricity <span class="hlt">production</span> from industrial hemp.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Barta, Zsolt; Kreuger, Emma; Björnsson, Lovisa</p> <p>2013-04-22</p> <p>The study presented here has used the commercial flow sheeting program Aspen Plus™ to evaluate techno-economic aspects of large-scale hemp-based processes for producing transportation fuels. The co-<span class="hlt">production</span> of biogas, district <span class="hlt">heat</span> and power from chopped and steam-pretreated hemp, and the co-<span class="hlt">production</span> of ethanol, biogas, <span class="hlt">heat</span> and power from steam-pretreated hemp were analysed. The analyses include assessments of <span class="hlt">heat</span> demand, energy efficiency and process economics in terms of annual cash flows and minimum biogas and ethanol selling prices (MBSP and MESP). Producing biogas, <span class="hlt">heat</span> and power from chopped hemp has the highest overall energy efficiency, 84% of the theoretical maximum (based on lower <span class="hlt">heating</span> values), providing that the maximum capacity of district <span class="hlt">heat</span> is delivered. The combined <span class="hlt">production</span> of ethanol, biogas, <span class="hlt">heat</span> and power has the highest energy efficiency (49%) if district <span class="hlt">heat</span> is not produced. Neither the inclusion of steam pretreatment nor co-<span class="hlt">production</span> with ethanol has a large impact on the MBSP. Ethanol is more expensive to produce than biogas is, but this is compensated for by its higher market price. None of the scenarios examined are economically viable, since the MBSP (EUR 103-128 per MWh) is higher than the market price of biogas (EUR 67 per MWh). The largest contribution to the cost is the cost of feedstock. Decreasing the retention time in the biogas process for low solids streams by partly replacing continuous stirred tank reactors by high-rate bioreactors decreases the MBSP. Also, recycling part of the liquid from the effluent from anaerobic digestion decreases the MBSP. The <span class="hlt">production</span> and prices of methane and ethanol influence the process economics more than the <span class="hlt">production</span> and prices of electricity and district <span class="hlt">heat</span>. To reduce the <span class="hlt">production</span> cost of ethanol and biogas from biomass, the use of feedstocks that are cheaper than hemp, give higher output of ethanol and biogas, or combined <span class="hlt">production</span> with higher value <span class="hlt">products</span> are</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li class="active"><span>8</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_8 --> <div id="page_9" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="161"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3651413','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3651413"><span>Effects of steam pretreatment and co-<span class="hlt">production</span> with ethanol on the energy efficiency and process economics of combined biogas, <span class="hlt">heat</span> and electricity <span class="hlt">production</span> from industrial hemp</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Background The study presented here has used the commercial flow sheeting program Aspen Plus™ to evaluate techno-economic aspects of large-scale hemp-based processes for producing transportation fuels. The co-<span class="hlt">production</span> of biogas, district <span class="hlt">heat</span> and power from chopped and steam-pretreated hemp, and the co-<span class="hlt">production</span> of ethanol, biogas, <span class="hlt">heat</span> and power from steam-pretreated hemp were analysed. The analyses include assessments of <span class="hlt">heat</span> demand, energy efficiency and process economics in terms of annual cash flows and minimum biogas and ethanol selling prices (MBSP and MESP). Results Producing biogas, <span class="hlt">heat</span> and power from chopped hemp has the highest overall energy efficiency, 84% of the theoretical maximum (based on lower <span class="hlt">heating</span> values), providing that the maximum capacity of district <span class="hlt">heat</span> is delivered. The combined <span class="hlt">production</span> of ethanol, biogas, <span class="hlt">heat</span> and power has the highest energy efficiency (49%) if district <span class="hlt">heat</span> is not produced. Neither the inclusion of steam pretreatment nor co-<span class="hlt">production</span> with ethanol has a large impact on the MBSP. Ethanol is more expensive to produce than biogas is, but this is compensated for by its higher market price. None of the scenarios examined are economically viable, since the MBSP (EUR 103–128 per MWh) is higher than the market price of biogas (EUR 67 per MWh). The largest contribution to the cost is the cost of feedstock. Decreasing the retention time in the biogas process for low solids streams by partly replacing continuous stirred tank reactors by high-rate bioreactors decreases the MBSP. Also, recycling part of the liquid from the effluent from anaerobic digestion decreases the MBSP. The <span class="hlt">production</span> and prices of methane and ethanol influence the process economics more than the <span class="hlt">production</span> and prices of electricity and district <span class="hlt">heat</span>. Conclusions To reduce the <span class="hlt">production</span> cost of ethanol and biogas from biomass, the use of feedstocks that are cheaper than hemp, give higher output of ethanol and biogas, or combined <span class="hlt">production</span> with</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25080499','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25080499"><span><span class="hlt">Active</span> and passive <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress similarly compromise tolerance to a simulated hemorrhagic challenge.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pearson, J; Lucas, R A I; Schlader, Z J; Zhao, J; Gagnon, D; Crandall, C G</p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>Passive <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress increases core and skin temperatures and reduces tolerance to simulated hemorrhage (lower body negative pressure; LBNP). We tested whether exercise-induced <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress reduces LBNP tolerance to a greater extent relative to passive <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress, when skin and core temperatures are similar. Eight participants (6 males, 32 ± 7 yr, 176 ± 8 cm, 77.0 ± 9.8 kg) underwent LBNP to presyncope on three separate and randomized occasions: 1) passive <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress, 2) exercise in a hot environment (40°C) where skin temperature was moderate (36°C, <span class="hlt">active</span> 36), and 3) exercise in a hot environment (40°C) where skin temperature was matched relative to that achieved during passive <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress (∼38°C, <span class="hlt">active</span> 38). LBNP tolerance was quantified using the cumulative stress index (CSI). Before LBNP, increases in core temperature from baseline were not different between trials (1.18 ± 0.20°C; P > 0.05). Also before LBNP, mean skin temperature was similar between passive <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress (38.2 ± 0.5°C) and <span class="hlt">active</span> 38 (38.2 ± 0.8°C; P = 0.90) trials, whereas it was reduced in the <span class="hlt">active</span> 36 trial (36.6 ± 0.5°C; P ≤ 0.05 compared with passive <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress and <span class="hlt">active</span> 38). LBNP tolerance was not different between passive <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress and <span class="hlt">active</span> 38 trials (383 ± 223 and 322 ± 178 CSI, respectively; P = 0.12), but both were similarly reduced relative to <span class="hlt">active</span> 36 (516 ± 147 CSI, both P ≤ 0.05). LBNP tolerance is not different between <span class="hlt">heat</span> stresses induced either passively or by exercise in a hot environment when skin temperatures are similarly elevated. However, LBNP tolerance is influenced by the magnitude of the elevation in skin temperature following exercise induced <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress. Copyright © 2014 the American Physiological Society.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19990106580&hterms=activity+Physics&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dactivity%2BPhysics','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19990106580&hterms=activity+Physics&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dactivity%2BPhysics"><span>Large-Scale Coronal <span class="hlt">Heating</span> from "Cool" <span class="hlt">Activity</span> in the Solar Magnetic Network</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Falconer, D. A.; Moore, R. L.; Porter, J. G.; Hathaway, D. H.</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>In Fe XII images from SOHO/EIT, the quiet solar corona shows structure on scales ranging from sub-supergranular (i.e., bright points and coronal network) to multi-supergranular (large-scale corona). In Falconer et al 1998 (Ap.J., 501, 386) we suppressed the large-scale background and found that the network-scale features are predominantly rooted in the magnetic network lanes at the boundaries of the supergranules. Taken together, the coronal network emission and bright point emission are only about 5% of the entire quiet solar coronal Fe XII emission. Here we investigate the relationship between the large-scale corona and the network as seen in three different EIT filters (He II, Fe IX-X, and Fe XII). Using the median-brightness contour, we divide the large-scale Fe XII corona into dim and bright halves, and find that the bright-half/dim half brightness ratio is about 1.5. We also find that the bright half relative to the dim half has 10 times greater total bright point Fe XII emission, 3 times greater Fe XII network emission, 2 times greater Fe IX-X network emission, 1.3 times greater He II network emission, and has 1.5 times more magnetic flux. Also, the cooler network (He II) radiates an order of magnitude more energy than the hotter coronal network (Fe IX-X, and Fe XII). From these results we infer that: 1) The <span class="hlt">heating</span> of the network and the <span class="hlt">heating</span> of the large-scale corona each increase roughly linearly with the underlying magnetic flux. 2) The <span class="hlt">production</span> of network coronal bright points and <span class="hlt">heating</span> of the coronal network each increase nonlinearly with the magnetic flux. 3) The <span class="hlt">heating</span> of the large-scale corona is driven by widespread cooler network <span class="hlt">activity</span> rather than by the exceptional network <span class="hlt">activity</span> that produces the network coronal bright points and the coronal network. 4) The large-scale corona is <span class="hlt">heated</span> by a nonthermal process since the driver of its <span class="hlt">heating</span> is cooler than it is. This work was funded by the Solar Physics Branch of NASA's office of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29775938','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29775938"><span>Treatment of perfluoroalkyl acids by <span class="hlt">heat-activated</span> persulfate under conditions representative of in situ chemical oxidation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bruton, Thomas A; Sedlak, David L</p> <p>2018-04-21</p> <p>Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are a class of organic contaminants notable for their extreme persistence. The unique chemical properties of these compounds make them difficult to remove from water using most standard water treatment techniques. To gain insight into the possibility of remediating contaminated groundwater by in situ chemical oxidation with <span class="hlt">heat-activated</span> persulfate, PFAA removal and the generation of transformation <span class="hlt">products</span> were evaluated under laboratory conditions. Solution pH had a strong influence on the removal of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), resulting in its transformation into shorter-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) at pH values below 3. The presence of chloride and aquifer sediments decreased the efficiency of the process by less than 25% under conditions likely to be encountered in drinking water aquifers. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) was not transformed by <span class="hlt">heat-activated</span> persulfate under any of the conditions tested. Despite challenges related to the need to manipulate aquifer pH, the possible generation of undesirable short-chain PFCAs and chlorate, and metals mobilization, <span class="hlt">heat-activated</span> persulfate may be a useful treatment technology for sites contaminated with PFCAs and fluorotelomer-based compounds, including those used in current-generation aqueous film-forming foams. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1204364','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1204364"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> of Hydration of Low <span class="hlt">Activity</span> Cementitious Waste Forms</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Nasol, D.</p> <p>2015-07-23</p> <p>During the curing of secondary waste grout, the hydraulic materials in the dry mix react exothermally with the water in the secondary low-<span class="hlt">activity</span> waste (LAW). The <span class="hlt">heat</span> released, called the <span class="hlt">heat</span> of hydration, can be measured using a TAM Air Isothermal Calorimeter. By holding temperature constant in the instrument, the <span class="hlt">heat</span> of hydration during the curing process can be determined. This will provide information that can be used in the design of a waste solidification facility. At the Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL), the <span class="hlt">heat</span> of hydration and other physical properties are being collected on grout prepared using three simulantsmore » of liquid secondary waste generated at the Hanford Site. From this study it was found that both the simulant and dry mix each had an effect on the <span class="hlt">heat</span> of hydration. It was also concluded that the higher the cement content in the dry materials mix, the greater the <span class="hlt">heat</span> of hydration during the curing of grout.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16922186','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16922186"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> strain in cold.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Rintamäki, Hannu; Rissanen, Sirkka</p> <p>2006-07-01</p> <p>In spite of increased environmental cold stress, <span class="hlt">heat</span> strain is possible also in a cold environment. The body <span class="hlt">heat</span> balance depends on three factors: environmental thermal conditions, metabolic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> and thermal insulation of clothing and other protective garments. As physical exercise may increase metabolic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> from rest values by ten times or even more, the required thermal insulation of clothing may vary accordingly. However, in most outdoor work, and often in indoor cold work, too, the thermal insulation of clothing is impractical, difficult or impossible to adjust according to the changes in physical <span class="hlt">activity</span>. This is especially true with whole body covering garments like chemical protective clothing. As a result of this imbalance, <span class="hlt">heat</span> strain may develop. In cold all the signs of <span class="hlt">heat</span> strain (core temperature above 38 degrees C, warm or hot thermal sensations, increased cutaneous circulation and sweating) may not be present at the same time. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> strain in cold may be whole body <span class="hlt">heat</span> strain or related only to torso or core temperature. Together with <span class="hlt">heat</span> strain in torso or body core, there can be at the same time even cold strain in peripheral parts and/or superficial layers of the body. In cold environment both the preservation of insulation and facilitation of <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss are important. Development of clothing design is still needed to allow easy adjustments of thermal insulation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011SPIE.7918E..0GV','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011SPIE.7918E..0GV"><span>Testing of <span class="hlt">active</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> sink for advanced high-power laser diodes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vetrovec, John; Copeland, Drew A.; Feeler, Ryan; Junghans, Jeremy</p> <p>2011-03-01</p> <p>We report on the development of a novel <span class="hlt">active</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> sink for high-power laser diodes offering unparalleled capacity in high-<span class="hlt">heat</span> flux handling and temperature control. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> sink employs convective <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer by a liquid metal flowing at high speed inside a miniature sealed flow loop. Liquid metal flow in the loop is maintained electromagnetically without any moving parts. Thermal conductance of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> sink is electronically adjustable, allowing for precise control of diode temperature and the laser light wavelength. This paper presents the principles and challenges of liquid metal cooling, and data from testing at high <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux and high <span class="hlt">heat</span> loads.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27503713','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27503713"><span>Mitigation of <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress-related complications by a yeast fermentate <span class="hlt">product</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Giblot Ducray, Henri Alexandre; Globa, Ludmila; Pustovyy, Oleg; Reeves, Stuart; Robinson, Larry; Vodyanoy, Vitaly; Sorokulova, Iryna</p> <p>2016-08-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Heat</span> stress results in a multitude of biological and physiological responses which can become lethal if not properly managed. It has been shown that <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress causes significant adverse effects in both human and animals. Different approaches have been proposed to mitigate the adverse effects caused by <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress, among which are special diet and probiotics. We characterized the effect of the yeast fermentate EpiCor (EH) on the prevention of <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress-related complications in rats. We found that increasing the body temperature of animals from 37.1±0.2 to 40.6±0.2°C by exposure to <span class="hlt">heat</span> (45°C for 25min) resulted in significant morphological changes in the intestine. Villi height and total mucosal thickness decreased in <span class="hlt">heat</span>-stressed rats pre-treated with PBS in comparison with control animals not exposed to the <span class="hlt">heat</span>. Oral treatment of rats with EH before <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress prevented the traumatic effects of <span class="hlt">heat</span> on the intestine. Changes in intestinal morphology of <span class="hlt">heat</span>-stressed rats, pre-treated with PBS resulted in significant elevation of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) level in the serum of these animals. Pre-treatment with EH was effective in the prevention of LPS release into the bloodstream of <span class="hlt">heat</span>-stressed rats. Our study revealed that elevation of body temperature also resulted in a significant increase of the concentration of vesicles released by erythrocytes in rats, pre-treated with PBS. This is an indication of a pathological impact of <span class="hlt">heat</span> on the erythrocyte structure. Treatment of rats with EH completely protected their erythrocytes from this <span class="hlt">heat</span>-induced pathology. Finally, exposure to <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress conditions resulted in a significant increase of white blood cells in rats. In the group of animals pre-treated with EH before <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress, the white blood cell count remained the same as in non-<span class="hlt">heated</span> controls. These results showed the protective effect of the EH <span class="hlt">product</span> in the prevention of complications, caused by <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress. Copyright © 2016 The Authors</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5621176','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5621176"><span>The Impacts of <span class="hlt">Heating</span> Strategy on Soil Moisture Estimation Using <span class="hlt">Actively</span> <span class="hlt">Heated</span> Fiber Optics</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Dong, Jianzhi; Agliata, Rosa; Steele-Dunne, Susan; Hoes, Olivier; Bogaard, Thom; Greco, Roberto; van de Giesen, Nick</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Several recent studies have highlighted the potential of <span class="hlt">Actively</span> <span class="hlt">Heated</span> Fiber Optics (AHFO) for high resolution soil moisture mapping. In AHFO, the soil moisture can be calculated from the cumulative temperature (Tcum), the maximum temperature (Tmax), or the soil thermal conductivity determined from the cooling phase after <span class="hlt">heating</span> (λ). This study investigates the performance of the Tcum, Tmax and λ methods for different <span class="hlt">heating</span> strategies, i.e., differences in the duration and input power of the applied <span class="hlt">heat</span> pulse. The aim is to compare the three approaches and to determine which is best suited to field applications where the power supply is limited. Results show that increasing the input power of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> pulses makes it easier to differentiate between dry and wet soil conditions, which leads to an improved accuracy. Results suggest that if the power supply is limited, the <span class="hlt">heating</span> strength is insufficient for the λ method to yield accurate estimates. Generally, the Tcum and Tmax methods have similar accuracy. If the input power is limited, increasing the <span class="hlt">heat</span> pulse duration can improve the accuracy of the AHFO method for both of these techniques. In particular, extending the <span class="hlt">heating</span> duration can significantly increase the sensitivity of Tcum to soil moisture. Hence, the Tcum method is recommended when the input power is limited. Finally, results also show that up to 50% of the cable temperature change during the <span class="hlt">heat</span> pulse can be attributed to soil background temperature, i.e., soil temperature changed by the net solar radiation. A method is proposed to correct this background temperature change. Without correction, soil moisture information can be completely masked by the background temperature error. PMID:28902141</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15161203','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15161203"><span>Effect of <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment on the antioxidant <span class="hlt">activity</span> of extracts from citrus peels.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jeong, Seok-Moon; Kim, So-Young; Kim, Dong-Ryul; Jo, Seong-Chun; Nam, K C; Ahn, D U; Lee, Seung-Cheol</p> <p>2004-06-02</p> <p>The effect of <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment on the antioxidant <span class="hlt">activity</span> of extracts from Citrus unshiu peels was evaluated. Citrus peels (CP) (5 g) were placed in Pyrex Petri dishes (8.0 cm diameter) and <span class="hlt">heat</span>-treated at 50, 100, or 150 degrees C for 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 min in an electric muffle furnace. After <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment, 70% ethanol extract (EE) and water extract (WE) (0.1 g/10 mL) of CP were prepared, and total phenol contents (TPC), radical scavenging <span class="hlt">activity</span> (RSA), and reducing power of the extracts were determined. The antioxidant <span class="hlt">activities</span> of CP extracts increased as <span class="hlt">heating</span> temperature increased. For example, <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment of CP at 150 degrees C for 60 min increased the TPC, RSA, and reducing power of EE from 71.8 to 171.0 microM, from 29.64 to 64.25%, and from 0.45 to 0.82, respectively, compared to non-<span class="hlt">heat</span>-treated control. In the case of WE from CP <span class="hlt">heat</span>-treated at the same conditions (150 degrees C for 60 min), the TPC, RSA, and reducing power also increased from 84.4 to 204.9 microM, from 15.81 to 58.26%, and from 0.27 to 0.96, respectively. Several low molecular weight phenolic compounds such as 2,3-diacetyl-1-phenylnaphthalene, ferulic acid, p-hydroxybenzaldoxime, 5-hydroxyvaleric acid, 2,3-diacetyl-1-phenylnaphthalene, and vanillic acid were newly formed in the CP <span class="hlt">heated</span> at 150 degrees C for 30 min. These results indicated that the antioxidant <span class="hlt">activity</span> of CP extracts was significantly affected by <span class="hlt">heating</span> temperature and duration of treatment on CP and that the <span class="hlt">heating</span> process can be used as a tool for increasing the antioxidant <span class="hlt">activity</span> of CP.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120003152','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120003152"><span>Joule-<span class="hlt">Heated</span> Molten Regolith Electrolysis Reactor Concepts for Oxygen and Metals <span class="hlt">Production</span> on the Moon and Mars</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Sibille, Laurent; Dominques, Jesus A.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>The maturation of Molten Regolith Electrolysis (MRE) as a viable technology for oxygen and metals <span class="hlt">production</span> on explored planets relies on the realization of the self-<span class="hlt">heating</span> mode for the reactor. Joule <span class="hlt">heat</span> generated during regolith electrolysis creates thermal energy that should be able to maintain the molten phase (similar to electrolytic Hall-Heroult process for aluminum <span class="hlt">production</span>). Self-<span class="hlt">heating</span> via Joule <span class="hlt">heating</span> offers many advantages: (1) The regolith itself is the crucible material, it protects the vessel walls (2) Simplifies the engineering of the reactor (3) Reduces power consumption (no external <span class="hlt">heating</span>) (4) Extends the longevity of the reactor. Predictive modeling is a tool chosen to perform dimensional analysis of a self-<span class="hlt">heating</span> reactor: (1) Multiphysics modeling (COMSOL) was selected for Joule <span class="hlt">heat</span> generation and <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer (2) Objective is to identify critical dimensions for first reactor prototype.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AIPC.1734e0044Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AIPC.1734e0044Z"><span><span class="hlt">Active</span> latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> storage with a screw <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchanger - experimental results for <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer and concept for high pressure steam</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zipf, Verena; Willert, Daniel; Neuhäuser, Anton</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>An innovative <span class="hlt">active</span> latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> storage concept was invented and developed at Fraunhofer ISE. It uses a screw <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchanger (SHE) for the phase change during the transport of a phase change material (PCM) from a cold to a hot tank or vice versa. This separates <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer and storage tank in comparison to existing concepts. A test rig has been built in order to investigate the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer coefficients of the SHE during melting and crystallization of the PCM. The knowledge of these characteristics is crucial in order to assess the performance of the latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> storage in a thermal system. The test rig contains a double shafted SHE, which is <span class="hlt">heated</span> or cooled with thermal oil. The overall <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer coefficient U and the convective <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer coefficient on the PCM side hPCM both for charging and discharging have been calculated based on the measured data. For charging, the overall <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer coefficient in the tested SHE was Uch = 308 W/m2K and for discharging Udis = 210 W/m2K. Based on the values for hPCM the overall <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer coefficients for a larger SHE with steam as <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer fluid and an optimized geometry were calculated with Uch = 320 W/m2K for charging and Udis = 243 W/m2K for discharging. For pressures as high as p = 100 bar, an SHE concept has been developed, which uses an organic fluid inside the flight of the SHE as working media. With this concept, the SHE can also be deployed for very high pressure, e.g. as storage in solar thermal power plants.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27490172','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27490172"><span>Effects of <span class="hlt">heat</span> shocks on microbial community structure and microbial <span class="hlt">activity</span> of a methanogenic enrichment degrading benzoate.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mei, R; Narihiro, T; Nobu, M K; Liu, W-T</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>In anaerobic digesters, temperature fluctuation could lead to process instability and failure. It is still not well understood how digester microbiota as a whole respond to <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock, and what specific organisms are vulnerable to perturbation or responsible for process recovery after perturbation. To address these questions, a mesophilic benzoate-degrading methanogenic culture enriched from digester was subjected to different levels of <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock. Three types of methane <span class="hlt">production</span> profiles after perturbation were observed in comparison to the control: uninhibited, inhibited with later recovery, and inhibited without recovery. These responses were correlated with the microbial community compositions based on the analyses of 16S rRNA and 16S rRNA gene. Specifically, the primary benzoate-degrading syntroph was highly affected by <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock, and its abundance and <span class="hlt">activity</span> were both crucial to the restoration of benzoate degradation after <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock. In contrast, methanogens were stable regardless whether methane <span class="hlt">production</span> was inhibited. Populations related to 'Candidatus Cloacimonetes' and Firmicutes showed stimulated growth. These observations indicated distinct physiological traits and ecological niches associated with individual microbial groups. The results obtained after exposure to <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock can be critical to more comprehensive characterization of digester ecology under perturbations. Anaerobic digestion is an essential step in municipal wastewater treatment owing to its striking capacity of reducing wasted sludge and recovering energy. However, as an elaborate microbial process, it requires constant temperature control and is sensitive to <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock. In this study, we explored the microbial response to <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock of a methanogenic culture enriched from anaerobic digester sludge. Microorganisms that were vulnerable to perturbation or responsible for process recovery after perturbation were identified. © 2016 The Society for Applied Microbiology.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29352221','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29352221"><span>Role of METTL20 in regulating β-oxidation and <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> in mice under fasting or ketogenic conditions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Shimazu, Tadahiro; Furuse, Tamio; Balan, Shabeesh; Yamada, Ikuko; Okuno, Shuzo; Iwanari, Hiroko; Suzuki, Takehiro; Hamakubo, Takao; Dohmae, Naoshi; Yoshikawa, Takeo; Wakana, Shigeharu; Shinkai, Yoichi</p> <p>2018-01-19</p> <p>METTL20 is a seven-β-strand methyltransferase that is localised to the mitochondria and tri-methylates the electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) β subunit (ETFB) at lysines 200 and 203. It has been shown that METTL20 decreases the ability of ETF to extract electrons from medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) dehydrogenase (MCAD) and glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase in vitro. METTL20-mediated methylation of ETFB influences the oxygen consumption rate in permeabilised mitochondria, suggesting that METTL20-mediated ETFB methylation may also play a regulatory role in mitochondrial metabolism. In this study, we generated Mettl20 knockout (KO) mice to uncover the in vivo functions of METTL20. The KO mice were viable, and a loss of ETFB methylation was confirmed. In vitro enzymatic assays revealed that mitochondrial ETF <span class="hlt">activity</span> was higher in the KO mice than in wild-type mice, suggesting that the KO mice had higher β-oxidation capacity. Calorimetric analysis showed that the KO mice fed a ketogenic diet had higher oxygen consumption and <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>. A subsequent cold tolerance test conducted after 24 h of fasting indicated that the KO mice had a better ability to maintain their body temperature in cold environments. Thus, METTL20 regulates ETF <span class="hlt">activity</span> and <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> through lysine methylation when β-oxidation is highly <span class="hlt">activated</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA603185','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA603185"><span>Elimination of Acid Cleaning of High Temperature Salt Water <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Exchangers: Redesigned Pre-<span class="hlt">Production</span> Full-Scale <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Pipe Bleed Air Cooler for Shipboard Evaluation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-11-01</p> <p>Cleaning of High Temperature Salt Water <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Exchangers ESTCP WP-200302 Subtitle: Redesigned Pre-<span class="hlt">production</span> Full-Scale <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Pipe Bleed Air Cooler For...FINAL 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) 1-Jan-2003 – 1-Oct-2009 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Elimination of Acid Cleaning of High Temperature Salt Water <span class="hlt">Heat</span>...6-5 Figure 6- 6 HP-BAC Tube Sheet Being Immersed in Ultrasonic Cleaning Tank ..................................... 6-6 Figure 6- 7 <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Pipe</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Tectp.722..249L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Tectp.722..249L"><span>Jurassic high <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> granites associated with the Weddell Sea rift system, Antarctica</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Leat, Philip T.; Jordan, Tom A.; Flowerdew, Michael J.; Riley, Teal R.; Ferraccioli, Fausto; Whitehouse, Martin J.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>The distribution of <span class="hlt">heat</span> flow in Antarctic continental crust is critical to understanding continental tectonics, ice sheet growth and subglacial hydrology. We identify a group of High <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Production</span> granites, intruded into upper crustal Palaeozoic metasedimentary sequences, which may contribute to locally high <span class="hlt">heat</span> flow beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Four of the granite plutons are exposed above ice sheet level at Pagano Nunatak, Pirrit Hills, Nash Hills and Whitmore Mountains. A new Usbnd Pb zircon age from Pirrit Hills of 178.0 ± 3.5 Ma confirms earlier Rbsbnd Sr and Usbnd Pb dating and that the granites were emplaced approximately coincident with the first stage of Gondwana break-up and the developing Weddell rift, and 5 m.y. after eruption of the Karoo-Ferrar large igneous province. Aerogeophysical data indicate that the plutons are distributed unevenly over 40,000 km2 with one intruded into the transtensional Pagano Shear Zone, while the others were emplaced within the more stable Ellsworth-Whitmore mountains continental block. The granites are weakly peraluminous A-types and have Th and U abundances up to 60.7 and 28.6 ppm respectively. Measured <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> of the granite samples is 2.96-9.06 μW/m3 (mean 5.35 W/m3), significantly higher than average upper continental crust and contemporaneous silicic rocks in the Antarctic Peninsula. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> flow associated with the granite intrusions is predicted to be in the range 70-95 mW/m2 depending on the thickness of the high <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> granite layer and the regional <span class="hlt">heat</span> flow value. Analysis of detrital zircon compositions and ages indicates that the high Th and U abundances are related to enrichment of the lower-mid crust that dates back to 200-299 Ma at the time of the formation of the Gondwanide fold belt and its post-orogenic collapse and extension.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19740022379','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19740022379"><span>Space shuttle/food system study. Volume 2, Appendix A: <span class="hlt">Active</span> <span class="hlt">heating</span> system-screening analysis. Appendix B: Reconstituted food <span class="hlt">heating</span> techniques analysis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1974-01-01</p> <p>Technical data are presented which were used to evaluate <span class="hlt">active</span> <span class="hlt">heating</span> methods to be incorporated into the space shuttle food system design, and also to evaluate the relative merits and penalties associated with various approaches to the <span class="hlt">heating</span> of rehydrated food during space flight. Equipment <span class="hlt">heating</span> candidates were subject to a preliminary screening performed by a selection rationale process which considered the following parameters; (1) gravitational effect; (2) safety; (3) operability; (4) system compatibility; (5) serviceability; (6) crew acceptability; (7) crew time; (8) development risk; and (9) operating cost. A hot air oven, electrically <span class="hlt">heated</span> food tray, and microwave oven were selected for further consideration and analysis. Passive, semi-<span class="hlt">active</span>, and <span class="hlt">active</span> food preparation approaches were also studied in an effort to determine the optimum method for <span class="hlt">heating</span> rehydrated food. Potential complexity, cost, vehicle impact penalties, and palatability were considered in the analysis. A summary of the study results is provided along with cost estimates for each of the potential sytems</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28902141','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28902141"><span>The Impacts of <span class="hlt">Heating</span> Strategy on Soil Moisture Estimation Using <span class="hlt">Actively</span> <span class="hlt">Heated</span> Fiber Optics.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Dong, Jianzhi; Agliata, Rosa; Steele-Dunne, Susan; Hoes, Olivier; Bogaard, Thom; Greco, Roberto; van de Giesen, Nick</p> <p>2017-09-13</p> <p>Several recent studies have highlighted the potential of <span class="hlt">Actively</span> <span class="hlt">Heated</span> Fiber Optics (AHFO) for high resolution soil moisture mapping. In AHFO, the soil moisture can be calculated from the cumulative temperature ( T cum ), the maximum temperature ( T max ), or the soil thermal conductivity determined from the cooling phase after <span class="hlt">heating</span> ( λ ). This study investigates the performance of the T cum , T max and λ methods for different <span class="hlt">heating</span> strategies, i.e., differences in the duration and input power of the applied <span class="hlt">heat</span> pulse. The aim is to compare the three approaches and to determine which is best suited to field applications where the power supply is limited. Results show that increasing the input power of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> pulses makes it easier to differentiate between dry and wet soil conditions, which leads to an improved accuracy. Results suggest that if the power supply is limited, the <span class="hlt">heating</span> strength is insufficient for the λ method to yield accurate estimates. Generally, the T cum and T max methods have similar accuracy. If the input power is limited, increasing the <span class="hlt">heat</span> pulse duration can improve the accuracy of the AHFO method for both of these techniques. In particular, extending the <span class="hlt">heating</span> duration can significantly increase the sensitivity of T cum to soil moisture. Hence, the T cum method is recommended when the input power is limited. Finally, results also show that up to 50% of the cable temperature change during the <span class="hlt">heat</span> pulse can be attributed to soil background temperature, i.e., soil temperature changed by the net solar radiation. A method is proposed to correct this background temperature change. Without correction, soil moisture information can be completely masked by the background temperature error.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhD...50n5101Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhD...50n5101Z"><span><span class="hlt">Active</span> control of near-field radiative <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer between graphene-covered metamaterials</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhao, Qimei; Zhou, Ting; Wang, Tongbiao; Liu, Wenxing; Liu, Jiangtao; Yu, Tianbao; Liao, Qinghua; Liu, Nianhua</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>In this study, the near-field radiative <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer between graphene-covered metamaterials is investigated. The electric surface plasmons (SPs) supported by metamaterials can be coupled with the SPs supported by graphene. The near-field <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer between the graphene-covered metamaterials is significantly larger than that between metamaterials because of the strong coupling in our studied frequency range. The relationship between <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux and chemical potential is studied for different vacuum gaps. Given that the chemical potential of graphene can be tuned by the external electric field, <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer can be <span class="hlt">actively</span> controlled by modulating the chemical potential. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux for certain vacuum gaps can reach a maximum value when the chemical potential is at a particular value. The results of this study are beneficial for <span class="hlt">actively</span> controlling energy transfer.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28895899','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28895899"><span>Effects of <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Stress on Construction Labor <span class="hlt">Productivity</span> in Hong Kong: A Case Study of Rebar Workers.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yi, Wen; Chan, Albert P C</p> <p>2017-09-12</p> <p>Global warming is bringing more frequent and severe <span class="hlt">heat</span> waves, and the result will be serious for vulnerable populations such as construction workers. Excessive <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress has profound effects on physiological responses, which cause occupational injuries, fatalities and low <span class="hlt">productivity</span>. Construction workers are particularly affected by <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress, because of the body <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> caused by physically demanding tasks, and hot and humid working conditions. Field studies were conducted between August and September 2016 at two construction training grounds in Hong Kong. Onsite wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT), workers' heart rate (HR), and labor <span class="hlt">productivity</span> were measured and monitored. Based on the 378 data sets of synchronized environmental, physiological, construction labor <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (CLP), and personal variables, a CLP-<span class="hlt">heat</span> stress model was established. It was found that WBGT, percentage of maximum HR, age, work duration, and alcohol drinking habits were determining factors for predicting the CLP (adjusted R ² = 0.68, p < 0.05). The model revealed that <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress reduces CLP, with the percentage of direct work time decreasing by 0.33% when the WBGT increased by 1 °C. The findings in this study extend the existing practice notes by providing scientific data that may be of benefit to the industry in producing solid guidelines for working in hot weather.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_9 --> <div id="page_10" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="181"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5615592','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5615592"><span>Effects of <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Stress on Construction Labor <span class="hlt">Productivity</span> in Hong Kong: A Case Study of Rebar Workers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Chan, Albert P. C.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Global warming is bringing more frequent and severe <span class="hlt">heat</span> waves, and the result will be serious for vulnerable populations such as construction workers. Excessive <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress has profound effects on physiological responses, which cause occupational injuries, fatalities and low <span class="hlt">productivity</span>. Construction workers are particularly affected by <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress, because of the body <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> caused by physically demanding tasks, and hot and humid working conditions. Field studies were conducted between August and September 2016 at two construction training grounds in Hong Kong. Onsite wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT), workers’ heart rate (HR), and labor <span class="hlt">productivity</span> were measured and monitored. Based on the 378 data sets of synchronized environmental, physiological, construction labor <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (CLP), and personal variables, a CLP-<span class="hlt">heat</span> stress model was established. It was found that WBGT, percentage of maximum HR, age, work duration, and alcohol drinking habits were determining factors for predicting the CLP (adjusted R2 = 0.68, p < 0.05). The model revealed that <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress reduces CLP, with the percentage of direct work time decreasing by 0.33% when the WBGT increased by 1 °C. The findings in this study extend the existing practice notes by providing scientific data that may be of benefit to the industry in producing solid guidelines for working in hot weather. PMID:28895899</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.9333C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.9333C"><span>Climate change projections of <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress in Europe: From meteorological variables to impacts on <span class="hlt">productivity</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Casanueva, Ana; Kotlarski, Sven; Liniger, Mark A.</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Future climate change is likely to have important impacts in many socio-economic sectors. In particular, higher summer temperatures or more prolonged <span class="hlt">heat</span> waves may be responsible for health problems and <span class="hlt">productivity</span> losses related to <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress, especially affecting people exposed to such situations (e.g. working under outside settings or in non-acclimatized workplaces). <span class="hlt">Heat</span> stress on the body under work load and consequently their <span class="hlt">productivity</span> loss can be described through <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress indices that are based on multiple meteorological parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind and radiation. Exploring the changes of these variables under a warmer climate is of prime importance for the Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability communities. In particular, the H2020 project <span class="hlt">HEAT</span>-SHIELD aims at analyzing the impact of climate change on <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress in strategic industries in Europe (manufacturing, construction, transportation, tourism and agriculture) within an inter-sectoral framework (climate scientists, biometeorologists, physiologists and stakeholders). In the present work we explore present and future <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress over Europe using an ensemble of the state-of-the-art RCMs from the EURO-CORDEX initiative. Since RCMs cannot be directly used in impact studies due to their partly substantial biases, a standard bias correction method (empirical quantile mapping) is applied to correct the individual variables that are then used to derive <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress indices. The objectives of this study are twofold, 1) to test the ability of the separately bias corrected variables to reproduce the main characteristics of <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress indices in present climate conditions and 2) to explore climate change projections of <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress indices. We use the wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) as primary <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress index, considering two different versions for indoor (or in the shade, based on temperature and humidity conditions) and outdoor settings (including also wind and radiation). The WBGT</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatCo...6E8297Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatCo...6E8297Y"><span>A pain-inducing centipede toxin targets the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">activation</span> machinery of nociceptor TRPV1</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yang, Shilong; Yang, Fan; Wei, Ningning; Hong, Jing; Li, Bowen; Luo, Lei; Rong, Mingqiang; Yarov-Yarovoy, Vladimir; Zheng, Jie; Wang, Kewei; Lai, Ren</p> <p>2015-09-01</p> <p>The capsaicin receptor TRPV1 ion channel is a polymodal nociceptor that responds to <span class="hlt">heat</span> with exquisite sensitivity through an unknown mechanism. Here we report the identification of a novel toxin, RhTx, from the venom of the Chinese red-headed centipede that potently <span class="hlt">activates</span> TRPV1 to produce excruciating pain. RhTx is a 27-amino-acid small peptide that forms a compact polarized molecule with very rapid binding kinetics and high affinity for TRPV1. We show that RhTx targets the channel's <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">activation</span> machinery to cause powerful <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">activation</span> at body temperature. The RhTx-TRPV1 interaction is mediated by the toxin's highly charged C terminus, which associates tightly to the charge-rich outer pore region of the channel where it can directly interact with the pore helix and turret. These findings demonstrate that RhTx binding to the outer pore can induce TRPV1 <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">activation</span>, therefore providing crucial new structural information on the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">activation</span> machinery.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29045327','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29045327"><span>Aging Impairs Whole-Body <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Loss in Women under Both Dry and Humid <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Stress.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Notley, Sean R; Poirier, Martin P; Hardcastle, Stephen G; Flouris, Andreas D; Boulay, Pierre; Sigal, Ronald J; Kenny, Glen P</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>This study was designed to determine whether age-related impairments in whole-body <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss, which are known to exist in dry <span class="hlt">heat</span>, also occur in humid <span class="hlt">heat</span> in women. To evaluate this possibility, 10 young (25 ± 4 yr) and 10 older (51 ± 7 yr) women matched for body surface area (young, 1.69 ± 0.11; older, 1.76 ± 0.14 m, P = 0.21) and peak oxygen consumption (V˙O2peak) (young, 38.6 ± 4.6; older, 34.8 ± 6.6 mL·kg·min, P = 0.15) performed four 15-min bouts of cycling at a fixed metabolic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> rate (300 W; equivalent to ~45% V˙O2peak), each separated by a 15-min recovery, in dry (35°C, 20% relative humidity) and humid <span class="hlt">heat</span> (35°C, 60% relative humidity). Total <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss (evaporative ± dry <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchange) and metabolic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> were measured using direct and indirect calorimetry, respectively. Body <span class="hlt">heat</span> storage was measured as the temporal summation of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> and loss. Total <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss was lower in humid conditions compared with dry conditions during all exercise bouts in both groups (all P < 0.05), resulting in 49% and 39% greater body <span class="hlt">heat</span> storage in young and older women, respectively (both P < 0.01). Total <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss was also lower in older women compared with young women during exercise bouts 1, 2 and 3 in dry <span class="hlt">heat</span> (all P < 0.05) and bouts 1 and 2 in humid <span class="hlt">heat</span> (both P < 0.05). Consequently, body <span class="hlt">heat</span> storage was 29% and 16% greater in older women compared with young women in dry and humid conditions, respectively (both P < 0.05). Increasing ambient humidity reduces <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss capacity in young and older women. However, older women display impaired <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss relative to young women in both dry and humid <span class="hlt">heat</span>, and may therefore be at greater risk of <span class="hlt">heat</span>-related injury during light-to-moderate <span class="hlt">activity</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26151383','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26151383"><span>Kinetic and mechanistic investigations of the degradation of sulfamethazine in <span class="hlt">heat-activated</span> persulfate oxidation process.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Fan, Yan; Ji, Yuefei; Kong, Deyang; Lu, Junhe; Zhou, Quansuo</p> <p>2015-12-30</p> <p>Sulfamethazine (SMZ) is widely used in livestock feeding and aquaculture as an antibiotic agent and growth promoter. Widespread occurrence of SMZ in surface water, groundwater, soil and sediment has been reported. In this study, degradation of SMZ by <span class="hlt">heat-activated</span> persulfate (PS) oxidation was investigated in aqueous solution. Experimental results demonstrated that SMZ degradation followed pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics. The pseudo-first-order rate constant (kobs) was increased markedly with increasing concentration of PS and temperature. Radical scavenging tests revealed that the predominant oxidizing species was SO4·(-) with HO playing a less important role. Aniline moiety in SMZ molecule was confirmed to be the reactive site for SO4·(-) attack by comparison with substructural analogs. Nontarget natural water constituents affected SMZ removal significantly, e.g., Cl(-) and HCO3(-) improved the degradation while fulvic acid reduced it. Reaction <span class="hlt">products</span> were enriched by solid phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). 6 <span class="hlt">products</span> derived from sulfonamide S--N bond cleavage, aniline moiety oxidation and Smiles-type rearrangement were identified, and transformation pathways of SMZ oxidation were proposed. Results reveal that <span class="hlt">heat-activated</span> PS oxidation could be an efficient approach for remediation of water contaminated by SMZ and related sulfonamides. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=temperature+AND+classes&id=EJ1104568','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=temperature+AND+classes&id=EJ1104568"><span>Repairing Student Misconceptions in <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Transfer Using Inquiry-Based <span class="hlt">Activities</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Prince, Michael; Vigeant, Margot; Nottis, Katharyn</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Eight inquiry-based <span class="hlt">activities</span>, described here in sufficient detail for faculty to adopt in their own courses, were designed to teach students fundamental concepts in <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer. The concept areas chosen were (1) factors affecting the rate vs. amount of <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer, (2) temperature vs. perceptions of hot and cold, (3) temperature vs. energy…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JNano..10a6016L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JNano..10a6016L"><span>Visible light <span class="hlt">active</span> photocatalyst from recycled disposable <span class="hlt">heating</span> pads</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lee, Meng-Chien; Wang, Chun-Yu; Chen, Che-Chin; Wang, Chih-Ming; Hsiao, Ta-Chih; Tsai, Din Ping</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Alpha-Fe2O3 (α-Fe2O3) is cheap and abundant and has potential to be a highly efficient photocatalyst for water splitting. According to the report, there are a huge amount of disposable <span class="hlt">heating</span> pads being created every year, and the pads are used one time then thrown away. We found that the main <span class="hlt">product</span> of used <span class="hlt">heating</span> pads is α-Fe2O3. Here, we collect and purify the α-Fe2O3 powder in the used <span class="hlt">heating</span> pads using low power consumption processes. It is shown that the recycled <span class="hlt">heating</span> pads can be used as a cost-effective photocatalyst for H2 energy and for decomposition of organic pollutants as well. Additionally, the plasmonic enhanced photocatalysis reaction of α-Fe2O3 is also investigated. It is found that H2 evolution rate can be enhanced 15% using α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles coated with a thin Au layer. The degradation of methylene blue can also enhance 12% compared to photocatalyst α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles coated without Au layer.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28344848','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28344848"><span>Occupational <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Stress Impacts on Health and <span class="hlt">Productivity</span> in a Steel Industry in Southern India.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Krishnamurthy, Manikandan; Ramalingam, Paramesh; Perumal, Kumaravel; Kamalakannan, Latha Perumal; Chinnadurai, Jeremiah; Shanmugam, Rekha; Srinivasan, Krishnan; Venugopal, Vidhya</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>Workers laboring in steel industries in tropical settings with high ambient temperatures are subjected to thermally stressful environments that can create well-known risks of <span class="hlt">heat</span>-related illnesses and limit workers' <span class="hlt">productivity</span>. A cross-sectional study undertaken in a steel industry in a city nicknamed "Steel City" in Southern India assessed thermal stress by wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) and level of dehydration from urine color and urine specific gravity. A structured questionnaire captured self-reported <span class="hlt">heat</span>-related health symptoms of workers. Some 90% WBGT measurements were higher than recommended threshold limit values (27.2-41.7°C) for heavy and moderate workloads and radiational <span class="hlt">heat</span> from processes were very high in blooming-mill/coke-oven (67.6°C globe temperature). Widespread <span class="hlt">heat</span>-related health concerns were prevalent among workers, including excessive sweating, fatigue, and tiredness reported by 50% workers. <span class="hlt">Productivity</span> loss was significantly reported high in workers with direct <span class="hlt">heat</span> exposures compared to those with indirect <span class="hlt">heat</span> exposures (χ 2  = 26.1258, degrees of freedom = 1, p  < 0.001). Change in urine color was 7.4 times higher among workers exposed to WBGTs above threshold limit values (TLVs). Preliminary evidence shows that high <span class="hlt">heat</span> exposures and heavy workload adversely affect the workers' health and reduce their work capacities. Health and <span class="hlt">productivity</span> risks in developing tropical country work settings can be further aggravated by the predicted temperature rise due to climate change, without appropriate interventions. Apart from industries enhancing welfare facilities and designing control interventions, further physiological studies with a seasonal approach and interventional studies are needed to strengthen evidence for developing comprehensive policies to protect workers employed in high <span class="hlt">heat</span> industries.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=314693','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=314693"><span>Genetic interactions for <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress and <span class="hlt">production</span> level: predicting foreign from domestic data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Genetic by environmental interactions were estimated from U.S. national data by separately adding random regressions for <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress (HS) and herd <span class="hlt">production</span> level (HL) to the all-breed animal model to improve predictions of future records and rankings in other climate and <span class="hlt">production</span> situations. Yie...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4700139','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4700139"><span>Oral Administration of <span class="hlt">Heat</span>-Killed Mycobacterium manresensis Delays Progression toward <span class="hlt">Active</span> Tuberculosis in C3HeB/FeJ Mice</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Cardona, Paula; Marzo-Escartín, Elena; Tapia, Gustavo; Díaz, Jorge; García, Vanessa; Varela, Ismael; Vilaplana, Cristina; Cardona, Pere-Joan</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Low-dose tolerance using <span class="hlt">heat</span>-killed mycobacteria has been tested as a means of stopping progression toward <span class="hlt">active</span> tuberculosis (TB) lesions in a human-like murine model using C3HeB/FeJ mice. In the present study, we studied the effect of different treatment schedules with <span class="hlt">heat</span>-killed non-tuberculous-mycobacteria (NTM) species when given orally, based on the hypothesis of generating oral tolerance. This study included M. manresensis, a new species belonging to the fortuitum group, present in drinking water. Oral treatment with M. manresensis for 2 weeks was able to induce a PPD-specific Tregs population, which has been related to a decrease in the neutrophilic infiltration found in TB lesions. Further mechanistic analysis using PPD-stimulated splenocytes links this 2-week treatment with <span class="hlt">heat</span>-killed M. manresensis to IL-10 <span class="hlt">production</span> and memory PPD-specific Tregs, and also to a weak PPD-specific global immune response stimulation, increasing IL-6, TNF, and IFN-γ <span class="hlt">production</span>. In lungs, this treatment decreased the bacillary load, granulomatous infiltration and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-17). Oral administration of M. manresensis during standard treatment for TB also significantly reduced the relapse of <span class="hlt">active</span> TB after ending the treatment. Overall the data suggest that the use of <span class="hlt">heat</span>-killed M. manresensis could be a new and promising tool for avoiding <span class="hlt">active</span> TB induction and as adjunctive to TB treatment. This supports the usefulness of generating a new kind of protection based on a complex balanced immune response focused on both destroying the bacilli and including control of an excessive inflammatory response. PMID:26779140</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26779140','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26779140"><span>Oral Administration of <span class="hlt">Heat</span>-Killed Mycobacterium manresensis Delays Progression toward <span class="hlt">Active</span> Tuberculosis in C3HeB/FeJ Mice.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cardona, Paula; Marzo-Escartín, Elena; Tapia, Gustavo; Díaz, Jorge; García, Vanessa; Varela, Ismael; Vilaplana, Cristina; Cardona, Pere-Joan</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Low-dose tolerance using <span class="hlt">heat</span>-killed mycobacteria has been tested as a means of stopping progression toward <span class="hlt">active</span> tuberculosis (TB) lesions in a human-like murine model using C3HeB/FeJ mice. In the present study, we studied the effect of different treatment schedules with <span class="hlt">heat</span>-killed non-tuberculous-mycobacteria (NTM) species when given orally, based on the hypothesis of generating oral tolerance. This study included M. manresensis, a new species belonging to the fortuitum group, present in drinking water. Oral treatment with M. manresensis for 2 weeks was able to induce a PPD-specific Tregs population, which has been related to a decrease in the neutrophilic infiltration found in TB lesions. Further mechanistic analysis using PPD-stimulated splenocytes links this 2-week treatment with <span class="hlt">heat</span>-killed M. manresensis to IL-10 <span class="hlt">production</span> and memory PPD-specific Tregs, and also to a weak PPD-specific global immune response stimulation, increasing IL-6, TNF, and IFN-γ <span class="hlt">production</span>. In lungs, this treatment decreased the bacillary load, granulomatous infiltration and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-17). Oral administration of M. manresensis during standard treatment for TB also significantly reduced the relapse of <span class="hlt">active</span> TB after ending the treatment. Overall the data suggest that the use of <span class="hlt">heat</span>-killed M. manresensis could be a new and promising tool for avoiding <span class="hlt">active</span> TB induction and as adjunctive to TB treatment. This supports the usefulness of generating a new kind of protection based on a complex balanced immune response focused on both destroying the bacilli and including control of an excessive inflammatory response.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20687764','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20687764"><span>Symmetric miniaturized <span class="hlt">heating</span> system for <span class="hlt">active</span> microelectronic devices.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>McCracken, Michael; Mayer, Michael; Jourard, Isaac; Moon, Jeong-Tak; Persic, John</p> <p>2010-07-01</p> <p>To qualify interconnect technologies such as microelectronic fine wire bonds for mass <span class="hlt">production</span> of integrated circuit (IC) packages, it is necessary to perform accelerated aging tests, e.g., to age a device at an elevated temperature or to subject the device to thermal cycling and measure the decrease of interconnect quality. There are downsides to using conventional ovens for this as they are relatively large and have relatively slow temperature change rates, and if electrical connections are required between monitoring equipment and the device being <span class="hlt">heated</span>, they must be located inside the oven and may be aged by the high temperatures. Addressing these downsides, a miniaturized <span class="hlt">heating</span> system (minioven) is presented, which can <span class="hlt">heat</span> individual IC packages containing the interconnects to be tested. The core of this system is a piece of copper cut from a square shaped tube with high resistance <span class="hlt">heating</span> wire looped around it. Ceramic dual in-line packages are clamped against either open end of the core. One package contains a Pt100 temperature sensor and the other package contains the device to be aged placed in symmetry to the temperature sensor. According to the temperature detected by the Pt100, a proportional-integral-derivative controller adjusts the power supplied to the <span class="hlt">heating</span> wire. The system maintains a dynamic temperature balance with the core hot and the two symmetric sides with electrical connections to the device under test at a cooler temperature. Only the face of the package containing the device is <span class="hlt">heated</span>, while the socket holding it remains below 75 degrees C when the oven operates at 200 degrees C. The minioven can <span class="hlt">heat</span> packages from room temperature up to 200 degrees C in less than 5 min and maintain this temperature at 28 W power. During long term aging, a temperature of 200 degrees C was maintained for 1120 h with negligible resistance change of the <span class="hlt">heating</span> wires after 900 h (<span class="hlt">heating</span> wire resistance increased 0.2% over the final 220 h). The</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16270704','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16270704"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> and storage are positively correlated with measures of body size/composition and heart rate drift during vigorous running.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Buresh, Robert; Berg, Kris; Noble, John</p> <p>2005-09-01</p> <p>The purposes of this study were to determine the relationships between: (a) measures of body size/composition and <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>/storage, and (b) <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>/storage and heart rate (HR) drift during running at 95% of the velocity that elicited lactate threshold, which was determined for 20 healthy recreational male runners. Subsequently, changes in skin and tympanic temperatures associated with a vigorous 20-min run, HR, and VO2 data were recorded. It was found that <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> was significantly correlated with body mass (r = .687), lean mass (r = .749), and body surface area (BSA, r = .699). <span class="hlt">Heat</span> storage was significantly correlated with body mass (r = .519), fat mass (r = .464), and BSA (r = .498). The percentage of produced <span class="hlt">heat</span> stored was significantly correlated with body mass (r = .427), fat mass (r = .455), and BSA (r = .414). Regression analysis showed that the sum of body mass, percentage of body fat, BSA, lean mass, and fat mass accounted for 30% of the variability in <span class="hlt">heat</span> storage. It was also found that HR drift was significantly correlated with <span class="hlt">heat</span> storage (r = .383), percentage of produced <span class="hlt">heat</span> stored (r = .433), and core temperature change (r = .450). It was concluded that heavier runners experienced greater <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>, <span class="hlt">heat</span> storage, and core temperature increases than lighter runners during vigorous running.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15852550','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15852550"><span>[An experimental study of effects of <span class="hlt">active-heating</span>-system for extravehicular spacesuit gloves on working performance].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ding, Li; Han, Long-zhu; Yang, Chun-xin; Yang, Feng; Yuan, Xiu-gan</p> <p>2005-02-01</p> <p>To observe the effects of <span class="hlt">active</span> <span class="hlt">heating</span> system for spacesuit gloves on extravehicular working performance. After analyzing the factors with gloves influence on the working performance, the effects of <span class="hlt">active</span> <span class="hlt">heating</span> system for gloves were studied experimentally with aspects to fatigue, hand strength, dexterity and tactile sensing. 1) <span class="hlt">Heating</span>-system had not influence to grip; 2) <span class="hlt">Heating</span>-system had 17% influence to fatigue except specific person; 3) Nut assembly and nipping pin showed that <span class="hlt">heating</span>-system had little influence to dexterity; 4) Apperceiving shape of object and two-point distance showed <span class="hlt">heating</span>-system had little influence to tactility. The <span class="hlt">active</span> <span class="hlt">heating</span> method is rational and has little influence on working performance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080004152','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080004152"><span>Process for producing an <span class="hlt">activated</span> carbon adsorbent with integral <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer apparatus</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Jones, Jack A. (Inventor); Yavrouian, Andre H. (Inventor)</p> <p>1996-01-01</p> <p>A process for producing an integral adsorbent-<span class="hlt">heat</span> exchanger apparatus useful in ammonia refrigerant <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump systems. In one embodiment, the process wets an <span class="hlt">activated</span> carbon particles-solvent mixture with a binder-solvent mixture, presses the binder wetted <span class="hlt">activated</span> carbon mixture on a metal tube surface and thereafter pyrolyzes the mixture to form a bonded <span class="hlt">activated</span> carbon matrix adjoined to the tube surface. The integral apparatus can be easily and inexpensively produced by the process in large quantities.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10735743','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10735743"><span>The effect of intermittent lighting on metabolizable energy intake and <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> of male broilers.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ohtani, S; Leeson, S</p> <p>2000-02-01</p> <p>Experiments were conducted to compare the effects of an intermittent lighting (IL) schedule with repeated cycles of 1 h light and 2 h darkness with a continuous lighting (CL) schedule on the performance, ME intake, and <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> of male broiler chickens. Body weight gain and feed intake were temporarily reduced after the changing from CL to IL; however, they were significantly higher in IL vs CL chickens during the subsequent period of 3 to 6 wk of age. The IL chickens exhibited a higher ME intake at 6 and 8 wk of age than did CL chickens. Total <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> in IL chickens was higher than for CL chickens, although <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> during the dark period was less than that during the light period for IL chickens. The higher feed intake observed in IL chickens appears to explain the superior body weight gain in IL broilers in simple terms.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19880009059','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19880009059"><span>Laser <span class="hlt">production</span> and <span class="hlt">heating</span> of plasma for MHD application</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Jalufka, N. W.</p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>Experiments have been made on the <span class="hlt">production</span> and <span class="hlt">heating</span> of plasmas by the absorption of laser radiation. These experiments were performed to ascertain the feasibility of using laser-produced or laser-<span class="hlt">heated</span> plasmas as the input for a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) generator. Such a system would have a broad application as a laser-to-electricity energy converter for space power transmission. Experiments with a 100-J-pulsed CO2 laser were conducted to investigate the breakdown of argon gas by a high-intensity laser beam, the parameters (electron density and temperature) of the plasma produced, and the formation and propagation of laser-supported detonation (LSD) waves. Experiments were also carried out using a 1-J-pulsed CO2 laser to <span class="hlt">heat</span> the plasma produced in a shock tube. The shock-tube hydrogen plasma reached electron densities of approximately 10 to the 17th/cu cm and electron temperatures of approximately 1 eV. Absorption of the CO2 laser beam by the plasma was measured, and up to approximately 100 percent absorption was observed. Measurements with a small MHD generator showed that the energy extraction efficiency could be very large with values up to 56 percent being measured.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25168173','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25168173"><span>An artificial HSE promoter for efficient and selective detection of <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock pathway <span class="hlt">activity</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ortner, Viktoria; Ludwig, Alfred; Riegel, Elisabeth; Dunzinger, Sarah; Czerny, Thomas</p> <p>2015-03-01</p> <p>Detection of cellular stress is of major importance for the survival of cells. During evolution, a network of stress pathways developed, with the <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock (HS) response playing a major role. The key transcription factor mediating HS signalling <span class="hlt">activity</span> in mammalian cells is the HS factor HSF1. When <span class="hlt">activated</span> it binds to the <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock elements (HSE) in the promoters of target genes like <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock protein (HSP) genes. They are induced by HSF1 but in addition they integrate multiple signals from different stress pathways. Here, we developed an artificial promoter consisting only of HSEs and therefore selectively reacting to HSF-mediated pathway <span class="hlt">activation</span>. The promoter is highly inducible but has an extreme low basal level. Direct comparison with the HSPA1A promoter <span class="hlt">activity</span> indicates that <span class="hlt">heat</span>-dependent expression can be fully recapitulated by isolated HSEs in human cells. Using this sensitive reporter, we measured the HS response for different temperatures and exposure times. In particular, long <span class="hlt">heat</span> induction times of 1 or 2 h were compared with short <span class="hlt">heat</span> durations down to 1 min, conditions typical for burn injuries. We found similar responses to both long and short <span class="hlt">heat</span> durations but at completely different temperatures. Exposure times of 2 h result in pathway <span class="hlt">activation</span> at 41 to 44 °C, whereas <span class="hlt">heat</span> pulses of 1 min lead to a maximum HS response between 47 and 50 °C. The results suggest that the HS response is initiated by a combination of temperature and exposure time but not by a certain threshold temperature.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1396097','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1396097"><span><span class="hlt">Activation</span> <span class="hlt">Product</span> Inverse Calculations with NDI</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Gray, Mark Girard</p> <p></p> <p>NDI based forward calculations of <span class="hlt">activation</span> <span class="hlt">product</span> concentrations can be systematically used to infer structural element concentrations from measured <span class="hlt">activation</span> <span class="hlt">product</span> concentrations with an iterative algorithm. The algorithm converges exactly for the basic <span class="hlt">production</span>-depletion chain with explicit <span class="hlt">activation</span> <span class="hlt">product</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> and approximately, in the least-squares sense, for the full <span class="hlt">production</span>-depletion chain with explicit <span class="hlt">activation</span> <span class="hlt">product</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> and nosub <span class="hlt">production</span>-depletion chain. The algorithm is suitable for automation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20090016278','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20090016278"><span>Commercial <span class="hlt">Product</span> <span class="hlt">Activation</span> Using RFID</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Jedrey, Thomas</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>Radio-frequency identification (RFID) would be used for commercial <span class="hlt">product</span> <span class="hlt">activation</span>, according to a proposal. What is new here is the concept of combining RFID with <span class="hlt">activation</span> - more specifically, using RFID for <span class="hlt">activating</span> commercial <span class="hlt">products</span> (principally, electronic ones) and for performing such ancillary functions as tracking individual <span class="hlt">product</span> units on <span class="hlt">production</span> lines, tracking shipments, and updating inventories. According to the proposal, an RFID chip would be embedded in each <span class="hlt">product</span>. The information encoded in the chip would include a unique number for identifying the <span class="hlt">product</span>. An RFID reader at the point of sale would record the number of the <span class="hlt">product</span> and would write digital information to the RFID chip for either immediate <span class="hlt">activation</span> of the <span class="hlt">product</span> or for later interrogation and processing. To be practical, an RFID <span class="hlt">product-activation</span> system should satisfy a number of key requirements: the system should be designed to be integrable into the inventory-tracking and the data-processing and -communication infrastructures of businesses along the entire supply chain from manufacture to retail; the system should be resistant to sophisticated hacking; <span class="hlt">activation</span> codes should be made sufficiently complexity to minimize the probability of <span class="hlt">activating</span> stolen <span class="hlt">products</span>; RFID <span class="hlt">activation</span> equipment at points of sale must be capable to two-way RF communication for the purposes of reading information from, and writing information to, embedded RFID chips; the equipment at points of sale should be easily operable by sales clerks with little or no training; the point-of-sale equipment should verify <span class="hlt">activation</span> and provide visible and/or audible signals indicating verification or lack thereof; and, the system should be able to handle millions of <span class="hlt">products</span> per year with minimal human intervention, among other requirements.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_10 --> <div id="page_11" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="201"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19770050487&hterms=Heat+coal&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DHeat%2Bcoal','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19770050487&hterms=Heat+coal&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DHeat%2Bcoal"><span>Hydrogen <span class="hlt">production</span> from coal using a nuclear <span class="hlt">heat</span> source</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Quade, R. N.</p> <p>1976-01-01</p> <p>A strong candidate for hydrogen <span class="hlt">production</span> in the intermediate time frame of 1985 to 1995 is a coal-based process using a high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) as a <span class="hlt">heat</span> source. Expected process efficiencies in the range of 60 to 70% are considerably higher than all other hydrogen <span class="hlt">production</span> processes except steam reforming of a natural gas. The process involves the preparation of a coal liquid, hydrogasification of that liquid, and steam reforming of the resulting gaseous or light liquid <span class="hlt">product</span>. A study showing process efficiency and cost of hydrogen vs nuclear reactor core outlet temperature has been completed, and shows diminishing returns at process temperatures above about 1500 F. A possible scenario combining the relatively abundant and low-cost Western coal deposits with the Gulf Coast hydrogen users is presented which provides high-energy density transportation utilizing coal liquids and uranium.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..175a2046M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..175a2046M"><span>Optimization of <span class="hlt">activator</span> solution and <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment of ground lignite type fly ash geopolymers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Molnár, Z.; Szabó, R.; Rácz, Á.; Lakatos, J.; Debreczeni, Á.; Mucsi, G.</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>Geopolymers are inorganic polymers which can be produced by the reaction between silico aluminate oxides and alkali silicates in alkaline medium. Materialscontaining silica and alumina compounds are suitable for geopolymer <span class="hlt">production</span>. These can beprimary materials or industrial wastes, i. e. fly ash, metallurgical slag and red mud. In this paper, the results of the systematic experimental series are presented which were carried out in order to optimize the geopolymer preparation process. Fly ash was ground for different residence time (0, 5, 10, 30, 60 min) in order to investigate the optimal specific surface area. NaOH <span class="hlt">activator</span> solution concentration also varied (6, 8, 10, 12, 14 M). Furthermore, sodium silicate was added to NaOH as a network builder solution. In this last serie different <span class="hlt">heat</span> curing temperatures (30, 60, 90°C) were also applied. After seven days of ageing the physical properties of the geopolymer(compressive strength and specimen density)were measured. Chemical leaching tests on the rawmaterial and the geopolymers were carried out to determine the elements which can be mobilized by different leaching solutions. It was found that the above mentioned parameters (fly ash fineness, molar concentration and composition of <span class="hlt">activator</span> solution, <span class="hlt">heat</span> curing) has great effect on the physical and chemical properties of geopolymer specimens. Optimal conditions were as follows: specific surface area of the fly ash above 2000 cm2/g, 10 M NaOH, 30°C <span class="hlt">heat</span> curing temperature which resulted in 21 MPa compressive strength geopolymer.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26566956','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26566956"><span>Awareness and use of electronic cigarettes and <span class="hlt">heat</span>-not-burn tobacco <span class="hlt">products</span> in Japan.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tabuchi, Takahiro; Kiyohara, Kosuke; Hoshino, Takahiro; Bekki, Kanae; Inaba, Yohei; Kunugita, Naoki</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>In addition to some electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), new <span class="hlt">heat</span>-not-burn tobacco <span class="hlt">products</span> Ploom and iQOS have recently begun to be sold by tobacco companies. These <span class="hlt">products</span> are regulated differently in Japan, depending on whether the contents are liquid or tobacco leaf. Our objective was to estimate percentages of awareness and use of e-cigarettes and <span class="hlt">heat</span>-not-burn tobacco <span class="hlt">products</span> among the Japanese population, including minors. An internet survey (randomly sampled research agency panellists) with a propensity score adjustment for "being a respondent in an internet survey" using a nationally representative sample in Japan. A total of 8240 respondents aged 15-69 years in 2015 (4084 men and 4156 women). Adjusted percentages of awareness and use of e-cigarettes (nicotine or non-nicotine e-cigarettes) and <span class="hlt">heat</span>-not-burn <span class="hlt">products</span> among total participants; <span class="hlt">product</span> types and percentages ever used among e-cigarettes ever users. Of respondents in Japan, 48% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47-49] were aware of e-cigarettes and <span class="hlt">heat</span>-not-burn tobacco <span class="hlt">products</span>, 6.6% (95% CI = 6.1-7.1) had ever used, 1.3% (95% CI = 1.0-1.5) had used in the last 30 days and 1.3% (95% CI = 1.1-1.6) had experience of > 50 sessions. Seventy-two per cent (95% CI = 69-76) of ever users used non-nicotine e-cigarettes, while 33% (95% CI = 30-37) of them used nicotine e-cigarettes, which has the majority share world-wide; 7.8% (95% CI = 5.5-10.0) and 8.4% (95% CI = 6.1-10.7) of them used the new devices, Ploom and iQOS, respectively, with a relatively higher percentage among the younger population. Approximately half the respondents in a Japanese internet survey were aware of e-cigarettes and <span class="hlt">heat</span>-not-burn tobacco <span class="hlt">products</span>, 6.6% had ever used. More than 70% of ever users used non-nicotine e-cigarettes, the sale of which is not legally prohibited, even to minors, in Japan, and 33% of them used nicotine e-cigarettes; 3.5% of never smoking men and 1.3% of never smoking women had ever</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22929984','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22929984"><span>Small <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock protein AgsA: an effective stabilizer of enzyme <span class="hlt">activities</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tomoyasu, Toshifumi; Tabata, Atsushi; Ishikawa, Yoko; Whiley, Robert A; Nagamune, Hideaki</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>A small <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock protein, AgsA, possesses chaperone <span class="hlt">activity</span> that can reduce the amount of <span class="hlt">heat</span>-aggregated protein in vivo, and suppress the aggregation of chemical- and <span class="hlt">heat</span>-denatured proteins in vitro. Therefore, we examined the ability of AgsA to stabilize the <span class="hlt">activity</span> of several enzymes by using this chaperone <span class="hlt">activity</span>. We observed that AgsA can stabilize the enzymatic <span class="hlt">activities</span> of Renilla (Renilla reniformis) luciferase, firefly (Photinus pyralis) luciferase, and β-galactosidase, and showed comparable or greater stabilization of these enzymes than bovine serum albumin (BSA), a well-known stabilizer of enzyme <span class="hlt">activities</span>. In particular, AgsA revealed better stabilization of Renilla luciferase and β-galactosidase than BSA under disulfide bond-reducing conditions with dithiothreitol. In addition, AgsA also increased the enzymatic performance of β-galactosidase and various restriction enzymes to a comparable or greater extent than BSA. These data indicate that AgsA may be useful as a general stabilizer of enzyme <span class="hlt">activities</span>. Copyright © 2012 The Society for Biotechnology, Japan. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22063748','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22063748"><span>Effects of <span class="hlt">heat</span> on meat proteins - Implications on structure and quality of meat <span class="hlt">products</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tornberg, E</p> <p>2005-07-01</p> <p>Globular and fibrous proteins are compared with regard to structural behaviour on <span class="hlt">heating</span>, where the former expands and the latter contracts. The meat protein composition and structure is briefly described. The behaviour of the different meat proteins on <span class="hlt">heating</span> is discussed. Most of the sarcoplasmic proteins aggregate between 40 and 60 °C, but for some of them the coagulation can extend up to 90°C. For myofibrillar proteins in solution unfolding starts at 30-32°C, followed by protein-protein association at 36-40°C and subsequent gelation at 45-50°C (conc.>0.5% by weight). At temperatures between 53 and 63°C the collagen denaturation occurs, followed by collagen fibre shrinkage. If the collagen fibres are not stabilised by <span class="hlt">heat</span>-resistant intermolecular bonds, it dissolves and forms gelatine on further <span class="hlt">heating</span>. The structural changes on cooking in whole meat and comminuted meat <span class="hlt">products</span>, and the alterations in water-holding and texture of the meat <span class="hlt">product</span> that it leads to, are then discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=287698','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=287698"><span>Alteration of fasting <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> during fescue toxicosis in Holstein steers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>This study was designed to examine alteration of fasting <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> (FHP) during fescue toxicosis. Six ruminally cannulated Holstein steers (BW=348 ±13 kg) were weight-matched into pairs and utilized in a two period crossover design experiment. Each period consisted of two temperature segments,...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22596326-heat-shock-modulates-subcellular-localization-stability-activity-hipk2','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22596326-heat-shock-modulates-subcellular-localization-stability-activity-hipk2"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> shock modulates the subcellular localization, stability, and <span class="hlt">activity</span> of HIPK2</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Upadhyay, Mamta; Bhadauriya, Pratibha; Ganesh, Subramaniam, E-mail: sganesh@iitk.ac.in</p> <p>2016-04-15</p> <p>The homeodomain-interacting protein kinase-2 (HIPK2) is a highly conserved serine/threonine kinase and is involved in transcriptional regulation. HIPK2 is a highly unstable protein, and is kept at a low level under normal physiological conditions. However, exposure of cells to physiological stress – such as hypoxia, oxidative stress, or UV damage – is known to stabilize HIPK2, leading to the HIPK2-dependent <span class="hlt">activation</span> of p53 and the cell death pathway. Therefore HIPK2 is also known as a stress kinase and as a stress-<span class="hlt">activated</span> pro-apoptotic factor. We demonstrate here that exposure of cells to <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock results in the stabilization of HIPK2 andmore » the stabilization is mediated via K63-linked ubiquitination. Intriguingly, a sub-lethal <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock (42 °C, 1 h) results in the cytoplasmic localization of HIPK2, while a lethal <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock (45 °C, 1 h) results in its nuclear localization. Cells exposed to the lethal <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock showed significantly higher levels of the p53 <span class="hlt">activity</span> than those exposed to the sub-lethal thermal stress, suggesting that both the level and the nuclear localization are essential for the pro-apoptotic <span class="hlt">activity</span> of HIPK2 and that the lethal <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock could retain the HIPK2 in the nucleus to promote the cell death. Taken together our study underscores the importance of HIPK2 in stress mediated cell death, and that the HIPK2 is a generic stress kinase that gets <span class="hlt">activated</span> by diverse set of physiological stressors.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=341278','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=341278"><span>Determining the effects of early gestation in utero <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress on postnatal fasting <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> and circulating biomarkers associated with metabolism in growing pigs</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>The study objective was to determine the effects of in utero <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress (IUHS) on postnatal fasting <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> (FHP) in growing pigs. Based on our previous observation of increased postnatal core body temperature ‘set-point’ in IUHS pigs, we hypothesized that FHP would be greater during postna...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29093378','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29093378"><span>Influence of High Temperature and Duration of <span class="hlt">Heating</span> on the Sunflower Seed Oil Properties for Food Use and Bio-diesel <span class="hlt">Production</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Giuffrè, Angelo Maria; Capocasale, Marco; Zappia, Clotilde; Poiana, Marco</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Two important problems for the food industry are oil oxidation and oil waste after frying. Sunflower seed oil is one of the vegetable oils most commonly used in the food industry. Two variables were applied to the low oleic sunflower seed oil in this work i.e. <span class="hlt">heating</span> temperature (180-210-240°C) and time of <span class="hlt">heating</span> (15-30-60-120 minutes), to study from the edible point of view the variations of its physico-chemical properties. After 120 minutes <span class="hlt">heating</span> at 240°C the following was found: refractive index (1.476), free acidity (0.35%), K232 (2.87), K270 (3.71), antiradical <span class="hlt">activity</span> (45.90% inhibition), total phenols (523 mg kg -1 ), peroxide value (17.00 meq kg -1 ), p-anisidine value (256.8) and Totox (271.7), all of which showed a constant deterioration. In relation to the use as a feedstock for bio-diesel <span class="hlt">production</span>, after 120 minutes <span class="hlt">heating</span> at 240℃ the following was found: acid value 0.70 mg KOH g -1 oil, iodine value 117.83 g I 2 100 g -1 oil, oil stability index 0.67 h, kinematic viscosity (at 40°C) 77.85 mm 2 s -1 , higher <span class="hlt">heating</span> value 39.86 MJ kg -1 , density 933.34 kg/m 3 and cetane number 67.04. The parameters studied in this work were influenced, in different ways, by the applied variables. <span class="hlt">Heating</span> temperature between 180 and 210°C and 120 min <span class="hlt">heating</span> duration were found to be the most appropriate conditions for sunflower seed oil both from the deep frying point of view and from a subsequent use as feedstock for bio-diesel <span class="hlt">production</span>. In light of the vegetable oils' International standards for an edible use and for a bio-diesel <span class="hlt">production</span>, findings of this work can be used to set <span class="hlt">heating</span> temperature and <span class="hlt">heating</span> duration to preserve as long possible the physico-chemical properties of a low oleic sunflower seed oil for both its edible use as a fat during cooking and for its re-use after frying.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23361099','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23361099"><span>PCR-SSCP-based reconstruction of the original fungal flora of <span class="hlt">heat</span>-processed meat <span class="hlt">products</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Dorn-In, Samart; Hölzel, Christina S; Janke, Tobias; Schwaiger, Karin; Balsliemke, Joachim; Bauer, Johann</p> <p>2013-03-01</p> <p>Food processing of spoiled meat is prohibited by law, since it is a deception and does not comply with food safety aspects. In general, spoilage of meat is mostly caused by bacteria. However, a high contamination level of fungi could be also found in some meat or meat <span class="hlt">products</span> with certain preserving conditions. In case that unhygienic meat is used to produce <span class="hlt">heat</span> processed <span class="hlt">products</span>, the microorganisms will be deactivated by <span class="hlt">heat</span>, so that they cannot be detected by a standard cultivation method. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and apply a molecular biological method--polymerase chain reaction and single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP)--to reconstruct the original fungal flora of <span class="hlt">heat</span> processed meat. Twenty primer pairs were tested for their specificity for fungal DNA. Since none of them fully complied with all study criteria (such as high specificity and sensitivity for fungal DNA; suitability of the <span class="hlt">products</span> for PCR-SSCP) in the matrix "meat", we designed a new reverse primer, ITS5.8R. The primer pair ITS1/ITS5.8R amplified DNA from all tested fungal species, but not DNA from meat-producing animals or from ingredients of plant origin (spices). For the final test, 32 DNA bands in acrylamide gel from 15 meat <span class="hlt">products</span> and 1 soy sauce were sequenced-all originating from fungal species, which were, in other studies, reported to contaminate meat e.g. Alternaria alternata, Aureobasidium pullulans, Candida rugosa, C. tropicalis, C. zeylanoides, Eurotium amstelodami and Pichia membranifaciens, and/or spices such as Botrytis aclada, Guignardia mangiferae, Itersonilia perplexans, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Lewia infectoria, Neofusicoccum parvum and Pleospora herbarum. This confirms the suitability of PCR-SSCP to specifically detect fungal DNA in <span class="hlt">heat</span> processed meat <span class="hlt">products</span>, and thus provides an overview of fungal species contaminating raw material such as meat and spices. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5079227','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5079227"><span>Occupational <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress in Australian workplaces</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Jay, Ollie; Brotherhood, John R.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>ABSTRACT The aim of this review was to summarize the current state of knowledge on <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress risk within typical Australian occupational settings. We assessed identified occupations (mining, agriculture, construction, emergency services) for <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> and <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss potential, and resultant levels of physiological <span class="hlt">heat</span> strain. A total of 29 reports were identified that assessed in-situ work settings in Northern Territory, South Australia, Western Australia, Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria, that measured physiological responses and characterized the thermal environment. Despite workers across all industries being regularly exposed to high ambient temperatures (32–42°C) often coupled with high absolute humidity (max: 33 hPa), physiological strain is generally low in terms of core temperature (<38°C) and dehydration (<1 % reduction in mass) by virtue of the low energy demands of many tasks, and self-regulated pacing of work possible in most jobs. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> stress risk is higher in specific jobs in agriculture (e.g. sheep shearing), deep underground mining, and emergency services (e.g., search/rescue and bushfire fighting). <span class="hlt">Heat</span> strain was greatest in military-related <span class="hlt">activities</span>, particularly externally-paced marching with carried loads which resulted in core temperatures often exceeding 39.5°C despite being carried out in cooler environments. The principal driver of core temperature elevations in most jobs is the rate of metabolic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>. A standardized approach to evaluating the risk of occupational <span class="hlt">heat</span> strain in Australian workplaces is recommended defining the individual parameters that alter human <span class="hlt">heat</span> balance. Future research should also more closely examine female workers and occupational <span class="hlt">activities</span> within the forestry and agriculture/horticulture sector. PMID:28349081</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012LatJP..49....3K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012LatJP..49....3K"><span>Analysis of Competitiveness and Support Instruments for <span class="hlt">Heat</span> and Electricity <span class="hlt">Production</span> from Wood Biomass in Latvia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Klavs, G.; Kudrenickis, I.; Kundzina, A.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Utilisation of renewable energy sources is one of the key factors in a search for efficient ways of reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases and improving the energy supply security. So far, the district <span class="hlt">heating</span> supply in Latvia has been based on natural gas, with the wood fuel playing a minor role; the same is true for decentralised combined <span class="hlt">heat</span>-power (CHP) <span class="hlt">production</span>. The paper describes a method for evaluation of the economic feasibility of <span class="hlt">heat</span> and electricity <span class="hlt">production</span> from wood biomass under the competition between different fuel types and taking into account the electricity market. For the simulation, a cost estimation model is applied. The results demonstrate that wood biomass can successfully be utilised for competitive <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> by boiler houses, while for electricity <span class="hlt">production</span> by CHP utilities it cannot compete on the market (even despite the low prices on wood biomass fuel) unless particular financial support instruments are applied. The authors evaluate the necessary support level and the impact of two main support instruments - the investment subsidies and the feed-in tariff - on the economic viability of wood-fuelled CHP plants, and show that the feed-in tariff could be considered as an instrument strongly affecting the competitiveness of such type CHP. Regarding the feed-in tariff determination, a compromise should be found between the economy-dictated requirement to develop CHP projects concerning capacities above 5 MWel - on the one hand, and the relatively small <span class="hlt">heat</span> loads in many Latvian towns - on the other.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=250524','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=250524"><span>Induction of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock regulon of Escherichia coli markedly increases <span class="hlt">production</span> of bacterial viruses at high temperatures.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Wiberg, J S; Mowrey-McKee, M F; Stevens, E J</p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Production</span> of bacteriophages T2, T4, and T6 at 42.8 to 44 degrees C was increased from 8- to 260-fold by adapting the Escherichia coli host (grown at 30 degrees C) to growth at the high temperature for 8 min before infection; this increase was abolished if the host htpR (rpoH) gene was inactive. Others have shown that the htpR protein increases or <span class="hlt">activates</span> the synthesis of at least 17 E. coli <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock proteins upon raising the growth temperature above a certain level. At 43.8 to 44 degrees C in T4-infected, unadapted cells, the rates of RNA, DNA, and protein synthesis were about 100, 70, and 70%, respectively, of those in T4-infected, adapted cells. <span class="hlt">Production</span> of the major processed capsid protein, gp23, was reduced significantly more than that of most other T4 proteins in unadapted cells relative to adapted cells. Only 4.6% of the T4 DNA made in unadapted cells was resistant to micrococcal nuclease, versus 50% in adapted cells. Thus, defective maturation of T4 heads appears to explain the failure of phage <span class="hlt">production</span> in unadapted cells. Overproduction of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock protein GroEL from plasmids restored T4 <span class="hlt">production</span> in unadapted cells to about 50% of that seen in adapted cells. T4-infected, adapted E. coli B at around 44 degrees C exhibited a partial tryptophan deficiency; this correlated with reduced uptake of uracil that is probably caused by partial induction of stringency. <span class="hlt">Production</span> of bacteriophage T7 at 44 degrees C was increased two- to fourfold by adapting the host to 44 degrees C before infection; evidence against involvement of the htpR (rpoH) gene is presented. This work and recent work with bacteriophage lambda (C. Waghorne and C.R. Fuerst, Virology 141:51-64, 1985) appear to represent the first demonstrations for any virus that expression of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock regulon of a host is necessary for virus <span class="hlt">production</span> at high temperature. Images PMID:2446014</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=278549','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=278549"><span>Alteration of fasting <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> during fescue toxicosis in Holstein steers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>This study was designed to examine alteration of fasting <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> (FHP) during fescue toxicosis. Six ruminally cannulated Holstein steers (BW = 348±26kg) were weight matched into pairs and utilized in a two period crossover design experiment. Each period consisted of two segments, one each at...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..1513639L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..1513639L"><span>Origin, distribution and glaciological implications of Jurassic high <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> granites in the Weddell Sea rift, Antarctica</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Leat, Phil T.; Jordan, Tom A. R. M.; Ferraccioli, Fausto; Flowerdew, Michael; R, Riley, Teal; Vaughan, Alan P. M.; Whitehouse, Martin</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>The distribution of <span class="hlt">heat</span> flow in Antarctic continental crust is critical to understanding ice sheet nucleation, growth and basal rheology and hydrology. We identify a group of High <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Production</span> granites intruded into Palaeozoic sedimentary sequences which may contribute to locally high <span class="hlt">heat</span> flow beneath the central part of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Four of the granite plutons are exposed above ice sheet level at Pagano Nunatak, Pirrit Hills, Nash Hills and Whitmore Mountains. A new U-Pb zircon age from Pirrit Hills of 177.9 ± 2.3 Ma confirms earlier Rb-Sr dating that suggested an Early-Middle Jurassic age for the granites, coincident with the Karoo-Ferrar large igneous province and the first stage of Gondwana break-up. Our recently-acquired aerogeophysical data indicate that the plutons are distributed unevenly over 1000 km2 and were intruded into the <span class="hlt">actively</span> extending, locally transcurrent, Jurassic Weddell Sea Rift [1]. In the NW part of the rift, the Pirrit Hills, Nash Hills and Whitmore Mountains granites form small isolated intrusions within weakly deformed upper crust. In the SE part of the rift, where granite intrusion was strongly structurally controlled within transtensional structures, the Pagano Nunatak granite is the only outcrop of a probably multiphase, ca 180 km long granite intrusion. The granites are weakly peraluminous, S-type and have Th and U abundances up to 61 and 19 ppm respectively. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> of analysed granite samples is ca. 2.9-9.1 µWm-3, toward the upper limit of values for High <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Production</span> granites globally. The granites are thought to have been generated during mafic underplating of the Weddell Rift during eruption of the contemporaneous Karoo-Ferrar magmatism [2]. The high Th and U abundances may be related to fractionation of the high Th-U Ferrar basaltic magmas combined with assimilation of pelitic sedimentary rocks. The granites correspond to an area of West Antarctica that may have <span class="hlt">heat</span> flow significantly above</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16.3790S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16.3790S"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> in depth up to 2500m via in situ combustion of methane using a counter-current <span class="hlt">heat</span>-exchange reactor</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Schicks, Judith Maria; Spangenberg, Erik; Giese, Ronny; Heeschen, Katja; Priegnitz, Mike; Luzi-Helbing, Manja; Thaler, Jan; Abendroth, Sven; Klump, Jens</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>In situ combustion is a well-known method used for exploitation of unconventional oil deposits such as heavy oil/bitumen reservoirs where the required <span class="hlt">heat</span> is produced directly within the oil reservoir by combustion of a small percentage of the oil. A new application of in situ combustion for the <span class="hlt">production</span> of methane from hydrate-bearing sediments was tested at pilot plant scale within the first phase of the German national gas hydrate project SUGAR. The applied method of in situ combustion was a flameless, catalytic oxidation of CH4 in a counter-current <span class="hlt">heat</span>-exchange reactor with no direct contact between the catalytic reaction zone and the reservoir. The catalyst permitted a flameless combustion of CH4 with air to CO2 and H2O below the auto-ignition temperature of CH4 in air (868 K) and outside the flammability limits. This led to a double secured application of the reactor. The relatively low reaction temperature allowed the use of cost-effective standard materials for the reactor and prevented NOx formation. Preliminary results were promising and showed that only 15% of the produced CH4 was needed to be catalytically burned to provide enough <span class="hlt">heat</span> to dissociate the hydrates in the environment and release CH4. The location of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> source right within the hydrate-bearing sediment is a major advantage for the gas <span class="hlt">production</span> from natural gas hydrates as the <span class="hlt">heat</span> is generated where it is needed without loss of energy due to transportation. As part of the second period of the SUGAR project the reactor prototype of the first project phase was developed further to a borehole tool. The dimensions of this counter-current <span class="hlt">heat</span>-exchange reactor are about 540 cm in length and 9 cm in diameter. It is designed for applications up to depths of 2500 m. A functionality test and a pressure test of the reactor were successfully carried out in October 2013 at the continental deep drilling site (KTB) in Windischeschenbach, Germany, in 600 m depth and 2000 m depth, respectively</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3528037','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3528037"><span>Enhanced seed <span class="hlt">production</span> under prolonged <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress conditions in Arabidopsis thaliana plants deficient in cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase 2</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Mittler, Ron</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Reactive oxygen species play a key role in the response of plants to abiotic stress conditions. Their level is controlled in Arabidopsis thaliana by a large network of genes that includes the H2O2-scavenging enzymes cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase (APX) 1 and 2. Although the function of APX1 has been established under different growth conditions, genetic evidence for APX2 function, as well as for the mode of cooperation between APX1 and APX2, is very limited. This study characterized the response of Arabidopsis mutants deficient in APX1, APX2, and APX1/APX2 to <span class="hlt">heat</span>, salinity, light, and oxidative stresses. The findings reveal that deficiency in APX2 resulted in a decreased tolerance to light stress, as well as an enhanced tolerance to salinity and oxidative stresses. Interestingly, plants lacking APX2 were more sensitive to <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress at the seedling stage, but more tolerant to <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress at the reproductive stage. Cooperation between APX1 and APX2 was evident during oxidative stress, but not during light, salinity, or <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress. The findings demonstrate a role for APX2 in the response of plants to light, <span class="hlt">heat</span>, salinity, and oxidative stresses. The finding that plants lacking APX2 produced more seeds under prolonged <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress conditions suggests that redundant mechanisms <span class="hlt">activated</span> in APX2-deficient plants during <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress play a key role in the protection of reproductive tissues from <span class="hlt">heat</span>-related damage. This finding is very important because <span class="hlt">heat</span>-associated damage to reproductive tissues in different crops is a major cause for yield loss in agriculture <span class="hlt">production</span> worldwide. PMID:23183257</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5102909','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5102909"><span>Drought and <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Differentially Affect XTH Expression and XET <span class="hlt">Activity</span> and Action in 3-Day-Old Seedlings of Durum Wheat Cultivars with Different Stress Susceptibility</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Iurlaro, Andrea; De Caroli, Monica; Sabella, Erika; De Pascali, Mariarosaria; Rampino, Patrizia; De Bellis, Luigi; Perrotta, Carla; Dalessandro, Giuseppe; Piro, Gabriella; Fry, Stephen C.; Lenucci, Marcello S.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Heat</span> and drought stress have emerged as major constraints for durum wheat <span class="hlt">production</span>. In the Mediterranean area, their negative effect on crop <span class="hlt">productivity</span> is expected to be exacerbated by the occurring climate change. Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases (XTHs) are chief enzymes in cell wall remodeling, whose relevance in cell expansion and morphogenesis suggests a central role in stress responses. In this work the potential role of XTHs in abiotic stress tolerance was investigated in durum wheat. The separate effects of dehydration and <span class="hlt">heat</span> exposure on XTH expression and its endotransglucosylase (XET) in vitro <span class="hlt">activity</span> and in vivo action have been monitored, up to 24 h, in the apical and sub-apical root regions and shoots excised from 3-day-old seedlings of durum wheat cultivars differing in stress susceptibility/tolerance. Dehydration and <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress differentially influence the XTH expression profiles and the <span class="hlt">activity</span> and action of XET in the wheat seedlings, depending on the degree of susceptibility/tolerance of the cultivars, the organ, the topological region of the root and, within the root, on the gradient of cell differentiation. The root apical region was the zone mainly affected by both treatments in all assayed cultivars, while no change in XET <span class="hlt">activity</span> was observed at shoot level, irrespective of susceptibility/tolerance, confirming the pivotal role of the root in stress perception, signaling, and response. Conflicting effects were observed depending on stress type: dehydration evoked an overall increase, at least in the apical region of the root, of XET <span class="hlt">activity</span> and action, while a significant inhibition was caused by <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment in most cultivars. The data suggest that differential changes in XET action in defined portions of the root of young durum wheat seedlings may have a role as a response to drought and <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress, thus contributing to seedling survival and crop establishment. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms underlying</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5489704','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5489704"><span>Crop <span class="hlt">Production</span> under Drought and <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Stress: Plant Responses and Management Options</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Fahad, Shah; Bajwa, Ali A.; Nazir, Usman; Anjum, Shakeel A.; Farooq, Ayesha; Zohaib, Ali; Sadia, Sehrish; Nasim, Wajid; Adkins, Steve; Saud, Shah; Ihsan, Muhammad Z.; Alharby, Hesham; Wu, Chao; Wang, Depeng; Huang, Jianliang</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Abiotic stresses are one of the major constraints to crop <span class="hlt">production</span> and food security worldwide. The situation has aggravated due to the drastic and rapid changes in global climate. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> and drought are undoubtedly the two most important stresses having huge impact on growth and <span class="hlt">productivity</span> of the crops. It is very important to understand the physiological, biochemical, and ecological interventions related to these stresses for better management. A wide range of plant responses to these stresses could be generalized into morphological, physiological, and biochemical responses. Interestingly, this review provides a detailed account of plant responses to <span class="hlt">heat</span> and drought stresses with special focus on highlighting the commonalities and differences. Crop growth and yields are negatively affected by sub-optimal water supply and abnormal temperatures due to physical damages, physiological disruptions, and biochemical changes. Both these stresses have multi-lateral impacts and therefore, complex in mechanistic action. A better understanding of plant responses to these stresses has pragmatic implication for remedies and management. A comprehensive account of conventional as well as modern approaches to deal with <span class="hlt">heat</span> and drought stresses have also been presented here. A side-by-side critical discussion on salient responses and management strategies for these two important abiotic stresses provides a unique insight into the phenomena. A holistic approach taking into account the different management options to deal with <span class="hlt">heat</span> and drought stress simultaneously could be a win-win approach in future. PMID:28706531</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19660000110','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19660000110"><span>Storage-stable foamable polyurethane is <span class="hlt">activated</span> by <span class="hlt">heat</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1966-01-01</p> <p>Polyurethane foamable mixture remains inert in storage unit <span class="hlt">activated</span> to produce a rapid foaming reaction. The storage-stable foamable composition is spread as a paste on the surface of an expandable structure and, when <span class="hlt">heated</span>, yields a rigid open-cell polyurethane foam that is self-bondable to the substrate.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_11 --> <div id="page_12" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="221"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.H33B1353R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.H33B1353R"><span>Effect of Discrete Fracture Network Characteristics on the Sustainability of <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Production</span> in Enhanced Geothermal Reservoirs</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Riahi, A.; Damjanac, B.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Viability of an enhanced or engineered geothermal reservoir is determined by the rate of produced fluid at <span class="hlt">production</span> wells and the rate of temperature drawdown in the reservoir as well as that of the produced fluid. Meeting required targets demands sufficient permeability and flow circulation in a relatively large volume of rock mass. In-situ conditions such overall permeability of the bedrock formation, magnitude and orientation of stresses, and the characteristics of the existing Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) greatly affect sustainable <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>. Because much of the EGS resources are in formations with low permeability, different stimulation techniques are required prior to the <span class="hlt">production</span> phase to enhance fluid circulation. Shear stimulation or hydro-shearing is the method of injecting a fluid into the reservoir with the aim of increasing the fluid pressure in the naturally fractured rock and inducing shear failure or slip events. This mechanism can enhance the system's permeability through permanent dilatational opening of the sheared fractures. Using a computational modeling approach, the correlation between <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> and DFN statistical characteristics, namely the fracture length distribution, fracture orientation, and also fracture density is studied in this paper. Numerical analyses were completed using two-dimensional distinct element code UDEC (Itasca, 2011), which represents rock masses as an assembly of interacting blocks separated by fractures. UDEC allows for simulation of fracture propagation along the predefined planes only (i.e., the trajectory of the hydraulic fracture is not part of the solution of the problem). Thus, the hydraulic fracture is assumed to be planar, aligned with the direction of the major principal stress. The pre-existing fractures were represented explicitly. They are discontinuities which deform elastically, but also can open and slip (Coulomb slip law) as a function of pressure and total stress changes. The fluid</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=heat+AND+exchange&pg=3&id=EJ582662','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=heat+AND+exchange&pg=3&id=EJ582662"><span>Balloons and Bottles: <span class="hlt">Activities</span> on Air-Sea <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Exchange.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Murphree, Tom</p> <p>1998-01-01</p> <p>Presents an <span class="hlt">activity</span> designed to demonstrate how <span class="hlt">heating</span> and cooling an air mass affects its temperature, volume, density, and pressure. Illustrates how thermal energy can cause atmospheric motion such as expansion, contraction, and winds. (Author/WRM)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27085115','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27085115"><span>Isolation and identification of oxidation <span class="hlt">products</span> of syringol from brines and <span class="hlt">heated</span> meat matrix.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bölicke, Sarah-Maria; Ternes, Waldemar</p> <p>2016-08-01</p> <p>In this study we developed new extraction and detection methods (using HPLC-UV and LC-MS), making it possible to analyze the smoke phenol syringol and its oxidation <span class="hlt">products</span> nitrososyringol, nitrosyringol, and the syringol dimer 3,3',5,5'-tetramethoxy-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diol, which were identified in <span class="hlt">heated</span> meat for the first time. Preliminary brine experiments performed with different concentrations of ascorbic acid showed that high amounts of this antioxidant also resulted in almost complete degradation of syringol and to formation of the oxidation <span class="hlt">products</span> when the brines were <span class="hlt">heated</span> at low pH values. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> treatment (80°C) and subsequent simulated digestion applied to meat samples containing syringol, ascorbic acid and different concentrations of sodium nitrite produced 3,3',5,5'-tetramethoxy-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diol even at a low nitrite level in the meat matrix, while nitroso- and nitrosyringol were isolated only after the digestion experiments. Increasing amounts of oxygen in the meat matrix decreased the syringol concentration and enhanced the formation of the reaction <span class="hlt">products</span> in comparison to the samples without added oxygen. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21158385','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21158385"><span>Control of electrothermal <span class="hlt">heating</span> during regeneration of <span class="hlt">activated</span> carbon fiber cloth.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Johnsen, David L; Mallouk, Kaitlin E; Rood, Mark J</p> <p>2011-01-15</p> <p>Electrothermal swing adsorption (ESA) of organic gases generated by industrial processes can reduce atmospheric emissions and allow for reuse of recovered <span class="hlt">product</span>. Desorption energy efficiency can be improved through control of adsorbent <span class="hlt">heating</span>, allowing for cost-effective separation and concentration of these gases for reuse. ESA experiments with an air stream containing 2000 ppm(v) isobutane and <span class="hlt">activated</span> carbon fiber cloth (ACFC) were performed to evaluate regeneration energy consumption. Control logic based on temperature feedback achieved select temperature and power profiles during regeneration cycles while maintaining the ACFC's mean regeneration temperature (200 °C). Energy requirements for regeneration were independent of differences in temperature/power oscillations (1186-1237 kJ/mol of isobutane). ACFC was also <span class="hlt">heated</span> to a ramped set-point, and the average absolute error between the actual and set-point temperatures was small (0.73%), demonstrating stable control as set-point temperatures vary, which is necessary for practical applications (e.g., higher temperatures for higher boiling point gases). Additional logic that increased the maximum power application at lower ACFC temperatures resulted in a 36% decrease in energy consumption. Implementing such control logic improves energy efficiency for separating and concentrating organic gases for post-desorption liquefaction of the organic gas for reuse.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140008312','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140008312"><span>Characterization of <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Melt Compactor (HMC) <span class="hlt">Product</span> Water</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Harris, Linden; Wignarajah, Kanapathipi; Alba, Richard Gilbert; Pace, Gregory S.; Fisher, John W.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Melt Compactor (HMC) is designed to sterilize and process wastes produced during space missions. Benefits of the HMC include reduction of biohazards to the crew, reduction in volume of wastes that would otherwise require storage, <span class="hlt">production</span> of radiation shielding tiles, and recovery of water and other resources. Water reuse is critical onboard spacecrafts; it reduces the need for resupply missions and saves valuable storage space. The main sources of water in HMC batches are food, beverages, shampoo, disinfecting wipes, toothpaste, and diapers. Water reclaimed by the HMC was analyzed for concentrations of Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-­-, NO2-­-, Br-­-, NO3-­-, PO43-­-, SO42-­-, total organic carbon (TOC), total inorganic carbon (TIC), % total solids, and pH. The data are discussed in relation to the current water input characteristics established for the International Space Station Water Processor Assembly system. Batches with higher than average amounts of food produced HMC <span class="hlt">product</span> water with higher sulfate content, and batches with higher proportions of disinfectant wipes and food yielded HMC <span class="hlt">product</span> water with higher ammonium concentration. We also compared theoretical chemical composition of HMC <span class="hlt">product</span> water based on food labels and literature values to experimental results.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5596810-guide-preparing-active-solar-heating-systems-operation-maintenance-manuals','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5596810-guide-preparing-active-solar-heating-systems-operation-maintenance-manuals"><span>Guide for preparing <span class="hlt">active</span> solar <span class="hlt">heating</span> systems operation and maintenance manuals</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Not Available</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>This book presents a systematic and standardized approach to the preparation of operation and maintenance manuals for <span class="hlt">active</span> solar <span class="hlt">heating</span> systems. Provides an industry consensus of the best operating and maintenance procedures for large commercial-scale solar service water and space <span class="hlt">heating</span> systems. A sample O M manual is included. 3-ring binder included.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25801077','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25801077"><span>A tomato chloroplast-targeted DnaJ protein protects Rubisco <span class="hlt">activity</span> under <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wang, Guodong; Kong, Fanying; Zhang, Song; Meng, Xia; Wang, Yong; Meng, Qingwei</p> <p>2015-06-01</p> <p>Photosynthesis is one of the biological processes most sensitive to <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress in plants. Carbon assimilation, which depends on ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), is one of the major sites sensitive to <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress in photosynthesis. In this study, the roles of a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) chloroplast-targeted DnaJ protein (SlCDJ2) in resisting <span class="hlt">heat</span> using sense and antisense transgenic tomatoes were examined. SlCDJ2 was found to be uniformly distributed in the thylakoids and stroma of the chloroplasts. Under <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress, sense plants exhibited higher chlorophyll contents and fresh weights, and lower accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and membrane damage. Moreover, Rubisco <span class="hlt">activity</span>, Rubisco large subunit (RbcL) content, and CO2 assimilation capacity were all higher in sense plants and lower in antisense plants compared with wild-type plants. Thus, SlCDJ2 contributes to maintenance of CO2 assimilation capacity mainly by protecting Rubisco <span class="hlt">activity</span> under <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress. SlCDJ2 probably achieves this by keeping the levels of proteolytic enzymes low, which prevents accelerated degradation of Rubisco under <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress. Furthermore, a chloroplast <span class="hlt">heat</span>-shock protein 70 was identified as a binding partner of SlCDJ2 in yeast two-hybrid assays. Taken together, these findings establish a role for SlCDJ2 in maintaining Rubisco <span class="hlt">activity</span> in plants under <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress. © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27939928','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27939928"><span>How Vial Geometry Variability Influences <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Transfer and <span class="hlt">Product</span> Temperature During Freeze-Drying.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Scutellà, Bernadette; Passot, Stéphanie; Bourlés, Erwan; Fonseca, Fernanda; Tréléa, Ioan Cristian</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>Vial design features can play a significant role in <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer between the shelf and the <span class="hlt">product</span> and, consequently, in the final quality of the freeze-dried <span class="hlt">product</span>. Our objective was to investigate the impact of the variability of some geometrical dimensions of a set of tubing vials commonly used for pharmaceuticals <span class="hlt">production</span> on the distribution of the vial <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer coefficients (K v ) and its potential consequence on <span class="hlt">product</span> temperature. Sublimation tests were carried out using pure water and 8 combinations of chamber pressure (4-50 Pa) and shelf temperature (-40°C and 0°C) in 2 freeze-dryers. K v values were individually determined for 100 vials located in the center of the shelf. Vial bottom curvature depth and contact area between the vial and the shelf were carefully measured for 120 vials and these data were used to calculate K v distribution due to variability in vial geometry. At low pressures commonly used for sensitive <span class="hlt">products</span> (below 10 Pa), the vial-shelf contact area appeared crucial for explaining K v heterogeneity and was found to generate, in our study, a <span class="hlt">product</span> temperature distribution of approximately 2°C during sublimation. Our approach provides quantitative guidelines for defining vial geometry tolerance specifications and <span class="hlt">product</span> temperature safety margins. Copyright © 2017 American Pharmacists Association®. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28298906','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28298906"><span>The Biodiversity of the Microbiota Producing <span class="hlt">Heat</span>-Resistant Enzymes Responsible for Spoilage in Processed Bovine Milk and Dairy <span class="hlt">Products</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Machado, Solimar G; Baglinière, François; Marchand, Sophie; Van Coillie, Els; Vanetti, Maria C D; De Block, Jan; Heyndrickx, Marc</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Raw bovine milk is highly nutritious as well as pH-neutral, providing the ideal conditions for microbial growth. The microbiota of raw milk is diverse and originates from several sources of contamination including the external udder surface, milking equipment, air, water, feed, grass, feces, and soil. Many bacterial and fungal species can be found in raw milk. The autochthonous microbiota of raw milk immediately after milking generally comprises lactic acid bacteria such as Lactococcus , Lactobacillus , Streptococcus , and Leuconostoc species, which are technologically important for the dairy industry, although they do occasionally cause spoilage of dairy <span class="hlt">products</span>. Differences in milking practices and storage conditions on each continent, country and region result in variable microbial population structures in raw milk. Raw milk is usually stored at cold temperatures, e.g., about 4°C before processing to reduce the growth of most bacteria. However, psychrotrophic bacteria can proliferate and contribute to spoilage of ultra-high temperature (UHT) treated and sterilized milk and other dairy <span class="hlt">products</span> with a long shelf life due to their ability to produce extracellular <span class="hlt">heat</span> resistant enzymes such as peptidases and lipases. Worldwide, species of Pseudomonas , with the ability to produce these spoilage enzymes, are the most common contaminants isolated from cold raw milk although other genera such as Serratia are also reported as important milk spoilers, while for others more research is needed on the <span class="hlt">heat</span> resistance of the spoilage enzymes produced. The residual <span class="hlt">activity</span> of extracellular enzymes after high <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment may lead to technological problems (off flavors, physico-chemical instability) during the shelf life of milk and dairy <span class="hlt">products</span>. This review covers the contamination patterns of cold raw milk in several parts of the world, the growth potential of psychrotrophic bacteria, their ability to produce extracellular <span class="hlt">heat</span>-resistant enzymes and the consequences</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5331058','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5331058"><span>The Biodiversity of the Microbiota Producing <span class="hlt">Heat</span>-Resistant Enzymes Responsible for Spoilage in Processed Bovine Milk and Dairy <span class="hlt">Products</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Machado, Solimar G.; Baglinière, François; Marchand, Sophie; Van Coillie, Els; Vanetti, Maria C. D.; De Block, Jan; Heyndrickx, Marc</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Raw bovine milk is highly nutritious as well as pH-neutral, providing the ideal conditions for microbial growth. The microbiota of raw milk is diverse and originates from several sources of contamination including the external udder surface, milking equipment, air, water, feed, grass, feces, and soil. Many bacterial and fungal species can be found in raw milk. The autochthonous microbiota of raw milk immediately after milking generally comprises lactic acid bacteria such as Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, and Leuconostoc species, which are technologically important for the dairy industry, although they do occasionally cause spoilage of dairy <span class="hlt">products</span>. Differences in milking practices and storage conditions on each continent, country and region result in variable microbial population structures in raw milk. Raw milk is usually stored at cold temperatures, e.g., about 4°C before processing to reduce the growth of most bacteria. However, psychrotrophic bacteria can proliferate and contribute to spoilage of ultra-high temperature (UHT) treated and sterilized milk and other dairy <span class="hlt">products</span> with a long shelf life due to their ability to produce extracellular <span class="hlt">heat</span> resistant enzymes such as peptidases and lipases. Worldwide, species of Pseudomonas, with the ability to produce these spoilage enzymes, are the most common contaminants isolated from cold raw milk although other genera such as Serratia are also reported as important milk spoilers, while for others more research is needed on the <span class="hlt">heat</span> resistance of the spoilage enzymes produced. The residual <span class="hlt">activity</span> of extracellular enzymes after high <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment may lead to technological problems (off flavors, physico-chemical instability) during the shelf life of milk and dairy <span class="hlt">products</span>. This review covers the contamination patterns of cold raw milk in several parts of the world, the growth potential of psychrotrophic bacteria, their ability to produce extracellular <span class="hlt">heat</span>-resistant enzymes and the consequences for</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22375822','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22375822"><span>Influence of thermal treatment on color, enzyme <span class="hlt">activities</span>, and antioxidant capacity of innovative pastelike parsley <span class="hlt">products</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kaiser, Andrea; Brinkmann, Maike; Carle, Reinhold; Kammerer, Dietmar R</p> <p>2012-03-28</p> <p>Conventional spice powders are often characterized by low sensory quality and high microbial loads. Furthermore, genuine enzymes are only inhibited but not entirely inactivated upon drying, so that they may regain their <span class="hlt">activity</span> upon rehydration of dried foods. To overcome these problems, initial <span class="hlt">heating</span> was applied in the present study as the first process step for the <span class="hlt">production</span> of innovative pastelike parsley <span class="hlt">products</span>. For this purpose, fresh parsley was blanched (80, 90, and 100 °C for 1-10 min) and subsequently comminuted to form a paste. Alternatively, mincing was carried out prior to <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment. Regardless of temperature, the color of the latter <span class="hlt">product</span> did not show any change after <span class="hlt">heating</span> for 1 min. With progressing exposure time the green color turned to olive hues due to marked pheophytin formation. Inactivation of genuine peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was achieved at all temperature-time regimes applied. In contrast, the parsley <span class="hlt">products</span> obtained after immediate water-blanching were characterized by brighter green colors and enhanced pigment retention. With the exception of the variants water-blanched at 80 °C, POD and PPO were completely inactivated at any of the thermal treatments. Furthermore, in water-blanched samples, antioxidant capacities as determined by the TEAC and FRAP assays were even enhanced compared to unheated parsley, whereas a decrease of phenolic contents could not be prevented. Consequently, the innovative process presented in this study allows the <span class="hlt">production</span> of novel herb and spice <span class="hlt">products</span> characterized by improved sensory quality as compared to conventional spice <span class="hlt">products</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ERL.....9d1001S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ERL.....9d1001S"><span>Future crop <span class="hlt">production</span> threatened by extreme <span class="hlt">heat</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Siebert, Stefan; Ewert, Frank</p> <p>2014-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Heat</span> is considered to be a major stress limiting crop growth and yields. While important findings on the impact of <span class="hlt">heat</span> on crop yield have been made based on experiments in controlled environments, little is known about the effects under field conditions at larger scales. The study of Deryng et al (2014 Global crop yield response to extreme <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress under multiple climate change futures Environ. Res. Lett. 9 034011), analysing the impact of <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress on maize, spring wheat and soya bean under climate change, represents an important contribution to this emerging research field. Uncertainties in the occurrence of <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress under field conditions, plant responses to <span class="hlt">heat</span> and appropriate adaptation measures still need further investigation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NucFu..57d6015G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NucFu..57d6015G"><span><span class="hlt">Activation</span>, decay <span class="hlt">heat</span>, and waste classification studies of the European DEMO concept</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gilbert, M. R.; Eade, T.; Bachmann, C.; Fischer, U.; Taylor, N. P.</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Inventory calculations have a key role to play in designing future fusion power plants because, for a given irradiation field and material, they can predict the time evolution in chemical composition, <span class="hlt">activation</span>, decay <span class="hlt">heat</span>, gamma-dose, gas <span class="hlt">production</span>, and even damage (dpa) dose. For conceptual designs of the European DEMO fusion reactor such calculations provide information about the neutron shielding requirements, maintenance schedules, and waste disposal prospects; thereby guiding future development. Extensive neutron-transport and inventory calculations have been performed for a reference DEMO reactor model with four different tritium-breeding blanket concepts. The results have been used to chart the post-operation variation in <span class="hlt">activity</span> and decay <span class="hlt">heat</span> from different vessel components, demonstrating that the shielding performance of the different blanket concepts—for a given blanket thickness—varies significantly. Detailed analyses of the simulated nuclide inventories for the vacuum vessel (VV) and divertor highlight the most dominant radionuclides, potentially suggesting how changes in material composition could help to reduce <span class="hlt">activity</span>. Minor impurities in the raw composition of W used in divertor tiles, for example, are shown to produce undesirable long-lived radionuclides. Finally, waste classifications, based on UK regulations, and a recycling potential limit, have been applied to estimate the time-evolution in waste masses for both the entire vessel (including blanket modules, VV, divertor, and some ex-vessel components) and individual components, and also to suggest when a particular component might be suitable for recycling. The results indicate that the large mass of the VV will not be classifiable as low level waste on the 100 year timescale, but the majority of the divertor will be, and that both components will be potentially recyclable within that time.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25012859','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25012859"><span><span class="hlt">Activated</span> carbon from pyrolysis of brewer's spent grain: <span class="hlt">Production</span> and adsorption properties.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Vanreppelen, Kenny; Vanderheyden, Sara; Kuppens, Tom; Schreurs, Sonja; Yperman, Jan; Carleer, Robert</p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>Brewer's spent grain is a low cost residue generated by the brewing industry. Its chemical composition (high nitrogen content 4.35 wt.%, fibres, etc.) makes it very useful for the <span class="hlt">production</span> of added value in situ nitrogenised <span class="hlt">activated</span> carbon. The composition of brewer's spent grain revealed high amounts of cellulose (20.8 wt.%), hemicellulose (48.78 wt.%) and lignin (11.3 wt.%). The fat, ethanol extractives and ash accounted for 8.17 wt.%, 4.7 wt.% and 3.2 wt.%, respectively. Different <span class="hlt">activated</span> carbons were produced in a lab-scale pyrolysis/<span class="hlt">activation</span> reactor by applying several <span class="hlt">heat</span> and steam <span class="hlt">activation</span> profiles on brewer's spent grain. <span class="hlt">Activated</span> carbon yields from 16.1 to 23.6 wt.% with high N-contents (> 2 wt.%) were obtained. The efficiency of the prepared <span class="hlt">activated</span> carbons for phenol adsorption was studied as a function of different parameters: pH, contact time and carbon dosage relative to two commercial <span class="hlt">activated</span> carbons. The equilibrium isotherms were described by the non-linear Langmuir and Freundlich models, and the kinetic results were fitted using the pseudo-first-order model and the pseudo-second-order model. The feasibility of an <span class="hlt">activated</span> carbon <span class="hlt">production</span> facility (onsite and offsite) that processes brewer's spent grain for different input feeds is evaluated based on a techno-economic model for estimating the net present value. Even though the model assumptions start from a rather pessimistic scenario, encouraging results for a profitable <span class="hlt">production</span> of <span class="hlt">activated</span> carbon using brewer's spent grain are obtained. © The Author(s) 2014.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=377937','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=377937"><span>Control of Byssochlamys and Related <span class="hlt">Heat</span>-resistant Fungi in Grape <span class="hlt">Products</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>King, A. Douglas; Michener, H. David; Ito, Keith A.</p> <p>1969-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Heat</span>-resistant strains of Byssochlamys fulva, B. nivea, and other <span class="hlt">heat</span>-resistant fungi were isolated from vineyard soil, grapes, grape-processing lines, and waste pomace. They are known to remain in grape juice occasionally and to grow in grape juice <span class="hlt">products</span>. Ascospores of these fungi have a D value (decimal reduction time) of about 10 min at 190 F (88 C), but in the presence of 90 μliters of SO2 per liter (normally added to the juice) the D value was cut in half. Filtration through a commercial diatomaceous filter aid (also a common processing step) entrapped all but about 0.001% of experimentally added spores. Thus, <span class="hlt">heat</span> in the presence of SO2 and filtration together can reduce the population of these spores by several orders of magnitude. Growth was also prevented by benzoate or sorbate in low concentrations. Oxygen must be reduced to extremely low levels before lack of oxygen limits growth. Images PMID:16349856</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE.9877E..27S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE.9877E..27S"><span>Detection of <span class="hlt">heat</span> wave using Kalpana-1 VHRR land surface temperature <span class="hlt">product</span> over India</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shah, Dhiraj; Pandya, Mehul R.; Pathak, Vishal N.; Darji, Nikunj P.; Trivedi, Himanshu J.</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Heat</span> Waves can have notable impacts on human mortality, ecosystem, economics and energy supply. The effect of <span class="hlt">heat</span> wave is much more intense during summer than the other seasons. During the period of April to June, spells of very hot weather occur over certain regions of India and global warming scenario may result in further increases of such temperature anomalies and corresponding <span class="hlt">heat</span> waves conditions. In this paper, satellite observations have been used to detect the <span class="hlt">heat</span> wave conditions prevailing over India for the period of May-June 2015. The Kalpana-1 VHRR derived land surface temperature (LST) <span class="hlt">products</span> have been used in the analysis to detect the <span class="hlt">heat</span> wave affected regions over India. Results from the analysis shows the detection of <span class="hlt">heat</span> wave affected pixels over Indian land mass. It can be seen that during the study period the parts of the west India, Indo-gangetic plane, Telangana and part of Vidarbh was under severe <span class="hlt">heat</span> wave conditions which is also confirmed with Automatic Weather Station (AWS) air temperature observations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11845824','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11845824"><span>[<span class="hlt">Heat</span> transfer analysis of liquid cooling garment used for extravehicular <span class="hlt">activity</span>].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Qiu, Y F; Yuan, X G; Mei, Z G; Jia, S G; Ouyang, H; Ren, Z S</p> <p>2001-10-01</p> <p>Brief description was given about the construction and function of the LCG (liquid cooling garment) used for EVA (extravehicular <span class="hlt">activity</span>). The <span class="hlt">heat</span> convection was analyzed between ventilating gas and LCG, the <span class="hlt">heat</span> and mass transfer process was analyzed too, then a <span class="hlt">heat</span> and mass transfer mathematical model of LCG was developed. Thermal physiological experimental study with human body wearing LVCG (liquid cooling and ventilation garment) used for EVA was carried out to verify this mathematical model. This study provided a basis for the design of liquid-cooling and ventilation system for the space suit.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ClDy...49.1531H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ClDy...49.1531H"><span>Revisiting the global surface energy budgets with maximum-entropy-<span class="hlt">production</span> model of surface <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Huang, Shih-Yu; Deng, Yi; Wang, Jingfeng</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>The maximum-entropy-<span class="hlt">production</span> (MEP) model of surface <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes, based on contemporary non-equilibrium thermodynamics, information theory, and atmospheric turbulence theory, is used to re-estimate the global surface <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes. The MEP model predicted surface fluxes automatically balance the surface energy budgets at all time and space scales without the explicit use of near-surface temperature and moisture gradient, wind speed and surface roughness data. The new MEP-based global annual mean fluxes over the land surface, using input data of surface radiation, temperature data from National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (NASA CERES) supplemented by surface specific humidity data from the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA), agree closely with previous estimates. The new estimate of ocean evaporation, not using the MERRA reanalysis data as model inputs, is lower than previous estimates, while the new estimate of ocean sensible <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux is higher than previously reported. The MEP model also produces the first global map of ocean surface <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux that is not available from existing global reanalysis <span class="hlt">products</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24571173','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24571173"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> exposure enhances radiosensitivity by depressing DNA-PK kinase <span class="hlt">activity</span> during double strand break repair.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ihara, Makoto; Takeshita, Satoshi; Okaichi, Kumio; Okumura, Yutaka; Ohnishi, Takeo</p> <p>2014-03-01</p> <p>From the role of double strand DNA dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs) <span class="hlt">activity</span> of non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair for DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), we aim to define possible associations between thermo-sensitisation and the enzyme <span class="hlt">activities</span> in X-ray irradiated cells. DNA-PKcs deficient mouse, Chinese hamster and human cultured cells were compared to the parental wild-type cells. The radiosensitivities, the number of DSBs and DNA-PKcs <span class="hlt">activities</span> after <span class="hlt">heat</span>-treatment were measured. Both DNA-PKcs deficient cells and the wild-type cells showed increased radiosensitivities after <span class="hlt">heat</span>-treatment. The wild-type cells have two repair processes; fast repair and slow repair. In contrast, DNA-PKcs deficient cells have only the slow repair process. The fast repair component apparently disappeared by <span class="hlt">heat</span>-treatment in the wild-type cells. In both cell types, additional <span class="hlt">heat</span> exposure enhanced radiosensitivities. Although DNA-PKcs <span class="hlt">activity</span> was depressed by <span class="hlt">heat</span>, the inactivated DNA-PKcs <span class="hlt">activity</span> recovered during an incubation at 37 °C. DSB repair efficiency was dependent on the reactivation of DNA-PKcs <span class="hlt">activity</span>. It was suggested that NHEJ is the major process used to repair X-ray-induced DSBs and utilises DNA-PKcs <span class="hlt">activity</span>, but homologous recombination repair provides additional secondary levels of DSB repair. The thermo-sensitisation in X-ray-irradiated cells depends on the inhibition of NHEJ repair through the depression of DNA-PKcs <span class="hlt">activities</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1213988','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1213988"><span><span class="hlt">HEAT</span> INPUT AND POST WELD <span class="hlt">HEAT</span> TREATMENT EFFECTS ON REDUCED-<span class="hlt">ACTIVATION</span> FERRITIC/MARTENSITIC STEEL FRICTION STIR WELDS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Tang, Wei; Chen, Gaoqiang; Chen, Jian</p> <p></p> <p>Reduced-<span class="hlt">activation</span> ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steels are an important class of structural materials for fusion reactor internals developed in recent years because of their improved irradiation resistance. However, they can suffer from welding induced property degradations. In this paper, a solid phase joining technology friction stir welding (FSW) was adopted to join a RAFM steel Eurofer 97 and different FSW parameters/<span class="hlt">heat</span> input were chosen to produce welds. FSW response parameters, joint microstructures and microhardness were investigated to reveal relationships among welding <span class="hlt">heat</span> input, weld structure characterization and mechanical properties. In general, FSW <span class="hlt">heat</span> input results in high hardness inside the stir zonemore » mostly due to a martensitic transformation. It is possible to produce friction stir welds similar to but not with exactly the same base metal hardness when using low power input because of other hardening mechanisms. Further, post weld <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment (PWHT) is a very effective way to reduce FSW stir zone hardness values.« less</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_12 --> <div id="page_13" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="241"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1544068','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1544068"><span>Extreme <span class="hlt">heat</span> reduces and shifts United States premium wine <span class="hlt">production</span> in the 21st century</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>White, M. A.; Diffenbaugh, N. S.; Jones, G. V.; Pal, J. S.; Giorgi, F.</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>Premium wine <span class="hlt">production</span> is limited to regions climatically conducive to growing grapes with balanced composition and varietal typicity. Three central climatic conditions are required: (i) adequate <span class="hlt">heat</span> accumulation; (ii) low risk of severe frost damage; and (iii) the absence of extreme <span class="hlt">heat</span>. Although wine <span class="hlt">production</span> is possible in an extensive climatic range, the highest-quality wines require a delicate balance among these three conditions. Although historical and projected average temperature changes are known to influence global wine quality, the potential future response of wine-producing regions to spatially heterogeneous changes in extreme events is largely unknown. Here, by using a high-resolution regional climate model forced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on Emission Scenarios A2 greenhouse gas emission scenario, we estimate that potential premium winegrape <span class="hlt">production</span> area in the conterminous United States could decline by up to 81% by the late 21st century. While increases in <span class="hlt">heat</span> accumulation will shift wine <span class="hlt">production</span> to warmer climate varieties and/or lower-quality wines, and frost constraints will be reduced, increases in the frequency of extreme hot days (>35°C) in the growing season are projected to eliminate winegrape <span class="hlt">production</span> in many areas of the United States. Furthermore, grape and wine <span class="hlt">production</span> will likely be restricted to a narrow West Coast region and the Northwest and Northeast, areas currently facing challenges related to excess moisture. Our results not only imply large changes for the premium wine industry, but also highlight the importance of incorporating fine-scale processes and extreme events in climate-change impact studies. PMID:16840557</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhDT........44P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhDT........44P"><span>Combustion instability and <span class="hlt">active</span> control: Alternative fuels, augmentors, and modeling <span class="hlt">heat</span> release</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Park, Sammy Ace</p> <p></p> <p>Experimental and analytical studies were conducted to explore thermo-acoustic coupling during the onset of combustion instability in various air-breathing combustor configurations. These include a laboratory-scale 200-kW dump combustor and a 100-kW augmentor featuring a v-gutter flame holder. They were used to simulate main combustion chambers and afterburners in aero engines, respectively. The three primary themes of this work includes: 1) modeling <span class="hlt">heat</span> release fluctuations for stability analysis, 2) conducting <span class="hlt">active</span> combustion control with alternative fuels, and 3) demonstrating practical <span class="hlt">active</span> control for augmentor instability suppression. The phenomenon of combustion instabilities remains an unsolved problem in propulsion engines, mainly because of the difficulty in predicting the fluctuating component of <span class="hlt">heat</span> release without extensive testing. A hybrid model was developed to describe both the temporal and spatial variations in dynamic <span class="hlt">heat</span> release, using a separation of variables approach that requires only a limited amount of experimental data. The use of sinusoidal basis functions further reduced the amount of data required. When the mean <span class="hlt">heat</span> release behavior is known, the only experimental data needed for detailed stability analysis is one instantaneous picture of <span class="hlt">heat</span> release at the peak pressure phase. This model was successfully tested in the dump combustor experiments, reproducing the correct sign of the overall Rayleigh index as well as the remarkably accurate spatial distribution pattern of fluctuating <span class="hlt">heat</span> release. <span class="hlt">Active</span> combustion control was explored for fuel-flexible combustor operation using twelve different jet fuels including bio-synthetic and Fischer-Tropsch types. Analysis done using an actuated spray combustion model revealed that the combustion response times of these fuels were similar. Combined with experimental spray characterizations, this suggested that controller performance should remain effective with various alternative fuels</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7857517','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7857517"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span>-resistant fungi of importance to the food and beverage industry.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tournas, V</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>Spoilage of pasteurized and canned fruit and fruit <span class="hlt">products</span> caused by <span class="hlt">heat</span>-resistant molds have been reported repeatedly in recent years. Species most commonly implicated in fruit and fruit <span class="hlt">product</span> disintegration are Byssochlamys fulva, Byssochlamys nivea, Neosartorya fischeri, Talaromyces flavus, and Eupenicillium brefeldianum. These organisms are saprophytic rather than parasitic and usually contaminate fruits on or near the ground. They can survive <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatments used for fruit processing and can grow and spoil the <span class="hlt">products</span> during storage at room temperature, which results in great economic losses. Mold <span class="hlt">heat</span> resistance is attributed to the formation of sexual spores, ascospores. Ascospores have a wide range of <span class="hlt">heat</span> resistance, depending on species, strain, age of organism, <span class="hlt">heating</span> medium, pH, presence of sugars, fats, and acids in <span class="hlt">heating</span> medium, growth conditions, etc. The mechanism(s) of thermoresistance are not clear; probably some very stable compound(s) critical to germination and outgrowth are present in the <span class="hlt">heat</span>-resistant ascospores. Besides spoilage, the <span class="hlt">heat</span>-resistant molds produce a number of toxic secondary metabolites, such as byssotoxin A; byssochlamic acid; the carcinogen, patulin, the tremorgenic substances, fumitremorgin A and C, and verruculogen; fischerin, which caused fatal peritonitis in mice; and eupenifeldin, a compound possessing cytotoxicity as well as in vivo antitumor <span class="hlt">activity</span>. Growth of <span class="hlt">heat</span>-resistant fungi can be controlled by lowering the water <span class="hlt">activity</span>, adding sulfur dioxide, sorbate, or benzoate; washing of fruits in hypochlorite solution before <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment reduces the number of ascospores and makes the <span class="hlt">heat</span> destruction more successful. More research is needed to elucidate the mechanism(s) of thermoresistance and develop new methods for the complete inactivation of resistant ascospores.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24645431','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24645431"><span>Effects of microwave <span class="hlt">heating</span> on porous structure of regenerated powdered <span class="hlt">activated</span> carbon used in xylose.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Li, Wei; Wang, Xinying; Peng, Jinhui</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The regeneration of spent powdered <span class="hlt">activated</span> carbons used in xylose decolourization by microwave <span class="hlt">heating</span> was investigated. Effects of microwave power and microwave <span class="hlt">heating</span> time on the adsorption capacity of regenerated <span class="hlt">activated</span> carbons were evaluated. The optimum conditions obtained are as follows: microwave power 800W; microwave <span class="hlt">heating</span> time 30min. Regenerated <span class="hlt">activated</span> carbon in this work has high adsorption capacities for the amount of methylene blue of 16 cm3/0.1 g and the iodine number of 1000.06mg/g. The specific surface areas of fresh commercial <span class="hlt">activated</span> carbon, spent carbon and regenerated <span class="hlt">activated</span> carbon were calculated according to the Brunauer, Emmett and Teller method, and the pore-size distributions of these carbons were characterized by non-local density functional theory (NLDFT). The results show that the specific surface area and the total pore volume of regenerated <span class="hlt">activated</span> carbon are 1064 m2/g and 1.181 mL/g, respectively, indicating the feasibility of regeneration of spent powdered <span class="hlt">activated</span> carbon used in xylose decolourization by microwave <span class="hlt">heating</span>. The results of surface fractal dimensions also confirm the results of isotherms and NLDFT.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5711296-heat-stress-control-tmi-three-mile-island-unit-defueling-decontamination-activities','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5711296-heat-stress-control-tmi-three-mile-island-unit-defueling-decontamination-activities"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> stress control in the TMI-2 (Three Mile Island Unit 2) defueling and decontamination <span class="hlt">activities</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Schork, J.S.; Parfitt, B.A.</p> <p></p> <p>During the initial stages of the Three Mile Island Unit 2 (TMI-2) defueling and decontamination <span class="hlt">activities</span> for the reactor building, it was realized that the high levels of loose radioactive contamination would require the use of extensive protective clothing by entry personnel. While there was no doubt that layered protective clothing protects workers from becoming contaminated, it was recognized that these same layers of clothing would impose a very significant <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress burden. To prevent the potentially serious consequences of a severe reaction to <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress by workers in the hostile environment of the TMI-2 reactor building and yet maintainmore » the reasonable work <span class="hlt">productivity</span> necessary to perform the recovery adequately, an effective program of controlling worker exposure to <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress had to be developed. Body-cooling devices produce a flow of cool air, which is introduced close to the skin to remove body <span class="hlt">heat</span> through convection and increased sweat evaporation. The cooling effect produced by the Vortex tube successfully protected the workers from <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress, however, there were several logistical and operational problems that hindered extensive use of these devices. The last type of cooling garment examined was the frozen water garment (FWG) developed by Elizier Kamon at the Pennsylvania State University as part of an Electric Power Research Institute research grant. Personal protection, i.e., body cooling, engineering controls, and administrative controls, have been implemented successfully.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24080481','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24080481"><span>Genome-wide analysis of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress response in Zebu (Sahiwal) cattle.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mehla, Kusum; Magotra, Ankit; Choudhary, Jyoti; Singh, A K; Mohanty, A K; Upadhyay, R C; Srinivasan, Surendran; Gupta, Pankaj; Choudhary, Neelam; Antony, Bristo; Khan, Farheen</p> <p>2014-01-10</p> <p>Environmental-induced hyperthermia compromises animal <span class="hlt">production</span> with drastic economic consequences to global animal agriculture and jeopardizes animal welfare. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> stress is a major stressor that occurs as a result of an imbalance between <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> within the body and its dissipation and it affects animals at cellular, molecular and ecological levels. The molecular mechanism underlying the physiology of <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress in the cattle remains undefined. The present study sought to evaluate mRNA expression profiles in the cattle blood in response to <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress. In this study we report the genes that were differentially expressed in response to <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress using global scale genome expression technology (Microarray). Four Sahiwal heifers were exposed to 42°C with 90% humidity for 4h followed by normothermia. Gene expression changes include <span class="hlt">activation</span> of <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1), increased expression of <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock proteins (HSP) and decreased expression and synthesis of other proteins, immune system <span class="hlt">activation</span> via extracellular secretion of HSP. A cDNA microarray analysis found 140 transcripts to be up-regulated and 77 down-regulated in the cattle blood after <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment (P<0.05). But still a comprehensive explanation for the direction of fold change and the specific genes involved in response to acute <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress still remains to be explored. These findings may provide insights into the underlying mechanism of physiology of <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress in cattle. Understanding the biology and mechanisms of <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress is critical to developing approaches to ameliorate current <span class="hlt">production</span> issues for improving animal performance and agriculture economics. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24960473','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24960473"><span><span class="hlt">Production</span> of B atoms and BH radicals from B2H6/He/H2 mixtures <span class="hlt">activated</span> on <span class="hlt">heated</span> W wires.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Umemoto, Hironobu; Kanemitsu, Taijiro; Tanaka, Akihito</p> <p>2014-07-17</p> <p>B atoms and BH radicals could be identified by laser-induced fluorescence when B2H6/He/H2 mixtures were <span class="hlt">activated</span> on <span class="hlt">heated</span> tungsten wires. The densities of these radical species increased not only with the wire temperature but also with the partial pressure of H2. The densities in the presence of 0.026 Pa of B2H6 and 2.6 Pa of H2 were on the order of 10(11) cm(-3) both for B and BH when the wire temperature was 2000 K. Densities in the absence of a H2 flow were much smaller, suggesting that the direct <span class="hlt">production</span> of these species on wire surfaces is minor. B and BH must be produced in the H atom shifting reactions, BH(x) + H → BH(x-1) + H2 (x = 1-3), in the gas phase, while H atoms are produced from H2 on wire surfaces. The B atom density increased monotonously with the H atom density, while the BH density showed saturation. These tendencies could be reproduced by simple modeling based on ab initio potential energy calculations and the transition-state theoretical calculations of the rate constants. The absolute densities could also be reproduced within a factor of 2.5.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/heatstress/','NIH-MEDLINEPLUS'); return false;" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/heatstress/"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> Stress</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://medlineplus.gov/">MedlinePlus</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>... Publications and <span class="hlt">Products</span> Programs Contact NIOSH NIOSH <span class="hlt">HEAT</span> STRESS Recommend on Facebook Tweet Share Compartir OSHA-NIOSH ... hot environments may be at risk of <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress. Exposure to extreme <span class="hlt">heat</span> can result in occupational ...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/865820','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/865820"><span>Use of .sup.3 He.sup.30 + ICRF minority <span class="hlt">heating</span> to simulate alpha particle <span class="hlt">heating</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Post, Jr., Douglass E.; Hwang, David Q.; Hovey, Jane</p> <p>1986-04-22</p> <p>Neutron <span class="hlt">activation</span> due to high levels of neutron <span class="hlt">production</span> in a first <span class="hlt">heated</span> deuterium-tritium plasma is substantially reduced by using Ion Cyclotron Resonance Frequency (ICRF) <span class="hlt">heating</span> of energetic .sup.3 He.sup.++ ions in a second deuterium-.sup.3 He.sup.++ plasma which exhibit an energy distribution and density similar to that of alpha particles in fusion reactor experiments to simulate fusion alpha particle <span class="hlt">heating</span> in the first plasma. The majority of the fast .sup.3 He.sup.++ ions and their slowing down spectrum can be studied using either a modulated hydrogen beam source for producing excited states of He.sup.+ in combination with spectrometers or double charge exchange with a high energy neutral lithium beam and charged particle detectors at the plasma edge. The maintenance problems thus associated with neutron <span class="hlt">activation</span> are substantially reduced permitting energetic alpha particle behavior to be studied in near term large fusion experiments.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009IJBm...53..177K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009IJBm...53..177K"><span>Measuring the effects of <span class="hlt">heat</span> wave episodes on the human body's thermal balance</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Katavoutas, George; Theoharatos, George; Flocas, Helena A.; Asimakopoulos, Dimosthenis N.</p> <p>2009-03-01</p> <p>During the peak of an extensive <span class="hlt">heat</span> wave episode on 23-25 July 2007, simultaneous thermophysiological measurements were made in two non-acclimated healthy adults of different sex in a suburban area of Greater Athens, Greece. Based on experimental measurements of mean skin temperature and metabolic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>, <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes to and from the human body were calculated, and the biometeorological index <span class="hlt">heat</span> load (HL) produced was determined according to the <span class="hlt">heat</span> balance equation. Comparing experimental values with those derived from theoretical estimates revealed a great <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress for both individuals, especially the male, while theoretical values underestimated <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress. The study also revealed that thermophysiological factors, such as mean skin temperature and metabolic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>, play an important role in determining <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes patterns in the <span class="hlt">heat</span> balance equation. The theoretical values of mean skin temperature as derived from an empirical equation may not be appropriate to describe the changes that take place in a non-acclimated individual. Furthermore, the changes in metabolic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> were significant even for standard <span class="hlt">activity</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28942191','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28942191"><span>Improving the thermal efficiency of a jaggery <span class="hlt">production</span> module using a fire-tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchanger.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>La Madrid, Raul; Orbegoso, Elder Mendoza; Saavedra, Rafael; Marcelo, Daniel</p> <p>2017-12-15</p> <p>Jaggery is a <span class="hlt">product</span> obtained after <span class="hlt">heating</span> and evaporation processes have been applied to sugar cane juice via the addition of thermal energy, followed by the crystallisation process through mechanical agitation. At present, jaggery <span class="hlt">production</span> uses furnaces and pans that are designed empirically based on trial and error procedures, which results in low ranges of thermal efficiency operation. To rectify these deficiencies, this study proposes the use of fire-tube pans to increase <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer from the flue gases to the sugar cane juice. With the aim of increasing the thermal efficiency of a jaggery installation, a computational fluid dynamic (CFD)-based model was used as a numerical tool to design a fire-tube pan that would replace the existing finned flat pan. For this purpose, the original configuration of the jaggery furnace was simulated via a pre-validated CFD model in order to calculate its current thermal performance. Then, the newly-designed fire-tube pan was virtually replaced in the jaggery furnace with the aim of numerically estimating the thermal performance at the same operating conditions. A comparison of both simulations highlighted the growth of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer rate at around 105% in the <span class="hlt">heating</span>/evaporation processes when the fire-tube pan replaced the original finned flat pan. This enhancement impacted the jaggery <span class="hlt">production</span> installation, whereby the thermal efficiency of the installation increased from 31.4% to 42.8%. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29734681','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29734681"><span>Early Age Carbonation <span class="hlt">Heat</span> and <span class="hlt">Products</span> of Tricalcium Silicate Paste Subject to Carbon Dioxide Curing.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Li, Zhen; He, Zhen; Shao, Yixin</p> <p>2018-05-04</p> <p>This paper presents a study on the carbonation reaction <span class="hlt">heat</span> and <span class="hlt">products</span> of tricalcium silicate (C₃S) paste exposed to carbon dioxide (CO₂) for rapid curing. Reaction <span class="hlt">heat</span> was measured using a retrofitted micro-calorimeter. The highest <span class="hlt">heat</span> flow of a C₃S paste subject to carbonation curing was 200 times higher than that by hydration, and the cumulative <span class="hlt">heat</span> released by carbonation was three times higher. The compressive strength of a C₃S paste carbonated for 2 h and 24 h was 27.5 MPa and 62.9 MPa, respectively. The 24-h carbonation strength had exceeded the hydration strength at 28 days. The CO₂ uptake of a C₃S paste carbonated for 2 h and 24 h was 17% and 26%, respectively. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive spectrometer (TEM-EDS), and 29 Si magic angle spinning⁻nuclear magnetic resonance ( 29 Si MAS-NMR) results showed that the <span class="hlt">products</span> of a carbonated C₃S paste were amorphous silica (SiO₂) and calcite crystal. There was no trace of calcium silicate hydrate (C⁻S⁻H) or other polymorphs of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) detected.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1426364-activation-product-analysis-mixed-sample-containing-both-fission-neutron-activation-products','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1426364-activation-product-analysis-mixed-sample-containing-both-fission-neutron-activation-products"><span><span class="hlt">Activation</span> <span class="hlt">product</span> analysis in a mixed sample containing both fission and neutron <span class="hlt">activation</span> <span class="hlt">products</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Morrison, Samuel S.; Clark, Sue B.; Eggemeyer, Tere A.</p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Activation</span> analysis of gold (Au) is used to estimate neutron fluence resulting from a criticality event; however, such analyses are complicated by simultaneous <span class="hlt">production</span> of other gamma-emitting fission <span class="hlt">products</span>. Confidence in neutron fluence estimates can be increased by quantifying additional <span class="hlt">activation</span> <span class="hlt">products</span> such as platinum (Pt), tantalum (Ta), and tungsten (W). This work describes a radiochemical separation procedure for the determination of these <span class="hlt">activation</span> <span class="hlt">products</span>. Anion exchange chromatography is used to separate anionic forms of these metals in a nitric acid matrix; thiourea is used to isolate the Au and Pt fraction, followed by removal of the Ta fraction usingmore » hydrogen peroxide. W, which is not retained on the first anion exchange column, is transposed to an HCl/HF matrix to enhance retention on a second anion exchange column and finally eluted using HNO3/HF. Chemical separations result in a reduction in the minimum detectable <span class="hlt">activity</span> by a factor of 287, 207, 141, and 471 for 182Ta, 187W, 197Pt, and 198Au respectively, with greater than 90% recovery for all elements. These results represent the highest recoveries and lowest minimum detectable <span class="hlt">activities</span> for 182Ta, 187W, 197Pt, and 198Au from mixed fission-<span class="hlt">activation</span> <span class="hlt">product</span> samples to date, enabling considerable refinement in the measurement uncertainties for neutron fluences in highly complex sample matrices.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AIPC.1770d0021J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AIPC.1770d0021J"><span>Experimental investigations on <span class="hlt">active</span> cooling thermal protection structure of hydrocarbon-fueled scramjet combustor in arc <span class="hlt">heated</span> facility</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jianqiang, Tu; Jinlong, Peng; Xianning, Yang; Lianzhong, Chen</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">active</span> cooling thermal protection technology is the efficient method to resolve the long-duration work and reusable problems of hydrocarbon-fueled scramjet combustor, where worst thermo-mechanical loads occur. The fuel is passed through coolant channels adjacent to the <span class="hlt">heated</span> surfaces to absorb <span class="hlt">heat</span> from the <span class="hlt">heating</span> exchanger panels, prior to injection into the combustor. The <span class="hlt">heating</span> exchanger both cooled down the wall temperature of the combustor wall and <span class="hlt">heats</span> and cracks the hydrocarbon fuel inside the panel to permit an easier combustion and satisfying combustion efficiency. The subscale <span class="hlt">active</span> cooling metallic panels, with dimensions of 100×100 mm and different coolant channel sizes, have been tested under typical combustion thermal environment produced by arc <span class="hlt">heated</span> Turbulent Flow Duct (TFD). The <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchange ability of different coolant channel sizes has been obtained. The big-scale <span class="hlt">active</span> cooling metallic panel, with dimensions of 100 × 750 mm and the coolant channel sizes of better <span class="hlt">heating</span> exchange performance, has been made and tested in the big-scale arc <span class="hlt">heated</span> TFD facility. The test results show that the local superheated ablation is easy to happen for the cooling fuel assigned asymmetrically in the bigscale <span class="hlt">active</span> cooling metallic panel, and the cooling fuel rate can reduce 8%˜10% after spraying the Thermal Barrier Coating (TBC) in the <span class="hlt">heating</span> surface.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013APS..DFDH14003C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013APS..DFDH14003C"><span>Naphthalene Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence Imaging of Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Shield Ablation <span class="hlt">Products</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Combs, Christopher S.; Clemens, Noel T.; Danehy, Paul M.</p> <p>2013-11-01</p> <p>The Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) calls for an ablative <span class="hlt">heat</span> shield. In order to better design this <span class="hlt">heat</span> shield and others that will undergo planetary entry, an improved understanding of the ablation process is required. Given that ablation is a multi-physics process involving <span class="hlt">heat</span> and mass transfer, codes aiming to predict <span class="hlt">heat</span> shield ablation are in need of experimental data pertaining to the turbulent transport of ablation <span class="hlt">products</span> for validation. At The University of Texas at Austin, a technique is being developed that uses planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) of a low-temperature sublimating ablator (naphthalene) to visualize the transport of ablation <span class="hlt">products</span> in a supersonic flow. Since ablation at reentry temperatures can be difficult to recreate in a laboratory setting it is desirable to create a limited physics problem and simulate the ablation process at relatively low temperature conditions using naphthalene. A scaled Orion MPCV model with a solid naphthalene <span class="hlt">heat</span> shield has been tested in a Mach 5 wind tunnel at various angles of attack in the current work. PLIF images have shown high concentrations of scalar in the capsule wake region, intermittent turbulent structures on the <span class="hlt">heat</span> shield surface, and interesting details of the capsule shear layer structure. This work was supported by a NASA Office of the Chief Technologist's Space Technology Research Fellowship (NNX11AN55H).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=238971','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=238971"><span>Effect of water <span class="hlt">activity</span> and pH on growth and toxin <span class="hlt">production</span> by Clostridium botulinum type G.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Briozzo, J; de Lagarde, E A; Chirife, J; Parada, J L</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>The combined effect of water <span class="hlt">activity</span> (aw) and pH on growth and toxin <span class="hlt">production</span> by Clostridium botulinum type G strain 89 was investigated. The minimum aw at which growth and toxin formation occurred was 0.965, for media in which the pH was adjusted with either sodium chloride or sucrose. The minimum pH (at the optimum aw) for growth and toxin <span class="hlt">production</span> of C. botulinum type G was found to be 5.6. Optimum conditions for toxin <span class="hlt">activation</span> were a trypsin concentration of 0.1%, a pH of the medium of 6.5, and an incubation for 45 min at 37 degrees C. These data did not show evidence of <span class="hlt">heat</span>-labile spores, since a <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock of 75 degrees C for 10 min did not significantly decrease the spore count of strain 89G in media at pH 7.0 or 5.6. It was frequently observed that cells grown at reduced aw or pH experienced severe morphological changes. PMID:3518631</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29594343','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29594343"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> and light stresses affect metabolite <span class="hlt">production</span> in the fruit body of the medicinal mushroom Cordyceps militaris.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jiaojiao, Zhang; Fen, Wang; Kuanbo, Liu; Qing, Liu; Ying, Yang; Caihong, Dong</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Cordyceps militaris is a highly valued edible and medicinal fungus due to its <span class="hlt">production</span> of various metabolites, including adenosine, cordycepin, N 6 -(2-hydroxyethyl)-adenosine, and carotenoids. The contents of these metabolites are indicative of the quality of commercially available fruit body of this fungus. In this work, the effects of environmental abiotic factors, including <span class="hlt">heat</span> and light stresses, on the fruit body growth and metabolite <span class="hlt">production</span> in C. militaris were evaluated during the late growth stage. The optimal growth temperature of C. militaris was 20 °C. It was found that a <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress of 25 °C for 5-20 days during the late growth stage significantly promoted cordycepin and carotenoid <span class="hlt">production</span> without affecting the biological efficiency. Light stress at 6000 lx for 5-20 days during the late growth stage significantly promoted cordycepin <span class="hlt">production</span> but decreased the carotenoid content. Both <span class="hlt">heat</span> and light stresses promoted N 6 -(2-hydroxyethyl)-adenosine <span class="hlt">production</span>. In addition, gene expression analysis showed that there were simultaneous increases in the expression of genes encoding a metal-dependent phosphohydrolase (CCM_04437) and ATP phosphoribosyltransferase (CCM_04438) that are involved in the cordycepin biosynthesis pathway, which was consistent with the accumulation of cordycepin during <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress for 5-20 days. A positive weak correlation between the cordycepin and adenosine contents was observed with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.338 (P < 0.05). The results presented herein provide a new strategy for the <span class="hlt">production</span> of a superior quality fruit body of C. militaris and contribute to further elucidation of the effects of abiotic stress on metabolite accumulation in fungi.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21372011-flows-motions-moss-core-flaring-active-region-evidence-steady-heating','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21372011-flows-motions-moss-core-flaring-active-region-evidence-steady-heating"><span>FLOWS AND MOTIONS IN MOSS IN THE CORE OF A FLARING <span class="hlt">ACTIVE</span> REGION: EVIDENCE FOR STEADY <span class="hlt">HEATING</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Brooks, David H.; Warren, Harry P., E-mail: dhbrooks@ssd5.nrl.navy.mi</p> <p>2009-09-20</p> <p>We present new measurements of the time variability of intensity, Doppler, and nonthermal velocities in moss in an <span class="hlt">active</span> region core observed by the EUV Imaging Spectrometer on Hinode in 2007 June. The measurements are derived from spectral profiles of the Fe XII 195 A line. Using the 2'' slit, we repeatedly scanned 150'' by 150'' in a few minutes. This is the first time it has been possible to make such velocity measurements in the moss, and the data presented are the highest cadence spatially resolved maps of moss Doppler and nonthermal velocities ever obtained in the corona. Themore » observed region produced numerous C- and M-class flares with several occurring in the core close to the moss. The magnetic field was therefore clearly changing in the <span class="hlt">active</span> region core, so we ought to be able to detect dynamic signatures in the moss if they exist. Our measurements of moss intensities agree with previous studies in that a less than 15% variability is seen over a period of 16 hr. Our new measurements of Doppler and nonthermal velocities reveal no strong flows or motions in the moss, nor any significant variability in these quantities. The results confirm that moss at the bases of high temperature coronal loops is <span class="hlt">heated</span> quasi-steadily. They also show that quasi-steady <span class="hlt">heating</span> can contribute significantly even in the core of a flare <span class="hlt">productive</span> <span class="hlt">active</span> region. Such <span class="hlt">heating</span> may be impulsive at high frequency, but if so it does not give rise to large flows or motions.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PMag...91.1864D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PMag...91.1864D"><span>Dissipated energy and entropy <span class="hlt">production</span> for an unconventional <span class="hlt">heat</span> engine: the stepwise `circular cycle'</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>di Liberto, Francesco; Pastore, Raffaele; Peruggi, Fulvio</p> <p>2011-05-01</p> <p>When some entropy is transferred, by means of a reversible engine, from a hot <span class="hlt">heat</span> source to a colder one, the maximum efficiency occurs, i.e. the maximum available work is obtained. Similarly, a reversible <span class="hlt">heat</span> pumps transfer entropy from a cold <span class="hlt">heat</span> source to a hotter one with the minimum expense of energy. In contrast, if we are faced with non-reversible devices, there is some lost work for <span class="hlt">heat</span> engines, and some extra work for <span class="hlt">heat</span> pumps. These quantities are both related to entropy <span class="hlt">production</span>. The lost work, i.e. ? , is also called 'degraded energy' or 'energy unavailable to do work'. The extra work, i.e. ? , is the excess of work performed on the system in the irreversible process with respect to the reversible one (or the excess of <span class="hlt">heat</span> given to the hotter source in the irreversible process). Both quantities are analysed in detail and are evaluated for a complex process, i.e. the stepwise circular cycle, which is similar to the stepwise Carnot cycle. The stepwise circular cycle is a cycle performed by means of N small weights, dw, which are first added and then removed from the piston of the vessel containing the gas or vice versa. The work performed by the gas can be found as the increase of the potential energy of the dw's. Each single dw is identified and its increase, i.e. its increase in potential energy, evaluated. In such a way it is found how the energy output of the cycle is distributed among the dw's. The size of the dw's affects entropy <span class="hlt">production</span> and therefore the lost and extra work. The distribution of increases depends on the chosen removal process.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22525451-photochemical-heating-dense-molecular-gas','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22525451-photochemical-heating-dense-molecular-gas"><span>PHOTOCHEMICAL <span class="hlt">HEATING</span> OF DENSE MOLECULAR GAS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Glassgold, A. E.; Najita, J. R.</p> <p>2015-09-10</p> <p>Photochemical <span class="hlt">heating</span> is analyzed with an emphasis on the <span class="hlt">heating</span> generated by chemical reactions initiated by the <span class="hlt">products</span> of photodissociation and photoionization. The immediate <span class="hlt">products</span> are slowed down by collisions with the ambient gas and then <span class="hlt">heat</span> the gas. In addition to this direct process, <span class="hlt">heating</span> is also produced by the subsequent chemical reactions initiated by these <span class="hlt">products</span>. Some of this chemical <span class="hlt">heating</span> comes from the kinetic energy of the reaction <span class="hlt">products</span> and the rest from collisional de-excitation of the <span class="hlt">product</span> atoms and molecules. In considering dense gas dominated by molecular hydrogen, we find that the chemical <span class="hlt">heating</span> is sometimesmore » as large, if not much larger than, the direct <span class="hlt">heating</span>. In very dense gas, the total photochemical <span class="hlt">heating</span> approaches 10 eV per photodissociation (or photoionization), competitive with other ways of <span class="hlt">heating</span> molecular gas.« less</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_13 --> <div id="page_14" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="261"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26830064','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26830064"><span>Responses to hyperthermia. Optimizing <span class="hlt">heat</span> dissipation by convection and evaporation: Neural control of skin blood flow and sweating in humans.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Smith, Caroline J; Johnson, John M</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Under normothermic, resting conditions, humans dissipate <span class="hlt">heat</span> from the body at a rate approximately equal to <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>. Small discrepancies between <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> and <span class="hlt">heat</span> elimination would, over time, lead to significant changes in <span class="hlt">heat</span> storage and body temperature. When <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> or environmental temperature is high the challenge of maintaining <span class="hlt">heat</span> balance is much greater. This matching of <span class="hlt">heat</span> elimination with <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> is a function of the skin circulation facilitating <span class="hlt">heat</span> transport to the body surface and sweating, enabling evaporative <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss. These processes are manifestations of the autonomic control of cutaneous vasomotor and sudomotor functions and form the basis of this review. We focus on these systems in the responses to hyperthermia. In particular, the cutaneous vascular responses to <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress and the current understanding of the neurovascular mechanisms involved. The available research regarding cutaneous <span class="hlt">active</span> vasodilation and vasoconstriction is highlighted, with emphasis on <span class="hlt">active</span> vasodilation as a major responder to <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress. Involvement of the vasoconstrictor and <span class="hlt">active</span> vasodilator controls of the skin circulation in the context of <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress and nonthermoregulatory reflexes (blood pressure, exercise) are also considered. Autonomic involvement in the cutaneous vascular responses to direct <span class="hlt">heating</span> and cooling of the skin are also discussed. We examine the autonomic control of sweating, including cholinergic and noncholinergic mechanisms, the local control of sweating, thermoregulatory and nonthermoregulatory reflex control and the possible relationship between sudomotor and cutaneous vasodilator function. Finally, we comment on the clinical relevance of these control schemes in conditions of autonomic dysfunction. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29072326','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29072326"><span>Antimicrobial <span class="hlt">activity</span> of suspensions and nanoemulsions of citral in combination with <span class="hlt">heat</span> or pulsed electric fields.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pagán, E; Berdejo, D; Espina, L; García-Gonzalo, D; Pagán, R</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>The application of essential oils in form of nanoemulsions has been proposed as a method to improve their solubility in aqueous solutions, and hence their antimicrobial <span class="hlt">activity</span>. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial <span class="hlt">activity</span> of citral, applied directly or in combined treatments with <span class="hlt">heat</span> or pulsed electric fields (PEF), as a function of the inoculation procedure assayed: (i) a simple, vigorous shaking method by vortex agitation (suspension of citral; s-citral) or (ii) the previous preparation of nanoemulsions by the emulsion phase inversion (EPI) method (nanoemulsion of citral; n-citral). n-Citral was more effective in either inhibiting or inactivating Escherichia coli O157:H7 Sakai than s-citral. However, when combined with <span class="hlt">heat</span>, a greater synergistic effect was observed with s-citral rather than with n-citral, either in lab media (pH 7·0 and 4·0) or apple juice. For instance, while almost 5 log 10 cell cycles were inactivated in apple juice after 15 min at 53°C in the presence of 0·1 μl ml -1 of s-citral, the use of n-citral required 30 min. The use of nanoemulsions did not modify the slight synergism observed when citral and mild PEF were combined (150 μs, 30 kV cm -1 ). The exploration of different delivery systems of antimicrobial compounds such as citral in aqueous food <span class="hlt">products</span> aids in the establishment of successful combined treatments for food preservation. While at room temperature, citral in form of a nanoemulsion shows a higher antimicrobial <span class="hlt">activity</span>; its combination with <span class="hlt">heat</span> would imply a partial loss of the outstanding synergistic lethal effect achieved when added in suspension form. Therefore, the most suitable procedure to magnify the synergism between <span class="hlt">heat</span> and citral when processing juices would merely require an intense homogenization step prior to the combined treatment. © 2017 The Society for Applied Microbiology.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27485255','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27485255"><span>Local thermal sensation modeling-a review on the necessity and availability of local clothing properties and local metabolic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Veselá, S; Kingma, B R M; Frijns, A J H</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>Local thermal sensation modeling gained importance due to developments in personalized and locally applied <span class="hlt">heating</span> and cooling systems in office environments. The accuracy of these models depends on skin temperature prediction by thermophysiological models, which in turn rely on accurate environmental and personal input data. Environmental parameters are measured or prescribed, but personal factors such as clothing properties and metabolic rates have to be estimated. Data for estimating the overall values of clothing properties and metabolic rates are available in several papers and standards. However, local values are more difficult to retrieve. For local clothing, this study revealed that full and consistent data sets are not available in the published literature for typical office clothing sets. Furthermore, the values for local <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> were not verified for characteristic office <span class="hlt">activities</span>, but were adapted empirically. Further analyses showed that variations in input parameters can lead to local skin temperature differences (∆T skin,loc  = 0.4-4.4°C). These differences can affect the local sensation output, where ∆T skin,loc  = 1°C is approximately one step on a 9-point thermal sensation scale. In conclusion, future research should include a systematic study of local clothing properties and the development of feasible methods for measuring and validating local <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>. © 2016 The Authors. Indoor Air published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27145220','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27145220"><span>Portal-drained viscera <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> in Iberian pigs fed betaine- and conjugated linoleic acid-supplemented diets.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Rojas-Cano, María Luz; Lachica, Manuel; Lara, Luis; Haro, Ana; Fernández-Fígares, Ignacio</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Betaine and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) may alter growth and body composition in pigs, although their mode of action is not well understood. Portal-drained viscera (PDV) have a disproportionate influence with respect to their masses, and this may affect the <span class="hlt">productivity</span> of more profitable tissues. The objective of this study was to determine if the use of betaine and/or CLA in the diet affects PDV <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>. Postprandial portal blood flow (PBF) was greater (19.0%, P = 0.004) for control compared with the other three diets. The lowest (P < 0.001) value for postprandial PDV O 2 consumption corresponded to betaine + CLA followed by betaine and CLA diets (32.7, 25.4 and 17.7% respectively with respect to control diet). Postprandial PDV <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> was greater (26.4%, P < 0.001) for control with respect to the other three diets, with the minimum value corresponding to betaine + CLA (34.1% lower than control). Supplementation with betaine and/or CLA reduced the PBF, O 2 consumption and therefore PDV <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> with respect to control diet. This effect was more pronounced when betaine and CLA were supplemented together, potentially increasing the energy availability for other body tissues. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8882975','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8882975"><span>Effects of dietary <span class="hlt">heated</span> fats on rat liver enzyme <span class="hlt">activity</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lamboni, C; Perkins, E G</p> <p>1996-09-01</p> <p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary <span class="hlt">heated</span> fats from a commercial deep-fat frying operation on rat liver enzyme <span class="hlt">activity</span>. The fats, partially hydrogenated soybean oil (PHSBO) used for four days and for 7 days (7-DH) for frying foodstuffs in a commercial restaurant, were fed to rats in either free access to food or by pair-feeding graded doses. All diets were isocaloric and contained 15 g/100 g of diet. Experiments were conducted with control rats fed non-<span class="hlt">heated</span> (NH) PHSBO diet. Animals fed 7-DH diet in each set of experiments had larger amounts of cytochromes P450 and b5 and greater <span class="hlt">activity</span> of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase when compared to controls. The <span class="hlt">activities</span> of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I and isocitrate dehydrogenase were significantly lower in rats fed test diets in comparison to controls. A significantly depressed <span class="hlt">activity</span> of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase was also noticed for these animals when compared to those fed NH. In addition, liver and microsomal protein concentrations were significantly greater in rats fed the used oils in comparison to controls, and liver glycogen was significantly lower.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16233285','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16233285"><span><span class="hlt">Production</span> of 5'-phosphodiesterase by Catharanthus roseus cells promoted by <span class="hlt">heat</span>-degraded <span class="hlt">products</span> generated from uronic acid.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Akimoto-Tomiyama, Chiharu; Aoyagi, Hideki; Ozawa, Tetsuo; Tanaka, Hideo</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>Polyalginate was autoclaved at 121 degrees C for 20 min and its molecular weight distribution was analyzed. The autoclaved alginate yielded alginate polymer, oligomer and <span class="hlt">heat</span> degraded <span class="hlt">products</span> (HDPs). Each of the separated substances promoted 5'-phosphodiesterase (5'-PDase) <span class="hlt">production</span> in suspension culture of Catharanthus roseus cells. HDPs could also be generated from other uronic acids (galacturonic acid and glucuronic acid) by autoclave treatment. The most effective substance in the HDPs was isolated and characterized as trans-4,5-dihydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-one (DHCP). The optimal conditions for DHCP <span class="hlt">production</span> were also established (autoclaving 1 mg/ml monogalacturonic acid [pH 2] at 121 degrees C for 2 h). A combination of oligo-alginate (below 4 kDa) and HDPs significantly promoted the <span class="hlt">production</span> of 5'-PDase in C. roseus. Based on the above results, a novel alginate complex that gave a 44-fold increase in 5'-PDase <span class="hlt">production</span> by C. roseus was developed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24106325','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24106325"><span>Influence of ambient temperature and minute ventilation on passive and <span class="hlt">active</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> and moisture exchangers.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lellouche, François; Qader, Siham; Taillé, Solenne; Lyazidi, Aissam; Brochard, Laurent</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>During invasive mechanical ventilation, inspired gases must be humidified. We previously showed that high ambient temperature greatly impaired the hygrometric performance of <span class="hlt">heated</span> wire-<span class="hlt">heated</span> humidifiers. The aim of this bench and clinical study was to assess the humidification performance of passive and <span class="hlt">active</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> and moisture exchangers (HMEs) and the impact of ambient temperature and ventilator settings. We first tested on the bench a device with passive and <span class="hlt">active</span> humidification properties (Humid-<span class="hlt">Heat</span>, Teleflex), and 2 passive hydrophobic/hygroscopic HMEs (Hygrobac and Hygrobac S, Tyco Healthcare). The devices were tested at 3 different ambient temperatures (from 22 to 30 °C), and at 2 minute ventilation settings (10 and 20 L/min). Inspired gas hygrometry was measured at the Y-piece with the psychrometric method. In addition to the bench study, we measured the hygrometry of inspired gases in 2 different clinical studies. In 15 mechanically ventilated patients, we evaluated Humid-<span class="hlt">Heat</span> at different settings. Additionally, we evaluated Humid-<span class="hlt">Heat</span> and compared it with Hygrobac in a crossover study in 10 patients. On the bench, with the Hygrobac and Hygrobac S the inspired absolute humidity was ∼ 30 mg H2O/L, and with the Humid-<span class="hlt">Heat</span>, slightly < 35 mg H2O/L. Ambient temperature and minute ventilation did not have a clinically important difference on the performance of the tested devices. During the clinical evaluation, Humid-<span class="hlt">Heat</span> provided inspired humidity in a range from 28.5 to 42.0 mg H2O/L, depending on settings, and was only weakly influenced by the patient's body temperature. In this study both passive and <span class="hlt">active</span> HMEs had stable humidification performance with negligible influence of ambient temperature and minute ventilation. This contrasts with previous findings with <span class="hlt">heated</span> wire-<span class="hlt">heated</span> humidifiers. Although there are no clear data demonstrating that higher humidification impacts outcomes, it is worth noting that humidity was significantly higher with the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29875153','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29875153"><span>Invisible smoke: third-party endorsement and the resurrection of <span class="hlt">heat</span>-not-burn tobacco <span class="hlt">products</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Elias, Jesse; Ling, Pamela M</p> <p>2018-06-06</p> <p>Tobacco companies are introducing new '<span class="hlt">heat</span>-not-burn' cigarettes in dozens of countries. Historically, these <span class="hlt">products</span> failed commercially, and independent researchers contested their health claims. The most prominent early <span class="hlt">heat</span>-not-burn cigarette was RJ Reynolds's (RJR's) Premier, introduced in the USA in 1988. Curiously, The Lancet endorsed Premier as a 'near-perfect low tar cigarette' in a 1991 editorial, 2 years after Premier had been removed from the market. We examined the context of this endorsement. To ascertain what RJR knew about this endorsement, we systematically searched and analysed previously secret RJR documents in public archives and triangulated the industry document data with other published work. RJR had a long-standing interest in collaborating with outside scientists to endorse potentially reduced harm cigarettes. The author of The Lancet editorial had previously corresponded with RJR regarding Premier's health effects and market potential. Internally, RJR regarded The Lancet 's editorial, its stance on novel tobacco <span class="hlt">products</span>, and its endorsement of Premier as major successes. While the editorial came too late to save Premier, RJR saw future business opportunities for novel <span class="hlt">products</span> if endorsed by health authorities. Endorsement by high-impact medical journals and health authorities may be critical in helping <span class="hlt">heat</span>-not-burn' <span class="hlt">products</span> succeed where previous attempts have failed. Conflicts of interest influenced these endorsements in the past. Health leaders and academic journals should consider both conflicts of interest and the ethics of endorsing tobacco <span class="hlt">product</span> substitution, as tobacco companies simultaneously work to promote cigarette smoking and undermine tobacco control globally. © Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2018. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4410551','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4410551"><span>Modelling nanoflares in <span class="hlt">active</span> regions and implications for coronal <span class="hlt">heating</span> mechanisms</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Cargill, P. J.; Warren, H. P.; Bradshaw, S. J.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Recent observations from the Hinode and Solar Dynamics Observatory spacecraft have provided major advances in understanding the <span class="hlt">heating</span> of solar <span class="hlt">active</span> regions (ARs). For ARs comprising many magnetic strands or sub-loops <span class="hlt">heated</span> by small, impulsive events (nanoflares), it is suggested that (i) the time between individual nanoflares in a magnetic strand is 500–2000 s, (ii) a weak ‘hot’ component (more than 106.6 K) is present, and (iii) nanoflare energies may be as low as a few 1023 ergs. These imply small <span class="hlt">heating</span> events in a stressed coronal magnetic field, where the time between individual nanoflares on a strand is of order the cooling time. Modelling suggests that the observed properties are incompatible with nanoflare models that require long energy build-up (over 10 s of thousands of seconds) and with steady <span class="hlt">heating</span>. PMID:25897093</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27106712','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27106712"><span>Increase of rutin antioxidant <span class="hlt">activity</span> by generating Maillard reaction <span class="hlt">products</span> with lysine.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zhang, Ru; Zhang, Bian-Ling; He, Ting; Yi, Ting; Yang, Ji-Ping; He, Bin</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>Rutin exists in medicinal herbs, fruits, vegetables, and a number of plant-derived sources. Dietary sources containing rutin are considered beneficial because of their potential protective roles in multiple diseases related to oxidative stresses. In the present study, the change and antioxidation <span class="hlt">activity</span> of rutin in Maillard reaction with lysine through a <span class="hlt">heating</span> process were investigated. There is release of glucose and rhamnose that interact with lysine to give Maillard reaction <span class="hlt">products</span> (MRPs), while rutin is converted to less-polar quercetin and a small quantity of isoquercitrin. Because of their high cell-membrane permeability, the rutin-lysine MRPs increase the free radical-scavenging <span class="hlt">activity</span> in HepG2 cells, showing cellular antioxidant <span class="hlt">activity</span> against Cu(2+)-induced oxidative stress higher than that of rutin. Furthermore, the MRPs significantly increased the Cu/Zn SOD (superoxide dismutase) <span class="hlt">activity</span> and Cu/Zn SOD gene expression of HepG2 cells, consequently enhancing antioxidation <span class="hlt">activity</span>. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26104406','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26104406"><span>Effect of γ-Aminobutyric Acid-producing Lactobacillus Strain on Laying Performance, Egg Quality and Serum Enzyme <span class="hlt">Activity</span> in Hy-Line Brown Hens under <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Stress.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zhu, Y Z; Cheng, J L; Ren, M; Yin, L; Piao, X S</p> <p>2015-07-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Heat</span>-stress remains a costly issue for animal <span class="hlt">production</span>, especially for poultry as they lack sweat glands, and alleviating <span class="hlt">heat</span>-stress is necessary for ensuring animal <span class="hlt">production</span> in hot environment. A high γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-producer Lactobacillus strain was used to investigate the effect of dietary GABA-producer on laying performance and egg quality in <span class="hlt">heat</span>-stressed Hy-line brown hens. Hy-Line brown hens (n = 1,164) at 280 days of age were randomly divided into 4 groups based on the amount of freeze-dried GABA-producer added to the basal diet as follows: i) 0 mg/kg, ii) 25 mg/kg, iii) 50 mg/kg, and iv) 100 mg/kg. All hens were subjected to <span class="hlt">heat</span>-stress treatment through maintaining the temperature and the relative humidity at 28.83±3.85°C and 37% to 53.9%, respectively. During the experiment, laying rate, egg weight and feed intake of hens were recorded daily. At the 30th and 60th day after the start of the experiment, biochemical parameters, enzyme <span class="hlt">activity</span> and immune <span class="hlt">activity</span> in serum were measured. Egg <span class="hlt">production</span>, average egg weight, average daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio and percentage of speckled egg, soft shell egg and misshaped egg were significantly improved (p<0.05) by the increasing supplementation of the dietary GABA-producer. Shape index, eggshell thickness, strength and weight were increased linearly with increasing GABA-producer supplementation. The level of calcium, phosphorus, glucose, total protein and albumin in serum of the hens fed GABA-producing strain supplemented diet was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of the hens fed the basal diet, whereas cholesterol level was decreased. Compared with the basal diet, GABA-producer strain supplementation increased serum level of glutathione peroxidase (p = 0.009) and superoxide dismutase. In conclusion, GABA-producer played an important role in alleviating <span class="hlt">heat</span>-stress, the isolated GABA-producer strain might be a potential natural and safe probiotic to use to improve laying</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25751588','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25751588"><span>Using microwave <span class="hlt">heating</span> to improve the desorption efficiency of high molecular weight VOC from beaded <span class="hlt">activated</span> carbon.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Fayaz, Mohammadreza; Shariaty, Pooya; Atkinson, John D; Hashisho, Zaher; Phillips, John H; Anderson, James E; Nichols, Mark</p> <p>2015-04-07</p> <p>Incomplete regeneration of <span class="hlt">activated</span> carbon loaded with organic compounds results in heel build-up that reduces the useful life of the adsorbent. In this study, microwave <span class="hlt">heating</span> was tested as a regeneration method for beaded <span class="hlt">activated</span> carbon (BAC) loaded with n-dodecane, a high molecular weight volatile organic compound. Energy consumption and desorption efficiency for microwave-<span class="hlt">heating</span> regeneration were compared with conductive-<span class="hlt">heating</span> regeneration. The minimum energy needed to completely regenerate the adsorbent (100% desorption efficiency) using microwave regeneration was 6% of that needed with conductive <span class="hlt">heating</span> regeneration, owing to more rapid <span class="hlt">heating</span> rates and lower <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss. Analyses of adsorbent pore size distribution and surface chemistry confirmed that neither <span class="hlt">heating</span> method altered the physical/chemical properties of the BAC. Additionally, gas chromatography (with flame ionization detector) confirmed that neither regeneration method detectably altered the adsorbate composition during desorption. By demonstrating improvements in energy consumption and desorption efficiency and showing stable adsorbate and adsorbent properties, this paper suggests that microwave <span class="hlt">heating</span> is an attractive method for <span class="hlt">activated</span> carbon regeneration particularly when high-affinity VOC adsorbates are present.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4510289','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4510289"><span>Differential fMRI <span class="hlt">Activation</span> Patterns to Noxious <span class="hlt">Heat</span> and Tactile Stimuli in the Primate Spinal Cord</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Yang, Pai-Feng; Wang, Feng</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Mesoscale local functional organizations of the primate spinal cord are largely unknown. Using high-resolution fMRI at 9.4 T, we identified distinct interhorn and intersegment fMRI <span class="hlt">activation</span> patterns to tactile versus nociceptive <span class="hlt">heat</span> stimulation of digits in lightly anesthetized monkeys. Within a spinal segment, 8 Hz vibrotactile stimuli elicited predominantly fMRI <span class="hlt">activations</span> in the middle part of ipsilateral dorsal horn (iDH), along with significantly weaker <span class="hlt">activations</span> in ipsilateral (iVH) and contralateral (cVH) ventral horns. In contrast, nociceptive <span class="hlt">heat</span> stimuli evoked widespread strong <span class="hlt">activations</span> in the superficial part of iDH, as well as in iVH and contralateral dorsal (cDH) horns. As controls, only weak signal fluctuations were detected in the white matter. The iDH responded most strongly to both tactile and <span class="hlt">heat</span> stimuli, whereas the cVH and cDH responded selectively to tactile versus nociceptive <span class="hlt">heat</span>, respectively. Across spinal segments, iDH <span class="hlt">activations</span> were detected in three consecutive segments in both tactile and <span class="hlt">heat</span> conditions. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> responses, however, were more extensive along the cord, with strong <span class="hlt">activations</span> in iVH and cDH in two consecutive segments. Subsequent subunit B of cholera toxin tracer histology confirmed that the spinal segments showing fMRI <span class="hlt">activations</span> indeed received afferent inputs from the stimulated digits. Comparisons of the fMRI signal time courses in early somatosensory area 3b and iDH revealed very similar hemodynamic stimulus–response functions. In summary, we identified with fMRI distinct segmental networks for the processing of tactile and nociceptive <span class="hlt">heat</span> stimuli in the cervical spinal cord of nonhuman primates. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This is the first fMRI demonstration of distinct intrasegmental and intersegmental nociceptive <span class="hlt">heat</span> and touch processing circuits in the spinal cord of nonhuman primates. This study provides novel insights into the local functional organizations of the primate spinal cord for pain and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=temperature+AND+variability&id=EJ726709','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=temperature+AND+variability&id=EJ726709"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Production</span> and Storage Are Positively Correlated with Measures of Body Size/Composition and Heart Rate Drift during Vigorous Running</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Buresh, Robert; Berg, Kris; Noble, John</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>The purposes of this study were to determine the relationships between: (a) measures of body size/composition and <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>/storage, and (b) <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>/storage and heart rate (HR) drift during running at 95 % of the velocity that elicited lactate threshold, which was determined for 20 healthy recreational male runners. Subsequently,…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ApNan...8...11H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ApNan...8...11H"><span>Effect of <span class="hlt">heating</span> on the structural and optical properties of TiO2 nanoparticles: antibacterial <span class="hlt">activity</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Haq, Sirajul; Rehman, Wajid; Waseem, Muhammad; Javed, Rehan; Mahfooz-ur-Rehman; Shahid, Muhammad</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized at room temperature by chemical precipitation method and were then <span class="hlt">heated</span> at 120, 300, 600 and 900 °C temperatures. The phase transition and crystallite size variation were determined by X-rays diffraction (XRD) analysis. The surface area, pore volume and pore size were measured using Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) methods. The optical <span class="hlt">activity</span> of <span class="hlt">heat</span> treated and non-<span class="hlt">heat</span> treated samples were carried out by diffuse reflectance (DR) spectroscopy. Four different methods were used to calculate band gap energy. The results obtained from thermogravimetric and differential thermal gravimetric (TG/TDG) analyses and Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy agreed with each other. Agar well diffusion method has been applied to explore the antibacterial <span class="hlt">activity</span> of nanoparticles against different bacterial strains such as Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus Aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa. It was observed that TiO2 nanoparticles <span class="hlt">heated</span> at 120 °C displayed maximum antibacterial <span class="hlt">activity</span> while those <span class="hlt">heated</span> at higher temperature showed no <span class="hlt">activity</span> against the examined bacteria.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19770036516&hterms=polyether&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dpolyether','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19770036516&hterms=polyether&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dpolyether"><span>Effect of temperature and <span class="hlt">heating</span> rate on apparent lethal concentrations of pyrolysis <span class="hlt">products</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hilado, C. J.; Solis, A. N.; Marcussen, W. H.; Furst, A.</p> <p>1976-01-01</p> <p>The apparent lethal concentrations for 50 percent of the test animals of the pyrolysis <span class="hlt">products</span> from twelve polymeric materials were studied as a function of temperature and <span class="hlt">heating</span> rate. The materials were polyethylene, nylon 6, ABS, polycarbonate, polyether sulfone, polyaryl sulfone, wool fabric, aromatic polyamide fabric, polychloroprene foam, polyvinyl fluoride film, Douglas fir, and red oak. The apparent lethal concentration values of most materials vary significantly with temperature and <span class="hlt">heating</span> rate. The apparent lethal concentration values, based on weight of sample charged, appears to effectively integrate the thermophysical, thermochemical, and physiological responses from a known quantity of material under specified imposed conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26840076','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26840076"><span>Periconceptional <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Stress of Holstein Dams Is Associated with Differences in Daughter Milk <span class="hlt">Production</span> during Their First Lactation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Brown, Britni M; Stallings, Jon W; Clay, John S; Rhoads, Michelle L</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The fertility of lactating Holstein cows is severely reduced during periods of <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress. Despite this reduction in fertility, however, some inseminations conducted during <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress result in successful pregnancies from which heifer calves are born. Many of these heifer calves are retained and raised to enter the milking herd as replacement animals. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> stress experienced by these females around the time they were conceived may confer long-lasting effects that alter subsequent milk <span class="hlt">production</span> capacity. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between periconceptional <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress and subsequent milk <span class="hlt">production</span> of primiparous cows. National Dairy Herd Improvement Association data was obtained from Dairy Records Management Systems. Records included Holstein cows that had completed at least one lactation in one of three states with large populations of dairy cattle and which are known for having hot, humid summers: Georgia, Florida or Texas. Dates of conception were calculated by subtracting 276 d from the recorded birth date of each individual cow. Records for cows conceived within the months of June, July, and August were retained as <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress-conceived (HSC) cows (n = 94,440); cows conceived within the months of December, January, and February were retained as thermoneutral-conceived (TNC) contemporaries (n = 141,365). In order to account for the effects of environmental conditions on total milk <span class="hlt">production</span> for a given lactation, cows were blocked by season of calving (winter, spring, summer or fall). Adjusted 305-day mature-equivalent milk <span class="hlt">production</span> was evaluated with a mixed model ANOVA using SAS, in which random effects were used to account for variability between herds. Of the cows that calved in the summer, fall and winter, TNC cows had higher milk yield than the HSC cows in all states. Interestingly, the cows that calved in the spring presented a unique relationship, with HSC cows producing more milk. Overall however, <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress at</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4739617','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4739617"><span>Periconceptional <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Stress of Holstein Dams Is Associated with Differences in Daughter Milk <span class="hlt">Production</span> during Their First Lactation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Brown, Britni M.; Stallings, Jon W.; Clay, John S.; Rhoads, Michelle L.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The fertility of lactating Holstein cows is severely reduced during periods of <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress. Despite this reduction in fertility, however, some inseminations conducted during <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress result in successful pregnancies from which heifer calves are born. Many of these heifer calves are retained and raised to enter the milking herd as replacement animals. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> stress experienced by these females around the time they were conceived may confer long-lasting effects that alter subsequent milk <span class="hlt">production</span> capacity. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between periconceptional <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress and subsequent milk <span class="hlt">production</span> of primiparous cows. National Dairy Herd Improvement Association data was obtained from Dairy Records Management Systems. Records included Holstein cows that had completed at least one lactation in one of three states with large populations of dairy cattle and which are known for having hot, humid summers: Georgia, Florida or Texas. Dates of conception were calculated by subtracting 276 d from the recorded birth date of each individual cow. Records for cows conceived within the months of June, July, and August were retained as <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress-conceived (HSC) cows (n = 94,440); cows conceived within the months of December, January, and February were retained as thermoneutral-conceived (TNC) contemporaries (n = 141,365). In order to account for the effects of environmental conditions on total milk <span class="hlt">production</span> for a given lactation, cows were blocked by season of calving (winter, spring, summer or fall). Adjusted 305-day mature-equivalent milk <span class="hlt">production</span> was evaluated with a mixed model ANOVA using SAS, in which random effects were used to account for variability between herds. Of the cows that calved in the summer, fall and winter, TNC cows had higher milk yield than the HSC cows in all states. Interestingly, the cows that calved in the spring presented a unique relationship, with HSC cows producing more milk. Overall however, <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress at</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29920842','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29920842"><span>Carbonyl emissions from a novel <span class="hlt">heated</span> tobacco <span class="hlt">product</span> (IQOS): comparison with an e-cigarette and a tobacco cigarette.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Farsalinos, Konstantinos E; Yannovits, Nikoletta; Sarri, Theoni; Voudris, Vassilis; Poulas, Konstantinos; Leischow, Scott</p> <p>2018-06-19</p> <p>To measure carbonyl emissions from a <span class="hlt">heated</span> tobacco <span class="hlt">product</span> (IQOS) in comparison with an e-cigarette (Nautilus Mini) and a commercial tobacco cigarette (Marlboro Red). Regular and menthol variants of the <span class="hlt">heated</span> tobacco <span class="hlt">product</span> were tested. A tank-type atomizer was tested with a tobacco-flavoured liquid at 10 W and 14 W. Aerosol and smoke were collected in impingers containing 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. Health Canada Intense and two more intense puffing regimes were used. Analytical laboratory in Greece. Carbonyl levels in the aerosol and smoke. At Health Canada Intense regime, <span class="hlt">heated</span> tobacco <span class="hlt">products</span> emitted 5.0-6.4 μg/stick formaldehyde, 144.1-176.7 μg/stick acetaldehyde, 10.4-10.8 μg/stick acrolein, 11.0-12.8 μg/stick propionaldehyde and 1.9-2.0 μg/stick crotonaldehyde. Compared with the tobacco cigarette, levels were on average 91.6% lower for formaldehyde, 84.9% lower for acetaldehyde, 90.6% lower for acrolein, 89.0% lower for propionaldehyde and 95.3% lower for crotonaldehyde. The e-cigarette emitted 0.5-1.0 μg/12 puffs formaldehyde, 0.8-1.5μg/12 puffs acetaldehyde and 0.3-0.4 μg/12 puffs acrolein, but no propionaldehyde and crotonaldehyde. At more intense puffing regimes, formaldehyde was increased in <span class="hlt">heated</span> tobacco <span class="hlt">products</span>, but levels were 3 to 4-fold lower compared with the tobacco cigarette. Based on the findings from Health Canada Intense puffing regime, use of 20 <span class="hlt">heated</span> tobacco sticks would result in 81.7-97.9% reduced carbonyl exposure compared with smoking 20 tobacco cigarettes; the respective reduction in exposure from use of 5 g e-cigarette liquid would be 92.2-99.8%. The IQOS <span class="hlt">heated</span> tobacco <span class="hlt">product</span> emits substantially lower levels of carbonyls than a commercial tobacco cigarette (Marlboro Red) but higher levels than a Nautilus Mini e-cigarette. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPC.1959g0042Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPC.1959g0042Z"><span>Relaxation model of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zimin, B. A.; Zorin, I. S.; Sventitskaya, V. E.</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>The work is devoted to the study of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> generation process in the problem of the dynamics of oscillations of a one-dimensional chain simulating <span class="hlt">heat</span> formation in an elastic continuous medium under mechanical influences. Formulas for estimating the effect of thermoelasticity are obtained and an analogy is made with the energy of damped oscillations of an anharmonic oscillator.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_14 --> <div id="page_15" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="281"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5978107','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5978107"><span>Early Age Carbonation <span class="hlt">Heat</span> and <span class="hlt">Products</span> of Tricalcium Silicate Paste Subject to Carbon Dioxide Curing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Li, Zhen; He, Zhen; Shao, Yixin</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>This paper presents a study on the carbonation reaction <span class="hlt">heat</span> and <span class="hlt">products</span> of tricalcium silicate (C3S) paste exposed to carbon dioxide (CO2) for rapid curing. Reaction <span class="hlt">heat</span> was measured using a retrofitted micro-calorimeter. The highest <span class="hlt">heat</span> flow of a C3S paste subject to carbonation curing was 200 times higher than that by hydration, and the cumulative <span class="hlt">heat</span> released by carbonation was three times higher. The compressive strength of a C3S paste carbonated for 2 h and 24 h was 27.5 MPa and 62.9 MPa, respectively. The 24-h carbonation strength had exceeded the hydration strength at 28 days. The CO2 uptake of a C3S paste carbonated for 2 h and 24 h was 17% and 26%, respectively. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive spectrometer (TEM-EDS), and 29Si magic angle spinning–nuclear magnetic resonance (29Si MAS-NMR) results showed that the <span class="hlt">products</span> of a carbonated C3S paste were amorphous silica (SiO2) and calcite crystal. There was no trace of calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H) or other polymorphs of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) detected. PMID:29734681</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050071702','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050071702"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> of Combustion of the <span class="hlt">Product</span> Formed by the Reaction of Acetylene and Diborane (LFPL-CZ-3)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Allen, Harrison, Jr.; Tannenbaum, Stanley</p> <p>1957-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">heat</span> of combustion of the <span class="hlt">product</span> formed by the reaction acetylene and diborane was found to be 20,100 +/- 100 Btu per pound for the reaction of liquid fuel to gaseous carbon dioxide, gaseous water, and solid boric oxide. The measurements were made in a Parr oxygen-bomb calorimeter, and chemical analyses both of the sample and of the combustion <span class="hlt">products</span> indicated combustion in the bomb calorimeter to have been 97 percent complete. The estimated net <span class="hlt">heat</span> of combustion for complete combustion would therefore be 20,700 +/- 100 Btu per pound.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16527753','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16527753"><span>Scraped surface <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchangers.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Rao, Chetan S; Hartel, Richard W</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>Scraped surface <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchangers (SSHEs) are commonly used in the food, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries for <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer, crystallization, and other continuous processes. They are ideally suited for <span class="hlt">products</span> that are viscous, sticky, that contain particulate matter, or that need some degree of crystallization. Since these characteristics describe a vast majority of processed foods, SSHEs are especially suited for pumpable food <span class="hlt">products</span>. During operation, the <span class="hlt">product</span> is brought in contact with a <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer surface that is rapidly and continuously scraped, thereby exposing the surface to the passage of untreated <span class="hlt">product</span>. In addition to maintaining high and uniform <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchange, the scraper blades also provide simultaneous mixing and agitation. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> exchange for sticky and viscous foods such as heavy salad dressings, margarine, chocolate, peanut butter, fondant, ice cream, and shortenings is possible only by using SSHEs. High <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer coefficients are achieved because the boundary layer is continuously replaced by fresh material. Moreover, the <span class="hlt">product</span> is in contact with the <span class="hlt">heating</span> surface for only a few seconds and high temperature gradients can be used without the danger of causing undesirable reactions. SSHEs are versatile in the use of <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer medium and the various unit operations that can be carried out simultaneously. This article critically reviews the current understanding of the operations and applications of SSHEs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12542734','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12542734"><span>Large-scale <span class="hlt">production</span> and properties of human plasma-derived <span class="hlt">activated</span> Factor VII concentrate.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tomokiyo, K; Yano, H; Imamura, M; Nakano, Y; Nakagaki, T; Ogata, Y; Terano, T; Miyamoto, S; Funatsu, A</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>An <span class="hlt">activated</span> Factor VII (FVIIa) concentrate, prepared from human plasma on a large scale, has to date not been available for clinical use for haemophiliacs with antibodies against FVIII and FIX. In the present study, we attempted to establish a large-scale manufacturing process to obtain plasma-derived FVIIa concentrate with high recovery and safety, and to characterize its biochemical and biological properties. FVII was purified from human cryoprecipitate-poor plasma, by a combination of anion exchange and immunoaffinity chromatography, using Ca2+-dependent anti-FVII monoclonal antibody. To <span class="hlt">activate</span> FVII, a FVII preparation that was nanofiltered using a Bemberg Microporous Membrane-15 nm was partially converted to FVIIa by autoactivation on an anion-exchange resin. The residual FVII in the FVII and FVIIa mixture was completely <span class="hlt">activated</span> by further incubating the mixture in the presence of Ca2+ for 18 h at 10 degrees C, without any additional <span class="hlt">activators</span>. For preparation of the FVIIa concentrate, after dialysis of FVIIa against 20 mm citrate, pH 6.9, containing 13 mm glycine and 240 mm NaCl, the FVIIa preparation was supplemented with 2.5% human albumin (which was first pasteurized at 60 degrees C for 10 h) and lyophilized in vials. To inactivate viruses contaminating the FVIIa concentrate, the lyophilized <span class="hlt">product</span> was further <span class="hlt">heated</span> at 65 degrees C for 96 h in a water bath. Total recovery of FVII from 15 000 l of plasma was approximately 40%, and the FVII preparation was fully converted to FVIIa with trace amounts of degraded <span class="hlt">products</span> (FVIIabeta and FVIIagamma). The specific <span class="hlt">activity</span> of the FVIIa was approximately 40 U/ micro g. Furthermore, virus-spiking tests demonstrated that immunoaffinity chromatography, nanofiltration and dry-<span class="hlt">heating</span> effectively removed and inactivated the spiked viruses in the FVIIa. These results indicated that the FVIIa concentrate had both high specific <span class="hlt">activity</span> and safety. We established a large-scale manufacturing process of human plasma</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24603703','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24603703"><span>Changes of spontaneous oscillatory <span class="hlt">activity</span> to tonic <span class="hlt">heat</span> pain.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Peng, Weiwei; Hu, Li; Zhang, Zhiguo; Hu, Yong</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Transient painful stimuli could induce suppression of alpha oscillatory <span class="hlt">activities</span> and enhancement of gamma oscillatory <span class="hlt">activities</span> that also could be greatly modulated by attention. Here, we attempted to characterize changes in cortical <span class="hlt">activities</span> during tonic <span class="hlt">heat</span> pain perception and investigated the influence of directed/distracted attention on these responses. We collected 5-minute long continuous Electroencephalography (EEG) data from 38 healthy volunteers during four conditions presented in a counterbalanced order: (A) resting condition; (B) innoxious-distracted condition; (C) noxious-distracted condition; (D) noxious-attended condition. The effects of tonic <span class="hlt">heat</span> pain stimulation and selective attention on oscillatory <span class="hlt">activities</span> were investigated by comparing the EEG power spectra among the four experimental conditions and assessing the relationship between spectral power difference and subjective pain intensity. The change of oscillatory <span class="hlt">activities</span> in condition D was characterized by stable and persistent decrease of alpha oscillation power over contralateral-central electrodes and widespread increase of gamma oscillation power, which were even significantly correlated with subjective pain intensity. Since EEG responses in the alpha and gamma frequency band were affected by attention in different manners, they are likely related to different aspects of the multidimensional sensory experience of pain. The observed contralateral-central alpha suppression (conditions D vs. B and D vs. C) may reflect primarily a top-down cognitive process such as attention, while the widespread gamma enhancement (conditions D vs. A) may partly reflect tonic pain processing, representing the summary effects of bottom-up stimulus-related and top-down subject-driven cognitive processes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3946288','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3946288"><span>Changes of Spontaneous Oscillatory <span class="hlt">Activity</span> to Tonic <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Pain</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Zhang, Zhiguo; Hu, Yong</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Transient painful stimuli could induce suppression of alpha oscillatory <span class="hlt">activities</span> and enhancement of gamma oscillatory <span class="hlt">activities</span> that also could be greatly modulated by attention. Here, we attempted to characterize changes in cortical <span class="hlt">activities</span> during tonic <span class="hlt">heat</span> pain perception and investigated the influence of directed/distracted attention on these responses. We collected 5-minute long continuous Electroencephalography (EEG) data from 38 healthy volunteers during four conditions presented in a counterbalanced order: (A) resting condition; (B) innoxious-distracted condition; (C) noxious-distracted condition; (D) noxious-attended condition. The effects of tonic <span class="hlt">heat</span> pain stimulation and selective attention on oscillatory <span class="hlt">activities</span> were investigated by comparing the EEG power spectra among the four experimental conditions and assessing the relationship between spectral power difference and subjective pain intensity. The change of oscillatory <span class="hlt">activities</span> in condition D was characterized by stable and persistent decrease of alpha oscillation power over contralateral-central electrodes and widespread increase of gamma oscillation power, which were even significantly correlated with subjective pain intensity. Since EEG responses in the alpha and gamma frequency band were affected by attention in different manners, they are likely related to different aspects of the multidimensional sensory experience of pain. The observed contralateral-central alpha suppression (conditions D vs. B and D vs. C) may reflect primarily a top-down cognitive process such as attention, while the widespread gamma enhancement (conditions D vs. A) may partly reflect tonic pain processing, representing the summary effects of bottom-up stimulus-related and top-down subject-driven cognitive processes. PMID:24603703</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/706798','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/706798"><span>[Application HTST-<span class="hlt">heating</span> of the mash and its influence on the aroma composition during the <span class="hlt">production</span> of apple brandy (author's transl)].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Schreier, P; Drawert, F; Steiger, G</p> <p>1978-08-18</p> <p>The influence of HTST-<span class="hlt">heating</span> of the mash aroma composition during <span class="hlt">production</span> of apply brandy has been investigated by means of gas chromatography and coupled gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. Starting from the apple aroma the changes in aroma components were studied quantitatively during the conventional <span class="hlt">production</span> (without enzyme inhibition) as well as after HTST-<span class="hlt">heating</span> (enzyme inactivation) of the mash. For this purpose 98 aroma compounds were determined in the course of mash <span class="hlt">production</span>, fermentation and distillation. When employing HTST-<span class="hlt">heating</span> the original aroma components of the apple particularly the fruit esters were present in appreciably higher concentrations in the mash as well as in the distillate than with the conventional <span class="hlt">production</span> method. Simultaneously HTST-<span class="hlt">heating</span> reduced the secondary aroma substances in mash and distillate which are formed with the conventional method by enzymatic-oxidative processes. In the unaged apple brandy obtained from HTST-treated mash lower amounts of lactates and higher concentrations of acetals were found compared with the conventionally produced distillate.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27857960','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27857960"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> strain during military training <span class="hlt">activities</span>: The dilemma of balancing force protection and operational capability.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hunt, Andrew P; Billing, Daniel C; Patterson, Mark J; Caldwell, Joanne N</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Military <span class="hlt">activities</span> in hot environments pose 2 competing demands: the requirement to perform realistic training to develop operational capability with the necessity to protect armed forces personnel against <span class="hlt">heat</span>-related illness. To ascertain whether work duration limits for protection against <span class="hlt">heat</span>-related illness restrict military <span class="hlt">activities</span>, this study examined the <span class="hlt">heat</span> strain and risks of <span class="hlt">heat</span>-related illness when conducting a military <span class="hlt">activity</span> above the prescribed work duration limits. Thirty-seven soldiers conducted a march (10 km; ∼5.5 km h -1 ) carrying 41.8 ± 3.6 kg of equipment in 23.1 ± 1.8°C wet-bulb globe temperature. Body core temperature was recorded throughout and upon completion, or withdrawal, participants rated their severity of <span class="hlt">heat</span>-related symptoms. Twenty-three soldiers completed the march in 107 ± 6.4 min (Completers); 9 were symptomatic for <span class="hlt">heat</span> exhaustion, withdrawing after 71.6 ± 10.1 min (Symptomatic); and five were removed for body core temperature above 39.0°C (Hyperthermic) after 58.4 ± 4.5 min. Body core temperature was significantly higher in the Hyperthermic (39.03 ± 0.26°C), than Symptomatic (38.34 ± 0.44°C; P = 0.007 ) and Completers (37.94 ± 0.37°C; P<0.001 ) after 50 min. <span class="hlt">Heat</span>-related symptom severity was significantly higher among Symptomatic (28.4 ± 11.8) compared to Completers (15.0 ± 9.8, P = 0.006 ) and Hyperthermic (13.0 ± 9.6, P = 0.029 ). The force protection provided by work duration limits may be preventing the majority of personnel from conducting <span class="hlt">activities</span> in hot environments, thereby constraining a commander's mandate to develop an optimised military force. The dissociation between <span class="hlt">heat</span>-related symptoms and body core temperature elevation suggests that the physiological mechanisms underpinning exhaustion during exertional <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress should be re-examined to determine the most appropriate physiological criteria for prescribing work duration limits.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26831215','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26831215"><span>Singlet oxygen <span class="hlt">production</span> in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii under <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Prasad, Ankush; Ferretti, Ursula; Sedlářová, Michaela; Pospíšil, Pavel</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>In the current study, singlet oxygen formation by lipid peroxidation induced by <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress (40 °C) was studied in vivo in unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Primary and secondary oxidation <span class="hlt">products</span> of lipid peroxidation, hydroperoxide and malondialdehyde, were generated under <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress as detected using swallow-tailed perylene derivative fluorescence monitored by confocal laser scanning microscopy and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Lipid peroxidation was initiated by enzymatic reaction as inhibition of lipoxygenase by catechol and caffeic acid prevented hydroperoxide formation. Ultra-weak photon emission showed formation of electronically excited species such as triplet excited carbonyl, which, upon transfer of excitation energy, leads to the formation of either singlet excited chlorophyll or singlet oxygen. Alternatively, singlet oxygen is formed by direct decomposition of hydroperoxide via Russell mechanisms. Formation of singlet oxygen was evidenced by the nitroxyl radical 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl detected by electron paramagnetic resonance spin-trapping spectroscopy and the imaging of green fluorescence of singlet oxygen sensor green detected by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Suppression of singlet oxygen formation by lipoxygenase inhibitors indicates that singlet oxygen may be formed via enzymatic lipid peroxidation initiated by lipoxygenase.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhyA..492..105L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhyA..492..105L"><span>Memory behaviors of entropy <span class="hlt">production</span> rates in <span class="hlt">heat</span> conduction</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Li, Shu-Nan; Cao, Bing-Yang</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>Based on the relaxation time approximation and first-order expansion, memory behaviors in <span class="hlt">heat</span> conduction are found between the macroscopic and Boltzmann-Gibbs-Shannon (BGS) entropy <span class="hlt">production</span> rates with exponentially decaying memory kernels. In the frameworks of classical irreversible thermodynamics (CIT) and BGS statistical mechanics, the memory dependency on the integrated history is unidirectional, while for the extended irreversible thermodynamics (EIT) and BGS entropy <span class="hlt">production</span> rates, the memory dependences are bidirectional and coexist with the linear terms. When macroscopic and microscopic relaxation times satisfy a specific relationship, the entropic memory dependences will be eliminated. There also exist initial effects in entropic memory behaviors, which decay exponentially. The second-order term are also discussed, which can be understood as the global non-equilibrium degree. The effects of the second-order term are consisted of three parts: memory dependency, initial value and linear term. The corresponding memory kernels are still exponential and the initial effects of the global non-equilibrium degree also decay exponentially.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=271080','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=271080"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> and moisture <span class="hlt">production</span> of growing-finishing gilts as affected by environmental temperature</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Heat</span> and moisture <span class="hlt">production</span> (HMP) values are used to size ventilation fans in animal housing. The HMP values that are currently published in the ASABE (American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers) standards were from data collected in the early 1950. This study is one of a series of...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25373413','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25373413"><span>Occupational <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress and associated <span class="hlt">productivity</span> loss estimation using the PHS model (ISO 7933): a case study from workplaces in Chennai, India.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lundgren, Karin; Kuklane, Kalev; Venugopal, Vidhya</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Heat</span> stress is a major occupational problem in India that can cause adverse health effects and reduce work <span class="hlt">productivity</span>. This paper explores this problem and its impacts in selected workplaces, including industrial, service, and agricultural sectors in Chennai, India. Quantitative measurements of <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress, workload estimations, and clothing testing, and qualitative information on health impacts, <span class="hlt">productivity</span> loss, etc., were collected. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> strain and associated impacts on labour <span class="hlt">productivity</span> between the seasons were assessed using the International Standard ISO 7933:2004, which applies the Predicted <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Strain (PHS) model. All workplaces surveyed had very high <span class="hlt">heat</span> exposure in the hot season (Wet Bulb Globe Temperature =29.7), often reaching the international standard safe work values (ISO 7243:1989). Most workers had moderate to high workloads (170-220 W/m2), with some exposed to direct sun. Clothing was found to be problematic, with high insulation values in relation to the <span class="hlt">heat</span> exposure. Females were found to be more vulnerable because of the extra insulation added from wearing a protective shirt on top of traditional clothing (0.96 clo) while working. When analysing <span class="hlt">heat</span> strain--in terms of core temperature and dehydration--and associated <span class="hlt">productivity</span> loss in the PHS model, the parameters showed significant impacts that affected <span class="hlt">productivity</span> in all workplaces, apart from the laundry facility, especially during the hot season. For example, in the canteen, the core temperature limit of 38°C predicted by the model was reached in only 64 min for women. With the expected increases in temperature due to climate change, additional preventive actions have to be implemented to prevent further <span class="hlt">productivity</span> losses and adverse health impacts. Overall, this study presented insight into using a thermo-physiological model to estimate <span class="hlt">productivity</span> loss due to <span class="hlt">heat</span> exposure in workplaces. This is the first time the PHS model has been used for this purpose. An exploratory</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4221496','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4221496"><span>Occupational <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress and associated <span class="hlt">productivity</span> loss estimation using the PHS model (ISO 7933): a case study from workplaces in Chennai, India</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Lundgren, Karin; Kuklane, Kalev; Venugopal, Vidhya</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Background <span class="hlt">Heat</span> stress is a major occupational problem in India that can cause adverse health effects and reduce work <span class="hlt">productivity</span>. This paper explores this problem and its impacts in selected workplaces, including industrial, service, and agricultural sectors in Chennai, India. Design Quantitative measurements of <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress, workload estimations, and clothing testing, and qualitative information on health impacts, <span class="hlt">productivity</span> loss, etc., were collected. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> strain and associated impacts on labour <span class="hlt">productivity</span> between the seasons were assessed using the International Standard ISO 7933:2004, which applies the Predicted <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Strain (PHS) model. Results and conclusions All workplaces surveyed had very high <span class="hlt">heat</span> exposure in the hot season (Wet Bulb Globe Temperature x¯ =29.7), often reaching the international standard safe work values (ISO 7243:1989). Most workers had moderate to high workloads (170–220 W/m2), with some exposed to direct sun. Clothing was found to be problematic, with high insulation values in relation to the <span class="hlt">heat</span> exposure. Females were found to be more vulnerable because of the extra insulation added from wearing a protective shirt on top of traditional clothing (0.96 clo) while working. When analysing <span class="hlt">heat</span> strain – in terms of core temperature and dehydration – and associated <span class="hlt">productivity</span> loss in the PHS model, the parameters showed significant impacts that affected <span class="hlt">productivity</span> in all workplaces, apart from the laundry facility, especially during the hot season. For example, in the canteen, the core temperature limit of 38°C predicted by the model was reached in only 64 min for women. With the expected increases in temperature due to climate change, additional preventive actions have to be implemented to prevent further <span class="hlt">productivity</span> losses and adverse health impacts. Overall, this study presented insight into using a thermo-physiological model to estimate <span class="hlt">productivity</span> loss due to <span class="hlt">heat</span> exposure in workplaces. This is the first time the PHS</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29750253','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29750253"><span>Transport stress induces heart damage in newly hatched chicks via blocking the cytoprotective <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock response and augmenting nitric oxide <span class="hlt">production</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sun, F; Zuo, Y-Z; Ge, J; Xia, J; Li, X-N; Lin, J; Zhang, C; Xu, H-L; Li, J-L</p> <p>2018-04-20</p> <p>Transport stress affects the animal's metabolism and psychological state. As a pro-survival pathway, the <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock response (HSR) protects healthy cells from stressors. However, it is unclear whether the HSR plays a role in transport stress-induced heart damage. To evaluate the effects of transport stress on heart damage and HSR protection, newly hatched chicks were treated with transport stress for 2 h, 4 h and 8 h. Transport stress caused decreases in body weight and increases in serum creatine kinase (CK) <span class="hlt">activity</span>, nitric oxide (NO) content in heart tissue, cardiac nitric oxide syntheses (NOS) <span class="hlt">activity</span> and NOS isoforms transcription. The mRNA expression of <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock factors (HSFs, including HSF1-3) and <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock proteins (HSPs, including HSP25, HSP40, HSP47, HSP60, HSP70, HSP90 and HSP110) in the heart of 2 h transport-treated chicks was upregulated. After 8 h of transport stress in chicks, the transcription levels of the same HSPs and HSF2 were reduced in the heart. It was also found that the changes in the HSP60, HSP70 and HSP90 protein levels had similar tendencies. These results suggested that transport stress augmented NO generation through enhancing the <span class="hlt">activity</span> of NOS and the transcription of NOS isoforms. Therefore, this study provides new evidence that transport stress induces heart damage in the newly hatched chicks by blocking the cytoprotective HSR and augmenting NO <span class="hlt">production</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991AIPC..228..660B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991AIPC..228..660B"><span><span class="hlt">Production</span> of tritium, neutrons, and <span class="hlt">heat</span> based on the transmission resonance model (TRM) for cold fusion</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bush, Robert T.</p> <p>1991-05-01</p> <p>The TRM has recently been successful in fitting calorimetric data having interesting nonlinear structure. The model appears to provide a natural description for electrolytic cold fusion in terms of ``fractals''. Extended to the time dimension, the model can apparently account for the phenomenon of <span class="hlt">heat</span> ``bursts''. The TRM combines a transmission condition involving quantized energies and an engergy shift of a Maxwell-Boltzmann energy distribution of deuterons at the cathodic surface that appears related to the concentration overpotential (hydrogen overvoltage). The model suggest three possible regimes vis-a-vis tritium <span class="hlt">production</span> in terms of this energy shift, and indicates why measurable tritium <span class="hlt">production</span> in the electrolytic case will tend to be the exception rather than the rule in absence of a recipe: Below a shift of approximately 2.8 meV there is <span class="hlt">production</span> of both tritium and measureable excess <span class="hlt">heat</span>, with the possibility of accounting for the Bockris curve indicating about a 1% correlation between excess <span class="hlt">heat</span> and tritium. However, over the large range from about 2.8 meV to 340 meV energy shift there is a regime of observable excess <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> but little, and probably no measurable, tritium <span class="hlt">production</span>. The third regime is more hypothetical: It begins at an energy shift of about 1 keV and extends to the boundaries of ``hot'' fusion at about 10 keV. A new type of nucelar reaction, trint (for transmission resonance-induced neutron transfer), is suggested by the model leading to triton and neutron <span class="hlt">production</span>. A charge distribution ``polarization conjecture'' is the basis for theoretical derivation for the low-energy limit for an energy-dependent branching ratio for D-on-D. When the values of the parameters are inserted, this expression yields an estimate for the ratio of neutron-to-triton <span class="hlt">production</span> of about 1.64×10-9. The possibility of some three-body reactions is also suggested. A comparison of the TRM's transmission energy levels for palladium deuteride</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Research+AND+innovative+AND+thermodynamics&id=EJ1104559','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Research+AND+innovative+AND+thermodynamics&id=EJ1104559"><span>Class and Home Problems. Identify-Solve-Broadcast Your Own Transport Phenomenon: Student-Created YouTube Videos to Foster <span class="hlt">Active</span> Learning in Mass and <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Transfer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Wen, Fei; Khera, Eshita</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Despite the instinctive perception of mass and <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer principles in daily life, <span class="hlt">productive</span> learning in this course continues to be one of the greatest challenges for undergraduate students in chemical engineering. In an effort to enhance student learning in classroom, we initiated an innovative <span class="hlt">active</span>-learning method titled…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24265242','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24265242"><span>Thermometry, calorimetry, and mean body temperature during <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kenny, Glen P; Jay, Ollie</p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Heat</span> balance in humans is maintained at near constant levels through the adjustment of physiological mechanisms that attain a balance between the <span class="hlt">heat</span> produced within the body and the <span class="hlt">heat</span> lost to the environment. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> balance is easily disturbed during changes in metabolic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> due to physical <span class="hlt">activity</span> and/or exposure to a warmer environment. Under such conditions, elevations of skin blood flow and sweating occur via a hypothalamic negative feedback loop to maintain an enhanced rate of dry and evaporative <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss. Body <span class="hlt">heat</span> storage and changes in core temperature are a direct result of a thermal imbalance between the rate of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> and the rate of total <span class="hlt">heat</span> dissipation to the surrounding environment. The derivation of the change in body <span class="hlt">heat</span> content is of fundamental importance to the physiologist assessing the exposure of the human body to environmental conditions that result in thermal imbalance. It is generally accepted that the concurrent measurement of the total <span class="hlt">heat</span> generated by the body and the total <span class="hlt">heat</span> dissipated to the ambient environment is the most accurate means whereby the change in body <span class="hlt">heat</span> content can be attained. However, in the absence of calorimetric methods, thermometry is often used to estimate the change in body <span class="hlt">heat</span> content. This review examines <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchange during challenges to <span class="hlt">heat</span> balance associated with progressive elevations in environmental <span class="hlt">heat</span> load and metabolic rate during exercise. Further, we evaluate the physiological responses associated with <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress and discuss the thermal and nonthermal influences on the body's ability to dissipate <span class="hlt">heat</span> from a <span class="hlt">heat</span> balance perspective.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28449940','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28449940"><span>Antimicrobial <span class="hlt">activity</span> of chemomechanical gingival retraction <span class="hlt">products</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hsu, Belinda; Lee, Stephanie; Schwass, Donald; Tompkins, Geoffrey</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>Application of astringent hemostatic agents is the most widely used technique for gingival retraction, and a variety of <span class="hlt">products</span> are offered commercially. However, these <span class="hlt">products</span> may have additional unintended yet clinically beneficial properties. The authors assessed the antimicrobial <span class="hlt">activities</span> of marketed retraction <span class="hlt">products</span> against plaque-associated bacteria in both planktonic and biofilm assays, in vitro. The authors assessed hemostatic solutions, gels, pellets, retraction cords, pastes, and their listed <span class="hlt">active</span> agents against a collection of microorganisms by means of conventional agar diffusion and minimum bacteriostatic and bactericidal concentration determinations. The authors then tested the most <span class="hlt">active</span> <span class="hlt">products</span> against monospecies biofilms grown on hydroxyapatite disks. All of the tested retraction <span class="hlt">products</span> exhibited some antimicrobial <span class="hlt">activity</span>. The results of the most <span class="hlt">active</span> <span class="hlt">products</span> were comparable with those of a marketed mouthwash. The listed retraction-<span class="hlt">active</span> agents displayed relatively little <span class="hlt">activity</span> when tested in pure form. At 10% dilution, some <span class="hlt">products</span> evidenced inhibitory <span class="hlt">activity</span> against most tested bacteria within 3 minutes of exposure, whereas others displayed variable effects after 10 minutes. The most <span class="hlt">active</span> agents reduced, but did not completely prevent, the metabolic <span class="hlt">activity</span> of a monospecies biofilm. Commercial gingival retraction <span class="hlt">products</span> exhibit antimicrobial effects to various degrees in vitro. Some <span class="hlt">products</span> display rapid bactericidal <span class="hlt">activity</span>. The antimicrobial <span class="hlt">activity</span> is not owing to the retraction-<span class="hlt">active</span> agents. Biofilm bacteria are less sensitive to the antimicrobial effects of the agents. The rapidity of killing by some hemostatic agents suggests an antimicrobial effect that may be efficacious during clinical placement. The results of this in vitro study suggest that clinicians should be aware of the potential antimicrobial effects of some hemostatic agents, but more research is needed to confirm these observations in</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040141740&hterms=nerve&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dnerve','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040141740&hterms=nerve&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dnerve"><span>Cardiopulmonary baroreceptor control of muscle sympathetic nerve <span class="hlt">activity</span> in <span class="hlt">heat</span>-stressed humans</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Crandall, C. G.; Etzel, R. A.; Farr, D. B.</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>Whole body <span class="hlt">heating</span> decreases central venous pressure (CVP) while increasing muscle sympathetic nerve <span class="hlt">activity</span> (MSNA). In normothermia, similar decreases in CVP elevate MSNA, presumably via cardiopulmonary baroreceptor unloading. The purpose of this project was to identify whether increases in MSNA during whole body <span class="hlt">heating</span> could be attributed to cardiopulmonary baroreceptor unloading coincident with the thermal challenge. Seven subjects were exposed to whole body <span class="hlt">heating</span> while sublingual temperature, skin blood flow, heart rate, arterial blood pressure, and MSNA were monitored. During the <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress, 15 ml/kg warmed saline was infused intravenously over 7-10 min to increase CVP and load the cardiopulmonary baroreceptors. We reported previously that this amount of saline was sufficient to return CVP to pre-<span class="hlt">heat</span> stress levels. Whole body <span class="hlt">heating</span> increased MSNA from 25 +/- 3 to 39 +/- 3 bursts/min (P < 0. 05). Central blood volume expansion via rapid saline infusion did not significantly decrease MSNA (44 +/- 4 bursts/min, P > 0.05 relative to <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress period) and did not alter mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) or pulse pressure. To identify whether arterial baroreceptor loading decreases MSNA during <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress, in a separate protocol MAP was elevated via steady-state infusion of phenylephrine during whole body <span class="hlt">heating</span>. Increasing MAP from 82 +/- 3 to 93 +/- 4 mmHg (P < 0.05) caused MSNA to decrease from 36 +/- 3 to 15 +/- 4 bursts/min (P < 0.05). These data suggest that cardiopulmonary baroreceptor unloading during passive <span class="hlt">heating</span> is not the primary mechanism resulting in elevations in MSNA. Moreover, arterial baroreceptors remain capable of modulating MSNA during <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140007360','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140007360"><span>Development of Naphthalene PLIF for Visualizing Ablation <span class="hlt">Products</span> From a Space Capsule <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Shield</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Combs, C. S.; Clemens, N. T.; Danehy, P. M.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) will use an ablative <span class="hlt">heat</span> shield. To better design this <span class="hlt">heat</span> shield and others that will undergo planetary entry, an improved understanding of the ablation process would be beneficial. Here, a technique developed at The University of Texas at Austin that uses planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) of a low-temperature sublimating ablator (naphthalene) to enable visualization of the ablation <span class="hlt">products</span> in a hypersonic flow is applied. Although high-temperature ablation is difficult and expensive to recreate in a laboratory environment, low-temperature sublimation creates a limited physics problem that can be used to explore ablation-<span class="hlt">product</span> transport in a hypersonic flow-field. In the current work, a subscale capsule reentry vehicle model with a solid naphthalene <span class="hlt">heat</span> shield has been tested in a Mach 5 wind tunnel. The PLIF technique provides images of the spatial distribution of sublimated naphthalene in the <span class="hlt">heat</span>-shield boundary layer, separated shear layer, and backshell recirculation region. Visualizations of the capsule shear layer using both naphthalene PLIF and Schlieren imaging compared favorably. PLIF images have shown high concentrations of naphthalene in the capsule separated flow region, intermittent turbulent structures on the <span class="hlt">heat</span> shield surface, and interesting details of the capsule shear layer structure. It was shown that, in general, the capsule shear layer appears to be more unsteady at lower angels of attack. The PLIF images demonstrated that during a wind tunnel run, as the model <span class="hlt">heated</span> up, the rate of naphthalene ablation increased, since the PLIF signal increased steadily over the course of a run. Additionally, the shear layer became increasingly unsteady over the course of a wind tunnel run, likely because of increased surface roughness but also possibly because of the increased blowing. Regions with a relatively low concentration of naphthalene were also identified in the capsule backshell</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_15 --> <div id="page_16" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="301"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040075537','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040075537"><span>Weight Optimization of <span class="hlt">Active</span> Thermal Management Using a Novel <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Pump</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lear, William E.; Sherif, S. A.</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>Efficient lightweight power generation and thermal management are two important aspects for space applications. Weight is added to the space platforms due to the inherent weight of the onboard power generation equipment and the additional weight of the required thermal management systems. Thermal management of spacecraft relies on rejection of <span class="hlt">heat</span> via radiation, a process that can result in large radiator mass, depending upon the <span class="hlt">heat</span> rejection temperature. For some missions, it is advantageous to incorporate an <span class="hlt">active</span> thermal management system, allowing the <span class="hlt">heat</span> rejection temperature to be greater than the load temperature. This allows a reduction of radiator mass at the expense of additional system complexity. A particular type of <span class="hlt">active</span> thermal management system is based on a thermodynamic cycle, developed by the authors, called the Solar Integrated Thermal Management and Power (SITMAP) cycle. This system has been a focus of the authors research program in the recent past (see Fig. 1). One implementation of the system requires no moving parts, which decreases the vibration level and enhances reliability. Compression of the refrigerant working fluid is accomplished in this scheme via an ejector.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/88438','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/88438"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">activation</span> of Phycomyces blakesleeanus spores: theromdynamics and effect of alcohols, furfural, and high pressure.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Thevelein, J M; Van Assche, J A; Carlier, A R; Heremans, K</p> <p>1979-08-01</p> <p>The thermodynamic parameters for the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">activation</span> of the sporangiospores of Phycomyces blakesleeanus were determined. For the apparent <span class="hlt">activation</span> enthalpy (DeltaH(#)) a value of 1,151 kJ/mol was found, whereas a value of 3,644 J./ degrees K.mol was calculated for the apparent <span class="hlt">activation</span> entropy (DeltaS(#)). n-Alcohols (from methanol to octanol), phenethyl alcohol, and furfural lowered the <span class="hlt">activation</span> temperature of P. blakesleeanus spores. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> resistance of the spores was lowered concomitantly. The effect of the alcohols was a linear function of the concentration in the range that could be applied. When the log of the concentration needed to produce an equal shift of the <span class="hlt">activation</span> temperature was plotted for each alochol against the log of the octanol/water partition coefficient, a straight line was obtained. The free energy of adsorption of the n-alcohols to their <span class="hlt">active</span> sites was calculated to be -2,487 J/mol of CH(2) groups. Although still inconclusive, this points toward an involvement of protein in the <span class="hlt">activation</span> process. The effect of phenethyl alcohol was similar to the effect of n-alcohols, but furfural produced a greater shift than would be expected from the value of its partition coefficient. When the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">activation</span> of the spores was performed under high pressure, the <span class="hlt">activation</span> temperature was raised by 2 to 4 degrees K/1,000 atm. However, with pressures higher than 1,000 atm (1.013 x 10(5) kPa) the <span class="hlt">activation</span> temperature was lowered until the pressure became lethal (more than 2,500 atm). It is known that membrane phase transition temperatures are shifted upward by about 20 degrees K/1,000 atm and that protein conformational changes are shifted upward by 2 to 6 degrees K/1,000 atm. Consequently, <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">activation</span> of fungal spores seems to be triggered by a protein conformational change and not by a membrane phase transition. <span class="hlt">Activation</span> volumes of -54.1 cm(3)/mol at 38 degrees C and -79.3 cm(2)/mol at 40 degrees C were found for the lowering effect</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=216893','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=216893"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Activation</span> of Phycomyces blakesleeanus Spores: Thermodynamics and Effect of Alcohols, Furfural, and High Pressure</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Thevelein, Johan M.; Van Assche, Jozef A.; Carlier, Albert R.; Heremans, Karel</p> <p>1979-01-01</p> <p>The thermodynamic parameters for the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">activation</span> of the sporangiospores of Phycomyces blakesleeanus were determined. For the apparent <span class="hlt">activation</span> enthalpy (ΔH#) a value of 1,151 kJ/mol was found, whereas a value of 3,644 J./°K·mol was calculated for the apparent <span class="hlt">activation</span> entropy (ΔS#). n-Alcohols (from methanol to octanol), phenethyl alcohol, and furfural lowered the <span class="hlt">activation</span> temperature of P. blakesleeanus spores. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> resistance of the spores was lowered concomitantly. The effect of the alcohols was a linear function of the concentration in the range that could be applied. When the log of the concentration needed to produce an equal shift of the <span class="hlt">activation</span> temperature was plotted for each alochol against the log of the octanol/water partition coefficient, a straight line was obtained. The free energy of adsorption of the n-alcohols to their <span class="hlt">active</span> sites was calculated to be −2,487 J/mol of CH2 groups. Although still inconclusive, this points toward an involvement of protein in the <span class="hlt">activation</span> process. The effect of phenethyl alcohol was similar to the effect of n-alcohols, but furfural produced a greater shift than would be expected from the value of its partition coefficient. When the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">activation</span> of the spores was performed under high pressure, the <span class="hlt">activation</span> temperature was raised by 2 to 4°K/1,000 atm. However, with pressures higher than 1,000 atm (1.013 × 105 kPa) the <span class="hlt">activation</span> temperature was lowered until the pressure became lethal (more than 2,500 atm). It is known that membrane phase transition temperatures are shifted upward by about 20°K/1,000 atm and that protein conformational changes are shifted upward by 2 to 6°K/1,000 atm. Consequently, <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">activation</span> of fungal spores seems to be triggered by a protein conformational change and not by a membrane phase transition. <span class="hlt">Activation</span> volumes of −54.1 cm3/mol at 38°C and −79.3 cm2/mol at 40°C were found for the lowering effect of high pressure on the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">activation</span> temperature</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28067480','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28067480"><span>Antioxidant <span class="hlt">activity</span> of protein hydrolysates from raw and <span class="hlt">heat</span>-treated yellow string beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Karaś, Monika; Jakubczyk, Anna; Szymanowska, Urszula; Materska, Małgorzata; Zielińska, Ewelina</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Nowadays, legume plants have been considered not only a source of valuable proteins necessary for the proper functioning and growth of the body but also a source of bioactive compounds such as bioactive peptides, that may be beneficial to human health and protect against negative change in food. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment on the release of antioxidant peptides obtained by hydrolysis of the yellow string beans protein. The antioxidant properties of the hydrolysates were evaluated through free radical scavenging <span class="hlt">activities</span> (DPPH and ABTS) and inhibition of iron <span class="hlt">activities</span> (chelation of Fe2+). The results show that the <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment had influence on both increased peptides content and antioxidant <span class="hlt">activity</span> after pepsin hydrolysis of string bean protein. The peptides content after protein hydrolysis derived from raw and <span class="hlt">heat</span> treated beans were noted 2.10 and 2.50 mg·ml-1, respectively. The hydrolysates obtained from raw (PHR) and <span class="hlt">heat</span> treated (PHT) beans showed better antioxidant properties than protein isolates (PIR and PIT). Moreover, the hydrolysates obtained from <span class="hlt">heat</span> treated beans showed the higher ability to scavenge DPPH• (46.12%) and ABTS+• (92.32%) than obtained from raw beans (38.02% and 88.24%, correspondingly). The IC50 value for Fe2+ chelating ability for pepsin hydrolysates obtained from raw and <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment beans were noted 0.81 and 0.19 mg·ml-1, respectively. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that the <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment string beans caused increase in the antioxidant <span class="hlt">activities</span> of peptide-rich hydrolysates.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2897424','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2897424"><span>Evaluation of a Stochastic Inactivation Model for <span class="hlt">Heat-Activated</span> Spores of Bacillus spp. ▿</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Corradini, Maria G.; Normand, Mark D.; Eisenberg, Murray; Peleg, Micha</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">activates</span> the dormant spores of certain Bacillus spp., which is reflected in the “<span class="hlt">activation</span> shoulder” in their survival curves. At the same time, <span class="hlt">heat</span> also inactivates the already <span class="hlt">active</span> and just <span class="hlt">activated</span> spores, as well as those still dormant. A stochastic model based on progressively changing probabilities of <span class="hlt">activation</span> and inactivation can describe this phenomenon. The model is presented in a fully probabilistic discrete form for individual and small groups of spores and as a semicontinuous deterministic model for large spore populations. The same underlying algorithm applies to both isothermal and dynamic <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatments. Its construction does not require the assumption of the <span class="hlt">activation</span> and inactivation kinetics or knowledge of their biophysical and biochemical mechanisms. A simplified version of the semicontinuous model was used to simulate survival curves with the <span class="hlt">activation</span> shoulder that are reminiscent of experimental curves reported in the literature. The model is not intended to replace current models to predict dynamic inactivation but only to offer a conceptual alternative to their interpretation. Nevertheless, by linking the survival curve's shape to probabilities of events at the individual spore level, the model explains, and can be used to simulate, the irregular <span class="hlt">activation</span> and survival patterns of individual and small groups of spores, which might be involved in food poisoning and spoilage. PMID:20453137</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011IJT....32..523J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011IJT....32..523J"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> and Mass Transfer Measurements for Tray-Fermented Fungal <span class="hlt">Products</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jou, R.-Y.; Lo, C.-T.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>In this study, <span class="hlt">heat</span> and mass transfer in static tray fermentation, which is widely used in solid-state fermentation (SSF) to produce fungal <span class="hlt">products</span>, such as enzymes or koji, is investigated. Specifically, kinetic models of transport phenomena in the whole-tray chamber are emphasized. The effects of temperature, moisture, and humidity on microbial growth in large-scale static tray fermentation are essential to scale-up SSF and achieve uniform fermentation. In addition, <span class="hlt">heat</span> and mass transfer of static tray fermentation of Trichoderma fungi with two tray setups—traditional linen coverings and stacks in a temperature-humidity chamber is examined. In both these setups, the following factors of fermentation were measured: air velocity, air temperature, illumination, pH, carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, and substrate temperature, and the effects of bed height, moisture of substrate, and relative humidity of air are studied. A thin (1 cm) bed at 28 °C and 95 % relative humidity is found to be optimum. Furthermore, mixing was essential for achieving uniform fermentation of Trichoderma fungi. This study has important applications in large-scale static tray fermentation of fungi.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000IJBm...43..172R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000IJBm...43..172R"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> defense control in an experimental <span class="hlt">heat</span> disorder</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Romanovsky, A. A.; Blatteis, C. M.</p> <p></p> <p>Both whole-body <span class="hlt">heat</span> exposure and intraperitoneal <span class="hlt">heating</span> (IPH) result in a body temperature (Tb) fall that occurs once <span class="hlt">heating</span> is abated (''hyperthermia- induced hypothermia''). This phenomenon involves a decrease in the threshold Tb (Tb-thresh) for <span class="hlt">activation</span> of metabolic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> (cold defense). Whether the Tb-thresh for ear skin vasodilation (<span class="hlt">heat</span> defense) also changes during hyperthermia-induced hypothermia remains unknown. In experiment 1, we applied IPH to guinea pigs by perfusing water through a preimplanted intraperitoneal thermode and delivered the total <span class="hlt">heat</span> load of either approximately 1.5 kJ (''short'' IPH; perfusion duration: 14 min) or approximately 3.0 kJ (''long'' IPH; 40 min). Short IPH caused skin vasodilation and a 1.1°C rise in Tb; no hypothermia occurred when IPH ceased. Long IPH caused vasodilation and hyperthermia of a comparable magnitude (1.4°C) that were followed by a Tb fall to 1.9°C below the preheating value. In experiment 2, the Tb-thresh for skin vasodilation was measured twice: at the beginning of long IPH and at the nadir of the post-IPH hypothermia. The two Tb-thresh values were 39.0 (SEM 0.1)°C and 39.2 (SEM 0.2)°C respectively. In the controls, the Tb-thresh was measured at the beginning and after short IPH; both control values were 39.0 (SEM 0.2)°C. We conclude that the hyperthermia- induced hypothermia, although previously shown to be coupled with a decrease in the Tb-thresh for cold defense, occurs without any substantial change in the Tb-thresh for <span class="hlt">heat</span> defense. We speculate that postheating thermoregulatory disorders are associated with threshold dissociation, thus representing the poikilothermic (wide dead-band) type of Tb control.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499190','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499190"><span>Glycosylation and <span class="hlt">Activities</span> of Natural <span class="hlt">Products</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Huang, Gangliang; Lv, Meijiao; Hu, Jinchuan; Huang, Kunlin; Xu, Hong</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Natural <span class="hlt">products</span> are widely found in nature, their number and variety are numerous, the structures are complex and diverse. These natural <span class="hlt">products</span> have many physiological and pharmacological <span class="hlt">activities</span>. Glycosylation can increase the diversity of structure and function of natural <span class="hlt">product</span>, it has become the focus of drug research and development. The impacts of glycosylation of natural <span class="hlt">products</span> to water solubility, pharmacological <span class="hlt">activities</span>, bioavailability, or others were described in this review, which provides a reference for the development and application of glycosylated natural <span class="hlt">products</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016MS%26E..147a2148R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016MS%26E..147a2148R"><span>Analysis of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer in double and triple concentric tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchangers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rădulescu, S.; Negoiţă, L. I.; Onuţu, I.</p> <p>2016-08-01</p> <p>The tubular <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchangers (shell and tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchangers and concentric tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchangers) represent an important category of equipment in the petroleum refineries and are used for <span class="hlt">heating</span>, pre-<span class="hlt">heating</span>, cooling, condensation and evaporation purposes. The paper presents results of analysis of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer to cool a petroleum <span class="hlt">product</span> in two types of concentric tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchangers: double and triple concentric tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchangers. The cooling agent is water. The triple concentric tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchanger is a modified constructive version of double concentric tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchanger by adding an intermediate tube. This intermediate tube improves the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer by increasing the <span class="hlt">heat</span> area per unit length. The analysis of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer is made using experimental data obtained during the tests in a double and triple concentric tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchanger. The flow rates of fluids, inlet and outlet temperatures of water and petroleum <span class="hlt">product</span> are used in determining the performance of both <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchangers. Principally, for both apparatus are calculated the overall <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer coefficients and the <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchange surfaces. The presented results shows that triple concentric tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchangers provide better <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer efficiencies compared to the double concentric tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchangers.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3953273','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3953273"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> Shock Protein 70 Modulates Influenza A Virus Polymerase <span class="hlt">Activity</span>*</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Manzoor, Rashid; Kuroda, Kazumichi; Yoshida, Reiko; Tsuda, Yoshimi; Fujikura, Daisuke; Miyamoto, Hiroko; Kajihara, Masahiro; Kida, Hiroshi; Takada, Ayato</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The role of <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock protein 70 (Hsp70) in virus replication has been discussed for many viruses. The known suppressive role of Hsp70 in influenza virus replication is based on studies conducted in cells with various Hsp70 expression levels. In this study, we determined the role of Hsp70 in influenza virus replication in HeLa and HEK293T cells, which express Hsp70 constitutively. Co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence studies revealed that Hsp70 interacted with PB2 or PB1 monomers and PB2/PB1 heterodimer but not with the PB1/PA heterodimer or PB2/PB1/PA heterotrimer and translocated into the nucleus with PB2 monomers or PB2/PB1 heterodimers. Knocking down Hsp70 resulted in reduced virus transcription and replication <span class="hlt">activities</span>. Reporter gene assay, immunofluorescence assay, and Western blot analysis of nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions from infected cells demonstrated that the increase in viral polymerase <span class="hlt">activity</span> during the <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock phase was accompanied with an increase in Hsp70 and viral polymerases levels in the nuclei, where influenza virus replication takes place, whereas a reduction in viral polymerase <span class="hlt">activity</span> was accompanied with an increase in cytoplasmic relocation of Hsp70 along with viral polymerases. Moreover, significantly higher levels of viral genomic RNA (vRNA) were observed during the <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock phase than during the recovery phase. Overall, for the first time, these findings suggest that Hsp70 may act as a chaperone for influenza virus polymerase, and the modulatory effect of Hsp70 appears to be a sequel of shuttling of Hsp70 between nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments. PMID:24474693</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MS%26E..342a2096T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MS%26E..342a2096T"><span>Internally <span class="hlt">Heated</span> Screw Pyrolysis Reactor (IHSPR) <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer performance study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Teo, S. H.; Gan, H. L.; Alias, A.; Gan, L. M.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>1.5 billion end-of-life tyres (ELT) were discarded globally each year and pyrolysis is considered the best solution to convert the ELT into valuable high energy-density <span class="hlt">products</span>. Among all pyrolysis technologies, screw reactor is favourable. However, conventional screw reactor risks plugging issue due to its lacklustre <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer performance. An internally <span class="hlt">heated</span> screw pyrolysis reactor (IHSPR) was developed by local renewable energy industry, which serves as the research subject for <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer performance study of this particular paper. Zero-load <span class="hlt">heating</span> test (ZLHT) was first carried out to obtain the operational parameters of the reactor, followed by the one dimensional steady-state <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer analysis carried out using SolidWorks Flow Simulation 2016. Experiments with feed rate manipulations and pyrolysis <span class="hlt">products</span> analyses were conducted last to conclude the study.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28325556','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28325556"><span>Recovering hydrogen <span class="hlt">production</span> performance of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASBR) fed with galactose via repeated <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment strategy.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sivagurunathan, Periyasamy; Anburajan, Parthiban; Kumar, Gopalakrishnan; Park, Jong-Hun; Kim, Sang-Hyoun</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>This study evaluated the effect of repeated <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment towards the enhancement of hydrogen fermentation from galactose in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor with the hydraulic retention time of 6h and the operation temperature of 37°C. The hydrogen <span class="hlt">production</span> rate (HPR) and hydrogen yield (HY) gradually increased up to 9.1L/L/d and 1.1mol/mol galactose, respectively, until the 33rd day of operation. When <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment at 80°C for 30min was applied, hydrogen <span class="hlt">production</span> performance was enhanced by 37% with the enrichment of hydrogen producing bacteria population. The HPR and HY were achieved at 12.5L/L/d and 1.5mol/mol hexose, respectively, during further 30 cycles of reactor operation. The repeated <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment would be a viable strategy to warrant reliable continuous hydrogen <span class="hlt">production</span> using mixed culture. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJ...846..165U','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJ...846..165U"><span>Modeling Coronal Response in Decaying <span class="hlt">Active</span> Regions with Magnetic Flux Transport and Steady <span class="hlt">Heating</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ugarte-Urra, Ignacio; Warren, Harry P.; Upton, Lisa A.; Young, Peter R.</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>We present new measurements of the dependence of the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiance on the total magnetic flux in <span class="hlt">active</span> regions as obtained from the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) and the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory. Using observations of nine <span class="hlt">active</span> regions tracked along different stages of evolution, we extend the known radiance—magnetic flux power-law relationship (I\\propto {{{Φ }}}α ) to the AIA 335 Å passband, and the Fe xviii 93.93 Å spectral line in the 94 Å passband. We find that the total unsigned magnetic flux divided by the polarity separation ({{Φ }}/D) is a better indicator of radiance for the Fe xviii line with a slope of α =3.22+/- 0.03. We then use these results to test our current understanding of magnetic flux evolution and coronal <span class="hlt">heating</span>. We use magnetograms from the simulated decay of these <span class="hlt">active</span> regions produced by the Advective Flux Transport model as boundary conditions for potential extrapolations of the magnetic field in the corona. We then model the hydrodynamics of each individual field line with the Enthalpy-based Thermal Evolution of Loops model with steady <span class="hlt">heating</span> scaled as the ratio of the average field strength and the length (\\bar{B}/L) and render the Fe xviii and 335 Å emission. We find that steady <span class="hlt">heating</span> is able to partially reproduce the magnitudes and slopes of the EUV radiance—magnetic flux relationships and discuss how impulsive <span class="hlt">heating</span> can help reconcile the discrepancies. This study demonstrates that combined models of magnetic flux transport, magnetic topology, and <span class="hlt">heating</span> can yield realistic estimates for the decay of <span class="hlt">active</span> region radiances with time.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25341107','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25341107"><span>Insect <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock proteins during stress and diapause.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>King, Allison M; MacRae, Thomas H</p> <p>2015-01-07</p> <p>Insect <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock proteins include ATP-independent small <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock proteins and the larger ATP-dependent proteins, Hsp70, Hsp90, and Hsp60. In concert with cochaperones and accessory proteins, <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock proteins mediate essential <span class="hlt">activities</span> such as protein folding, localization, and degradation. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> shock proteins are synthesized constitutively in insects and induced by stressors such as <span class="hlt">heat</span>, cold, crowding, and anoxia. Synthesis depends on the physiological state of the insect, but the common function of <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock proteins, often working in networks, is to maintain cell homeostasis through interaction with substrate proteins. Stress-induced expression of <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock protein genes occurs in a background of protein synthesis inhibition, but in the course of diapause, a state of dormancy and increased stress tolerance, these genes undergo differential regulation without the general disruption of protein <span class="hlt">production</span>. During diapause, when ATP concentrations are low, <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock proteins may sequester rather than fold proteins.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12659875','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12659875"><span>Transcriptional <span class="hlt">activity</span> and DNA binding of <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock factor-1 involve phosphorylation on threonine 142 by CK2.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Soncin, Fabrice; Zhang, Xinfeng; Chu, Boyang; Wang, Xiaozhe; Asea, Alexzander; Ann Stevenson, Mary; Sacks, David B; Calderwood, Stuart K</p> <p>2003-04-04</p> <p><span class="hlt">Heat</span> shock factor-1 (HSF-1) is the regulator of hsp molecular chaperone transcription, although the intracellular mechanisms involved in HSF-1 <span class="hlt">activation</span> have not been fully elucidated. As HSF1 is <span class="hlt">activated</span> by <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock simultaneously with the nuclear translocation of the protein kinase CK2, we have investigated the role of CK2 in HSF1 <span class="hlt">activation</span>. We demonstrate that HSF-1 is phosphorylated by CK2 on both serine and threonine residues and has characterized a phosphorylation site at threonine 142. Mutation of Thr-142 to alanine (T142A) inhibits trans-<span class="hlt">activation</span> of the HSP70 gene by HSF1 and in addition inhibits the accumulation of HSF-1 competent to bind <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock elements in the nucleus. HSF1 <span class="hlt">activation</span> by <span class="hlt">heat</span> is correlated with the thermal <span class="hlt">activation</span> of nuclear CK2 and overexpression of CK2 <span class="hlt">activates</span> HSF1. Phosphorylation by CK2 on threonine 142 may therefore be an essential step in the thermal <span class="hlt">activation</span> of latent HSF1 by stresses.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16258395','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16258395"><span>Sweat <span class="hlt">production</span> during global <span class="hlt">heating</span> and during isometric exercise in people with diabetes.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Petrofsky, Jerrold Scott; Lee, Scott; Patterson, Chris; Cole, Melissa; Stewart, Brian</p> <p>2005-11-01</p> <p>While sweat <span class="hlt">production</span> in response to <span class="hlt">heat</span> is impaired in people with diabetes, sweat <span class="hlt">production</span> has not been examined during isometric exercise. Eight subjects with type 2 diabetes and 9 control subjects exerted a fatiguing isometric contraction of the handgrip muscles at a tension of 40% of the maximum voluntary strength (MVC) after exposure to a 32 deg C environment for 30 min. compared to 10 controls and 10 subjects with diabetes exposed to a 39 deg C environment. Sweat was impaired to all areas of the body during <span class="hlt">heat</span> exposure in patients with diabetes under both environmental conditions. For example, on the chest, the average sweat rates after exposure to the 32 deg environment was 259.2 +/- 55.2 nanoliters/min in control subjects and 198.3 +/- 46.2 nanoliters/min for subjects with diabetes. Compared to the 32 deg C environment, control subjects increased sweat in all 4 areas proportionally more than subjects with diabetes. Sudomotor rhythm was present in sweat in control subjects at a rate of repetition of 11 and 50 seconds but almost absent in subjects with diabetes. During exercise, sweat rates slowly increased from the beginning to the end of the exercise. But the head of the subjects with diabetes showed hypersweating while the other areas showed diminished sweating compared to control subjects. Thus some of the impairment in sweating may be due to central mechanisms associated with <span class="hlt">heat</span> sensitivity or in the hypothalamus and not to the sweat glands themselves.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/665261','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/665261"><span>Influence of local noxious <span class="hlt">heat</span> stimulation on sensory nerve <span class="hlt">activity</span> in the feline dental pulp.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ahlberg, K F</p> <p>1978-05-01</p> <p>The present investigation was undertaken to develop an experimental model in which noxious <span class="hlt">heat</span> stimulation was used to produce increased intradental sensory nerve <span class="hlt">activity</span> in canine teeth of anesthetized cats. Two techniques were evaluated in which both the method of recording and the nature of the stimulus varied. Slow <span class="hlt">heating</span> (approx 1 degree C/s) to 47 degree C of the tooth surface (combined with recording from electrodes in open dentinal cavities) did not produce any persistent nerve <span class="hlt">activity</span>. Repeated periods of brief intense <span class="hlt">heating</span> (approx 60 degrees C/s) (combined with recording from amalgam electrodes placed on cavity floors) resulted in an immediate response and an afterdischarge (phase 3) generally persisting for 20--60 min. Maximum phase 3 <span class="hlt">activity</span> was characteristic for the individual cat and ranged from 0.2 to 50.2 imp/s. mean value 10.6 imp/s (S.D. +/- 9.2). A systematically higher phase 3 <span class="hlt">activity</span> was recorded in lower compared to upper canine teeth (p less than 0.05). The maximum phase 3 response generally occurred after 3-8 stimulations; the median number of required stimuli was 3. Repeated brief <span class="hlt">heat</span> stimulations combined with the closed cavity recording technique may be used as an experimental model by which the mechanisms behind increases in intradental sensory nerve <span class="hlt">activity</span> associated with tissue damage can be studied.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050071703','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050071703"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> of Combustion of the <span class="hlt">Product</span> Formed by the Reaction of Acetylene, Ethylene, and Diborane</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Tannenbaum, Stanley</p> <p>1957-01-01</p> <p>The net <span class="hlt">heat</span> of combustion of the <span class="hlt">product</span> formed by the reaction of diborane with a mixture of acetylene and ethylene was found to be 20,440 +/- 150 Btu per pound for the reaction of liquid fuel to gaseous carbon dioxide, gaseous water, and solid boric oxide. The measurements were made in a Parr oxygen-bomb calorimeter, and the combustion was believed to be 98 percent complete. The estimated net-<span class="hlt">heat</span> of combustion for complete combustion would therefore be 20,850 +/- 150 Btu per pound.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20090016332','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20090016332"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> of Combustion of the <span class="hlt">Product</span> Formed by the Reaction of Diborane with 1,3-Butadiene</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Tannenbaum, Stanley; Allen, Harrison, Jr.</p> <p>1953-01-01</p> <p>The net <span class="hlt">heat</span> of combustion of the <span class="hlt">product</span> formed by the reaction of diborane with 1,3-butadiene was found to be 18,700+/-150 Btu per pound for the reaction of liquid fuel to gaseous carbon dioxide, gaseous water, and solid boric oxide. The measurements were made in a Parr oxygen-bomb calorimeter, and the combustion was believed to be 98 percent complete. The estimated net <span class="hlt">heat</span> of combustion for complete combustion would therefore be 19,075+/-150 Btu per pound. Since this value is approximately the same as the <span class="hlt">heat</span> of combustion of butadiene, it seems certain that the material is partially oxidized.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9485E..1GD','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9485E..1GD"><span>Detection of seal contamination in <span class="hlt">heat</span>-sealed food packaging based on <span class="hlt">active</span> infrared thermography</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>D'huys, Karlien; Saeys, Wouter; De Ketelaere, Bart</p> <p>2015-05-01</p> <p>In the food industry packaging is often applied to protect the <span class="hlt">product</span> from the environment, assuring quality and safety throughout shelf life if properly performed. Packaging quality depends on the material used and the closure (seal). The material is selected based on the specific needs of the food <span class="hlt">product</span> to be wrapped. However, proper closure of the package is often harder to achieve. One problem possibly jeopardizing seal quality is the presence of food particles between the seal. Seal contamination can cause a decreased seal strength and thus an increased packaging failure risk. It can also trigger the formation of microchannels through which air and microorganisms can enter and spoil the enclosed food. Therefore, early detection and removal of seal-contaminated packages from the <span class="hlt">production</span> chain is essential. In this work, a pulsed-type <span class="hlt">active</span> thermography method using the <span class="hlt">heat</span> of the sealing bars as an excitation source was studied for detecting seal contamination. The cooling profile of contaminated seals was recorded. The detection performance of four processing methods (based on a single frame, a fit of the cooling profile, pulsed phase thermography and a matched filter) was compared. High resolution digital images served as a reference to quantify contamination. The lowest detection limit (equivalent diameter of 0.63 mm) and the lowest processing time (0.42 s per sample) were obtained for the method based on a single frame. Presumably, practical limitations in the recording stage prevented the added value of <span class="hlt">active</span> thermography to be fully reflected in this application.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_16 --> <div id="page_17" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="321"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4213819','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4213819"><span>Changes in ginsenoside compositions and antioxidant <span class="hlt">activities</span> of hydroponic-cultured ginseng roots and leaves with <span class="hlt">heating</span> temperature</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Hwang, Cho Rong; Lee, Sang Hoon; Jang, Gwi Yeong; Hwang, In Guk; Kim, Hyun Young; Woo, Koan Sik; Lee, Junsoo; Jeong, Heon Sang</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Background This study evaluated changes in ginsenoside compositions and antioxidant <span class="hlt">activities</span> in hydroponic-cultured ginseng roots (HGR) and leaves (HGL) with <span class="hlt">heating</span> temperature. Methods <span class="hlt">Heat</span> treatment was performed at temperatures of 90°C, 110°C, 130°C, and 150°C for 2 hours. Results The ginsenoside content varied significantly with <span class="hlt">heating</span> temperature. The levels of ginsenosides Rg1 and Re in HGR decreased with increasing <span class="hlt">heating</span> temperature. Ginsenosides F2, F4, Rk3, Rh4, Rg3 (S form), Rg3 (R form), Rk1, and Rg5, which were absent in the raw ginseng, were formed after <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment. The levels of ginsenosides Rg1, Re, Rf, and Rb1 in HGL decreased with increasing <span class="hlt">heating</span> temperature. Conversely, ginsenosides Rk3, Rh4, Rg3 (R form), Rk1, and Rg5 increased with increasing <span class="hlt">heating</span> temperature. In addition, ginsenoside contents of <span class="hlt">heated</span> HGL were slightly higher than those of HGR. The highest extraction yield was 14.39% at 130°C, whereas the lowest value was 10.30% at 150°C. After <span class="hlt">heating</span>, polyphenol contents of HGR and HGL increased from 0.43 mg gallic acid equivalent/g (mg GAE eq/g) and 0.74 mg GAE eq/g to 6.16 mg GAE eq/g and 2.86 mg GAE eq/g, respectively. Conclusion Antioxidant <span class="hlt">activities</span> of HGR and HGL, measured by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical scavenging ability, increased with increasing <span class="hlt">heating</span> temperature. These results may aid in improving the biological <span class="hlt">activity</span> and quality of ginseng subjected to <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatments. PMID:25378992</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22574769','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22574769"><span>Body <span class="hlt">heat</span> storage during physical <span class="hlt">activity</span> is lower with hot fluid ingestion under conditions that permit full evaporation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bain, A R; Lesperance, N C; Jay, O</p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>To assess whether, under conditions permitting full evaporation, body <span class="hlt">heat</span> storage during physical <span class="hlt">activity</span> measured by partitional calorimetry would be lower with warm relative to cold fluid ingestion because of a disproportionate increase in evaporative <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss potential relative to internal <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer with the ingested fluid. Nine males cycled at 50% VO(2max) for 75 min at 23.6 ± 0.6 °C and 23 ± 11% RH while consuming water of either 1.5 °C, 10 °C, 37 °C or 50 °C in four 3.2 mL kg(-1) boluses. The water was administered 5 min before and 15, 30 and 45 min following the onset of exercise. No differences in metabolic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>, sensible or respiratory <span class="hlt">heat</span> losses (all P > 0.05) were observed between fluid temperatures. However, while the increased internal <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss with cold fluid ingestion was paralleled by similar reductions in evaporative <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss potential at the skin (E(sk) ) with 10 °C (P = 0.08) and 1.5 °C (P = 0.55) fluid, the increased <span class="hlt">heat</span> load with warm (50 °C) fluid ingestion was accompanied by a significantly greater E(sk) (P = 0.04). The resultant calorimetric <span class="hlt">heat</span> storage was lower with 50 °C water ingestion in comparison to 1.5 °C, 10 °C and 37 °C (all P < 0.05). In contrast, <span class="hlt">heat</span> storage derived conventionally using thermometry yielded higher values following 50 °C fluid ingestion compared to 1.5 °C (P = 0.025). Under conditions permitting full sweat evaporation, body <span class="hlt">heat</span> storage is lower with warm water ingestion, likely because of disproportionate modulations in sweat output arising from warm-sensitive thermosensors in the esophagus/stomach. Local temperature changes of the rectum following fluid ingestion exacerbate the previously identified error of thermometric <span class="hlt">heat</span> storage estimations. © 2012 The Authors Acta Physiologica © 2012 Scandinavian Physiological Society.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPD....4720203B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPD....4720203B"><span>"Hot" Non-flaring Plasmas in <span class="hlt">Active</span> Region Cores <span class="hlt">Heated</span> by Single Nanoflares</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Barnes, Will Thomas; Cargill, Peter; Bradshaw, Stephen</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>We use hydrodynamic modeling tools, including a two-fluid development of the EBTEL code, to investigate the properties expected of "hot" (i.e. between 106.7 and 107.2 K) non-flaring plasmas due to nanoflare <span class="hlt">heating</span> in <span class="hlt">active</span> regions. Here we focus on single nanoflares and show that while simple models predict an emission measure distribution extending well above 10 MK that is consistent with cooling by thermal conduction, many other effects are likely to limit the existence and detectability of such plasmas. These include: differential <span class="hlt">heating</span> between electrons and ions, ionization non-equilibrium and, for short nanoflares, the time taken for the coronal density to increase. The most useful temperature range to look for this plasma, often called the "smoking gun" of nanoflare <span class="hlt">heating</span>, lies between 1 MK and 10 MK. Signatures of the actual <span class="hlt">heating</span> may be detectable in some instances.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21437607','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21437607"><span>Ethnic differences in thermoregulatory responses during resting, passive and <span class="hlt">active</span> <span class="hlt">heating</span>: application of Werner's adaptation model.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lee, Joo-Young; Wakabayashi, Hitoshi; Wijayanto, Titis; Hashiguchi, Nobuko; Saat, Mohamed; Tochihara, Yutaka</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>For the coherent understanding of <span class="hlt">heat</span> acclimatization in tropical natives, we compared ethnic differences between tropical and temperate natives during resting, passive and <span class="hlt">active</span> <span class="hlt">heating</span> conditions. Experimental protocols included: (1) a resting condition (an air temperature of 28°C with 50% RH), (2) a passive <span class="hlt">heating</span> condition (28°C with 50% RH; leg immersion in a hot tub at a water temperature of 42°C), and (3) an <span class="hlt">active</span> <span class="hlt">heating</span> condition (32°C with 70% RH; a bicycle exercise). Morphologically and physically matched tropical natives (ten Malaysian males, MY) and temperate natives (ten Japanese males, JP) participated in all three trials. The results saw that: tropical natives had a higher resting rectal temperature and lower hand and foot temperatures at rest, smaller rise of rectal temperature and greater temperature rise in bodily extremities, and a lower sensation of thirst during passive and <span class="hlt">active</span> <span class="hlt">heating</span> than the matched temperate natives. It is suggested that tropical natives' homeostasis during <span class="hlt">heating</span> is effectively controlled with the improved stability in internal body temperature and the increased capability of vascular circulation in extremities, with a lower thirst sensation. The enhanced stability of internal body temperature and the extended thermoregulatory capability of vascular circulation in the extremities of tropical natives can be interpreted as an interactive change to accomplish a thermal dynamic equilibrium in hot environments. These <span class="hlt">heat</span> adaptive traits were explained by Wilder's law of initial value and Werner's process and controller adaptation model.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=325489','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=325489"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>, respiratory quotient, and methane loss subsequent to LPS challenge in beef heifers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Respiration calorimetry was used to measure energy utilization during an acute phase response (APR) to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Eight Angus heifers (208 +/- 29.2 kg) were randomly assigned to one of two calorimeters in four 2-day periods for measurement of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> (HP), methane (CH4), and r...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4143285','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4143285"><span>Biophoton Emission Induced by <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Shock</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kobayashi, Katsuhiro; Okabe, Hirotaka; Kawano, Shinya; Hidaka, Yoshiki; Hara, Kazuhiro</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Ultraweak biophoton emission originates from the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are produced in mitochondria as by-<span class="hlt">products</span> of cellular respiration. In healthy cells, the concentration of ROS is minimized by a system of biological antioxidants. However, <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock changes the equilibrium between oxidative stress and antioxidant <span class="hlt">activity</span>, that is, a rapid rise in temperature induces biophoton emission from ROS. Although the rate and intensity of biophoton emission was observed to increase in response to elevated temperatures, pretreatment at lower high temperatures inhibited photon emission at higher temperatures. Biophoton measurements are useful for observing and evaluating <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock. PMID:25153902</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040088607&hterms=nerve&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dnerve','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040088607&hterms=nerve&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dnerve"><span>Baroreflex modulation of sympathetic nerve <span class="hlt">activity</span> to muscle in <span class="hlt">heat</span>-stressed humans</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Cui, Jian; Wilson, Thad E.; Crandall, Craig G.</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>To identify whether whole body <span class="hlt">heating</span> alters arterial baroreflex control of muscle sympathetic nerve <span class="hlt">activity</span> (MSNA), MSNA and beat-by-beat arterial blood pressure were recorded in seven healthy subjects during acute hypotensive and hypertensive stimuli in both normothermic and <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress conditions. Whole body <span class="hlt">heating</span> significantly increased sublingual temperature (P < 0.01), MSNA (P < 0.01), heart rate (P < 0.01), and skin blood flow (P < 0.001), whereas mean arterial blood pressure did not change significantly (P > 0.05). During both normothermic and <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress conditions, MSNA increased and then decreased significantly when blood pressure was lowered and then raised via intravenous bolus infusions of sodium nitroprusside and phenylephrine HCl, respectively. The slope of the relationship between MSNA and diastolic blood pressure during <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress (-128.3 +/- 13.9 U x beats(-1) x mmHg(-1)) was similar (P = 0.31) with normothermia (-140.6 +/- 21.1 U x beats(-1) x mmHg(-1)). Moreover, no significant change in the slope of the relationship between heart rate and systolic blood pressure was observed. These data suggest that arterial baroreflex modulation of MSNA and heart rate are not altered by whole body <span class="hlt">heating</span>, with the exception of an upward shift of these baroreflex curves to accommodate changes in these variables that occur with whole body <span class="hlt">heating</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28489201','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28489201"><span>Water temperature, body mass and fasting <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Aguilar, Fredy A A; Cruz, Thaline M P DA; Mourão, Gerson B; Cyrino, José Eurico P</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Knowledge on fasting <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> (HEf) of fish is key to develop bioenergetics models thus improving feeding management of farmed species. The core of knowledge on HEf of farmed, neotropical fish is scarce. This study assessed the effect of body mass and water temperature on standard metabolism and fasting <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> of pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus, an omnivore, Neotropical fresh water characin important for farming and fisheries industries all through South American continent. An automated, intermittent flow respirometry system was used to measure standard metabolic rate (SMR) of pacu (17 - 1,050 g) at five water temperatures: 19, 23, 26, 29 and 33 °C. Mass specific SMR increased with increasing water temperature but decreased as function of body mass. The allometric exponent for scaling HEf was 0.788, and lied in the range recorded for all studied warm-water fish. The recorded van't Hoff factor (Q10) for pacu (2.06) shows the species low response to temperature increases. The model HEf = 0.04643×W0.7882×T1.837 allows to predict HEf (kJ d-1) from body mass (W, kg) and water temperature (T, °C), and can be used in bioenergetical models for the species.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20010038732&hterms=music&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dmusic','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20010038732&hterms=music&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dmusic"><span>Magnetic Characteristics of <span class="hlt">Active</span> Region <span class="hlt">Heating</span> Observed with TRACE, SOHO/EIT, and Yohkoh/SXT</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Porter, J. G.; Falconer, D. A.; Moore, R. L.; Rose, M. Franklin (Technical Monitor)</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>Over the past several years, we have reported results from studies that have compared the magnetic structure and <span class="hlt">heating</span> of the transition region and corona (both in <span class="hlt">active</span> regions and in the quiet Sun) by combining X-ray and EUV images from Yohkoh and Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) with photospheric magnetograms from ground-based observatories. Our findings have led us to the hypothesis that most <span class="hlt">heating</span> throughout the corona is driven from near and below the base of the corona by eruptive microflares occurring in compact low-lying "core magnetic fields (i.e., fields rooted along and closely enveloping polarity inversion lines in the photospheric magnetic flux). We now extend these studies, comparing sequences of UV images from Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE) with longitudinal magnetograms from Kitt Peak and vector magnetograms from MUSIC. These comparisons confirm the previous results regarding the importance of core-field <span class="hlt">activity</span> to <span class="hlt">active</span> region <span class="hlt">heating</span>. <span class="hlt">Activity</span> in fields associated with satellite polarity inclusions and/or magnetically sheared configurations is especially prominent. This work is funded by NASA's Office of Space Science through the Sun-Earth Connection Guest Investigator Program and the Solar Physics Supporting Research and Technology Program.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20705071','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20705071"><span>Thermoregulation of water foraging honeybees--balancing of endothermic <span class="hlt">activity</span> with radiative <span class="hlt">heat</span> gain and functional requirements.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kovac, Helmut; Stabentheiner, Anton; Schmaranzer, Sigurd</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>Foraging honeybees are subjected to considerable variations of microclimatic conditions challenging their thermoregulatory ability. Solar <span class="hlt">heat</span> is a gain in the cold but may be a burden in the <span class="hlt">heat</span>. We investigated the balancing of endothermic <span class="hlt">activity</span> with radiative <span class="hlt">heat</span> gain and physiological functions of water foraging Apis mellifera carnica honeybees in the whole range of ambient temperatures (T(a)) and solar radiation they are likely to be exposed in their natural environment in Middle Europe. The mean thorax temperature (T(th)) during foraging stays was regulated at a constantly high level (37.0-38.5 °C) in a broad range of T(a) (3-30 °C). At warmer conditions (T(a)=30-39 °C) T(th) increased to a maximal level of 45.3 °C. The endothermic temperature excess (difference of T(body)-T(a) of living and dead bees) was used to assess the endogenously generated temperature elevation as a correlate of energy turnover. Up to a T(a) of ∼30 °C bees used solar <span class="hlt">heat</span> gain for a double purpose: to reduce energetic expenditure and to increase T(th) by about 1-3 °C to improve force <span class="hlt">production</span> of flight muscles. At higher T(a) they exhibited cooling efforts to get rid of excess <span class="hlt">heat</span>. A high T(th) also allowed regulation of the head temperature high enough to guarantee proper function of the bees' suction pump even at low T(a). This shortened the foraging stays and this way reduced energetic costs. With decreasing T(a) bees also reduced arrival body weight and crop loading to do both minimize costs and optimize flight performance. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16174540','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16174540"><span>Mass <span class="hlt">production</span> of somatic embryos expressing Escherichia coli <span class="hlt">heat</span>-labile enterotoxin B subunit in Siberian ginseng.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kang, Tae-Jin; Lee, Won-Seok; Choi, Eun-Gyung; Kim, Jae-Whune; Kim, Bang-Geul; Yang, Moon-Sik</p> <p>2006-01-24</p> <p>The B subunit of Escherichia coli <span class="hlt">heat</span>-labile toxin (LTB) is a potent mucosal immunogen and immunoadjuvant for co-administered antigens. In order to produce large scale of LTB for the development of edible vaccine, we used transgenic somatic embryos of Siberian ginseng, which is known as medicinal plant. When transgenic somatic embryos were cultured in 130L air-lift type bioreactor, they were developed to mature somatic embryos through somatic embryogenesis and contained approximately 0.36% LTB of the total soluble protein. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay indicated that the somatic embryo-synthesized LTB protein bound specifically to GM1-ganglioside, suggesting the LTB subunits formed <span class="hlt">active</span> pentamers. Therefore, the use of the bioreactor system for expression of LTB proteins in somatic embryos allows for continuous mass <span class="hlt">production</span> in a short-term period.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24255828','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24255828"><span>On the existence of another source of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> for the earth and planets, and its connection with gravitomagnetism.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Elbeze, Alexandre Chaloum</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Recent revised estimates of the Earth's surface <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux are in the order of 47 TW. Given that its internal radiogenic (mantle and crust) <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> is estimated to be around 20 TW, the Earth has a thermal deficit of around 27 TW. This article will try to show that the action of the gravitational field of the Sun on the rotating masses of the Earth is probably the source of another <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> in order of 54TW, which would satisfy the thermal balance of our celestial body and probably explain the reduced <span class="hlt">heat</span> flow Qo. We reach this conclusion within the framework of gravitation implied by Einstein's special and general relativity theory (SR, GR). Our results show that it might possible, in principle, to calculate the <span class="hlt">heat</span> generated by the action of the gravitational field of celestial bodies on the Earth and planets of the Solar System (a phenomenon that is different to that of the gravitational tidal effect from the Sun and the Moon). This result should help physicists to improve and develop new models of the Earth's <span class="hlt">heat</span> balance, and suggests that contrary to cooling, the Earth is in a phase of thermal balance, or even reheating.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUSM.U41B..07L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUSM.U41B..07L"><span>Toward an Improved Understanding of the Tropical Energy Budget Using TRMM-based Atmospheric Radiative <span class="hlt">Heating</span> <span class="hlt">Products</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>L'Ecuyer, T.; McGarragh, G.; Ellis, T.; Stephens, G.; Olson, W.; Grecu, M.; Shie, C.; Jiang, X.; Waliser, D.; Li, J.; Tian, B.</p> <p>2008-05-01</p> <p>It is widely recognized that clouds and precipitation exert a profound influence on the propagation of radiation through the Earth's atmosphere. In fact, feedbacks between clouds, radiation, and precipitation represent one of the most important unresolved factors inhibiting our ability to predict the consequences of global climate change. Since its launch in late 1997, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) has collected more than a decade of rainfall measurements that now form the gold standard of satellite-based precipitation estimates. Although not as widely advertised, the instruments aboard TRMM are also well-suited to the problem of characterizing the distribution of atmospheric <span class="hlt">heating</span> in the tropics and a series of algorithms have recently been developed for estimating profiles of radiative and latent <span class="hlt">heating</span> from these measurements. This presentation will describe a new multi-sensor tropical radiative <span class="hlt">heating</span> <span class="hlt">product</span> derived primarily from TRMM observations. Extensive evaluation of the <span class="hlt">products</span> using a combination of ground and satellite-based observations is used to place the dataset in the context of existing techniques for quantifying atmospheric radiative <span class="hlt">heating</span>. Highlights of several recent applications of the dataset will be presented that illustrate its utility for observation-based analysis of energy and water cycle variability on seasonal to inter-annual timescales and evaluating the representation of these processes in numerical models. Emphasis will be placed on the problem of understanding the impacts of clouds and precipitation on atmospheric <span class="hlt">heating</span> on large spatial scales, one of the primary benefits of satellite observations like those provided by TRMM.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22738209','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22738209"><span>Oral administration of γ-aminobutyric acid affects <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> in a hot environment in resting humans.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Miyazawa, Taiki; Kawabata, Takashi; Okazaki, Kazunobu; Suzuki, Takashi; Imai, Daiki; Hamamoto, Takeshi; Matsumura, Shinya; Miyagawa, Toshiaki</p> <p>2012-02-29</p> <p>Central administration of γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) induces lower body temperature in animals in hot ambient air. However, it is still unknown whether oral GABA administration affects temperature regulation at rest in a hot environment in humans. Therefore, in the present study, we specifically hypothesized that systemic administration of GABA in humans would induce hypothermia in a hot environment and that this response would be observed in association with decreased <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>. Eight male participants drank a 200-ml sports drink with 1 g of GABA (trial G) or without GABA (trial C), then rested for 30 minutes in a sitting position in a hot environment (ambient air temperature 33°C, relative humidity 50%). We found that changes in esophageal temperature from before drinking the sports drink were lower in trial G than in trial C (-0.046 ± 0.079°C vs 0.001 ± 0.063°C; P < 0.05), with lower <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> calculated by oxygen consumption (41 ± 5 W/m2 vs 47 ± 8 W/m2; P < 0.05). In this study, we have demonstrated that a single oral administration of GABA induced a larger decrease in body core temperature compared to a control condition during rest in a hot environment and that this response was concomitant with a decrease in total <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28869112','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28869112"><span><span class="hlt">Activation</span> of catalase <span class="hlt">activity</span> by a peroxisome-localized small <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock protein Hsp17.6CII.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Li, Guannan; Li, Jing; Hao, Rong; Guo, Yan</p> <p>2017-08-20</p> <p>Plant catalases are important antioxidant enzymes and are indispensable for plant to cope with adverse environmental stresses. However, little is known how catalase <span class="hlt">activity</span> is regulated especially at an organelle level. In this study, we identified that small <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock protein Hsp17.6CII (AT5G12020) interacts with and <span class="hlt">activates</span> catalases in the peroxisome of Arabidopsis thaliana. Although Hsp17.6CII is classified into the cytosol-located small <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock protein subfamily, we found that Hsp17.6CII is located in the peroxisome. Moreover, Hsp17.6CII contains a novel non-canonical peroxisome targeting signal 1 (PTS1), QKL, 16 amino acids upstream from the C-terminus. The QKL signal peptide can partially locate GFP to peroxisome, and mutations in the tripeptide lead to the abolishment of this <span class="hlt">activity</span>. In vitro catalase <span class="hlt">activity</span> assay and holdase <span class="hlt">activity</span> assay showed that Hsp17.6CII increases CAT2 <span class="hlt">activity</span> and prevents it from thermal aggregation. These results indicate that Hsp17.6CII is a peroxisome-localized catalase chaperone. Overexpression of Hsp17.6CII conferred enhanced catalase <span class="hlt">activity</span> and tolerance to abiotic stresses in Arabidopsis. Interestingly, overexpression of Hsp17.6CII in catalase-deficient mutants, nca1-3 and cat2 cat3, failed to rescue their stress-sensitive phenotypes and catalase <span class="hlt">activity</span>, suggesting that Hsp17.6CII-mediated stress response is dependent on NCA1 and catalase <span class="hlt">activity</span>. Overall, we identified a novel peroxisome-located catalase chaperone that is involved in plant abiotic stress resistance by <span class="hlt">activating</span> catalase <span class="hlt">activity</span>. Copyright © 2017 Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Genetics Society of China. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19556452','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19556452"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> stress increases myonuclear number and fiber size via satellite cell <span class="hlt">activation</span> in rat regenerating soleus fibers.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Oishi, Yasuharu; Hayashida, Mari; Tsukiashi, Shinsuke; Taniguchi, Kohachi; Kami, Katsuya; Roy, Roland R; Ohira, Yoshinobu</p> <p>2009-11-01</p> <p>To investigate the effects of <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress (hyperthermia) on muscle degeneration-regeneration, the soleus muscles of adult male Wistar rats were injected bilaterally with a single injection of bupivacaine. The rats were assigned to a sedentary control (Con), <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress (<span class="hlt">Heat</span>), bupivacaine-injected (BPVC), or bupivacaine-injected plus <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress (BPVC+<span class="hlt">Heat</span>) group. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> stress was induced in the <span class="hlt">Heat</span> and BPVC+<span class="hlt">Heat</span> groups by immersion of the lower half of the body into water maintained at 42 +/- 1 degrees C for 30 min 48 h after the injection of bupivacaine and every other day during the following 1 or 2 wk. The soleus muscles in all groups were excised 24 h after the final bout of <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress. Mean muscle weight, fiber cross-sectional area, myonuclear number, and <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock protein 72 (Hsp72) and calcineurin protein levels were lower in the BPVC than in the Con or <span class="hlt">Heat</span> groups at both time points. In contrast, several of these parameters in the BPVC+<span class="hlt">Heat</span> group were not different or higher than in the Con or <span class="hlt">Heat</span> groups at the 1- and/or 2-wk time points. The number of total and <span class="hlt">activated</span> satellite cells, estimated by analyses of Pax7-negative, M-cadherin-negative, and MyoD-positive nuclei, was greater in BPVC+<span class="hlt">Heat</span> than in all other groups. Combined, the results indicate that <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress-related <span class="hlt">activation</span> of satellite cells and upregulation of Hsp72 and calcineurin expression played important roles in the regeneration of the soleus fibers after bupivacaine injection.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24365593','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24365593"><span>Cloning of ubiquitin-<span class="hlt">activating</span> enzyme and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme genes from Gracilaria lemaneiformis and their <span class="hlt">activity</span> under <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Li, Guang-Qi; Zang, Xiao-Nan; Zhang, Xue-Cheng; Lu, Ning; Ding, Yan; Gong, Le; Chen, Wen-Chao</p> <p>2014-03-15</p> <p>To study the response of Gracilaria lemaneiformis to <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress, two key enzymes - ubiquitin-<span class="hlt">activating</span> enzyme (E1) and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2) - of the Ubiquitin/26S proteasome pathway (UPP) were studied in three strains of G. lemaneiformis-wild type, <span class="hlt">heat</span>-tolerant cultivar 981 and <span class="hlt">heat</span>-tolerant cultivar 07-2. The full length DNA sequence of E1 contained only one exon. The open reading frame (ORF) sequence was 981 nucleotides encoding 326 amino acids, which contained conserved ATP binding sites (LYDRQIRLWGLE, ELAKNVLLAGV, LKEMN, VVCAI) and the ubiquitin-<span class="hlt">activating</span> domains (VVCAI…LMTEAC, VFLDLGDEYSYQ, AIVGGMWGRE). The gene sequence of E2 contained four exons and three introns. The sum of the four exons gave an open reading frame sequence of 444 nucleotides encoding 147 amino acids, which contained a conserved ubiquitin-<span class="hlt">activating</span> domain (GSICLDIL), ubiquitin-conjugating domains (RIYHPNIN, KVLLSICSLL, DDPLV) and ubiquitin-ligase (E3) recognition sites (KRI, YPF, WSP). Real-time-PCR analysis of transcription levels of E1 and E2 under <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock conditions (28°C and 32°C) showed that in wild type, transcriptions of E1 and E2 were up-regulated at 28°C, while at 32°C, transcriptions of the two enzymes were below the normal level. In cultivar 981 and cultivar 07-2 of G. lemaneiformis, the transcription levels of the two enzymes were up-regulated at 32°C, and transcription level of cultivar 07-2 was even higher than that of cultivar 981. These results suggest that the UPP plays an important role in high temperature resistance of G. lemaneiformis and the bioactivity of UPP is directly related to the <span class="hlt">heat</span>-resistant ability of G. lemaneiformis. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27246969','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27246969"><span>Microwave flow and conventional <span class="hlt">heating</span> effects on the physicochemical properties, bioactive compounds and enzymatic <span class="hlt">activity</span> of tomato puree.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Arjmandi, Mitra; Otón, Mariano; Artés, Francisco; Artés-Hernández, Francisco; Gómez, Perla A; Aguayo, Encarna</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>Thermal processing causes a number of undesirable changes in physicochemical and bioactive properties of tomato <span class="hlt">products</span>. Microwave (MW) technology is an emergent thermal industrial process that offers a rapid and uniform <span class="hlt">heating</span>, high energy efficiency and high overall quality of the final <span class="hlt">product</span>. The main quality changes of tomato puree after pasteurization at 96 ± 2 °C for 35 s, provided by a semi-industrial continuous microwave oven (MWP) under different doses (low power/long time to high power/short time) or by conventional method (CP) were studied. All <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatments reduced colour quality, total antioxidant capacity and vitamin C, with a greater reduction in CP than in MWP. On the other hand, use of an MWP, in particular high power/short time (1900 W/180 s, 2700 W/160 s and 3150 W/150 s) enhanced the viscosity and lycopene extraction and decreased the enzyme residual <span class="hlt">activity</span> better than with CP samples. For tomato puree, polygalacturonase was the more thermo-resistant enzyme, and could be used as an indicator of pasteurization efficiency. MWP was an excellent pasteurization technique that provided tomato puree with improved nutritional quality, reducing process times compared to the standard pasteurization process. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22339695','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22339695"><span>Effect of dietary γ-aminobutyric acid on laying performance, egg quality, immune <span class="hlt">activity</span> and endocrine hormone in <span class="hlt">heat</span>-stressed Roman hens.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zhang, Min; Zou, Xiao-Ting; Li, Hui; Dong, Xin-Yang; Zhao, Wenjing</p> <p>2012-02-01</p> <p>This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on laying performance, egg quality, digestive enzyme <span class="hlt">activity</span>, hormone level and immune <span class="hlt">activities</span> in Roman hens under <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress. Roman hens (320 days old) were fed with 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg GABA, respectively during a 60-day experiment. Compared with control, supplementation of 50 mg/kg GABA improved the laying performance and egg quality by significantly increasing egg <span class="hlt">production</span>, average egg weight and shell strength (P < 0.05), while decreasing the feed-egg ratio and cholesterol level. Anti-oxidation <span class="hlt">activity</span> was improved by significantly increasing the <span class="hlt">activity</span> of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), but decreasing malondialdehyde level in serum (P < 0.05), while significantly increasing the glucose and total protein (TP) level, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E(2) ), insulin, triiodothyronine (T(3) ) and free triiodothyronine (FT(3) ) levels, and IgG, IgA and complement (C3)<span class="hlt">activity</span> in serum (P < 0.05). The results indicated that oral GABA improved laying performance and physical condition mainly by modulating hormone secretion, enhancing anti-oxidation and immune <span class="hlt">activity</span>, and maintaining electrolyte balance. Fifty mg/kg was the optimum level for laying hens under <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress in the present study. © 2011 The Authors. Animal Science Journal © 2011 Japanese Society of Animal Science.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28651384','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28651384"><span>Agaricus bisporus <span class="hlt">production</span> on substrates pasteurized by self-<span class="hlt">heating</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Colmenares-Cruz, Stephania; Sánchez, José E; Valle-Mora, Javier</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The aim of this work was to determine if the self-<span class="hlt">heating</span> pasteurization procedure is technically applicable to the cultivation of Agaricus bisporus. Firstly the substrates alone (corncob, Pangola grass and a mixture of both ingredients with wood shavings) were tested. Two supplementation trials were then undertaken using soybean, wheat bran, sheep manure, sesame seed, black bean and chia. Highest <span class="hlt">production</span> values (BE = 176.3% and Y = 26.6 kg/m 2 ) were obtained using a 9% supplement, with a formula consisting of 25% each of soybean, black bean, wheat bran and chia, added at spawning and at casing. These results were comparable to those obtained with the Phase II compost traditionally used for A. bisporus cultivation.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_17 --> <div id="page_18" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="341"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26652215','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26652215"><span>Improved volatile fatty acids anaerobic <span class="hlt">production</span> from waste <span class="hlt">activated</span> sludge by pH regulation: Alkaline or neutral pH?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ma, Huijun; Chen, Xingchun; Liu, He; Liu, Hongbo; Fu, Bo</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>In this study, the anaerobic fermentation was carried out for volatile fatty acids (VFAs) <span class="hlt">production</span> at different pH (between 7.0 and 10.0) conditions with untreated sludge and <span class="hlt">heat</span>-alkaline pretreated waste <span class="hlt">activated</span> sludge. In the fermentation with untreated sludge, the extent of hydrolysis of organic matters and extent of acidification at alkaline pH are 54.37% and 30.37%, respectively, resulting in the highest VFAs yield at 235.46mg COD/gVS of three pH conditions. In the fermentation with <span class="hlt">heat</span>-alkaline pretreated sludge, the acidification rate and VFAs yield at neutral pH are 30.98% and 240.14mg COD/gVS, respectively, which are higher than that at other pH conditions. With the glucose or bovine serum albumin as substrate for VFAs <span class="hlt">production</span>, the neutral pH showed a higher VFAs concentration than the alkaline pH condition. The results of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis indicated that the alkaline pH caused low microbial richness. Based on the results in this study, we demonstrated that the alkaline pH is favor of hydrolysis of organic matter in sludge while neutral pH improved the acidogenesis for the VFAs <span class="hlt">production</span> from sludge. Our finding is obvious different to the previous research and helpful for the understanding of how <span class="hlt">heat</span>-alkaline pretreatment and alkaline fermentation influence the VFAs <span class="hlt">production</span>, and beneficial to the development of VFAs <span class="hlt">production</span> process. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4972309','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4972309"><span>Distinct Skeletal Muscle Gene Regulation from <span class="hlt">Active</span> Contraction, Passive Vibration, and Whole Body <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Stress in Humans</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Petrie, Michael A.; Kimball, Amy L.; McHenry, Colleen L.; Suneja, Manish; Yen, Chu-Ling; Sharma, Arpit; Shields, Richard K.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Skeletal muscle exercise regulates several important metabolic genes in humans. We know little about the effects of environmental stress (<span class="hlt">heat</span>) and mechanical stress (vibration) on skeletal muscle. Passive mechanical stress or systemic <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress are often used in combination with many <span class="hlt">active</span> exercise programs. We designed a method to deliver a vibration stress and systemic <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress to compare the effects with <span class="hlt">active</span> skeletal muscle contraction. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine whether <span class="hlt">active</span> mechanical stress (muscle contraction), passive mechanical stress (vibration), or systemic whole body <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress regulates key gene signatures associated with muscle metabolism, hypertrophy/atrophy, and inflammation/repair. Methods: Eleven subjects, six able-bodied and five with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) participated in the study. The six able-bodied subjects sat in a <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress chamber for 30 minutes. Five subjects with SCI received a single dose of limb-segment vibration or a dose of repetitive electrically induced muscle contractions. Three hours after the completion of each stress, we performed a muscle biopsy (vastus lateralis or soleus) to analyze mRNA gene expression. Results: We discovered repetitive <span class="hlt">active</span> muscle contractions up regulated metabolic transcription factors NR4A3 (12.45 fold), PGC-1α (5.46 fold), and ABRA (5.98 fold); and repressed MSTN (0.56 fold). <span class="hlt">Heat</span> stress repressed PGC-1α (0.74 fold change; p < 0.05); while vibration induced FOXK2 (2.36 fold change; p < 0.05). Vibration similarly caused a down regulation of MSTN (0.74 fold change; p < 0.05), but to a lesser extent than <span class="hlt">active</span> muscle contraction. Vibration induced FOXK2 (p < 0.05) while <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress repressed PGC-1α (0.74 fold) and ANKRD1 genes (0.51 fold; p < 0.05). Conclusion: These findings support a distinct gene regulation in response to <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress, vibration, and muscle contractions. Understanding these responses may assist in developing regenerative</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27486743','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27486743"><span>Distinct Skeletal Muscle Gene Regulation from <span class="hlt">Active</span> Contraction, Passive Vibration, and Whole Body <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Stress in Humans.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Petrie, Michael A; Kimball, Amy L; McHenry, Colleen L; Suneja, Manish; Yen, Chu-Ling; Sharma, Arpit; Shields, Richard K</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Skeletal muscle exercise regulates several important metabolic genes in humans. We know little about the effects of environmental stress (<span class="hlt">heat</span>) and mechanical stress (vibration) on skeletal muscle. Passive mechanical stress or systemic <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress are often used in combination with many <span class="hlt">active</span> exercise programs. We designed a method to deliver a vibration stress and systemic <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress to compare the effects with <span class="hlt">active</span> skeletal muscle contraction. The purpose of this study is to examine whether <span class="hlt">active</span> mechanical stress (muscle contraction), passive mechanical stress (vibration), or systemic whole body <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress regulates key gene signatures associated with muscle metabolism, hypertrophy/atrophy, and inflammation/repair. Eleven subjects, six able-bodied and five with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) participated in the study. The six able-bodied subjects sat in a <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress chamber for 30 minutes. Five subjects with SCI received a single dose of limb-segment vibration or a dose of repetitive electrically induced muscle contractions. Three hours after the completion of each stress, we performed a muscle biopsy (vastus lateralis or soleus) to analyze mRNA gene expression. We discovered repetitive <span class="hlt">active</span> muscle contractions up regulated metabolic transcription factors NR4A3 (12.45 fold), PGC-1α (5.46 fold), and ABRA (5.98 fold); and repressed MSTN (0.56 fold). <span class="hlt">Heat</span> stress repressed PGC-1α (0.74 fold change; p < 0.05); while vibration induced FOXK2 (2.36 fold change; p < 0.05). Vibration similarly caused a down regulation of MSTN (0.74 fold change; p < 0.05), but to a lesser extent than <span class="hlt">active</span> muscle contraction. Vibration induced FOXK2 (p < 0.05) while <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress repressed PGC-1α (0.74 fold) and ANKRD1 genes (0.51 fold; p < 0.05). These findings support a distinct gene regulation in response to <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress, vibration, and muscle contractions. Understanding these responses may assist in developing regenerative rehabilitation interventions to improve muscle cell</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3733161','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3733161"><span>Arabidopsis <span class="hlt">HEAT</span> SHOCK TRANSCRIPTION FACTORA1b overexpression enhances water <span class="hlt">productivity</span>, resistance to drought, and infection</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Richard, François; Bowden, Laura; Morison, James I.L.; Mullineaux, Philip M.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Heat</span>-stressed crops suffer dehydration, depressed growth, and a consequent decline in water <span class="hlt">productivity</span>, which is the yield of harvestable <span class="hlt">product</span> as a function of lifetime water consumption and is a trait associated with plant growth and development. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> shock transcription factor (HSF) genes have been implicated not only in thermotolerance but also in plant growth and development, and therefore could influence water <span class="hlt">productivity</span>. Here it is demonstrated that Arabidopsis thaliana plants with increased HSFA1b expression showed increased water <span class="hlt">productivity</span> and harvest index under water-replete and water-limiting conditions. In non-stressed HSFA1b-overexpressing (HSFA1bOx) plants, 509 genes showed altered expression, and these genes were not over-represented for development-associated genes but were for response to biotic stress. This confirmed an additional role for HSFA1b in maintaining basal disease resistance, which was stress hormone independent but involved H2O2 signalling. Fifty-five of the 509 genes harbour a variant of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock element (HSE) in their promoters, here named HSE1b. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-PCR confirmed binding of HSFA1b to HSE1b in vivo, including in seven transcription factor genes. One of these is MULTIPROTEIN BRIDGING FACTOR1c (MBF1c). Plants overexpressing MBF1c showed enhanced basal resistance but not water <span class="hlt">productivity</span>, thus partially phenocopying HSFA1bOx plants. A comparison of genes responsive to HSFA1b and MBF1c overexpression revealed a common group, none of which harbours a HSE1b motif. From this example, it is suggested that HSFA1b directly regulates 55 HSE1b-containing genes, which control the remaining 454 genes, collectively accounting for the stress defence and developmental phenotypes of HSFA1bOx. PMID:23828547</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JNR....18..150L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JNR....18..150L"><span>In situ <span class="hlt">production</span> of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in molten salt phase for thermal energy storage and <span class="hlt">heat</span>-transfer fluid applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lasfargues, Mathieu; Bell, Andrew; Ding, Yulong</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>In this study, TiO2 nanoparticles (average particle size 16 nm) were successfully produced in molten salt phase and were showed to significantly enhance the specific <span class="hlt">heat</span> capacity of a binary eutectic mixture of sodium and potassium nitrate (60/40) by 5.4 % at 390 °C and 7.5 % at 445 °C for 3.0 wt% of precursors used. The objective of this research was to develop a cost-effective alternate method of <span class="hlt">production</span> which is potentially scalable, as current techniques utilized are not economically viable for large quantities. Enhancing the specific <span class="hlt">heat</span> capacity of molten salt would promote more competitive pricing for electricity <span class="hlt">production</span> by concentrating solar power plant. Here, a simple precursor (TiOSO4) was added to a binary eutectic mixture of potassium and sodium nitrate, <span class="hlt">heated</span> to 450 °C, and cooled to witness the <span class="hlt">production</span> of nanoparticles.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22866051','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22866051"><span>The effect of standard <span class="hlt">heat</span> and filtration processing procedures on antimicrobial <span class="hlt">activity</span> and hydrogen peroxide levels in honey.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chen, Cuilan; Campbell, Leona T; Blair, Shona E; Carter, Dee A</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>There is increasing interest in the antimicrobial properties of honey. In most honey types, antimicrobial <span class="hlt">activity</span> is due to the generation of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), but this can vary greatly among samples. Honey is a complex <span class="hlt">product</span> and other components may modulate <span class="hlt">activity</span>, which can be further affected by commercial processing procedures. In this study we examined honey derived from three native Australian floral sources that had previously been associated with H(2)O(2)-dependent <span class="hlt">activity</span>. Antibacterial <span class="hlt">activity</span> was seen in four red stringybark samples only, and ranged from 12 to 21.1% phenol equivalence against Staphylococcus aureus. Antifungal <span class="hlt">activity</span> ranged from MIC values of 19-38.3% (w/v) against Candida albicans, and all samples were significantly more <span class="hlt">active</span> than an osmotically equivalent sugar solution. All honey samples were provided unprocessed and following commercial processing. Processing was usually detrimental to antimicrobial <span class="hlt">activity</span>, but occasionally the reverse was seen and <span class="hlt">activity</span> increased. H(2)O(2) levels varied from 0 to 1017 μM, and although samples with no H(2)O(2) had little or no antimicrobial <span class="hlt">activity</span>, some samples had relatively high H(2)O(2) levels yet no antimicrobial <span class="hlt">activity</span>. In samples where H(2)O(2) was detected, the correlation with antibacterial <span class="hlt">activity</span> was greater in the processed than in the unprocessed samples, suggesting other factors present in the honey influence this <span class="hlt">activity</span> and are sensitive to <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment. Antifungal <span class="hlt">activity</span> did not correlate with the level of H(2)O(2) in honey samples, and overall it appeared that H(2)O(2) alone was not sufficient to inhibit C. albicans. We conclude that floral source and H(2)O(2) levels are not reliable predictors of the antimicrobial <span class="hlt">activity</span> of honey, which currently can only be assessed by standardized antimicrobial testing. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> processing should be reduced where possible, and honey destined for medicinal use should be retested post-processing to ensure that</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3406342','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3406342"><span>The effect of standard <span class="hlt">heat</span> and filtration processing procedures on antimicrobial <span class="hlt">activity</span> and hydrogen peroxide levels in honey</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Chen, Cuilan; Campbell, Leona T.; Blair, Shona E.; Carter, Dee A.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>There is increasing interest in the antimicrobial properties of honey. In most honey types, antimicrobial <span class="hlt">activity</span> is due to the generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), but this can vary greatly among samples. Honey is a complex <span class="hlt">product</span> and other components may modulate <span class="hlt">activity</span>, which can be further affected by commercial processing procedures. In this study we examined honey derived from three native Australian floral sources that had previously been associated with H2O2-dependent <span class="hlt">activity</span>. Antibacterial <span class="hlt">activity</span> was seen in four red stringybark samples only, and ranged from 12 to 21.1% phenol equivalence against Staphylococcus aureus. Antifungal <span class="hlt">activity</span> ranged from MIC values of 19–38.3% (w/v) against Candida albicans, and all samples were significantly more <span class="hlt">active</span> than an osmotically equivalent sugar solution. All honey samples were provided unprocessed and following commercial processing. Processing was usually detrimental to antimicrobial <span class="hlt">activity</span>, but occasionally the reverse was seen and <span class="hlt">activity</span> increased. H2O2 levels varied from 0 to 1017 μM, and although samples with no H2O2 had little or no antimicrobial <span class="hlt">activity</span>, some samples had relatively high H2O2 levels yet no antimicrobial <span class="hlt">activity</span>. In samples where H2O2 was detected, the correlation with antibacterial <span class="hlt">activity</span> was greater in the processed than in the unprocessed samples, suggesting other factors present in the honey influence this <span class="hlt">activity</span> and are sensitive to <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment. Antifungal <span class="hlt">activity</span> did not correlate with the level of H2O2 in honey samples, and overall it appeared that H2O2 alone was not sufficient to inhibit C. albicans. We conclude that floral source and H2O2 levels are not reliable predictors of the antimicrobial <span class="hlt">activity</span> of honey, which currently can only be assessed by standardized antimicrobial testing. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> processing should be reduced where possible, and honey destined for medicinal use should be retested post-processing to ensure that <span class="hlt">activity</span> levels have not changed</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29236653','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29236653"><span>Rectal Cancer Survivors' Participation in <span class="hlt">Productive</span> <span class="hlt">Activities</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hornbrook, Mark C; Grant, Marcia; Wendel, Christopher; Bulkley, Joanna E; Mcmullen, Carmit K; Altschuler, Andrea; Temple, Larissa Kf; Herrinton, Lisa J; Krouse, Robert S</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Rectal cancer and its treatment impair survivors' <span class="hlt">productivity</span>. To assess determinants of market and nonmarket employment, job search, volunteering, and homemaking among survivors five years or longer after diagnosis. We mailed questionnaires to 1063 survivors who were members of Kaiser Permanente (Northern California, Northwest) during 2010 and 2011. <span class="hlt">Productive</span> <span class="hlt">activities</span>, functional health status, and bowel management at the time of the survey. Response rate was 60.5% (577/953). Higher comorbidity burdens were associated with lower <span class="hlt">productivity</span> for men and women rectal cancer survivors. <span class="hlt">Productive</span> survivors were younger and had lower disease stage and age at diagnosis, higher household income and educational attainment, and fewer comorbidity burdens and workplace adjustments than did nonproductive survivors (p < 0.05 each; 2-sided). <span class="hlt">Productive</span> rectal cancer survivors were evenly split by sex. Staying <span class="hlt">productive</span> is associated with better mental health for rectal cancer survivors. Rectal cancer survivors with multiple chronic conditions, higher disease stage, lower <span class="hlt">productive</span> <span class="hlt">activities</span>, and older age need better access to medical care and closer monitoring of the quality of their care, including self-care. To capture the full extent of the involvement of survivors in all types of <span class="hlt">productive</span> <span class="hlt">activities</span>, research should routinely include measures of employment, searching for employment, homemaking, and volunteering. Counting market and nonmarket <span class="hlt">productive</span> <span class="hlt">activities</span> is innovative and recognizes the continuum of contributions survivors make to families and society. Health care systems should routinely monitor rectal cancer survivors' medical care access, comorbidities, health-related quality of life, and <span class="hlt">productive</span> <span class="hlt">activities</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25554983','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25554983"><span>The dynamics of <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock system <span class="hlt">activation</span> in Monomac-6 cells upon Helicobacter pylori infection.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pierzchalski, P; Jastrzebska, M; Link-Lenczowski, P; Leja-Szpak, A; Bonior, J; Jaworek, J; Okon, K; Wojcik, P</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Immune system cells, particularly phagocytes, are exposed to direct contact with pathogens. Because of its nature - elimination of pathogenes - their cytoprotective systems supposed to be quick and forceful. Physiological consequence of phagocytosis for the phagocyte is the apoptotic death to prevent the eventual survival of bacteria as intracellular parasites. However, in some cases, defense systems used by the bacteria force the immune cells to prolong the contact with the pathogen for its effective elimination. Experiments were performed on Monomac-6 cells exposed to live CagA, VacA expressing Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) over different period of time. Total cellular RNA, cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins were isolated for polymerase chain reaction, Western-blot and electrophoretic mobility shift assay, respectively. We found that Monomac-6 cells infection with H. pylori resulted in the translocation of the entire cellular content of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock protein 70 (HSP70) into the cytoplasm, where its presence could protect cell against toxic <span class="hlt">products</span> of engulfed bacteria and premature apoptosis. At the same time the nuclear translocation of <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock factor 1 (HSF-1) and <span class="hlt">activation</span> of HSP70 gene transcription was noticed. Action of HSP70 might to postpone monocyte apoptosis through protecting cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins from damaging effect of bacterial <span class="hlt">products</span>, what could be the defending mechanism against the toxic stress caused by engulfed bacteria and provide the immune cell with the sufficient amount of time required for neutralization of the bacteria from phagosomes, even at the expense of temporary lack of the protection of nuclear proteins.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=414207','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=414207"><span>Protective Effect of <span class="hlt">Active</span> Immunization with Purified Escherichia coli <span class="hlt">Heat</span>-Labile Enterotoxin in Rats</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Klipstein, Frederick A.; Engert, Richard F.</p> <p>1979-01-01</p> <p>The protective effect of <span class="hlt">active</span> immunization by different routes with a purified preparation of the polymyxin-release form of Escherichia coli <span class="hlt">heat</span>-labile toxin was evaluated in rats. Immunized animals were challenged by placing toxin into ligated ileal loops at dosages which produced either 50% or the maximum secretory response in unimmunized rats. Immunization exclusively by the parenteral route yielded significant protection. Rats were also protected when parenteral priming was followed by boosting given either directly into the duodenum or perorally 2 h after intragastric cimetidine, but not when the peroral boosts were given with bicarbonate. Immunization administered entirely by the peroral route with cimetidine yielded protection but only when the immunizing dosage was fivefold greater than that found effective in the parenteral-peroral approach. Rats immunized exclusively by the parenteral route and those boosted perorally with cimetidine were also tested, and found to be protected, against challenge with viable organisms of strains that produce either <span class="hlt">heat</span>-labile toxin alone or both <span class="hlt">heat</span>-labile and <span class="hlt">heat</span>-stable toxin, but they were not protected against a strain which produces just <span class="hlt">heat</span>-stable toxin. Geometric mean serum antibody titers were increased by 16-fold or more over control values in those groups of rats in which protection was achieved, with the exception of those immunized exclusively by the peroral route. These observations demonstrate that (i) <span class="hlt">active</span> immunization with purified E. coli <span class="hlt">heat</span>-labile toxin results in significant protection against both this toxin as well as viable organisms which produce it, but not against viable strains which produce <span class="hlt">heat</span>-stable toxin only, and (ii) concomitant ablation of gastric secretion by the use of cimetidine renders the peroral route of immunization effective. They suggest that prophylactic immunization against diarrheal disease caused by <span class="hlt">heat</span>-labile toxin-producing strains of E. coli may be feasible in</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3530110','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3530110"><span>Does sex have an independent effect on thermoeffector responses during exercise in the <span class="hlt">heat</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Gagnon, Daniel; Kenny, Glen P</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Although a number of studies have examined potential differences in temperature regulation between males and females during <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress, conclusions have remained limited as to whether reported differences are due to confounding physical characteristics or to actual differences in the physiological variables of temperature regulation. Recent observations suggest that sex differences in temperature regulation, particularly in sudomotor <span class="hlt">activity</span>, go beyond those associated with physical characteristics. Females have recently been shown to have a lower sudomotor <span class="hlt">activity</span>, as well as a lower thermosensitivity of the response compared to males during exercise performed at a fixed rate of metabolic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>. Furthermore, sex differences in local and whole-body sudomotor <span class="hlt">activity</span> are only evident above a certain combination of environmental conditions and rate of metabolic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>. In contrast, both the onset threshold and thermosensitivity of cutaneous vasodilatation are similar between males and females. In theory, differences in the thermosensitivity of sudomotor <span class="hlt">activity</span> could be related to either a central (neural <span class="hlt">activity</span>/integration) and/or peripheral (effector organ) modulation of temperature regulation. Based on recent findings, sex differences in sudomotor <span class="hlt">activity</span> appear to be mediated peripherally, although a central modulation has yet to be conclusively ruled out. Here we present a brief yet comprehensive review of the current state of knowledge pertaining to sex differences in temperature regulation during exercise in the <span class="hlt">heat</span>. PMID:23045336</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/6325484','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/6325484"><span>Annual DOE <span class="hlt">active</span> solar <span class="hlt">heating</span> and cooling contractors' review meeting. Premeeting proceedings and project summaries</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>None,</p> <p>1981-09-01</p> <p>Ninety-three project summaries are presented which discuss the following aspects of <span class="hlt">active</span> solar <span class="hlt">heating</span> and cooling: Rankine solar cooling systems; absorption solar cooling systems; desiccant solar cooling systems; solar <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump systems; solar hot water systems; special projects (such as the National Solar Data Network, hybrid solar thermal/photovoltaic applications, and <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer and water migration in soils); administrative/management support; and solar collector, storage, controls, analysis, and materials technology. (LEW)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27169748','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27169748"><span>Differential expression pattern of <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock protein 70 gene in tissues and <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress phenotypes in goats during peak <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress period.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Rout, P K; Kaushik, R; Ramachandran, N</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>It has been established that the synthesis of <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is temperature-dependent. The Hsp70 response is considered as a cellular thermometer in response to <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress and other stimuli. The variation in Hsp70 gene expression has been positively correlated with thermotolerance in Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, rodents and human. Goats have a wide range of ecological adaptability due to their anatomical and physiological characteristics; however, the <span class="hlt">productivity</span> of the individual declines during thermal stress. The present study was carried out to analyze the expression of <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock proteins in different tissues and to contrast <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress phenotypes in response to chronic <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress. The investigation has been carried out in Jamunapari, Barbari, Jakhrana and Sirohi goats. These breeds differ in size, coat colour and <span class="hlt">production</span> performance. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress assessment in goats was carried out at a temperature humidity index (THI) ranging from 85.36-89.80 over the period. Phenotyping for <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress susceptibility was carried out by combining respiration rate (RR) and heart rate (HR). Based on the distribution of RR and HR over the breeds in the population, individual animals were recognized as <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress-susceptible (HSS) and <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress-tolerant (HST). Based on their physiological responses, the selected animals were slaughtered for tissue collection during peak <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress periods. The tissue samples from different organs such as liver, spleen, heart, testis, brain and lungs were collected and stored at -70 °C for future use. Hsp70 concentrations were analyzed from tissue extract with ELISA. mRNA expression levels were evaluated using the SYBR green method. Kidney, liver and heart had 1.5-2.0-fold higher Hsp70 concentrations as compared to other organs in the tissue extracts. Similarly, the gene expression pattern of Hsp70 in different organs indicated that the liver, spleen, brain and kidney exhibited 5.94, 4.96, 5</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24862004','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24862004"><span>Enhancement of n-butanol <span class="hlt">production</span> by in situ butanol removal using permeating-<span class="hlt">heating</span>-gas stripping in acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chen, Yong; Ren, Hengfei; Liu, Dong; Zhao, Ting; Shi, Xinchi; Cheng, Hao; Zhao, Nan; Li, Zhenjian; Li, Bingbing; Niu, Huanqing; Zhuang, Wei; Xie, Jingjing; Chen, Xiaochun; Wu, Jinglan; Ying, Hanjie</p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>Butanol recovery from acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fed-batch fermentation using permeating-<span class="hlt">heating</span>-gas was determined in this study. Fermentation was performed with Clostridium acetobutylicum B3 in a fibrous bed bioreactor and permeating-<span class="hlt">heating</span>-gas stripping was used to eliminate substrate and <span class="hlt">product</span> inhibition, which normally restrict ABE <span class="hlt">production</span> and sugar utilization to below 20 g/L and 60 g/L, respectively. In batch fermentation (without permeating-<span class="hlt">heating</span>-gas stripping), C. acetobutylicum B3 utilized 60 g/L glucose and produced 19.9 g/L ABE and 12 g/L butanol, while in the integrated process 290 g/L glucose was utilized and 106.27 g/L ABE and 66.09 g/L butanol were produced. The intermittent gas stripping process generated a highly concentrated condensate containing approximately 15% (w/v) butanol, 4% (w/v) acetone, a small amount of ethanol (<1%), and almost no acids, resulting in a highly concentrated butanol solution [∼ 70% (w/v)] after phase separation. Butanol removal by permeating-<span class="hlt">heating</span>-gas stripping has potential for commercial ABE <span class="hlt">production</span>. Copyright © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMSH33B2228Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMSH33B2228Y"><span>Relating Alfvén Wave <span class="hlt">Heating</span> Model to Observations of a Solar <span class="hlt">Active</span> Region</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yoritomo, J. Y.; Van Ballegooijen, A. A.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>We compared images from the Solar Dynamics Observatory's (SDO) Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) with simulations of propagating and dissipating Alfvén waves from a three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model (van Ballegooijen et. al 2011; Asgari-Targhi & van Ballegooijen 2012). The goal was to search for observational evidence of Alfvén waves in the solar corona and understand their role in coronal <span class="hlt">heating</span>. We looked at one particular <span class="hlt">active</span> region on the 5th of May 2012. Certain distinct loops in the SDO/AIA observations were selected and expanded. Movies were created from these selections in an attempt to discover transverse motions that may be Alfvén waves. Using a magnetogram of that day and the corresponding synoptic map, a potential field model was created for the <span class="hlt">active</span> region. Three-dimensional MHD models for several loops in different locations in the <span class="hlt">active</span> region were created. Each model specifies the temperature, pressure, magnetic field strength, average <span class="hlt">heating</span> rate, and other parameters along the loop. We find that the <span class="hlt">heating</span> is intermittent in the loops and reflection occurs at the transition region. For loops at larger and larger height, a point is reached where thermal non-equilibrium occurs. In the center this critical height is much higher than in the periphery of the <span class="hlt">active</span> region. Lastly, we find that the average <span class="hlt">heating</span> rate and coronal pressure decrease with increasing height in the corona. This research was supported by an NSF grant for the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) Solar REU program and a SDO/AIA grant for the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910065857&hterms=TODOR&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAuthor-Name%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DTODOR','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910065857&hterms=TODOR&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAuthor-Name%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DTODOR"><span>Neutrino-<span class="hlt">heated</span> stars and broad-line emission from <span class="hlt">active</span> galactic nuclei</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Macdonald, James; Stanev, Todor; Biermann, Peter L.</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>Nonthermal radiation from <span class="hlt">active</span> galactic nuclei indicates the presence of highly relativistic particles. The interaction of these high-energy particles with matter and photons gives rise to a flux of high-energy neutrinos. In this paper, the influence of the expected high neutrino fluxes on the structure and evolution of single, main-sequence stars is investigated. Sequences of models of neutrino-<span class="hlt">heated</span> stars in thermal equilibrium are presented for masses 0.25, 0.5, 0.8, and 1.0 solar mass. In addition, a set of evolutionary sequences for mass 0.5 solar mass have been computed for different assumed values for the incident neutrino energy flux. It is found that winds driven by the <span class="hlt">heating</span> due to high-energy particles and hard electromagnetic radiation of the outer layers of neutrino-bloated stars may satisfy the requirements of the model of Kazanas (1989) for the broad-line emission clouds in <span class="hlt">active</span> galactic nuclei.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22181681','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22181681"><span>Structural and antioxidant modification of wheat peptides modified by the <span class="hlt">heat</span> and lipid peroxidation <span class="hlt">product</span> malondialdehyde.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tang, Xue; Wu, Qiuping; Le, Guowei; Wang, Jiao; Yin, Kaijian; Shi, Yonghui</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Wheat peptides, the biological <span class="hlt">active</span> peptides derived from foods, has an array of biological actions, including antiobesity, antimicrobial, and angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory effects in mammalian species. Recent studies showed that some wheat peptides may show the noteworthy antioxidant potency against the peroxidation of lipids or fatty acids, but the effect of oxidation on its antioxidant <span class="hlt">activities</span> is unclear. In the present study, we demonstrate that <span class="hlt">heat</span> and malandialdehyde (MDA)-oxidized wheat peptides lose its surface hydrophobicity and reducing power, and show a relatively lower free radical-scavenging activitiy in vitro. Those modifications also lead to gradual formation of aggregates in wheat peptides and induce more reactive oxygen species (ROS) <span class="hlt">production</span> in vivo. These findings indicate that oxidation may influence the functional properties and directly alter the structure of wheat peptides, and lead to the loss of its antioxidant potency both in vitro and in vivo, thereby providing a novel explanation for some of the potential health risks proposed for oxidized food in human. © 2011 Institute of Food Technologists®</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PhST..145a4080M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PhST..145a4080M"><span>The <span class="hlt">heat</span> removal capability of <span class="hlt">actively</span> cooled plasma-facing components for the ITER divertor</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Missirlian, M.; Richou, M.; Riccardi, B.; Gavila, P.; Loarer, T.; Constans, S.</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>Non-destructive examination followed by high-<span class="hlt">heat</span>-flux testing was performed for different small- and medium-scale mock-ups; this included the most recent developments related to <span class="hlt">actively</span> cooled tungsten (W) or carbon fibre composite (CFC) armoured plasma-facing components. In particular, the <span class="hlt">heat</span>-removal capability of these mock-ups manufactured by European companies with all the main features of the ITER divertor design was investigated both after manufacturing and after thermal cycling up to 20 MW m-2. Compliance with ITER requirements was explored in terms of bonding quality, <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux performances and operational compatibility. The main results show an overall good <span class="hlt">heat</span>-removal capability after the manufacturing process independent of the armour-to-<span class="hlt">heat</span> sink bonding technology and promising behaviour with respect to thermal fatigue lifetime under <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux up to 20 MW m-2 for the CFC-armoured tiles and 15 MW m-2 for the W-armoured tiles, respectively.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1850j0005F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1850j0005F"><span>Perspectives of advanced thermal management in solar thermochemical syngas <span class="hlt">production</span> using a counter-flow solid-solid <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchanger</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Falter, Christoph; Sizmann, Andreas; Pitz-Paal, Robert</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>A modular reactor model is presented for the description of solar thermochemical syngas <span class="hlt">production</span> involving counter-flow <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchangers that recuperate <span class="hlt">heat</span> from the solid phase. The development of the model is described including <span class="hlt">heat</span> diffusion within the reactive material as it travels through the <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchanger, which was previously identified to be a possibly limiting factor in <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchanger design. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> transfer within the reactive medium is described by conduction and radiation, where the former is modeled with the three-resistor model and the latter with the Rosseland diffusion approximation. The applicability of the model is shown by the analysis of <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchanger efficiency for different material thicknesses and porosities in a system with 8 chambers and oxidation and reduction temperatures of 1000 K and 1800 K, respectively. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> exchanger efficiency is found to rise strongly for a reduction of material thickness, as the element mass is reduced and a larger part of the elements takes part in the <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchange process. An increase of porosity enhances radiation <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchange but deteriorates conduction. The overall <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchange in the material is improved for high temperatures in the <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchanger, as radiation dominates the energy transfer. The model is shown to be a valuable tool for the development and analysis of solar thermochemical reactor concepts involving <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchange from the solid phase.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23395933','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23395933"><span>Chronic heart failure does not attenuate the total <span class="hlt">activity</span> of sympathetic outflow to skin during whole-body <span class="hlt">heating</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cui, Jian; Boehmer, John P; Blaha, Cheryl; Lucking, Robert; Kunselman, Allen R; Sinoway, Lawrence I</p> <p>2013-03-01</p> <p>Previous studies show that the rise in skin blood flow and cutaneous vascular conductance during <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress is substantially attenuated in chronic heart failure (CHF) patients. The mechanisms responsible for this finding are not clear. In particular, little is known regarding the responses of skin sympathetic nerve <span class="hlt">activity</span> (SSNA) that control the skin blood flow during <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress in CHF patients. We examined the effects of a modest <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress to test the hypothesis that SSNA responses could be attenuated in CHF. We assessed SSNA (microneurography) from the peroneal nerve and skin blood flow (forearm laser Doppler) in 9 patients with stable class II-III CHF and in matched healthy subjects during passive whole-body <span class="hlt">heating</span> with a water-perfused suit. Whole-body <span class="hlt">heating</span> induced similar increases in internal temperature (≈0.6 °C) in both groups. Whole-body <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress evoked similar SSNA <span class="hlt">activation</span> in CHF patients (Δ891±110 U/min) and the control subjects (Δ787±84 U/min; P=0.66), whereas the elevation in forearm cutaneous vascular conductance in patients with CHF was significantly lower than that in healthy control subjects (Δ131±29% vs. Δ623±131%; P=0.001). The present data show that SSNA <span class="hlt">activation</span> during a modest whole-body <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress is not attenuated in CHF. Thus, the attenuated skin vasodilator response in CHF patients is not attributable to a reduction in total <span class="hlt">activity</span> of sympathetic outflow to skin.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_18 --> <div id="page_19" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="361"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H54C..03L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H54C..03L"><span>Mapping surface <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes by assimilating GOES land surface temperature and SMAP <span class="hlt">products</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lu, Y.; Steele-Dunne, S. C.; Van De Giesen, N.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Surface <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes significantly affect the land-atmosphere interaction, but their modelling is often hindered by the lack of in-situ measurements and the high spatial heterogeneity. Here, we propose a hybrid particle assimilation strategy to estimate surface <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes by assimilating GOES land surface temperature (LST) data and SMAP <span class="hlt">products</span> into a simple dual-source surface energy balance model, in which the requirement for in-situ data is minimized. The study aims to estimate two key parameters: a neutral bulk <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer coefficient (CHN) and an evaporative fraction (EF). CHN scales the sum of surface energy fluxes, and EF represents the partitioning between flux components. To bridge the huge resolution gap between GOES and SMAP data, SMAP data are assimilated using a particle filter to update soil moisture which constrains EF, and GOES data are assimilated with an adaptive particle batch smoother to update CHN. The methodology is applied to an area in the US Southern Great Plains with forcing data from NLDAS-2 and the GPM mission. Assessment against in-situ observations suggests that the sensible and latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux estimates are greatly improved at both daytime and 30-min scale after assimilation, particularly for latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes. Comparison against an LST-only assimilation case demonstrates that despite the coarse resolution, assimilating SMAP data is not only beneficial but also crucial for successful and robust flux estimation, particularly when the modelling uncertainties are large. Since the methodology is independent on in-situ data, it can be easily applied to other areas.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5737923','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5737923"><span>Rectal Cancer Survivors’ Participation in <span class="hlt">Productive</span> <span class="hlt">Activities</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Hornbrook, Mark C; Grant, Marcia; Wendel, Christopher; Bulkley, Joanna E; McMullen, Carmit K; Altschuler, Andrea; Temple, Larissa KF; Herrinton, Lisa J; Krouse, Robert S</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Context Rectal cancer and its treatment impair survivors’ <span class="hlt">productivity</span>. Objective To assess determinants of market and nonmarket employment, job search, volunteering, and homemaking among survivors five years or longer after diagnosis. Design We mailed questionnaires to 1063 survivors who were members of Kaiser Permanente (Northern California, Northwest) during 2010 and 2011. Main Outcome Measures <span class="hlt">Productive</span> <span class="hlt">activities</span>, functional health status, and bowel management at the time of the survey. Results Response rate was 60.5% (577/953). Higher comorbidity burdens were associated with lower <span class="hlt">productivity</span> for men and women rectal cancer survivors. <span class="hlt">Productive</span> survivors were younger and had lower disease stage and age at diagnosis, higher household income and educational attainment, and fewer comorbidity burdens and workplace adjustments than did nonproductive survivors (p < 0.05 each; 2-sided). <span class="hlt">Productive</span> rectal cancer survivors were evenly split by sex. Conclusion Staying <span class="hlt">productive</span> is associated with better mental health for rectal cancer survivors. Rectal cancer survivors with multiple chronic conditions, higher disease stage, lower <span class="hlt">productive</span> <span class="hlt">activities</span>, and older age need better access to medical care and closer monitoring of the quality of their care, including self-care. To capture the full extent of the involvement of survivors in all types of <span class="hlt">productive</span> <span class="hlt">activities</span>, research should routinely include measures of employment, searching for employment, homemaking, and volunteering. Counting market and nonmarket <span class="hlt">productive</span> <span class="hlt">activities</span> is innovative and recognizes the continuum of contributions survivors make to families and society. Health care systems should routinely monitor rectal cancer survivors’ medical care access, comorbidities, health-related quality of life, and <span class="hlt">productive</span> <span class="hlt">activities</span>. PMID:29236653</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26003512','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26003512"><span>Novel analytical method to measure formaldehyde release from <span class="hlt">heated</span> hair straightening cosmetic <span class="hlt">products</span>: Impact on risk assessment.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Galli, Corrado Lodovico; Bettin, Federico; Metra, Pierre; Fidente, Paola; De Dominicis, Emiliano; Marinovich, Marina</p> <p>2015-08-01</p> <p>Hair straightening cosmetic <span class="hlt">products</span> may contain formaldehyde (FA). In Europe, FA is permitted for use in personal care <span class="hlt">products</span> at concentrations ⩽ 0.2g/100g. According to the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel <span class="hlt">products</span> are safe when formalin (a 37% saturated solution of FA in water) concentration does not exceed 0.2g/100g (0.074 g/100g calculated as FA). The official method of reference does not discriminate between "free" FA and FA released into the air after <span class="hlt">heating</span> FA donors. The method presented here captures and collects the FA released into the air from <span class="hlt">heated</span> cosmetic <span class="hlt">products</span> by derivatization with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine and final analysis by UPLC/DAD instrument. Reliable data in terms of linearity, recovery, repeatability and sensitivity are obtained. On a total of 72 market cosmetic <span class="hlt">products</span> analyzed, 42% showed FA concentrations very close to or above the threshold value (0.074 g/100g calculated as FA) suggested by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review committee, whereas 11 <span class="hlt">products</span>, negative using the official method of reference, were close to or above the threshold value (0.074 g/100g calculated as FA). This may pose a health problem for occasional users and professional hair stylists. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19740033929&hterms=solar+energy+production&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dsolar%2Benergy%2Bproduction','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19740033929&hterms=solar+energy+production&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dsolar%2Benergy%2Bproduction"><span>Skylab and solar exploration. [chromosphere-corona structure, energy <span class="hlt">production</span> and <span class="hlt">heat</span> transport processes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Von Puttkamer, J.</p> <p>1973-01-01</p> <p>Review of some of the findings concerning solar structure, energy <span class="hlt">production</span>, and <span class="hlt">heat</span> transport obtained with the aid of the manned Skylab space station observatory launched on May 14, 1973. Among the topics discussed are the observation of thermonuclear fusion processes which cannot be simulated on earth, the observation of short-wave solar radiation not visible to observers on earth, and the investigation of energy-transport processes occurring in the photosphere, chromosphere, and corona. An apparent paradox is noted in that the cooler chromosphere is <span class="hlt">heating</span> the hotter corona, seemingly in defiance of the second law of thermodynamics, thus suggesting that a nonthermal mechanism underlies the energy transport. Understanding of this nonthermal mechanism is regarded as an indispensable prerequisite for future development of plasma systems for terrestrial applications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27358585','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27358585"><span>In situ <span class="hlt">production</span> of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in molten salt phase for thermal energy storage and <span class="hlt">heat</span>-transfer fluid applications.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lasfargues, Mathieu; Bell, Andrew; Ding, Yulong</p> <p></p> <p>In this study, TiO 2 nanoparticles (average particle size 16 nm) were successfully produced in molten salt phase and were showed to significantly enhance the specific <span class="hlt">heat</span> capacity of a binary eutectic mixture of sodium and potassium nitrate (60/40) by 5.4 % at 390 °C and 7.5 % at 445 °C for 3.0 wt% of precursors used. The objective of this research was to develop a cost-effective alternate method of <span class="hlt">production</span> which is potentially scalable, as current techniques utilized are not economically viable for large quantities. Enhancing the specific <span class="hlt">heat</span> capacity of molten salt would promote more competitive pricing for electricity <span class="hlt">production</span> by concentrating solar power plant. Here, a simple precursor (TiOSO 4 ) was added to a binary eutectic mixture of potassium and sodium nitrate, <span class="hlt">heated</span> to 450 °C, and cooled to witness the <span class="hlt">production</span> of nanoparticles.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES...55a2063S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES...55a2063S"><span>Effects of Different <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Processing on Fucoxanthin, Antioxidant <span class="hlt">Activity</span> and Colour of Indonesian Brown Seaweeds</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Susanto, Eko; Suhaeli Fahmi, A.; Winarni Agustini, Tri; Rosyadi, Septian; Dita Wardani, Ayunda</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>Fucoxanthin (Fx) is major carotenoids in brown algae. It showed many health beneficial effects for oxidative stress. Fucoxanthin is lower stability which may cause problem in the application for functional food. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of various <span class="hlt">heat</span> processing on Fx, antioxidant <span class="hlt">activity</span> (IC50), total phenolic content, and colour stability of Sargassum ilicifolium. The various <span class="hlt">heat</span> processing methods showed were not significantly affected to fucoxanthin and antioxidant <span class="hlt">activities</span> however all treatments lower affected to brown seaweeds colour. Moreover, this study showed a useful proved in the design of brown seaweeds processing which minimize Fx, antioxidant <span class="hlt">activity</span> and colour changes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4556841','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4556841"><span>Expression profile of six stress-related genes and <span class="hlt">productive</span> performances of fast and slow growing broiler strains reared under <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress conditions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Rimoldi, Simona; Lasagna, Emiliano; Sarti, Francesca Maria; Marelli, Stefano Paolo; Cozzi, Maria Cristina; Bernardini, Giovanni; Terova, Genciana</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>High temperature is one of the prominent environmental factors causing economic losses to the poultry industry as it negatively affects growth and <span class="hlt">production</span> performance in broiler chickens. We used One Step TaqMan real time RT-PCR (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) technology to study the effects of chronic <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress on the expression of genes codifying for the antioxidative enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT), as well as for <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock protein (HSP) 70, HSP90, glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1), and caspase 6 (CASP6) in the liver of two different broiler genetic strains: Red JA Cou Nu Hubbard (CN) and Ross 508 Aviagen (RO). CN is a naked neck slow growing broiler intended for the free range and/or organic markets, whereas RO is selected for fast growing. We also analysed the effect of chronic <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress on <span class="hlt">productive</span> performances, and plasma corticosterone levels as well as the association between transcriptomic response and specific SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) in each genetic strain of broiler chickens. RO and CN broilers, 4 weeks of age, were maintained for 4 weeks at either 34 °C or 22 °C. The results demonstrated that there was a genotype and a temperature main effect on the broilers' growth from the 4th to the 8th week of age, but the interaction effect between genotype and temperature resulted not statistically significant. By considering the genotype effect, fast growing broilers (RO) grew more than the slow growing ones (CN), whereas by considering the temperature effect, broilers in unheated conditions grew more than the <span class="hlt">heat</span> stressed ones. Corticosterone levels increased significantly in the blood of <span class="hlt">heat</span> stressed broilers, due to the <span class="hlt">activation</span> of the HPA (hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical axis). Carcass yield at slaughter was of similar values in the 4 cohorts (genotype/temperature combinations or treatment groups), ranging from 86.5 to 88.6%, whereas carcass weight was negatively influenced</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1864b0002H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1864b0002H"><span>Effect of <span class="hlt">heating</span> rate on thermal cracking characteristics and kinetics of Xinjiang oil sand bitumen by TG-FTIR</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hao, Junhui; Zhang, Jinhong; Qiao, Yingyun; Tian, Yuanyu</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>This work was aimed to investigate effects of <span class="hlt">heating</span> rate on thermal cracking behaviors, distribution of gaseous <span class="hlt">products</span> and <span class="hlt">activation</span> energy of the thermal cracking process of Xinjiang oil sand bitumen (OSB). The thermal cracking experiments of Xinjiang OSB were performed by using thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) at various <span class="hlt">heating</span> rates of 10, 20, 50, 80 and 120 K/min. The evolving characteristic of gaseous <span class="hlt">products</span> produced from the thermal cracking process was evaluated by the Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) connected with TG. The kinetic parameters of the thermal cracking process of Xinjiang OSB at each of <span class="hlt">heating</span> rate were determined by the Coats-Redfern model. The result show that the temperature intervals of DE volatilization stage and main reaction stage, the ((dw/dt) max and Tmax in thermal cracking process of Xinjiang OSB all increased with the increasing <span class="hlt">heating</span> rate. While the <span class="hlt">heating</span> rate has not obvious effect on the coke yield of Xinjiang OSB. Furthermore, the maximum absorbance of gaseous <span class="hlt">products</span> and corresponding temperature became larger as the <span class="hlt">heating</span> rate increases. The <span class="hlt">activation</span> energy of this two stage both presented increasing trend with the rising <span class="hlt">heating</span> rate, while the increasing content of that of DE volatilization stage was weaker compared to that of main reaction stage.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26759377','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26759377"><span>HSF-1 is involved in regulation of ascaroside pheromone biosynthesis by <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress in Caenorhabditis elegans.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Joo, Hyoe-Jin; Park, Saeram; Kim, Kwang-Youl; Kim, Mun-Young; Kim, Heekyeong; Park, Donha; Paik, Young-Ki</p> <p>2016-03-15</p> <p>The nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans survives by adapting to environmental stresses such as temperature extremes by increasing the concentrations of ascaroside pheromones, termed ascarosides or daumones, which signal early C. elegans larvae to enter a non-aging dauer state for long-term survival. It is well known that <span class="hlt">production</span> of ascarosides is stimulated by <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress, resulting in enhanced dauer formation by which worms can adapt to environmental insults. However, the molecular mechanism by which ascaroside pheromone biosynthesis is stimulated by <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress remains largely unknown. In the present study, we show that the <span class="hlt">heat</span>-shock transcription factor HSF-1 can mediate enhanced ascaroside pheromone biosynthesis in response to <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress by <span class="hlt">activating</span> the peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation genes in C. elegans. To explore the potential molecular mechanisms, we examined the four major genes involved in the ascaroside biosynthesis pathway and then quantified the changes in both the expression of these genes and ascaroside <span class="hlt">production</span> under <span class="hlt">heat</span>-stress conditions. The transcriptional <span class="hlt">activation</span> of ascaroside pheromone biosynthesis genes by HSF-1 was quite notable, which is not only supported by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, but also accompanied by the enhanced <span class="hlt">production</span> of chemically detectable major ascarosides (e.g. daumones 1 and 3). Consequently, the dauer formation rate was significantly increased by the ascaroside pheromone extracts from N2 wild-type but not from hsf-1(sy441) mutant animals grown under <span class="hlt">heat</span>-stress conditions. Hence <span class="hlt">heat</span>-stress-enhanced ascaroside <span class="hlt">production</span> appears to be mediated at least in part by HSF-1, which seems to be important in adaptation strategies for coping with <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress in this nematode. © 2016 Authors; published by Portland Press Limited.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20020079086','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20020079086"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> Pipes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1996-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Heat</span> Pipes were originally developed by NASA and the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory during the 1960s to dissipate excessive <span class="hlt">heat</span> build- up in critical areas of spacecraft and maintain even temperatures of satellites. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> pipes are tubular devices where a working fluid alternately evaporates and condenses, transferring <span class="hlt">heat</span> from one region of the tube to another. KONA Corporation refined and applied the same technology to solve complex <span class="hlt">heating</span> requirements of hot runner systems in injection molds. KONA Hot Runner Systems are used throughout the plastics industry for <span class="hlt">products</span> ranging in size from tiny medical devices to large single cavity automobile bumpers and instrument panels.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EL....12160005M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EL....12160005M"><span>Extracting maximum power from <span class="hlt">active</span> colloidal <span class="hlt">heat</span> engines</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Martin, D.; Nardini, C.; Cates, M. E.; Fodor, É.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Colloidal <span class="hlt">heat</span> engines extract power out of a fluctuating bath by manipulating a confined tracer. Considering a self-propelled tracer surrounded by a bath of passive colloids, we optimize the engine performances based on the maximum available power. Our approach relies on an adiabatic mean-field treatment of the bath particles which reduces the many-body description into an effective tracer dynamics. It leads us to reveal that, when operated at constant <span class="hlt">activity</span>, an engine can only produce less maximum power than its passive counterpart. In contrast, the output power of an isothermal engine, operating with cyclic variations of the self-propulsion without any passive equivalent, exhibits an optimum in terms of confinement and <span class="hlt">activity</span>. Direct numerical simulations of the microscopic dynamics support the validity of these results even beyond the mean-field regime, with potential relevance to the design of experimental engines.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4091780','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4091780"><span>Energy absorber for sodium-<span class="hlt">heated</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchanger</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Essebaggers, J.</p> <p>1975-12-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchanger is described in which water-carrying tubes are <span class="hlt">heated</span> by liquid sodium and in which the results of accidental contact between the water and the sodium caused by failure of one or more of the water tubes is minimized. An energy absorbing chamber contains a compressible gas and is connected to the body of flowing sodium by a channel so that, in the event of a sodium-water reaction, <span class="hlt">products</span> of the reaction will partially fill the energy absorbing chamber to attenuate the rise in pressure within the <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchanger.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21371165','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21371165"><span>Brain temperature: <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>, elimination and clinical relevance.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bertolizio, Gianluca; Mason, Linda; Bissonnette, Bruno</p> <p>2011-04-01</p> <p>Neurological insults are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, both in adults and especially in children. Among possible therapeutic strategies to limit clinical cerebral damage and improve outcomes, hypothermia remains a promising and beneficial approach. However, its advantages are still debated after decades of use. Studies in adults have generated conflicting results, whereas in children recent data even suggest that hypothermia may be detrimental. Is it because brain temperature physiology is not well understood and/or not applied properly, that hypothermia fails to convince clinicians of its potential benefits? Or is it because hypothermia is not, as believed, the optimal strategy to improve outcome in patients affected with an acute neurological insult? This review article should help to explain the fundamental physiological principles of brain <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>, distribution and elimination under normal conditions and discuss why hypothermia cannot yet be recommended routinely in the management of children affected with various neurological insults. © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19990100872&hterms=Jason+Moore&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3DJason%2BMoore','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19990100872&hterms=Jason+Moore&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3DJason%2BMoore"><span>On <span class="hlt">Heating</span> the Sun's Corona by Magnetic Explosions: Feasibility in <span class="hlt">Active</span> Regions and prospects for Quiet Regions and Coronal Holes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Moore, Ronald L.; Falconer, D. A.; Porter, Jason G.; Suess, Steven T.</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>We build a case for the persistent strong coronal <span class="hlt">heating</span> in <span class="hlt">active</span> regions and the pervasive quasi-steady <span class="hlt">heating</span> of the corona in quiet regions and coronal holes being driven in basically the same way as the intense transient <span class="hlt">heating</span> in solar flares: by explosions of sheared magnetic fields in the cores of initially closed bipoles. We begin by summarizing the observational case for exploding sheared core fields being the drivers of a wide variety of flare events, with and without coronal mass ejections. We conclude that the arrangement of an event's flare <span class="hlt">heating</span>, whether there is a coronal mass ejection, and the time and place of the ejection relative to the flare <span class="hlt">heating</span> are all largely determined by four elements of the form and action of the magnetic field: (1) the arrangement of the impacted, interacting bipoles participating in the event, (2) which of these bipoles are <span class="hlt">active</span> (have sheared core fields that explode) and which are passive (are <span class="hlt">heated</span> by injection from impacted <span class="hlt">active</span> bipoles), (3) which core field explodes first, and (4) which core-field explosions are confined within the closed field of their bipoles and which ejectively open their bipoles. We then apply this magnetic-configuration framework for flare <span class="hlt">heating</span> to the strong coronal <span class="hlt">heating</span> observed by the Yohkoh Soft X-ray Telescope in an <span class="hlt">active</span> region with strongly sheared core fields observed by the MSFC vector magnetograph. All of the strong coronal <span class="hlt">heating</span> is in continually microflaring sheared core fields or in extended loops rooted against the <span class="hlt">active</span> core fields. Thus, the strong <span class="hlt">heating</span> occurs in field configurations consistent with the <span class="hlt">heating</span> being driven by frequent core-field explosions that are smaller but similar to those in confined flares and flaring arches. From analysis of the thermal and magnetic energetics of two selected core-field microflares and a bright extended loop, we find that (1) it is energetically feasible for the sheared core fields to drive all of the coronal</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=iconic+AND+memory&id=EJ1128605','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=iconic+AND+memory&id=EJ1128605"><span><span class="hlt">Activation</span> Cascading in Sign <span class="hlt">Production</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Navarrete, Eduardo; Peressotti, Francesca; Lerose, Luigi; Miozzo, Michele</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>In this study, we investigated how <span class="hlt">activation</span> unfolds in sign <span class="hlt">production</span> by examining whether signs that are not produced have their representations <span class="hlt">activated</span> by semantics (cascading of <span class="hlt">activation</span>). Deaf signers were tested with a picture-picture interference task. Participants were presented with pairs of overlapping pictures and named the green…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29580496','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29580496"><span>Evaluation of dry <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment of soft wheat flour for the <span class="hlt">production</span> of high ratio cakes.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Keppler, S; Bakalis, S; Leadley, C E; Sahi, S S; Fryer, P J</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>An accurate method to <span class="hlt">heat</span> treat flour samples has been used to quantify the effects of <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment on flour functionality. A variety of analytical methods has been used such as oscillatory rheology, rheomixer, solvent retention capacity tests, and Rapid Visco Analysis (RVA) in water and in aqueous solutions of sucrose, lactic acid, and sodium carbonate. This work supports the hypothesis that <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment facilitates the swelling of starch granules at elevated temperature. Results furthermore indicated improved swelling ability and increased interactions of flour polymers (in particular arabinoxylans) of <span class="hlt">heat</span> treated flour at ambient conditions. The significant denaturation of the proteins was indicated by a lack of gluten network formation after severe <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatments as shown by rheomixer traces. Results of these analyses were used to develop a possible cake flour specification. A method was developed using response surfaces of <span class="hlt">heat</span> treated flour samples in the RVA using i) water and ii) 50% sucrose solution. This can uniquely characterise the <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment a flour sample has received and to establish a cake flour specification. This approach might be useful for the characterisation of processed samples, rather than by baking cakes. Hence, it may no longer be needed to bake a cake after flour <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment to assess the suitability of the flour for high ratio cake <span class="hlt">production</span>, but 2 types of RVA tests suffice. Copyright © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28505111','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28505111"><span>Effects of Mead Wort <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Treatment on the Mead Fermentation Process and Antioxidant <span class="hlt">Activity</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Czabaj, Sławomir; Kawa-Rygielska, Joanna; Kucharska, Alicja Z; Kliks, Jarosław</p> <p>2017-05-14</p> <p>The effects of mead wort <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment on the mead fermentation process and antioxidant <span class="hlt">activity</span> were tested. The experiment was conducted with the use of two different honeys (multiflorous and honeydew) collected from the Lower Silesia region (Poland). <span class="hlt">Heat</span> treatment was performed with the use of a traditional technique (gently boiling), the more commonly used pasteurization, and without <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment (control). During the experiment fermentation dynamics were monitored using high performance liquid chromatography with refractive index detection (HPLC-RID). Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total phenolic content (TPC) were estimated for worts and meads using UV/Vis spectrophotometric analysis. The formation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) was monitored by HPLC analyses. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> treatment had a great impact on the final antioxidant capacity of meads.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/864351','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/864351"><span>Cyclic process for producing methane from carbon monoxide with <span class="hlt">heat</span> removal</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Frost, Albert C.; Yang, Chang-lee</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>Carbon monoxide-containing gas streams are converted to methane by a cyclic, essentially two-step process in which said carbon monoxide is disproportionated to form carbon dioxide and <span class="hlt">active</span> surface carbon deposited on the surface of a catalyst, and said carbon is reacted with steam to form <span class="hlt">product</span> methane and by-<span class="hlt">product</span> carbon dioxide. The exothermic <span class="hlt">heat</span> of reaction generated in each step is effectively removed during each complete cycle so as to avoid a build up of <span class="hlt">heat</span> from cycle-to-cycle, with particularly advantageous techniques being employed for fixed bed, tubular and fluidized bed reactor operations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3728325','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3728325"><span>Compound A, a Selective Glucocorticoid Receptor Modulator, Enhances <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Shock Protein Hsp70 Gene Promoter <span class="hlt">Activation</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Beck, Ilse M.; Drebert, Zuzanna J.; Hoya-Arias, Ruben; Bahar, Ali A.; Devos, Michael; Clarisse, Dorien; Desmet, Sofie; Bougarne, Nadia; Ruttens, Bart; Gossye, Valerie; Denecker, Geertrui; Lievens, Sam; Bracke, Marc; Tavernier, Jan; Declercq, Wim; Gevaert, Kris; Berghe, Wim Vanden; Haegeman, Guy; De Bosscher, Karolien</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Compound A possesses glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-dependent anti-inflammatory properties. Just like classical GR ligands, Compound A can repress NF-κB-mediated gene expression. However, the monomeric Compound A-<span class="hlt">activated</span> GR is unable to trigger glucocorticoid response element-regulated gene expression. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock response potently <span class="hlt">activates</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock factor 1 (HSF1), upregulates Hsp70, a known GR chaperone, and also modulates various aspects of inflammation. We found that the selective GR modulator Compound A and <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock trigger similar cellular effects in A549 lung epithelial cells. With regard to their anti-inflammatory mechanism, <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock and Compound A are both able to reduce TNF-stimulated IκBα degradation and NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation. We established an interaction between Compound A-<span class="hlt">activated</span> GR and Hsp70, but remarkably, although the presence of the Hsp70 chaperone as such appears pivotal for the Compound A-mediated inflammatory gene repression, subsequent novel Hsp70 protein synthesis is uncoupled from an observed CpdA-induced Hsp70 mRNA upregulation and hence obsolete in mediating CpdA’s anti-inflammatory effect. The lack of a Compound A-induced increase in Hsp70 protein levels in A549 cells is not mediated by a rapid proteasomal degradation of Hsp70 or by a Compound A-induced general block on translation. Similar to <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock, Compound A can upregulate transcription of Hsp70 genes in various cell lines and BALB/c mice. Interestingly, whereas Compound A-dependent Hsp70 promoter <span class="hlt">activation</span> is GR-dependent but HSF1-independent, <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock-induced Hsp70 expression alternatively occurs in a GR-independent and HSF1-dependent manner in A549 lung epithelial cells. PMID:23935933</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20130010052','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20130010052"><span>Closeout Report for the Refractory Metal Accelerated <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Pipe Life Test <span class="hlt">Activity</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Martin, J.; Reid, R.; Stewart, E.; Hickman, R.; Mireles, O.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>With the selection of a gas-cooled reactor, this <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe accelerated life test <span class="hlt">activity</span> was closed out and its resources redirected. The scope of this project was to establish the long-term aging effects on Mo-44.5%Re sodium <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipes when subjected to space reactor temperature and mass fluences. To date, investigators have demonstrated <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe life tests of alkali metal systems up to .50,000 hours. Unfortunately, resources have not been available to examine the effect of temperature, mass fluence, or impurity level on corrosion or to conduct post-test forensic examination of <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipes. The key objective of this effort was to establish a cost/time effective method to systematically test alkali metal <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipes with both practical and theoretical benefits. During execution of the project, a <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe design was established, a majority of the laboratory test equipment systems specified, and operating and test procedures developed. Procurements for the <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe units and all major test components were underway at the time the stop work order was issued. An extremely important outcome was the successful fabrication of an annular wick from Mo-5%Re screen (the single, most difficult component to manufacture) using a hot isostatic pressing technique. This Technical Publication (TP) includes specifics regarding the <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe calorimeter water-cooling system, vendor design for the radio frequency <span class="hlt">heating</span> system, possible alternative calorimeter designs, and progress on the vanadium equilibration technique. The methods provided in this TP and preceding project documentation would serve as a good starting point to rapidly implement an accelerated life test. Relevant test data can become available within months, not years, and destructive examination of the first life test <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe might begin within 6 months of test initiation. Final conclusions could be drawn in less than a quarter of the mission duration for a long-lived, fission-powered, deep space probe.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_19 --> <div id="page_20" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="381"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19810022008','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19810022008"><span>A Fresnel collector process <span class="hlt">heat</span> experiment at Capitol Concrete <span class="hlt">Products</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hauger, J. S.</p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>An experiment is planned, conducted and evaluated to determine the feasibility of using a Power Kinetics' Fresnel concentrator to provide process <span class="hlt">heat</span> in an industrial environment. The plant provides process steam at 50 to 60 psig to two autoclaves for curing masonry blocks. When steam is not required, the plant preheats hot water for later use. A second system is installed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory parabolic dish test site for hardware validation and experiment control. Experiment design allows for the extrapolation of results to varying demands for steam and hot water, and includes a consideration of some socio-technical factors such as the impact on <span class="hlt">production</span> scheduling of diurnal variations in energy availability.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title7-vol3/pdf/CFR-2010-title7-vol3-sec58-926.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title7-vol3/pdf/CFR-2010-title7-vol3-sec58-926.pdf"><span>7 CFR 58.926 - <span class="hlt">Heat</span> stability.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>... 7 Agriculture 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false <span class="hlt">Heat</span> stability. 58.926 Section 58.926 Agriculture... Procedures § 58.926 <span class="hlt">Heat</span> stability. Prior to thermal processing of concentrated <span class="hlt">products</span> and where stabilizers are allowed, tests should be made on the <span class="hlt">heat</span> stability of the <span class="hlt">product</span> to determine necessity for...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title7-vol3/pdf/CFR-2011-title7-vol3-sec58-926.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title7-vol3/pdf/CFR-2011-title7-vol3-sec58-926.pdf"><span>7 CFR 58.926 - <span class="hlt">Heat</span> stability.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>... 7 Agriculture 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false <span class="hlt">Heat</span> stability. 58.926 Section 58.926 Agriculture... Procedures § 58.926 <span class="hlt">Heat</span> stability. Prior to thermal processing of concentrated <span class="hlt">products</span> and where stabilizers are allowed, tests should be made on the <span class="hlt">heat</span> stability of the <span class="hlt">product</span> to determine necessity for...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title7-vol3/pdf/CFR-2014-title7-vol3-sec58-926.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title7-vol3/pdf/CFR-2014-title7-vol3-sec58-926.pdf"><span>7 CFR 58.926 - <span class="hlt">Heat</span> stability.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>... 7 Agriculture 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false <span class="hlt">Heat</span> stability. 58.926 Section 58.926 Agriculture... Procedures § 58.926 <span class="hlt">Heat</span> stability. Prior to thermal processing of concentrated <span class="hlt">products</span> and where stabilizers are allowed, tests should be made on the <span class="hlt">heat</span> stability of the <span class="hlt">product</span> to determine necessity for...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title7-vol3/pdf/CFR-2013-title7-vol3-sec58-926.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title7-vol3/pdf/CFR-2013-title7-vol3-sec58-926.pdf"><span>7 CFR 58.926 - <span class="hlt">Heat</span> stability.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>... 7 Agriculture 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false <span class="hlt">Heat</span> stability. 58.926 Section 58.926 Agriculture... Procedures § 58.926 <span class="hlt">Heat</span> stability. Prior to thermal processing of concentrated <span class="hlt">products</span> and where stabilizers are allowed, tests should be made on the <span class="hlt">heat</span> stability of the <span class="hlt">product</span> to determine necessity for...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title7-vol3/pdf/CFR-2012-title7-vol3-sec58-926.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title7-vol3/pdf/CFR-2012-title7-vol3-sec58-926.pdf"><span>7 CFR 58.926 - <span class="hlt">Heat</span> stability.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>... 7 Agriculture 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false <span class="hlt">Heat</span> stability. 58.926 Section 58.926 Agriculture... Procedures § 58.926 <span class="hlt">Heat</span> stability. Prior to thermal processing of concentrated <span class="hlt">products</span> and where stabilizers are allowed, tests should be made on the <span class="hlt">heat</span> stability of the <span class="hlt">product</span> to determine necessity for...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22105847','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22105847"><span>High invertase <span class="hlt">activity</span> in tomato reproductive organs correlates with enhanced sucrose import into, and <span class="hlt">heat</span> tolerance of, young fruit.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Li, Zhimiao; Palmer, William M; Martin, Antony P; Wang, Rongqing; Rainsford, Frederick; Jin, Ye; Patrick, John W; Yang, Yuejian; Ruan, Yong-Ling</p> <p>2012-02-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Heat</span> stress can cause severe crop yield losses by impairing reproductive development. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We examined patterns of carbon allocation and <span class="hlt">activities</span> of sucrose cleavage enzymes in <span class="hlt">heat</span>-tolerant (HT) and -sensitive (HS) tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) lines subjected to normal (control) and <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress temperatures. At the control temperature of 25/20 °C (day/night) the HT line exhibited higher cell wall invertase (CWIN) <span class="hlt">activity</span> in flowers and young fruits and partitioned more sucrose to fruits but less to vegetative tissues as compared to the HS line, independent of leaf photosynthetic capacity. Upon 2-, 4-, or 24-h exposure to day or night temperatures of 5 °C or more above 25/20 °C, cell wall (CWIN) and vacuolar invertases (VIN), but not sucrose synthase (SuSy), <span class="hlt">activities</span> in young fruit of the HT line were significantly higher than those of the HS line. The HT line had a higher level of transcript of a CWIN gene, Lin7, in 5-day fruit than the HS line under control and <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress temperatures. Interestingly, <span class="hlt">heat</span> induced transcription of an invertase inhibitor gene, INVINH1, but reduced its protein abundance. Transcript levels of LePLDa1, encoding phospholipase D, which degrades cell membranes, was less in the HT line than in the HS line after exposure to <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress. The data indicate that high invertase <span class="hlt">activity</span> of, and increased sucrose import into, young tomato fruit could contribute to their <span class="hlt">heat</span> tolerance through increasing sink strength and sugar signalling <span class="hlt">activities</span>, possibly regulating a programmed cell death pathway.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19818402','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19818402"><span>Fusion <span class="hlt">production</span> of solid dispersions containing a <span class="hlt">heat</span>-sensitive <span class="hlt">active</span> ingredient by hot melt extrusion and Kinetisol dispersing.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Dinunzio, James C; Brough, Chris; Hughey, Justin R; Miller, Dave A; Williams, Robert O; McGinity, James W</p> <p>2010-02-01</p> <p>Many techniques for the <span class="hlt">production</span> of solid dispersions rely on elevated temperatures and prolonged material residence times, which can result in decomposition of temperature-sensitive components. In this study, hydrocortisone was used as a model temperature-sensitive <span class="hlt">active</span> ingredient to study the effect of formulation and processing techniques as well as to characterize the benefits of KinetiSol Dispersing for the <span class="hlt">production</span> of solid dispersions. Preformulation studies were conducted using differential scanning calorimetry and hot stage microscopy to identify optimum carriers for the <span class="hlt">production</span> of amorphous solid dispersions. After identification, solid dispersions were prepared by hot melt extrusion and KinetiSol Dispersing, with material characterized by X-ray diffraction, dissolution and potency testing to evaluate physicochemical properties. Results from the preformulation studies showed that vinylacetate:vinylpyrrolidone (PVPVA) copolymer allowed for hydrocortisone dissolution within the carrier at temperatures as low as 160 degrees C, while hydroxypropyl methylcellulose required temperatures upward of 180 degrees C to facilitate solubilization. Low substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose, a high glass transition temperature control, showed that the material was unable to solubilize hydrocortisone. Manufacturing process control studies using hot melt extruded compositions of hydrocortisone and PVPVA showed that increased temperatures and residence times negatively impacted <span class="hlt">product</span> potency due to decomposition. Using KinetiSol Dispersing to reduce residence time and to facilitate lower temperature processing, it was possible to produce solid dispersions with improved <span class="hlt">product</span> potency. This study clearly demonstrated the importance of carrier selection to facilitate lower temperature processing, as well as the effect of residence time on <span class="hlt">product</span> potency. Furthermore, KinetiSol Dispersing provided significant advantages over hot melt extrusion due to the reduced</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=occupational+AND+health+AND+safety+AND+technicians&pg=3&id=ED169376','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=occupational+AND+health+AND+safety+AND+technicians&pg=3&id=ED169376"><span>T & I--Air Conditioning, Refrigeration, and <span class="hlt">Heating--Heating</span> Units. Kit No. 87. Instructor's Manual [and] Student Learning <span class="hlt">Activity</span> Guide.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Simmons, Mike</p> <p></p> <p>An instructor's manual and student <span class="hlt">activity</span> guide on air conditioning, refrigeration, and <span class="hlt">heating</span> units are provided in this set of prevocational education materials which focuses on the vocational area of trade and industry. (This set of materials is one of ninety-two prevocational education sets arranged around a cluster of seven vocational…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19970025156','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19970025156"><span>Neutral-Line Magnetic Shear and Enhanced Coronal <span class="hlt">Heating</span> in Solar <span class="hlt">Active</span> Regions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Falconer, D. A.; Moore, R. L.; Porter, J. G.; Gary, G. A.; Shimizu, T.</p> <p>1997-01-01</p> <p>By examining the magnetic structure at sites in the bright coronal interiors of <span class="hlt">active</span> regions that are not flaring but exhibit persistent strong coronal <span class="hlt">heating</span>, we establish some new characteristics of the magnetic origins of this <span class="hlt">heating</span>. We have examined the magnetic structure of these sites in five <span class="hlt">active</span> regions, each of which was well observed by both the Yohkoh SXT and the Marshall Space Flight Center Vector Magnetograph and showed strong shear in its magnetic field along part of at least one neutral line (polarity inversion). Thus, we can assess whether this form of nonpotential field structure in <span class="hlt">active</span> regions is a characteristic of the enhanced coronal <span class="hlt">heating</span> and vice versa. From 27 orbits' worth of Yohkoh SXT images of the five <span class="hlt">active</span> regions, we have obtained a sample of 94 persistently bright coronal features (bright in all images from a given orbit), 40 long (greater than or approximately equals 20,000 km) neutral-line segments having strong magnetic shear throughout (shear angle greater than 45 deg), and 39 long neutral-line segments having weak magnetic shear throughout (shear angle less than 45 deg). From this sample, we find that: (1) all of our persistently bright coronal features are rooted in magnetic fields that are stronger than 150 G; (2) nearly all (95%) of these enhanced coronal features are rooted near neutral lines (closer than 10,000 km); (3) a great majority (80%) of the bright features are rooted near strong-shear portions of neutral lines; (4) a great majority (85%) of long strong-shear segments of neutral lines have persistently bright coronal features rooted near them; (5) a large minority (40%) of long weak-shear segments of neutral lines have persistently bright coronal features rooted near them; and (6) the brightness of a persistently bright Coronal feature often changes greatly over a few hours. From these results, we conclude that most persistent enhanced <span class="hlt">heating</span> of coronal loops in <span class="hlt">active</span> regions: (1) requires the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16636469','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16636469"><span>Effect of <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment on the antioxidative and antigenotoxic <span class="hlt">activity</span> of extracts from persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) peel.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kim, So-Young; Jeong, Seok-Moon; Kim, Sun-Jung; Jeon, Kyung-Im; Park, Eunju; Park, Hae-Ryong; Lee, Seung-Cheol</p> <p>2006-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Heat</span> treatment of persimmon peel (PP) increased the antioxidative <span class="hlt">activity</span> of the 70% ethanolic extract (EE) and water extract (WE) from PP. EE and WE both prevented H2O2-induced DNA damage to human peripheral lymphocytes. The antioxidative and antigenotoxic <span class="hlt">activities</span> of the PP extracts were significantly affected by <span class="hlt">heating</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES...90a2038C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES...90a2038C"><span>The usage of waste <span class="hlt">heat</span> recovery units with improved <span class="hlt">heat</span> engineering rates: theory and experimental research</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chebotarev, Victor; Koroleva, Alla; Pirozhnikova, Anastasia</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Use of recuperator in <span class="hlt">heat</span> producing plants for utilization of natural gas combustion <span class="hlt">products</span> allows to achieve the saving of gas fuel and also provides for environmental sanitation. Decrease of the volumes of natural gas combustion due to utilization of <span class="hlt">heat</span> provides not only for reduction of harmful agents in the combustion <span class="hlt">products</span> discharged into the atmosphere, but also creates conditions for increase of energy saving in <span class="hlt">heating</span> processes of <span class="hlt">heat</span> producing plants due to air overheating in the recuperator. Grapho-analytical method of determination of energy saving and reduction of discharges of combustion <span class="hlt">products</span> into the atmosphere is represented in the article. Multifunctional diagram is developed, allowing to determine simultaneously savings from reduction of volumes of natural gas combusted and from reduction of amounts of harmful agents in the combustion <span class="hlt">products</span> discharged into the atmosphere. Calculation of natural gas economy for <span class="hlt">heat</span> producing plant taking into consideration certain capacity is carried out.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28416646','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28416646"><span>Increasing Patient Safety by Closing the Sterile <span class="hlt">Production</span> Gap-Part 3-Moist <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Resistance of Bioburden.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Agalloco, James P</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Terminal sterilization is considered the preferred means for the <span class="hlt">production</span> of sterile drug <span class="hlt">products</span>, as it affords enhanced safety for the patient because the formulation is sterilized in its sealed, final container. Despite the obvious patient benefits, the use of terminal sterilization is artificially constrained by unreasonable expectations for the minimum time-temperature process to be used. The core misunderstanding with terminal sterilization is the notion that destruction of a high population of a resistant biological indicator microorganism is required. More contemporary thinking on sterilization acknowledges that the bioburden is the actual target in sterilization and its destruction must be assured. In the application of low-temperature moist <span class="hlt">heat</span> for terminal sterilization, especially subsequent to aseptic processing, establishing the pre-sterilization bioburden to consider has proven challenging. Environmental monitoring survey data has determined the identity of potential microorganisms but not their resistance to sterilization. This review article provides information on the moist <span class="hlt">heat</span> resistance of vegetative and sporeforming microorganisms that might be present. The first paper in this series provided the overall background and described the benefits to patient, producer, and regulator of low-temperature moist <span class="hlt">heat</span> for terminal sterilization. The second paper outlined validation and operational advice that can be used in the implementation. This final effort concludes the series and provides insight into potential bioburden and its resistance. LAY ABSTRACT: Terminal sterilization is considered the preferred means for the <span class="hlt">production</span> of sterile drug <span class="hlt">products</span> as it affords enhanced safety for the patient as the formulation is filled into its final container, sealed and sterilized. Despite the obvious patient benefits, the use of terminal sterilization is artificially constrained by unreasonable expectations for the minimum time-temperature process to</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhDT.......419S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhDT.......419S"><span>Enriching step-based <span class="hlt">product</span> information models to support <span class="hlt">product</span> life-cycle <span class="hlt">activities</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sarigecili, Mehmet Ilteris</p> <p></p> <p>The representation and management of <span class="hlt">product</span> information in its life-cycle requires standardized data exchange protocols. Standard for Exchange of <span class="hlt">Product</span> Model Data (STEP) is such a standard that has been used widely by the industries. Even though STEP-based <span class="hlt">product</span> models are well defined and syntactically correct, populating <span class="hlt">product</span> data according to these models is not easy because they are too big and disorganized. Data exchange specifications (DEXs) and templates provide re-organized information models required in data exchange of specific <span class="hlt">activities</span> for various businesses. DEXs show us it would be possible to organize STEP-based <span class="hlt">product</span> models in order to support different engineering <span class="hlt">activities</span> at various stages of <span class="hlt">product</span> life-cycle. In this study, STEP-based models are enriched and organized to support two engineering <span class="hlt">activities</span>: materials information declaration and tolerance analysis. Due to new environmental regulations, the substance and materials information in <span class="hlt">products</span> have to be screened closely by manufacturing industries. This requires a fast, unambiguous and complete <span class="hlt">product</span> information exchange between the members of a supply chain. Tolerance analysis <span class="hlt">activity</span>, on the other hand, is used to verify the functional requirements of an assembly considering the worst case (i.e., maximum and minimum) conditions for the part/assembly dimensions. Another issue with STEP-based <span class="hlt">product</span> models is that the semantics of <span class="hlt">product</span> data are represented implicitly. Hence, it is difficult to interpret the semantics of data for different <span class="hlt">product</span> life-cycle phases for various application domains. OntoSTEP, developed at NIST, provides semantically enriched <span class="hlt">product</span> models in OWL. In this thesis, we would like to present how to interpret the GD & T specifications in STEP for tolerance analysis by utilizing OntoSTEP.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28857058','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28857058"><span>Climate conditions, workplace <span class="hlt">heat</span> and occupational health in South-East Asia in the context of climate change.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kjellstrom, Tord; Lemke, Bruno; Otto, Matthias</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>Occupational health is particularly affected by high <span class="hlt">heat</span> exposures in workplaces, which will be an increasing problem as climate change progresses. People working in jobs of moderate or heavy work intensity in hot environments are at particular risk, owing to exposure to high environmental <span class="hlt">heat</span> and internal <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>. This <span class="hlt">heat</span> needs to be released to protect health, and such release is difficult or impossible at high temperatures and high air humidity. A range of clinical health effects can occur, and the <span class="hlt">heat</span>-related physical exhaustion leads to a reduction of work capacity and labour <span class="hlt">productivity</span>, which may cause substantial economic losses. Current trends in countries of the World Health Organization South-East Asia Region are towards higher ambient <span class="hlt">heat</span> levels during large parts of each year, and modelling indicates continuing trends, which will particularly affect low-income individuals and communities. Prevention <span class="hlt">activities</span> need to address the climate policies of each country, and to apply currently available <span class="hlt">heat</span>-reducing technologies in workplaces whenever possible. Work <span class="hlt">activities</span> can be adjusted to reduce exposure to daily <span class="hlt">heat</span> peaks or seasonal <span class="hlt">heat</span> concerns. Application of basic occupational health principles, such as supply of drinking water, enforcement of rest periods and training of workers and supervisors, is essential.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27208033','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27208033"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> stress enhances LTM formation in Lymnaea: role of HSPs and DNA methylation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sunada, Hiroshi; Riaz, Hamza; de Freitas, Emily; Lukowiak, Kai; Swinton, Cayley; Swinton, Erin; Protheroe, Amy; Shymansky, Tamila; Komatsuzaki, Yoshimasa; Lukowiak, Ken</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>Environmentally relevant stressors alter the memory-forming process in Lymnaea following operant conditioning of aerial respiration. One such stressor is <span class="hlt">heat</span>. Previously, we found that following a 1 h <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock, long-term memory (LTM) formation was enhanced. We also had shown that the <span class="hlt">heat</span> stressor <span class="hlt">activates</span> at least two <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock proteins (HSPs): HSP40 and HSP70. Here, we tested two hypotheses: (1) the <span class="hlt">production</span> of HSPs is necessary for enhanced LTM formation; and (2) blocking DNA methylation prevents the <span class="hlt">heat</span> stressor-induced enhancement of LTM formation. We show here that the enhancing effect of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> stressor on LTM formation occurs even if snails experienced the stressor 3 days previously. We further show that a flavonoid, quercetin, which inhibits HSP <span class="hlt">activation</span>, blocks the enhancing effect of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> stressor on LTM formation. Finally, we show that injection of a DNA methylation blocker, 5-AZA, before snails experience the <span class="hlt">heat</span> stressor prevents enhancement of memory formation. © 2016. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24192975','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24192975"><span>Increase in the free radical scavenging capability of bitter gourd by a <span class="hlt">heat</span>-drying process.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wei, Lu; Shaoyun, Wang; Shutao, Liu; Jianwu, Zhou; Lijing, Ke; Pingfan, Rao</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia Linn.) is widely regarded as one of the best remedy foods for diabetes. The positive effect of bitter gourd on diabetes has been attributed in part to the remarkable free radical scavenging <span class="hlt">activity</span> of its boiled water extract from sun-dried fruits. It is well known that a <span class="hlt">heat</span> process significantly influences the antioxidant <span class="hlt">activity</span> of fresh fruits. However, the <span class="hlt">heat</span> drying processes of bitter gourd have not been studied so far. Here, we show that the free radical scavenging capability of bitter gourd extract significantly increases after the <span class="hlt">heat</span> drying process, while the content of flavonoids and phenols, which are generally regarded as the main antioxidant components in bitter gourd, remain unaffected. Furthermore, the content of free amino acids and the total reducing sugar were found to decrease with increasing browning index, indicating the progression of the Maillard reaction, <span class="hlt">products</span> of which are known to possess significant antioxidant <span class="hlt">activity</span>. Therefore, it suggests that Maillard reaction <span class="hlt">products</span> may be the main contributors to the increase in antioxidant capability. Finally, the bitter gourd extract with the higher antioxidant <span class="hlt">activity</span>, was shown to manifest a corresponding higher proliferation <span class="hlt">activity</span> on NIT-1 beta-cells. These results suggest that controllable conditions in the <span class="hlt">heat</span>-drying processing of fresh bitter gourd fruit is of significance for enhancing the total free radical scavenging capacity, beta-cell proliferation <span class="hlt">activity</span> and possibly the anti-diabetic <span class="hlt">activity</span> of this fruit.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24586704','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24586704"><span>Optimization of a one-step <span class="hlt">heat</span>-inducible in vivo mini DNA vector <span class="hlt">production</span> system.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nafissi, Nafiseh; Sum, Chi Hong; Wettig, Shawn; Slavcev, Roderick A</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>While safer than their viral counterparts, conventional circular covalently closed (CCC) plasmid DNA vectors offer a limited safety profile. They often result in the transfer of unwanted prokaryotic sequences, antibiotic resistance genes, and bacterial origins of replication that may lead to unwanted immunostimulatory responses. Furthermore, such vectors may impart the potential for chromosomal integration, thus potentiating oncogenesis. Linear covalently closed (LCC), bacterial sequence free DNA vectors have shown promising clinical improvements in vitro and in vivo. However, the generation of such minivectors has been limited by in vitro enzymatic reactions hindering their downstream application in clinical trials. We previously characterized an in vivo temperature-inducible expression system, governed by the phage λ pL promoter and regulated by the thermolabile λ CI[Ts]857 repressor to produce recombinant protelomerase enzymes in E. coli. In this expression system, induction of recombinant protelomerase was achieved by increasing culture temperature above the 37°C threshold temperature. Overexpression of protelomerase led to enzymatic reactions, acting on genetically engineered multi-target sites called "Super Sequences" that serve to convert conventional CCC plasmid DNA into LCC DNA minivectors. Temperature up-shift, however, can result in intracellular stress responses and may alter plasmid replication rates; both of which may be detrimental to LCC minivector <span class="hlt">production</span>. We sought to optimize our one-step in vivo DNA minivector <span class="hlt">production</span> system under various induction schedules in combination with genetic modifications influencing plasmid replication, processing rates, and cellular <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress responses. We assessed different culture growth techniques, growth media compositions, <span class="hlt">heat</span> induction scheduling and temperature, induction duration, post-induction temperature, and E. coli genetic background to improve the <span class="hlt">productivity</span> and scalability of our system</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20180001150','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20180001150"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> Switches Providing Low-<span class="hlt">Activation</span> Power and Quick-Switching Time for Use in Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerators</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Kimball, Mark O.; Shirron, Peter J.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>An adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (ADR) is a solid-state cooler capable of achieving sub-Kelvin temperatures. It neither requires moving parts nor a density gradient in a working fluid making it ideal for use in space-based instruments. The flow of energy through the cooler is controlled by <span class="hlt">heat</span> switches that allow <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer when on and isolate portions of the cooler when off. One type of switch uses helium gas as the switching medium. In the off state the gas is adsorbed in a getter thus breaking the thermal path through the switch. To <span class="hlt">activate</span> the switch, the getter is <span class="hlt">heated</span> to release helium into the switch body allowing it to complete the thermal path. A getter that has a small <span class="hlt">heat</span> capacity and low thermal conductance to the body of the switch requires low-<span class="hlt">activation</span> power. The cooler benefits from this in two ways: shorter recycle times and higher efficiency. We describe such a design here.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/5351599','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/5351599"><span>Performance of <span class="hlt">active</span> solar space-<span class="hlt">heating</span> systems, 1980-1981 <span class="hlt">heating</span> season</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Welch, K.; Kendall, P.; Pakkala, P.</p> <p></p> <p>Data are provided on 32 solar <span class="hlt">heating</span> sites in the National Solar Data Network (NSDN). Of these, comprehensive data are included for 14 sites which cover a range of system types and solar applications. A brief description of the remaining sites is included along with system problems experienced which prevented comprehensive seasonal analyses. Tables and discussions of individual site parameters such as collector areas, storage tank sizes, manufacturers, building dimensions, etc. are provided. Tables and summaries of 1980-1981 <span class="hlt">heating</span> season data are also provided. Analysis results are presented in graphic form to highlight key summary information. Performance indices are graphedmore » for two major groups of collectors - liquid and air. Comparative results of multiple NSDN systems' operation for the 1980-1981 <span class="hlt">heating</span> season are summarized with discussions of specific cases and conclusions which may be drawn from the data. (LEW)« less</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_20 --> <div id="page_21" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="401"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3276082','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3276082"><span>High invertase <span class="hlt">activity</span> in tomato reproductive organs correlates with enhanced sucrose import into, and <span class="hlt">heat</span> tolerance of, young fruit</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Li, Zhimiao; Palmer, William M.; Martin, Antony P.; Wang, Rongqing; Rainsford, Frederick; Jin, Ye; Patrick, John W.; Yang, Yuejian; Ruan, Yong-Ling</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Heat</span> stress can cause severe crop yield losses by impairing reproductive development. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We examined patterns of carbon allocation and <span class="hlt">activities</span> of sucrose cleavage enzymes in <span class="hlt">heat</span>-tolerant (HT) and -sensitive (HS) tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) lines subjected to normal (control) and <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress temperatures. At the control temperature of 25/20 °C (day/night) the HT line exhibited higher cell wall invertase (CWIN) <span class="hlt">activity</span> in flowers and young fruits and partitioned more sucrose to fruits but less to vegetative tissues as compared to the HS line, independent of leaf photosynthetic capacity. Upon 2-, 4-, or 24-h exposure to day or night temperatures of 5 °C or more above 25/20 °C, cell wall (CWIN) and vacuolar invertases (VIN), but not sucrose synthase (SuSy), <span class="hlt">activities</span> in young fruit of the HT line were significantly higher than those of the HS line. The HT line had a higher level of transcript of a CWIN gene, Lin7, in 5-day fruit than the HS line under control and <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress temperatures. Interestingly, <span class="hlt">heat</span> induced transcription of an invertase inhibitor gene, INVINH1, but reduced its protein abundance. Transcript levels of LePLDa1, encoding phospholipase D, which degrades cell membranes, was less in the HT line than in the HS line after exposure to <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress. The data indicate that high invertase <span class="hlt">activity</span> of, and increased sucrose import into, young tomato fruit could contribute to their <span class="hlt">heat</span> tolerance through increasing sink strength and sugar signalling <span class="hlt">activities</span>, possibly regulating a programmed cell death pathway. PMID:22105847</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC13F0830B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC13F0830B"><span>Systematic losses of outdoor <span class="hlt">production</span> from <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress and climate change</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Buzan, J. R.; Huber, M.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Heat</span> stress impacts humans today with <span class="hlt">heat</span> waves, worker reductions, and health issues. Here we show novel results in labor <span class="hlt">productivity</span> for outdoor work due to global warming. We use the HumanIndexMod to calculate 4x daily values of Simplified Wet Bulb Globe Temperature index (sWBGT) from the CMIP5 archive normalized by global mean surface temperature changes. Previous work shows that scaling of sWBGT is robust across the CMIP5 archive. We calculate total annual outdoor labor capacity from our scaled sWBGT results. Our results show modern day losses due to <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress impacting outdoor work for low latitudes (and parts of Eastern China and the Southern United States). At 2°C of climate change, up to 20% losses to total capacity impact Midwestern United States, while the Southern United States suffers >20% losses. Western Coastal Africa suffers annual losses at >80%, along with the Amazon Basin and the greater South East Asia region. India suffers losses >50% annually. At +5°C, the estimated mean global change by 2100, the Equatorial region (Northern Australia and Northern Bolivia to Western Coastal Africa and Southern India) has complete cessation of annual outdoor work. The Midwest United States suffers losses up to 30%, and the Gulf of Mexico suffers losses >50%. Our results imply that small changes in global mean surface temperature (2°C) will lead to crippling losses to outdoor work annually, and ≥5°C losses will lead to cessation of labor for more than half the world's population.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.eia.gov/petroleum/heatingoilpropane/','EIAPUBS'); return false;" href="https://www.eia.gov/petroleum/heatingoilpropane/"><span><span class="hlt">Heating</span> Oil and Propane Update</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eia.doe.gov/reports/">EIA Publications</a></p> <p></p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Weekly residential, wholesale, and spot prices; and <span class="hlt">production</span>, demand, and stocks of <span class="hlt">heating</span> fuels. (Weekly <span class="hlt">heating</span> oil and propane prices are only collected during the <span class="hlt">heating</span> season which extends from October through March.)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4390352','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4390352"><span>Solar Radiation during Rewarming from Torpor in Elephant Shrews: Supplementation or Substitution of Endogenous <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Production</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Thompson, Michelle L.; Mzilikazi, Nomakwezi; Bennett, Nigel C.; McKechnie, Andrew E.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Many small mammals bask in the sun during rewarming from heterothermy, but the implications of this behaviour for their energy balance remain little understood. Specifically, it remains unclear whether solar radiation supplements endogenous metabolic thermogenesis (i.e., rewarming occurs through the additive effects of internally-produced and external <span class="hlt">heat</span>), or whether solar radiation reduces the energy required to rewarm by substituting (i.e, replacing) metabolic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>. To address this question, we examined patterns of torpor and rewarming rates in eastern rock elephant shrews (Elephantulus myurus) housed in outdoor cages with access to either natural levels of solar radiation or levels that were experimentally reduced by means of shade cloth. We also tested whether acclimation to solar radiation availability was manifested via phenotypic flexibility in basal metabolic rate (BMR), non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) capacity and/or summit metabolism (Msum). Rewarming rates varied significantly among treatments, with elephant shrews experiencing natural solar radiation levels rewarming faster than conspecifics experiencing solar radiation levels equivalent to approximately 20% or 40% of natural levels. BMR differed significantly between individuals experiencing natural levels of solar radiation and conspecifics experiencing approximately 20% of natural levels, but no between-treatment difference was evident for NST capacity or Msum. The positive relationship between solar radiation availability and rewarming rate, together with the absence of acclimation in maximum non-shivering and total <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> capacities, suggests that under the conditions of this study solar radiation supplemented rather than substituted metabolic thermogenesis as a source of <span class="hlt">heat</span> during rewarming from heterothermy. PMID:25853244</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25853244','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25853244"><span>Solar radiation during rewarming from torpor in elephant shrews: supplementation or substitution of endogenous <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Thompson, Michelle L; Mzilikazi, Nomakwezi; Bennett, Nigel C; McKechnie, Andrew E</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Many small mammals bask in the sun during rewarming from heterothermy, but the implications of this behaviour for their energy balance remain little understood. Specifically, it remains unclear whether solar radiation supplements endogenous metabolic thermogenesis (i.e., rewarming occurs through the additive effects of internally-produced and external <span class="hlt">heat</span>), or whether solar radiation reduces the energy required to rewarm by substituting (i.e, replacing) metabolic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>. To address this question, we examined patterns of torpor and rewarming rates in eastern rock elephant shrews (Elephantulus myurus) housed in outdoor cages with access to either natural levels of solar radiation or levels that were experimentally reduced by means of shade cloth. We also tested whether acclimation to solar radiation availability was manifested via phenotypic flexibility in basal metabolic rate (BMR), non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) capacity and/or summit metabolism (Msum). Rewarming rates varied significantly among treatments, with elephant shrews experiencing natural solar radiation levels rewarming faster than conspecifics experiencing solar radiation levels equivalent to approximately 20% or 40% of natural levels. BMR differed significantly between individuals experiencing natural levels of solar radiation and conspecifics experiencing approximately 20% of natural levels, but no between-treatment difference was evident for NST capacity or Msum. The positive relationship between solar radiation availability and rewarming rate, together with the absence of acclimation in maximum non-shivering and total <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> capacities, suggests that under the conditions of this study solar radiation supplemented rather than substituted metabolic thermogenesis as a source of <span class="hlt">heat</span> during rewarming from heterothermy.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5240723','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5240723"><span>Unrestrained AMPylation targets cytosolic chaperones and <span class="hlt">activates</span> the <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock response</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Truttmann, Matthias C.; Zheng, Xu; Hanke, Leo; Damon, Jadyn R.; Grootveld, Monique; Krakowiak, Joanna; Pincus, David; Ploegh, Hidde L.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Protein AMPylation is a conserved posttranslational modification with emerging roles in endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis. However, the range of substrates and cell biological consequences of AMPylation remain poorly defined. We expressed human and Caenorhabditis elegans AMPylation enzymes—huntingtin yeast-interacting protein E (HYPE) and filamentation-induced by cyclic AMP (FIC)-1, respectively—in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a eukaryote that lacks endogenous protein AMPylation. Expression of HYPE and FIC-1 in yeast induced a strong cytoplasmic Hsf1-mediated <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock response, accompanied by attenuation of protein translation, massive protein aggregation, growth arrest, and lethality. Overexpression of Ssa2, a cytosolic <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock protein (Hsp)70, was sufficient to partially rescue growth. In human cell lines, overexpression of <span class="hlt">active</span> HYPE similarly induced protein aggregation and the HSF1-dependent <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock response. Excessive AMPylation also abolished HSP70-dependent influenza virus replication. Our findings suggest a mode of Hsp70 inactivation by AMPylation and point toward a role for protein AMPylation in the regulation of cellular protein homeostasis beyond the endoplasmic reticulum. PMID:28031489</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29870893','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29870893"><span>Occurrence, distribution and contamination levels of <span class="hlt">heat</span>-resistant moulds throughout the processing of pasteurized high-acid fruit <span class="hlt">products</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Santos, Juliana Lane Paixão Dos; Samapundo, Simbarashe; Biyikli, Ayse; Van Impe, Jan; Akkermans, Simen; Höfte, Monica; Abatih, Emmanuel Nji; Sant'Ana, Anderson S; Devlieghere, Frank</p> <p>2018-05-19</p> <p><span class="hlt">Heat</span>-resistant moulds (HRMs) are well known for their ability to survive pasteurization and spoil high-acid food <span class="hlt">products</span>, which is of great concern for processors of fruit-based <span class="hlt">products</span> worldwide. Whilst the majority of the studies on HRMs over the last decades have addressed their inactivation, few data are currently available regarding their contamination levels in fruit and fruit-based <span class="hlt">products</span>. Thus, this study aimed to quantify and identify <span class="hlt">heat</span>-resistant fungal ascospores from samples collected throughout the processing of pasteurized high-acid fruit <span class="hlt">products</span>. In addition, an assessment on the effect of processing on the contamination levels of HRMs in these <span class="hlt">products</span> was carried out. A total of 332 samples from 111 batches were analyzed from three processing plants (=three processing lines): strawberry puree (n = 88, Belgium), concentrated orange juice (n = 90, Brazil) and apple puree (n = 154, the Netherlands). HRMs were detected in 96.4% (107/111) of the batches and 59.3% (197/332) of the analyzed samples. HRMs were present in 90.9% of the samples from the strawberry puree processing line (1-215 ascospores/100 g), 46.7% of the samples from the orange juice processing line (1-200 ascospores/100 g) and 48.7% of samples from the apple puree processing line (1-84 ascospores/100 g). Despite the high occurrence, the majority (76.8%, 255/332) of the samples were either not contaminated or presented low levels of HRMs (<10 ascospores/100 g). For both strawberry puree and concentrated orange juice, processing had no statistically significant effect on the levels of HRMs (p > 0.05). On the contrary, a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in HRMs levels was observed during the processing of apple puree. Twelve species were identified belonging to four genera - Byssochlamys, Aspergillus with Neosartorya-type ascospores, Talaromyces and Rasamsonia. N. fumigata (23.6%), N. fischeri (19.1%) and B. nivea (5.5%) were the predominant species in</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28549691','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28549691"><span>27-Hydroxycholesterol upregulates the <span class="hlt">production</span> of <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock protein 60 of monocytic cells.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kim, Bo-Young; Son, Yonghae; Choi, Jeongyoon; Eo, Seong-Kug; Park, Young Chul; Kim, Koanhoi</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>Investigating differentially expressed proteins in a milieu rich in cholesterol oxidation <span class="hlt">products</span>, we found via mass spectrometry-based proteomics that surface levels of <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock protein 60 (HSP60) were upregulated on monocytic cells in the presence of 27-hydroxycholesterol (27OHChol). The elevated levels of cytoplasmic membrane HSP60 were verified via Western blot analysis and visualized by confocal microscopy. Treatment with 27OHChol also resulted in increased levels of cellular HSP60 without altering its transcription. Cholesterol, however, did not affect cell-surface levels and cellular amount of HSP60. GSK 2033, an LXR antagonist, inhibited expression of live X receptor α, but not of HSP60, induced by 27OHChol. Treatment with 27OHChol also resulted in increased release of HSP60 from monocytic cells, but the release was significantly reduced by inhibitors of endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi protein trafficking, brefeldin A and monensin. Results of the current study indicate that 27OHChol upregulates not only cell-surface and cellular levels of HSP60 but also its release from monocytic cells, thereby contributing to <span class="hlt">activation</span> of the immune system. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4397441','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4397441"><span>Cardiovascular pharmacology of quazodine (MJ-1988), with particular reference to effects of myocardial blood flow and metabolic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Parratt, J R; Winslow, E</p> <p>1971-06-01</p> <p>1. The effects of intravenous infusions of quazodine (6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethylquinazoline; MJ-1988) on myocardial blood flow, myocardial metabolic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> and on general haemodynamics have been studied in cats anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbitone.2. Quazodine (0.25 and 0.5 (mg/kg)/min for 10 min) decreased diastolic blood pressure, peripheral vascular resistance, systolic ejection time and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Heart rate, cardiac effort, output and external work and left ventricular dP/dt were markedly increased. These changes are indicative of increased myocardial contractility and peripheral vasodilatation.3. In a dose of (1.0 mg/kg)/min, quazodine had a more marked hypotensive effect, systolic pressure being significantly reduced, and had less effect on left ventricular dP/dt and cardiac effort. Calculated external cardiac work was slightly reduced and there were very occasional nodal arrhythmias.4. Changes in heart rate, aortic dP/dt and diastolic blood pressure induced by quazodine were unaffected by the previous administration of the beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent alprenolol in a dose (1.0 mg/kg) which abolished the effects of isoprenaline.5. In all doses, quazodine markedly increased local blood flow (by 70-540%) around an implanted myocardial <span class="hlt">heated</span> thermocouple recorder. ;Corrected temperature', an index of local myocardial metabolic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>, was almost unchanged and it is suggested that increased myocardial contractility, occurring with unchanged metabolic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> and oxygen consumption, probably results from a concomitant decrease in intramural wall tension.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title9-vol2/pdf/CFR-2012-title9-vol2-sec590-575.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title9-vol2/pdf/CFR-2012-title9-vol2-sec590-575.pdf"><span>9 CFR 590.575 - <span class="hlt">Heat</span> treatment of dried whites.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>... 9 Animals and Animal <span class="hlt">Products</span> 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false <span class="hlt">Heat</span> treatment of dried whites. 590..., Processing, and Facility Requirements § 590.575 <span class="hlt">Heat</span> treatment of dried whites. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> treatment of dried... and at such temperatures as will result in salmonella negative <span class="hlt">product</span>. (a) The <span class="hlt">product</span> to be <span class="hlt">heat</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title9-vol2/pdf/CFR-2013-title9-vol2-sec590-575.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title9-vol2/pdf/CFR-2013-title9-vol2-sec590-575.pdf"><span>9 CFR 590.575 - <span class="hlt">Heat</span> treatment of dried whites.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>... 9 Animals and Animal <span class="hlt">Products</span> 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false <span class="hlt">Heat</span> treatment of dried whites. 590..., Processing, and Facility Requirements § 590.575 <span class="hlt">Heat</span> treatment of dried whites. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> treatment of dried... and at such temperatures as will result in salmonella negative <span class="hlt">product</span>. (a) The <span class="hlt">product</span> to be <span class="hlt">heat</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title9-vol2/pdf/CFR-2014-title9-vol2-sec590-575.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title9-vol2/pdf/CFR-2014-title9-vol2-sec590-575.pdf"><span>9 CFR 590.575 - <span class="hlt">Heat</span> treatment of dried whites.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>... 9 Animals and Animal <span class="hlt">Products</span> 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false <span class="hlt">Heat</span> treatment of dried whites. 590..., Processing, and Facility Requirements § 590.575 <span class="hlt">Heat</span> treatment of dried whites. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> treatment of dried... and at such temperatures as will result in salmonella negative <span class="hlt">product</span>. (a) The <span class="hlt">product</span> to be <span class="hlt">heat</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5040955','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5040955"><span>Genomic Selection Improves <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Tolerance in Dairy Cattle</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Garner, J. B.; Douglas, M. L.; Williams, S. R. O; Wales, W. J.; Marett, L. C.; Nguyen, T. T. T.; Reich, C. M.; Hayes, B. J.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Dairy <span class="hlt">products</span> are a key source of valuable proteins and fats for many millions of people worldwide. Dairy cattle are highly susceptible to <span class="hlt">heat</span>-stress induced decline in milk <span class="hlt">production</span>, and as the frequency and duration of <span class="hlt">heat</span>-stress events increases, the long term security of nutrition from dairy <span class="hlt">products</span> is threatened. Identification of dairy cattle more tolerant of <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress conditions would be an important progression towards breeding better adapted dairy herds to future climates. Breeding for <span class="hlt">heat</span> tolerance could be accelerated with genomic selection, using genome wide DNA markers that predict tolerance to <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress. Here we demonstrate the value of genomic predictions for <span class="hlt">heat</span> tolerance in cohorts of Holstein cows predicted to be <span class="hlt">heat</span> tolerant and <span class="hlt">heat</span> susceptible using controlled-climate chambers simulating a moderate heatwave event. Not only was the <span class="hlt">heat</span> challenge stimulated decline in milk <span class="hlt">production</span> less in cows genomically predicted to be <span class="hlt">heat</span>-tolerant, physiological indicators such as rectal and intra-vaginal temperatures had reduced increases over the 4 day <span class="hlt">heat</span> challenge. This demonstrates that genomic selection for <span class="hlt">heat</span> tolerance in dairy cattle is a step towards securing a valuable source of nutrition and improving animal welfare facing a future with predicted increases in <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress events. PMID:27682591</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27381763','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27381763"><span>Taste-<span class="hlt">Active</span> Maillard Reaction <span class="hlt">Products</span> in Roasted Garlic (Allium sativum).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wakamatsu, Junichiro; Stark, Timo D; Hofmann, Thomas</p> <p>2016-07-27</p> <p>In order to gain first insight into candidate Maillard reaction <span class="hlt">products</span> formed upon thermal processing of garlic, mixtures of glucose and S-allyl-l-cysteine, the major sulfur-containing amino acid in garlic, were low-moisture <span class="hlt">heated</span>, and nine major reaction <span class="hlt">products</span> were isolated. LC-TOF-MS, 1D/2D NMR, and CD spectroscopy led to their identification as acortatarin A (1), pollenopyrroside A (2), epi-acortatarin A (3), xylapyrroside A (4), 5-hydroxymethyl-1-[(5-hydroxymethyl-2-furanyl)methyl]-1H-pyrrole-2-carbalde-hyde (5), 3-(allylthio)-2-(2-formyl-5-hydroxymethyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)propanoic acid (6), (4S)-4-(allylthiomethyl)-3,4-dihydro-3-oxo-1H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]oxazine-6-carbaldehyde (7), (2R)-3-(allylthio)-2-[(4R)-4-(allylthiomethyl)-6-formyl-3-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrrolo-[1,2-a]pyrazin-2(1H)-yl]propanoic acid (8), and (2R)-3-(allylthio)-2-((4S)-4-(allylthiomethyl)-6-formyl-3-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrrolo-[1,2-a]pyrazin-2(1H)-yl)propanoic acid (9). Among the Maillard reaction <span class="hlt">products</span> identified, compounds 5-9 have not previously been published. The thermal generation of the literature known spiroalkaloids 1-4 is reported for the first time. Sensory analysis revealed a bitter taste with thresholds between 0.5 and 785 μmol/kg for 1-5 and 7-9. Compound 6 did not show any intrinsic taste (water) but exhibited a strong mouthfullness (kokumi) enhancing <span class="hlt">activity</span> above 186 μmol/kg. LC-MS/MS analysis showed 1-9 to be generated upon pan-frying of garlic with the highest concentration of 793.7 μmol/kg found for 6, thus exceeding its kokumi threshold by a factor of 4 and giving evidence for its potential taste modulation <span class="hlt">activity</span> in processed garlic preparations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92400','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92400"><span>Habituation of Salmonella spp. at Reduced Water <span class="hlt">Activity</span> and Its Effect on <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Tolerance</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Mattick, K. L.; Jørgensen, F.; Legan, J. D.; Lappin-Scott, H. M.; Humphrey, T. J.</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>The effect of habituation at reduced water <span class="hlt">activity</span> (aw) on <span class="hlt">heat</span> tolerance of Salmonella spp. was investigated. Stationary-phase cells were exposed to aw 0.95 in broths containing glucose-fructose, sodium chloride, or glycerol at 21°C for up to a week prior to <span class="hlt">heat</span> challenge at 54°C. In addition, the effects of different aws and <span class="hlt">heat</span> challenge temperatures were investigated. Habituation at aw 0.95 resulted in increased <span class="hlt">heat</span> tolerance at 54°C with all solutes tested. The extent of the increase and the optimal habituation time depended on the solute used. Exposure to broths containing glucose-fructose (aw 0.95) for 12 h resulted in maximal <span class="hlt">heat</span> tolerance, with more than a fourfold increase in D54 values. Cells held for more than 72 h in these conditions, however, became as <span class="hlt">heat</span> sensitive as nonhabituated populations. Habituation in the presence of sodium chloride or glycerol gave rise to less pronounced but still significant increases in <span class="hlt">heat</span> tolerance at 54°C, and a shorter incubation time was required to maximize tolerance. The increase in <span class="hlt">heat</span> tolerance following habituation in broths containing glucose-fructose (aw 0.95) was RpoS independent. The presence of chloramphenicol or rifampin during habituation and inactivation did not affect the extent of <span class="hlt">heat</span> tolerance achieved, suggesting that de novo protein synthesis was probably not necessary. These data highlight the importance of cell prehistory prior to <span class="hlt">heat</span> inactivation and may have implications for food manufacturers using low-aw ingredients. PMID:11055944</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992kyu..reptQ....C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992kyu..reptQ....C"><span>Pulse mitigation and <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer enhancement techniques. Volume 3: Liquid sodium <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer facility and transient response of sodium <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe to pulse forward and reverse <span class="hlt">heat</span> load</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chow, L. C.; Hahn, O. J.; Nguyen, H. X.</p> <p>1992-08-01</p> <p>This report presents the description of a liquid sodium <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer facility (sodium loop) constructed to support the study of transient response of <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipes. The facility, consisting of the loop itself, a safety system, and a data acquisition system, can be safely operated over a wide range of temperature and sodium flow rate. The transient response of a <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe to pulse <span class="hlt">heat</span> load at the condenser section was experimentally investigated. A 0.457 m screen wick, sodium <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe with an outer diameter of 0.127 m was tested under different <span class="hlt">heat</span> loading conditions. A major finding was that the <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe reversed under a pulse <span class="hlt">heat</span> load applied at the condenser. The time of reversal was approximately 15 to 25 seconds. The startup of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe from frozen state was also studied. It was found that during the startup process, at least part of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe was <span class="hlt">active</span>. The <span class="hlt">active</span> region extended gradually down to the end of the condenser until all of the working fluid in the <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe was molten.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24792803','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24792803"><span>Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis <span class="hlt">activation</span> and immune regulation in <span class="hlt">heat</span>-stressed sheep after supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Caroprese, M; Ciliberti, M G; Annicchiarico, G; Albenzio, M; Muscio, A; Sevi, A</p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>The aim of this study was to assess the effects of supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids from different sources on immune regulation and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis <span class="hlt">activation</span> in <span class="hlt">heat</span>-stressed sheep. The experiment was carried out during the summer 2012. Thirty-two Comisana ewes were divided into 4 groups (8 sheep/group): (1) supplemented with whole flaxseed (FS); (2) supplemented with Ascophyllum nodosum (AG); (3) supplemented with a combination of flaxseed and A. nodosum (FS+AG); and (4) control (C; no supplementation). On d 22 of the experiment, cortisol concentrations in sheep blood were measured after an injection of ACTH. Cellular immune response was evaluated by intradermic injection of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) at 0, 15, and 30 d of the trial. Humoral response to ovalbumin (OVA) was measured at 0, 15, and 30 d. At 0, 15, and 30 d of the experiment, blood samples were collected from each ewe to determine <span class="hlt">production</span> of T-helper (Th)1 cytokines (IL-12 and IFN-γ), and Th2 cytokines (IL-10, IL-4, IL-13), and concentrations of <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock proteins (HSP) 70 and 90. Ewes supplemented with flaxseed alone had greater cortisol concentrations and a longer-lasting cell-mediated immune response compared with ewes in the control and other groups. Anti-OVA IgG concentrations increased in all groups throughout the trial, even though ewes in the FS+AG group had the lowest anti-OVA IgG concentrations at 15 d. The level of IL-10 increased in all groups throughout the experiment; the FS+AG group had the lowest IL-13 concentration at 15 and 30 d. The concentration of HSP 70 increased in AG ewes at the end of the experiment and decreased in FS ewes, whereas that of HSP 90 increased in FS ewes compared with FS+AG ewes. Flaxseed supplementation was found to influence in vivo HPA <span class="hlt">activation</span> in <span class="hlt">heat</span>-stressed sheep, resulting in increased cortisol concentrations, probably to meet increased energy demand for thermoregulation. Flaxseed supplementation also</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26074243','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26074243"><span><span class="hlt">Production</span> and physiological responses of <span class="hlt">heat</span>-stressed lactating dairy cattle to conductive cooling.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Perano, Kristen M; Usack, Joseph G; Angenent, Largus T; Gebremedhin, Kifle G</p> <p>2015-08-01</p> <p>The objective of this research was to test the effectiveness of conductive cooling in alleviating <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress of lactating dairy cows. A conductive cooling system was built with waterbeds (Dual Chamber Cow Waterbeds, Advanced Comfort Technology Inc., Reedsburg, WI) modified to circulate chilled water. The experiment lasted 7 wk. Eight first-lactation Holstein cows producing 34.4±3.7kg/d of milk at 166±28 d in milk were used in the study. Milk yield, dry matter intake (DMI), and rectal temperature were recorded twice daily, and respiration rate was recorded 5 times per day. During wk 1, the cows were not exposed to experimental <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress or conductive cooling. For the remaining 6 wk, the cows were exposed to <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress from 0900 to 1700h each day. During these 6 wk, 4 of the 8 cows were cooled with conductive cooling (experimental cows), and the other 4 were not cooled (control cows). The study consisted of 2 thermal environment exposures (temperature-humidity index mean ± standard deviation of 80.7±0.9 and 79.0±1.0) and 2 cooling water temperatures (circulating water through the water mattresses at temperatures of 4.5°C and 10°C). Thus, a total of 4 conductive cooling treatments were tested, with each treatment lasting 1 wk. During wk 6, the experimental and control cows were switched and the temperature-humidity index of 79.0±1.0 with 4.5°C cooling water treatment was repeated. During wk 7, waterbeds were placed directly on concrete stalls without <span class="hlt">actively</span> cooling the water. Least squares means and P-values for the different treatments were calculated with multivariate mixed models. Conductively cooling the cows with 4.5°C water decreased rectal temperature by 1.0°C, decreased respiration rate by 18 breaths/min, increased milk yield by 5%, and increased DMI by 14% compared with the controls. When the results from the 2 cooling water temperatures (4.5°C and 10°C circulating water) were compared, we found that the rectal temperature from 4.5</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20395540','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20395540"><span>VIP/PACAP receptor mediation of cutaneous <span class="hlt">active</span> vasodilation during <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress in humans.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kellogg, Dean L; Zhao, Joan L; Wu, Yubo; Johnson, John M</p> <p>2010-07-01</p> <p>Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is implicated in cutaneous <span class="hlt">active</span> vasodilation in humans. VIP and the closely related pituitary adenylate cyclase <span class="hlt">activating</span> peptide (PACAP) act through several receptor types: VIP through VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors and PACAP through VPAC1, VPAC2, and PAC1 receptors. We examined participation of VPAC2 and/or PAC1 receptors in cutaneous vasodilation during <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress by testing the effects of their specific blockade with PACAP6-38. PACAP6-38 dissolved in Ringer's was administered by intradermal microdialysis at one forearm site while a control site received Ringer's solution. Skin blood flow was monitored by laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF). Blood pressure was monitored noninvasively and cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) calculated. A 5- to 10-min baseline period was followed by approximately 70 min of PACAP6-38 (100 microM) perfusion at one site in normothermia and a 3-min period of body cooling. Whole body <span class="hlt">heating</span> was then performed to engage cutaneous <span class="hlt">active</span> vasodilation and was maintained until CVC had plateaued at an elevated level at all sites for 5-10 min. Finally, 58 mM sodium nitroprusside was perfused through both microdialysis sites to effect maximal vasodilation. No CVC differences were found between control and PACAP6-38-treated sites during normothermia (19 +/- 3%max untreated vs. 20 +/- 3%max, PACAP6-38 treated; P > 0.05 between sites) or cold stress (11 +/- 2%max untreated vs. 10 +/- 2%max, PACAP6-38 treated, P > 0.05 between sites). PACAP6-38 attenuated the increase in CVC during whole body <span class="hlt">heating</span> when compared with untreated sites (59 +/- 3%max untreated vs. 46 +/- 3%max, PACAP6-38 treated, P < 0.05). We conclude that VPAC2 and/or PAC1 receptor <span class="hlt">activation</span> is involved in cutaneous <span class="hlt">active</span> vasodilation in humans.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4300035-process-heat-generation-consumption','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4300035-process-heat-generation-consumption"><span>PROCESS <span class="hlt">HEAT</span> GENERATION AND CONSUMPTION, 1939 TO 1967</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Prehn, W.L. Jr.; Tarrice, R.R.</p> <p></p> <p>A survey and analysis of the generation and use of <span class="hlt">heat</span> in manufacturing has been completed. The greatest emphasis has been placed on the variety of <span class="hlt">heat</span> applications in United States manufacturing industries with some discussion of other important uses. The generation of electricity is excluded from this analysis. The generation of <span class="hlt">heat</span> through steam <span class="hlt">production</span> and through directfiring means is analyzed and described in terms of the major economic factors dictating application and possible growth. These factors include: geography, fuel, industry growth, cost, <span class="hlt">heat</span> quality, generating unit size, and other contributing elements. Some data are given on similar mattersmore » in foreign countries. Only those countries which are important in terms of industrial <span class="hlt">activity</span> are considered. A projection of demand for industrial <span class="hlt">heat</span> in the categories studied is shown for the next five years and the next ten years. It is concluded that certain portions of the industrial complex of the world are sufficiently important in terms of the use of <span class="hlt">heat</span> that further detailed study of the above factors is well justified. (auth)« less</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_21 --> <div id="page_22" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="421"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19780017597','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19780017597"><span>Prototype solar <span class="hlt">heating</span> and combined <span class="hlt">heating</span> and cooling systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1977-01-01</p> <p>System analysis <span class="hlt">activities</span> were directed toward refining the <span class="hlt">heating</span> system parameters. Trade studies were performed to support hardware selections for all systems and for the <span class="hlt">heating</span> only operational test sites in particular. The <span class="hlt">heating</span> system qualification tests were supported by predicting qualification test component performance prior to conducting the test.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27216364','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27216364"><span>Ste20-like kinase, SLK, <span class="hlt">activates</span> the <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock factor 1 - Hsp70 pathway.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cybulsky, Andrey V; Guillemette, Julie; Papillon, Joan</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>Expression and <span class="hlt">activation</span> of SLK increases during renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. When highly expressed, SLK signals via c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 to induce apoptosis, and it exacerbates apoptosis induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury. Overexpression of SLK in glomerular epithelial cells (GECs)/podocytes in vivo induces injury and proteinuria. In response to various stresses, cells enhance expression of chaperones or <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock proteins (e.g. Hsp70), which are involved in the folding and maturation of newly synthesized proteins, and can refold denatured or misfolded proteins. We address the interaction of SLK with the <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock factor 1 (HSF1)-Hsp70 pathway. Increased expression of SLK in GECs (following transfection) induced HSF1 transcriptional <span class="hlt">activity</span>. Moreover, HSF1 transcriptional <span class="hlt">activity</span> was increased by in vitro ischemia-reperfusion injury (chemical anoxia/recovery) and <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock, and in both instances was amplified further by SLK overexpression. HSF1 binds to promoters of target genes, such as Hsp70 and induces their transcription. By analogy to HSF1, SLK stimulated Hsp70 expression. Hsp70 was also enhanced by anoxia/recovery and was further amplified by SLK overexpression. Induction of HSF1 and Hsp70 was dependent on the kinase <span class="hlt">activity</span> of SLK, and was mediated via polo-like kinase-1. Transfection of constitutively <span class="hlt">active</span> HSF1 enhanced Hsp70 expression and inhibited SLK-induced apoptosis. Conversely, the proapoptotic action of SLK was augmented by HSF1 shRNA, or the Hsp70 inhibitor, pifithrin-μ. In conclusion, increased expression/<span class="hlt">activity</span> of SLK <span class="hlt">activates</span> the HSF1-Hsp70 pathway. Hsp70 attenuates the primary proapoptotic effect of SLK. Modulation of chaperone expression may potentially be harnessed as cytoprotective therapy in renal cell injury. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3200123','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3200123"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> Shock Proteins in Association with <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Tolerance in Grasses</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Xu, Yan; Zhan, Chenyang; Huang, Bingru</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>The grass family Poaceae includes annual species cultivated as major grain crops and perennial species cultivated as forage or turf grasses. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> stress is a primary factor limiting growth and <span class="hlt">productivity</span> of cool-season grass species and is becoming a more significant problem in the context of global warming. Plants have developed various mechanisms in <span class="hlt">heat</span>-stress adaptation, including changes in protein metabolism such as the induction of <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock proteins (HSPs). This paper summarizes the structure and function of major HSPs, recent research progress on the association of HSPs with grass tolerance to <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress, and incorporation of HSPs in <span class="hlt">heat</span>-tolerant grass breeding. PMID:22084689</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120003037','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120003037"><span>Joule-<span class="hlt">Heated</span> Molten Regolith Electrolysis Reactor Concepts for Oxygen and Metals <span class="hlt">Production</span> on the Moon and Mars</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Sibille, Laurent; Dominguez, Jesus A.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>The technology of direct electrolysis of molten lunar regolith to produce oxygen and molten metal alloys has progressed greatly in the last few years. The development of long-lasting inert anodes and cathode designs as well as techniques for the removal of molten <span class="hlt">products</span> from the reactor has been demonstrated. The containment of chemically aggressive oxide and metal melts is very difficult at the operating temperatures ca. 1600 C. Containing the molten oxides in a regolith shell can solve this technical issue and can be achieved by designing a Joule-<span class="hlt">heated</span> (sometimes called 'self-<span class="hlt">heating</span>') reactor in which the electrolytic currents generate enough Joule <span class="hlt">heat</span> to create a molten bath. Solutions obtained by multiphysics modeling allow the identification of the critical dimensions of concept reactors.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.geothermal-library.org/index.php?mode=pubs&action=view&record=1032246','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://www.geothermal-library.org/index.php?mode=pubs&action=view&record=1032246"><span>Monitoring ground-surface <span class="hlt">heating</span> during expansion of the Casa Diablo <span class="hlt">production</span> well field at Mammoth Lakes, California</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Bergfeld, D.; Vaughan, R. Greg; Evans, William C.; Olsen, Eric</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The Long Valley hydrothermal system supports geothermal power <span class="hlt">production</span> from 3 binary plants (Casa Diablo) near the town of Mammoth Lakes, California. Development and growth of thermal ground at sites west of Casa Diablo have created concerns over planned expansion of a new well field and the associated increases in geothermal fluid <span class="hlt">production</span>. To ensure that all areas of ground <span class="hlt">heating</span> are identified prior to new geothermal development, we obtained high-resolution aerial thermal infrared imagery across the region. The imagery covers the existing and proposed well fields and part of the town of Mammoth Lakes. Imagery results from a predawn flight on Oct. 9, 2014 readily identified the Shady Rest thermal area (SRST), one of two large areas of ground <span class="hlt">heating</span> west of Casa Diablo, as well as other known thermal areas smaller in size. Maximum surface temperatures at 3 thermal areas were 26–28 °C. Numerous small areas with ground temperatures >16 °C were also identified and slated for field investigations in summer 2015. Some thermal anomalies in the town of Mammoth Lakes clearly reflect human <span class="hlt">activity</span>.Previously established projects to monitor impacts from geothermal power <span class="hlt">production</span> include yearly surveys of soil temperatures and diffuse CO2 emissions at SRST, and less regular surveys to collect samples from fumaroles and gas vents across the region. Soil temperatures at 20 cm depth at SRST are well correlated with diffuse CO2 flux, and both parameters show little variation during the 2011–14 field surveys. Maximum temperatures were between 55–67 °C and associated CO2 discharge was around 12–18 tonnes per day. The carbon isotope composition of CO2 is fairly uniform across the area ranging between –3.7 to –4.4 ‰. The gas composition of the Shady Rest fumarole however has varied with time, and H2S concentrations in the gas have been increasing since 2009.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28989082','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28989082"><span>Assessment of tobacco <span class="hlt">heating</span> <span class="hlt">product</span> THP1.0. Part 4: Characterisation of indoor air quality and odour.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Forster, Mark; McAughey, John; Prasad, Krishna; Mavropoulou, Eleni; Proctor, Christopher</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>The tobacco <span class="hlt">heating</span> <span class="hlt">product</span> THP1.0, which <span class="hlt">heats</span> but does not burn tobacco, was tested as part of a modified-risk tobacco <span class="hlt">product</span> assessment framework for its impacts on indoor air quality and residual tobacco smoke odour. THP1.0 <span class="hlt">heats</span> the tobacco to less than 240 °C ± 5 °C during puffs. An environmentally controlled room was used to simulate ventilation conditions corresponding to residential, office and hospitality environments. An analysis of known tobacco smoke constituents, included CO, CO 2 , NO, NO 2 , nicotine, glycerol, 3-ethenyl pyridine, sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, eight volatile organic compounds, four carbonyls, four tobacco-specific nitrosamines and total aerosol particulate matter. Significant emissions reductions in comparison to conventional cigarettes were measured for THP1.0. Levels of nicotine, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde and particulate matter emitted from THP1.0 exceeded ambient air measurements, but were more than 90% reduced relative to cigarette smoke emissions within the laboratory conditions defined Residual tobacco smoke odour was assessed by trained sensory panels after exposure of cloth, hair and skin to both mainstream and environmental emissions from the test <span class="hlt">products</span>. Residual tobacco smoke odour was significantly lower from THP1.0 than from a conventional cigarette. These data show that using THP1.0 has the potential to result in considerably reduced environmental emissions that affect indoor air quality relative to conventional cigarettes. Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16990482','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16990482"><span>Increased temperature, not cardiac load, <span class="hlt">activates</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock transcription factor 1 and <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock protein 72 expression in the heart.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Staib, Jessica L; Quindry, John C; French, Joel P; Criswell, David S; Powers, Scott K</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>The expression of myocardial <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock protein 72 (HSP72) postexercise is initiated by the <span class="hlt">activation</span> of <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1). However, it remains unknown which physiological stimuli govern myocardial HSF1 <span class="hlt">activation</span> during exercise. These experiments tested the hypothesis that thermal stress and mechanical load, concomitant with simulated exercise, provide independent stimuli for HSF1 <span class="hlt">activation</span> and ensuing cardiac HSP72 gene expression. To elucidate the independent roles of increased temperature and cardiac workload in the exercise-mediated upregulation of left-ventricular HSP72, hearts from adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of five simulated exercise conditions. Upon reaching a surgical plane of anesthesia, each experimental heart was isolated and perfused using an in vitro working heart model, while independently varying temperatures (i.e., 37 degrees C vs. 40 degrees C) and cardiac workloads (i.e., low preload and afterload vs. high preload and afterload) to mimic exercise responses. Results indicate that hyperthermia, independent of cardiac workload, promoted an increase in nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of HSF1 compared with normothermic left ventricles. Similarly, hyperthermia, independent of workload, resulted in significant increases in cardiac levels of HSP72 mRNA. Collectively, these data suggest that HSF1 <span class="hlt">activation</span> and HSP72 gene transcriptional competence during simulated exercise are linked to elevated heart temperature and are not a direct function of increased cardiac workload.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..248a2014N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..248a2014N"><span>The Variation of Work <span class="hlt">Productivity</span> and Muscle <span class="hlt">Activities</span> at Different Levels of <span class="hlt">Production</span> Target</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nur, Nurhayati Mohd; Dawal, Siti Zawiah Md; Dahari, Mahidzal; Zuhairah Mahmud Zuhudi, Nurul</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>This paper aims to investigate the variation of work <span class="hlt">productivity</span> and muscle <span class="hlt">activities</span> among workers performing industrial repetitive tasks at four different levels of <span class="hlt">production</span> target. The work <span class="hlt">productivity</span> and muscle <span class="hlt">activities</span> data were recorded from twenty workers at four levels of <span class="hlt">production</span> target corresponding to “participative (PS1)”, “normal (PS2)”, “high (PS3)” and “very high (PS4)”. The results showed that worker <span class="hlt">productivity</span> was found to increase at higher <span class="hlt">production</span> target and there was a significant change (p < 0.005) in work <span class="hlt">productivity</span> across the four different <span class="hlt">production</span> targets. The muscle <span class="hlt">activities</span> were found to increase at higher <span class="hlt">production</span> target and correspond to more discomfort and a higher rate of muscle fatigue. The results indicated that working with a higher <span class="hlt">production</span> target results in higher worker <span class="hlt">productivity</span>, but could lead to higher risk of WMSDs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981spin.rept...60.','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981spin.rept...60."><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> Pipe Technology</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe, a sealed chamber whose walls are lined with a "wick," a thin capillary network containing a working fluid in liquid form was developed for a <span class="hlt">heat</span> distribution system for non-rotating satellites. Use of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe provides a continuous <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer mechanism. "<span class="hlt">Heat</span> tubes" that improve temperature control in plastics manufacturing equipment incorporated the <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe technology. James M. Stewart, an independent consultant, patented the <span class="hlt">heat</span> tubes he developed and granted a license to Kona Corporation. The Kona Nozzle for heaterless injection molding gets <span class="hlt">heat</span> for its operation from an external source and has no internal <span class="hlt">heating</span> bands, reducing machine maintenance and also eliminating electrical hazards associated with heater bands. The nozzles are used by Eastman Kodak, Bic Pen Corporation, Polaroid, Tupperware, Ford Motor Company, RCA, and Western Electric in the molding of their <span class="hlt">products</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040027503','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040027503"><span><span class="hlt">Heating</span> Structures Derived from Satellite</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Tao, W.-K.; Adler, R.; Haddad, Z.; Hou, A.; Kakar, R.; Krishnamurti, T. N.; Kummerow, C.; Lang, S.; Meneghini, R.; Olson, W.</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>Rainfall is a key link in the hydrologic cycle and is a primary <span class="hlt">heat</span> source for the atmosphere. The vertical distribution of latent-<span class="hlt">heat</span> release, which is accompanied by rainfall, modulates the large-scale circulations of the tropics and in turn can impact midlatitude weather. This latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> release is a consequence of phase changes between vapor, liquid, and solid water. The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), a joint U.S./Japan space project, was launched in November 1997. It provides an accurate measurement of rainfall over the global tropics which can be used to estimate the four-dimensional structure of latent <span class="hlt">heating</span> over the global tropics. The distributions of rainfall and inferred <span class="hlt">heating</span> can be used to advance our understanding of the global energy and water cycle. This paper describes several different algorithms for estimating latent <span class="hlt">heating</span> using TRMM observations. The strengths and weaknesses of each algorithm as well as the <span class="hlt">heating</span> <span class="hlt">products</span> are also discussed. The validation of <span class="hlt">heating</span> <span class="hlt">products</span> will be exhibited. Finally, the application of this <span class="hlt">heating</span> information to global circulation and climate models is presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.A54F..07E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.A54F..07E"><span>Suomi NPP VIIRS <span class="hlt">active</span> fire <span class="hlt">product</span> status</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ellicott, E. A.; Csiszar, I. A.; Schroeder, W.; Giglio, L.; Wind, B.; Justice, C. O.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>We provide an overview of the evaluation and development of the <span class="hlt">Active</span> Fires <span class="hlt">product</span> derived from the Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) sensor on the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) satellite during the first year of on-orbit data. Results from the initial evaluation of the standard SNPP <span class="hlt">Active</span> Fires <span class="hlt">product</span>, generated by the SNPP Interface Data Processing System (IDPS), supported the stabilization of the VIIRS Sensor Data Record (SDR) <span class="hlt">product</span>. This <span class="hlt">activity</span> focused in particular on the processing of the dual-gain 4 micron VIIRS M13 radiometric measurements into 750m aggregated data, which are fundamental for <span class="hlt">active</span> fire detection. Following the VIIRS SDR <span class="hlt">product</span>'s Beta maturity status in April 2012, correlative analysis between VIIRS and near-simultaneous fire detections from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the NASA Earth Observing System Aqua satellite confirmed the expected relative detection rates driven primarily by sensor differences. The VIIRS <span class="hlt">Active</span> Fires <span class="hlt">Product</span> Development and Validation Team also developed a science code that is based on the latest MODIS Collection 6 algorithm and provides a full spatially explicit fire mask to replace the sparse array output of fire locations from a MODIS Collection 4 equivalent algorithm in the current IDPS <span class="hlt">product</span>. The Algorithm Development Library (ADL) was used to support the planning for the transition of the science code into IDPS operations in the future. <span class="hlt">Product</span> evaluation and user outreach was facilitated by a <span class="hlt">product</span> website that provided end user access to fire data in user-friendly format over North America as well as examples of VIIRS-MODIS comparisons. The VIIRS fire team also developed an experimental <span class="hlt">product</span> based on 375m VIIRS Imagery band measurements and provided high quality imagery of major fire events in US. By August 2012 the IDPS <span class="hlt">product</span> achieved Beta maturity, with some known and documented shortfalls related to the processing of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=EDEMA&id=ED443633','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=EDEMA&id=ED443633"><span>Dehydration, <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Stroke, or Hyponatremia? The Recognition, Treatment, and Prevention of Hyponatremia Caused by High Exercise Outdoor <span class="hlt">Activities</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Cochran, Brent</p> <p></p> <p>Hyponatremia (severe sodium depletion) has symptoms similar to <span class="hlt">heat</span> exhaustion and <span class="hlt">heat</span> stroke and can easily be misdiagnosed. The number of wilderness users and extreme adventure <span class="hlt">activities</span> has increased in recent years, and more cases are being diagnosed. Given that a 1993 study found that 1 in 10 cases of <span class="hlt">heat</span>-related illnesses were…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.5641S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.5641S"><span><span class="hlt">Production</span> of <span class="hlt">activated</span> carbon from TCR char</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Stenzel, Fabian; Heberlein, Markus; Klinner, Tobias; Hornung, Andreas</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>The utilization of char for adsorptive purposes is known since the 18th century. At that time the char was made of wood or bones and used for decoloration of fluids. In the 20th century the <span class="hlt">production</span> of <span class="hlt">activated</span> carbon in an industrial scale was started. The today's raw materials for <span class="hlt">activated</span> carbon <span class="hlt">production</span> are hard coal, peat, wood or coconut shells. All these materials entail costs especially the latter. Thus, the utilization of carbon rich residues (biomass) is an interesting economic opportunity because it is available for no costs or even can create income. The char is produced by thermo-catalytic reforming (TCR®). This process is a combination of an intermediate pyrolysis and subsequently a reforming step. During the pyrolysis step the material is decomposed in a vapor and a solid carbon enriched phase. In the second step the vapor and the solid phase get in an intensive contact and the quality of both materials is improved via the reforming process. Subsequently, the condensables are precipitated from the vapor phase and a permanent gas as well as oil is obtained. Both are suitable for <span class="hlt">heat</span> and power <span class="hlt">production</span> which is a clear advantage of the TCR® process. The obtained biochar from the TCR® process has special properties. This material has a very low hydrogen and oxygen content. Its stability is comparable to hard coal or anthracite. Therefore it consists almost only of carbon and ash. The latter depends from input material. Furthermore the surface structure and area can be influenced during the reforming step. Depending from temperature and residence time the number of micro pores and the surface area can be increased. Preliminary investigations with methylene blue solution have shown that a TCR® char made of digestate from anaerobic digestion has adsorptive properties. The decoloration of the solution was achieved. A further influencing factor of the adsorption performance is the particle size. Based on the results of the preliminary tests a</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11078832','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11078832"><span>Role of calcium <span class="hlt">activated</span> kinases and phosphatases in <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock factor-1 <span class="hlt">activation</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Soncin, F; Asea, A; Zhang, X; Stevenson, M A; Calderwood, S K</p> <p>2000-12-01</p> <p>HSF-1 is regulated at multiple molecular levels through intra- and intermolecular protein-protein interactions as well as by post-translational modification through phosphorylation. We have found that elevating intracellular calcium ion levels by exposure to the ionophore A23187 or thapsigargin inhibits the conversion of HSF-1 from a latent cytoplasmic form to its nuclear/DNA binding form. To examine a role for calcium/calmodulin regulated enzymes in this process, we examined the ability of specific inhibitors to abrogate the effects of calcium elevation. While the inhibitor of calmodulin dependent kinase II, KCN62 enhanced <span class="hlt">activation</span> of HSF-1 during <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock, it failed to block the inhibitory effects of calcium increase. By contrast, the immunosuppresant drugs cyclosporin A and FK506 abolished the effects of calcium elevation on HSF-1 <span class="hlt">activation</span>. As the biological effects of the drugs are effected through inhibition of the calcium/calmodulin regulated phosphatase calcineurin, this suggests a role for calcineurin in antagonizing HSF-1 <span class="hlt">activity</span>. The experiments suggest the existence of phosphorylated residue(s) in HSF-1 important in one or more of the processes that lead to <span class="hlt">activation</span> (trimerization, nuclear localization, DNA binding) and which becomes dephosphorylated due to the <span class="hlt">activation</span> of a calcium/calmodulin/calcineurin complex.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA281407','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA281407"><span>Kinetics and Mechanism of Chemical Marker Formation and Water-<span class="hlt">Activated</span> <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Generation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>1994-05-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">activated</span> chemical heaters. It has recently been discovered at the Army’s Natick, Massachusetts Research, Development & Engineering Center that certain...FUNDING NUMBERS 0 i Kinetics and Mechanism of Chemical Marker Formation and Water-<span class="hlt">Activated</span> <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Generation ~~ 3 6. AUTHOR(S) I-GZ05 Kenneth Kustin DI N...unlimited. rpIC Q.UA y uI sECTED 5 13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words) n Research has been conducted on two projects: intrinsic chemical markers and water</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4500354','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4500354"><span>Daily <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress treatment rescues denervation-<span class="hlt">activated</span> mitochondrial clearance and atrophy in skeletal muscle</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Tamura, Yuki; Kitaoka, Yu; Matsunaga, Yutaka; Hoshino, Daisuke; Hatta, Hideo</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Traumatic nerve injury or motor neuron disease leads to denervation and severe muscle atrophy. Recent evidence indicates that loss of mitochondria and the related reduction in oxidative capacity could be key mediators of skeletal muscle atrophy. As our previous study showed that <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress increased the numbers of mitochondria in skeletal muscle, we evaluated whether <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress treatment could have a beneficial impact on denervation-induced loss of mitochondria and subsequent muscle atrophy. Here, we report that daily <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress treatment (mice placed in a chamber with a hot environment; 40°C, 30 min day−1, for 7 days) rescues the following parameters: (i) muscle atrophy (decreased gastrocnemius muscle mass); (ii) loss of mitochondrial content (decreased levels of ubiquinol–cytochrome c reductase core protein II, cytochrome c oxidase subunits I and IV and voltage-dependent anion channel protein); and (iii) reduction in oxidative capacity (reduced maximal <span class="hlt">activities</span> of citrate synthase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase) in denervated muscle (produced by unilateral sciatic nerve transection). In order to gain a better understanding of the above mitochondrial adaptations, we also examined the effects of <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress on autophagy-dependent mitochondrial clearance (mitophagy). Daily <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress normalized denervation-<span class="hlt">activated</span> induction of mitophagy (increased mitochondrial microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain3-II (LC3-II) with and without blocker of autophagosome clearance). The molecular basis of this observation was explained by the results that <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress attenuated the denervation-induced increase in key proteins that regulate the following steps: (i) the tagging step of mitochondrial clearance (increased mitochondrial Parkin, ubiquitin-conjugated, P62/sequestosome 1 (P62/SQSTM1)); and (ii) the elongation step of autophagosome formation (increased Atg5–Atg12 conjugate and Atg16L). Overall, our results contribute to the better</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3899060','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3899060"><span>Practical considerations for maximizing <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> in a novel thermobrachytherapy seed prototype</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Gautam, Bhoj; Warrell, Gregory; Shvydka, Diana; Subramanian, Manny; Ishmael Parsai, E.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Purpose: A combination of hyperthermia and radiation in the treatment of cancer has been proven to provide better tumor control than radiation administered as a monomodality, without an increase in complications or serious toxicities. Moreover, concurrent administration of hyperthermia and radiation displays synergistic enhancement, resulting in greater tumor cell killing than hyperthermia and radiation delivered separately. The authors have designed a new thermobrachytherapy (TB) seed, which serves as a source of both radiation and <span class="hlt">heat</span> for concurrent brachytherapy and hyperthermia treatments when implanted in solid tumors. This innovative seed, similar in size and geometry to conventional seeds, will have self-regulating thermal properties. Methods: The new seed's geometry is based on the standard BEST Model 2301 125I seed, resulting in very similar dosimetric properties. The TB seed generates <span class="hlt">heat</span> when placed in an oscillating magnetic field via induction <span class="hlt">heating</span> of a ferromagnetic Ni–Cu alloy core that replaces the tungsten radiographic marker of the standard Model 2301. The alloy composition is selected to undergo a Curie transition near 50 °C, drastically decreasing power <span class="hlt">production</span> at higher temperatures and providing for temperature self-regulation. Here, the authors present experimental studies of the magnetic properties of Ni–Cu alloy material, the visibility of TB seeds in radiographic imaging, and the ability of seed prototypes to uniformly <span class="hlt">heat</span> tissue to a desirable temperature. Moreover, analyses are presented of magnetic shielding and thermal expansion of the TB seed, as well as matching of radiation dose to temperature distributions for a short interseed distance in a given treatment volume. Results: Annealing the Ni–Cu alloy has a significant effect on its magnetization properties, increasing the sharpness of the Curie transition. The TB seed preserves the radiographic properties of the BEST 2301 seed in both plain x rays and CT images</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22251195-practical-considerations-maximizing-heat-production-novel-thermobrachytherapy-seed-prototype','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22251195-practical-considerations-maximizing-heat-production-novel-thermobrachytherapy-seed-prototype"><span>Practical considerations for maximizing <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> in a novel thermobrachytherapy seed prototype</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Gautam, Bhoj; Warrell, Gregory; Shvydka, Diana</p> <p>2014-02-15</p> <p>Purpose: A combination of hyperthermia and radiation in the treatment of cancer has been proven to provide better tumor control than radiation administered as a monomodality, without an increase in complications or serious toxicities. Moreover, concurrent administration of hyperthermia and radiation displays synergistic enhancement, resulting in greater tumor cell killing than hyperthermia and radiation delivered separately. The authors have designed a new thermobrachytherapy (TB) seed, which serves as a source of both radiation and <span class="hlt">heat</span> for concurrent brachytherapy and hyperthermia treatments when implanted in solid tumors. This innovative seed, similar in size and geometry to conventional seeds, will have self-regulatingmore » thermal properties. Methods: The new seed's geometry is based on the standard BEST Model 2301{sup 125}I seed, resulting in very similar dosimetric properties. The TB seed generates <span class="hlt">heat</span> when placed in an oscillating magnetic field via induction <span class="hlt">heating</span> of a ferromagnetic Ni–Cu alloy core that replaces the tungsten radiographic marker of the standard Model 2301. The alloy composition is selected to undergo a Curie transition near 50 °C, drastically decreasing power <span class="hlt">production</span> at higher temperatures and providing for temperature self-regulation. Here, the authors present experimental studies of the magnetic properties of Ni–Cu alloy material, the visibility of TB seeds in radiographic imaging, and the ability of seed prototypes to uniformly <span class="hlt">heat</span> tissue to a desirable temperature. Moreover, analyses are presented of magnetic shielding and thermal expansion of the TB seed, as well as matching of radiation dose to temperature distributions for a short interseed distance in a given treatment volume. Results: Annealing the Ni–Cu alloy has a significant effect on its magnetization properties, increasing the sharpness of the Curie transition. The TB seed preserves the radiographic properties of the BEST 2301 seed in both plain x rays and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22251710-practical-considerations-maximizing-heat-production-novel-thermobrachytherapy-seed-prototype','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22251710-practical-considerations-maximizing-heat-production-novel-thermobrachytherapy-seed-prototype"><span>Practical considerations for maximizing <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> in a novel thermobrachytherapy seed prototype</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Gautam, Bhoj; Warrell, Gregory; Shvydka, Diana</p> <p></p> <p>Purpose: A combination of hyperthermia and radiation in the treatment of cancer has been proven to provide better tumor control than radiation administered as a monomodality, without an increase in complications or serious toxicities. Moreover, concurrent administration of hyperthermia and radiation displays synergistic enhancement, resulting in greater tumor cell killing than hyperthermia and radiation delivered separately. The authors have designed a new thermobrachytherapy (TB) seed, which serves as a source of both radiation and <span class="hlt">heat</span> for concurrent brachytherapy and hyperthermia treatments when implanted in solid tumors. This innovative seed, similar in size and geometry to conventional seeds, will have self-regulatingmore » thermal properties. Methods: The new seed's geometry is based on the standard BEST Model 2301{sup 125}I seed, resulting in very similar dosimetric properties. The TB seed generates <span class="hlt">heat</span> when placed in an oscillating magnetic field via induction <span class="hlt">heating</span> of a ferromagnetic Ni–Cu alloy core that replaces the tungsten radiographic marker of the standard Model 2301. The alloy composition is selected to undergo a Curie transition near 50 °C, drastically decreasing power <span class="hlt">production</span> at higher temperatures and providing for temperature self-regulation. Here, the authors present experimental studies of the magnetic properties of Ni–Cu alloy material, the visibility of TB seeds in radiographic imaging, and the ability of seed prototypes to uniformly <span class="hlt">heat</span> tissue to a desirable temperature. Moreover, analyses are presented of magnetic shielding and thermal expansion of the TB seed, as well as matching of radiation dose to temperature distributions for a short interseed distance in a given treatment volume. Results: Annealing the Ni–Cu alloy has a significant effect on its magnetization properties, increasing the sharpness of the Curie transition. The TB seed preserves the radiographic properties of the BEST 2301 seed in both plain x rays and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4422444','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4422444"><span>Radioisotopic <span class="hlt">heat</span> source</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Sayell, E.H.</p> <p>1973-10-23</p> <p>A radioisotopic <span class="hlt">heat</span> source is described which includes a core of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">productive</span>, radioisotopic material, an impact resistant layer of graphite surrounding said core, and a shell of iridium metal intermediate the core and the impact layer. The source may also include a compliant mat of iridium between the core and the iridium shell, as well as an outer covering of iridium metal about the entire <span class="hlt">heat</span> source. (Official Gazette)</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_22 --> <div id="page_23" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="441"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24801270','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24801270"><span>The combined effect of pasteurization intensity, water <span class="hlt">activity</span>, pH and incubation temperature on the survival and outgrowth of spores of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus pumilus in artificial media and food <span class="hlt">products</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Samapundo, S; Heyndrickx, M; Xhaferi, R; de Baenst, I; Devlieghere, F</p> <p>2014-07-02</p> <p>The objective of the study was to evaluate the combined effects of pasteurization intensity (no <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment and 10 min at 70, 80 and 90 °C), water <span class="hlt">activity</span> (aw) (0.960-0.990), pH (5.5-7.0) and storage temperature (7 and 10 °C) on the survival and outgrowth of psychrotolerant spores of Bacillus cereus FF119b and Bacillus pumilus FF128a. The experiments were performed in both artificial media and a validation was performed on real food <span class="hlt">products</span> (cream, béchamel sauce and mixed vegetable soup). It was determined that in general, <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatments of 10 min at 70 °C or 80 °C <span class="hlt">activated</span> the spores of both B. cereus FF119b and B. pumilus FF128a, resulting in faster outgrowth compared to native (non-<span class="hlt">heat</span> treated) spores. A pasteurization treatment of 10 min at 90 °C generally resulted in the longest lag periods before outgrowth of both isolates. Some of the spores were inactivated by this <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment, with more inactivation being observed the lower the pH value of the <span class="hlt">heating</span> medium. Despite this, it was also observed that under some conditions the remaining (surviving) spores were actually <span class="hlt">activated</span> as their outgrowth took place after a shorter period of time compared to native non-<span class="hlt">heated</span> spores. While the response of B. cereus FF119b to the pasteurization intensity in cream and béchamel sauce was similar to the trends observed in the artificial media at 10 °C, in difference, outgrowth was only observed at 7 °C in both <span class="hlt">products</span> when the spores had been <span class="hlt">heated</span> for 10 min at 80 °C. Moreover, no inactivation was observed in cream or béchamel sauce when the spores were <span class="hlt">heated</span> for 10 min at 90 °C in these two <span class="hlt">products</span>. This was attributed to the protective effect of fat in the cream and the ingredients in the béchamel sauce. The study provides some insight into the potential microbial (stability and safety) consequences of the current trend towards milder <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatments which is being pursued in the food industry. Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier B.V.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29683926','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29683926"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> Loss is Impaired in Older Men on the Day following Prolonged Work in the <span class="hlt">Heat</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Notley, Sean R; Meade, Robert D; DʼSouza, Andrew W; Friesen, Brian J; Kenny, Glen P</p> <p>2018-04-21</p> <p>Prolonged work in the <span class="hlt">heat</span> may exacerbate the rise in core temperature on the next work day, especially in older workers who display impairments in whole-body <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss that increase body <span class="hlt">heat</span> storage and core temperature relative to young adults during <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress. We therefore evaluated whether whole-body <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss in older adults was impaired on the day following prolonged work in the <span class="hlt">heat</span>. Whole-body <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchange and <span class="hlt">heat</span> storage were assessed in nine older (53-64 years) males during three, 30-min bouts of semi-recumbent cycling at fixed rates of metabolic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> (150 (Ex1), 200 (Ex2), 250 Wm (Ex3)), each separated by 15-min recovery, in hot-dry conditions (40°C, 20% relative humidity), immediately prior to (Day 1), and on the day following (Day 2), a prolonged, work simulation (~7.5 h) involving moderate-intensity intermittent exercise in hot-dry conditions (38°C, 34% relative humidity). Total <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss (evaporative ± dry <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchange) and metabolic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> were measured using direct and indirect calorimetry, respectively. Body <span class="hlt">heat</span> storage was quantified as the temporal summation of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> and loss. Total <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss (mean±SD) during Ex1 did not differ between Day 1 and 2 (151±15 and 147±14 Wm, respectively; P=0.27), but was attenuated on Day 2 during Ex2 (181±15 Wm) and Ex3 (218±16 Wm) relative to Day 1 (192±14 and 230±19 Wm, respectively; both P<0.01). Consequently, body <span class="hlt">heat</span> storage throughout the protocol on Day 2 (276±114 kJ) was 31% greater than on Day 1 (191±87 kJ; P<0.01). Prolonged work in the <span class="hlt">heat</span> causes next-day impairments in whole-body <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss, which exacerbate <span class="hlt">heat</span> storage and may elevate the risk of <span class="hlt">heat</span>-injury on the following day in older workers.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PhDT.......326C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PhDT.......326C"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> flow in Oklahoma</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cranganu, Constantin</p> <p></p> <p>Twenty new <span class="hlt">heat</span> flow values are incorporated, along with 40 previously published data, into a <span class="hlt">heat</span> flow map of Oklahoma. The new <span class="hlt">heat</span> flow data were estimated using previous temperature measurements in boreholes made by American Petroleum Institute researchers and 1,498 thermal conductivity measurements on drill cuttings. The mean of 20 average thermal gradients is 30.50sp°C/km. In general, thermal gradients increase from SW (14.11sp°C/km) to NE (42.24sp°C/km). The range of 1,498 in situ thermal conductivity measurements (after corrections for anisotropy, in situ temperature, and porosity) is 0.90-6.1 W/m-K; the average is 1.68 W/m-K. Estimated near-surface <span class="hlt">heat</span> flow (±20%) at 20 new sites in Oklahoma varies between 22 ± 4 mW/msp2 and 86 ± 17 mW/msp2; the average is 50 mW/msp2. Twenty-seven new <span class="hlt">heat</span>-generation estimates, along with 22 previously published data, are used to create a <span class="hlt">heat</span> generation map of Oklahoma. The range of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> estimates is 1.1-3.5 muW/msp3, with an average of 2.5 muW/msp3. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> flow regime in Oklahoma is primarily conductive in nature, except for a zone in northeast. Transient effects due to sedimentary processes and metamorphic/igneous <span class="hlt">activity</span>, as well as past climatic changes, do not significantly influence the thermal state of the Oklahoma crust. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> flow near the margins of the Arkoma and Anadarko Basins may be depressed or elevated by 5-13 mW/msp2 by refraction of <span class="hlt">heat</span> from sedimentary rocks of relatively low thermal conductivity (1-2 W/m-K) into crystalline basement rocks of relatively high thermal conductivity (˜3-4 W/m-K). The <span class="hlt">heat</span> generation-<span class="hlt">heat</span> flow relationship shows a modest correlation. The relatively high <span class="hlt">heat</span> flow (˜70-80 mW/msp2) in part of northeastern Oklahoma suggests that the thermal regime there may be perturbed by regional groundwater flow originating in the fractured outcrops of the Arbuckle-Simpson aquifer in the Arbuckle Mountains.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015HMT....51.1607S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015HMT....51.1607S"><span>Flow and <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer enhancement in tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchangers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sayed Ahmed, Sayed Ahmed E.; Mesalhy, Osama M.; Abdelatief, Mohamed A.</p> <p>2015-11-01</p> <p>The performance of <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchangers can be improved to perform a certain <span class="hlt">heat</span>-transfer duty by <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer enhancement techniques. Enhancement techniques can be divided into two categories: passive and <span class="hlt">active</span>. <span class="hlt">Active</span> methods require external power, such as electric or acoustic field, mechanical devices, or surface vibration, whereas passive methods do not require external power but make use of a special surface geometry or fluid additive which cause <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer enhancement. The majority of commercially interesting enhancement techniques are passive ones. This paper presents a review of published works on the characteristics of <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer and flow in finned tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchangers of the existing patterns. The review considers plain, louvered, slit, wavy, annular, longitudinal, and serrated fins. This review can be indicated by the status of the research in this area which is important. The comparison of finned tubes <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchangers shows that those with slit, plain, and wavy finned tubes have the highest values of area goodness factor while the <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchanger with annular fin shows the lowest. A better <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer coefficient ha is found for a <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchanger with louvered finned and thus should be regarded as the most efficient one, at fixed pumping power per <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer area. This study points out that although numerous studies have been conducted on the characteristics of flow and <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer in round, elliptical, and flat tubes, studies on some types of streamlined-tubes shapes are limited, especially on wing-shaped tubes (Sayed Ahmed et al. in <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Mass Transf 50: 1091-1102, 2014; in <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Mass Transf 51: 1001-1016, 2015). It is recommended that further detailed studies via numerical simulations and/or experimental investigations should be carried out, in the future, to put further insight to these fin designs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23199314','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23199314"><span><span class="hlt">Productive</span> <span class="hlt">activity</span> and life satisfaction in Korean elderly women.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kim, Ju-Hyun</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The purpose of this study is to explain the effect of participation in <span class="hlt">productive</span> <span class="hlt">activities</span> on life satisfaction and its implications for social evaluation of <span class="hlt">productive</span> aging. This study uses data collected from 1,250 elderly women living in urban areas. The regression model was used to examine the influence of elderly women's participation in <span class="hlt">productive</span> <span class="hlt">activities</span> on their life satisfaction. Elderly women who participate in volunteer work, learning, and social group <span class="hlt">activities</span> commonly recognized their <span class="hlt">activities</span> as meaningful, feeling like worthwhile members of society, and evaluated such <span class="hlt">activities</span> as very positive. In contrast, elderly women who participated in household chores and family care <span class="hlt">activities</span> expressed a negative life satisfaction. The difference in life satisfaction regarding <span class="hlt">productive</span> <span class="hlt">activities</span> stems not only from the physical and environmental differences but also from the gap between the official social value underpinned by the recognition of surrounding people, their support, and the value of <span class="hlt">productive</span> <span class="hlt">activities</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3348789','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3348789"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> Transfer Measurements with Surface Mounted Foil-Sensors in an <span class="hlt">Active</span> Mode: A Comprehensive Review and a New Design</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Mocikat, Horst; Herwig, Heinz</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>A comprehensive review of film-sensors shows that they are primarily operated in a passive mode, i.e. without being <span class="hlt">actively</span> <span class="hlt">heated</span> to an extent, whereby they create a <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer situation on their own. Only when these sensors are used for wall shear stress measurements, the detection of laminar/turbulent transition, or the measurement of certain flow velocities, they are operated in an <span class="hlt">active</span> mode, i.e. <span class="hlt">heated</span> by an electrical current (after an appropriate calibration). In our study we demonstrate how these R(T)-based sensors (temperature dependence of the electrical resistance R) can also be applied in an <span class="hlt">active</span> mode for <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer measurements. These measurements can be made on cold, unheated bodies, provided certain requirements with respect to the flow field are fulfilled. Our new sensors are laminated nickel- and polyimide-foils manufactured with a special technology, which is also described in detail. PMID:22574060</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhA...51aLT01P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhA...51aLT01P"><span>Entropy <span class="hlt">production</span> of <span class="hlt">active</span> particles and for particles in <span class="hlt">active</span> baths</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pietzonka, Patrick; Seifert, Udo</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Entropy <span class="hlt">production</span> of an <span class="hlt">active</span> particle in an external potential is identified through a thermodynamically consistent minimal lattice model that includes the chemical reaction providing the propulsion and ordinary translational noise. In the continuum limit, a unique expression follows, comprising a direct contribution from the <span class="hlt">active</span> process and an indirect contribution from ordinary diffusive motion. From the corresponding Langevin equation, this physical entropy <span class="hlt">production</span> cannot be inferred through the conventional, yet here ambiguous, comparison of forward and time-reversed trajectories. Generalizations to several interacting <span class="hlt">active</span> particles and passive particles in a bath of <span class="hlt">active</span> ones are presented explicitly, further ones are briefly indicated.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26729144','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26729144"><span>Occupational <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Stress Profiles in Selected Workplaces in India.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Venugopal, Vidhya; Chinnadurai, Jeremiah S; Lucas, Rebekah A I; Kjellstrom, Tord</p> <p>2015-12-29</p> <p>Health and <span class="hlt">productivity</span> impacts from occupational <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress have significant ramifications for the large workforce of India. This study profiled occupational <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress impacts on the health and <span class="hlt">productivity</span> of workers in select organized and unorganized Indian work sectors. During hotter and cooler seasons, Wet Bulb Globe Temperatures (WBGT) were used to quantify the risk of <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress, according to International workplace guidelines. Questionnaires assessed workers' perceived health and <span class="hlt">productivity</span> impacts from <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress. A total of 442 workers from 18 Indian workplaces participated (22% and 78% from the organized and unorganized sector, respectively). Overall 82% and 42% of workers were exposed to higher than recommended WBGT during hotter and cooler periods, respectively. Workers with heavy workloads reported more <span class="hlt">heat</span>-related health issues (chi square = 23.67, p ≤ 0.001) and reduced <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (chi square = 15.82, p ≤ 0.001), especially the outdoor workers. <span class="hlt">Heat</span>-rashes, dehydration, <span class="hlt">heat</span>-syncope and urinogenital symptoms were self-reported health issues. Cited reasons for <span class="hlt">productivity</span> losses were: extended-work hours due to fatigue/exhaustion, sickness/hospitalization and wages lost. Reducing workplace <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress will benefit industries and workers via improving worker health and <span class="hlt">productivity</span>. Adaptation and mitigation measures to tackle <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress are imperative to protect the present and future workforce as climate change progresses.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4730480','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4730480"><span>Occupational <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Stress Profiles in Selected Workplaces in India</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Venugopal, Vidhya; Chinnadurai, Jeremiah S.; Lucas, Rebekah A. I.; Kjellstrom, Tord</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Health and <span class="hlt">productivity</span> impacts from occupational <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress have significant ramifications for the large workforce of India. This study profiled occupational <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress impacts on the health and <span class="hlt">productivity</span> of workers in select organized and unorganized Indian work sectors. During hotter and cooler seasons, Wet Bulb Globe Temperatures (WBGT) were used to quantify the risk of <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress, according to International workplace guidelines. Questionnaires assessed workers’ perceived health and <span class="hlt">productivity</span> impacts from <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress. A total of 442 workers from 18 Indian workplaces participated (22% and 78% from the organized and unorganized sector, respectively). Overall 82% and 42% of workers were exposed to higher than recommended WBGT during hotter and cooler periods, respectively. Workers with heavy workloads reported more <span class="hlt">heat</span>-related health issues (chi square = 23.67, p ≤ 0.001) and reduced <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (chi square = 15.82, p ≤ 0.001), especially the outdoor workers. <span class="hlt">Heat</span>-rashes, dehydration, <span class="hlt">heat</span>-syncope and urinogenital symptoms were self-reported health issues. Cited reasons for <span class="hlt">productivity</span> losses were: extended-work hours due to fatigue/exhaustion, sickness/hospitalization and wages lost. Reducing workplace <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress will benefit industries and workers via improving worker health and <span class="hlt">productivity</span>. Adaptation and mitigation measures to tackle <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress are imperative to protect the present and future workforce as climate change progresses. PMID:26729144</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19200320','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19200320"><span>Lactic acid bacteria associated with a <span class="hlt">heat</span>-processed pork <span class="hlt">product</span> and sources of variation affecting chemical indices of spoilage and sensory characteristics.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Laursen, B G; Byrne, D V; Kirkegaard, J B; Leisner, J J</p> <p>2009-02-01</p> <p>To evaluate the potential for developing a quality index for a Danish modified atmosphere packaged (MAP) <span class="hlt">heat</span>-processed and naturally contaminated pork meat <span class="hlt">product</span> stored at 5 degrees C. The composition of the predominating microflora and changes in contents of tyramine, arginine, organic acids and sensory characteristics were analysed. The microflora was predominated by Lactobacillus sakei, Leuconostoc carnosum and Carnobacterium divergens. The presence of each species varied between <span class="hlt">products</span> and batches resulting in limited usefulness of the concentrations of these bacteria or their metabolites as indices of quality. Furthermore, the three species differed in their metabolic <span class="hlt">activities</span> as shown by use of a model meat extract. However, when MAP storage of the processed pork <span class="hlt">product</span> was followed by aerobic storage then acetic acid showed some potential as a chemical indicator of sensory quality. Variation in processing parameters and spoilage microbiota limited the usefulness of concentrations of micro-organisms and their metabolites as indices of spoilage for the studied processed MAP pork <span class="hlt">product</span>. The present study contributes to an understanding of the difficulties experienced in developing quality indices to be used in the control of microbial spoilage of processed MAP meat <span class="hlt">products</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16118893','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16118893"><span>Finger <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux/temperature as an indicator of thermal imbalance with application for extravehicular <span class="hlt">activity</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Koscheyev, Victor S; Leon, Gloria R; Coca, Aitor</p> <p>2005-11-01</p> <p>The designation of a simple, non-invasive, and highly precise method to monitor the thermal status of astronauts is important to enhance safety during extravehicular <span class="hlt">activities</span> (EVA) and onboard emergencies. Finger temperature (Tfing), finger <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux, and indices of core temperature (Tc) [rectal (Tre), ear canal (Tec)] were assessed in 3 studies involving different patterns of <span class="hlt">heat</span> removal/insertion from/to the body by a multi-compartment liquid cooling/warming garment (LCWG). Under both uniform and nonuniform temperature conditions on the body surface, Tfing and finger <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux were highly correlated with garment <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux, and also highly correlated with each other. Tc responses did not adequately reflect changes in thermal balance during the ongoing process of <span class="hlt">heat</span> insertion/removal from the body. Overall, Tfing/finger <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux adequately reflected the initial destabilization of thermal balance, and therefore appears to have significant potential as a useful index for monitoring and maintaining thermal balance and comfort in extreme conditions in space as well as on Earth. c2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23834804','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23834804"><span>Antimicrobial <span class="hlt">activity</span> of plant compounds against Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 in ground pork and the influence of <span class="hlt">heat</span> and storage on the antimicrobial <span class="hlt">activity</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chen, Cynthia H; Ravishankar, Sadhana; Marchello, John; Friedman, Mendel</p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p>Salmonella enterica is a predominant foodborne pathogen that causes diarrheal illness worldwide. A potential method of inhibiting pathogenic bacterial growth in meat is through the introduction of plant-derived antimicrobials. The objectives of this study were to investigate the influence of <span class="hlt">heat</span> (70°C for 5 min) and subsequent cold storage (4°C up to 7 days) on the effectiveness of oregano and cinnamon essential oils and powdered olive and apple extracts against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 in ground pork and to evaluate the <span class="hlt">activity</span> of the most effective antimicrobials (cinnamon oil and olive extract) at higher concentrations in <span class="hlt">heated</span> ground pork. The surviving Salmonella populations in two groups (<span class="hlt">heated</span> and unheated) of antimicrobial-treated pork were compared. Higher concentrations of the most effective compounds were then tested (cinnamon oil at 0.5 to 1.0% and olive extract at 3, 4, and 5%) against Salmonella Typhimurium in <span class="hlt">heated</span> ground pork. Samples were stored at 4°C and taken on days 0, 3, 5, and 7 for enumeration of survivors. The <span class="hlt">heating</span> process did not affect the <span class="hlt">activity</span> of antimicrobials. Significant 1.3- and 3-log reductions were observed with 1.0% cinnamon oil and 5% olive extract, respectively, on day 7. The minimum concentration required to achieve . 1-log reduction in Salmonella population was 0.8% cinnamon oil or 4% olive extract. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of these antimicrobials against multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium in ground pork and their stability during <span class="hlt">heating</span> and cold storage. The most <span class="hlt">active</span> formulations have the potential to enhance the microbial safety of ground pork.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/865819','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/865819"><span>Cyclic process for producing methane in a tubular reactor with effective <span class="hlt">heat</span> removal</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Frost, Albert C.; Yang, Chang-Lee</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>Carbon monoxide-containing gas streams are converted to methane by a cyclic, essentially two-step process in which said carbon monoxide is disproportionated to form carbon dioxide and <span class="hlt">active</span> surface carbon deposited on the surface of a catalyst, and said carbon is reacted with steam to form <span class="hlt">product</span> methane and by-<span class="hlt">product</span> carbon dioxide. The exothermic <span class="hlt">heat</span> of reaction generated in each step is effectively removed during each complete cycle so as to avoid a build up of <span class="hlt">heat</span> from cycle-to-cycle, with particularly advantageous techniques being employed for fixed bed, tubular and fluidized bed reactor operations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhyE...99..294A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhyE...99..294A"><span>3D magneto-convective <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer in CNT-nanofluid filled cavity under partially <span class="hlt">active</span> magnetic field</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Al-Rashed, Abdullah A. A. A.; Kolsi, Lioua; Oztop, Hakan F.; Aydi, Abdelkarim; Malekshah, Emad Hasani; Abu-Hamdeh, Nidal; Borjini, Mohamed Naceur</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>A computational study has been performed to investigate the effects of partially <span class="hlt">active</span> magnetic field on natural convection <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer in CNT-nanofluid filled and three-dimensional differentially <span class="hlt">heated</span> closed space. Two cases are considered to see this effect as magnetic field is applied to upper half (Case I) and lower half (Case II) while remaining walls are insulated. The finite volume method is used to solve governing equations and results are obtained for different governing parameters as Hartmann number (0 ≤ Ha ≤ 100), nanoparticle volume fraction (0 ≤ φ ≤ 0.05) and height of the <span class="hlt">active</span> zone (0 ≤ LB ≤ 1). It is found that location of magnetic field plays an important role even at the same Hartmann number. Thus, it can be a good parameter to control <span class="hlt">heat</span> and fluid flow inside the closed space.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20180001194','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20180001194"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> Switches Providing Low-<span class="hlt">Activation</span> Power and Quick-Switching Time for Use in Cryogenic Multi-Stage Refrigerators</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Kimball, Mark O.; Shirron, Peter J.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>An adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (ADR) is a solid-state cooler capable of achieving sub-Kelvin temperatures. It neither requires moving parts nor a density gradient in a working fluid making it ideal for use in space-based instruments. The flow of energy through the cooler is controlled by <span class="hlt">heat</span> switches that allow <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer when on and isolate portions of the cooler when off. One type of switch uses helium gas as the switching medium. In the off state the gas is adsorbed in a getter thus breaking the thermal path through the switch. To <span class="hlt">activate</span> the switch, the getter is <span class="hlt">heated</span> to release helium into the switch body allowing it to complete the thermal path. A getter that has a small <span class="hlt">heat</span> capacity and low thermal conductance to the body of the switch requires low-<span class="hlt">activation</span> power. The cooler benefits from this in two ways: shorter recycle times and higher efficiency. We describe such a design here.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19760008486','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19760008486"><span>Studies of the use of high-temperature nuclear <span class="hlt">heat</span> from an HTGR for hydrogen <span class="hlt">production</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Peterman, D. D.; Fontaine, R. W.; Quade, R. N.; Halvers, L. J.; Jahromi, A. M.</p> <p>1975-01-01</p> <p>The results of a study which surveyed various methods of hydrogen <span class="hlt">production</span> using nuclear and fossil energy are presented. A description of these methods is provided, and efficiencies are calculated for each case. The process designs of systems that utilize the <span class="hlt">heat</span> from a general atomic high temperature gas cooled reactor with a steam methane reformer and feed the reformer with substitute natural gas manufactured from coal, using reforming temperatures, are presented. The capital costs for these systems and the resultant hydrogen <span class="hlt">production</span> price for these cases are discussed along with a research and development program.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70010067','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70010067"><span>Earth tides, global <span class="hlt">heat</span> flow, and tectonics</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Shaw, H.R.</p> <p>1970-01-01</p> <p>The power of a <span class="hlt">heat</span> engine ignited by tidal energy can account for geologically reasonable rates of average magma <span class="hlt">production</span> and sea floor spreading. These rates control similarity of <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux over continents and oceans because of an inverse relationship between respective depth intervals for mass transfer and consequent distributions of radiogenic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=pastas&pg=3&id=ED337683','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=pastas&pg=3&id=ED337683"><span><span class="hlt">Production</span> Systems. Laboratory <span class="hlt">Activities</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Gallaway, Ann, Ed.</p> <p></p> <p>This <span class="hlt">production</span> systems guide provides teachers with learning <span class="hlt">activities</span> for secondary students. Introductory materials include an instructional planning outline and worksheet, an outline of essential elements, domains and objectives, a course description, and a content outline. The guide contains 30 modules on the following topics: production…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29806558','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29806558"><span>Energo- and exergo-technical assessment of ground-source <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump systems for geothermal energy <span class="hlt">production</span> from underground mines.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Amiri, Leyla; Madadian, Edris; Hassani, Ferri P</p> <p>2018-06-08</p> <p>The objective of this study is to perform the energy and exergy analysis of an integrated ground-source <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump (GSHP) system, along with technical assessment, for geothermal energy <span class="hlt">production</span> by deployment of Engineering Equation Solver (EES). The system comprises <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump cycle and ground <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchanger for extracting geothermal energy from underground mine water. A simultaneous energy and exergy analysis of the system is brought off. These analyses provided persuasive outcomes due to the use of an economic and green source of energy. The energetic coefficient of performance (COP) of the entire system is 2.33 and the exergy efficiency of the system is 28.6%. The exergetic efficiencies of the compressor, ground <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchanger, evaporator, expansion valve, condenser and fan are computed to be 38%, 42%, 53%, 55%, 60% and 64%, respectively. In the numerical investigation, different alteration such as changing the temperature and pressure of the condenser show promising potential for further application of GSHPs. The outcomes of this research can be used for developing and designing novel coupled <span class="hlt">heat</span> and power systems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25753354','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25753354"><span>The regulation of TNFα <span class="hlt">production</span> after <span class="hlt">heat</span> and endotoxin stimulation is dependent on Annexin-A1 and HSP70.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nair, Sunitha; Arora, Suruchi; Lim, Jyue Yuan; Lee, Lay Hoon; Lim, Lina H K</p> <p>2015-07-01</p> <p>Febrile temperatures can induce stress responses which protect cells from damage and can reduce inflammation during infections and sepsis. However, the mechanisms behind the protective functions of <span class="hlt">heat</span> in response to the bacterial endotoxin LPS are unclear. We have recently shown that Annexin-1 (ANXA1)-deficient macrophages exhibited higher TNFα levels after LPS stimulation. Moreover, we have previously reported that ANXA1 can function as a stress protein. Therefore in this study, we determined if ANXA1 is involved in the protective effects of <span class="hlt">heat</span> on cytokine levels in macrophages after <span class="hlt">heat</span> and LPS. Exposure of macrophages to 42 °C for 1 h prior to LPS results in an inhibition of TNFα <span class="hlt">production</span>, which was not evident in ANXA1(-/-) macrophages. We show that this regulation involves primarily MYD88-independent pathways. ANXA1 regulates TNFα mRNA stability after <span class="hlt">heat</span> and LPS, and this is dependent on endogenous ANXA1 expression and not exogenously secreted factors. Further mechanistic studies revealed the possible involvement of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock protein HSP70 and JNK in the <span class="hlt">heat</span> and inflammatory stress response regulated by ANXA1. This study shows that ANXA1, an immunomodulatory protein, is critical in the <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress response induced after <span class="hlt">heat</span> and endotoxin stimulation.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_23 --> <div id="page_24" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="461"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3930727','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3930727"><span>Optimization of a One-Step <span class="hlt">Heat</span>-Inducible In Vivo Mini DNA Vector <span class="hlt">Production</span> System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Wettig, Shawn; Slavcev, Roderick A.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>While safer than their viral counterparts, conventional circular covalently closed (CCC) plasmid DNA vectors offer a limited safety profile. They often result in the transfer of unwanted prokaryotic sequences, antibiotic resistance genes, and bacterial origins of replication that may lead to unwanted immunostimulatory responses. Furthermore, such vectors may impart the potential for chromosomal integration, thus potentiating oncogenesis. Linear covalently closed (LCC), bacterial sequence free DNA vectors have shown promising clinical improvements in vitro and in vivo. However, the generation of such minivectors has been limited by in vitro enzymatic reactions hindering their downstream application in clinical trials. We previously characterized an in vivo temperature-inducible expression system, governed by the phage λ pL promoter and regulated by the thermolabile λ CI[Ts]857 repressor to produce recombinant protelomerase enzymes in E. coli. In this expression system, induction of recombinant protelomerase was achieved by increasing culture temperature above the 37°C threshold temperature. Overexpression of protelomerase led to enzymatic reactions, acting on genetically engineered multi-target sites called “Super Sequences” that serve to convert conventional CCC plasmid DNA into LCC DNA minivectors. Temperature up-shift, however, can result in intracellular stress responses and may alter plasmid replication rates; both of which may be detrimental to LCC minivector <span class="hlt">production</span>. We sought to optimize our one-step in vivo DNA minivector <span class="hlt">production</span> system under various induction schedules in combination with genetic modifications influencing plasmid replication, processing rates, and cellular <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress responses. We assessed different culture growth techniques, growth media compositions, <span class="hlt">heat</span> induction scheduling and temperature, induction duration, post-induction temperature, and E. coli genetic background to improve the <span class="hlt">productivity</span> and scalability of our</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..250a2007B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..250a2007B"><span>Utilization of Aluminum Waste with Hydrogen and <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Generation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Buryakovskaya, O. A.; Meshkov, E. A.; Vlaskin, M. S.; Shkolnokov, E. I.; Zhuk, A. Z.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>A concept of energy generation via hydrogen and <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> from aluminum containing wastes is proposed. The hydrogen obtained by oxidation reaction between aluminum waste and aqueous solutions can be supplied to fuel cells and/or infrared heaters for electricity or <span class="hlt">heat</span> generation in the region of waste recycling. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> released during the reaction also can be effectively used. The proposed method of aluminum waste recycling may represent a promising and cost-effective solution in cases when waste transportation to recycling plants involves significant financial losses (e.g. remote areas). Experiments with mechanically dispersed aluminum cans demonstrated that the reaction rate in alkaline solution is high enough for practical use of the oxidation process. In theexperiments aluminum oxidation proceeds without any additional aluminum <span class="hlt">activation</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27839554','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27839554"><span>Self-<span class="hlt">heating</span> by large insect larvae?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cooley, Nikita L; Emlen, Douglas J; Woods, H Arthur</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Do insect larvae ever self-<span class="hlt">heat</span> significantly from their own metabolic <span class="hlt">activity</span> and, if so, under what sets of environmental temperatures and across what ranges of body size? We examine these questions using larvae of the Japanese rhinoceros beetle (Trypoxylus dichotomus), chosen for their large size (>20g), simple body plan, and underground lifestyle. Using CO 2 respirometry, we measured larval metabolic rates then converted measured rates of gas exchange into rates of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> and developed a mathematical model to predict how much steady state body temperatures of underground insects would increase above ambient depending on body size. Collectively, our results suggest that large, extant larvae (20-30g body mass) can self-<span class="hlt">heat</span> by at most 2°C, and under many common conditions (shallow depths, moister soils) would self-<span class="hlt">heat</span> by less than 1°C. By extending the model to even larger (hypothetical) body sizes, we show that underground insects with masses >1kg could <span class="hlt">heat</span>, in warm, dry soils, by 1.5-6°C or more. Additional experiments showed that larval critical thermal maxima (CT max ) were in excess of 43.5°C and that larvae could behaviorally thermoregulate on a thermal gradient bar. Together, these results suggest that large larvae living underground likely regulate their temperatures primarily using behavior; self-<span class="hlt">heating</span> by metabolism likely contributes little to their <span class="hlt">heat</span> budgets, at least in most common soil conditions. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFM.P11D1611R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFM.P11D1611R"><span>Melt Segregation and Tidal <span class="hlt">Heating</span> at Io</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rajendar, A.; Dufek, J.; Roberts, J. H.; Paty, C. S.</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>Recent evidence of melt beneath Io's surface (Khurana et al., 2010) and repeated observation of volcanic <span class="hlt">activity</span> and features consistent with volcanic <span class="hlt">activity</span> at the surface (e.g. Veeder et al, 1994; Rathbun et al., 2004; Lopes-Gautier et al., 1999; Smith et al., 1979) has raised further questions about the structure of the Galilean moon and the processes that shape it. In this study we examine the thermal state, melt fraction, and multiphase dynamics of melt segregation within Io's interior. Using a coupled multiphase dynamics and tidal <span class="hlt">heating</span> model we explore the location, spatial extent, and temporal residence times of melt in Io's subsurface, as well as response to orbital parameters. In a thermally evolving body subject to tidal forcing, in which melt <span class="hlt">production</span> and migration takes place, feedback can occur with respect to the physical and thermal properties. We explore this feedback to produce a thermal model of Io, taking into account the rate of tidal <span class="hlt">heating</span> and fluid motion within the interior. First, a layered model of the internal structure is assumed. The equations of motion for forced oscillations in a layered spherical body are then solved using the propagator matrix method (Sabadini and Vermeesen, 2004) to obtain the displacements and strains due to tidal motion (Roberts and Nimmo, 2008). From this, the radial distribution of tidal <span class="hlt">heat</span> generation within Io is calculated. This radial <span class="hlt">heating</span> profile is then used as input for a multi-phase fluid model in order to obtain an estimate of the radial temperature distribution and thus the material properties and melt fractions. In the multiphase model individual phases (melt and solid residue) separately conserve mass, momentum and enthalpy (Dufek and Bachmann, 2010) allowing us to explore melt segregation phenomena. Enthalpy closure is provided by the MELTS (Ghiorso and Sack, 1995) thermodynamics algorithm, which is called at each point in space. This accounts for the partitioning between latent and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=261288','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=261288"><span>Dissection of <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Tolerance Mechanisms in Maize</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Heat</span> stress severely limits plant <span class="hlt">productivity</span> and causes extensive economic loss to US agriculture. Understanding <span class="hlt">heat</span> adaptation mechanisms in crop plants is crucial to the success of developing <span class="hlt">heat</span> tolerant varieties. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> waves (<span class="hlt">heat</span> stress) often occur sporadically during the growing season o...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2904198','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2904198"><span>VIP/PACAP receptor mediation of cutaneous <span class="hlt">active</span> vasodilation during <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress in humans</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Zhao, Joan L.; Wu, Yubo; Johnson, John M.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is implicated in cutaneous <span class="hlt">active</span> vasodilation in humans. VIP and the closely related pituitary adenylate cyclase <span class="hlt">activating</span> peptide (PACAP) act through several receptor types: VIP through VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors and PACAP through VPAC1, VPAC2, and PAC1 receptors. We examined participation of VPAC2 and/or PAC1 receptors in cutaneous vasodilation during <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress by testing the effects of their specific blockade with PACAP6–38. PACAP6–38 dissolved in Ringer's was administered by intradermal microdialysis at one forearm site while a control site received Ringer's solution. Skin blood flow was monitored by laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF). Blood pressure was monitored noninvasively and cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) calculated. A 5- to 10-min baseline period was followed by ∼70 min of PACAP6–38 (100 μM) perfusion at one site in normothermia and a 3-min period of body cooling. Whole body <span class="hlt">heating</span> was then performed to engage cutaneous <span class="hlt">active</span> vasodilation and was maintained until CVC had plateaued at an elevated level at all sites for 5–10 min. Finally, 58 mM sodium nitroprusside was perfused through both microdialysis sites to effect maximal vasodilation. No CVC differences were found between control and PACAP6–38-treated sites during normothermia (19 ± 3%max untreated vs. 20 ± 3%max, PACAP6–38 treated; P > 0.05 between sites) or cold stress (11 ± 2%max untreated vs. 10 ± 2%max, PACAP6–38 treated, P > 0.05 between sites). PACAP6–38 attenuated the increase in CVC during whole body <span class="hlt">heating</span> when compared with untreated sites (59 ± 3%max untreated vs. 46 ± 3%max, PACAP6–38 treated, P < 0.05). We conclude that VPAC2 and/or PAC1 receptor <span class="hlt">activation</span> is involved in cutaneous <span class="hlt">active</span> vasodilation in humans. PMID:20395540</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/865957','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/865957"><span><span class="hlt">Activation</span> of fly ash</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Corbin, David R.; Velenyi, Louis J.; Pepera, Marc A.; Dolhyj, Serge R.</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>Fly ash is <span class="hlt">activated</span> by <span class="hlt">heating</span> a screened magnetic fraction of the ash in a steam atmosphere and then reducing, oxidizing and again reducing the hydrothermally treated fraction. The <span class="hlt">activated</span> fly ash can be used as a carbon monoxide disproportionating catalyst useful in the <span class="hlt">production</span> of hydrogen and methane.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7013591','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7013591"><span><span class="hlt">Activation</span> of fly ash</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Corbin, D.R.; Velenyi, L.J.; Pepera, M.A.; Dolhyj, S.R.</p> <p>1986-08-19</p> <p>Fly ash is <span class="hlt">activated</span> by <span class="hlt">heating</span> a screened magnetic fraction of the ash in a steam atmosphere and then reducing, oxidizing and again reducing the hydrothermally treated fraction. The <span class="hlt">activated</span> fly ash can be used as a carbon monoxide disproportionating catalyst useful in the <span class="hlt">production</span> of hydrogen and methane.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1889b0005A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1889b0005A"><span>Fuel change possibilities in small <span class="hlt">heat</span> source</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Durčanský, Peter; Kapjor, Andrej; Jandačka, Jozef</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>Rural areas are characterized by a larger number of older family houses with higher fuel consumption for <span class="hlt">heating</span>. Some areas are not gasified, which means that the fuel base for <span class="hlt">heating</span> the buildings is very limited. <span class="hlt">Heating</span> is mainly covered by solid fuels with high emissions and low efficiency. But at the same time, the amount of energy in the form of biowaste can be evaluated and used further. We will explore the possibilities to convert biogas to <span class="hlt">heat</span> of using a gas burner in a small <span class="hlt">heat</span> source. However, the <span class="hlt">heat</span> produced can be used other than for <span class="hlt">heating</span> or hot water <span class="hlt">production</span>. The added value for <span class="hlt">heat</span> generation can be the <span class="hlt">production</span> of electricity, in the use of <span class="hlt">heat</span> energy through cogeneration unit with unconventional <span class="hlt">heat</span> engine. The proposed solution could economically benefit the entire system, because electricity is a noble form of energy and its use is versatile.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JCHyd.211...94W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JCHyd.211...94W"><span>Relative contributions of microbial and infrastructure <span class="hlt">heat</span> at a crude oil-contaminated site</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Warren, Ean; Bekins, Barbara A.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Biodegradation of contaminants can increase the temperature in the subsurface due to <span class="hlt">heat</span> generated from exothermic reactions, making temperature observations a potentially low-cost approach for determining microbial <span class="hlt">activity</span>. For this technique to gain more widespread acceptance, it is necessary to better understand all the factors affecting the measured temperatures. Biodegradation has been occurring at a crude oil-contaminated site near Bemidji, Minnesota for 39 years, creating a quasi-steady-state plume of contaminants and degradation <span class="hlt">products</span>. A model of subsurface <span class="hlt">heat</span> generation and transport helps elucidate the contribution of microbial and infrastructure <span class="hlt">heating</span> to observed temperature increases at this site. We created a steady-state, two-dimensional, <span class="hlt">heat</span> transport model using previous-published parameter values for physical, chemical and biodegradation properties. Simulated temperature distributions closely match the observed average annual temperatures measured in the contaminated area at the site within less than 0.2 °C in the unsaturated zone and 0.4 °C in the saturated zone. The model results confirm that the observed subsurface <span class="hlt">heat</span> from microbial <span class="hlt">activity</span> is due primarily to methane oxidation in the unsaturated zone resulting in a 3.6 °C increase in average annual temperature. Another important source of subsurface <span class="hlt">heat</span> is from the <span class="hlt">active</span>, crude-oil pipelines crossing the site. The pipelines impact temperatures for a distance of 200 m and contribute half the <span class="hlt">heat</span>. Model results show that not accounting for the <span class="hlt">heat</span> from the pipelines leads to overestimating the degradation rates by a factor of 1.7, demonstrating the importance of identifying and quantifying all <span class="hlt">heat</span> sources. The model results also highlighted a zone where previously unknown microbial <span class="hlt">activity</span> is occurring at the site.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25474205','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25474205"><span>Detection of horse meat contamination in raw and <span class="hlt">heat</span>-processed meat <span class="hlt">products</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hsieh, Yun-Hwa P; Ofori, Jack A</p> <p>2014-12-31</p> <p>Europe's recent problems with the adulteration of beef <span class="hlt">products</span> with horse meat highlight the need for a reliable method for detecting horse meat in food for human consumption. The objective of this study was therefore to develop a reliable monoclonal antibody (mAb) based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for horse meat detection. Two mAbs, H3E3 (IgG2b) and H4E7 (IgG2a), were characterized as horse-selective, and competitive ELISAs (cELISAs) employing these mAbs were developed. The cELISAs were found to be capable of detecting levels as low as 1% of horse meat in raw, cooked, and autoclaved ground beef or pork, being useful analytical tools for addressing the health, economic, and ethical concerns associated with adulterating meat <span class="hlt">products</span> with horse meat. However, due to cross-reaction with raw poultry meat, it is recommended that samples be <span class="hlt">heated</span> (100 °C for 15 min) prior to analysis to eliminate possible false-positive results.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MS%26E..355a2018B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MS%26E..355a2018B"><span>Thermo-Chemical Conversion of Microwave <span class="hlt">Activated</span> Biomass Mixtures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Barmina, I.; Kolmickovs, A.; Valdmanis, R.; Vostrikovs, S.; Zake, M.</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Thermo-chemical conversion of microwave <span class="hlt">activated</span> wheat straw mixtures with wood or peat pellets is studied experimentally with the aim to provide more effective application of wheat straw for <span class="hlt">heat</span> energy <span class="hlt">production</span>. Microwave pre-processing of straw pellets is used to provide a partial decomposition of the main constituents of straw and to <span class="hlt">activate</span> the thermo-chemical conversion of wheat straw mixtures with wood or peat pellets. The experimental study includes complex measurements of the elemental composition of biomass pellets (wheat straw, wood, peat), DTG analysis of their thermal degradation, FTIR analysis of the composition of combustible volatiles entering the combustor, the flame temperature, the <span class="hlt">heat</span> output of the device and composition of the <span class="hlt">products</span> by comparing these characteristics for mixtures with unprocessed and mw pre-treated straw pellets. The results of experimental study confirm that mw pre-processing of straw <span class="hlt">activates</span> the thermal decomposition of mixtures providing enhanced formation of combustible volatiles. This leads to improvement of the combustion conditions in the flame reaction zone, completing thus the combustion of volatiles, increasing the flame temperature, the <span class="hlt">heat</span> output from the device, the produced <span class="hlt">heat</span> energy per mass of burned mixture and decreasing at the same time the mass fraction of unburned volatiles in the <span class="hlt">products</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20070018891','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20070018891"><span><span class="hlt">Heated</span> Goggles</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>The electrically <span class="hlt">heated</span> ski goggles shown incorporate technology similar to that once used in Apollo astronauts' helmet visors, and for the same reason-providing fogfree sight in an <span class="hlt">activity</span> that demands total vision. Defogging is accomplished by applying <span class="hlt">heat</span> to prevent moisture condensation. Electric <span class="hlt">heat</span> is supplied by a small battery built into the h goggles' headband. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> is spread across the lenses by means of an invisible coating of electrically conductive metallic film. The goggles were introduced to the market last fall. They were designed by Sierracin Corporation, Sylmar, California, specialists in the field of <span class="hlt">heated</span> transparent materials. The company produces <span class="hlt">heated</span> windshields for military planes and for such civil aircraft as the Boeing 747, McDonnell Douglas DC-10 and Lockheed L-1011 TriStar.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20020086397','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20020086397"><span>Induction <span class="hlt">Heating</span> Systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>Induction <span class="hlt">heating</span> technology, a magnetic non-deforming process, was developed by Langley researchers to join plastic and composite components in space. Under NASA license, Inductron Corporation uses the process to produce induction <span class="hlt">heating</span> systems and equipment for numerous applications. The Torobonder, a portable system, comes with a number of interchangeable heads for aircraft repair. Other developments are the E <span class="hlt">Heating</span> Head, the Toroid Joining Gun, and the Torobrazer. These <span class="hlt">products</span> perform bonding applications more quickly, safely and efficiently than previous methods.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.6802G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.6802G"><span>Risk from drought and extreme <span class="hlt">heat</span> in Russian wheat <span class="hlt">production</span> and its relation to atmospheric blocking and teleconnection patterns</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Giannakaki, Paraskevi; Calanca, Pierluigi</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Russia has become one of the leading wheat exporters worldwide. Major breakdowns in Russian wheat <span class="hlt">production</span> induced by extreme weather events are therefore of high significance not only for the domestic but also for the global market. Wheat <span class="hlt">production</span> in south-western Russia, the main growing area, suffers in particular from the adverse effects of drought and <span class="hlt">heat</span> waves. For this reason knowledge of the occurrence of this type of extreme events and of the processes that lead to adverse conditions is of paramount importance for risk management. The negative impacts of <span class="hlt">heat</span> waves and drought are particularly severe when anomalous conditions persist in time. As an example, a blocking event in summer 2010 resulted in one of the warmest and worst drought conditions in Russia's recent history. The latter caused a decline in Russian wheat <span class="hlt">production</span> by more than 30%, which in turn prompted the Russian government to issue an export ban that lasted until summer 2011. In view of this, the question of course arises of how much of the negative variations in Russian wheat <span class="hlt">production</span> levels can be explained by blocking events and other features of the large-scale atmospheric circulation. Specific questions are: how often are blocking events over Russia associated with extreme high temperatures and dry conditions? Which of the teleconnection patterns are correlated with drought and <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress conditions in the area? Answering these questions can contribute to a develop strategies for agricultural risk management. In this contribution we present results of a study that aims at characterizing the occurrence of adverse weather conditions in south-western Russia in relation to atmospheric blocking and teleconnection patterns such as East Atlantic/Western Russia pattern, the Polar/Eurasia pattern, the North Atlantic Oscillation and the Scandinavia pattern. The analysis relies on weather data for 1980-2014 from 130 stations distributed across the wheat <span class="hlt">production</span> area. The account</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=347199','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=347199"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> stress: Impact on livestock well-being and <span class="hlt">productivity</span> and mitigation strategies to alleviate the negative effects</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Heat</span> stress (HS) is a multi-factorial problem that negatively impacts livestock health and <span class="hlt">productivity</span> and is closely linked with animal welfare. While HS may not be harmful when animals are able to adapt, the physiological changes that occur to ensure survival may impede the efficient conversion o...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18838049','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18838049"><span>Effect of <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock preconditioning on ROS scavenging <span class="hlt">activity</span> in rat skeletal muscle after downhill running.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Shima, Yosuke; Kitaoka, Katsuhiko; Yoshiki, Yumiko; Maruhashi, Yoshinobu; Tsuyama, Takeshi; Tomita, Katsuro</p> <p>2008-10-01</p> <p>The mechanisms of the protective effect conferred by <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock preconditioning (HS) are currently unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of HS on muscle injury after downhill running and to address the mechanism of the effect. Female Wistar rats were assigned to three groups: HS, downhill running (E), and downhill running after <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock preconditioning (HS + E). The HS and HS + E rats were placed in a <span class="hlt">heat</span> chamber for 60 min (ambient temperature 42 +/- 1.0 degrees C) 48 h before downhill running. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging <span class="hlt">activity</span> was determined by electron spin resonance (ESR), and <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock protein 72 (HSP72) mRNA expression was measured in rat quadriceps femoris. Leukocyte infiltration and degenerated muscle fibers were determined histopathologically. ROS scavenging <span class="hlt">activity</span> significantly increased at 3 days after HS (151 +/- 18%) and HSP72 mRNA expression increased immediately after HS (1750 +/- 1914%). No decrease in ROS scavenging <span class="hlt">activity</span> was observed in the HS + E rats at 2 days after exercise compared with the E rats (102 +/- 9% vs. 79 +/- 5%). Degenerated muscle fibers in HS + E rats were significantly less than in E rats at 2, 3, and 7 days after exercise (0.8 +/- 1.0 vs. 2.8 +/- 1.6, 0.8 +/- 1.0 vs. 1.8 +/- 1.6, 0 vs. 0.3 +/- 0.6, respectively). These data demonstrated that HS can reduce muscle injury after downhill running, and this effect may be mediated by increased ROS scavenging <span class="hlt">activity</span>. Furthermore, HS may protect the antioxidant defense system in skeletal muscle by enhancing the adaptive HSP72 mRNA response.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22522261-hot-plasma-from-solar-active-region-cores-test-ac-dc-coronal-heating-models','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22522261-hot-plasma-from-solar-active-region-cores-test-ac-dc-coronal-heating-models"><span>HOT PLASMA FROM SOLAR <span class="hlt">ACTIVE</span> REGION CORES: A TEST OF AC AND DC CORONAL <span class="hlt">HEATING</span> MODELS?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Schmelz, J. T.; Christian, G. M.; Dhaliwal, R. S.</p> <p>2015-06-20</p> <p>Direct current (DC) models of solar coronal <span class="hlt">heating</span> invoke magnetic reconnection to convert magnetic free energy into <span class="hlt">heat</span>, whereas alternating current (AC) models invoke wave dissipation. In both cases the energy is supplied by photospheric footpoint motions. For a given footpoint velocity amplitude, DC models predict lower average <span class="hlt">heating</span> rates but greater temperature variability when compared to AC models. Therefore, evidence of hot plasma (T > 5 MK) in the cores of <span class="hlt">active</span> regions could be one of the ways for current observations to distinguish between AC and DC models. We have analyzed data from the X-Ray Telescope (XRT) andmore » the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly for 12 quiescent <span class="hlt">active</span> region cores, all of which were observed in the XRT Be-thick channel. We did Differential Emission Measure (DEM) analysis and achieved good fits for each data set. We then artificially truncated the hot plasma of the DEM model at 5 MK and examined the resulting fits to the data. For some regions in our sample, the XRT intensities continued to be well-matched by the DEM predictions, even without the hot plasma. This truncation, however, resulted in unacceptable fits for the other regions. This result indicates that the hot plasma is present in these regions, even if the precise DEM distribution cannot be determined with the data available. We conclude that reconnection may be <span class="hlt">heating</span> the hot plasma component of these <span class="hlt">active</span> regions.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PApGe.174.2863B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PApGe.174.2863B"><span>Multi-Decadal Oscillations of the Ocean <span class="hlt">Active</span> Upper-Layer <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Content</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Byshev, Vladimir I.; Neiman, Victor G.; Anisimov, Mikhail V.; Gusev, Anatoly V.; Serykh, Ilya V.; Sidorova, Alexandra N.; Figurkin, Alexander L.; Anisimov, Ivan M.</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>Spatial patterns in multi-decadal variability in upper ocean <span class="hlt">heat</span> content for the last 60 years are examined using a numerical model developed at the Institute of Numerical Mathematics of Russia (INM Model) and sea water temperature-salinity data from the World Ocean Database (in: Levitus, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 66, U.S. Wash.: Gov. Printing Office, 2009). Both the model and the observational data show that the <span class="hlt">heat</span> content of the <span class="hlt">Active</span> Upper Layer (AUL) in particular regions of the Atlantic, Pacific and Southern oceans have experienced prominent simultaneous variations on multi-decadal (25-35 years) time scales. These variations are compared earlier revealed climatic alternations in the Northern Atlantic region during the last century (Byshev et al. in Doklady Earth Sci 438(2):887-892, 2011). We found that from the middle of 1970s to the end of 1990s the AUL <span class="hlt">heat</span> content decreased in several oceanic regions, while the mean surface temperature increased on Northern Hemisphere continents according to IPCC (in: Stocker et al. Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2013). This means that the climate-forcing effect of the ocean-atmosphere interaction in certain energy-<span class="hlt">active</span> areas determines not only local climatic processes, but also have an influence on global-scale climate phenomena. Here we show that specific regional features of the AUL thermal structure are in a good agreement with climatic conditions on the adjacent continents. Further, the ocean AUL in the five distinctive regions identified in our study have resumed warming in the first decade of this century. By analogy inference from previous climate scenarios, this may signal the onset of more continental climate over mainlands.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27515976','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27515976"><span>Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress response of Daphnia pulex: ROS-mediated <span class="hlt">activation</span> of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) and <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock factor 1 (HSF-1) and the clustered expression of stress genes.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Klumpen, Eva; Hoffschröer, Nadine; Zeis, Bettina; Gigengack, Ulrike; Dohmen, Elias; Paul, Rüdiger J</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Heat</span> stress in ectotherms involves direct (e.g. protein damage) and/or indirect effects (temperature-induced hypoxia and ROS formation), which cause <span class="hlt">activation</span> of the transcription factors (TF) <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock factor 1 (HSF-1) and/or hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1). The present study focused on the links between stress (ROS) signals, nuclear (n) and cytoplasmic (c) HSF-1/HIF-1 levels, and stress gene expression on mRNA and protein levels (e.g. <span class="hlt">heat</span>-shock protein 90, HSP90) upon acute <span class="hlt">heat</span> and ROS (H 2 O 2 ) stress. Acute <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress (30°C) evoked fluctuations in ROS level. Different feeding regimens, which affected the glutathione (GSH) level, allowed altering the frequency of ROS fluctuations. Other data showed fluctuation frequency to depend also on ROS <span class="hlt">production</span> rate. The <span class="hlt">heat</span>-induced slow or fast ROS fluctuations (at high or low GSH levels) evoked slow or fast fluctuations in the levels of nHIF-1α, nHSF-1 and gene <span class="hlt">products</span> (mRNAs and protein), albeit after different time delays. Time delays to ROS fluctuations were, for example,shorter for nHIF-1α than for nHSF-1 fluctuations, and nHIF-1α fluctuations preceded and nHSF-1 fluctuations followed fluctuations in HSP90 mRNA level. Cytoplasmic TF levels either changed little (cHIF-1α) or showed a steady increase (cHSF-1). Applying acute H 2 O 2 stress (at 20°C) revealed effects on nHIF-1α and mRNA levels, but no significant effects on nHSF-1 level. Transcriptome data additionally showed coordinated fluctuations of mRNA levels upon acute <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress, involving mRNAs for HSPs and other stress proteins, with all corresponding genes carrying DNA binding motifs for HIF-1 and HSF-1. This study provided evidence for promoting effects of ROS and HIF-1 on early haemoglobin, HIF-1α and HSP90 mRNA expressions upon <span class="hlt">heat</span> or ROS stress. The increasing cHSF-1 level likely affected nHSF-1 level and later HSP90 mRNA expression. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> stress evoked ROS fluctuations, with this stress signal forwarded via nHIF-1 and nHSF-1</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_24 --> <div id="page_25" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="481"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17596195','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17596195"><span>A high-threshold <span class="hlt">heat-activated</span> channel in cultured rat dorsal root ganglion neurons resembles TRPV2 and is blocked by gadolinium.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Leffler, Andreas; Linte, Ramona Madalina; Nau, Carla; Reeh, Peter; Babes, Alexandru</p> <p>2007-07-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Heat-activated</span> ion channels from the vanilloid-type TRP group (TRPV1-4) seem to be central for <span class="hlt">heat</span>-sensitivity of nociceptive sensory neurons. Displaying a high-threshold (> 52 degrees C) for <span class="hlt">activation</span>, TRPV2 was proposed to act as a sensor for intense noxious <span class="hlt">heat</span> in mammalian sensory neurons. However, although TRPV2 is expressed in a distinct population of thinly myelinated primary afferents, a widespread expression in a variety of neuronal and non-neuronal tissues suggests a more diverse physiological role of TRPV2. In its role as a <span class="hlt">heat</span>-sensor, TRPV2 has not been thoroughly characterized in terms of biophysical and pharmacological properties. In the present study, we demonstrate that the features of heterologously expressed rat TRPV2 closely resemble those of high-threshold <span class="hlt">heat</span>-evoked currents in medium- and large-sized capsaicin-insensitive rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Both in TRPV2-expressing human embryonic kidney (HEK)293t cells and in DRGs, high-threshold <span class="hlt">heat</span>-currents were sensitized by repeated <span class="hlt">activation</span> and by the TRPV1-3 agonist, 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB). In addition to a previously described block by ruthenium red, we identified the trivalent cations, lanthanum (La(3+)) and gadolinium (Gd(3+)) as potent blockers of TRPV2. Thus, we present a new pharmacological tool to distinguish between <span class="hlt">heat</span> responses of TRPV2 and the closely related capsaicin-receptor, TRPV1, which is strongly sensitized by trivalent cations. We demonstrate that self-sensitization of <span class="hlt">heat</span>-evoked currents through TRPV2 does not require extracellular calcium and that TRPV2 can be <span class="hlt">activated</span> in cell-free membrane patches in the outside-out configuration. Taken together our results provide new evidence for a role of TRPV2 in mediating high-threshold <span class="hlt">heat</span> responses in a subpopulation of mammalian sensory neurons.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28213660','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28213660"><span>Evidence of an Unidentified Extracellular <span class="hlt">Heat</span>-Stable Factor Produced by Lysobacter enzymogenes (OH11) that Degrade Fusarium graminearum PH1 Hyphae.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Odhiambo, Benard Omondi; Xu, Gaoge; Qian, Guoliang; Liu, Fengquan</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Lysobacter enzymogenes OH11 produces <span class="hlt">heat</span>-stable antifungal factor (HSAF) and lytic enzymes possessing antifungal <span class="hlt">activity</span>. This study bio-prospected for other potential antifungal factors besides those above. The cells and extracellular metabolites of L. enzymogenes OH11 and the mutants ΔchiA, ΔchiB, ΔchiC, Δclp, Δpks, and ΔpilA were examined for antifungal <span class="hlt">activity</span> against Fusarium graminearum PH1, the causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB). Results evidenced that OH11 produces an unidentified extracellular <span class="hlt">heat</span>-stable degrading metabolite (HSDM) that exhibit degrading <span class="hlt">activity</span> on F. graminearum PH1 chitinous hyphae. Interestingly, both <span class="hlt">heat</span>-treated and non-<span class="hlt">heat</span>-treated extracellular metabolites of OH11 mutants exhibited hyphae-degrading <span class="hlt">activity</span> against F. graminearum PH1. Enzyme <span class="hlt">activity</span> detection of <span class="hlt">heat</span>-treated metabolites ruled out the possibility of enzyme degradation <span class="hlt">activity</span>. Remarkably, the PKS-NRPS-deficient mutant Δpks cannot produce HSAF or analogues, yet its metabolites exhibited hyphae-degrading <span class="hlt">activity</span>. HPLC analysis confirmed no HSAF <span class="hlt">production</span> by Δpks. Δclp lacks hyphae-degrading ability. Therefore, clp regulates HSDM and extracellular lytic enzymes <span class="hlt">production</span> in L. enzymogenes OH11. ΔpilA had impaired surface cell motility and significantly reduced antagonistic properties. ΔchiA, ΔchiB, and ΔchiC retained hyphae-degrading ability, despite having reduced abilities to produce chitinase enzymes. Ultimately, L. enzymogenes OH11 can produce other unidentified HSDM independent of the PKS-NRPS genes. This suggests HSAF and lytic enzymes <span class="hlt">production</span> are a fraction of the antifungal mechanisms in OH11. Characterization of HSDM, determination of its biosynthetic gene cluster and understanding its mode of action will provide new leads in the search for effective drugs for FHB management.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016E%26ES...43a2066K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016E%26ES...43a2066K"><span><span class="hlt">Production</span> of <span class="hlt">activated</span> carbon from rice husk Vietnam</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Korobochkin, V. V.; Tu, N. V.; Hieu, N. M.</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>This work is dedicated to the <span class="hlt">production</span> of <span class="hlt">activated</span> carbon from rice husk from Delta of the Red River in Viet Nam. At the first stage, carbonization of a rice husk was carried out to obtain material containing 43.1% carbon and 25 % silica with a specific surface area of 51.5 m2/g. After separating of silica (the second stage), the specific surface area of the <span class="hlt">product</span> increased to 204 m2/g and the silica content decreased to 1.23% by weight as well. The most important stage in the formation of the porous structure of the material is the <span class="hlt">activation</span>. The <span class="hlt">products</span> with the high specific surface area in the range of 800-1345 m2/g were obtained by <span class="hlt">activation</span> of carbonized <span class="hlt">product</span> with water vapour or carbon dioxide at temperatures of 700 °C and 850 °C, with varying the flow rate of the <span class="hlt">activating</span> agent and <span class="hlt">activation</span> time. The best results were achieved by <span class="hlt">activation</span> of carbon material with water vapour at the flow rate of 0.08 dm3/min per 500 g of material and the temperature of 850 °C.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999APS..DPP.GP149D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999APS..DPP.GP149D"><span>Ion <span class="hlt">Heating</span> Anisotropy during Dynamo <span class="hlt">Activity</span> in the MST RFP</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>den Hartog, D. J.; Chapman, J. T.; Craig, D.; Fiksel, G.; Fontana, P. W.</p> <p>1999-11-01</p> <p>MHD dynamo <span class="hlt">activity</span> is large in the MST Reversed-Field Pinch during sawtooth crashes, and small otherwise. During a sawtooth crash, ion temperature increases rapidly to a level several times as high as the temperature between sawteeth, which itself can be larger than the electron temperature. Several theories have been developed to explain this ion <span class="hlt">heating</span>, some indicating a possible asymmetry in perpendicular to parallel <span class="hlt">heating</span> [C. G. Gimblett, Europhys. Lett. 11, 541 (1990); Z. Yoshida, Nucl. Fusion 31, 386 (1991); N. Mattor, P. W. Terry, and S. C. Prager, Comments Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 15, 65 (1992)]. In standard MST discharges, impurity ion temperature measured perpendicular to the magnetic field (T_⊥) is higher than impurity ion temperature parallel to the magnetic field (T_allel) during a sawtooth crash. Throughout the rest of the sawtooth cycle, T_⊥ <= T_allel. This is in contrast to results obtained on the EXTRAP-T2 RFP which showed T_⊥ < T_allel throughout the discharge [K. Sasaki et al., Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 39, 333 (1997)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20851404','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20851404"><span>Effect of <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment on CO2 adsorption of KOH-<span class="hlt">activated</span> graphite nanofibers.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Meng, Long-Yue; Park, Soo-Jin</p> <p>2010-12-15</p> <p>In this work, graphite nanofibers (GNFs) were successfully expanded intercalating KOH followed by <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment in the temperature range of 700-1000 °C. The aim was to improve the CO(2) adsorption capacity of the GNFs by increasing the porosity of GNFs. The effects of <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment on the pore structures of GNFs were investigated by N(2) full isotherms, XRD, SEM, and TEM. The CO(2) adsorption capacity was measured by CO(2) isothermal adsorption at 25 °C and 1 atm. From the results, it was found that the <span class="hlt">activation</span> temperature had a major influence on CO(2) adsorption capacity and textural properties of GNFs. The specific surface area, total pore volume, and mesopore volume of the GNFs increased after <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment. The CO(2) adsorption isotherms showed that G-900 exhibited the best CO(2) adsorption capacity with 59.2 mg/g. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800014327','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800014327"><span>Evaluation of thermal energy storage for the proposed Twin Cities District <span class="hlt">Heating</span> system. [using cogeneration <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> and aquifiers for <span class="hlt">heat</span> storage</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Meyer, C. F.</p> <p>1980-01-01</p> <p>The technical and economic feasibility of incorporating thermal energy storage components into the proposed Twin Cities District <span class="hlt">heating</span> project was evaluated. The technical status of the project is reviewed and conceptual designs of district <span class="hlt">heating</span> systems with and without thermal energy storage were compared in terms of estimated capital requirements, fuel consumption, delivered energy cost, and environmental aspects. The thermal energy storage system is based on cogeneration and the storage of <span class="hlt">heat</span> in aquifers.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=cardio&id=EJ976448','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=cardio&id=EJ976448"><span>Physical <span class="hlt">Activity</span> in the <span class="hlt">Heat</span>: Important Considerations to Keep Your Students Safe</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Roetert, E. Paul; Richardson, Cheryl L.; Bergeron, Michael F.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Although July and August tend to be the warmest months of the year, the months leading up to summer as well as the months just following summer can also be quite warm or even very hot. In this article, the authors share some important information to help prepare physical educators for overseeing <span class="hlt">activities</span> in the <span class="hlt">heat</span> and, just as importantly, to…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016IJBm...60.1377S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016IJBm...60.1377S"><span>Assessment of <span class="hlt">heat</span> tolerance and <span class="hlt">production</span> performance of Aardi, Damascus, and their crossbred goats</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Samara, Emad Mohammed; Abdoun, Khalid Ahmed; Okab, Aly Bassunny; Al-Badwi, Mohammed Abdo; El-Zarei, Mohamed Fawzy; Al-Seaf, Ali Mohamed; Al-Haidary, Ahmed Abrahim</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>The question of whether the adaptability and <span class="hlt">production</span> performance in goats may be enhanced using a crossbreeding program between bucks of a native and <span class="hlt">heat</span>-tolerant breed and does of an exotic and dual-purpose breed was approached and examined herein by comparing purebred Aardi and Damascus goats and their crossbred lines (i.e., 1/2 Aardi 1/2 Damascus (½A½D) and 1/4 Aardi 3/4 Damascus (¼A¾D)) reared in a region characterized by dry and hot bioclimatic conditions. Twenty-four male 6-month-old kids randomly segregated into four groups (six replicates/group) were used for the experiment. Climatic, thermo-physiological, biophysiological, metabolic, blood hematological, and biochemical measurements were all determined. The obtained results indicated that such a program was proven to be successful. This conclusion was demonstrated by the findings that crossbred goats (i.e., 1/2A1/2D and 1/4A3/4D) under such bioclimatic conditions were able to show ( P < 0.05) higher <span class="hlt">heat</span> tolerance capabilities compared to purebred Damascus goats as well as manifested ( P < 0.05) higher <span class="hlt">production</span> performance compared to the purebred Aardi goats. Accordingly, these evidences could emphasize that the crossbreeding may enable these animals to display a simultaneous improvement of both traits by the possible benefits that could arise from heterosis and breed complementarity. Researches dealing with this aspect may very well improve our understanding of goat's <span class="hlt">production</span> and welfare under harsh environmental conditions. Future studies should include an economic analysis of traits that have the potential to impact the overall profitability to a vertically coordinated system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110008285','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110008285"><span>Emission Measure Distribution and <span class="hlt">Heating</span> of Two <span class="hlt">Active</span> Region Cores</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Tripathi, Durgesh; Klimchuk, James A.; Mason, Helen E.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Using data from the Extreme-ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer aboard Hinode, we have studied the coronal plasma in the core of two <span class="hlt">active</span> regions. Concentrating on the area between opposite polarity moss, we found emission measure distributions having an approximate power-law form EM/T(exp 2.4) from log T = 5.55 up to a peak at log T = 6.57. The observations are explained extremely well by a simple nanoflare model. However, in the absence of additional constraints, the observations could possibly also be explained by steady <span class="hlt">heating</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.923a2050S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.923a2050S"><span>Analytical models of Ohmic <span class="hlt">heating</span> and conventional <span class="hlt">heating</span> in food processing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Serventi, A.; Bozzoli, F.; Rainieri, S.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Ohmic <span class="hlt">heating</span> is a food processing operation in which an electric current is passed through a food and the electrical resistance of the food causes the electric power to be transformed directly into <span class="hlt">heat</span>. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> is not delivered through a surface as in conventional <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchangers but it is internally generated by Joule effect. Therefore, no temperature gradient is required and it origins quicker and more uniform <span class="hlt">heating</span> within the food. On the other hand, it is associated with high energy costs and its use is limited to a particular range of food <span class="hlt">products</span> with an appropriate electrical conductivity. Sterilization of foods by Ohmic <span class="hlt">heating</span> has gained growing interest in the last few years. The aim of this study is to evaluate the benefits of Ohmic <span class="hlt">heating</span> with respect to conventional <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchangers under uniform wall temperature, a condition that is often present in industrial plants. This comparison is carried out by means of analytical models. The two different <span class="hlt">heating</span> conditions are simulated under typical circumstances for the food industry. Particular attention is paid to the uniformity of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment and to the <span class="hlt">heating</span> section length required in the two different conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24619858','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24619858"><span>Low effective <span class="hlt">activation</span> energies for oxygen release from metal oxides: evidence for mass-transfer limits at high <span class="hlt">heating</span> rates.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jian, Guoqiang; Zhou, Lei; Piekiel, Nicholas W; Zachariah, Michael R</p> <p>2014-06-06</p> <p>Oxygen release from metal oxides at high temperatures is relevant to many thermally <span class="hlt">activated</span> chemical processes, including chemical-looping combustion, solar thermochemical cycles and energetic thermite reactions. In this study, we evaluated the thermal decomposition of nanosized metal oxides under rapid <span class="hlt">heating</span> (~10(5) K s(-1)) with time-resolved mass spectrometry. We found that the effective <span class="hlt">activation</span>-energy values that were obtained using the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa isoconversional method are much lower than the values found at low <span class="hlt">heating</span> rates, indicating that oxygen transport might be rate-determining at a high <span class="hlt">heating</span> rate. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23280295','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23280295"><span>Effects of <span class="hlt">heat</span> recovery for district <span class="hlt">heating</span> on waste incineration health impact: a simulation study in Northern Italy.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cordioli, Michele; Vincenzi, Simone; De Leo, Giulio A</p> <p>2013-02-01</p> <p>The construction of waste incinerators in populated areas always causes substantial public concern. Since the <span class="hlt">heat</span> from waste combustion can be recovered to power district <span class="hlt">heating</span> networks and allows for the switch-off of domestic boilers in urbanized areas, predictive models for health assessment should also take into account the potential benefits of abating an important source of diffuse emission. In this work, we simulated the dispersion of atmospheric pollutants from a waste incinerator under construction in Parma (Italy) into different environmental compartments and estimated the potential health effect of both criteria- (PM(10)) and micro-pollutants (PCDD/F, PAH, Cd, Hg). We analyzed two emission scenarios, one considering only the new incinerator, and the other accounting for the potential decrease in pollutant concentrations due to the <span class="hlt">activation</span> of a district <span class="hlt">heating</span> network. We estimated the effect of uncertainty in parameter estimation on health risk through Monte Carlo simulations. In addition, we analyzed the robustness of health risk to alternative assumptions on: a) the geographical origins of the potentially contaminated food, and b) the dietary habits of the exposed population. Our analysis showed that under the specific set of assumptions and emission scenarios explored in the present work: (i) the proposed waste incinerator plant appears to cause negligible harm to the resident population; (ii) despite the net increase in PM(10) mass balance, ground-level concentration of fine particulate matter may be curbed by the <span class="hlt">activation</span> of an extensive district <span class="hlt">heating</span> system powered through waste combustion <span class="hlt">heat</span> recovery and the concurrent switch-off of domestic/industrial <span class="hlt">heating</span> boilers. In addition, our study showed that the health risk caused by waste incineration emissions is sensitive to assumptions about the typical diet of the resident population, and the geographical origins of food <span class="hlt">production</span>. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23617888','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23617888"><span>Enhanced inhibition of Aspergillus niger on sedge (Lepironia articulata) treated with <span class="hlt">heat</span>-cured lime oil.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Matan, N; Matan, N; Ketsa, S</p> <p>2013-08-01</p> <p>This study aimed to examine <span class="hlt">heat</span> curing effect (30-100°C) on antifungal <span class="hlt">activities</span> of lime oil and its components (limonene, p-cymene, β-pinene and α-pinene) at concentrations ranging from 100 to 300 μl ml(-1) against Aspergillus niger in microbiological medium and to optimize <span class="hlt">heat</span> curing of lime oil for efficient mould control on sedge (Lepironia articulata). Broth dilution method was employed to determine lime oil minimum inhibitory concentration, which was at 90 μl ml(-1) with <span class="hlt">heat</span> curing at 70°C. Limonene, a main component of lime oil, was an agent responsible for temperature dependencies of lime oil <span class="hlt">activities</span> observed. Response surface methodology was used to construct the mathematical model describing a time period of zero mould growth on sedge as functions of <span class="hlt">heat</span> curing temperature and lime oil concentration. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> curing of 90 μl ml(-1) lime oil at 70°C extended a period of zero mould growth on sedge to 18 weeks under moist conditions. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> curing at 70°C best enhanced antifungal <span class="hlt">activity</span> of lime oil against A. niger both in medium and on sedge. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> curing of lime oil has potential to be used to enhance the antifungal safety of sedge <span class="hlt">products</span>. © 2013 The Society for Applied Microbiology.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11325190','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11325190"><span>Locomotor <span class="hlt">activity</span>, core body temperature, and circadian rhythms in mice selected for high or low <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mousel, M R; Stroup, W W; Nielsen, M K</p> <p>2001-04-01</p> <p>Daily locomotor <span class="hlt">activity</span>, core body temperature, and their circadian rhythms were measured in lines of mice selected for high (MH) or low (ML) <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss and unselected controls (MC). Lines were created by selecting for 16 generations in each of three replicates. Collection of locomotor <span class="hlt">activity</span> and core temperature data spanned Generations 20 and 21 for a total of 352 mice. Physical <span class="hlt">activity</span> and core body temperature data were accumulated using implanted transmitters and continuous automated collection. Measurement for each animal was for 3 d. <span class="hlt">Activity</span> was recorded for each half hour and then averaged for the day; temperature was averaged daily; circadian rhythm was expressed in 12-h (light vs dark) or 6-h periods as well as by fitting cyclic models. <span class="hlt">Activity</span> means were transformed to log base 2 to lessen heterogeneity of variance within lines. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> loss for a 15-h period beginning at 1630 and feed intake for 7 d were measured on 74 additional mice in order to estimate the relationship between locomotor <span class="hlt">activity</span> and <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss or feed intake. Selection lines were different (P < 0.01) for both locomotor <span class="hlt">activity</span> and core body temperature. Differences were due to selection (MH-ML, P < 0.01), and there was no evidence of asymmetry of response (P > 0.38). Retransformed from log base 2 to the scale of measurement, mean <span class="hlt">activity</span> counts were 308, 210, and 150 for MH, MC, and ML, respectively. Mean core temperatures were 37.2, 36.9, and 36.7 degrees C for MH, MC, and ML (P < 0.01), respectively. Females had greater physical <span class="hlt">activity</span> (P < 0.01) and body temperature (P < 0.01) than males. There was no evidence of a sex x selection criterion interaction for either <span class="hlt">activity</span> or temperature (P > 0.20). Overall phenotypic correlation between body temperature and log base 2 <span class="hlt">activity</span> was 0.43 (P < 0.01). Periods during the day were different for both 12- and 6-h analyses (P < 0.01), but there were no period x selection criterion interactions (P > 0.1) for physical <span class="hlt">activity</span> or body</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhCS.953a2088M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhCS.953a2088M"><span>Experimental study of the use of refrigeration systems as cooling and <span class="hlt">heating</span> systems in the <span class="hlt">production</span> process of the VCO</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mulawarman, AANB; Arsana, M. E.; Temaja, I. W.; Sukadana, IBP</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Coconut oil extracted from the coconut milk obtained from fresh coconuts s often called virgin coconut oil (VCO). VCO is beneficial to health as an anti-oxidant and can lower HDL cholesterol in the blood while increasing blood LDL levels. In Indonesia most of VCO being produced on a small scale of home industries. Its <span class="hlt">production</span> capacity still needs to be increased by improving <span class="hlt">production</span> processes and implementing an appropriate technology accordingly. This research aims to conduct a study on making small-scale <span class="hlt">production</span> machinery needed to produce VCO with reduced <span class="hlt">production</span> time and improved quality of VCO in accordance with ISO 7381 quality criteria. The experimental results of the VCO machine has been develop and tested show good Coefficient of Performance of the system in amount of 3.93 and 2.8 for <span class="hlt">heating</span> and cooling system respectively. Temperature of the VCO cooling chamber can be maintained in the range of 8°C to 10°C, as well as for <span class="hlt">heating</span>, the reactor temperature can be maintained from 39°C to 42°C. The expected goal of this research developing a prototype of VCO <span class="hlt">production</span> machine was done with ability to provide more efficient <span class="hlt">production</span> process able to increase volume of VCO result by 23%.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050157090','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050157090"><span>Latent <span class="hlt">Heating</span> from TRMM Satellite Measurements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Tao, Wei-Kuo; Smith, E. A.; Adler, R.; Haddad, Z.; Hou, A.; Iguchi, T.; Kakar, R.; Krishnamurti, T.; Kummerow, C.; Lang, S.</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>Rainfall <span class="hlt">production</span> is the fundamental variable within the Earth's hydrological cycle because it is both the principal forcing term in surface water budgets and its energetics corollary, latent <span class="hlt">heating</span>, is the principal source of atmospheric diabatic <span class="hlt">heating</span>. Latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> release itself is a consequence of phase changes between the vapor, liquid, and frozen states of water. The properties of the vertical distribution of latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> release modulate large-scale meridional and zonal circulations within the tropics - as well as modifying the energetic efficiencies of midlatitude weather systems. This paper focuses on the retrieval of latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> release from satellite measurements generated by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite observatory, which was launched in November 1997 as a joint American-Japanese space endeavor. Since then, TRMM measurements have been providing an accurate four-dimensional account of rainfall over the global tropics and sub-tropics, information which can be used to estimate the space-time structure of latent <span class="hlt">heating</span> across the Earth's low latitudes. The paper examines how the observed TRMM distribution of rainfall has advanced an understanding of the global water and energy cycle and its consequent relationship to the atmospheric general circulation and climate via latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> release. A set of algorithm methodologies that are being used to estimate latent <span class="hlt">heating</span> based on rain rate retrievals from the TRMM observations are described. The characteristics of these algorithms and the latent <span class="hlt">heating</span> <span class="hlt">products</span> that can be generated from them are also described, along with validation analyses of the <span class="hlt">heating</span> <span class="hlt">products</span> themselves. Finally, the investigation provides an overview of how TRMM-derived latent <span class="hlt">heating</span> information is currently being used in conjunction with global weather and climate models, concluding with remarks intended to stimulate further research on latent <span class="hlt">heating</span> retrieval from satellites.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981asme.meetQ....W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981asme.meetQ....W"><span>Actual versus predicted performance of an <span class="hlt">active</span> solar <span class="hlt">heating</span> system - A comparison using FCHART 4.0</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wetzel, P. E.</p> <p>1981-11-01</p> <p>The performance of an <span class="hlt">active</span> solar <span class="hlt">heating</span> system added to a house in Denver, CO was compared with predictions made by the FCHART 4.0 computer program. The house featured 43.23 sq m of collectors with an ethylene-glycol/water <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer fluid, and a 3.23 cu m storage tank. The house hot water was preheated in the storage tank, and home space <span class="hlt">heat</span> was furnished whenever the storage water was above 32 C. Actual meteorological and <span class="hlt">heating</span> demand data were used for the comparison, rather than long-term averages. Although monthly predictions by the FCHART program were found to diverge from measured data, the annual demand and supply predictions provided a good fit, i.e. within 9%, and were within 1% of the measured solar energy contributed to storage.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1910017L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1910017L"><span>Numerical analysis of temperature distribution due to basement radiogenic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>, St. Lawrence Lowlands, eastern Canada</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liu, Hejuan; Giroux, Bernard; Harris, Lyal B.; Mansour, John</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Although eastern Canada is considered as having a low potential for high-temperature geothermal resources, the possibility for additional localized radioactive <span class="hlt">heat</span> sources in Mesoproterozoic Grenvillian basement to parts of the Palaeozoic St. Lawrence Lowlands in Quebec, Canada, suggests that this potential should be reassessed. However, such a task remains hard to achieve due to scarcity of <span class="hlt">heat</span> flow data and ambiguity about the nature of the basement. To get an appraisal, the impact of radiogenic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> for different Grenville Province crystalline basement units on temperature distribution at depth was simulated using the Underworld Geothermal numerical modelling code. The region south of Trois-Rivières was selected as representative for the St. Lawrence Lowlands. An existing 3D geological model based on well log data, seismic profiles and surface geology was used to build a catalogue of plausible thermal models. Statistical analyses of radiogenic element (U, Th, K) concentrations from neighbouring outcropping Grenville domains indicate that the radiogenic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> of rocks in the modelled region is in the range of 0.34-3.24 μW/m3, with variations in the range of 0.94-5.83 μW/m3 for the Portneuf-Mauricie (PM) Domain, 0.02-4.13 μW/m3 for the Shawinigan Domain (Morin Terrane), and 0.34-1.96 μW/m3 for the Parc des Laurentides (PDL) Domain. Various scenarios considering basement characteristics similar to the PM domain, Morin Terrane and PDL Domain were modelled. The results show that the temperature difference between the scenarios can be as much as 12 °C at a depth of 5 km. The results also show that the temperature distribution is strongly affected by both the concentration of radiogenic elements and the thermal conductivity of the basement rocks. The thermal conductivity in the basement affects the trend of temperature change between two different geological units, and the spatial extent of thermal anomalies. The validity of the results was</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018RScI...89f5001C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018RScI...89f5001C"><span>A fast response, low <span class="hlt">heat</span> generating <span class="hlt">activation</span> method for LHe level sensors</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Choudhury, Anup; Sahu, Santosh; Kanjilal, Dinakar</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>A superconducting liquid helium (LHe) level sensor of length 300 mm has been fabricated based on the principle of differential <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer characteristic in helium gas compared to that in liquid. The sensor wire used has a diameter of 38 μm, and the wire was obtained from a pack of multifilament wires. A full thermo-electrical characterisation of the sensor was carried out in a dedicated setup. Its dynamic thermal response was also studied to understand its timing characteristics at different liquid levels and excitation currents. Based on the sensor characterisation, a new level measurement technique is evaluated which can reduce the <span class="hlt">heat</span> load going to LHe during sensor <span class="hlt">activation</span> without compromising on its sensitivity or accuracy. The timing response with this technique will make the level detection faster compared to the conventional techniques.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29762533','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29762533"><span>Self-Healing Capacity of Asphalt Mixtures Including By-<span class="hlt">Products</span> Both as Aggregates and <span class="hlt">Heating</span> Inductors.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Vila-Cortavitarte, Marta; Jato-Espino, Daniel; Castro-Fresno, Daniel; Calzada-Pérez, Miguel Á</p> <p>2018-05-15</p> <p>Major advances have been achieved in the field of self-healing by magnetic induction in which the addition of metallic particles into asphalt mixtures enables repairing their own cracks. This technology has already been proven to increase the life expectancy of roads. Nevertheless, its higher costs in comparison with conventional maintenance caused by the price of virgin metallic particles still makes it unattractive for investment. This research aimed at making this process economically accessible as well as environmentally efficient. To this end, an intense search for suitable industrial by-<span class="hlt">products</span> to substitute both the virgin metal particles and the natural aggregates forming asphalt mixtures was conducted. The set of by-<span class="hlt">products</span> used included sand blasting wastes, stainless shot wastes, and polished wastes as metallic particles and other inert by-<span class="hlt">products</span> as aggregates. The results demonstrated that the by-<span class="hlt">products</span> were adequately <span class="hlt">heated</span>, which leads to satisfactory healing ratios in comparison with the reference mixture.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_25 --> <div class="footer-extlink text-muted" style="margin-bottom:1rem; text-align:center;">Some links on this page may take you to non-federal websites. 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