78 FR 30267 - Notice of June 12 Advisory Committee on Voluntary Foreign Aid Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-22

... AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT Notice of June 12 Advisory Committee on Voluntary Foreign Aid Meeting AGENCY: United States Agency for International Development. ACTION: Notice of meeting. SUMMARY... Committee on Voluntary Foreign Aid (ACVFA). Date: Wednesday, June 12, 2013. Time: 2:30 p.m. to 4:00 p.m...

48 CFR 706.302-70 - Impairment of foreign aid programs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Impairment of foreign aid... Impairment of foreign aid programs. (a) Authority. (1) Citation: 40 U.S.C. 474. (2) Full and open competition... must include appropriate explanation and support justifying the award without full and open competition...

National Security Education Act of 1991: Summary and Analysis. CRS Report for Congress.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Riddle, Wayne Clifton

This report analyzes and summarizes the National Security Education Act of 1991 (NSEA) which authorizes a new program of aid for foreign language and area studies. The report discusses the legislation's aim to increase future national security through enhanced foreign language abilities and knowledge of other countries, the NSEA's authorized…

Democracy, GDP, and the Impact of Natural Disasters

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

van der Vink, G.; Brett, A. P.; Burgess, E.; Cecil-Cockwell, D.; Chicoine, A.; Difiore, P.; Harding, J.; Millian, C.; Olivi, E.; Piaskowy, S.; Sproat, J.; van der Hoop, H.; Walsh, P.; Warren, A.; West, L.; Wright, G.

2007-05-01

In 1998 Amartya Sen won the Nobel Prize in economics for the observation that there has never been a famine in a nation with a democratic form of government and a free press. We find that a similar relationship can be demonstrated for all natural disasters. Data from the United Nations Food Programme and the United States Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance is used to display strong correlations between the democracy index, GDP, and the humanitarian impact of natural disasters. We find that nations in which disasters have high humanitarian impact, approximated by lives lost, are also nations which are below the median per capita GDP and the median democracy level. While the response to natural disasters varies from country to country, several additional global trends are observed. Since 1964, the number of recorded natural disasters has increased by a factor of five. During this same time period the number of deaths has decreased significantly. In particular, the humanitarian impact of the 'typical' natural disaster has decreased by a factor of five. Post-disaster foreign aid is the common response from the international community when a natural disaster strikes. Our study also compares the history of foreign aid grants distributed by the US Office of Foreign Disaster Aid (OFDA) with the number of deaths worldwide from natural disasters. We find that the amount of aid given is responsive to the degree of global humanitarian impact.

Have geopolitics influenced decisions on American health foreign assistance efforts during the Obama presidency?

PubMed Central

Gupta, Vin; Tsai, Alexander C; Mason-Sharma, Alexandre; Goosby, Eric P; Jha, Ashish K; Kerry, Vanessa B

2018-01-01

Background This study sought to characterize the possible relationship between US geopolitical priorities and annual decisions on health foreign assistance among recipient nations between 2009 and 2016. Methods Data on total planned United States (US) foreign aid and health aid were collected for the 194 member nations of the World Health Organization (WHO) from publicly available databases. Trends in per-capita spending were examined between 2009 and 2016 across the six regions of the WHO (Africa, Americas, Eastern Mediterranean, Europe, Southeast Asia, and the Western Pacific). Data on US national security threats were obtained from the Council on Foreign Relations’ annual Preventive Priorities Survey. Multivariable regression models were fitted specifying planned health aid as the dependent variable and threat level of a recipient aid nation as the primary independent variable. Results Across the aggregate 80 planned recipient countries of US health aid over the duration of the study period, cumulative planned per-capita spending was stable (US$ 0.65 in both 2009 and 2016). The number of annual planned recipients of this aid declined from 74 in 2009 to 56 in 2016 (24.3% decline), with planned allocations decreasing in the Americas, Eastern Mediterranean, and Europe; corresponding increases were observed in Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Western Pacific. Regression analyses demonstrated a dose-response, whereby higher levels of threat were associated with larger declines in planned spending (critical threat nations: b = -3.81; 95% confidence interval (CI) -5.84 to -1.78, P ≤ 0.001) and one-year lagged (critical threat nations: b = -3.91; 95% CI, -5.94 to -1.88, P ≤ 0.001) analyses. Conclusions Higher threat levels are associated with less health aid. This is a novel finding, as prior studies have demonstrated a strong association between national security considerations and decisions on development aid. PMID:29740500

Have geopolitics influenced decisions on American health foreign assistance efforts during the Obama presidency?

PubMed

Gupta, Vin; Tsai, Alexander C; Mason-Sharma, Alexandre; Goosby, Eric P; Jha, Ashish K; Kerry, Vanessa B

2018-06-01

This study sought to characterize the possible relationship between US geopolitical priorities and annual decisions on health foreign assistance among recipient nations between 2009 and 2016. Data on total planned United States (US) foreign aid and health aid were collected for the 194 member nations of the World Health Organization (WHO) from publicly available databases. Trends in per-capita spending were examined between 2009 and 2016 across the six regions of the WHO (Africa, Americas, Eastern Mediterranean, Europe, Southeast Asia, and the Western Pacific). Data on US national security threats were obtained from the Council on Foreign Relations' annual Preventive Priorities Survey. Multivariable regression models were fitted specifying planned health aid as the dependent variable and threat level of a recipient aid nation as the primary independent variable. Across the aggregate 80 planned recipient countries of US health aid over the duration of the study period, cumulative planned per-capita spending was stable (US$ 0.65 in both 2009 and 2016). The number of annual planned recipients of this aid declined from 74 in 2009 to 56 in 2016 (24.3% decline), with planned allocations decreasing in the Americas, Eastern Mediterranean, and Europe; corresponding increases were observed in Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Western Pacific. Regression analyses demonstrated a dose-response, whereby higher levels of threat were associated with larger declines in planned spending (critical threat nations: b = -3.81; 95% confidence interval (CI) -5.84 to -1.78, P  ≤ 0.001) and one-year lagged (critical threat nations: b = -3.91; 95% CI, -5.94 to -1.88, P  ≤ 0.001) analyses. Higher threat levels are associated with less health aid. This is a novel finding, as prior studies have demonstrated a strong association between national security considerations and decisions on development aid.

22 CFR 221.24 - Subrogation of A.I.D.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Subrogation of A.I.D. 221.24 Section 221.24 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ISRAEL LOAN GUARANTEE STANDARD TERMS AND CONDITIONS Procedure for Obtaining Compensation § 221.24 Subrogation of A.I.D. In the event of payment by A.I.D. to a...

22 CFR 221.24 - Subrogation of A.I.D.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Subrogation of A.I.D. 221.24 Section 221.24 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ISRAEL LOAN GUARANTEE STANDARD TERMS AND CONDITIONS Procedure for Obtaining Compensation § 221.24 Subrogation of A.I.D. In the event of payment by A.I.D. to a...

22 CFR 221.24 - Subrogation of A.I.D.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Subrogation of A.I.D. 221.24 Section 221.24 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ISRAEL LOAN GUARANTEE STANDARD TERMS AND CONDITIONS Procedure for Obtaining Compensation § 221.24 Subrogation of A.I.D. In the event of payment by A.I.D. to a...

22 CFR 221.24 - Subrogation of A.I.D.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Subrogation of A.I.D. 221.24 Section 221.24 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ISRAEL LOAN GUARANTEE STANDARD TERMS AND CONDITIONS Procedure for Obtaining Compensation § 221.24 Subrogation of A.I.D. In the event of payment by A.I.D. to a...

22 CFR 221.24 - Subrogation of A.I.D.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Subrogation of A.I.D. 221.24 Section 221.24 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ISRAEL LOAN GUARANTEE STANDARD TERMS AND CONDITIONS Procedure for Obtaining Compensation § 221.24 Subrogation of A.I.D. In the event of payment by A.I.D. to a...

Foreign Aid: Are We Increasing Stability

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-12-01

ARE WE INCREASING STABILITY ? by Jeffrey Chenard Chad Thibodeau December 2016 Thesis Co-Advisors: Robert Burks Timothy Warren THIS PAGE......to determine the probability of internal conflict. The results of the research show that the USG is not increasing stability through reducing

22 CFR 214.22 - Responsibilities within A.I.D.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Responsibilities within A.I.D. 214.22 Section 214.22 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ADVISORY COMMITTEE MANAGEMENT Termination and Renewal of Advisory Committees § 214.22 Responsibilities within A.I.D. Responsibilities within...

22 CFR 214.22 - Responsibilities within A.I.D.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Responsibilities within A.I.D. 214.22 Section 214.22 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ADVISORY COMMITTEE MANAGEMENT Termination and Renewal of Advisory Committees § 214.22 Responsibilities within A.I.D. Responsibilities within...

22 CFR 214.22 - Responsibilities within A.I.D.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Responsibilities within A.I.D. 214.22 Section 214.22 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ADVISORY COMMITTEE MANAGEMENT Termination and Renewal of Advisory Committees § 214.22 Responsibilities within A.I.D. Responsibilities within...

22 CFR 214.22 - Responsibilities within A.I.D.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Responsibilities within A.I.D. 214.22 Section 214.22 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ADVISORY COMMITTEE MANAGEMENT Termination and Renewal of Advisory Committees § 214.22 Responsibilities within A.I.D. Responsibilities within...

Legal Development and Foreign Aid: A Liberian Experience.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hager, L. Michael

1978-01-01

Presented is a case study that traces the development of the University of Liberia's Louis Arthur Grimes School of Law, which was aided by Staffing of African Institutions for Legal Education and Research (SAILER), a foreign aid program. The impact and implications for legal development are evaluated. (JMD)

22 CFR 214.3 - A.I.D. Advisory Committee Management Officer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false A.I.D. Advisory Committee Management Officer. 214.3 Section 214.3 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ADVISORY COMMITTEE MANAGEMENT General § 214.3 A.I.D. Advisory Committee Management Officer. The Advisory Committee Management...

The effect of the training given to the child development students about foreign body aspiration upon their knowledge levels.

PubMed

Çelik, Necla; Arikan, Duygu

2013-11-01

This study was semi-experimentally conducted in order to determine knowledge levels of child development students about foreign body aspiration and to explore the effect of the training given to these students about foreign body aspiration upon their knowledge levels. The research was conducted with a total of 231 students who studied at the department of child development of two high schools and one vocational higher school in Erzincan Province located in the east of Turkiye between May 2011 and February 2012. The data were gathered using a questionnaire form of 38 questions. The training on foreign body aspiration (Power point presentation, video presentation and practice on a dummy) was provided in three phases. For the data evaluation; percentages, chi-square test and Mc Nemar test were used. It was found out in the study that 91.8% of the students did not take any training/course about foreign body aspiration and 55% confronted situations of foreign body aspirations (ear, nose, airway). After the training about foreign body aspiration; it was noted that the number of the students who knew risky behaviors for foreign body aspiration increased and the increase in the number of the students was at the highest level among high schools (p<0.05). It was seen that the training was most effective among the university students in terms of knowing first-aid intervention in case a foreign body would obstruct airway among the children aged<1 year (p<0.05). It was noted that the training which was applied on the dummy by using visual aids about foreign body aspiration increased the knowledge level of the students. Based on this finding, it may be recommended that nurses should perform their counseling and educator roles more actively for the families and those who are responsible for the baby care about foreign body aspiration by playing a more active role in the health care team. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Multinational corporations and third world capitalism

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ulmer, M.J.

1980-06-01

The principal conclusion of this article is that the direct investments of US multinationals have had a powerfully benign effect on Third World countries, promoting extraordinarily high rates of economic growth wherever they were allowed to do so. Of course, internal policies in the poorer countries help to determine how fast and how widely prosperity is dispersed and shared throughout their populations. But the significant fact is that foreign direct investment has been critical in creating large increases in per capita output, and without that it would be only the poverty that could be shared. A related conclusion suggested bymore » this analysis is that foreign direct investment has been a far more important promoter of growth than has foreign economic aid. To be sure, some forms of aid were not meant to promote economic expansion, but simply humanitarian relief from hunger or disease. Even so, much aid has been explicitly intended to stimulate development, and sometimes with considerable fanfare. Investment is more effective than aid in another strategic respect. The former actively encourages capitalist enterprise, both directly and indirectly. It does so by example, and through enlisting a portion of the local population in its activities. It does so, also, through the higher incomes it generates for consumers and the business it activates among local suppliers, processors, and others.« less

22 CFR 204.22 - Right of A.I.D. to cure default.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Right of A.I.D. to cure default. 204.22 Section 204.22 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT HOUSING GUARANTY STANDARD TERMS AND CONDITIONS Procedure for Obtaining Compensation § 204.22 Right of A.I.D. to cure default. Within sixty (60...

22 CFR 204.22 - Right of A.I.D. to cure default.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Right of A.I.D. to cure default. 204.22 Section 204.22 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT HOUSING GUARANTY STANDARD TERMS AND CONDITIONS Procedure for Obtaining Compensation § 204.22 Right of A.I.D. to cure default. Within sixty (60...

22 CFR 204.22 - Right of A.I.D. to cure default.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Right of A.I.D. to cure default. 204.22 Section 204.22 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT HOUSING GUARANTY STANDARD TERMS AND CONDITIONS Procedure for Obtaining Compensation § 204.22 Right of A.I.D. to cure default. Within sixty (60...

22 CFR 204.22 - Right of A.I.D. to cure default.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Right of A.I.D. to cure default. 204.22 Section 204.22 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT HOUSING GUARANTY STANDARD TERMS AND CONDITIONS Procedure for Obtaining Compensation § 204.22 Right of A.I.D. to cure default. Within sixty (60...

22 CFR 204.22 - Right of A.I.D. to cure default.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Right of A.I.D. to cure default. 204.22 Section 204.22 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT HOUSING GUARANTY STANDARD TERMS AND CONDITIONS Procedure for Obtaining Compensation § 204.22 Right of A.I.D. to cure default. Within sixty (60...

Governance and Foreign Aid Allocation

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-07-01

the promotion of market-based principles to restructure macroeconomic policies in developing countries. The greater focus on...the effectiveness of aid in promoting development outcomes. In doing so, I use augmented neoclassical growth framework following Mankiw et al (1992...health care and basic education, macroeconomic reforms and opening markets, the main objective of western foreign aid was to stop newly independent

Turning dread into capital: South Africa's AIDS diplomacy.

PubMed

Fourie, Pieter

2013-03-05

In much of the world, President George W. Bush was not admired for his foreign policy and diplomacy. It is therefore ironic that Bush's single most uncontested foreign policy triumph was an instance of what has now become known as "health diplomacy". In 2003 Bush launched the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, a five-year $15 billion initiative to fight HIV/AIDS, mostly in Africa. The president's pragmatic health diplomacy may well save his foreign policy legacy. This article argues that a middle power such as South Africa should consider a similar instrumental AIDS diplomatic strategy, to rehabilitate its public health as well as foreign policy images. This article reflects on the emergence and contemporary practice of health diplomacy. In particular, it explores the potential of niche areas within health diplomacy to become constructive focal points of emerging middle powers' foreign policies. Middle powers often apply niche diplomacy to maximise their foreign policy impact, particularly by pursuing a multilateral agenda. The literature on middle powers indicates that such foreign policy ambitions and concomitant diplomacy mostly act to affirm the global status quo. Instead, this paper argues that there may well be niches within health diplomacy in particular that can be used to actually challenge the existing global order. Emerging middle powers in particular can use niche areas within health diplomacy in a critical theoretical manner, so that foreign policy and diplomacy become a project of emancipation and transformation, rather than an affirmation of the world as it is. The article first describes the emergence and contemporary practice of health diplomacy; this is followed by a discussion of niche diplomacy, in particular as it applies to the foreign policy agendas of emerging middle powers. It then reviews South African foreign policy and diplomacy, before situating these policies within the context of emerging mechanisms of south-south multilateralism. The article concludes by synthesizing these elements and advocating for a South African AIDS diplomacy, emphasizing its potential to galvanize a global project of emancipation.

Effects of audio-visual aids on foreign language test anxiety, reading and listening comprehension, and retention in EFL learners.

PubMed

Lee, Shu-Ping; Lee, Shin-Da; Liao, Yuan-Lin; Wang, An-Chi

2015-04-01

This study examined the effects of audio-visual aids on anxiety, comprehension test scores, and retention in reading and listening to short stories in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classrooms. Reading and listening tests, general and test anxiety, and retention were measured in English-major college students in an experimental group with audio-visual aids (n=83) and a control group without audio-visual aids (n=94) with similar general English proficiency. Lower reading test anxiety, unchanged reading comprehension scores, and better reading short-term and long-term retention after four weeks were evident in the audiovisual group relative to the control group. In addition, lower listening test anxiety, higher listening comprehension scores, and unchanged short-term and long-term retention were found in the audiovisual group relative to the control group after the intervention. Audio-visual aids may help to reduce EFL learners' listening test anxiety and enhance their listening comprehension scores without facilitating retention of such materials. Although audio-visual aids did not increase reading comprehension scores, they helped reduce EFL learners' reading test anxiety and facilitated retention of reading materials.

Should the United States Continue to Provide Aid to Africa?

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-22

this choice.75 History has shown that no amount of foreign aid can lead Africa to a meaningful developmental process without effective governance...aid and what approaches need to be taken into account to ensure it remains an effective ‘strategic investment.” 15. SUBJECT TERMS Foreign Policy...account to ensure it remains an effective ‘strategic investment.” SHOULD THE UNITED STATES CONTINUE TO PROVIDE AID TO AFRICA? The

Past and Future Performance: PEPFAR in the Landscape of Foreign Aid for Health.

PubMed

Bendavid, Eran

2016-10-01

This review traces the course of the US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) as a foreign aid program. It illustrates how the epidemiologic and geopolitical environments of the early 2000s influenced PEPFAR's early directions and contributed to its successes. In addition to scaling up infrastructure and care delivery platforms, PEPFAR led to large increases in the number of people receiving antiretroviral therapy and reductions in mortality. These successes, in turn, have brought its principal challenges-its outsized budget, narrow focus, and problem of entitlement-into sharp relief. PEPFAR's recent evolution, then, has been in response to these challenges. This review suggests that PEPFAR's early formulation as an emergency response relieved it from a need to articulate clear goals, and that this freedom is now leading to new challenges as it struggles to identify priorities in the face of expectations to do more with a flat budget.

HIV / AIDS

MedlinePlus

... Award Negotiation & Initial Award After Award Foreign Grants Management Getting Your Initial International Award Actions You Can Take as the Project Leader on a Foreign Grant Subawards for Foreign ...

HIV/AIDS Treatment

MedlinePlus

... Award Negotiation & Initial Award After Award Foreign Grants Management Getting Your Initial International Award Actions You Can Take as the Project Leader on a Foreign Grant Subawards for Foreign ...

22 CFR 214.22 - Responsibilities within A.I.D.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Responsibilities within A.I.D. 214.22 Section 214.22 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ADVISORY COMMITTEE MANAGEMENT... the advisory committee reports: prepares, clears with the Advisory Committee Management Officer and...

Perceiving expatriate coworkers as foreigners encourages aid: social categorization and procedural justice together improve intergroup cooperation and dual identity.

PubMed

Leonardelli, Geoffrey J; Toh, Soo Min

2011-01-01

We propose that social categorization can encourage particular forms of intergroup cooperation because it differentiates a group in need from a group that can give aid. Moreover, social categorization is most likely to occur when individuals perceive procedural justice (i.e., fair treatment) from authorities in a superordinate group that includes the individuals' subgroup. Two field studies investigating relations between local and foreign coworkers tested not only this prediction, but also whether high social categorization and procedural justice would yield a dual identity, in which group members identify simultaneously with their social category and the superordinate group. Both studies supported our predictions: Local employees engaged a dual identity and offered knowledge to aid a foreign coworker's adjustment more often when local-foreign categorization and procedural justice from organizational authorities were high than when these variables were low. These discoveries point to controllable mechanisms that enable intergroup cooperation, and our findings have important implications for intergroup aid, expatriate adjustment, immigration, and multiculturalism.

Turning dread into capital: South Africa’s AIDS diplomacy

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Background In much of the world, President George W. Bush was not admired for his foreign policy and diplomacy. It is therefore ironic that Bush’s single most uncontested foreign policy triumph was an instance of what has now become known as “health diplomacy”. In 2003 Bush launched the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, a five-year $15 billion initiative to fight HIV/AIDS, mostly in Africa. The president’s pragmatic health diplomacy may well save his foreign policy legacy. This article argues that a middle power such as South Africa should consider a similar instrumental AIDS diplomatic strategy, to rehabilitate its public health as well as foreign policy images. Discussion This article reflects on the emergence and contemporary practice of health diplomacy. In particular, it explores the potential of niche areas within health diplomacy to become constructive focal points of emerging middle powers’ foreign policies. Middle powers often apply niche diplomacy to maximise their foreign policy impact, particularly by pursuing a multilateral agenda. The literature on middle powers indicates that such foreign policy ambitions and concomitant diplomacy mostly act to affirm the global status quo. Instead, this paper argues that there may well be niches within health diplomacy in particular that can be used to actually challenge the existing global order. Emerging middle powers in particular can use niche areas within health diplomacy in a critical theoretical manner, so that foreign policy and diplomacy become a project of emancipation and transformation, rather than an affirmation of the world as it is. Summary The article first describes the emergence and contemporary practice of health diplomacy; this is followed by a discussion of niche diplomacy, in particular as it applies to the foreign policy agendas of emerging middle powers. It then reviews South African foreign policy and diplomacy, before situating these policies within the context of emerging mechanisms of south-south multilateralism. The article concludes by synthesizing these elements and advocating for a South African AIDS diplomacy, emphasizing its potential to galvanize a global project of emancipation. PMID:23497509

A Case for Development: Rebalancing America’s Foreign Aid Program

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-04-24

Senate Foreign Relations Committee Jesse Helms, a North Carolina Republican. Helms saw the organization as an unaffordable, unpopular foreign version...other success stories that can be used to cite the power of developmental aid. Germany, South Korea , and Taiwan, are all former recipients of large...to such funds is Official Development Assistance ( ODA ). The graph below (Figure 2) demonstrates that the U.S. was the single largest donor in 2009

[AIDS control in industry in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan].

PubMed

Shinjo, M; Ariizumi, M; Onga, N; Asato, Y; Azuma, T; Miyazato, T; Uehara, T; Ohno, A

1995-05-01

To see how industry is responding to AIDS, an anonymous questionnaire survey was conducted on member companies (n = 407) of the chamber of commerce with 50 or more employees in three large cities in Okinawa, during February to March, 1994. Responses were obtained from 221. The questionnaire looked at type of industry, number of employees, number of business trips to foreign countries, specialists for health management, AIDS control, attitudes and actions taken toward infected persons and AIDS patients, etc. The main results were as follows; In 73 companies foreign business trips had been made. The rate of appointment of specialists in health management was below 50%. In 80% of the companies, AIDS control was not in place. About 1/2 of the companies responded that there was a need to grapple with AIDS control while 40% of the companies were undecided. The majority of the companies felt that there was no chance of their employees having HIV infection within five or six years. Many companies had no regulations for dealing with employees who are infected with HIV. From the survey, three points were made clear: 1. Industry does not have an adequate plan to deal with AIDS. 2. There is no awareness of a crisis. 3. There is insufficient dissemination of information regarding AIDS. HIV/AIDS is predicted to increase in industries in our country and management will be hard-pressed to deal with the intricate problems that arise. HIV/AIDS is not exclusively an individual problem, but should be the concern of industries and society as well.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The Emerging Japanese Influence in Africa and Its Implications for the United States.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-06-01

sophisticated manufactures towards agricultural products. Food , beverages and tobacco exports have increased relative to the declining shares of manufactured...goods and capital and transportation equipment. However, a significant portion of these food exports were financed by U.S. foreign aid. In 1980, for...example, total aid to Africa and the Food for Peace Program amounted to 30% of the value of U.S. exports of foodstuffs to the region - one half of this

78 FR 70915 - Notice of December 11 Advisory Committee on Voluntary Foreign Aid Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-27

...Pursuant to the Federal Advisory Committee Act, notice is hereby given of a meeting of the Advisory Committee on Voluntary Foreign Aid (ACVFA). Date: Wednesday, December 11, 2013. Time: 2:30 p.m. to 4:00 p.m. Location: Horizon Room, Ronald Reagan Building, 1300 Pennsylvania Ave. NW., Washington, DC 20523.

22 CFR 221.23 - Payment to A.I.D. of excess amounts received by a Noteholder.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Payment to A.I.D. of excess amounts received by a Noteholder. 221.23 Section 221.23 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ISRAEL LOAN GUARANTEE STANDARD TERMS AND CONDITIONS Procedure for Obtaining Compensation § 221.23 Payment to A...

22 CFR 221.23 - Payment to A.I.D. of excess amounts received by a Noteholder.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Payment to A.I.D. of excess amounts received by a Noteholder. 221.23 Section 221.23 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ISRAEL LOAN GUARANTEE STANDARD TERMS AND CONDITIONS Procedure for Obtaining Compensation § 221.23 Payment to A...

22 CFR 221.23 - Payment to A.I.D. of excess amounts received by a Noteholder.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Payment to A.I.D. of excess amounts received by a Noteholder. 221.23 Section 221.23 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ISRAEL LOAN GUARANTEE STANDARD TERMS AND CONDITIONS Procedure for Obtaining Compensation § 221.23 Payment to A...

22 CFR 221.23 - Payment to A.I.D. of excess amounts received by a Noteholder.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Payment to A.I.D. of excess amounts received by a Noteholder. 221.23 Section 221.23 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ISRAEL LOAN GUARANTEE STANDARD TERMS AND CONDITIONS Procedure for Obtaining Compensation § 221.23 Payment to A...

22 CFR 221.23 - Payment to A.I.D. of excess amounts received by a Noteholder.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Payment to A.I.D. of excess amounts received by a Noteholder. 221.23 Section 221.23 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ISRAEL LOAN GUARANTEE STANDARD TERMS AND CONDITIONS Procedure for Obtaining Compensation § 221.23 Payment to A...

Hearing aid silicone impression material as a foreign body in the middle ear.

PubMed

Lee, Hyun-Min; Yi, Keun-Ik; Jung, Jae-Hoon; Lee, Il-Woo

We report an extremely rare case of hearing aid silicone impression material as a foreign body in the middle ear. Symptoms of the patient were otorrhea and vertigo after taking of a mold impression on his only hearing ear, and the symptoms mimicked chronic otitis media. A temporal bone CT scan revealed foreign body material in the middle ear and Eustachian tube. An intact canal wall mastoidectomy with a facial recess approach and type IV tympanoplasty was performed to remove the silicone impression material. In addition to the case report, we review the literature regarding impression material foreign bodies. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Assessing the Sustainability of Japan's Foreign Aid Program: An Analysis of Development Assistance to Energy Sectors of Developing Countries

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Yamaguchi, Hideka

2005-01-01

This article examines the effect of Japan's official development assistance (ODA) over 10 years that proposed to facilitate environmental conservation in developing countries. Special emphasis is given to ODA disbursements in the energy sector to evaluate whether Japan's foreign aid has shifted its policy toward more environmentally sound goals.…

Management of HIV disease in China.

PubMed

Li, D L

1991-01-01

This brief report is concerned with the management of HIV infection since the 1980's in China. Mention was made of the 2-day Sino/American Symposium on Management of HIV Disease held in Beijing in 1990. Attendance included 600 participants from China and the US. 40 experts presented papers on topics covering diagnosis, treatment, research, prevention, psychology, sociology, ethics, education, and law. The Chinese Minister of Public Health and President of the Chinese Medical Association urged a unified and multiregional and multinational effort and a global network to combat HIV disease. Since the 1980's the Chinese government has instituted measures of prevention and control and recognized the harmful effects to health and life. Since 1985, 300,000 of the high risk population have received blood serum tests, of which 446 were found to be HIV positive. 5 were AIDS patients, of which 3 were foreigners and the other 2 from Beijing and Yunnan Province (southwest region) respectively. Included in the HIV positive group were 68 foreigners and 378 mainland Chinese. There have been no reported cases of mother/child infection. Drug users are identified as the high risk group for contracting and spreading the HIV infection. The number of drug users has increased rapidly, particularly along border regions of the southwest, and the method of use has been identified as intravenous injection. AIDS is now considered by the Chinese government as an infectious disease. There are monitoring stations in almost all provinces. The Ministry of Public Health has 3 laboratories for diagnosis of the HIV virus. A strain of HIV-1 virus has been isolated from a foreign tourist and used to prepare a diagnostic antigen. 5 units currently have P--grade laboratories for researching the etiology and molecular biology of AIDS. Research in medical institutes is also progressing on the use of traditional Chinese medicine to treat AIDS. Cooperation between China and the World Health Organization has led to the allocation of 300,000 US dollars for AIDS prevention and education with exchanges of foreign and Chinese experts. Public health publicity is the only available prevention tool, and the past efforts will be continued in order to reach all walks of life.

Faculty Member's Guide to U.S. Immigration Law.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Smith, Eugene H.; Baron, Marvin

Immigration laws and regulations are briefly summarized to aid faculty members in understanding problems faced by foreign students and scholars. The objective is to enable faculty to properly advise foreign students regarding their academic programs and to recognize when a foreign student or scholar needs to be referred to the foreign student…

EXPERIMENTATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORE EFFECTIVE METHODS OF TEACHING FOREIGN LANGUAGES BY MAKING EXTENSIVE USE OF ELECTRO-MECHANICAL AIDS.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

LEWIS, EARL N.

AN EXPERIMENT WAS DESIGNED TO TEST THE HYPOTHESIS THAT PROPER USE OF ELECTRO-MECHANICAL AIDS CAN RELIEVE THE TEACHER OF A GREAT DEAL OF THE ROUTINE WORK OF TEACHING FOREIGN LANGUAGES. HE WOULD THUS BE ALLOWED TO EXTEND HIMSELF EITHER QUANTITATIVELY OR QUALITATIVELY IN HIS WORK. THIS EXPERIMENT USES THE QUALITATIVE APPROACH. THREE GROUPS OF…

5 CFR 2641.206 - One-year restriction on any former senior or very senior employee's representations on behalf of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false One-year restriction on any former senior or very senior employee's representations on behalf of, or aid or advice to, a foreign entity. 2641... senior or very senior employee's representations on behalf of, or aid or advice to, a foreign entity. (a...

Implementation of "New Directions" in Development Assistance: Report to the Committee on International Relations on Implementation of Legislative Reforms in the Foreign Assistance Act of 1973.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Agency for International Development (Dept. of State), Washington, DC.

This report discusses the many policy and procedural issues of the Agency for International Development (AID) in implementing the reforms included in the congressional Foreign Assistance Act of 1973. The act concentrated aid efforts on food and nutrition improvement, population control, health improvement, education, and human resource…

China’s Largesse: Why China Is Generous With Foreign Aid

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-12-01

leftist factions failed to establish a foothold for communism, and Kenyatta maintained the power of his right-wing regime. Shortly after independence...avenues of diplomatic pressure. Even if this model holds explanatory power , it is unlikely by itself to explain a state’s decisions when accepting...Global Power .............70  3.  China’s Intent and the Supply and Demand of Foreign Aid

Concerns of an itinerant surgeon: results of a Guatemalan surgical aid trip.

PubMed

Kavolus, Joseph J; Ritter, Merrill A; Claverie, Jorge G; Barfield, William R; Lackland, Daniel T; Trousdale, Robert T

2014-05-01

Over the past decade the popularity of foreign medical aid has increased and gained notoriety. Operation Walk is a philanthropic organization dedicated to improving the ambulatory potential of patients in developing countries by providing free surgical treatment for patients who otherwise lack access to care of debilitating bone and joint conditions. During Operation Walk Mooresville's 2013 trip to Guatemala 40 patients prospectively completed a Likert Scale style survey. The 63-question survey assessed patient impressions and concerns regarding the care they receive as part of itinerant surgical aid trips. Mean scores were calculated and then concerns were ranked accordingly. We are aware of no other investigation assessing these sorts of patient centered perspectives for international surgical aid trips. © 2013.

The role of international migration in infectious diseases: the HIV epidemic and its trends in Japan.

PubMed

Komatsu, Ryuichi; Sawada, Takashi

2007-01-01

Globalization and its associated international migrations facilitate the spread of infectious diseases. This article reports trends in and discusses the relation between international migration and HIV infection in Japan. The authors analyze relevant literature, drawing on government and other sources. Among foreigners in Japan, there were 27.0 reported HIV and 9.3 reported AIDS cases per million in 1990, and 52.9 HIV and 38.8 AIDS cases per million in 2000. These rates were initially 45 to 90 times the population prevalence of HIV and AIDS among Japanese, but are now only 10 to 20 times the prevalence among Japanese, as HIV becomes an increasing problem for the Japanese population. HIV-infected foreigners who are uninsured are at a disadvantage for diagnosis, counseling, and treatment compared with insured persons, and at a significantly higher risk for low CD4 counts. For all sections of Japan's population, counseling and testing are inadequate, and surveillance of behavioral risk, infection, and disease is limited. International migrants are at increased risk for HIV transmission and at a disadvantage for care and treatment. Japan needs both to develop policies that assist migrants and to respond to the growing threat among its nonmigrant population.

Rationale for an HIV / AIDS prevention and mitigation strategy for Africa: combatting the multisectoral impact of the epidemic.

PubMed

Lyerly, W H

1996-01-01

Unlike most infectious diseases in Africa, HIV/AIDS affects the urban elite as well as the rural poor, and generally during their most economically productive years. An increase in deaths among young adults of the magnitude predicted is likely to have substantial adverse effects on economic, political, and military/security stability throughout Africa. AIDS is causing increased stress on fragile African economic infrastructures as labor productivity declines, particularly in agricultural, labor-dependent economies. AIDS is causing obstacles to trade, foreign investment and tourism. Health systems and social coping mechanisms already are overburdened. High rates of HIV infection among police and military personnel threaten internal security. Furthermore, the demobilization of military forces in Africa may exacerbate the epidemic when HIV-infected soldiers return home and spread the virus. This presentation will illustrate why African AIDS Programs must be expanded to mitigate the multisectoral impact of the epidemic while preserving its spread.

Evaluation Influence: The Evaluation Event and Capital Flow in International Development.

PubMed

Bell, David A

2017-12-01

Assessing program effectiveness in human development is central to informing foreign aid policy-making and organizational learning. Foreign aid effectiveness discussions have increasingly given attention to the devaluing effects of aid flow volatility. This study reveals that the external evaluation event influences actor behavior, serving as a volatility-constraining tool. A case study of a multidonor aid development mechanism served examining the influence of an evaluation event when considering anticipatory effects. The qualitative component used text and focus group data combined with individual interview data (organizations n = 10, including 26 individuals). Quantitative data included financial information on all 75 capital investments. The integrated theory of influence and model of alternative mechanisms used these components to identify the linkage between the evaluation event and capital flow volatility. Aid approved in the year of the midterm evaluation was disbursed by the mechanism with low capital volatility. Anticipating the evaluation event influenced behavior resulting in an empirical record that program outcomes were enhanced and the mechanism was an improved organization. Formative evaluations in a development program can trigger activity as an interim process. That activity provides for a more robust assessment of ultimate consequence of interest. Anticipating an evaluation can stimulate donor reality testing. The findings inform and strengthen future research on the influence of anticipating an evaluation. Closely examining activities before, during, and shortly after the evaluation event can aid development of other systematic methods to improve understanding this phenomenon, as well as improve donor effectiveness strategies.

Joint Ventures in Cuba: Opportunities for Direct Foreign Investment.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tancer, Robert S.

1995-01-01

Presents a brief history of direct foreign investment in Cuba since 1982. This investment currently plays an important role in Cuba as a replacement to Soviet aid and as a means to earn foreign exchange. Tourism and mining are the preferred area for foreign investment because both of these sectors offer hard currency returns for Cuba. (20…

Foreign Language Instruction.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sawyer, Jesse O.

1964-01-01

This brief review of research in foreign language instruction during 1961-63 summarizes, compares, and interprets related studies dealing withsuch topics as (1) the effects and value of foreign language instruction at different educational levels, (2) methods and materials, (3) testing, and (4) electromechanical aids, such as the language…

Ideologies of aid, practices of power: lessons for Medicaid managed care.

PubMed

Nelson, Nancy L

2005-03-01

The articles in this special issue teach valuable lessons based on what happened in New Mexico with the shift to Medicaid managed care. By reframing these lessons in broader historical and cultural terms with reference to aid programs, we have the opportunity to learn a great deal more about the relationship between poverty, public policy, and ideology. Medicaid as a state and federal aid program in the United States and economic development programs as foreign aid provide useful analogies specifically because they exhibit a variety of parallel patterns. The increasing concatenation of corporate interests with state and nongovernmental interests in aid programs is ultimately producing a less centralized system of power and responsibility. This process of decentralization, however, is not undermining the sources of power behind aid efforts, although it does make the connections between intent, planning, and outcome less direct. Ultimately, the devolution of power produces many unintended consequences for aid policy. But it also reinforces the perspective that aid and the need for it are nonpolitical issues.

Noise reduction improves memory for target language speech in competing native but not foreign language speech.

PubMed

Ng, Elaine Hoi Ning; Rudner, Mary; Lunner, Thomas; Rönnberg, Jerker

2015-01-01

A hearing aid noise reduction (NR) algorithm reduces the adverse effect of competing speech on memory for target speech for individuals with hearing impairment with high working memory capacity. In the present study, we investigated whether the positive effect of NR could be extended to individuals with low working memory capacity, as well as how NR influences recall performance for target native speech when the masker language is non-native. A sentence-final word identification and recall (SWIR) test was administered to 26 experienced hearing aid users. In this test, target spoken native language (Swedish) sentence lists were presented in competing native (Swedish) or foreign (Cantonese) speech with or without binary masking NR algorithm. After each sentence list, free recall of sentence final words was prompted. Working memory capacity was measured using a reading span (RS) test. Recall performance was associated with RS. However, the benefit obtained from NR was not associated with RS. Recall performance was more disrupted by native than foreign speech babble and NR improved recall performance in native but not foreign competing speech. Noise reduction improved memory for speech heard in competing speech for hearing aid users. Memory for native speech was more disrupted by native babble than foreign babble, but the disruptive effect of native speech babble was reduced to that of foreign babble when there was NR.

Media ownership and news framing: an analysis of HIV/AIDS coverage by Ugandan press.

PubMed

Kiwanuka-Tondo, James; Albada, Kelly F; Payton, Fay Cobb

2012-12-01

Applying framing theory, the present research analyzes trends in Ugandan news coverage and the prominent issue frames for HIV/AIDS-related stories. In order to determine the influence of other factors, such as media ownership and journalist origin, nearly 800 articles, from 2000 to 2004, were gathered from the major private newspaper and government-owned newspaper in Uganda. After systematic sampling, 365 articles constitute the sample. The results indicate that print news coverage of HIV and AIDS followed a non-linear trajectory, declining from 2000-2002 and then increasing from 2003-2004. Curative medicine emerged as the most prominent issue frame. Higher-risk behaviour was the least prominent issue frame overall. The 'solutions' issue frame nearly doubled in prominence from 2000-2004, while the HIV-prevention frame decreased from 2000-2002 and then rebounded from 2003-2004. Concerning HIV-related topics, the private newspaper included more features, printed lengthier articles, incorporated a greater variety of news frames, and published more articles by foreign journalists than the government-owned newspaper. The private newspaper employed the 'HIV-prevention,' 'action,' and 'victims' frames more often than the government-owned newspaper. Journalists at the government-owned newspaper adopted a 'solutions' frame more often than their private-press counterparts. Though foreign journalists were more likely than local journalists to employ the HIV-prevention frame, additional tests revealed that the news organisation for which the journalists worked contributed to issue framing to a greater extent than did either a local or foreign reporting origin. Local (Ugandan) journalists working for the two news organisations differed in their tendencies to apply the HIV-prevention, action, victims, and tragedy frames in news stories on HIV and AIDS, with journalists at the private newspaper using these frames more often than did journalists at the government-owned newspaper.

Seminar on the prevention and control of STDs.

PubMed

Jiang, L

1993-06-01

The Research Institute of Philosophy of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the Chinese Society for Dialectics of Nature, and the Chinese Association for Science and Technology held an expert seminar on prevention and control of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) March 15-18, 1993. A multidisciplinary group of 80 persons from departments and agencies and international organizations attended. An overview of STDs in China was presented: STDs were eliminated during the 1960s, but reemerged in the late 1970s, and the rate was increasing. By the third quarter of 1992, 759,989 cases of STDs were reported throughout the country. Gonorrhea and syphilis cases declined, and condyloma and nongonorrheal urethritis cases rose. The number of cases of infected women increased. The sex ratio for STD patients decreased from 2.04 in 1989 to 1.60 in 1991. New cases of infected babies were reported. AIDS was first discovered in a case involving foreign tourists in China. By November 30, 1992, 1.61 million persons have received an HIV test. There were 12 cases of AIDS, of which 5 were in foreigners, among the 969 positive HIV cases. Most HIV cases involved drug addicts and labor migrants, who may have been in contact with prostitutes abroad. Spouses of HIV cases were also infected. Some experts have speculated that China is in the beginning of an AIDS spread. Concern was raised about potential transmission through transfusions of HIV-infected blood. Efforts need to be made to publicize information about the transmission and nature of AIDS and to strengthen medical treatment and monitoring systems. AIDS prevention needs to be integrated into family planning and sex education programs.

VISUAL AIDS HANDBOOK FOR FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHERS.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

GARIBALDI, VIRGINIA; STRASHEIM, LORRAINE A.

TEACHERS ARE SHOWN HOW TO CONSTRUCT AND USE THEIR OWN VISUAL AIDS FOR ILLUSTRATING USEFUL BUT DIFFICULT EXPRESSIONS COMMON TO ALL LANGUAGES. SUCH SPECIFIC AIDS AS PROPS, REALIA, FLASHCARDS, CHARTS, FLANNEL AND MAGNETIC BOARDS, POCKET CHARTS, PUPPETS, DRILL CUING DEVICES, AND CULTURALLY ORIENTED VISUAL AIDS ARE DESCRIBED. LISTS OF PROFESSIONAL…

75 FR 42189 - Foreign Institutions-Federal Student Aid Programs

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-20

... the foreign institution in the U.S. except for independent research under very limited circumstances... home country; and For any program designed to prepare the student for employment in a recognized... independent research is conducted as part of a doctoral program as provided for in the definition of foreign...

76 FR 45545 - Foreign Institutions-Federal Student Aid Programs

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-29

... U.S. Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) and citizenship data by foreign graduate medical schools...' scores on the U.S. Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE), and the school's citizenship rate (i.e., the... medical schools must submit a statement of the foreign graduate medical school's citizenship rate for 2010...

Integrating Civilian Agencies in Stability Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-01-01

Defense for Policy, COL Norman Cotton . At the Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Readiness, Mr. Carl Rosengrant. At the U.S. Joint...rationale for pro- viding foreign aid was to help defeat Soviet-style communism by pro- moting economic development and political reforms that would...1990s, the U.S. government’s stated intent for allocating foreign aid was to achieve broad-based and sustainable economic growth, to pro- mote the

China’s Foreign Aid and Government-Sponsored Investment Activities: Scale, Content, Destinations, and Implications

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-01-01

Ecuador , Brazil, Chile, and Venezuela. Before 2005, many of the regional programs focused on infrastructure, including power plants...prior academic work on China’s pro- grams have focused on Africa and include Davies et al. and Brautigam. Both these provide detailed case studies...Chinese engage- ment there is concentrated on four resource-rich countries: Venezuela, Brazil, Argentina, and Ecuador . 26 China’s Foreign Aid and

76 FR 12016 - Local and Regional Food Aid Procurement Projects

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-04

... DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Foreign Agricultural Service Local and Regional Food Aid Procurement... field-based projects under the USDA Local and Regional Food Aid Procurement Pilot Project (USDA LRP..., 2011. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Jamie Fisher, Chief, Local and Regional Procurement, Food...

22 CFR 214.13 - Responsibilities within A.I.D.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 214.13 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ADVISORY COMMITTEE MANAGEMENT... committee to the satisfaction of the A.I.D. Advisory Committee Management Officer, the A.I.D. Administrator, and the OMB Secretariat. (2) Prepares, clears with the Advisory Committee Management Officer and the...

Needs, Risks, and Context in Sexual Health Among Temporary Foreign Migrant Farmworkers in Canada: A Pilot Study with Mexican and Caribbean Workers.

PubMed

Narushima, Miya; McLaughlin, Janet; Barrett-Greene, Jackie

2016-04-01

Every year Canada hosts approximately 40,000 temporary foreign migrant farmworkers (MFWs). They are predominantly Mexican and Caribbean married men or single mothers who leave their families for months at a time over a span of many years. This pilot study investigated their knowledge about HIV/AIDS, attitudes towards condoms and their use, and perceived barriers to accessing sexual health services. A survey (n = 103) and four focus groups (n = 21) were conducted in Ontario's Niagara Region. The results suggest that MFWs commonly face vulnerabilities to HIV/AIDS, STIs and other sexual health issues due to personal, social-cultural, environmental and structural factors. The findings highlight the need for increasing culturally and gender sensitive sexual health education and harm reduction outreach and providing information about local health care systems and resources for MFWs. The study also calls for further community-based research and actions to reduce MFWs' perceived access barriers to health care services.

AID to restore support to pop groups shunned under Reagan and Bush.

PubMed

1993-08-24

US Congressional action on family planning (FP) foreign assistance and the directives of the new director of USAID are summarized. Brian Atwood, USAID Director, reported to Congress that the administration supported a restoration of funding (nonsupport has occurred since 1985) to the UN Population Fund (UNFPA), International Planned Parenthood (IPPF), and the WHO Human Reproduction Program (HRP). Support would be provided through a reallocation of $30 million in fiscal 1993 USAID money. UNFPA would receive $14.5 million, IPPF $12 million, and HRP $3.5 million. UNFPA funding would be allocated from funds included in the House-approved foreign aid appropriations bill, H.R. 2295 for fiscal 1994. UNFPA would be required to account separately for US funds and would not be allowed to direct any money to China; funding would be received by September 30. The UN Development Program would periodically report on China's population program. The US plans to pressure UNFPA to withdraw UNFPA funding from China, if significant improvement is not made in their FP operation. Population assistance funding for 1994 is still in the Foreign Operations Subcommittee of the Senate Appropriations Committee. Authorization was approved by the Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on International Economic Policy for $400 million to USAID and $50 million for UNFPA, with the provision that US funding to UNFPA will be reduced in fiscal 1994 if UNFPA funds to China exceed $9.7 million. The bill included the preceding year's restriction that the Permanent Representative of the US to the UN General Assembly must approve the bill before disbursement of funds to UNFPA. The House version had been previously (June 30) approved in the State Department authorization bill. A provision was also included requesting Clinton administration reports on revision of foreign assistance, a reduction by 20 of the number of countries receiving foreign aid, and approving 4 basic objectives for the poorest countries (sustainable economic growth, increasing democratic participation, attention to global issues, and responding to humanitarian needs). Another funding bill was introduced in the Senate (S.1096) with a similar one in the House (H.R. 2447) to set a goal of $11 billion for FP funding by the year 2000 and a 1994 fiscal authorization level of $725 million.

Needs, Acceptability, and Value of Humanitarian Medical Assistance in Remote Peruvian Amazon Riverine Communities

PubMed Central

Sanchez, Juan F.; Halsey, Eric S.; Bayer, Angela M.; Beltran, Martin; Razuri, Hugo R.; Velasquez, Daniel E.; Cama, Vitaliano A.; Graf, Paul C. F.; Quispe, Antonio M.; Maves, Ryan C.; Montgomery, Joel M.; Sanders, John W.; Lescano, Andres G.

2015-01-01

Much debate exists regarding the need, acceptability, and value of humanitarian medical assistance. We conducted a cross-sectional study on 457 children under 5 years from four remote riverine communities in the Peruvian Amazon and collected anthropometric measures, blood samples (1–4 years), and stool samples. Focus groups and key informant interviews assessed perspectives regarding medical aid delivered by foreigners. The prevalence of stunting, anemia, and intestinal parasites was 20%, 37%, and 62%, respectively. Infection with multiple parasites, usually geohelminths, was detected in 41% of children. The prevalence of intestinal parasites both individual and polyparasitism increased with age. Participants from smaller communities less exposed to foreigners expressed lack of trust and fear of them. However, participants from all communities were positive about foreigners visiting to provide health support. Prevalent health needs such as parasitic infections and anemia may be addressed by short-term medical interventions. There is a perceived openness to and acceptability of medical assistance delivered by foreign personnel. PMID:25846293

The domestication of AIDS: stigma, gender, and the body politic in Japan.

PubMed

Cullinane, Joanne

2007-01-01

In this article, I examine the processes by which AIDS has been "domesticated," and Japanese women stigmatized as vectors of HIV/AIDS, once regarded as a "foreign" disease in Japan. Women are associated with ritual pollution and impurity in the Shinto tradition. At the same time, Japanese women are blamed for eschewing marriage and motherhood in favor of material pursuits. As a sequel to the "AIDS panic" of the 1980s, which centered on "foreign women" and women who dated foreigners, in the late 1990s, the Japanese media incited widespread anxiety over a phenomenon known as enjo kosai, or "compensated dating," in which Japanese teenage girls are said to exchange favors (sometimes sexual) for money with older Japanese men. After describing the social and political conditions making the link between young girls, consumption, and AIDS appear natural in late 1990s Japan, I draw on material from some interviews with HIV-positive women to show how these women are marginalized by narratives that fail to take the particularity and the heterogeneity of their experiences into account. While these women resist the stigma that goes along with being labeled a "sex worker," their stories are drowned out by larger stories that speak of the body politic and national concerns over generation divides, demographic shifts, and gender relations in times of rapid social change.

22 CFR 214.34 - Public participation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Public participation. 214.34 Section 214.34 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ADVISORY COMMITTEE MANAGEMENT Operation of Advisory... AID Advisory Committee Representative, through the Advisory Committee Management Officer and the...

Crafting AIDS policy in Brazil and Russia: State-civil societal ties, institutionalised morals, and foreign policy aspiration.

PubMed

Gómez, Eduardo J

2016-10-01

During the 1990s, Brazil and Russia diverged in their policy response to AIDS. This is puzzling considering that both nations were globally integrated emerging economies transitioning to democracy. This article examines to what extent international pressures and partnerships with multilateral donors motivated these governments to increase and sustain federal spending and policy reforms. Contrary to this literature, the cases of Brazil and Russia suggest that these external factors were not important in achieving these outcomes. Furthermore, it is argued that Brazil's policy response was eventually stronger than Russia's and that it had more to do with domestic political and social factors: specifically, AIDS officials' efforts to cultivate a strong partnership with NGOs, the absence of officials' moral discriminatory outlook towards the AIDS community, and the government's interest in using policy reform as a means to bolster its international reputation in health.

U.S. Foreign Aid to Israel

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-04-11

loan. “Other Grants” are $20 million in 1975 for a seawater desalting plant and $50 million in 1996 for anti-terrorism. Definition of Aid: Under the...loan. “Other Grants” are $20 million in 1975 for a seawater desalting plant and $50 million in 1996 for anti-terrorism. Definition of Aid: Under the

JPRS Report, Epidemiology, Aids

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-06-06

12 Chiang Mai Expert Views AIDS Spread [Bangkok SIAM RAT, 11 Mar 91] .................................. 12 Education, Health Ministries To Cooperate...concern in Lampang Province. been counselled and sent home, was also found to be HIV-infected last month. So far, 11 foreign prostitutes Chiang Mai Expert...Faculty of Medicine at Chiang Mai University, talked about the AIDS situation. He said THAILAND that the actual number of people with AIDS is higher than

Effects of disease salience and xenophobia on support for humanitarian aid.

PubMed

Peterson, Johnathan C; Gonzalez, Frank J; Schneider, Stephen P

2017-01-01

This article examines how disease salience influences attitudes toward two types of humanitarian aid: sending foreign aid and housing refugees. Some have argued that disease salience increases levels of out-group prejudice through what is referred to as the behavioral immune system (BIS), and this increase in out-group prejudice works to shape policy attitudes. However, an alternative mechanism that may explain the effects of disease salience is contamination fear, which would suggest there is no group bias in the effects of disease threat. Existing work largely interprets opposition to policies that assist out-groups as evidence of out-group prejudice. We suggest it is necessary to separate measures of out-group animosity from opinions toward specific policies to determine whether increased out-group prejudice rather than fear of contamination is the mechanism by which disease salience impacts policy attitudes. Across two experiments, disease salience is shown to significantly decrease support for humanitarian aid, but only in the form of refugee support. Furthermore, there is converging evidence to suggest that any influence of disease salience on aid attitudes is not caused by a corresponding increase in xenophobia. We suggest that the mechanism by which disease threat influences policy attitudes is a general fear of contamination rather than xenophobia. These findings go against an important hypothesized mechanism of the BIS and have critical implications for the relationship between disease salience and attitudes toward transnational policies involving humanitarian aid.

U.S. Foreign Aid to the Palestinians

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-05-15

government and does not change its stance toward Israel. Even if the immediate objectives of U.S. assistance programs for the Palestinians are met, lack of...In February 2008, then USAID Administrator and Director of U.S. Foreign Assistance Henrietta Fore said, in testimony before the House...more rigorous vetting measures. Testimony of Henrietta Fore, USAID Administrator and Director of U.S. Foreign Assistance, House Appropriations

U.S. Foreign Aid to the Palestinians

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-01-08

change its stance toward Israel. Even if the immediate objectives of U.S. assistance programs for the Palestinians are met, lack of progress toward a...Chicago Tribune, November 16, 2007. In February 2008, then-USAID Administrator and Director of U.S. Foreign Assistance Henrietta Fore said, in...was encouraging the adoption of more rigorous vetting measures. Testimony of Henrietta Fore, USAID Administrator and Director of U.S. Foreign

Technology Transfer: A Third World Perspective.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Akubue, Anthony I.

2002-01-01

Technology transfer models are based on assumptions that do not reflect Third-World realities. Obstacles to building indigenous technology capacity include multinational corporations' control of innovations, strings attached to foreign aid, and indigenous reluctance to undertake research. Four areas of development include foreign direct…

22 CFR 214.14 - Charter revision.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Charter revision. 214.14 Section 214.14 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ADVISORY COMMITTEE MANAGEMENT Establishment of Advisory...) Charter revision requires clearances by the advisory committee, the A.I.D. Advisory Committee Management...

22 CFR 214.44 - Annual review and reports.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Annual review and reports. 214.44 Section 214.44 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ADVISORY COMMITTEE MANAGEMENT... by GSA. (d) Within A.I.D., the Advisory Committee Management Officer collects required information...

IDEA: Stimulating Oral Production.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Easley, Jacob J.

1995-01-01

Presents daily activities that facilitate complete sentence response, promote oral production, and aid the learning of vocabulary in foreign-language classes. Because speech is the primary form of communication in the foreign-language classroom, it is important to stimulate students to converse as soon as possible. (Author/CK)

Marking Advanced Essays

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Donley, Michael

1978-01-01

A list of points to aid essay writers is suggested as the basis of a marking system for the teacher of English as a foreign language. The checklist, obtained from a book on higher education by Ruth Beard, can be adapted to the English as a foreign language situation. (SW)

Nurturing compassion through care-giving and care-receiving: the changing moral economy of AIDs in China.

PubMed

Kuah-Pearce, Khun Eng; Guiheux, Gilles

2014-01-01

Based on the case study of an Aids clinic operated in Nanning by MSF, this paper looks at how one international NGO, Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF, or Doctors Without Borders), deals with the HIV-carrier patients in Nanning, the capital of Guangxi province in China. It explores the process of care-giving to the HIV patients by MSF employees (both foreign and local) and how the patients react to the 'care-receiving' provided by this foreign NGO. This is especially pertinent in China today as HIV-patients are the victims of discriminating policies and are still very much discriminated by the general population. MSF, viewed by the victims as a foreign NGO, is regarded as an organization seen as promoting a changing and compassionate attitude toward AIDs patients through their anonymous and non-discriminating practices. Through the practices and the discourse of MSF workers and the testimonies of the patients, this paper looks at how the moral economy of AIDs is evolving from a repressive and discriminative attitude towards the compassionate attention to individual suffering. As such, MSF, through its actions, is seen as one of the agents promoting attitudinal changes toward disadvantaged groups and is facilitating the emergence of an emotional and compassionate subject.

Retrieval of a Broken Sewing Needle from the Sacrum Aided by a Permanent Magnet: A Case Report and Literature Review

PubMed Central

Fan, Jian; Wang, Ming-Ming; Liu, Yu-Ping

2017-01-01

Abstract Penetrating sacral injuries are very rare, but foreign bodies that penetrate the sacrum often cause pain, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, and neurological symptoms. Careful preoperative medical and imaging examinations, determining the position of the foreign body, and surgical exploration are essential in the management of such cases. We present the case of a woman who visited our emergency department with a broken sewing needle in her sacrum. The incident occurred when the patient accidentally sat on the needle while sewing by hand. Pain while sitting was the main clinical finding after the accident. The patient was treated successfully by surgical exploration aided by a permanent magnet. At follow-up a few months later, she was symptom-free. In clinical practice physicians often encounter patients with metallic foreign bodies. Permanent magnets play an important role in the removal of metallic foreign bodies, and emergency department physicians should master the methods and techniques. PMID:29318191

Retrieval of a Broken Sewing Needle from the Sacrum Aided by a Permanent Magnet: A Case Report and Literature Review.

PubMed

Fan, Jian; Wang, Ming-Ming; Liu, Yu-Ping

2017-01-01

Penetrating sacral injuries are very rare, but foreign bodies that penetrate the sacrum often cause pain, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, and neurological symptoms. Careful preoperative medical and imaging examinations, determining the position of the foreign body, and surgical exploration are essential in the management of such cases. We present the case of a woman who visited our emergency department with a broken sewing needle in her sacrum. The incident occurred when the patient accidentally sat on the needle while sewing by hand. Pain while sitting was the main clinical finding after the accident. The patient was treated successfully by surgical exploration aided by a permanent magnet. At follow-up a few months later, she was symptom-free. In clinical practice physicians often encounter patients with metallic foreign bodies. Permanent magnets play an important role in the removal of metallic foreign bodies, and emergency department physicians should master the methods and techniques.

Sight and Sound: The Sensible and Sensitive Use of Audio-Visual Aids. Reports of the Working Committees of the Northeast Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages, 1969.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Edgerton, Mills F., Jr., Ed.

Included in this volume are the reports dealing with the effective use of audiovisual media in foreign language instruction and developed by the working committees of the sixteenth annual Northeast Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages. Six individuals prepared the media descriptions and selected the demonstrations described in the…

22 CFR 214.41 - Support services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Support services. 214.41 Section 214.41 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ADVISORY COMMITTEE MANAGEMENT Administration of Advisory Committees § 214.41 Support services. (a) A.I.D. provides support services for advisory committees which are...

22 CFR 214.15 - Changes in membership.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Changes in membership. 214.15 Section 214.15 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ADVISORY COMMITTEE MANAGEMENT Establishment of... Management Officer and the Office of the General Counsel, and are approved by the A.I.D. Administrator. ...

U.S. Foreign Aid to East and South Asia: Selected Recipients

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-10-08

assistance from U.S. State Department programs funded outside the foreign operations budget, such as educational and cultural exchange programs, and...28 India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Nepal ...Table 15. U.S. Assistance to Nepal , 2005-2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Table 16. U.S. Assistance to Pakistan, 2005-2009

22 CFR 221.41 - Arbitration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Arbitration. 221.41 Section 221.41 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ISRAEL LOAN GUARANTEE STANDARD TERMS AND CONDITIONS Administration § 221.41 Arbitration. Any controversy or claim between A.I.D. and any noteholder arising out of...

22 CFR 221.41 - Arbitration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Arbitration. 221.41 Section 221.41 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ISRAEL LOAN GUARANTEE STANDARD TERMS AND CONDITIONS Administration § 221.41 Arbitration. Any controversy or claim between A.I.D. and any noteholder arising out of...

22 CFR 221.41 - Arbitration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Arbitration. 221.41 Section 221.41 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ISRAEL LOAN GUARANTEE STANDARD TERMS AND CONDITIONS Administration § 221.41 Arbitration. Any controversy or claim between A.I.D. and any noteholder arising out of...

22 CFR 221.41 - Arbitration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Arbitration. 221.41 Section 221.41 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ISRAEL LOAN GUARANTEE STANDARD TERMS AND CONDITIONS Administration § 221.41 Arbitration. Any controversy or claim between A.I.D. and any noteholder arising out of...

22 CFR 221.41 - Arbitration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Arbitration. 221.41 Section 221.41 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ISRAEL LOAN GUARANTEE STANDARD TERMS AND CONDITIONS Administration § 221.41 Arbitration. Any controversy or claim between A.I.D. and any noteholder arising out of...

Nutrition and mortality assessment--southern Sudan, March 1993.

PubMed

1993-04-30

During the last 5 years of Sudan's decade-long civil war, increased fighting and food shortages in southern Sudan have led to displacement of large numbers of persons. In late 1992, the United Nations (UN), the government of Sudan, and factions of the Sudanese People's Liberation Army negotiated increased access for delivery of relief aid to civilians in southern Sudan. To assist in the targeting of food and other relief aid, CDC and the U.S. Agency for International Development's Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance conducted rapid assessments of nutritional status (children aged < 5 years) and mortality (persons of all ages) during March 7-19, 1993, at four sites in three states: Ame (Eastern Equatoria), Ayod and Kongor (Upper Nile), and Akon (Bahr el Ghazal) (Figure 1). This report summarizes findings of the assessments.

[Healthcare: a growing role in international politics].

PubMed

Dixneuf, M; Rey, J L

2004-01-01

Since the end of the cold war the tone of international relations has clearly changed. Whereas relations were once defined strictly in terms of more or less armed confrontation, economic and social issues now play a growing role. Healthcare policies in Africa have long been influenced by the policies of countries sponsoring bilateral and even multilateral foreign aid programs. However the last ten years have witnessed an increasing interaction between international policy and healthcare policy. The two main reasons for this trend involve 1) access to drug treatment and the WTO and 2) the extension and impact of the AIDS epidemic. The problem of access to drug treatment for poor populations (fundamental right) has led to the emergence of an increasingly strong and effective civil society. Because of its social and economic effects as well as its geopolitical and security implications, AIDS has become a major factor in international relations. With regard to both these issues the place and role of the USA is demonstrative of the interaction between healthcare and international relations.

The AACRAO-AID Participant Selection and Placement Study. Report to the Office of International Training, Agency for International Development, U. S. Department of State.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bower, James R.; And Others

The U. S. Agency for International Development (AID) contracted with the American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers (AACRAO) to provide professional consultant services and academic credential analysts to improve the selection and admission of AID-sponsored participants (foreign students) for study in U. S. academic…

15 CFR 748.9 - Support documents for license applications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... Foreign Aid, U.S. Agency for International Development, for export to a member agency in the foreign... circumstances beyond your control. An exception will not be granted contrary to the objectives of the U.S... (Continued) BUREAU OF INDUSTRY AND SECURITY, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE EXPORT ADMINISTRATION REGULATIONS...

15 CFR 748.9 - Support documents for license applications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... Foreign Aid, U.S. Agency for International Development, for export to a member agency in the foreign... circumstances beyond your control. An exception will not be granted contrary to the objectives of the U.S... (Continued) BUREAU OF INDUSTRY AND SECURITY, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE EXPORT ADMINISTRATION REGULATIONS...

15 CFR 748.9 - Support documents for license applications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... Foreign Aid, U.S. Agency for International Development, for export to a member agency in the foreign... circumstances beyond your control. An exception will not be granted contrary to the objectives of the U.S... (Continued) BUREAU OF INDUSTRY AND SECURITY, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE EXPORT ADMINISTRATION REGULATIONS...

75 FR 70895 - Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-19

... number. Foreign Agricultural Service Title: Food Donation Programs (Food for Progress & Section 416(b... through direct donations and concessional programs. USDA Food aid may be provided through four program... programs are under 7 CFR part 1499, Foreign Donation Programs and 7 CFR part 1599, McGovern-Dole...

22 CFR 216.8 - Public hearings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Public hearings. 216.8 Section 216.8 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL PROCEDURES § 216.8 Public hearings. (a) In most instances AID will be able to gain the benefit of public participation in the impact statement process...

Intercultural Competence from Theory to Practice

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Campbell, Lynne B.; Comenale, Rebecca

2013-01-01

GLASPORT first convened in October 2009 with funding provided by a Foreign Language Assistance Program (FLAP) grant. The grant proposal was submitted by then Glastonbury Assistant Superintendent of Schools (and former Foreign Language Director) Christine Brown. The committee was charged with two ambitious objectives: (1) to aid in the development…

An Optimum Strategy for Learning to Read Foreign Scientific and Technical Literature.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Alford, M.H.T.

A report on a series of computer programs being written to make frequency counts designed to indicate the learning problems to be encountered in any approach to a target literature discusses how these programs can be used to aid in foreign language vocabulary learning. (Author/AF)

Bild- und Tontraeger im Fremdsprachenunterricht. Eine rentable Investition? (Visual and Sound Media in Foreign Language Teaching--A Profitable Investment?)

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Macht, Konrad

1978-01-01

Discusses a "rational concept" of integration of audiovisual teaching aids into the foreign language teaching process that would be based on a positive evaluation of teacher-centered instruction. Offers a model for integration of human and technical media. (IFS/WGA)

The Chinese Government Scholarship Program: An Effective Form of Foreign Assistance?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dong, Lili; Chapman, David W.

2008-01-01

This study investigates the effectiveness of Chinese international education assistance through an examination of student experience in the Chinese Government Scholarship Program, an important mechanism of Chinese foreign aid. Grounded in Pascarella's (1985) model of the impact of college on students, the study investigates participants' level of…

Artificial insemination with donor sperm (AID): heterogeneity in sperm banking facilities in a single country (Belgium).

PubMed

Thijssen, A; Dhont, N; Vandormael, E; Cox, A; Klerkx, E; Creemers, E; Ombelet, W

2014-01-01

Due to the high inflow of foreign patients seeking cross-border reproductive care in Belgium and the increased number of lesbian couples and single women who call for artificial insemination with donor sperm (AID), Belgian sperm banks nowadays face a shortage in donor sperm. However, since there is no central registration system for sperm donors in Belgium, no figures are currently available supporting this statement. Therefore a study was performed to obtain a detailed overview of the sperm banking facilities in Belgium. Questionnaires were sent to all Belgian centres for assisted reproduction with laboratory facilities (n = 18) to report on their sperm banking methods. The results showed that 82% of the centres rely partially or completely on foreign donor sperm. Moreover, four of the thirteen centres that have their own sperm bank use imported donor sperm in > 95% AID cycles. Our results show that in 63% of the Belgian AID cycles imported Danish donor sperm is being used. Donor recruitment is mainly performed through the centre's website (61%) or by distributing flyers in the centre (46%) and 9 to 180 potential donors have been recruited per centre in 2013. Eventually, 15 to 50% of these candidate donors were accepted. Different criteria for donor acceptance are handled by the centres: donor age limits range from 18-25 to 36-46 years old, and thresholds for sperm normality differ considerably. We can conclude that a wide variation in methods associated with sperm banking is observed in Belgian centres.

Artificial insemination with donor sperm (AID): heterogeneity in sperm banking facilities in a single country (Belgium)

PubMed Central

Thijssen, A.; Dhont, N.; Vandormael, E.; Cox, A.; Klerkx, E.; Creemers, E.; Ombelet, W.

2014-01-01

Due to the high inflow of foreign patients seeking cross-border reproductive care in Belgium and the increased number of lesbian couples and single women who call for artificial insemination with donor sperm (AID), Belgian sperm banks nowadays face a shortage in donor sperm. However, since there is no central registration system for sperm donors in Belgium, no figures are currently available supporting this statement. Therefore a study was performed to obtain a detailed overview of the sperm banking facilities in Belgium. Questionnaires were sent to all Belgian centres for assisted reproduction with laboratory facilities (n = 18) to report on their sperm banking methods. The results showed that 82% of the centres rely partially or completely on foreign donor sperm. Moreover, four of the thirteen centres that have their own sperm bank use imported donor sperm in > 95% AID cycles. Our results show that in 63% of the Belgian AID cycles imported Danish donor sperm is being used. Donor recruitment is mainly performed through the centre’s website (61%) or by distributing flyers in the centre (46%) and 9 to 180 potential donors have been recruited per centre in 2013. Eventually, 15 to 50% of these candidate donors were accepted. Different criteria for donor acceptance are handled by the centres: donor age limits range from 18-25 to 36-46 years old, and thresholds for sperm normality differ considerably. We can conclude that a wide variation in methods associated with sperm banking is observed in Belgian centres. PMID:25009728

Sexual and reproductive health and HIV/AIDS risk perception in the Malawi tourism industry.

PubMed

Bisika, Thomas

2009-06-01

Malawi has for a long time relied on agriculture for the generation of foreign exchange. Due to varied reasons like climate change, the Malawi government has, therefore, identified tourism as one way of boosting foreign exchange earnings and is already in the process of developing the sector especially in the area of ecotourism. However, tourism is associated with increasing prostitution, drug abuse and a whole range of other sexual and reproductive health (SRH) problems such as teenage pregnancies, HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). This paper examines the knowledge, attitudes, practices and behaviour as well as risk perceptions associated with HIV/AIDS, sexually transmitted infections and unwanted pregnancies among staff in the tourism industry and communities around tourist facilities in Malawi. The study was descriptive in nature and used both qualitative and quantitative research methods. The qualitative methods involved in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. The quantitative technique employed a survey of 205 purposively selected subjects from the tourism sector. The study concludes that people in the tourism sector are at high risk of HIV/AIDS, sexually transmitted infections and unwanted pregnancies and should be considered as a vulnerable group. The study further observes that this group of people has not adopted behaviours that can protect them from HIV/AIDS, sexually transmitted infections and unwanted pregnancies although there is high demand for voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) which offers a very good entry point for HIV prevention and treatment in the tourism sector. The study recommends that a comprehensive tourism policy covering tourists, employees and communities around tourist facilities is required. Such a policy should address the rights of HIV infected employees and the provision of prevention and treatment services for HIV/AIDS and STIs as well as a broad range of SRH and family planning services especially the condom which offers dual protection for pregnancy and STIs including HIV.

Understanding how domestic health policy is integrated into foreign policy in South Africa: a case for accelerating access to antiretroviral medicines.

PubMed

Modisenyane, Simon Moeketsi; Hendricks, Stephen James Heinrich; Fineberg, Harvey

2017-01-01

South Africa, as an emerging middle-income country, is becoming increasingly influential in global health diplomacy (GHD). However, little empirical research has been conducted to inform arguments for the integration of domestic health into foreign policy by state and non-state actors. This study seeks to address this knowledge gap. It takes the form of an empirical case study which analyses how South Africa integrates domestic health into its foreign policy, using the lens of access to antiretroviral (ARV) medicines. To explore state and non-state actors' perceptions regarding how domestic health policy is integrated into foreign policy. The ultimate goal of this study was to achieve better insights into the health and foreign policy processes at the national level. Employing qualitative approaches, we examined changes in the South African and global AIDS policy environment. Purposive sampling was used to select key informants, a sample of state and non-state actors who participated in in-depth interviews. Secondary data were collected through a systematic literature review of documents retrieved from five electronic databases, including review of key policy documents. Qualitative data were analysed for content. This content was coded, and the codes were collated into tentative categories and sub-categories using Atlas.ti v.7 software. The findings of this work illustrate the interplay among social, political, economic and institutional conditions in determining the success of this integration process. Our study shows that a series of national and external developments, stakeholders, and advocacy efforts and collaboration created these integrative processes. South Africa's domestic HIV/AIDS constituencies, in partnership with the global advocacy movement, catalysed the mobilization of support for universal access to ARV treatment nationally and globally, and the promotion of access to healthcare as a human right. Transnational networks may influence government's decision making by providing information and moving issues up the agenda.

Understanding how domestic health policy is integrated into foreign policy in South Africa: a case for accelerating access to antiretroviral medicines

PubMed Central

Modisenyane, Simon Moeketsi; Hendricks, Stephen James Heinrich; Fineberg, Harvey

2017-01-01

ABSTRACT Background: South Africa, as an emerging middle-income country, is becoming increasingly influential in global health diplomacy (GHD). However, little empirical research has been conducted to inform arguments for the integration of domestic health into foreign policy by state and non-state actors. This study seeks to address this knowledge gap. It takes the form of an empirical case study which analyses how South Africa integrates domestic health into its foreign policy, using the lens of access to antiretroviral (ARV) medicines. Objective: To explore state and non-state actors’ perceptions regarding how domestic health policy is integrated into foreign policy. The ultimate goal of this study was to achieve better insights into the health and foreign policy processes at the national level. Methods: Employing qualitative approaches, we examined changes in the South African and global AIDS policy environment. Purposive sampling was used to select key informants, a sample of state and non-state actors who participated in in-depth interviews. Secondary data were collected through a systematic literature review of documents retrieved from five electronic databases, including review of key policy documents. Qualitative data were analysed for content. This content was coded, and the codes were collated into tentative categories and sub-categories using Atlas.ti v.7 software. Results: The findings of this work illustrate the interplay among social, political, economic and institutional conditions in determining the success of this integration process. Our study shows that a series of national and external developments, stakeholders, and advocacy efforts and collaboration created these integrative processes. South Africa’s domestic HIV/AIDS constituencies, in partnership with the global advocacy movement, catalysed the mobilization of support for universal access to ARV treatment nationally and globally, and the promotion of access to healthcare as a human right. Conclusions: Transnational networks may influence government’s decision making by providing information and moving issues up the agenda. PMID:28685669

Taking Root in Foreign Soil: Adaptation Processes of Imported Universities

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Graham, Terrece F.

2016-01-01

The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 ushered in a period of change in higher-education systems across the former Eastern bloc. Reform-minded leaders in the region sought to introduce western models and policies promoted by foreign development aid agendas. Private higher-education institutions emerged. This qualitative multiple case study examines…

Foreign-Language Grammar Instruction via the Mother Tongue

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Paradowski, Michal B.

2007-01-01

The chapter reports the results of a controlled experiment which suggest that foreign-language grammar instruction that forges explicit connections with the grammar of the students' mother tongue aids learning, at least as far as students' application of discrete-point grammar rules is concerned. (Contains 2 figures and 3 notes.) [This document…

22 CFR 221.31 - Prosecution of claims.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Prosecution of claims. 221.31 Section 221.31 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ISRAEL LOAN GUARANTEE STANDARD TERMS AND CONDITIONS Covenants § 221.31 Prosecution of claims. After payment by A.I.D. to an Applicant pursuant to § 221.21, A.I...

22 CFR 221.31 - Prosecution of claims.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Prosecution of claims. 221.31 Section 221.31 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ISRAEL LOAN GUARANTEE STANDARD TERMS AND CONDITIONS Covenants § 221.31 Prosecution of claims. After payment by A.I.D. to an Applicant pursuant to § 221.21, A.I...

22 CFR 221.31 - Prosecution of claims.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Prosecution of claims. 221.31 Section 221.31 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ISRAEL LOAN GUARANTEE STANDARD TERMS AND CONDITIONS Covenants § 221.31 Prosecution of claims. After payment by A.I.D. to an Applicant pursuant to § 221.21, A.I...

22 CFR 221.31 - Prosecution of claims.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Prosecution of claims. 221.31 Section 221.31 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ISRAEL LOAN GUARANTEE STANDARD TERMS AND CONDITIONS Covenants § 221.31 Prosecution of claims. After payment by A.I.D. to an Applicant pursuant to § 221.21, A.I...

22 CFR 221.31 - Prosecution of claims.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Prosecution of claims. 221.31 Section 221.31 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ISRAEL LOAN GUARANTEE STANDARD TERMS AND CONDITIONS Covenants § 221.31 Prosecution of claims. After payment by A.I.D. to an Applicant pursuant to § 221.21, A.I...

The Use of Tactical Airlift as a Tool of Foreign Policy

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-04-01

needing the aid did not match our definition of human rights, they advocated terrorism , or one of several other foreign policy factors. In the Western...and Guyana in Latin America. Famine relief to Mauritania, Chad, and Mali in 1973 and 1974 probably displays our best attempt to stop comunism before

33 CFR 1.26-20 - Sales to eligible foreign governments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... related functions. (b) Diplomatic transactions. Sales of Coast Guard material under reimbursable aid will... Operations. Reimbursable aid transactions are diplomatic transactions and are negotiated primarily between..., and the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations. Prices will be based on material cost only and...

U.S. Foreign Aid to East and South Asia: Selected Recipients

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-01-03

28 Bangladesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 India...25 Table 14. U.S. Assistance to Bangladesh , 2003-2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Table 15...400 600 800 1000 1200 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 est. Bangladesh Cambodia India Indonesia Pakistan Philippines Figure 1. Major U.S. Aid Recipient in

U.S.-Portuguese Relations and Foreign Base Rights in Portugal

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-06-01

and bilateral agreements in terms of increased economic and military aid. As General Nuno Viriato Tavares Melo Egidio, Portugal’s Chief of Staff of...Tavares Melo Egidio: -Armed Forces Must Make Top Appointmentsŕ. 58 i’ This political move contributed greatly toward defining a strategic mission of...82, p MI, [ Manuel Lopes report from Madridl. 65 and allowed the Chiefs of Staff relative independence in matters concerning military procurement and

Health in All (Foreign) Policy: challenges in achieving coherence.

PubMed

Labonté, Ronald

2014-06-01

Health in All Policies (HiAP) approach is generally perceived as an intersectoral approach to national or sub-national public policy development, such that health outcomes are given full consideration by non-health sectors. Globalization, however, has created numerous 'inherently global health issues' with cross-border causes and consequences, requiring new forms of global governance for health. Although such governance often includes both state and non-state (private, civil society) actors in agenda setting and influence, different actors have differing degrees of power and authority and, ultimately, it is states that ratify intergovernmental covenants or normative declarations that directly or indirectly affect health. This requires public health and health promotion practitioners working within countries to give increased attention to the foreign policies of their national governments. These foreign policies include those governing national security, foreign aid, trade and investment as well as the traditional forms of diplomacy. A new term has been coined to describe how health is coming to be positioned in governments' foreign policies: global health diplomacy. To become adept at this nuanced diplomatic practice requires familiarity with the different policy frames by which health might be inserted into the foreign policy deliberations, and thence intergovernmental/global governance negotiations. This article discusses six such frames (security, trade, development, global public goods, human rights, ethical/moral reasoning) that have been analytically useful in assessing the potential for greater and more health-promoting foreign policy coherence: a 'Health in All (Foreign) Policies' approach. © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

48 CFR 352.270-9 - Non-discrimination for conscience.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... States Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Act, as amended, provides that an... section 104A of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, under the United States Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Act of 2003, under the Tom Lantos and Henry J. Hyde United States Global Leadership...

22 CFR 202.8 - Refund by suppliers and/or agencies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... Section 202.8 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT OVERSEAS SHIPMENTS OF SUPPLIES BY... demand the entire amount, or any lesser amount specified, of such freight charges determined by AID to be... charges have been paid or reimbursed under this Regulation will promptly refund to AID upon demand the...

Teaching Intercultural Communicative Competence: The Perspective of Foreign Language Graduate Student Instructors

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ghanem, Carla

2017-01-01

Cultural awareness and intercultural competence (IC) of students in foreign language (FL) instruction have been widely examined (e.g. Byram, 1997; Belz, 2002). The importance of the FL teacher in aiding students' IC development is less extensively researched, however. Author (2014), Kohler (2015), Sercu et al. (2005) and Sercu (2006) are a few…

U.S. Foreign Assistance: Creating a Toolbox for the Twenty-First Century

DTIC Science & Technology

1999-01-01

can presumably afford unsubsidized birth control , likely to be affected? Was rt in the U.S. interest for Nigeria’s birth rate to ciimb? Under pressure...most challenging type of foreign aid to I2 Atd promoting birth control has proved successful as noted n Carol Graham and Michael O’Hanlon, “Making

A Case Study of Chinese University English as a Foreign Language (EFL) Students' Attitudes toward Learning Technologies

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hayes, Kenneth Michael

2010-01-01

This qualitative case study investigates Chinese university English in the context of foreign language (EFL) learners' attitudes about video-aided instruction (VAI), video recording instruction, and mobile phone instruction (learning technologies). When I was working as an English teacher in Mainland China, several instructors and students stated…

Teaching Film with Blinders On: The Importance of Knowing the Language.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Blakely, Richard

1984-01-01

Suggests the use of foreign films as a teaching aid for foreign language study. However, a thorough knowledge of the film's oral language (or languages) and culture is essential as a first step toward a clear understanding of the film's visual aesthetic. A dependence on subtitles or dubbing is discouraged, due to frequent errors and…

22 CFR 206.5 - Procedure in the event of an adverse ruling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Procedure in the event of an adverse ruling. 206.5 Section 206.5 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT TESTIMONY BY EMPLOYEES AND THE PRODUCTION OF DOCUMENTS IN PROCEEDINGS WHERE A.I.D. IS NOT A PARTY § 206.5 Procedure in the event...

22 CFR 206.5 - Procedure in the event of an adverse ruling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Procedure in the event of an adverse ruling. 206.5 Section 206.5 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT TESTIMONY BY EMPLOYEES AND THE PRODUCTION OF DOCUMENTS IN PROCEEDINGS WHERE A.I.D. IS NOT A PARTY § 206.5 Procedure in the event...

More a plowshare than a sword: the legacy of US Cold War agricultural diplomacy.

PubMed

McGlade, Jacqueline

2009-01-01

Recently, agriculture has assumed an elevated role in world diplomacy due to pressing issues like international poverty relief, changing environmental conditions, farm trade imbalances, rising food prices, and the diversion of crops into bio-fuel production. Consequently, agricultural interests and production have become increasingly entwined with the politics of national protectionism and identity, domestic security, and the preservation of trading advantage in developed and developing countries alike. This study examines the current impasse in world agricultural negotiations as an outgrowth of US foreign aid and trade policymaking as it evolved during the Cold War. In particular, it chronicles the historic shift in US foreign policy away from "give-away" food aid and surplus sales and toward the championing of global agricultural redevelopment under such programs as the Marshall Plan and PL 480, the Food for Peace program. As more a plowshare than a sword, the American Cold War push for worldwide agricultural modernization led many countries to experience new levels of food self-efficiency and export capabilities. Along with production parity, however, has come escalating levels of trade competition and national protectionism, which challenges again the achievement of world agricultural stability and prosperity.

Weapons for the world/update: the U. S. corporate role in International Arms Transfers. [Booklet

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lydenberg, S.

1977-01-01

The substantial growth of American arms exports in recent years has prompted the Council on Economic Priorities to study the role played by U.S. corporations in the sale of U.S. military equipment, training, and services throughout the world. Major findings of this Report include: U.S. arms sales and exports to foreign countries have risen dramatically from $2.9 billion in 1967, to $5 billion in 1971, to $10 to 12 billion annually from 1974 through 1976. Since 1973 a major shift has taken place in the nature of U.S. arms transfers from arms aid under the Military Assistance Program to armsmore » sales under the Foreign Military Sales program. The 10 U.S. corporations (Northrop, McDonnell Douglas, Grumman, Litton, General Electric, Raytheon, FMC, Hughes, Lockheed, and Textron) most extensively involved in U.S. arms exports in 1976 (profiled in this Report) received approximately 30% of their total military business from foreign arms sales. Congress has increased its active participation in U.S. arms-transfer policy through legislation passed in 1975 and 1976. This legislation has extended Congress' control over the Foreign Military Sales program in particular.« less

Education & Entrepreneurship: Implications for Contemporary Microfinance

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gnegy, Alan M.; Wilson, Alan J.; Sementa, Albert; McWilliams, Aman; Helmer, Caitlin; Kidwell, Jacob; Swaim, Kelsey L.; Neidermeyer, Presha E.

2011-01-01

In world regions receiving direct foreign aid, beneficiaries of aid often lack the education required to remove themselves from poverty. Micro-lending refers to the initiation of small loans to the neediest of borrowers who are unable to secure traditional financing from financial intermediaries. In order for micro-lending to thrive as a viable…

Report of the Second AID - NAFSA Workshop.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Agency for International Development (Dept. of State), Washington, DC. Office of International Training.

The second AID-NAFSA workshop members included many of the staff of the Office of International Training, 31 Foreign Student Advisors, and 23 other members of NAFSA. The three main objectives of the program are: to improve the capability of the participants by new knowledge and skills; to expose them to modernization and popular participation at…

Bulls, Goats, and Pedagogy: Engaging Students in Overseas Development Aid

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Miles, William F. S.

2009-01-01

This article illustrates the profound learning that occurs--for students and instructor alike--when a class on third-world development attempts to undertake foreign aid. With undergraduate, graduate, and departmental money, I purchased bulls and carts for farmers, and goats for widows, in two West African villages. Such experiential learning…

AIDS in India: emerging from initial chaos.

PubMed

Chatterjee, A

1991-01-01

India's response to AIDS has ranged from a 3-phase official surveillance program begun by the India Council of Medical Research (ICMR) in 1985, to legislation criticized as "bigoted and superficial", to conflicting messages, panic and confusion. The ICMR has determined that HIV is transmitted mainly by heterosexual contacts in India. In the media the Director-General of the ICMR was cited as recommending that sex with foreign visitors be banned, as a way to contain the HIV epidemic. Media also reported that defective ELISA screening kits were imported into India that infection control in some hospitals is sub-optimal, that the blood and blood products supply is grossly contaminated with HIV and that certain commercial blood donors were infected from giving blood. All foreign students currently must be HIV-negative to get a visa. It is a major problem to plan an AIDS education campaign with India's large illiterate population and dozens of languages. An AIDS network is emerging incorporating ICMR, the All India Institute of Medical Science, the Central Health Education Bureau, Mother Teresa's order, and a newly formed gay awareness group with the newsletter "Bombay Dost."

Global health and national borders: the ethics of foreign aid in a time of financial crisis

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

Background The governments and citizens of the developed nations are increasingly called upon to contribute financially to health initiatives outside their borders. Although international development assistance for health has grown rapidly over the last two decades, austerity measures related to the 2008 and 2011 global financial crises may impact negatively on aid expenditures. The competition between national priorities and foreign aid commitments raises important ethical questions for donor nations. This paper aims to foster individual reflection and public debate on donor responsibilities for global health. Methods We undertook a critical review of contemporary accounts of justice. We selected theories that: (i) articulate important and widely held moral intuitions; (ii) have had extensive impact on debates about global justice; (iii) represent diverse approaches to moral reasoning; and (iv) present distinct stances on the normative importance of national borders. Due to space limitations we limit the discussion to four frameworks. Results Consequentialist, relational, human rights, and social contract approaches were considered. Responsibilities to provide international assistance were seen as significant by all four theories and place limits on the scope of acceptable national autonomy. Among the range of potential aid foci, interventions for health enjoyed consistent prominence. The four theories concur that there are important ethical responsibilities to support initiatives to improve the health of the worst off worldwide, but offer different rationales for intervention and suggest different implicit limits on responsibilities. Conclusions Despite significant theoretical disagreements, four influential accounts of justice offer important reasons to support many current initiatives to promote global health. Ethical argumentation can complement pragmatic reasons to support global health interventions and provide an important foundation to strengthen collective action. PMID:22742814

Global health and national borders: the ethics of foreign aid in a time of financial crisis.

PubMed

Johri, Mira; Chung, Ryoa; Dawson, Angus; Schrecker, Ted

2012-06-28

The governments and citizens of the developed nations are increasingly called upon to contribute financially to health initiatives outside their borders. Although international development assistance for health has grown rapidly over the last two decades, austerity measures related to the 2008 and 2011 global financial crises may impact negatively on aid expenditures. The competition between national priorities and foreign aid commitments raises important ethical questions for donor nations. This paper aims to foster individual reflection and public debate on donor responsibilities for global health. We undertook a critical review of contemporary accounts of justice. We selected theories that: (i) articulate important and widely held moral intuitions; (ii) have had extensive impact on debates about global justice; (iii) represent diverse approaches to moral reasoning; and (iv) present distinct stances on the normative importance of national borders. Due to space limitations we limit the discussion to four frameworks. Consequentialist, relational, human rights, and social contract approaches were considered. Responsibilities to provide international assistance were seen as significant by all four theories and place limits on the scope of acceptable national autonomy. Among the range of potential aid foci, interventions for health enjoyed consistent prominence. The four theories concur that there are important ethical responsibilities to support initiatives to improve the health of the worst off worldwide, but offer different rationales for intervention and suggest different implicit limits on responsibilities. Despite significant theoretical disagreements, four influential accounts of justice offer important reasons to support many current initiatives to promote global health. Ethical argumentation can complement pragmatic reasons to support global health interventions and provide an important foundation to strengthen collective action.

Beyond health aid: would an international equalization scheme for universal health coverage serve the international collective interest?

PubMed Central

2014-01-01

It has been argued that the international community is moving ‘beyond aid’. International co-financing in the international collective interest is expected to replace altruistically motivated foreign aid. The World Health Organization promotes ‘universal health coverage’ as the overarching health goal for the next phase of the Millennium Development Goals. In order to provide a basic level of health care coverage, at least some countries will need foreign aid for decades to come. If international co-financing of global public goods is replacing foreign aid, is universal health coverage a hopeless endeavor? Or would universal health coverage somehow serve the international collective interest? Using the Sustainable Development Solutions Network proposal to finance universal health coverage as a test case, we examined the hypothesis that national social policies face the threat of a ‘race to the bottom’ due to global economic integration and that this threat could be mitigated through international social protection policies that include international cross-subsidies – a kind of ‘equalization’ at the international level. The evidence for the race to the bottom theory is inconclusive. We seem to be witnessing a ‘convergence to the middle’. However, the ‘middle’ where ‘convergence’ of national social policies is likely to occur may not be high enough to keep income inequality in check. The implementation of the international equalization scheme proposed by the Sustainable Development Solutions Network would allow to ensure universal health coverage at a cost of US$55 in low income countries-the minimum cost estimated by the World Health Organization. The domestic efforts expected from low and middle countries are far more substantial than the international co-financing efforts expected from high income countries. This would contribute to ‘convergence’ of national social policies at a higher level. We therefore submit that the proposed international equalization scheme should not be considered as foreign aid, but rather as an international collective effort to protect and promote national social policy in times of global economic integration: thus serving the international collective interest. PMID:24886583

An Analysis of U.S. Foreign Direct Investment Policy and Economic Development. A.I.D. Discussion Paper No. 36.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bergsten, C. Fred; De Castro, Bruce

The purpose of the paper is to analyze U.S. policies toward financial investment in developing nations. The paper is presented in two sections. In section I, the controversial effects of direct foreign investment on development are discussed. Case studies of investment policies toward India, the Philippines, Ghana, Guatemala, and Argentina are…

Accountability in Foreign Aid Act of 2014

THOMAS, 113th Congress

Rep. Ellmers, Renee L. [R-NC-2

2014-09-19

House - 09/19/2014 Referred to the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, and in addition to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the... (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Semiotics and Foreign Language Pedagogy: A Much Neglected Area.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brown, James W.

This essay develops a framework for the application of semiotics to foreign language (FL) pedagogy. The state of the art and rationale of applied semiotics are discussed. The teacher will find that the semiotic approach aids in the teaching of languages by making the student aware of what is going on in a language act and thus, through redundancy,…

A Comparison of Foreign Language Teaching Methods: Total Physical Response versus Song/Chants with Kindergartners.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Omari, Deena Rae

Several teaching methods aid young children in learning foreign languages, all of which include continuous repetition and review of learned information. The two methods used in this study were Total Physical Response (TPR) and songs/chants. The TPR method used a gesture for each vocabulary card, and the songs/chants method incorporated Spanish…

22 CFR 206.6 - Considerations in determining whether production or disclosure should be made pursuant to a demand.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Considerations in determining whether production or disclosure should be made pursuant to a demand. 206.6 Section 206.6 Foreign Relations AGENCY... WHERE A.I.D. IS NOT A PARTY § 206.6 Considerations in determining whether production or disclosure...

Measuring Sojourner Adjustment among American students studying abroad

PubMed Central

Pedersen, Eric R.; Neighbors, Clayton; Larimer, Mary E.; Lee, Christine M.

2011-01-01

The literature on “Sojourner Adjustment,” a term expanding on the acculturation concept to apply to groups residing temporarily in foreign environments, suggests that engagement, participation, and temporary integration into the host culture may contribute to less psychological and sociocultural difficulty while abroad. The present study was designed to establish a brief multi-component measure of Sojourner Adjustment (the Sojourner Adjustment Measure; SAM) to be used in work with populations residing temporarily in foreign environments (e.g., international students, foreign aid workers). Using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses on a sample of 248 American study abroad college students, we established a 24-item measure of Sojourner Adjustment composed of four positive factors (social interaction with host nationals, cultural understanding and participation, language development and use, host culture identification) and two negative factors (social interaction with co-nationals, homesickness/feeling out of place). Preliminary convergent validity was examined through correlations with established measures of acculturation. Further research with the SAM is encouraged to explore the relevance of this measure with other groups of sojourners (e.g., foreign aid workers, international businessmen, military personnel) and to determine how SAM factors relate to psychological well-being, health behaviors, and risk behaviors abroad among these diverse groups. PMID:22125351

[Accidents with foreign bodies in children under 15 years of age: epidemiological analysis of first aid services, hospitalizations, and deaths].

PubMed

Martins, Christine Baccarat de Godoy; Andrade, Selma Maffei de

2008-09-01

This study aims to analyze accidents involving foreign bodies among children less than 15 years of age residing in Londrina, Paraná State, Brazil, in terms of first aid, hospitalization, and death (2001). Data were obtained from general hospital records and the Municipal Mortality Database. A total of 434 accidents were analyzed, with a 3.7% hospitalization rate and 0.7% mortality. Boys predominated (53.7%), and the incidence rate was highest among children one to three years of age (7.2 per 1,000 children). Foreign body penetration in natural orifices (eyes, nostrils, and ears) accounted for 94%, inhalation/ingestion of food 2.8%, inhalation/ingestion of objects 2.5%, and aspiration of gastric contents 0.7%, and these causes accounted for all the deaths. The results contribute to epidemiological knowledge on such accidents and indicate the need to restructure health services in order to decentralize care for less complex injuries, besides emphasizing the need for preventive measures.

Integration of foreign and local medical staff in a disaster area: the Honduras and El Salvador experiences.

PubMed

Waisman, Yehezkel

2003-06-01

International medical aid after natural disasters may take various forms, ranging from self-sufficient military forces to single experts or specialists who function primarily as advisers. A model integrating foreign and local medical staff has not previously been reported. In response to the call for international aid by the Honduran and El Salvadorian governments in the wake of Hurricane Mitch in November 1998 and the San Salvador earthquake in January 2001, Israel sent medical supplies and 10 member teams of medical professionals to each country. The aim of the present paper is to describe the unique Israeli approach to providing healthcare in disaster areas by integrating foreign and local medical staff, and to discuss its advantages and disadvantages. The paper focuses on the experience of the two emergency medicine physicians on the team who were assigned to the Atlantida General Hospital in La Ceiba, Honduras. The same team in San Salvador subsequently applied the same approach.

Rumor, gossip and blame: implications for HIV/AIDS prevention in the South African lowveld.

PubMed

Stadler, Jonathan

2003-08-01

The HIV/AIDS epidemic provides fertile breeding ground for theories of the origin of HIV/AIDS, its mode of transmission, and the allocation of blame. Drawing on ethnographic research in the Bushbuckridge region of the South African lowveld, this article examines the articulation of AIDS through gossip and rumor. These oral forms create moral readings of behavior and shape folk discourses of AIDS that resist dominant epidemiological explanations. Significantly, constructions of AIDS are not uniform. Although elders claim AIDS as traditional and curable, younger men and women support theories of AIDS as a modern, foreign disease. Witchcraft beliefs are popular in explaining why certain people die and not others. At times, rumor may escalate into a moral panic. The implications of these findings for social responses to the AIDS epidemic and HIV/AIDS prevention are explored.

U.S. Foreign Aid to the Palestinians

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-09-30

Office (GAO) audits . These requirements appear to be aimed at, among other things, preventing U.S. aid from benefitting terrorists or abetting corruption...8 See, e.g., P.L. 112-74, §§7039-7040. GAO audits are available on the following U.S. aid programs to the Palestinians: (1) Economic Support Fund...including direct assistance to the PA and project assistance ( audit for FY2010-FY2011 accessible at http://www.gao.gov/assets/600/592431.pdf), (2

Differences in Knowledge, Attitude, and Behavior towards HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections between Sexually Active Foreign and Chinese Medical Students.

PubMed

Kuete, Martin; Huang, Qiao; Rashid, Abid; Ma, Xiu Lan; Yuan, HongFang; Escalera Antezana, Juan Pablo; Yeltay, Rakhmanov; Rao, Meng; He, Qian; Xiong, ChengLiang; Zhang, HuiPing

2016-01-01

Although the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) decreased in the last decade worldwide, the number of deaths due to HIV/AIDS and communicable diseases including syphilis, hepatitis, and tuberculosis had dramatically increased in developing countries. Education and behavior are incredibly important factors to prevent these diseases' spread. This study highlights the range of differences in knowledge, attitude, and behavior of 434 sexually active medical students towards HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Because the surveyed population constitutes the forefront of healthcare providers and was originated from different area of the world, this is the first time a study sought to investigate the behavioral attitude of this group of population irrespective of the three levels of their academic and professional knowledge. Several factors including sociodemographic characteristics, sexual behavior, HIV/AIDS, and STIs related patterns play a key role in medical student attitude and behavior towards people infected with HIV/AIDS and STIs. Our findings add consistent value in prior studies which aimed to stop new infections and also imply further investigations on the management of the studied infections by medical students. The present study arouses much interest among participants and provides evidence of reinforcing medical students' education on HIV/AIDS and STIs.

Differences in Knowledge, Attitude, and Behavior towards HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections between Sexually Active Foreign and Chinese Medical Students

PubMed Central

Kuete, Martin; Huang, Qiao; Rashid, Abid; Ma, Xiu Lan; Yuan, HongFang; Escalera Antezana, Juan Pablo; Yeltay, Rakhmanov; Rao, Meng; He, Qian; Xiong, ChengLiang; Zhang, HuiPing

2016-01-01

Although the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) decreased in the last decade worldwide, the number of deaths due to HIV/AIDS and communicable diseases including syphilis, hepatitis, and tuberculosis had dramatically increased in developing countries. Education and behavior are incredibly important factors to prevent these diseases' spread. This study highlights the range of differences in knowledge, attitude, and behavior of 434 sexually active medical students towards HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Because the surveyed population constitutes the forefront of healthcare providers and was originated from different area of the world, this is the first time a study sought to investigate the behavioral attitude of this group of population irrespective of the three levels of their academic and professional knowledge. Several factors including sociodemographic characteristics, sexual behavior, HIV/AIDS, and STIs related patterns play a key role in medical student attitude and behavior towards people infected with HIV/AIDS and STIs. Our findings add consistent value in prior studies which aimed to stop new infections and also imply further investigations on the management of the studied infections by medical students. The present study arouses much interest among participants and provides evidence of reinforcing medical students' education on HIV/AIDS and STIs. PMID:27195287

The Rhetoric and Reality of Aid: Promoting Educational Technology in Egypt

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Warschauer, Mark

2004-01-01

This paper examines a US foreign aid project to promote use of new technologies in Egyptian education. Though the project sought to improve teaching and learning, an examination of implementation indicates how goals of Westernization ended up taking precedence. These included a focus on bringing Egyptian educators to the US and on showcasing US…

Zielstrebiger Einsatz von Unterrichtsmitteln und Ausbau des Fachunterrichtsraumsystems (Goal-oriented Introduction of Teaching Aids and Development of Physical Area for Language Teaching)

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hoffmann, Werner

1974-01-01

Contains remarks concerning lesson orientation in the use of the obligatory instructional aids and of reserves of teaching materials, also in relation to minimal requirements in the development of the physical teaching area for foreign language instruction. (Text is in German.) (IFS/WGA)

Strand V: Education for Survival. First Aid and Survival Education. Health Curriculum Materials. Grades 7-9.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

New York State Education Dept., Albany. Bureau of Secondary Curriculum Development.

GRADES OR AGES: Grades 7-9. SUBJECT MATTER: First aid and survival education. ORGANIZATION AND PHYSICAL APPEARANCE: The guide is divided into five sections: bandaging skills, control of bleeding, conditions caused by extremes in temperatures, foreign substances in body openings, and other common emergencies. The publication format of four columns…

IGO-NGO relations and HIV / AIDS: innovation or stalemate?

PubMed

Jonsson, C; Soderholm, P

1995-01-01

This paper is concerned with the emergence of transnational cooperative structures in response to AIDS. Of chief concern are efforts to create and maintain links among and between intergovernmental organizations (IGO) in the UN system and the many heterogenous organizations usually included under the nongovernmental organization (NGO) label. After discussing the nature of the AIDS issue, the authors focus upon the various ways of framing the AIDS issue and the effort by the Global Program on AIDS to coordinate IGO and NGO activities. In closing, they identify lessons and insights of broader applicability emanating from the AIDS case. The paper discusses the nature of AIDS, AIDS as a medical problem, AIDS as a human rights problem, AIDS as a socioeconomic problem, forging IGO-NGO links, an international NGO forum, informal networking, NGOs and AIDS-related foreign assistance, representation, formal versus informal coordination, costs of network building, degree of organization, and expertise.

Foreign body aspiration in adult airways: therapeutic approach

PubMed Central

Hewlett, Justin C.; Rickman, Otis B.; Lentz, Robert J.; Prakash, Udaya B.

2017-01-01

Tracheobronchial foreign body (FB) aspiration is an uncommon but potentially life-threatening event in adults. Symptoms typically consist of a choking event followed by cough and dyspnea, however, these findings are inconsistent and symptoms may mimic more chronic lung diseases such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chest radiography and computed tomography can provide information regarding the location and characteristics of foreign bodies and aid in diagnosis. Bronchoscopy remains the gold standard for diagnosis and management of FB aspiration. The authors describe the typical clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and bronchoscopic management of foreign bodies in adult airways with a focus on bronchoscopic techniques and potential complications of FB extraction. PMID:29221325

Financial Planning for Study in the United States. A Guide for Students from Other Countries. Revised Edition.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

College Entrance Examination Board, New York, NY.

A guide for foreign students who need information on the cost of higher education in the United States is presented. Responsibilities of foreign students in meeting these costs are addressed, along with types of financial help that may be available to them from colleges and other sources, applying for financial aid, and planning the financial…

Music as Means To Enhance Cultural Awareness and Literacy in the Foreign Language Classroom.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Failoni, Judith Weaver

1993-01-01

The use of music in the foreign language classroom offers a unique approach to enhance students' awareness of another culture, and also can aid in the practice of communication skills. Music provides an interesting mirror of the history, literature, and culture of a country, that can be seen in song texts and in musical style. Musical styles and…

U.S. Foreign Aid to the Palestinians

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-08-12

of U.S. assistance programs for the Palestinians are met, lack of progress toward a politically legitimate and peaceful two-state solution could...Chicago Tribune, November 16, 2007; Testimony of Henrietta Fore, USAID Administrator and Director of U.S. Foreign Assistance, House Appropriations...fulfilling their mandated roles as well as can be expected under challenging circumstances (i.e., UNRWA’s lack of a robust policing capability and other

Use of the Emergency First Response Program as a Tool for Teaching English as a Foreign Language: A Discussion

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cordice, Kurt

2009-01-01

This paper discussed both the theoretical and practical implications of using a first aid training course, specifically the Emergency First Response (EFR) program, as a tool for the teaching and practice of English as a Foreign Language (EFL). The conceptual origins of the idea are discusses through comparisons with theories of learning found in…

The environmental actions of firms: examining the role of spillovers, networks and absorptive capacity.

PubMed

Albornoz, Facundo; Cole, Matthew A; Elliott, Robert J R; Ercolani, Marco G

2014-12-15

In the light of climate uncertainty and growing concern for the natural environment, an increasingly important aspect of global business is the environmental behaviour of firms. In this paper we consider the factors that influence firms' environmental actions (EAs). Our study of Argentinean firms concentrates on measures of environmental spillovers, informal and formal networks and absorptive capacity by testing four related hypotheses. We find that foreign-owned firms, large firms and those with a greater capacity to assimilate new environmental technologies are more likely to adopt EAs. We also show that formal and informal networks aid the adoption of EAs in the presence of traditional firm-level spillovers. Finally, we show that foreign-owned firms have different motives to domestic firms for undertaking EAs. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Emerging Patterns of HIV Infection and Control in the Philippines

PubMed Central

Dayrit, Manuel M.; Monzon, Ofelia T.; Basaca-Sevilla, Virginia; Hayes, Curtis G.

1987-01-01

A total of 50 carriers of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 46 of them female prostitutes, have been detected through seroprevalence surveys by the Department of Health, Manila. Infection rates are highest in two small cities near foreign military bases and in the tourist district of MetroManila. Nine patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) who contracted the disease outside the country have been reported, with opportunistic infections being the major clinical feature. Public information measures heavily utilize the mass media, and there is anecdotal evidence that awareness of the disease among the urban population is increasing. The National AIDS Committee foresees that a large proportion of the cases seen in the Philippines over the next few years will be returning nationals who were infected abroad. Images PMID:3433757

The solar power satellite - A programme for development aid

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Meiner, R. C.

It is pointed out that there are essentially four types of foreign aid. These types include the transfer of knowledge, the transfer of materials, the transfer of funds, and the provision of preferential agreements. A great number of studies have been conducted to assess the pros and cons of a Solar Power Satellite System (SPSS). According to many, the most difficult problems which have to be solved in connection with such a project are related to environmental, societal, political, and institutional aspects. The present investigation is concerned with the initiation of a gradual, phased approach toward a Solar Power Satellite (SPS). Phase I of such an approach would involve the set-up of an organization and the allocation of studies. The building of photovoltaic farms and of an SPS pilot project would occur during the second phase, while development and deployment of a full SPSS would take place during the third phase. The developments are to be financed under foreign aid.

Stable-isotope customer list and summary of shipments, FY 1982

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Davis, W.C.

1983-04-01

This compilation is published as an aid to those concerned with the separation and sale of stable isotopes. The inforamtion is divided into four sections: (1) alphabetical list of domestic and foreign customers, showing the stable isotopes purchased during the fiscal year; (2) alphabetical list of isotopes, cross-referenced to customer numbers and divided into domestic and foreign categories; (3) alphabetical list of states and countries, cross-referenced to customer numbers and indicating geographical concentrations of isotope users; and (4) tabulation of the shipments, quantities, and dollars for domestic, foreign, and project categories for each isotope.

Expeditionary Economics and Its Implications on the United States Army

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-05-19

for. The nonmilitary problems, which you will face, will also be most demanding. . . In the years ahead, some of you will serve as advisors to...foreign aid missions or even to foreign governments. . . . Whatever your position, the scope of your decisions will not be confined to the traditional...tenants of military competence and training. . . . You will be involved in economic judgments, which most economists would hesitate to make. . . .1

State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2011 Budget and Appropriations

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-04-22

and Pakistan. The Obama Administration has also largely sustained Bush Administration investments in global health and HIV/AIDS treatment , though its...funding. The discrepancy apparently relates to the treatment of the Pakistan Counterinsurgency Contingency Fund and a portion of Foreign Military...230 +37% Neglected Tropical Diseases — $155 N/A Nutrition — $231 N/A Other Public Health Threats $128 $225 +76% Polio $32 $33 +3% Trade Capacity

House OK's Russian aid

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rothstein, L.

1993-09-01

This article discusses the 2.5 Billion dollar aid package to Russia which House Appropriations Foreign Operations Subcommittee Chairman David Obey successfully defended on the House floor last June. Arizona Republican Jon Kyl offered an admendment that would cut 700 million from the package and was defeated with a 118 to 140 vote. The bill is currently in the hands of the Senate. The controversy over the bill and details concerning the aid package are discussed. The aid deal includes 250 million dollars for nuclear reactor safety and energy as well as environmental technical assistance, 655 million dollars to aid privatemore » sector development, and 704 million dollars for additional technical and economic assistance.« less

How sustainable is Japan's foreign aid policy? An analysis of Japan's official development assistance and funding for energy sector projects

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yamaguchi, Hideka

Japan has adopted a sustainable development strategy since the late 1980s in the effort to address social and environmental damages caused by past Japan-funded projects in partner nations. Even after about a decade and a half of the policy implementation, however, there are few reports which critically examine effects of the adoption of the idea of sustainable development. This dissertation evaluates Japan's foreign aid policy to determine the extent to which new revisions of aid policy have improved the environmental sustainability of the policy. This dissertation reviews the mainstream idea of sustainable development (also known as the sustainable development paradigm in this dissertation) to reveal the nature of the idea of sustainable development that Japan's foreign aid policy depends on. A literature review of two development discourses---modernization theory and ecological modernization theory---and three types of critiques against the sustainable development paradigm---focused on adverse impacts of modern science, globalization, and environmental overuse---reveals core logics of and problems with the sustainable development paradigm. Japan's foreign aid policy impacts on energy sector development in recipient countries is examined by means of a quantitative analysis and a qualitative analysis. Specifically, it examines the effect of Japan's ODA program over fifteen years that proposed to facilitate sustainable development in developing countries. Special emphasis is given to investigation of ODA disbursements in the energy sector and detailed case studies of several individual energy projects are performed. The dissertation discovers that the sustainable development paradigm guiding Japan's ODA has little capacity to accomplish its goals to bring about social and ecological improvement in developing countries. This dissertation finds three fundamental weaknesses in Japanese ODA policy on energy sector development as well as the sustainable development paradigm; first, the heavy reliance on modern science leads to a failure to use local knowledge and practices which can be more sustainable to sustainability; second, the acceptance of the international capitalist system as the basis for project implementation results in little or no long-term sustainability commitment; and third, the compatibility of economic growth with environmental sustainability, which appears unlikely in the context of global economic inequality. As an alternative, this dissertation suggests several policies for promoting energy systems for rural sustainable development in the Global South.

Migration and Singapore: implications for the Asia Pacific.

PubMed

Low, L

1994-01-01

Regarding immigration and emigration issues, there is a need for greater and more detailed data collection, an emphasis on data on illegal as well as legal migration, an examination of the impact of direct foreign investment on job creation and new labor market entrants, and a strengthening of international conventions for protection of foreign workers. The Pacific Economic Cooperation Council (PECC), Human Resource Development Task Force, is the source for projections of labor demand and supply for 18 PECC countries in 1993 and 1994. These projections indicate labor shortages in 1993 in Canada, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand. The greatest labor supplier will be China. Japan and Korea are expected to have economic downturns, which will increase excess labor. The extent of excess labor is estimated to be 8.01 million in 1993 and 12.43 in 1994. The nature of the calculations could potentially exaggerate existing demand. A variety of theories are used to determine the direction and flow of migration, capital, goods and services, and technology. Estimates of migration flows indicate an increase to 100 million migrants in 1992, or 1.8% of world population (35 million in Sub-Saharan Africa, 15 million in Asia and the Middle East, and almost 13 million in Western Europe and North America). The value of remittances is estimated at $66 million (US dollars), which is slightly less than the value of oil trade and exceeds the $46 million in foreign aid. It is hypothesized that wider spatial and income inequalities with expanding globalization will increase migration flows. The case of Singapore illustrates how manipulation of the labor market reduces potential problems. Immigration policy historically encouraged migration of skilled and professional workers. In 1990 foreign workers in Singapore constituted 12% of the labor force. Since 1982 a monthly foreign worker levy has been imposed. The levy is increased when needed in order to slow demand. In 1992 the levy was lowered for skilled workers and increased for unskilled workers. Emigration peaked in 1987 at 4700 and declined to 3000 in 1989.

22 CFR 120.9 - Defense service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

..., educational, or information publications and media of all kinds, training aid, orientation, training exercise..., destruction, processing or use of defense articles; (2) The furnishing to foreign persons of any technical...

22 CFR 120.9 - Defense service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

..., educational, or information publications and media of all kinds, training aid, orientation, training exercise..., destruction, processing or use of defense articles; (2) The furnishing to foreign persons of any technical...

22 CFR 120.9 - Defense service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

..., educational, or information publications and media of all kinds, training aid, orientation, training exercise..., destruction, processing or use of defense articles; (2) The furnishing to foreign persons of any technical...

22 CFR 120.9 - Defense service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

..., educational, or information publications and media of all kinds, training aid, orientation, training exercise..., destruction, processing or use of defense articles; (2) The furnishing to foreign persons of any technical...

Food Aid Reform Act

THOMAS, 113th Congress

Rep. Royce, Edward R. [R-CA-39

2013-05-15

House - 05/22/2013 Referred to the Subcommittee on Horticulture, Research, Biotechnology, and Foreign Agriculture. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Vernon A. Walters: Pathfinder of the Intelligence Profession

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-06-03

administrations and has served in military and civilian capacities in ten administrations, including 13 successive years in the Executive Office of the...where his career as Presidential Aide, Interpreter and masterful trouble-shooter began. This assignment led to service in these capacities with every...General Walters. To say that he had a fantastic capacity for foreign languages certainly is an understatement. General Goodpaster, a former Aide to

An Oral History Study of Foreign Design Experts' Influence on Taiwanese Early Design Education from 1963 to 1966

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lai, Chien-Tu Jeff

2013-01-01

There are documented accounts of the influential role of U.S. aid in the development of Taiwanese design education. Missing from the historical records of design education, however, are the perspectives of local design practitioners who participated in the design workshops during the period of U.S. aid to Taiwan, 1963 to 1966. Using face-to-face…

Poisoning: First Aid

MedlinePlus

... Plants Foreign bodies such as watch or button batteries How you treat someone who may have been ... have applied medicated patches or swallowed a button battery. Call 911 or your local emergency number immediately ...

Foreign Object in the Ear: First Aid

MedlinePlus

... Policy Notice of Privacy Practices Notice of Nondiscrimination Advertising Mayo Clinic is a not-for-profit organization and proceeds from Web advertising help support our mission. Mayo Clinic does not ...

The Soviet Union and Iraq Since 1968.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-07-01

had outlived its usefulness and had itself become a threat to the regime’s authority. Kassem turned on it and attempted to restrict its political ... Kassem had studiously avoided: They began to eliminate the ICP physically as a political force. By one estimate 3,000 party members were killed.IlJ This...ide It mne@*aip and identir by block uwober) USSR Foreign Aid IRAQ Political Science Arms Control Foreign Policy Military Assistance International

Improving Foreign Military Sales Procurement: An Analysis of Turkish Navy’s Spare Part Procurements, Discrepancies, and Repairs

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-03-01

capabilities to cover the FMS supporting activities. 14. SUBJECT TERMS Republic of Turkey , Security Assistance, Foreign Military Sales, Direct...Agency IPO International Program Office JSUMMAT Joint United States Military Mission for Aid to Turkey LOA Letter of Acceptance LOAD Letter of...employment, capital formation, as well as research and development (Perfilio, 2007, p. 3). As a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) member, Turkey

FOREIGN AFFAIRS: Perspectives on Foreign Affairs Programs and Structures

DTIC Science & Technology

1996-11-01

would end. One participant cited Egypt as a case where large amounts of aid have had negligible effect. Another participant, however, pointed out...within the country, but this has not always been the case . As one participant noted, it has not been within the Secretary of State’s power to direct...particular, Indonesia, Malaysia , Chile, Argentina, and Brazil—private sector trade and capital flows are occurring to support development. It was

Removal of a foreign body from the skull base using a customized computer-designed guide bar.

PubMed

Wei, Ran; Xiang-Zhen, Liu; Bing, Guo; Da-Long, Shu; Ze-Ming, Tan

2010-06-01

Foreign bodies located at the base of the skull pose a surgical challenge. Here, a customized computer-designed surgical guide bar was designed to facilitate removal of a skull base foreign body. Within 24h of the patient's presentation, a guide bar and mounting platform were designed to remove a foreign body located adjacent to the transverse process of the atlas and pressing against the internal carotid artery. The foreign body was successfully located and removed using the custom designed guide bar and computer operative planning. Ten months postoperatively the patient was free of complaints and lacked any complications such as restricted opening of the mouth or false aneurysm. The inferior alveolar nerve damage noted immediately postoperatively (a consequence of mandibular osteotomy) was slightly reduced at follow-up, but labial numbness persisted. The navigation tools described herein were successfully employed to aid foreign body removal from the skull base. Copyright (c) 2009 European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Population and economics.

PubMed

Wright, W

1995-06-01

The first world consists of the developed industrial countries, the second consists of rapidly developing countries, and the third of less developed, largely pre-industrial countries. The economies of most developed countries in recent years have been relatively stagnant. Most people in the developed world therefore assume that the bottom of the business cycle has arrived and that an upturn will soon be forthcoming. With the exception of the USA and Chile, which have been moderately prosperous in the last few years, the bottom has persisted for a very long time. Indeed, the developed world is not caught in a conventional business cycle, but in something quite new and different. The first world is struggling to stay at the top of countries worldwide both economically and politically, but the second world is rapidly catching up. Populations in these latter countries are both better educated and willing to work harder per unit of capital compared to people in the first world. Marketplace forces and the communication highway are increasingly bring about a scenario in which the first and second worlds will be economic peers. Faced with increased competition from the second world and a larger number of countries capable of providing foreign aid to the third world, it should be clear that the first world will turn inward and reduce its annual aid contributions to less developed countries. It is, however, in the first world's interest to promote family planning toward the goal of reduced population growth. Developed countries should insist that a substantial fraction of whatever foreign aid is provided goes toward reducing the rate of population growth. The first priority should be to make contraceptives available and promote their use worldwide. Efforts should then be taken to empower women through educational and other programs. This approach will slow population growth and improve the economic productivity of both men and women. The Third World should also seriously address its own population problems, and stop looking to the day when their enormous populations will overwhelm the first world.

An ongoing tragedy: the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).

PubMed

Desai, B T

1989-01-01

The AIDS epidemic has, to date, had only a minimal impact in India; however, given the low health status of the population and the lack of adequate health care facilities, the emergence of AIDS on a wider scale would be devastating. India's human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositivity rate now stands at about 2-3/1000 people tested. In what is suspected to be a racially motivated move, the Government of India has embarked on testing all foreign students (most of whom are from Africa) for HIV and is returning all those who test seropositive to their countries of origin. Of concern is the steady increase in HIV infection in professional blood donors (1.5/1000 in late 1988). Mandatory screening of donated blood is prohibitively expensive in India, and none of the 9 companies that manufacture blood products in India test their donors for HIV infection. Another concern is the finding that 1 of every 6 prostitutes in Bombay is infected with HIV. The response of the Indian Government to the AIDS threat has tended to be punitive toward AIDS victims rather than based on a sound preventive strategy. For example, the 1989 AIDS Prevention Bill forces individuals who are infected with HIV to reveal their past sexual partners, empowers authorities to hospitalize AIDS victims and drug addicts, and contains no provisions to protect the human and civil rights of AIDS victims. The mass media have treated AIDS in a sensationalized manner rather than presenting scientific information about the prevention and transmission of the disease. It is essential that the Government of India--and all world governments--realize that punitive measures will do little to reduce the spread of AIDS. Needed, instead, is a global prevention and control effort based on generosity and compassion.

Co-financing for viral load monitoring during the course of antiretroviral therapy among patients with HIV/AIDS in Vietnam: A contingent valuation survey.

PubMed

Nguyen, Quyen Le Thi; Nguyen, Long Hoang; Tran, Bach Xuan; Phan, Huong Thi Thu; Le, Huong Thi; Nguyen, Hinh Duc; Tran, Tho Dinh; Do, Cuong Duy; Nguyen, Cuong Manh; Thuc, Vu Thi Minh; Latkin, Carl; Zhang, Melvyn W B; Ho, Roger C M

2017-01-01

Viral load testing is considered the gold standard for monitoring HIV treatment; however, given its high cost, some patients cannot afford viral load testing if this testing is not subsidized. Since foreign aid for HIV/AIDS in Vietnam is rapidly decreasing, we sought to assess willingness to pay (WTP) for viral load and CD4 cell count tests among HIV-positive patients, and identified factors that might inform future co-payment schemes. A multi-site cross-sectional survey was conducted with 1133 HIV-positive patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Hanoi and Nam Dinh. Patients' health insurance coverage, quality of life, and history of illicit drug use were assessed. A contingent valuation approach was employed to measure patients' WTP for CD4 cell count and viral load testing. HIV-positive patients receiving ART at provincial sites reported more difficulty obtaining health insurance (HI) and had the overall the poorest quality of life. Most patients (90.9%) were willing to pay for CD4 cell count testing; here, the mean WTP was valued at US$8.2 (95%CI = 7.6-8.8 US$) per test. Most patients (87.3%) were also willing to pay for viral load testing; here, mean WTP was valued at US$18.6 (95%CI = 16.3-20.9 US$) per test. High income, high education level, and hospitalization were positively associated with WTP, while co-morbidity with psychiatric symptoms and trouble paying for health insurance were both negatively related to WTP. These findings raise concerns that HIV-positive patients in Vietnam might have low WTP for CD4 cell count and viral load testing. This means that without foreign financial subsidies, many of these patients would likely go without these important tests. Treating psychiatric co-morbidities, promoting healthcare services utilization, and removing barriers to accessing health insurance may increase WTP for monitoring of HIV/AIDS treatment among HIV+-positive Vietnamese patients.

Nation launches first safe sex campaign with foreign help. Russia, education (health).

PubMed

1997-06-30

This news brief discusses the first campaign to stop the spread of AIDS in Russia. The government is investing in newspaper advertising in order to prevent the spread of AIDS, because the alternative health care model is too expensive. The country is unable to afford the expensive drugs for treating AIDS and HIV infections, and the health care system, in general, is in decline. The health ministry is relying on the support from Medecins sans Frontieres (Doctors without Borders) to mount a newspaper campaign to urge condom use and other safe sex practices. The campaign will also involve television and radio advertisements, followed by billboards on subway stops and city buses. Since the communist break-up, IV drug use and prostitution have become widespread problems. Borders were opened, and drugs entered the country. Under the former Soviet regime, contact with foreigners was discouraged and travel was restricted. The public was exposed to AIDS information in the campaigns conducted in 1990. The public is generally informed about AIDS. The new campaign focuses on safe sex, which is a new concept for Russians. There is a wide gap between knowledge and adoption of safe sex practices. Official records indicate about 4400 HIV cases, of which 259 are in advanced stages of AIDS. Official figures are considered underestimates. Over 75% of current HIV cases involve IV drug users, but the potential for heterosexual transmission is great. About 50% of the HIV cases were recorded in Kaliningrad, a port city with a growing population of IV drug users. The city provides easy access to the rest of Europe and exposure to HIV/AIDS that is not yet found in most other Russian cities.

The "aid contract" and its compensation scheme: a case study of the performance of the Ugandan health sector.

PubMed

Oliveira Cruz, Valeria; McPake, Barbara

2010-10-01

Current literature on aid effectiveness describes increasing use of a more contractual approach to the relationship between donor and recipient government in which a system of rewards and penalties for good and bad performance operates. The purpose of this case study of the Ugandan health sector was to understand the extent to which this approach is influencing processes and effectiveness. This qualitative study used a conceptual framework based on agency theory and 'realistic evaluation'. Our results showed that the main official mechanism to assess and reward performance established through the Sector Wide Approach lacked objective criteria and was based on an unstructured system of discussions and agreements among donors. The achievement of a satisfactory performance rating was facilitated by the agreeing to undertakings that were under-demanding, vaguely formulated and lacking quantitative benchmarks against which progress could be measured. However, even when poor performance was readily observable, penalties failed to be applied by donors. This was always the case in relation to health sector performance and mostly so in relation to general governance and accountability. Funds continued to be disbursed despite the lack of progress made in achieving targets and undertakings and other evident performance problems (e.g. in the area of governance). A series of explanations of the failure to penalise were put forward by donor representatives in relation to this behaviour including the need to maintain long-term relationships based on trust and not to undermine health sector performance by withdrawing aid. Thus there are likely to be incentives to disburse funds and report success, irrespective of the realities of aid programmes in the context of large foreign aid volumes associated with increased political visibility of aid in donor countries.

President Assad’s Foreign Policy

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-06-01

PERIOD BETWEEN THE WARS - 100 B. THE SIX DAY WAR AND ITS AFTERMATH - - 106 C. THE EFFECTS OF THE LEBANESE CONFLICT 109 XI. SYRIA AND LEBANON...Terrorism -------------- 232 XVII. THE SOVIET-SYRIAN RELATIONS --------- 236 A. SOVIET POLICY OBJECTIVES -------- 238 B. HOW DID THE SOVIETS PENETRATE INTO...SYRIA? 239 C. THE SOVIET MILITARY AID TO SYRIA - - - - 241 D. PRICES AND TERMS ------------ 242 E. EFFECTIVENESS OF THE MILITARY AID IN RELATION TO

Foreign Aid Transparency and Accountability Act of 2013

THOMAS, 113th Congress

Sen. Rubio, Marco [R-FL

2013-07-10

Senate - 12/20/2013 Placed on Senate Legislative Calendar under General Orders. Calendar No. 283. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Foreign Aid Transparency and Accountability Act of 2012

THOMAS, 112th Congress

Sen. Lugar, Richard G. [R-IN

2012-06-19

Senate - 11/13/2012 Placed on Senate Legislative Calendar under General Orders. Calendar No. 538. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Foreign Language Teachers' Professional Development in Information Age

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fan, Xiying; Wu, Gang

Cultivation of students' learning autonomy has raised new challenges to teachers' professional development, dynamic, continuous, lifelong full-scale development, with emphasis on the creativity and constancy of the teachers' quality development. The teachers' professional development can take the following approaches: studying theories about foreign language teaching with the aid of modern information technology; organizing online teaching research activities supported by information technology and carrying peer observation and dialogue -teaching reflection in internet environment and fostering scholarly teachers.

Influence without Boots on the Ground: Seaborne Crisis Response

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-01-01

Accounting Office (as today’s Government Accountability Office was then known) and linton brooks provided in the mid-1990s more detailed characterizations.45...circumstances permit, for the government intending the threat or use of lim- ited force. on the other hand, its value in total war has declined.”28 This...foreign governments . Prestige is mostly a useful by-product of naval activities—for example, port visits, aid, and events hosted on board ship in foreign

Development assistance for health: should policy-makers worry about its macroeconomic impact?

PubMed

Cavagnero, Eleonora; Lane, Christopher; Evans, David B; Carrin, Guy

2008-11-01

Many low-income countries need to substantially increase expenditure to meet universal coverage goals for essential health services but, because they have very low-incomes, most will be unable to raise adequate funds exclusively from domestic sources in the short to medium term. Increased aid for health will be required. However, there has long been a concern that the rapid arrival of large amounts of foreign exchange in a country could lead to an increase in inflation and loss of international competitiveness, with an adverse impact on exports and economic growth, an economic phenomenon termed 'Dutch disease'. We review cross-country and country-level empirical studies and propose a simple framework to gauge the extent of macroeconomic risks. Of the 15 low-income countries that are increasing aid-financed health spending, 7 have high macroeconomic risks that may constrain the sustained expansion of spending. These conditions also apply in one-quarter of the 42 countries not presently increasing spending. Health authorities should be aware of the multiple risk factors at play, including factors that are health-sector specific and others that generally are not. They should also realize that there are effective means for mitigating the risk of Dutch disease associated with increasing development assistance for health. International partners also have an important role to play since more sustainable and predictable flows of donor funding will allow more productivity enhancing investment in physical and human capital, which will also contribute to ensuring there are few harmful macroeconomic effects of increases in aid.

[AIDS research and prevention strategies in Thailand].

PubMed

Leisch, H

1997-04-01

The first case of AIDS was registered in Thailand in 1984; this syndrome was deemed to be mainly a disease affecting homosexuals and foreigners. However, soon thereafter its incidence among prostitutes and intravenous drug users increased. According to 1995 data, the number of AIDS patients was about 20,000 and there were approximately 800,000 HIV-positive people. A 1991 map of the AIDS incidence showed that, after the Bangkok metropolitan area, the province of Chiang Mai in the north exhibited a particularly high rate of infection. According to a medium-range forecast, by the year 2010 there will be close to 2.3 million cumulative HIV infection cases and 1.2 million AIDS cases in Thailand. This corresponds to an infection rate of about 3.2% vs. the present 2%. It is estimated that about 20% of all mortality in the age range of 20-48 years in the year 2000 will be caused by AIDS. In 1995, the prime minister predicted that AIDS would cause a 20% drop of the GDP by 2000. The boom of the economy in the 1980s and the early 1990s led to migration to the cities, where prostitution and drug use are rampant, as well as to the emergence of sex tourism, mainly from Germany (40,000-60,000 Germans traveled to Thailand in 1990). The age-old tradition among married men of seeking out the services of prostitutes, lack of condom use (only 20% of men intend to use it, according to recent studies), and disregard for the AIDS problem among the populace are other factors contributing to the rapid spread of AIDS. UNAIDS has undertaken sex education and other information campaigns to counter the epidemic.

Warming increases the risk of civil war in Africa.

PubMed

Burke, Marshall B; Miguel, Edward; Satyanath, Shanker; Dykema, John A; Lobell, David B

2009-12-08

Armed conflict within nations has had disastrous humanitarian consequences throughout much of the world. Here we undertake the first comprehensive examination of the potential impact of global climate change on armed conflict in sub-Saharan Africa. We find strong historical linkages between civil war and temperature in Africa, with warmer years leading to significant increases in the likelihood of war. When combined with climate model projections of future temperature trends, this historical response to temperature suggests a roughly 54% increase in armed conflict incidence by 2030, or an additional 393,000 battle deaths if future wars are as deadly as recent wars. Our results suggest an urgent need to reform African governments' and foreign aid donors' policies to deal with rising temperatures.

Aviation medicine translations : annotated bibliography of recently translated material, V .

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1968-04-01

An annotated bibliography of translations of foreign-language articles is presented. The 24 entries are concerned with studies in aviation medicine, vestibular function, hearing, intercontinental flight, visual illusions, aviation visual aids, body t...

26 CFR 301.7516-1 - Training and training aids on request.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

..., Washington, D.C. 20224, Attention: A: T, except that requests involving officials or visitors of foreign governments should be addressed to the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Washington, D.C. 20224. Attention: C...

48 CFR 5706.302-70 - Impairment of foreign aid programs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... FOUNDATION ACQUISITION PLANNING COMPETITION REQUIREMENTS Other Than Full and Open Competition 5706.302-70... $100,000 or less for audit, evaluation or program support services to be provided abroad; (3) An award...

High-level expression of human immunodeficiency virus antigens from the tobacco and tomato plastid genomes.

PubMed

Zhou, Fei; Badillo-Corona, Jesus A; Karcher, Daniel; Gonzalez-Rabade, Nuria; Piepenburg, Katrin; Borchers, A-M Inka; Maloney, Alan P; Kavanagh, Tony A; Gray, John C; Bock, Ralph

2008-12-01

Transgene expression from the plant's plastid genome represents a promising strategy in molecular farming because of the plastid's potential to accumulate foreign proteins to high levels and the increased biosafety provided by the maternal mode of organelle inheritance. In this article, we explore the potential of transplastomic plants to produce human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antigens as potential components of an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) vaccine. It is shown that the HIV antigens p24 (the major target of T-cell-mediated immune responses in HIV-positive individuals) and Nef can be expressed to high levels in plastids of tobacco, a non-food crop, and tomato, a food crop with an edible fruit. Optimized p24-Nef fusion gene cassettes trigger antigen protein accumulation to up to approximately 40% of the plant's total protein, demonstrating the great potential of transgenic plastids to produce AIDS vaccine components at low cost and high yield.

Agricultural development in a petroleum-based economy: Qatar

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hassan, M.F

Developing countries, whose policies may have emphasized import substitution as a way to industrialize, now have incentives to stress agriculture. These new incentives are primarily the rapid increase in food prices, but also include the decline of foreign aid, particularly food aid. Qatar, a petroleum exporter, is examined to see if agricultural development is feasible, given the country's economy, which is lopsided with petroleum revenue and lacks modern accounting practices; constraints against agriculture, such as adverse climate, limited land used for cultivation, poor soil conditions, and a shortage of labor and equipment; the governmental role in agriculture; and the opportunitiesmore » for agricultural technology. Policies are needed to deal with questions of water use and resource allocation, with oil resources providing the financial means to overcome some of the constraints and with the government taking the initiative for modernizing the agricultural sector.« less

Water used to visualize and remove hidden foreign bodies from the external ear canal.

PubMed

Peltola, T J; Saarento, R

1992-02-01

Small foreign bodies lodged anteriorly in the tympanic sulcus are usually not visible, due to the curve of the external ear canal. Such objects can be seen with the aid of an otomicroscope and micromirror or with an endoscope, and removed by irrigation. If irrigation fails, epithelial migration on the tympanic membrane may remove lodged foreign bodies, although this may take months. Our new method, which uses water to locate small objects lodged in the tympanic sulcus, includes irrigation of the ear, adjustment of the water level to the middle curve of the external ear canal, and use of the water surface as a concave lens, making the tympanic sulcus visible. With otomicroscopy a curved ear probe can then be used to remove lodged foreign bodies from behind the curve.

Russia is on brink of AIDS epidemic.

PubMed

Ingram, M

1996-08-03

Russia, and in particular Moscow, is on the brink of an AIDS epidemic, the president of the Russian Medical Academy told doctors gathered in Moscow for a national AIDS seminar. Although Russia has officially registered only 1269 cases of HIV infection, a quarter of them in Moscow, and 193 deaths since the first case appeared in Russia in 1987, health officials are alarmed by the recent rise in the rate of infection. In 1995, 200 new cases were registered, but 205 cases had already been registered in the first 6 months of 1996. The rapid spread of intravenous drug use is the main factor contributing to the rise in HIV infection. According to the head of the Russian AIDS Center, the real number of people infected with HIV in Russia is 3-4 times higher than official numbers, while AIDS activists believe that the real figure is 10-20 times higher. Russia has traditionally blamed its AIDS problem on foreigners and introduced an obligatory HIV test as a visa requirement for long-term visitors. Now neighboring Ukraine and Belarus are being blamed for the latest crisis. Of 1000 known intravenous drug users tested in Svetlogorsk, Belarus, 158 are HIV positive, with 20 results still outstanding. Previously, only 130 people in Belarus were known to be infected with HIV. In the Ukraine, where HIV testing has shown that over 5000 people are HIV positive and where a further 20,000 are estimated to be infected, a special subtype of HIV-1 has been discovered. In 1995 there were 1021 new cases of HIV infection, but in the first 4 months of this year there were 1805 new cases. Although the chief AIDS specialist at Russia's health ministry agrees that health education is more important than scare tactics against foreigners, in 1995 the health ministry received only 49% of the funds allocated for national AIDS education.

Ensuring the Effective Use of United States Aid to Pakistan Act

THOMAS, 112th Congress

Rep. Coffman, Mike [R-CO-6

2011-10-06

House - 10/14/2011 Referred to the Subcommittee on Rural Development, Research, Biotechnology, and Foreign Agriculture. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Barcelona 2002: law, ethics, and human rights. Global battle cry: health is a right, not a commodity.

PubMed

Fernandez, Irene

2002-12-01

Health is a fundamental right, not a commodity to be sold at a profit, argues Irene Fernandez in the second Jonathan Mann Memorial Lecture delivered on 8 July 2002 to the XIV International AIDS Conference in Barcelona. Ms Fernandez had to obtain a special permit from the Malaysian government to attend the Conference because she is on trial for having publicly released information about abuse, torture, illness, corruption, and death in Malaysian detention camps for migrants. This article, based on Ms Fernandez' presentation, describes how the policies of the rich world have failed the poor world. According to Ms Fernandez, the policies of globalization and privatization of health care have hindered the ability of developing countries to respond to the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The article decries the hypocrisy of the industrialized nations in increasing subsidies to farmers while demanding that the developing world open its doors to Western goods. It points out that the rich nations have failed to live up their foreign aid commitments. The article concludes that these commitments--and the other promises made in the last few years, such as those in the United Nations' Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS--can only become a reality if they are translated into action.

Foreign Assistance and Its Impact on Civil-Military Relations: A Case Study of Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-03-01

China activities and keeping Nepal away from being too dependent in India. While assisting Kathmandu, Beijing is consciously making strategic inroads...112 Campbell, “Nepal Case Study,” 5. 113 M Humagain, “Aid Quantum : China the Rising Sun on Nepal Economic...military/library/congress/2006_hr/060407- hillen.pdf. Humagain, M. “Aid Quantum : China the Rising Sun on Nepal Economic Horizon.” Kathmandu Post

The epidemic of HIV/AIDS in developing countries; the current scenario in Pakistan.

PubMed

Yousaf, Muhammad Z; Zia, Sadia; Babar, Masroor E; Ashfaq, Usman A

2011-08-12

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency virus) causes (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) AIDS, in which the immune system of body totally fails to develop any defense against the foreign invaders. Infection with HIV occurs by transfer of blood, semen, and breast milk. HIV/AIDS is a global problem and it results nearly 25 million deaths worldwide. Developing countries like Pakistan have issues regarding Public Health. Currently, epidemic of HIV/AIDS is established in Pakistan and there is a threat of an expanded HIV/AIDS outbreak in the country. The major reason is that population is engaging in high-risk practices, low awareness about HIV/AIDS, and treacherous blood transfusion practices. A supplementary threat to Pakistan is India because both sharing a border and India is facing a rapidly growing HIV/AIDS epidemic. Local NGOs, National and International organizations are warning that in near future Pakistan may experiences bad situation regarding HIV/AIDS.In the present article we focused current situation of surveillance of HIV/AIDS, its virology, genotype, diagnostics, high-risk groups, reasons of vulnerability in Pakistani population, and the role of different national and international organizations in this situation.

Clinical and epidemiological features of HIV/AIDS infection among migrants at first access to healthcare services as compared to Italian patients in Italy: a retrospective multicentre study, 2000-2010.

PubMed

Sulis, G; El Hamad, I; Fabiani, M; Rusconi, S; Maggiolo, F; Guaraldi, G; Bozzi, G; Bernardini, C; Lichtner, M; Stentarelli, C; Carenzi, L; Francisci, D; Saracino, A; Castelli, F

2014-10-01

Migrants account for approximately 8.7% of the resident population in Italy. The immigration status deeply influences access to prevention and care, thus contributing to increase the burden of HIV/AIDS among such a fragile category. The aim of this study was to investigate socio-demographic and baseline clinical and immunological features of HIV-infected migrants, as compared to Italians. We retrospectively analysed data for all the 1,611 HIV-infected migrant patients and a random sample of 4,230 HIV-infected Italian patients aged 18 or older who first accessed nine Italian clinical centres in 2000-2010 and were followed up at least 1 year. Differences in baseline characteristics between migrants and Italians were evaluated in univariate analysis, while factors associated with late presentation were evaluated in multivariate analysis using logistic regression models. The baseline profile differs between the HIV-infected migrant and Italian patients, substantially reflecting what reported by current statistics in terms of gender, age, risk category as well as clinical features. Late presenters were more frequent among migrants as compared to Italians (53.0 vs 45.8%; adjusted odds ratio [(AOR) = 1.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.34-1.78]. Other factors associated with late presentation included increasing age, as well as undocumented legal status among foreign-born subjects (AOR = 1.41, 95% CI 0.97-2.04), though of borderline significance. Late presentation still represents a relevant problem despite the advances in the management of HIV infection. More efforts are needed to allow early diagnosis and access to care among the most vulnerable, such as undocumented foreign-born subjects in a country where migration flows are on the rise.

Foreign Aid: An Introductory Overview of U.S. Programs and Policy

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-01-19

train teachers. Computers may be offered in conjunction with training and expertise to fledgling microcredit institutions. Training. Transfer of...grants are sometimes provided to microcredit organizations which in turn provide loans to microentrepreneurs. Through the USAID-funded Eurasia

Foreign Aid: An Introductory Overview of U.S. Programs and Policy

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-04-15

microcredit institutions. Training. Transfer of know-how is a significant part of most assistance programs. The International Military and...their varied developmental purposes. For instance, grants are sometimes provided to microcredit organizations which in turn provide loans to

76 FR 77585 - Notice to Manufacturers of Airport Lighting and Navigation Aid Equipment

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-13

...Projects funded under the Airport Improvement Program (AIP) must meet the requirements of 49 U.S.C. 50101, Buy American Preferences. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is considering issuing waivers to foreign manufacturers of certain airport lighting and navigation aid equipment that is lit with Light Emitting Diode (LED) lighting. This notice requests information from manufacturers of systems meeting the technical requirements to determine whether a waiver to the Buy American Preferences should be issued.

Measures which host countries and countries of origin could adopt to promote the return of migrants.

PubMed

Debart, M H

1986-03-01

The immigration wave in the 1960s and 1970s brought scores of migrants to Europe. Most intended to work a few years in a foreign country and return to their homeland; however, poor economies in their own countries discouraged their return. At the same time, jobs became scarcer in their host countries. Several European countries today are resorting to measures designed to promote the return of migrants to their countries of origin. This paper outlines the two major options open to governments in their reintegration efforts. Option 1 requires instituting a definite reintegration policy. Public aid to promote reintegration may be provided. For example, the French give aid contingent upon the return of foreign workers in the labor force to the country of origin and not just upon their departure from the host country. Classical methods pay conpensation to the foreign worker; the problem then is to determine at what point to limit the funds. It must be decided whether or not unemployment benefits should be capitalized and whether or not to reimburse social security and old age contributions. It is also desirable for foreign workers to have access to a specialized organization which is able to advise them on setting up a project or business on their return; ideally, this organization should finance the project. Perhaps the best solution is to enlist participation of the governments of the countries of origin to make job openings known to their nationals desiring to return. Option 2 requires that reintegration be introduced into other economic and social programs. Returning foreign workers would be included as a factor in overall policy planning. Vocational training for return migrants could be proposed to job seekers as well as to dismissed workers. A portion of money used to finance housing projects could be earmarked for construction or reservation of housing in the country of origin. Bilateral vocational training programs can be addressed to nationals who want to return home. A portion of bilateral public development aid may also be used in support of reintegration projects. Finally, it should be possible to propose small development projects in the country of origin for nationals desiring to return.

Health Disparities and Delayed Health care among Older Adults in California: A Perspective from Race, Ethnicity, and Immigration.

PubMed

Du, Yan; Xu, Qingwen

2016-09-01

To examine racial/ethnic/immigration disparities in health and to investigate the relationships among race/ethnic/immigration status, delayed health care, and health of the elderly. Responses from 13,508 people aged 65 and above were analyzed based on the California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) 2011-2012. Key variables include race/ethnicity/immigration status, health outcome, and delayed health care. Age, gender, education, work status, and annual family income are used as covariates. The findings indicate that Whites (regardless of country of birth) and U.S.-born Asians enjoy better health than Latinos, African-Americans, and Foreign-born Asians. Foreign-born Asians and foreign-born Latinos have the poorest self-reported health and mental health, respectively. Delayed use of health care is negatively associated with both self-reported health and mental health status. Health disparities exist among older adult populations; the combined effects of minority and immigrant status can be approximated from the results in this study. Health care accessibility and the quality of care should be promoted in minority/immigrant populations. Public health nurses have a strong potential to aide in reducing health disparities among an aging American population that continues to exhibit increasing racial/ethnic diversity. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Consequences of a changing US strategy in the global HIV investment landscape.

PubMed

McGillen, Jessica B; Sharp, Alana; Honermann, Brian; Millett, Gregorio; Collins, Chris; Hallett, Timothy B

2017-11-28

The global fight against HIV/AIDS in Africa has long been a focus of US foreign policy, but this could change if the federal budget for 2018 proposed by the US Office of Management and Budget is adopted. We aim to inform public and Congressional debate around this issue by evaluating the historical and potential future impact of US investment in the African HIV response. We use a previously published mathematical model of HIV transmission to characterize the possible impact of a series of financial scenarios for the historical and future AIDS response across Sub-Saharan Africa. We find that US funding has saved nearly five million adults in Sub-Saharan Africa from AIDS-related deaths. In the coming 15 years, if current numbers on antiretroviral treatment are maintained without further expansion of programs (the proposed US strategy), nearly 26 million new HIV infections and 4.4 million AIDS deaths may occur. A 10% increase in US funding, together with ambitious domestic spending and focused attention on optimizing resources, can avert up to 22 million HIV infections and save 2.3 million lives in Sub-Saharan Africa compared with the proposed strategy. Our synthesis of available evidence shows that the United States has played, and could continue to play, a vital role in the global HIV response. Reduced investment could allow more than two million avoidable AIDS deaths by 2032, whereas continued leadership by the United States and other countries could bring UNAIDS targets for ending the epidemic into reach.

Co-financing for viral load monitoring during the course of antiretroviral therapy among patients with HIV/AIDS in Vietnam: A contingent valuation survey

PubMed Central

Tran, Bach Xuan; Phan, Huong Thi Thu; Le, Huong Thi; Nguyen, Hinh Duc; Tran, Tho Dinh; Do, Cuong Duy; Nguyen, Cuong Manh; Thuc, Vu Thi Minh; Latkin, Carl; Zhang, Melvyn W. B.; Ho, Roger C. M.

2017-01-01

Background Viral load testing is considered the gold standard for monitoring HIV treatment; however, given its high cost, some patients cannot afford viral load testing if this testing is not subsidized. Since foreign aid for HIV/AIDS in Vietnam is rapidly decreasing, we sought to assess willingness to pay (WTP) for viral load and CD4 cell count tests among HIV-positive patients, and identified factors that might inform future co-payment schemes. Methods A multi-site cross-sectional survey was conducted with 1133 HIV-positive patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Hanoi and Nam Dinh. Patients’ health insurance coverage, quality of life, and history of illicit drug use were assessed. A contingent valuation approach was employed to measure patients’ WTP for CD4 cell count and viral load testing. Results HIV-positive patients receiving ART at provincial sites reported more difficulty obtaining health insurance (HI) and had the overall the poorest quality of life. Most patients (90.9%) were willing to pay for CD4 cell count testing; here, the mean WTP was valued at US$8.2 (95%CI = 7.6–8.8 US$) per test. Most patients (87.3%) were also willing to pay for viral load testing; here, mean WTP was valued at US$18.6 (95%CI = 16.3–20.9 US$) per test. High income, high education level, and hospitalization were positively associated with WTP, while co-morbidity with psychiatric symptoms and trouble paying for health insurance were both negatively related to WTP. Conclusions These findings raise concerns that HIV-positive patients in Vietnam might have low WTP for CD4 cell count and viral load testing. This means that without foreign financial subsidies, many of these patients would likely go without these important tests. Treating psychiatric co-morbidities, promoting healthcare services utilization, and removing barriers to accessing health insurance may increase WTP for monitoring of HIV/AIDS treatment among HIV+-positive Vietnamese patients. PMID:28199405

75 FR 29507 - Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-26

... of Commodities for Foreign Donation. OMB Control Number: 0560-0258. Summary of Collection: 7 CFR part 1496, Procurement of Processed Agricultural Commodities for Donation under Title II, Public Law 480 is... Credit Corporation (CCC) for donation overseas under various food aid authorities. The information...

22 CFR 214.37 - Public access to committee records.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... Section 214.37 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ADVISORY COMMITTEE MANAGEMENT Operation of Advisory Committees § 214.37 Public access to committee records. Records maintained in... 212), subject to the general oversight of the A.I.D. Advisory Committee Management Officer. (Sec. 621...

48 CFR 749.100 - Scope of subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Scope of subpart. 749.100 Section 749.100 Federal Acquisition Regulations System AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT CONTRACT MANAGEMENT TERMINATION OF CONTRACTS General Principles 749.100 Scope of subpart. The Foreign Aid and Related...

A Prototype Overview for Allocating USAID Foreign Aid

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-22

treatment (WB) 9. Malaria - Percentage of children with fever receiving antimalarial drugs (WB) 10. Tuberculosis - Percentage tuberculosis...to maintain body weight and undertake light activity . The depth of hunger is low when it is less than 200 kilocalories per person per day, and high

78 FR 59648 - Bureau of Economic Analysis Advisory Committee Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-27

... presented more effectively for current economic analysis and recent statistical developments in national... with disabilities. Requests for foreign language interpretation or other auxiliary aids should be... September 2, 1999. The Committee advises the Director of BEA on matters related to the development and...

Congressional cuts threaten family planning programs.

PubMed

Van Hoogstraat, A

1996-01-01

In the spring of 1996, the US government's omnibus spending bill reduced support for international family planning (FP) programs by 35%. The bill also prohibited the US Agency for International Development (USAID) from spending any of the money allocated until July 1 and limited USAID allocations to 6.7% per month for 15 months, which meant that only $72 million could be spent in fiscal year 1996, as compared to $547 in fiscal year 1995. While some observers attributed the cut in spending to anti-abortion forces, Senator Mark Hatfield, an opponent of abortion, campaigned hard to keep the appropriations as a means of reducing the need for abortion. In 1995, the US spent less than 1% of its budget on foreign aid, and most Americans support foreign aid assistance for FP programs. The ability of opponents of international FP programs to continue to restrict the program for fiscal year 1997 will depend in large measure on the results of the November 1996 elections.

Why health advocates must get involved in development economics: the case of the International Monetary Fund.

PubMed

Rowden, Rick

2010-01-01

International health advocates have traditionally focused on calling for external strategies for achieving health goals in developing countries, such as more foreign aid, foreign direct investment, loans, and debt cancellation, as opposed to internal approaches, such as building domestic productive capacity and accumulating capital. They have largely neglected questions of development economics, particularly the effectiveness, or lack thereof, of the currently dominant neoliberal development model promoted by the rich countries and aid agencies for poor countries. While critics have been correct to blame the International Monetary Fund for its policies curtailing public health spending in developing countries, their analysis generally neglects the underlying issue of why developing countries are seemingly unable to build their domestic tax base on which health budgets depend. International health advocates should engage with such macroeconomic questions and challenge the failures of the dominant neoliberal economic model that blocks countries from industrializing and building their own productive capacities with which to generate their own resources for financing their health budgets over time.

We are all people living with AIDS: myths and realities of AIDS in Brazil.

PubMed

Daniel, H

1991-01-01

Although AIDS was expected in Brazil, no serious efforts were undertaken to prevent AIDS from taking root. Irresponsible press and media coverage highlighted the spread of AIDS within the gay community of the United States, creating an aura of immunity in Brazil to what was characterized as a "foreign" disorder. When AIDS did surface in 1983, the official response was to adopt an abstract, inappropriate, and ideological "Western" model, in which only stigmatized "others" and "minorities" were at risk of HIV infection. Brazilian health authorities subsequently downplayed the significance of the sale of contaminated blood in HIV transmission, and likewise ignored the rising rates of AIDS among Brazil's one unarguable majority group: the poor. An analysis of efforts to force the "facts" of AIDS to fit a false model's predictions leads to a clearer definition of the broader context of the Brazilian epidemic: we all are people living with AIDS, precisely because we live in this age of AIDS; it is sheer folly to discriminate against persons infected by HIV and to obstruct their participation in efforts to curtail the epidemic's spread; and the necessary response to AIDS is solidarity, not because it is poetic, but because no other response will suffice.

AID Biology: A pathological and clinical perspective.

PubMed

Choudhary, Meenal; Tamrakar, Anubhav; Singh, Amit Kumar; Jain, Monika; Jaiswal, Ankit; Kodgire, Prashant

2018-01-02

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), primarily expressed in activated mature B lymphocytes in germinal centers, is the key factor in adaptive immune response against foreign antigens. AID is responsible for producing high-affinity and high-specificity antibodies against an infectious agent, through the physiological DNA alteration processes of antibody genes by somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class-switch recombination (CSR) and functions by deaminating deoxycytidines (dC) to deoxyuridines (dU), thereby introducing point mutations and double-stranded chromosomal breaks (DSBs). The beneficial physiological role of AID in antibody diversification is outweighed by its detrimental role in the genesis of several chronic immune diseases, under non-physiological conditions. This review offers a comprehensive and better understanding of AID biology and its pathological aspects, as well as addresses the challenges involved in AID-related cancer therapeutics, based on various recent advances and evidence available in the literature till date. In this article, we discuss ways through which our interpretation of AID biology may reflect upon novel clinical insights, which could be successfully translated into designing clinical trials and improving patient prognosis and disease management.

["Is there a doctor on board?" - legal aspects of medical care in emergency situations during spare time].

PubMed

Lindner, Christina; Lindner, Gregor; Exadaktylos, Aristomenis K

2013-12-11

Medical emergencies on international flights are not uncommon. In these situations the question often arises whether physicians are obliged to render first aid and whether omission leads to legal consequences. The general obligation to aid those in need applies to everyone, not only to physicians. Evading this duty makes liable to prosecution for omittance of defence of a third person in line with Art. 128 of the Swiss Penal Code, punishable by custodial sentence up to three years or an equivalent punitive fine. Vocational and professional law extend the duty to aid for physicians to urgent cases. Although resulting from the performance of a legal obligation, malpractice occurred in the course of first aid can lead to claims for compensation - even from foreign patients, and that according to their own domestic law.

Introduction to Computer Aided Instruction in the Language Laboratory.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hughett, Harvey L.

The first half of this book focuses on the rationale, ideas, and information for the use of technology, including microcomputers, to improve language teaching efficiency. Topics discussed include foreign language computer assisted instruction (CAI), hardware and software selection, computer literacy, educational computing organizations, ease of…

Individualization of Foreign Language Learning in America, V.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bockman, John F., Ed.; Gougher, Ronald L., Ed.

This newsletter contains a series of brief reports concerning methods of individualizing language learning and describes several ongoing experiments. The first article illustrates how individualized achievement charts aid in determining students' instructional needs. Group work and oral testing are discussed as a means of individualizing a course…

U.S. Foreign Aid to the Palestinians

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-04-29

article by five Members of Congress: Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, John A. Boehner, Eric Cantor , Mike Pence, and Thaddeus McCotter, “Ros-Lehtinen et al.: Cut...continued commitment to a two-state solution, and has appointed former Senator George Mitchell as its Special Envoy for Middle East Peace

Science Fiction and General Semantics as Interdisciplinary/Cross-Cultural Teaching Aids.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Drake, Harold L.

General semantics and science fiction are disciplines that can be incorporated in lectures for public speaking and other speech communication classes. Alfred Korzybski's theories of general semantics lend themselves to researching, preparing, delivering interpersonal communication messages, and establishing student interest in foreign languages,…

Social Class Differences in Adolescents' Socio-political Opinions

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Berg, Nancy Eisenberg; Mussen, Paul

1976-01-01

A questionnaire containing eight scales--criminal treatment, equal opportunity, domestic welfare, civil liberties; foreign aid, taxes and labor, liberalism, and humanitarianism--was administered to adolescents of upper middle class and lower middle class backgrounds; more socio-economically favored than lower middle class adolescents gave liberal,…

22 CFR 202.3 - Freight reimbursement limitations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Freight reimbursement limitations. 202.3... VOLUNTARY NON-PROFIT RELIEF AGENCIES § 202.3 Freight reimbursement limitations. Economic utilization of AID funds available for reimbursement to agencies for freight charges incurred and paid by such agencies for...

22 CFR 202.3 - Freight reimbursement limitations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Freight reimbursement limitations. 202.3... VOLUNTARY NON-PROFIT RELIEF AGENCIES § 202.3 Freight reimbursement limitations. Economic utilization of AID funds available for reimbursement to agencies for freight charges incurred and paid by such agencies for...

22 CFR 202.3 - Freight reimbursement limitations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Freight reimbursement limitations. 202.3... VOLUNTARY NON-PROFIT RELIEF AGENCIES § 202.3 Freight reimbursement limitations. Economic utilization of AID funds available for reimbursement to agencies for freight charges incurred and paid by such agencies for...

22 CFR 202.3 - Freight reimbursement limitations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Freight reimbursement limitations. 202.3... VOLUNTARY NON-PROFIT RELIEF AGENCIES § 202.3 Freight reimbursement limitations. Economic utilization of AID funds available for reimbursement to agencies for freight charges incurred and paid by such agencies for...

Better Housing Through Self-Help

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Opat, Ellen-Jane

1976-01-01

Three case studies describe successful squatter settlements in Panama City, Panama, San Salvador, El Salvador and Lusaka, Zambia and show how governments have improved the condition of squatters by utilizing government loans, sites and services projects, foreign technical and financial aid and private non-profit developers, instead of eliminating…

U.S. Foreign Aid to the Palestinians

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-07-16

Gaza conflict took place in Sharm al-Sheikh, Egypt on March 2, 2009. At the conference, Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton pledged $900...part. Fayyad produced a Palestinian Reform and Development Plan for 2008-2010 (PRDP) that—even before the March 2009 donors’ conference in Sharm al

22 CFR 217.47 - Nonacademic services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Nonacademic services. 217.47 Section 217.47... services. (a) Physical education and athletics. (1) In providing physical education courses and athletics and similar aid, benefits, or services to any of its students, a recipient to which this subpart...

22 CFR 217.47 - Nonacademic services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Nonacademic services. 217.47 Section 217.47... services. (a) Physical education and athletics. (1) In providing physical education courses and athletics and similar aid, benefits, or services to any of its students, a recipient to which this subpart...

22 CFR 217.47 - Nonacademic services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Nonacademic services. 217.47 Section 217.47... services. (a) Physical education and athletics. (1) In providing physical education courses and athletics and similar aid, benefits, or services to any of its students, a recipient to which this subpart...

Political drivers of epidemic response: foreign healthcare workers and the 2014 Ebola outbreak.

PubMed

Nohrstedt, Daniel; Baekkeskov, Erik

2018-01-01

This study demonstrates that countries responded quite differently to calls for healthcare workers (HCWs) during the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014. Using a new dataset on the scale and timing of national pledges and the deployment of HCWs to states experiencing outbreaks of the virus disease (principally, Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone), it shows that few foreign nations deployed HCWs early, some made pledges but then fulfilled them slowly, and most sent no HCWs at all. To aid understanding of such national responses, the paper reviews five theoretical perspectives that offer potentially competing or complementary explanations of foreign government medical assistance for international public health emergencies. The study systematically validates that countries varied greatly in whether and when they addressed HCW deployment needs during the Ebola crisis of 2014, and offers suggestions for a theory-driven inquiry to elucidate the logics of foreign interventions in critical infectious disease epidemics. © 2018 The Author(s). Disasters © Overseas Development Institute, 2018.

[Infectious diseases in the adult population admitted to a general hospital].

PubMed

Ramos, José M; Pinargote, Héctor; Torrús, Diego; Sánchez-Martínez, Rosario; Merino, Esperanza; Portilla, Joaquín

2015-10-01

To determine the infectious diseases (ID) that led to hospital admission of the foreign population>14 years. A retrospective study of foreign patients admitted to hospital (2000-2012). A total of 3,087 foreigners were admitted with infectious diseases. Of these, 73.6% were from low income countries, and 26.4% from high income countries. Most of them (86.9%) were admitted with common ID, 11.8% with transmissible ID, and 1.6% with tropical ID. Tropical ID and transmissible ID were higher in patients from low income countries (14.7%) than from high income countries (9.7%, p<0.001). The main tropical ID was malaria (74%). The main transmissible ID were tuberculosis (40.3%), hepatitis (27.8%), and HIV/AIDS (27.5%). Common ID were the main reason for admission in foreign population. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier España, S.L.U. y Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica. All rights reserved.

Medical Appointment Desk Telephone Triage.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-09-01

You mayhave CONJUNCTIVITIS, p.317. You mayhave See also Visual aids Is the eye YES DRY EYE, p.316. to diagnosis, 55, p.246. watering ? I =-You mayhave...a foreign NO body in the eye. See WATERING EYE, p.316. For first aid, see p.801. FDoes the pain Do you have two or more of seemto come -YES - the...tot hcs6 ,rc cMd Protouioal D.Yghpa4 Aixr orce lnzwiule ot Technadoq (Ur Wright-Patteton An On 4w 0. DIST RI BUTION/ AVAILABILIT Y OF ABSTRACT 21

How Brazil outpaced the United States when it came to AIDS: the politics of civic infiltration, reputation, and strategic internationalization.

PubMed

Gómez, Eduardo J

2011-04-01

Using a temporal approach dividing the reform process into two periods, this article explains how both Brazil and the United States were slow to respond to AIDS. However, Brazil eventually outpaced the United States in its response due to international rather than democratic pressures. Since the early 1990s, Brazil's success has been attributed to "strategic internationalization": the concomitant acceptance and rejection of global pressure for institutional change and antiretroviral treatment, respectively. The formation of tripartite partnerships among donors, AIDS officials, and nongovernmental organizations has allowed Brazil to avoid foreign aid dependency, while generating ongoing incentives for influential AIDS officials to incessantly pressure Congress for additional funding. Given the heightened international media attention, concern about Brazil's reputation has contributed to a high level of political commitment. By contrast, the United States' more isolationist relationship with the international community, its focus on leading the global financing of AIDS efforts, and the absence of tripartite partnerships have prevented political leaders from adequately responding to the ongoing urban AIDS crisis. Thus, Brazil shows that strategically working with the international health community for domestic rather than international influence is vital for a sustained and effective response to AIDS.

Glossary of Mongolian Technical Terms. Program in Oriental Languages. Publications Series B--Aids--Number 13.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Buck, Frederick H.

This glossary of Mongolian technical terms includes approximately 4,500 entries, covering such areas as political administration, economics, science, railways, stockfarming, agriculture, medicine, foreign affairs, military matters and miscellaneous items. A number of colloquial expressions are included, since they occur quite frequently and appear…

75 FR 67169 - Foreign Institutions-Federal Student Aid Programs

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-01

... graduate medical school notify its accrediting body within one year of any material changes in the program... schools to notify the appropriate authorities of any substantive changes to the educational program, student body, or resources, and to review the substantive changes to determine if the accredited schools...

Nature of the Indonesia-United States Education Relationship

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Abbott, Anita

2017-01-01

This article discusses the nature of the education relationship between Indonesia and the US. The article examines two hypotheses. The first hypothesis is that transnational education constitutes a new type of imperialism by perpetuating knowledge dependency and financial dependency through the transfer of knowledge and foreign aid in education.…

Government Publications; a Guide to Bibliographic Tools. Fourth Edition.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Palic, Vladimir M.

Current and retrospective bibliographic aids are listed for official publications issued by the United States, foreign countries, and international governmental organizations. The material is arranged by geographic area, with U.S. federal, state, and local government publications listed separately. A short history of each U.S. government agency is…

Using Films in the Multimedia English Class

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wang, Youming

2009-01-01

With the great, constant renovation and development of various knowledge and economy, talents of compound, high quality and high skills are in urgent need in society; a new educational reform runs through the whole foreign teaching courses, including audio-visual course, speaking, reading, writing and translating courses. With the aid of…

Faculty Member's Guide to U.S. Immigration Law. Revised.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Smith, Eugene H.; Baron, Marvin J.

Immigration laws and regulations pertaining to foreign students and scholars are summarized as an aid to faculty members. Basic immigration documents and terminology are explained, including the passport, visa, immigration status or classification, Form 1-20 ID, the "green card", and Departure Record. Classes of nonimmigrants are described,…

Progress and Pain in Afghanistan

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zoepf, Katherine

2006-01-01

Academics in Afghanistan, with help from abroad, are struggling to repair the damage done to the country's higher-education system by decades of occupation, civil war, and fundamentalist Taliban rule. However, sporadic foreign aid, a lack of basic resources, and overwhelming demand leave plenty of room for improvement in the otherwise remarkable…

22 CFR 224.31 - Determining the amount of penalties and assessments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... assessments. 224.31 Section 224.31 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROGRAM FRAUD CIVIL REMEDIES ACT § 224.31 Determining the amount of penalties and assessments. (a) In determining an appropriate amount of civil penalties and assessments, the ALJ and the A.I.D...

22 CFR 224.31 - Determining the amount of penalties and assessments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... assessments. 224.31 Section 224.31 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROGRAM FRAUD CIVIL REMEDIES ACT § 224.31 Determining the amount of penalties and assessments. (a) In determining an appropriate amount of civil penalties and assessments, the ALJ and the A.I.D...

22 CFR 224.31 - Determining the amount of penalties and assessments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... assessments. 224.31 Section 224.31 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROGRAM FRAUD CIVIL REMEDIES ACT § 224.31 Determining the amount of penalties and assessments. (a) In determining an appropriate amount of civil penalties and assessments, the ALJ and the A.I.D...

22 CFR 224.31 - Determining the amount of penalties and assessments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... assessments. 224.31 Section 224.31 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROGRAM FRAUD CIVIL REMEDIES ACT § 224.31 Determining the amount of penalties and assessments. (a) In determining an appropriate amount of civil penalties and assessments, the ALJ and the A.I.D...

22 CFR 224.31 - Determining the amount of penalties and assessments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... assessments. 224.31 Section 224.31 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROGRAM FRAUD CIVIL REMEDIES ACT § 224.31 Determining the amount of penalties and assessments. (a) In determining an appropriate amount of civil penalties and assessments, the ALJ and the A.I.D...

El Dinero [Money]: A Culture Unit for Foreign Language Classes.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Enwall, Beverly

This curriculum guide offers materials designed to acquaint students with aspects of Hispanic culture and language. Situations, pattern practices, visual aids, dialogues, games, literary passages, and authentic media advertisements, all closely revolving around the concept of "El Dinero" (Money), are employed to this end. Suggestions for…

22 CFR 1203.735-217 - Requesting exceptions from certain statutory prohibitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... prohibitions. 1203.735-217 Section 1203.735-217 Foreign Relations UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT... appropriate agency official is: The Deputy Under Secretary for Management for State, the Administrator for AID, and the Director for ICA. The request will describe the particular matter giving rise to the conflict...

77 FR 75151 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Comment Request; Foreign Graduate Medical School...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-19

... DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION [Docket No.: ED-2012-ICCD-0069] Agency Information Collection Activities... Education (ED), Federal Student Aid (FSA). ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: In accordance with the Paperwork... Division, U.S. Department of Education, 400 Maryland Avenue SW., LBJ, Room 2E117, Washington, DC 20202-4537...

The Research Student's Guide to Success.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cryer, Pat

This practical guide offers a British perspective to beginning, pursuing, and completing a research degree and is designed to aid graduate students in addressing a wide range of new and unfamiliar roles, expectations, and needs. Some issues addressed are specific to foreign students. An introductory section describes the guide's rationale and…

Knowing English Grammar--An Important Aid in Second Language Learning

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cleary, Colin

2004-01-01

This article discusses a small-scale study that explored students', teachers', and university lecturers' beliefs about the value of studying English grammar in foreign and second language learning. A major debate in second language acquisition literature has been concerned with experiential (implicit) learning as opposed to analytical (explicit)…

78 FR 54444 - Advisory Committee on Voluntary Foreign Aid Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-04

... #0; #0;Notices #0; Federal Register #0; #0; #0;This section of the FEDERAL REGISTER contains documents other than rules #0;or proposed rules that are applicable to the public. Notices of hearings #0;and investigations, committee meetings, agency decisions and rulings, #0;delegations of authority...

Sequence and Uniformity in the High School Literature Program.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sauer, Edwin H.

A good, sequential literature program for secondary school students should deal simultaneously with literary forms, with the chronological development of literature, and with broad themes of human experience. By employing the abundance of teaching aids, texts, and improved foreign translations available today, an imaginatively planned program can…

Training for Development 1970. The United States Participant Training Program.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Agency for International Development (Dept. of State), Washington, DC. Office of International Training.

The report describes the program of training for foreign students conducted by the Office of International Training of the Agency for International Development (AID). The report's first chapter describes the history, nature, and importance of participant training and diagrams the administrative structure of the program. Chapter 2 describes the…

Solving Colombia’s Problems

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-04-07

parties for political control during the period from 1948 to 1953.15 “During this period, referred to as ‘La Violencia ,’ groups of armed men paid by...surprise to those familiar with the Colombia government history of mishandling foreign aid in the war against drugs and in their parallel inability to

Norway.

PubMed

1987-03-01

This background note for Norway by the U.S. State Department describes the geography, people, history, government, politics, and foreign relations of this newly oil-rich Scandinavian nation. Norwegians number 4.1 million, growing only at 0.3% per year, of Germanic origin, with 20,000 Laplanders. Infant mortality is 9/1000; life expectancy is 73 and 80 years. The government is a constitutional monarchy, with socialized medicine, education through university and social security. Norway became independent of Sweden in 1905, was a non-belligerent in both world wars, but was occupied by Nazi Germany. Subsequently Norway has required military service and is a member of NATO. Norway is a wealthy developed nation, with a positive foreign trade balance, a per capita income of $14,000, resources of oil, fish, timber, hydroelectric power, ores, and an industrial economy. Norway sends out about $471 million in foreign aid.

Benefits and shortcomings of mandatory first aid and basic life support courses for learner drivers.

PubMed

Adelborg, Kasper; Thim, Troels; Secher, Niels; Grove, Erik Lerkevang; Løfgren, Bo

2011-05-01

Annually, more than 127,000 people are killed and at least 2.4 million people injured in road accidents in Europe. Consequently, in half of all countries in the European Union a first aid and basic life support course has become mandatory for learner drivers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of this course on participants' knowledge and self-assessed first aid and basic life support skills. Participants were given a questionnaire before and after course. In total, 115 participants (response rate 98%) were included in the study. Mean age was 20 years (46% female and 54% male). Out of 12 questions, the average number of correct answers increased from 5.6 before the course to 8.7 after the course (p < 0.001). Upon completion of the course, 95% or more of the participants knew how to prioritise treatment of several casualties, knew how to relieve a foreign body airway obstruction, and knew the recommended compression-ventilation ratio during CPR (p < 0.001 for all). Despite significant improvements after the course only 64% knew how to diagnose cardiac arrest, 44% knew when to activate an automatic external defibrillator and 23% were aware of when to activate the emergency medical services. Participants significantly increased their self-confidence in own skills after the course (p < 0.001). A mandatory course for learner drivers significantly improves participants' knowledge and their self-assessed skills in first aid and basic life support. However, improvements of the course should be considered on a number of key topics. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Water and sanitation infrastructure for health: The impact of foreign aid

PubMed Central

2010-01-01

Background The accessibility to improved water and sanitation has been understood as a crucial mechanism to save infants and children from the adverse health outcomes associated with diarrheal disease. This knowledge stimulated the worldwide donor community to develop a specific category of aid aimed at the water and sanitation sector. The actual impact of this assistance on increasing population access to improved water and sanitation and reducing child mortality has not been examined. Methods We performed a country-level analysis of the relationship between water and sanitation designated official development assistance (WSS-ODA) per capita, water and sanitation coverage, and infant and child mortality in low-income countries as defined by the World Bank. We focused our inquiry to aid effectiveness since the establishment of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Results Access to improved water has consistently improved since 2002. Countries receiving the most WSS-ODA ranged from odds ratios of 4 to 18 times more likely than countries in the lowest tertile of assistance to achieve greater gains in population access to improved water supply. However, while there were modestly increased odds of sanitation access, these were largely non-significant. The countries with greatest gains in sanitation were 8-9 times more likely to have greater reductions in infant and child mortality. Conclusions Official development assistance is importantly impacting access to safe water, yet access to improved sanitation remains poor. This highlights the need for decision-makers to be more intentional with allocating WSS-ODA towards sanitation projects. PMID:20670447

Recombinant Salmonella Bacteria Vectoring HIV/AIDS Vaccines

PubMed Central

Chin’ombe, Nyasha; Ruhanya, Vurayai

2013-01-01

HIV/AIDS is an important public health problem globally. An affordable, easy-to-deliver and protective HIV vaccine is therefore required to curb the pandemic from spreading further. Recombinant Salmonella bacteria can be harnessed to vector HIV antigens or DNA vaccines to the immune system for induction of specific protective immunity. These are capable of activating the innate, humoral and cellular immune responses at both mucosal and systemic compartments. Several studies have already demonstrated the utility of live recombinant Salmonella in delivering expressed foreign antigens as well as DNA vaccines to the host immune system. This review gives an overview of the studies in which recombinant Salmonella bacteria were used to vector HIV/AIDS antigens and DNA vaccines. Most of the recombinant Salmonella-based HIV/AIDS vaccines developed so far have only been tested in animals (mainly mice) and are yet to reach human trials. PMID:24478808

CD-ROM-aided Databases

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nagatsuka, Takashi

This paper introduces the CD-ROM-aided products and their utilization in foreign countries, mainly in U.S.A. CD-ROM is being used in various fields recently. Author classified its products into four groups:1. CD-ROM that substitutes for printed matters such as encyclopedias and dictionaries (ex. Grolier's Electronic Encyclopedia), 2. CD-ROM that substitutes for online databases (ex. Disclosure, Medline), 3. CD-ROM that has some functions such as giving orders for books besides information retrieval (ex. Books in Print Plus), 4. CD-ROM that contains literatures including pictures and figures (ex. ADONIS). The future trends of CD-ROM utilization are also suggested.

Modelling of Molecular Structures and Properties. Proceedings of the International Meeting of Physical Chemistry on Modeling of Molecular Structures and Properties in Physical Chemistry and Biophysics Organized by the Division de Chimie Physique of the Societe Francaise de Chimie Held in Nancy, France on 11-15 September 1989

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-01-01

expert systems, "intelligent" computer-aided instruction , symbolic learning . These aspects will be discussed, focusing on the specific problems the...VLSI chips) according to preliminary specifications. Finally ES are also used in computer-aided instruction (CAI) due to their ability of... instructions to process controllers), academic teaching (for mathematics , physics, foreign language, etc.). Domains of application The different

Brain drain adds to AIDS crisis in developing world.

PubMed

Green, Stanley

2006-01-01

Thousands of desperately needed doctors and other medical professionals leave poor countries because no one there can pay them, or provide safe and effective working conditions. Many go to English-speaking countries that do not train enough medical professionals themselves--such as the U.S., where a quarter of the doctors are foreign trained.

Strengthening Higher Education: Simplify Student Aid & Emphasize Vital Science, Math, and Language Skills

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Berkowitz, Peter

2007-01-01

Higher education in America faces such formidable problems as unaffordable tuition, lack of accountability, students ill-prepared for college, declining enrollment in math and science, and too few graduates fluent in critical foreign languages. This Opportunity 08 position paper recommends that the next President should take the following steps to…

Y2K and International Agricultural Transportation: Analysis of Export Markets, Import Suppliers, and Major Food Aid Recipient Countries

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1999-09-01

USDA Y2K information assessment of international food transportation modes in : selected foreign countries. The assessment targeted 9 of the top 10 markets for : U.S. Agricultural exports and 7 of the top 8 suppliers of imported food products : to th...

Film Analysis through Linguistic Base

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tanriverdi, Belgin

2007-01-01

Studies made in the last few years show that using films in language classrooms is an effective way in teaching a foreign language. Well-chosen films can serve as a valuable pedagogical aid, both for classroom use and self-study. This article is about using films in language classrooms through a specially designed course, whose outline description…

Can Blended Learning Aid Foreign Language Learning?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Genís Pedra, Marta; Martín de Lama, Mª Teresa

2013-01-01

There has always been a debate around the issue of what it is that improves learning: the instruction itself or the media used for it (Clark 1983; Kozma 1994). It has also been said (Kulik and Kulik 1991; Andrewartha & Wilmot 2001) that computer mediated learning, as opposed to traditional instruction, positively influences the students'…

The Arms Race and World Hunger. Facts for Action #4.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Phillips, Jim

Designed for high school global education classes, this document examines ways in which the arms race affects the poor. Military expenditures and foreign economic aid of the developed nations are compared with survival needs of developing nations. Statistics support five premises: the arms race (1) diverts resources from productive activity and…

From 2002-2017, to What Extent has Turkish Security Policy Been Effective

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-04-13

and equal to those of the Foreign, Energy, and Culture and Tourism ministries combined.77 Turkey’s use of overseas aid, export of its version of...with about 57 percent of its natural gas. Economic ties also extended to nuclear power, construction, tourism , and other sectors as well.114

Rich Donors, Poor Countries

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Thomas, M. A.

2012-01-01

The shifting ideological winds of foreign aid donors have driven their policy towards governments in poor countries. Donors supported state-led development policies in poor countries from the 1940s to the 1970s; market and private-sector driven reforms during the 1980s and 1990s; and returned their attention to the state with an emphasis on…

U.S. Foreign Aid to East and South Asia: Selected Recipients

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-08-27

Levels and Restrictions — South Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Bangladesh ...24 Table 14. U.S. Assistance to Bangladesh , 2003-2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Table 15. U.S...and Appendix. 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 est. 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1 - Bangladesh 2 - Cambodia 3 - India 4 - Indonesia 5 - Pakistan 6

Learning in Parallel: Using Parallel Corpora to Enhance Written Language Acquisition at the Beginning Level

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bluemel, Brody

2014-01-01

This article illustrates the pedagogical value of incorporating parallel corpora in foreign language education. It explores the development of a Chinese/English parallel corpus designed specifically for pedagogical application. The corpus tool was created to aid language learners in reading comprehension and writing development by making foreign…

A Frequency-List of Sentence Structures: Distribution of Kernel Sentences

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Geens, Dirk

1974-01-01

A corpus of 10,000 sentences extracted from British theatrical texts was used to construct a frequency list of kernel sentence structures. Thirty-one charts illustrate the analyzed results. The procedures used and an interpretation of the frequencies are given. Such lists might aid foreign language teachers in course organization. Available from…

77 FR 71593 - Robert Bosch GmbH; Analysis of Agreement Containing Consent Orders To Aid Public Comment

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-03

... state identification number or foreign country equivalent, passport number, financial account number, or... for licensing certain patents which may be used in the implementation of two industry standards... elimination of the direct competition between Robinair and Bosch would allow the combined entity to exercise...

Training and Further Training in the Federal Republic of Germany.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pakleppa, Hans

The Federal Republic of Germany uses its development aid policy to support the growth of manpower resources in developing countries by means of a broad spectrum of training and further training programs of foreign specialists. In planning these programs and arranging scholarships, Germany tries to orient itself toward the educational policy…

22 CFR 214.42 - Uniform pay guidelines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Uniform pay guidelines. 214.42 Section 214.42... Advisory Committees § 214.42 Uniform pay guidelines. (a) A.I.D. follows OMB/CSC guidelines in section 11 of OMB Circular A-63 in establishing rates of pay for advisory committee members, staffs, and consultants...

Foreign aid or foreign investments: call for a paradigm shift in mentality and nomenclature

PubMed Central

Oleribe, Obinna Ositadimma; Nwanwanyu, Okey

2015-01-01

Funding for health care programs has over the years been an important challenge for health and health care services. However with the advent of financing, part of this problem was resolved. Through these investments, lives were saved, many destinies recovered and some obsolete systems reengineered. Major proofs of these expenditures are number of people reached and sometimes number of sites opened/supported, which in several cases, are not entirely verifiable. Sustainable development from these funds is limited, and far and in between. This is despite the fact that supports for health care and health care services have been ongoing for more than 60 years. As long as these funds are seen as aids to developing countries, they will continue to fail to achieve their primary objectives. But looking at these as investments in supported countries will significantly improve the outcome, health system impacts, as well as engineer sustainable health system strengthening and improvement. Such a re-branding will reduce the politics of support, improve effectiveness and efficiency in the use of the resources, and empower receiving nations towards better health systems. PMID:26113945

Foreign aid or foreign investments: call for a paradigm shift in mentality and nomenclature.

PubMed

Oleribe, Obinna Ositadimma; Nwanwanyu, Okey

2015-01-01

Funding for health care programs has over the years been an important challenge for health and health care services. However with the advent of financing, part of this problem was resolved. Through these investments, lives were saved, many destinies recovered and some obsolete systems reengineered. Major proofs of these expenditures are number of people reached and sometimes number of sites opened/supported, which in several cases, are not entirely verifiable. Sustainable development from these funds is limited, and far and in between. This is despite the fact that supports for health care and health care services have been ongoing for more than 60 years. As long as these funds are seen as aids to developing countries, they will continue to fail to achieve their primary objectives. But looking at these as investments in supported countries will significantly improve the outcome, health system impacts, as well as engineer sustainable health system strengthening and improvement. Such a re-branding will reduce the politics of support, improve effectiveness and efficiency in the use of the resources, and empower receiving nations towards better health systems.

Medical Science Meets 'Development Aid' Transfer and Adaptation of West German Microbiology to Togo, 1960-1980.

PubMed

Rensch, Carola; Bruchhausen, Walter

2017-01-01

After losing the importance it had held around 1900 both as a colonial power and in the field of tropical medicine, Germany searched for a new place in international health care during decolonisation. Under the aegis of early government 'development aid', which started in 1956, medical academics from West German universities became involved in several Asian, African and South American countries. The example selected for closer study is the support for the national hygiene institute in Togo, a former German 'model colony' and now a stout ally of the West. Positioned between public health and scientific research, between 'development aid' and academia and between West German and West African interests, the project required multiple arrangements that are analysed for their impact on the co-operation between the two countries. In a country like Togo, where higher education had been neglected under colonial rule, having qualified national staff became the decisive factor for the project. While routine services soon worked well, research required more sustained 'capacity building' and did not lead to joint work on equal terms. In West Germany, the arrangement with the universities was a mutual benefit deal for government officials and medical academics. West German 'development aid' did not have to create permanent jobs at home for the consulting experts it needed; it improved its chances to find sufficiently qualified German staff to work abroad and it profited from the academic renown of its consultants. The medical scientists secured jobs and research opportunities for their postgraduates, received grants for foreign doctoral students, gained additional expertise and enjoyed international prestige. Independence from foreign politics was not an issue for most West German medical academics in the 1960s.

The 'diagonal' approach to Global Fund financing: a cure for the broader malaise of health systems?

PubMed Central

Ooms, Gorik; Van Damme, Wim; Baker, Brook K; Zeitz, Paul; Schrecker, Ted

2008-01-01

Background The potentially destructive polarisation between 'vertical' financing (aiming for disease-specific results) and 'horizontal' financing (aiming for improved health systems) of health services in developing countries has found its way to the pages of Foreign Affairs and the Financial Times. The opportunity offered by 'diagonal' financing (aiming for disease-specific results through improved health systems) seems to be obscured in this polarisation. In April 2007, the board of the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria agreed to consider comprehensive country health programmes for financing. The new International Health Partnership Plus, launched in September 2007, will help low-income countries to develop such programmes. The combination could lead the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria to a much broader financing scope. Discussion This evolution might be critical for the future of AIDS treatment in low-income countries, yet it is proposed at a time when the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria is starved for resources. It might be unable to meet the needs of much broader and more expensive proposals. Furthermore, it might lose some of its exceptional features in the process: its aim for international sustainability, rather than in-country sustainability, and its capacity to circumvent spending restrictions imposed by the International Monetary Fund. Summary The authors believe that a transformation of the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria into a Global Health Fund is feasible, but only if accompanied by a substantial increase of donor commitments to the Global Fund. The transformation of the Global Fund into a 'diagonal' and ultimately perhaps 'horizontal' financing approach should happen gradually and carefully, and be accompanied by measures to safeguard its exceptional features. PMID:18364048

Full spectrum of psychiatric disorders related to foreign migration: a Danish population-based cohort study.

PubMed

Cantor-Graae, Elizabeth; Pedersen, Carsten B

2013-04-01

Although increased risk for schizophrenia among immigrants is well established, knowledge of the broader spectrum of psychiatric disorders associated with a foreign migration background is lacking. To examine the full range of psychiatric disorders associated with any type of foreign migration background among persons residing in Denmark, including foreign-born adoptees, first- and second-generation immigrants, native Danes with a history of foreign residence, and persons born abroad to Danish expatriates. Danish population-based cohort study. Persons were followed up from their 10th birthday for the development of mental disorders based on outpatient and inpatient data. All persons born between January 1, 1971, and December 31, 2000 (N = 1 859 419) residing in Denmark by their 10th birthday with follow-up data to December 31, 2010. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and cumulative incidences for psychiatric outcomes. All categories of foreign migration background, except persons born abroad to Danish expatriates, were associated with increased risk for at least 1 psychiatric disorder. Foreign-born adoptees had increased IRRs for all psychiatric disorders and had the highest IRRs for these disorders compared with other foreign migration categories. First- and second-generation immigrants having 2 foreign-born parents had significantly increased IRRs for schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders and had similar risk magnitudes. Second-generation immigrants having 1 foreign-born parent had significantly increased IRRs for all psychiatric disorders. Native Danes with a history of foreign residence had increased IRRs for bipolar affective disorder, affective disorders, personality disorders, and schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The extent to which a background of foreign migration confers an increased risk for the broad spectrum of psychiatric disorders varies according to parental origin, with greatest risks for foreign-born adoptees. The spectrum of psychiatric disorders showed greater variation within the second-generation immigrant group than between first-generation vs second-generation immigrants, and the spectrum differed according to whether individuals had 1 or 2 foreign-born parents.

77 FR 70440 - Hertz Global Holdings, Inc.; Analysis of Agreement Containing Consent Orders To Aid Public Comment

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-11-26

... state identification number or foreign country equivalent, passport number, financial account number, or... information. In addition, do not include any ``[t]rade secret or any commercial or financial information which... convenience, autonomy, or cost efficiency of renting a car, and, as a practical matter, customers are unlikely...

Training and Research in Phonetics for Spanish as a Second Language with Technological Support

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Blanco Canales, Ana

2013-01-01

Foreign language acquisition must inevitably start with phonetics, an aspect of language whose importance is matched only by its neglect. Different research has shown how the systematic teaching of pronunciation is beneficial not only because it aids the comprehension of messages and their expression, but also because it diminishes the anxiety…

Sex-Role Attitude Items and Scales from U.S. Sample Surveys.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mason, Karen Oppenheim; And Others

This introductory guide to sex role attitude measures used in the United States was designed to aid researchers in finding items for surveying sex role attitudes. Measures devised or published after July, 1974, or those used only in foreign surveys are not included. The compendium focuses on measures of peoples' attitudes rather than their…

Science, Technology and Society in Contemporary Egypt: Background Information for Social Studies Teachers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

1989

Egypt is having a very difficult time supplying enough food to meet the demands of its swelling population. This complex problem is analyzed and discussed from a variety of perspectives. Factors such as foreign aid, family planning, agriculture, demographics, and religious and social culture are examined, as well as more specific issues such as…

International Assistance in the Population Field: Roads Taken, Paths Ahead. Occasional Paper Series, Number 7, Volume II.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zeidenstein, George

American attitudes toward foreign aid for population control have changed dramatically since the period following World War II, when birth control assistance was considered too controversial for government funding. With growing national and international concern about population growth and poverty in the developing nations and through the efforts…

Der Humboldt-Dienst des Humboldt-Gymnasiums Berlin (The Humboldt-Dienst of the Humboldt Gymnasium in Berlin)

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pegler, Klaus

1976-01-01

The Humboldt-Dienst functions as a teaching aid. Some eight times a year it tapes collections of foreign-language information broadcasts, and issues student work sheets and teachers' guides for use therewith. The materials are available at cost; an address for ordering is given. (Text is in German.) (IFS/WGA)

Sociocultural Theory as an Approach to Aid EFL Learners

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Behroozizad, Sorayya; Nambiar, Radha M. K.; Amir, Zaini

2014-01-01

Learning English as a foreign language (EFL) has long been regarded a challenging task. Said challenge is clearly evident in the many studies attempting to delineate some of the major problems faced by EFL learners while trying to uncover both the sources and the solutions. This paper turns to the Vygotskian approach to language learning, in…

Computer-Aided Thermohydraulic Design of TEMA Type E Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers for Use in Low Pressure, Liquid-to-Liquid, Single Phase Applications.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-04-01

and Standards .. ... ....... ....... 9 A. General . ... .. .. ... ..... .. .. ... 9 B. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code .. .. ......9 C. Foreign...several different sources. B. American Society of Mechanial Engineers (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code A shell and tube heat exchanger is indeed a

Ein Erfahrungsbericht zum Thema Interaktion (A Report of Experience on the Theme of Interaction)

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schroedter-Albers, Henning

1977-01-01

Describes work at a Goethe Institute branch with two groups of foreign students learning German, in which radio news, after preparatory work by the teacher, was used to induce question-and-answer dialogue. Many types of teaching aids and exercises used are described, including three-way conversation. (Text is in German.) (IFS/WGA)

A Learner Analysis of International Female Doctoral Students' Experiences at an American University

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ogbonaya, Agnes I.

2010-01-01

The purpose of this study was to investigate international female doctoral students' perceptions of the challenges they faced in a foreign university, and their strategies for success. The theoretical framework underlying this study focused on the need for learner analysis to aid the design of effective instruction. The participants in this study…

78 FR 13855 - Notice of March 14 Advisory Committee on Voluntary Foreign Aid Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-01

... members and USAID leadership, and an open Q&A. A draft agenda, room location, and additional information will be forthcoming on the ACVFA Web site at http://www.usaid.gov/who-we-are/organization/advisory... register online at http://www.usaid.gov/who-we-are/organization/advisory-committee/get-involved . FOR...

An Administrative History of El Salvador's Educational Reform. Research Report Number 8.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mayo, John K.; Mayo, Judith A.

A detailed account and critique of the 1967 Salvadoran Educational Reform places particular emphasis on the role of instructional television (ITV) and its relation as the pacesetter for the whole educational system. It discusses foreign assistance through UNESCO, The World Bank, US/AID and Japan, and comments on several feasibility studies. In…

EssayCritic: Writing to Learn with a Knowledge-Based Design Critiquing System

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mørch, Anders I.; Engeness, Irina; Cheng, Victor C.; Cheung, William K.; Wong, Kelvin C.

2017-01-01

This article presents a study of EssayCritic, a computer-based writing aid for English as a foreign language (EFL) that provides feedback on the content of English essays. We compared two feedback conditions: automated feedback from EssayCritic (target class) and feedback from collaborating peers (comparison class). We used a mixed methods…

Congressman Usher Burdick of North Dakota and the "Ungodly Menace": Anti-United Nations Rhetoric, 1950-1958

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lemelin, Bernard

2002-01-01

Representative Usher Burdick, who sat between 1949-1959, contributed to the isolationist label given to North Dakota. This Republican politician, not enthusiastic about U.S. participation in the Korean War, eagerly lambasted foreign aid during the Truman-Eisenhower years. Above all, the congressman attracted attention during the postwar period for…

Assault by battery: battery-related injury in the head and neck.

PubMed

Svider, Peter F; Johnson, Andrew P; Folbe, Adam J; Carron, Michael A; Eloy, Jean Anderson; Zuliani, Giancarlo

2014-10-01

To estimate nationwide incidence of emergency department (ED) visits for battery-related injury (BRI) occurring in the head and neck, and analyze demographic and anatomic-specific trends. The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) was searched for BRI in the head and neck, with analysis for incidence, anatomic site, age and gender, and specific diagnoses. There were an estimated 18,803 head and neck BRI ED visits from 2003 to 2012. A total of 65.8% of patients were male. A total of 92.8% of patients were treated/examined and then released, and 4.7% of patients were admitted. A plurality (34.2%) of patients had BRI related to nose injures, and this represented the youngest cohort (median: 3 years old). The vast majority of ear and nose diagnoses were "foreign bodies"; two-thirds of mouth injuries were related to burns, whereas lacerations predominated in the face and head. Nearly half of ED visits involved patients between 2 and 5 years of age. A total of 45.2% of cases involving patients ≥ 65 years of age were related to hearing aid batteries as foreign bodies. BRI in the head and neck results in a significant amount of ED visits. Mechanisms of injury vary by age and anatomic location, but a considerable male predilection exists. Whereas pediatric patients are primarily affected, particularly patients between 2 to 5 years of age, injuries do occur among adults. Importantly, the prevalence of dislodged hearing-aid batteries in the elderly necessitates comprehensive patient education to increase awareness and counseling regarding this complication. Awareness of demographic and anatomic-specific trends reported in this analysis may be an invaluable adjunct for history-taking and clinical examination. © 2014 The American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, Inc.

Subway emergency preparedness in Shanghai: A focused group and interview study exploring the perceived experiences of senior citizens and the disabled.

PubMed

Baffoe, Benjamin Ohene Kwapong; Shiyuan, Zheng

As Shanghai's population increases and currently being boosted by an influx of foreigners, there has been pressure on the subway system and this has led to a great concern for the aged and disabled people (including foreigners) who use the subway during emergency situations. The present study uses an exploratory research approach including a focus group discussion (FGD) and interviews to uncover the experiences, safety concerns, and challenges that the aged and disabled faces when using the subway. A total of 38 participants were involved in the study, which comprises of three FGDs and interviews conducted in the city of Shanghai. The findings reveal that most aged and disabled subway riders have little or no knowledge about emergency safety measures or safety symbols, the administering of first aid and have language barrier concerns. This study recommends that policy makers and sub-way operators should get the aged and disabled people involved in developing more educational programs that will help them to better the concept of safety prevention measures and it also suggests holding more emergency drills involving the aged and disabled. Braille language symbols, sign languages on TV screens, specially designed sub-way maps, low-frequency alarms with flashing lights, and information printed in multiple international languages should also be provided to help foreigners understand the instructions and information in the subways. Additionally, these measures could help all commuters to feel safer when using the subway.

Reduced serpinB9-mediated caspase-1 inhibition can contribute to autoinflammatory disease.

PubMed

van der Burgh, Robert; Meeldijk, Jan; Jongeneel, Lieneke; Frenkel, Joost; Bovenschen, Niels; van Gijn, Mariëlle; Boes, Marianne

2016-04-12

Patients who suffer from autoinflammatory disease (AID) exhibit seemingly uncontrolled release of interleukin (IL)-1β. The presence of this inflammatory cytokine triggers immune activation in absence of pathogens and foreign material. The mechanisms that contribute to 'sterile inflammation' episodes in AID patients are not fully understood, although for some AIDs underlying genetic causes have been identified. We show that the serine protease inhibitor B9 (serpinB9) regulates IL-1β release in human monocytes. SerpinB9 function is more commonly known for its role in control of granzyme B. SerpinB9 however also serves to restrain IL-1β maturation through caspase-1 inhibition. We here describe an autoinflammatory disease-associated serpinB9 (c.985G>T, A329S) variant, which we discovered in a patient with unknown AID. Using patient cells and serpinB9 overexpressing monocytic cells, we show the A329S variant of serpinB9 exhibits unobstructed granzyme B inhibition, but compromised caspase-1 inhibition. SerpinB9 gene variants might contribute to AID development.

HIV, international travel and tourism: global issues and Pacific perspectives.

PubMed

Lewis, N D; Bailey, J

AIDS, like plagues throughout human history, has been blamed repeatedly on foreigners. This has heightened ramifications, from the personal to the geopolitical, in an era of escalating population movement and rapid international travel. By the end of 1990, the World Health Organization had estimated that the total number of AIDS cases worldwide was close to 1.3 million. Recent estimates suggest that by the year 2000, 38-100 million adults and over 10 million children will have been infected with HIV. Seventy-five to eighty-five percent of that number will be from the developing world. AIDS has rapidly become pandemic, with wide-ranging consequences for humankind. Human population movement is an important component in the natural history of AIDS. With respect to this, a central consideration is the relationship between AIDS and international travel, especially tourism. In this paper, after reviewing HIV in the Asia-Pacific region, we present the epidemiology of HIV in the Pacific Islands, discuss its impact with particular reference to population movement, and explore some of the specific challenges that the Pacific Island region faces.

Routes to Better Health for Children in Four Developing Countries

PubMed Central

Croghan, Thomas W; Beatty, Amanda; Ron, Aviva

2006-01-01

Despite the availability of effective, affordable interventions for the most common causes of death, more than ten million children in developing countries die each year. This article describes the circumstances of four countries whose reductions in child mortality exceeded what might be expected from their poor economic circumstances, and it asks whether they followed common routes to improved health for children. The findings suggest that contextual factors, such as the degree of economic development, good governance, and strong health care systems, matter less than do targeted health intervention, foreign aid, and technical assistance. In general, these findings contradict prevailing U.S. foreign policy regarding the circumstances in which progress toward health goals can be made. PMID:16771821

Exploring the Role of Microbiota in the Limiting of B1 and MZ B-Cell Numbers by Naturally Secreted Immunoglobulins.

PubMed

Mohr, Elodie; Lino, Andreia C

2017-01-01

Immunoglobulins (Igs)-or antibodies (Ab)-are important to combat foreign pathogens but also to the immune system homeostasis. We developed the AID -/- μS -/- mouse model devoid of total soluble Igs and suitable to monitor the role of Igs on immune homeostasis. We used this experimental system to uncover a negative feedback control of marginal zone (MZ) and B1 B cells numbers by naturally secreted Igs. We raised AID -/- μS -/- mice in germ-free conditions demonstrating that this effect of natural secreted Igs is independent of the microbiota. Herein, we provide a comprehensive description of the protocols to establish and use the AID -/- μS -/- mice to study the role of total secreted Igs or of different Ig classes. This study involves Igs injections to AID -/- μS -/- mice or establishment of AID -/- μS -/- mixed bone marrow chimeras that provide a powerful system to study AID -/- μS -/- B cells in the presence of stable concentrations of different Ig classes. While we describe flow cytometric and histological methods to analyze MZ and B1 B cell subsets, AID -/- μS -/- mice can be used to study the effects of natural Igs on other B cell subsets or immune cells.

"There aren't any gays here": encountering heteroprofessionalism in an international development workplace.

PubMed

Mizzi, Robert C

2013-01-01

Western-oriented workplaces use professionalism as a normative value to sustain and promote a cohesive work environment. Yet, through this qualitative study, the author points out some implications of using professionalism to manage staff relationships and behaviors. Using post-conflict Kosovo as the context, the author examined (a) the work experiences of 8 gay male aid workers and (b) the attitudes toward homosexuality of foreign staff members in 2 international aid agencies. The author introduces and suggests heteroprofessionalism as a root to homophobic and heterosexist behaviors present in the study. Heteroprofessionalism is defined as a professional value that screens out homosexuality.

Changes in prostitution and the AIDS epidemic in Thailand.

PubMed

Hanenberg, R; Rojanapithayakorn, W

1998-02-01

The HIV/AIDS epidemic which broke out in Thailand 1988 was mainly caused by the widespread patronage of prostitutes. The Thai authorities responded with programmes which encouraged the use of condoms in commercial sex. These programmes were highly successful. However, prostitution has changed since the beginning of the epidemic, partly for economic and demographic reasons, but mainly because of the fear of AIDS. Fewer women practise prostitution, men patronize it less, and the price of commercial sex has risen. Prostitution is less likely to be practised in brothels and more likely to be practised in establishments like restaurants and bars. Moreover, as fewer native Thai women are willing to practise prostitution, foreign women are taking their place. In order to continue to control the epidemic, the authorities will have to adapt their programmes to the changing structure of commercial sex.

Health services in Indonesia.

PubMed

Kosen, S; Gunawan, S

In Indonesia, rapid economic development has led to a reduction in poverty among the 195 million inhabitants. While population increased more than 50% from 1971 to 1990, the annual growth rate, crude birth rate, and total fertility rates have declined rapidly. Life expectancy has increased from 45.7 years in 1971 to 62.7 in 1994 as crude death rates and infant and child mortality rates have declined. Causes of death have shifted from infectious to chronic diseases, but in 1992 major causes of death in children under 5 years old were preventable, and the maternal mortality rate was 425/100,000. Policies which guide the development of health care call for improvements in quality of life, adherence to humanitarian principles, use of scientifically approved traditional medicine, and provision of public health through a three-tiered system. Health care is financed by the government and the community, and managed care has been encouraged. Foreign aid has bolstered development in the health sector. Adequate sanitation has been achieved for 35% of the population, and 65% of urban and 35% of rural residents have reasonable access to clean water. Improvements in health indicators include 55% contraceptive prevalence, reduction in prevalence of anemia during pregnancy, 55.8% of pregnant women receiving prenatal care, a decrease in protein-energy malnutrition among children under five, and high vaccination coverage. Remaining public health problems include malaria, tuberculosis, dengue hemorrhagic fever, an increase in HIV/AIDS, iodine-deficiency, an increasing number of traffic fatalities, and an increasing number of smokers. New health policies have been instituted to meet these challenges as Indonesia's need for a productive and competitive labor force increases.

New trends of short-term humanitarian medical volunteerism: professional and ethical considerations.

PubMed

Asgary, Ramin; Junck, Emily

2013-10-01

Short-term humanitarian medical volunteerism has grown significantly among both clinicians and trainees over the past several years. Increasingly, both volunteers and their respective institutions have faced important challenges in regard to medical ethics and professional codes that should not be overlooked. We explore these potential concerns and their risk factors in three categories: ethical responsibilities in patient care, professional responsibility to communities and populations, and institutional responsibilities towards trainees. We discuss factors increasing the risk of harm to patients and communities, including inadequate preparation, the use of advanced technology and the translation of Western medicine, issues with clinical epidemiology and test utility, difficulties with the principles of justice and clinical justice, the lack of population-based medicine, sociopolitical effects of foreign aid, volunteer stress management, and need for sufficient trainee supervision. We review existing resources and offer suggestions for future skill-based training, organisational responsibilities, and ethical preparation.

From rhetoric to reality? Putting HIV and AIDS rights talk into practice in a South African rural community.

PubMed

Campbell, Catherine; Nair, Yugi

2014-01-01

Whilst international rhetoric on HIV and AIDS frequently invokes discourses of human rights to inspire and guide action, translating universal rights talk into practice in specific settings remains a challenge. Community mobilisation is often strategy of choice. We present a case study of the Entabeni Project in South Africa--in which a foreign-funded NGO sought to work with female health volunteers in a deep rural community to increase their access to two HIV-relevant rights: women's rights (especially gender equality) and rights to health (especially access to HIV- and AIDS-related services). Whilst the project had short-term health-related successes, it was less successful in implementing a gender empowerment agenda. The concept of women's rights had no purchase with women who had little interest in directly challenging male power, foregrounding the fight against poverty as their main preoccupation. The area's traditional chief and gatekeeper insisted the project should remain 'apolitical'. Project funders prioritised 'numbers reached' over a gender empowerment orientation. In the absence of (1) a marginalised group who are willing to assert their rights; and (2) a context where powerful people are willing to support these claims, 'rights' may be a blunt tool for HIV-related work with women in deeply oppressive and remote rural communities beyond the reach of international treaties and urban-based activist movements.

The dark side of going abroad: How broad foreign experiences increase immoral behavior.

PubMed

Lu, Jackson G; Quoidbach, Jordi; Gino, Francesca; Chakroff, Alek; Maddux, William W; Galinsky, Adam D

2017-01-01

Because of the unprecedented pace of globalization, foreign experiences are increasingly common and valued. Past research has focused on the benefits of foreign experiences, including enhanced creativity and reduced intergroup bias. In contrast, the present work uncovers a potential dark side of foreign experiences: increased immoral behavior. We propose that broad foreign experiences (i.e., experiences in multiple foreign countries) foster not only cognitive flexibility but also moral flexibility. Using multiple methods (longitudinal, correlational, and experimental), 8 studies (N > 2,200) establish that broad foreign experiences can lead to immoral behavior by increasing moral relativism-the belief that morality is relative rather than absolute. The relationship between broad foreign experiences and immoral behavior was robust across a variety of cultural populations (anglophone, francophone), life stages (high school students, university students, MBA students, middle-aged adults), and 7 different measures of immorality. As individuals are exposed to diverse cultures, their moral compass may lose some of its precision. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved).

Current Foreign Aid Patterns and Policies on Education in Developing Countries among Like-Minded Nations: Some Key Issues.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Buchert, Lene

1995-01-01

Issues in the provision of educational assistance in the 1990s by Denmark, Sweden, and the Netherlands are discussed in light of the change of the international climate toward developing countries. The changing approaches of these countries reflect new thinking that developing countries need to adapt to the Western industrial world. (SLD)

Assimilation thru Cultural Understanding. ESEA III-Project I. Operation Assimilation through Cultural Understanding.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pennsylvania State Dept. of Public Instruction, Harrisburg. Bureau of General and Academic Education.

Presented is a project proposal for improving the assimilation of Puerto Rican and foreign born students in Hoboken, New Jersey. The project, to be funded by the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, Title III, intends to aid acculturation by giving school staffs an "in-depth experience" in Puerto Rico. It is felt that this field trip…

Regards sur le Cinema (A Look at the Film Industry).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Arroyo, Francine; Avelino, Cristina

1996-01-01

Examines the role of films as an instructional aid in class activities devoted to learning a foreign language as well as one's native tongue with the support of modern technology. One of the primary ways of using film to encourage learning is to interest the students in criticizing the film and then to expose them to published criticism of the…

Going International: What We Can Learn about International Strategy, Market Entry, and Resource Allocation from the Game of Go

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Watson, Andrew; Chatterjee, Sangit

2006-01-01

We identify three aspects of management particularly crucial in the environment of globalization: the formulation of international strategy; entry into foreign markets; and resource allocation. We advocate the board game Go as an aid to learning management amidst globalization. Our advocacy is based on drawing links between Go and each of the…

22 CFR 206.3 - Procedure in the event of a demand for production or disclosure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... production or disclosure. 206.3 Section 206.3 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT TESTIMONY BY EMPLOYEES AND THE PRODUCTION OF DOCUMENTS IN PROCEEDINGS WHERE A.I.D. IS NOT A PARTY § 206.3 Procedure in the event of a demand for production or disclosure. (a) Whenever an employee or former employee...

Video, An Extra Dimension to the Study of Literature.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bouman, Lenny

1996-01-01

Focuses on advantages of video as a tool in teaching literature in a foreign language class. Emphasizes that use of visual aids, such as video, can help the reader overcome his limitations in comprehending vocabulary meanings and context of sentences and lists two ways in which a film version of a story can be presented: in nonstop viewing or in…

Foreign Aid: An Introduction to U.S. Programs and Policy

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-02-10

additionally meeting U.S. humanitarian objectives. Microcredit programs may help develop local economies while at the same time providing food and...training and expertise to fledgling microcredit institutions. In recent years, antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) provided through PEPFAR programs to...For instance, grants are sometimes provided to microcredit organizations which in turn provide loans to microentrepreneurs. Through the USAID-funded

Foreign Aid: An Introduction to U.S. Programs and Policy

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-04-09

Microcredit programs may help develop local economies while at the same time providing food and education to the children of entrepreneurs...and expertise to fledgling microcredit institutions. In recent years, antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) provided through PEPFAR programs to individuals...instance, grants are sometimes provided to microcredit organizations which in turn provide loans to microentrepreneurs. Through the USAID-funded Eurasia

Knowledge of first aid skills among students of a medical college in mangalore city of South India.

PubMed

Joseph, N; Kumar, Gs; Babu, Ypr; Nelliyanil, M; Bhaskaran, U

2014-03-01

The adequate knowledge required for handling an emergency without hospital setting at the site of the accident or emergency may not be sufficient as most medical schools do not have formal first aid training in the teaching curriculum. The aim of this study is to assess the level of knowledge of medical students in providing first aid care. This cross-sectional study was conducted during May 2011 among 152 medical students. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Based on the scores obtained in each condition requiring first aid, the overall knowledge was graded as good, moderate and poor. Only 11.2% (17/152) of the total student participants had previous exposure to first aid training. Good knowledge about first aid was observed in 13.8% (21/152), moderate knowledge in 68.4% (104/152) and poor knowledge in 17.8% (27/152) participants. Analysis of knowledge about first aid management in select conditions found that 21% (32/152) had poor knowledge regarding first aid management for shock and for gastro esophageal reflux disease and 20.4% (31/152) for epistaxis and foreign body in eyes. All students felt that first aid skills need to be taught from the school level onwards and all of them were willing to enroll in any formal first aid training sessions. The level of knowledge about first aid was not good among majority of the students. The study also identified the key areas in which first aid knowledge was lacking. There is thus a need for formal first aid training to be introduced in the medical curriculum.

Characteristics of canine nasal discharge related to intranasal diseases: a  retrospective study of 105 cases.

PubMed

Plickert, H D; Tichy, A; Hirt, R A

2014-03-01

To compare characteristics of nasal discharge caused by different intranasal aetiologies in dogs. Medical records of 105 dogs with nasal discharge due to intranasal disease were retrospectively reviewed with special focus on composition, severity, duration and localisation of discharge. On the basis of diagnostic findings, cases were classified into different disease groups and characteristics of discharge were compared between groups. Cases were classified as having non-specific rhinitis (n=42), nasal neoplasia (n=23), foreign bodies (n=21), nasal mycosis (n=7) and miscellaneous disorders (n=13). Dogs with foreign bodies or nasal mycosis were significantly younger. Mucous components of discharge occurred more often in non-specific rhinitis and nasal neoplasia, although haemorrhagic components predominated in nasal neoplasia when discharge lasted ê14 days. Pure or mixed haemorrhagic discharge was significantly more common with nasal neoplasia, foreign bodies and nasal mycosis. Purulent components were associated with longer duration of discharge and predominantly seen in non-specific rhinitis and foreign bodies. Dogs with foreign bodies were presented earlier and sneezing was more frequent. Nasal stridor was significantly more often observed in dogs with nasal neoplasia. Characteristics of nasal discharge and associated clinical signs might aid in planning the diagnostic approach, but a combination of diagnostic techniques is still required to confirm a diagnosis. © 2014 British Small Animal Veterinary Association.

Gore proposes doubling U.S. effort for global programs.

PubMed

1999-08-06

To confront the widespread HIV crisis, Vice President Al Gore has proposed a plan for doubling the current U.S. allocations for global programs. Seventy percent of the projected $100 million is earmarked for sub-Saharan Africa, with smaller portions going to Asia and former Soviet republics. The global campaign will address issues including containment, prevention and education efforts, and medical and psychological treatment programs. Several meetings are being scheduled with political leaders, industry, AIDS activists, and foreign leaders to address worldwide problems related to HIV. Most advocacy groups are praising the initiative, stating the U.S. is now recognizing HIV as a foreign policy priority. However, other groups are critical, and state that more funds are needed to effectively address this issue.

Aid in the midst of plenty: oil wealth, misery and advocacy in Angola.

PubMed

Le Billon, Philippe

2005-03-01

This paper examines advocacy initiatives by humanitarian and human rights organisations to address problems of governance in resource-rich and conflict-affected countries, focussing on the case of Angola. Humanitarian principles preclude the use of indiscriminate conditionality and point towards a cautious approach to advocacy aimed at assisting vulnerable populations. Furthermore, the relatively insignificant amount of aid supplied to resource-rich local authorities means that individual agencies have precious little leverage, especially when commercial interests rather than humanitarian or 'good governance' principles influence the priorities of bilateral donors. A context of resource wealth calls for: high levels of coordination and cooperation between human rights groups, aid agencies and donors; balanced use of conditionality, based on the drawing, by donors, of a clear distinction between emergency and development-oriented assistance; and a sustained effort to highlight the responsibilities of local authorities, foreign governments and businesses in meeting humanitarian and development objectives.

Novel low-risk commercial sex practices in the parks of Vietnam.

PubMed

Walters, I

2003-06-01

This is a paper about a novel form of commercial sex practice recorded in Vietnam, and its implications for HIV/AIDS prevention strategies. Female commercial sex workers occupy urban parks in the evenings, offering on-site masturbation services to clients at cheap prices even by local standards. All sex acts are performed in public by workers who sit on benches, path edges or stools,often behind bicycles or open umbrellas in the quest for some semblance of privacy. Clients are local men, with only an occasional foreigner involved Many sex workers were involved, some having 15 to 20 or more clients a night. Sex workers and clients in Vietnam, a s elsewhere, operate at high risk of HIV/AIDS infection. As a service which minimizes risks, this form of commercial sex practice should perhaps be given serious consideration by policy makers and authorities for formal deployment in the fight against AIDS.

The preferred nucleotide contexts of the AID/APOBEC cytidine deaminases have differential effects when mutating retrotransposon and virus sequences compared to host genes

PubMed Central

Chen, Jeffrey

2017-01-01

The AID / APOBEC genes are a family of cytidine deaminases that have evolved in vertebrates, and particularly mammals, to mutate RNA and DNA at distinct preferred nucleotide contexts (or “hotspots”) on foreign genomes such as viruses and retrotransposons. These enzymes play a pivotal role in intrinsic immunity defense mechanisms, often deleteriously mutating invading retroviruses or retrotransposons and, in the case of AID, changing antibody sequences to drive affinity maturation. We investigate the strength of various hotspots on their known biological targets by evaluating the potential impact of mutations on the DNA coding sequences of these targets, and compare these results to hypothetical hotspots that did not evolve. We find that the existing AID / APOBEC hotspots have a large impact on retrotransposons and non-mammalian viruses while having a much smaller effect on vital mammalian genes, suggesting co-evolution with AID / APOBECs may have had an impact on the genomes of the viruses we analyzed. We determine that GC content appears to be a significant, but not sole, factor in resistance to deaminase activity. We discuss possible mechanisms AID and APOBEC viral targets have adopted to escape the impacts of deamination activity, including changing the GC content of the genome. PMID:28362825

Who'll have to pay? The cost of dealing with AIDS in Asia will run into the billions.

PubMed

1993-11-03

In September 1993, at a meeting funded by the Asian Development Bank and the United Nations Development Program, researchers, economists, and government health officials from China, India, Indonesia, South Korea, Burma, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Thailand met to discuss the economic effects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) on Asia. The World Health Organization (WHO) places the estimate of the number of people in India who are infected with HIV at around 1 million. However, Jacob John of Vellore Medical College (who first discovered the virus in India) places the estimate at higher than 2.5 million with an increase to 9-18 million by the year 2000. Charles Myers of Harvard University, Mechai Viravaidya of Bangkok's Population and Community Development Association, and Stasia Obremskey ( a health and development consultant) predict 3.4-4.3 million Thais will be infected by that year. According to Obremskey, the number of AIDS cases will reach 650,000, of which 500,000 will die. Health care for full-blown AIDS costs $1016/yr, while lost productivity due to early death costs $22,000 per victim. Myers, Mechai and Obremskey state that Thailand could prevent 3.5 million cases and save $5.1 billion, if people ceased high-risk behavior and the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases was given the highest priority. In the Philippines there are only 416 reported cases of HIV and AIDS, but Dennis Maducduc of the Department of Health AIDS program states that Filipinos are secretive about this, and Orville Solon of the University of the Philippines suggests there are 100 cases for each reported case. Solon believes $15 million has been lost due to infection and death of overseas contract workers who account for 8% of the country's foreign exchange earnings. New studies in Africa, where, as in Thailand, mortality is less than predicted, suggest a less virulent strain of HIV. This apparent fact and prevention, especially through the use of condoms, are the best hopes for Asia in the prevention and control of HIV and AIDS.

Thinking More or Feeling Less? Explaining the Foreign-Language Effect on Moral Judgment.

PubMed

Hayakawa, Sayuri; Tannenbaum, David; Costa, Albert; Corey, Joanna D; Keysar, Boaz

2017-10-01

Would you kill one person to save five? People are more willing to accept such utilitarian action when using a foreign language than when using their native language. In six experiments, we investigated why foreign-language use affects moral choice in this way. On the one hand, the difficulty of using a foreign language might slow people down and increase deliberation, amplifying utilitarian considerations of maximizing welfare. On the other hand, use of a foreign language might stunt emotional processing, attenuating considerations of deontological rules, such as the prohibition against killing. Using a process-dissociation technique, we found that foreign-language use decreases deontological responding but does not increase utilitarian responding. This suggests that using a foreign language affects moral choice not through increased deliberation but by blunting emotional reactions associated with the violation of deontological rules.

Knowledge of AIDS and HIV risk-related sexual behavior among Nigerian naval personnel

PubMed Central

Nwokoji, Ugboga Adaji; Ajuwon, Ademola J

2004-01-01

Background The epidemic of HIV continues to grow in Nigeria. Personnel in the military are at increased risk of HIV infection. Although HIV-risk related sexual behavior of Nigerian police officers has been studied, little is known about the sexual behavior of their counterparts in the Navy. This study describes knowledge of AIDS, and HIV-risk sexual behavior of naval personnel in Lagos Nigeria. Methods Four hundred and eighty personnel of the Nigerian Navy completed a 70-item questionnaire in 2002. Group discussion and in-depth interviews of four key informants were also conducted to gain insights into the context of risky sexual behaviors and suggestions for feasible HIV primary prevention interventions. Results The mean age of the respondents was 34 years. Although the overall mean AIDS knowledge score was 7.1 of 10 points, 52.1% of respondents believed that a cure for AIDS was available in Nigeria and that one can get HIV by sharing personal items with an infected person (25.3%). The majority (88.1%) had had lifetime multiple partners ranging from 1–40 with a mean of 5.1; 32.5% of male respondents had had sexual contact with a female sex worker, 19.9% did so during the six months preceding the survey. Forty-one percent of those with sexual contact with a female sex worker did not use a condom during the most recent sexual encounter with these women. Naval personnel who have been transferred abroad reported significantly more risky sexual behaviors than others. Group discussants and key informants believed that sex with multiple partners is a tradition that has persisted in the navy even in the era of AIDS because of the belief that AIDS affects only foreigners, that use of traditional medicine provides protection against HIV infection, and influence of alcohol. Conclusion Many naval personnel report participating in high-risk sexual behavior which may increase their risk of acquiring and spreading HIV. Naval personnel live and interact freely with civilian population and are potential bridging group for disseminating HIV into the larger population. Interventions including sustained educational program, promotion of condoms, changes in transfer policies are recommended to address this problem. PMID:15210055

Population Growth and Hunger. Hearing before the Select Committee on Hunger. House of Representatives, Ninety-Ninth Congress, First Session (June 6, 1985).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Congress of the U.S., Washington, DC. House Select Committee on Hunger.

Recommendations and issues concerning population growth rate and its linkage to hunger and malnutrition, family planning programs and U.S. foreign aid are presented in statements from representatives in Congress from the states of Texas, Michigan, Illinois and New York, and also representatives from World Population Society, the Futures Group,…

Courseware Integration into Task-Based Learning: A Case Study of Multimedia Courseware-Supported Oral Presentations for Non-English Major Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tsai, Shu-Chiao

2011-01-01

This study reports on the integration of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) multimedia courseware for oral presentations into a self-learning and elective program for non-English major students in an English as a Foreign Language (EFL) setting. A computer-aided instruction approach, combined with a task-based learning approach, was adopted.…

Ending the HIV/AIDS Epidemic Act of 2013

THOMAS, 113th Congress

Rep. Lee, Barbara [D-CA-13

2013-09-17

House - 09/17/2013 Referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, and in addition to the Committee on Ways and Means, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Capital Growth Paths of the Neoclassical Growth Model

PubMed Central

Takahashi, Taro

2012-01-01

This paper derives the first-order approximated paths of both types of capital in the two-capital neoclassical growth model. The derived capital growth paths reveal that the short-run growth effect of capital injection differs considerably depending on which type of capital is enhanced. This result demonstrates the importance of well-targeted capital enhancement programs such as public sector projects and foreign aid. PMID:23185344

El Profesor de Idiomas: El Teatro, Los Titeres Y Los Sketches (The Language Teacher: The Theater, the Puppets, and the Sketches).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Galvez Touzet, Teresa

This guide in Spanish for the foreign language teacher suggests that more emphasis be placed on theater and art in the second language classroom. Easy methods for creating functional and attractive visual aids for the classroom are described. This guide for elementary school teachers describes: (1) easy theatrical techniques that can be used daily…

Effects of Humanitarian Aid: A Cuban Case Study

DTIC Science & Technology

2002-09-01

are then supported by statements from American students . Dagoberto Rodriguez , the Director of North American Affairs in the Cuban Foreign Ministry... students through their time in the United States and interaction with Americans. • Basic infrastructure : Small medical clinics with refrigeration units...required allies. These allies were needed to donate, subsidize, trade, or loan material resources and assist with training programs to make Cuba more self

26 CFR 1.6046-3 - Returns as to formation or reorganization of foreign corporations prior to September 15, 1960.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... must be filed in every such case regardless of: (1) The nature of the counsel or advice given, whether... persons) for whom, or on whose behalf, the aid, assistance, counsel, or advice was given; (2) The name and... return with respect to any advice given or information obtained through the relationship of attorney and...

Using Autobiographical Digital Storytelling for the Integration of a Foreign Student in the School Environment. A Case Study

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fokides, Emmanuel

2016-01-01

Immigrant students face a multitude of problems, among which are poor social adaptation and school integration. On the other hand, although digital narrations are widely used in education, they are rarely used for aiding students or for the resolution of complex problems. This study exploits the potential of digital narrations towards this end, by…

Humanitarian Assistance: An Opportunity Is Lost

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-10-23

national strategic objectives.‖15 General James Jones , then Commander, United States European Command, viewed theater security cooperation programs...Peace, 1. 15Fred Baker, ―Humanitarian Efforts Aid Diplomacy,‖ American Forces Free Press, 23 November 2008. 16 James L. Jones , ―Testimony...Craig Llewellyn . ―Humanitarian Medical Assistance in U.S. Foreign Policy: Is There a Constructive Role for Military Medical Services.‖ The DISAM

Israel: Background and Relations with the United States

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-06-14

relations with Israel during the intifadah. Former Foreign Minister Silvan Shalom had predicted that relations with Arab and Muslim countries would...agreed to accept Israeli humanitarian aid after a devastating earthquake in October. Shalom met the Indonesian, Qatari, Algerian, Moroccan, and...and the Bahrain-U.S. Free Trade Agreement, but it has vowed not to normalize relations. In September, Tunisian President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali sent

26 CFR 1.956-1 - Shareholder's pro rata share of a controlled foreign corporation's increase in earnings invested...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... controlled foreign corporation's investment of earnings in United States property—(1) Dividend limitation... foreign corporation's increase in earnings invested in United States property. 1.956-1 Section 1.956-1...) INCOME TAXES Controlled Foreign Corporations § 1.956-1 Shareholder's pro rata share of a controlled...

Trump's Abortion-Promoting Aid Policy.

PubMed

Latham, Stephen R

2017-07-01

On the fourth day of his presidency, Donald Trump reinstated and greatly expanded the "Mexico City policy," which imposes antiabortion restrictions on U.S. foreign health aid. In general, the policy has prohibited U.S. funding of any family-planning groups that use even non-U.S. funds to perform abortions; prohibited aid recipients from lobbying (again, even with non-U.S. money) for liberalization of abortion laws; prohibited nongovernment organizations from creating educational materials on abortion as a family-planning method; and prohibited health workers from referring patients for legal abortions in any cases other than rape, incest, or to save the life of the mother. The policy's prohibition on giving aid to any organization that performs abortions is aimed at limiting alleged indirect funding of abortions. The argument is that if U.S. money is used to fund nonabortion programs of an abortion-providing NGO, then the NGO can simply shift the money thus saved into its abortion budget. Outside the context of abortion, we do not reason this way. And the policy's remaining three prohibitions are deeply troubling. © 2017 The Hastings Center.

The 1994 Economic Crisis in Turkey

DTIC Science & Technology

2002-06-01

began to influence the interest rates and foreign exchange rates 36 more than the Central Bank. These developments, as a result, forced the Central Bank...capital to finance the public deficit, increasing international creditors’ influence on the interest rates and foreign exchange rates . Increasing foreign...influence on both the interest rates and foreign exchange rates , however, significantly reduced the government’s independence in designing monetary

Austerity and the "sector-wide approach" to health: The Mozambique experience.

PubMed

Pfeiffer, James; Gimbel, Sarah; Chilundo, Baltazar; Gloyd, Stephen; Chapman, Rachel; Sherr, Kenneth

2017-08-01

Fiscal austerity policies imposed by the IMF have reduced investments in social services, leaving post-independence nations like Mozambique struggling to recover from civil war and high disease burden. By 2000, a sector-wide approach (SWAp) was promoted to maximize aid effectiveness. 'Like-minded' bilateral donors, from Europe and Canada, promoted a unified approach to health sector support focusing on joint planning, common basket funding, and streamlined monitoring and evaluation to improve sector coordination, amplify country ownership, and build sustainable health systems. Notable donors - including US government and the Global Fund - did not participate in the SWAp, and increased vertical funding weakened the SWAp in favor of non-governmental organizations (NGOs). In spite of some success in harmonizing aid to the health sector, the SWAp experience in Mozambique demonstrates how continued austerity regimes that severely constrain public spending will continue to undermine health system strengthening in Africa, even in the midst of high levels of foreign aid with the ostensible purpose of strengthening those systems. The SWAp story provides a poignant illustration of how continued austerity will impede progress toward Sustainable Development Goal 3 (SDG 3); "Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health-care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all". However, the SWAp continues to offer an alternative model to health system support that can provide a foundation for resistance to renewed austerity measures. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

How did China's foreign exchange reform affect the efficiency of foreign exchange market?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ning, Ye; Wang, Yiming; Su, Chi-wei

2017-10-01

This study compares the market efficiency of China's onshore and offshore foreign exchange markets before and after the foreign exchange reform on August 11, 2015. We use the multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis of the onshore and offshore RMB/USD spot exchange rate series as basis. We then find that the onshore foreign exchange market before the reform has the lowest market efficiency, which increased after the reform. The offshore foreign exchange market before the reform has the highest market efficiency, which dropped after the reform. This finding implies the increased efficiency of the onshore foreign exchange market and the loss of efficiency in the offshore foreign exchange market. We also find that the offshore foreign exchange market is more efficient than the onshore market and that the gap shrank after the reform. Changes in intervention of the People's Bank of China since the reform is a possible explanation for the changes in the efficiency of the foreign exchange market.

JPRS Report, China

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-11-22

thereby relatively increasing China’s foreign debt burden. Generally speaking, a decline in foreign exchange rates helps increase exports; however, the...offset by currency inflation. This leads to further currency over- valuation, which hurts exports. Generally speaking, a fall in foreign exchange rates can...restrain exports; however, the fall in China’s foreign exchange rates in recent years has played no marked role in restricting imports. The

La direction generale des relations culturelles et l'enseignement du francais sur les ondes (The Office of Cultural Relations and the Teaching of French by Radio-Television).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Francais dans le Monde, 1980

1980-01-01

Outlines the means employed by the French Cultural Relations Office to support the teaching of the French language by foreign radio and television networks. Support includes: the assistance of French professionals; the production and publication of audiovisual aids, language courses, and teachers' guides; and equipment and training for its…

Explaining U.S. And German Foreign Policy Decisions Toward Ukraine

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-12-01

Academy of the Security Service of Ukraine, 2008 M.M., Kyiv National University of Trade and Economics , 2010 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the...Ukraine only through financial and limited military aid and economic sanctions against Russia;12 second, Germany’s active opposition to any military...response to Russia’s aggression and hesitation about imposing economic sanctions against the aggressor;13 and third, Germany’s active involvement in

International System and Foreign Policy Approaches: Implications for Conflict Modelling and Management

DTIC Science & Technology

tool for conflict management , preliminary version of which is the Computer Aided Conflict Information System. Using expert judgments to describe...1961. The combined model is more relevant during the crisis phase. The results have implications for conflict modelling. With respect to conflict ... management , there is an important implication. Since the organizational processes model may be more valid than an event interaction model, then conflict

Trends in the production and consumption of major forest products in the United States : charts for use in classes or meetings

Treesearch

David B. McKeever; Cherilyn A. Hatfield

1984-01-01

This publication presents 124 charts on past trends in the production, consumption, and foreign trade of forest products in the United States. The charts have been printed full-page width for use (with opaque projectors of in making overhead transparancies) as visual aids by teachers, state and federal resource managers, industry personnel, or anyone else interested in...

Millennium Challenge Account

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-10-08

resolution (H.R. 2638/P.L. 110-329), which provides foreign aid spending at the level in the FY2008 Consolidated Act ($1.54 billion). The resolution...raised by some Members of Congress concerns the level of funding to support MCC programs. Some fear that insufficient funds might force the MCC to...Members of Congress signed a letter addressed to House Appropriations Committee leadership supporting an FY2009 MCC funding level at least at the

Food Safety and Quality: Who does What in the Federal Government, Volume 2

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-12-21

products; (2) consumers, industry, and health professionals, to aid in promoting a better awareness and understanding of food issues; and (3) foreign...service, food stores, and food vending in the form of model codes; promoting their adoption: and evaluating state programs; " providing sanitation...34 promoting sanitation control over all phases of shellfish growing, har- vesting, processing, and marketing operations; and " disseminating information about

The Improvement and Individualization of Computer-Assisted Instruction

DTIC Science & Technology

1975-09-15

Spanish experiments had studied at least one Romance language and con- sequently were able to learn some of +he Spanish wordo by using cognates...Involved the acquisition of foreign- language vocabulary Items. The first (using Geraan vocabulary) concerned Itself with optimizing the selection of...method. Experiments with Spanish and Russian items showed that the method could be a powerful aid in building and retaining a large vocabulary of

Cultural Momentum: The Impact of Agency on Foreign Area Officer Support to the Geographic Combatant Commands

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-06-01

extensive and highly successful military careers started in this personal and professional relationship, directly contributing to the humanitarian aid and...The Navy program, started in 2005, follows the Army’s single-track model for language- enabled officers. The Marine Corps’ program pre-dates the...adheres to its institutional personality against minimalist Joint FAO Program requirements. Before delving into the cases

Humanitarian Assistance and ’Soft’ Power Projection

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-05-04

organization consisted of military and civilian leadership, which managed the Pacification Programs throughout Vietnam. This program was a historic example...assistance efforts. The directorate that manages humanitarian assistance operations varies from theater to theater. The J9 Directorate labeled as either...2012) 12 (JP) 3-07.3, I-6. 13 A. Cooper Drury et al, The Politics of Humanitarian Aid: U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance, 1964-1995, (Cambridge

Regime Change and the Role of Airpower

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-08-01

cut off aid to Batista, Samoza, Marcos , and the Shah. Each dictator sub- sequently fell.”11 Like the domestic winning coalition, foreign countries and...Vice Pres. Hubert Humphrey provides a robust example of a regime change in a democracy. The previous sections detailed 34 AMERICAN REGIME CHANGE how...the Democrats and draw support away from the incumbent candidate, Vice Pres. Hubert Humphrey. Even among Johnson’s advocates and personal advisors

"A Date Which Will Live in Infamy"--The First Typed Draft of Franklin D. Roosevelt's War Address. Teaching with Documents.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC.

Early in the afternoon of December 7, 1941, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his chief foreign policy aide, Harry Hopkins, were interrupted by a telephone call from Secretary of War, Henry Stimson, and told that the Japanese had attacked Pearl Harbor (Hawaii). At about 5:00 p.m., following meetings with his military advisers, the president…

Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction Quarterly Report to the United States Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-10-30

RECONSTRUCTION INITIATIVES AFGHANISTAN RECONSTRUCTION INITIATIVES Framework for Current U.S. Funding Current U.S. support to Afghanistan...reconstruction is based on the Foreign Assistance Framework as set forth in the Department of State’s most recent Congressional Budget Justi cation for 2008 and...Humanitarian Assistance • The Framework supports the goal of aiding in the development of “democratic, well-governed states that respond to the

76 FR 25774 - Determination of Foreign Exchange Swaps and Foreign Exchange Forwards Under the Commodity...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-05

... foreign exchange forwards would create systemic risk, lower transparency, or threaten the financial... regulatory loophole that exacerbates systemic risk. However, all foreign exchange transactions would remain... exchange trading requirements on the foreign exchange market would increase systemic risk by concentrating...

Country on the verge of an AIDS epidemic. Russia, education (health).

PubMed

1997-06-30

This news brief indicates that HIV infections in Russia could rapidly increase from a few thousand currently to almost 800,000 by the year 2000. The Kremlin initiated an advertising campaign targeting 15-24 year olds with a message of safe sex. Health authorities are accepting the help of Medecins sans Frontieres (Doctors without Borders). The group will adapt strategies that were successful abroad to local Russian conditions. About 76% of HIV-infected persons are intravenous drug users. There is the potential for the spread of HIV heterosexually. Already, syphilis infections have increased by 60 times over the past 8 years. Syphilis cases increased from around zero in 1988 to almost 400,000 at present. HIV infections have spread rapidly in Kaliningrad, which is a port city and a crossroads for the drug trade. Medecins sans Frontieres is targeting education programs to young drug users and training programs to medical workers. Television spots, music, billboards, bus signs, and the press are being used to spread the message about using condoms to prevent HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. The task of health education and behavior change will be difficult in a country where most people have unhealthy life styles of smoking, alcohol drinking, and non-use of seatbelts. People are well informed about the dangers of AIDS, but people do not adopt health-protective behavior. At present, foreign condom makers dominate the market and are the ones most likely to benefit from the campaign. Russian condom producers have not shifted production from the heavy-duty Soviet era condoms that are referred to as "galoshes" to thin Western-style condoms. The number of new cases in 1996 exceeded the total number of cases in the preceding 9 years. By May 1997 there were 4494 HIV-infected persons, of whom 259 had full-blown AIDS.

Guns or butter, family planning or widgets?

PubMed

Hirshbein, N

1992-02-01

In January 1992 Congress returned from its Christmas recess to begin wrestling with the upcoming year's federal budget. The Budget Enforcement Act places absolute limits on the amounts Congress can appropriate for domestic programs, international assistance, and defense spending. Unless the president declares an emergency, Congress has no flexibility to adjust the $293 billion defense allocation in favor of domestic or international assistance. For the next few years, spending for the military would account for about 55% of all discretionary spending. The Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education Appropriations subcommittee has a predetermined slice of the $222 billion domestic allocation. The subcommittee must then decide how to subdivide its slice among employment programs, education assistance, and health care, which includes domestic family planning programs. Similarly, the foreign operations subcommittee slices up a small $20 billion for international assistance. Some will go for economic aid, some for development assistance, including international family planning programs. And, about 30% of the international aid budget will go to military assistance to foreign governments. The massive shifts on the international scene and an uncertain domestic economy are forcing a reconsideration of this iron-clad budget agreement. Consequently, efforts to nullify the budget agreement are underway. Over 100 organizations and church groups have formed a coalition calling on Congress and the administration to reorder fiscal priorities so that resources can be redirected toward worthwhile domestic and international programs. Worldwide, the demand for contraceptive services is increasing, yet the US spends only about $300 million for population assistance per year, about the same as it was 20 years ago. But policy makers are finally beginning to understand that the costs of Title X, international family planning, and providing quality family planning services are far less than the long-term costs of caring for ill infants, abused children, or women suffering from the health effects of multiple pregnancies.

A prospective observational study of techniques to remove corneal foreign body in the emergency department.

PubMed

Quirke, Michael; Mullarkey, Caitriona; Askoorum, Shakti; Coffey, Norma; Binchy, James

2014-06-01

Patients  with corneal foreign bodies (CFBs) often present to the emergency department (ED). However, removal techniques vary among emergency physicians (EPs). A prospective, single-blinded, observational study was performed to compare slit-lamp-aided (SLA) versus non-slit-lamp-aided (NSLA) CFB removal by EPs. Five EPs enrolled consecutive patients with a CFB over 3 months. One blinded EP reviewed patients after 3 days. The study end points were: change in visual acuity; visual analogue pain scale (VAS) score at 12 and 24 h; satisfaction rating; symptoms at follow-up; and rate of complications. 54 patients were enrolled: 28 had SLA removal and 26 NSLA removal; 52 were male; 22 had undergone previous CFB removal; six were wearing eye protection at the time of injury. Forty-three patients were reviewed: 26 by attendance and 18 by telephone. There was no difference in any end points at review. However, patients in the SLA group had median VAS scores that were 1.5 cm lower after 24 h than patients in the NSLA group (p=0.43, 95% CI -2.0 to 1.0). One patient in the SLA group developed keratitis. We show that patient satisfaction ratings, complications and visual acuity were similar for the two methods. There was a trend for increased pain in the NSLA group at 12 and 24 h. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy and the use of magnification to remove CFBs remains the gold standard of care, and more intensive training should be given to EPs at the departmental level, particularly in EDs that receive patients with eye injuries. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.

77 FR 69694 - Determination of Foreign Exchange Swaps and Foreign Exchange Forwards Under the Commodity...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-11-20

... trading and clearing of foreign exchange swaps and foreign exchange forwards would create systemic risk... clearing and exchange trading requirements on the foreign exchange market would increase systemic risk by... argue that the exemption would create a large regulatory loophole that could exacerbate systemic risk...

Perceived threat of violence and exposure to physical violence against foreign-born women: a Swedish population-based study.

PubMed

Fernbrant, Cecilia; Essén, Birgitta; Ostergren, Per-Olof; Cantor-Graae, Elizabeth

2011-01-01

Violence against women is an increasing global phenomenon. Little is known about violence against foreign-born women, despite a possible increased concentration of risk factors in this group. This study investigated prevalence of perceived threat of violence and exposure to physical violence and its relation to country of birth among women (18-64 years) residing in southern Sweden, using data obtained from the 2004 Public Health Survey in Scania, Sweden. Foreign-born women reported significantly higher rates of both perceived threat of violence and exposure to physical violence compared with Swedish-born women. Foreign-born women exposed to violence originated primarily from middle/low-income countries (versus high-income countries). The risk of perceived threat of violence remained significantly increased among foreign-born even after further adjustment for potential confounders, such as marital status and disposable income. After similar adjustment, increased exposure to physical violence was no longer significantly related to foreign-born status, but instead was largely attributable to marital status and low levels of disposable income. Foreign-born women, however, had a greater risk of physical violence in the home than Swedish-born women, and violence in the home was the most frequently reported setting for violence exposure among foreign-born women. Migration may confer an increased risk of interpersonal violence against women. Although the underlying causes of this increased risk are unknown, a complex set of factors may be involved, including socioeconomic disadvantage. Copyright © 2011 Jacobs Institute of Women's Health. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Afghanistan's population: planning to avoid a crisis.

PubMed

Rosenthal, J E

1973-07-09

Though the population of Afghanistan is exploding (AID estimates net growth rate at 2.5%), private, governmental, and foreign efforts should avert a crisis. The family-planning situation in this developing nation is discussed. The Afghan Family Guidance Association (AFGA), formed in July 1968, is a private organization but has semi-official status. AFGA runs 6 clinics in Kabul and 13 in the provinces. AFGA family Guides talk of mothers about their health and their children's health and about the desirability and methods of spacing children. In a pilot project several male Family Guides approach husbands with information about family planning. The Afghan government's family-planning program, scheduled to begin this year, has had its way paved by the work of the AFGA. The government plans to establish 280 basic health centers within 5 years. AID gives $1 million annually for family-planning projects, supplies, and services in Afghanistan. AID also is providing $1.7 million to finance the first demographic study of the nation.

Immediately and with all available means: the Dutch Red Cross and the field hospital on behalf of the Netherlands Voluntary Legion in WWII.

PubMed

van Bergen, Leo

2009-01-01

Medical neutrality is one of the main principles of medical-humanitarian aid, and certainly of Red Cross aid. But how does this work in times of foreign occupation? Is it even possible then, or does it almost automatically lead to collaboration? The Dutch example of 1940-1945 gives some insight into this problem. Abandoning its post would end the aid the Dutch Red Cross (DRC) gave, so it was decided to stay in business. This, however, led to adherence to German orders, given not for humanitarian, but for military-political reasons. Amongst other things, the DRC helped to equip a field hospital for Dutch volunteers to the Waffen-SS on the eastern front, so directly strengthening the German war effort. It was clear that the doctors and nurses of this field hospital would do next to nothing to help save Russian sick or wounded, and that, if necessary, they would have to fight alongside German and Dutch soldiers.

The Effects of Pacifist Norms on the Japanese Justice System

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-01

foreigners and juvenile offenders, with minimal success, and growing dissatisfaction with the police grew throughout the public... Delinquency , Vol. 39 No. 3, July 1993. 39 domestic pricing and restrict the outbreak of AIDS in the 1980s and 90s.100 With the previously noted nation...pacifist methods and low crime rates has been so delinquent in this area we must take into account the historical and normative perspectives that

Chinese Cyber Espionage: A Complementary Method to Aid PLA Modernization

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-12-01

industrial base sectors…The information targeted could potentially be used to benefit China’s defense industry.”10 While there are likely classified analyses...on Global Conflict and Cooperation, January 2014), 2–3, http://escholarship.org/uc/item/7s48w1ck; Maggie Marcum, “Assessing High-Risk, High- Benefit ...government hacktivists conduct cyber espionage against domestic targets, foreign governments, military networks, and private businesses to benefit their

JPRS Report, East Asia, Southeast Asia.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-08-31

Defends Foreign Aid, Loans 2 Regional Governments Instructed To Trace PKI Remnants 2 Biographic Items on Military, Government Leaders 3 Brig...DAP Leader Briefs Auckland’s Malaysian Students on National Issues 17 Minister Sees Lessening of School Requirements, Discrimination Against Chinese...Vietnamese Refugees Economic Migrants !!.."!"!"""""" 21 Opinion Leaders Debate Over Petition to King !.!"""""."."!."."!."!"!""! 22 Columnist

Help, Handout, or Hindrance: U.S. Support for the Developing World. Public Policy Debate in the Classroom. Choices for the 21st Century Education Project. [Student Guidebook and] Teacher's Resource Book.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fullerton, Fred, Ed.

These texts are part of a continuing series on current and historical international issues, placing special emphasis on the importance of educating students in their participatory role as citizens. They evaluate the U.S. relationship with poor countries, particularly the effectiveness of foreign aid, trade benefits, and other economic levers; and…

The Shipbuilding Industries of the U.S. and U.S.S.R. as Bases for National Maritime Policies: Current Capabilities and Surge Demand Potential. Volume I. Main Report

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-02-01

federal governnent for its own use or f?r foreign aid or involving its credit or guar - antee be shipped in private u.s. flag vessels. Title VII of...succeeded by erection of framing and plating of shell, bulkheads and decks, etc., and the piece- meal installation of machinery and outfitting components

JPRS Report, Science & Technology, Central Eurasia: Life Sciences.

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-05-27

would be the same thing as showing porno raise our entire public health giant to its feet-this aid will films in school rather than providing sex...The participants viewed videos about future science foreign technologies to our health care sector on a broader projects whose realization is now...must not be so irresponsible as to miss an excellent One of the videos told of the tragic history of the domestic opportunity to attract leading

Mapping Russian Media Network: Media’s Role in Russian Foreign Policy and Decision-making

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-06-14

Putin’s relevant top aides manage Russia’s day-to-day media/messaging activities, even during armed conflict • Putin’s involvement and visibility...media and directly and indirectly influences private media. The Presidential Administration is the most important formal institution in managing ...skepticism surrounding the news media, Russia’s growing appetite for political talk shows presents the ideal tool with which to manage ‘knowledge’ and

Temporal and spatial distribution of macrophage phenotype markers in the foreign body response to glutaraldehyde-crosslinked gelatin hydrogels.

PubMed

Yu, Tony; Wang, Wenbo; Nassiri, Sina; Kwan, Thomas; Dang, Chau; Liu, Wei; Spiller, Kara L

2016-01-01

Currently, it is not well understood how changes in biomaterial properties affect the foreign body response (FBR) or macrophage behavior. Because failed attempts at biomaterial degradation by macrophages have been linked to frustrated phagocytosis, a defining feature of the FBR, we hypothesized that increased hydrogel crosslinking density (and decreased degradability) would exacerbate the FBR. Gelatin hydrogels were crosslinked with glutaraldehyde (0.05, 0.1, and 0.3%) and implanted subcutaneously in C57BL/6 mice over the course of 3 weeks. Interestingly, changes in hydrogel crosslinking did not affect the thickness of the fibrous capsule surrounding the hydrogels, expression of the pan-macrophage marker F480, expression of three macrophage phenotype markers (iNOS, Arg1, CD163), or expression of the myofibroblast marker aSMA, determined using semi-quantitative immunohistochemical analysis. With respect to temporal changes, the level of expression of the M1 marker (iNOS) remained relatively constant throughout the study, while the M2 markers Arg1 and CD163 increased over time. Expression of these M2 markers was highly correlated with fibrous capsule thickness. Differences in spatial distribution of staining also were noted, with the strongest staining for iNOS at the hydrogel surface and increasing expression of the myofibroblast marker aSMA toward the outer edge of the fibrous capsule. These results confirm previous reports that macrophages in the FBR exhibit characteristics of both M1 and M2 phenotypes. Understanding the effects (or lack of effects) of biomaterial properties on the FBR and macrophage phenotype may aid in the rational design of biomaterials to integrate with surrounding tissue.

Open literature review of threats including sabotage and theft of fissile material transport in Japan.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cochran, John Russell; Furaus, James Phillip; Marincel, Michelle K.

This report is a review of open literature concerning threats including sabotage and theft related to fissile material transport in Japan. It is intended to aid Japanese officials in the development of a design basis threat. This threat includes the external threats of the terrorist, criminal, and extremist, and the insider threats of the disgruntled employee, the employee forced into cooperation via coercion, the psychotic employee, and the criminal employee. Examination of the external terrorist threat considers Japanese demographics, known terrorist groups in Japan, and the international relations of Japan. Demographically, Japan has a relatively homogenous population, both ethnically andmore » religiously. Japan is a relatively peaceful nation, but its history illustrates that it is not immune to terrorism. It has a history of domestic terrorism and the open literature points to the Red Army, Aum Shinrikyo, Chukaku-Ha, and Seikijuku. Japan supports the United States in its war on terrorism and in Iraq, which may make Japan a target for both international and domestic terrorists. Crime appears to remain low in Japan; however sources note that the foreign crime rate is increasing as the number of foreign nationals in the country increases. Antinuclear groups' recent foci have been nuclear reprocessing technology, transportation of MOX fuel, and possible related nuclear proliferation issues. The insider threat is first defined by the threat of the disgruntled employee. This threat can be determined by studying the history of Japan's employment system, where Keiretsu have provided company stability and lifetime employment. Recent economic difficulties and an increase of corporate crime, due to sole reliability on the honor code, have begun to erode employee loyalty.« less

Rural income transfer programs and rural household food security in Ethiopia.

PubMed

Uraguchi, Zenebe B

2012-01-01

Based on household food security surveys conducted in Ethiopia, this study seeks to understand the roles and limitations of income transfer projects as determinants of households’ food security. By covering the Food-For-Work Programs (FFWPs) and the Productive Safety Net Programs (PSNPs), the study shows that these programs served as temporary safety nets for food availability, but they were limited in boosting the dietary diversity of households and their coping strategies. Households which participated in the programs increased their supply of food as a temporary buffer to seasonal asset depletion. However, participation in the programs was marred by inclusion error (food-secure households were included) and exclusion error (food-insecure households were excluded). Income transfer projects alone were not robust determinants of household food security. Rather, socio-demographic variables of education and family size as well as agricultural input of land size were found to be significant in accounting for changes in households’ food security. The programs in the research sites were funded through foreign aid, and the findings of the study imply the need to reexamine the approaches adopted by bilateral donors in allocating aid to Ethiopia. At the same time the study underscores the need to improve domestic policy framework in terms of engendering rural local institutional participation in project management.

Corneal foreign bodies--first aid, treatment, and outcomes. Skills review for an occupational health setting.

PubMed

Owens, J K; Scibilia, J; Hezoucky, N

2001-05-01

Eye injuries from foreign body incidents remain prevalent in the workplace setting. Often the professional nurse provides the first line of treatment. The informal class presented at the authors' facility offered a comprehensive, organized presentation of a common injury encountered in the practice of occupational health nursing. Strenghts of the presentation included handouts demonstrating eye eversion technique and a flip chart summarizing the content to be placed in each medical station as quick reference. One challenge involved presenting the information to all nurses. The site encompasses four locations and some nurses function as the only staff in the plant for a given shift. With the support of administration and some creative scheduling, 10 of 17 nurses attended one of three classes offered in one morning, and the remaining 7 were able to view the class on videotape. Videotaping the presentation also provided material for future orientation, as well as an opportunity for review. Overall analysis found this a worthwhile offering relevant to practice. A brief formal written evaluation indicated the objectives for the class were achieved and elicited subjects for future topics. Informal chart reviews to check for documentation of visual acuity testing and eversion of the upper lid for foreign body injuries is another outcome measure currently in progress. In addition, a performance improvement project could be accomplished easily by retrospective chart review of assessment and treatment documentation, and tracking of revisits and referrals. Knowledge of current standards in the assessment, first aid, and treatment of eye injuries is every occupational health nurse's responsibility. However, prevention of foreign body injuries is far superior to any treatment modality available. As highly visible leaders within the occupational setting, nurses can be advocates and role models for safe work practices. Occupational health nurses may promote safe eye practices by actively seeking collaboration with safety departments to continuously monitor and improve eye injury and outcome statistics and use of protective eye-wear. By consistently wearing proper safety eyewear, such as approved goggles or prescription safety glasses with side sheilds, during each and every venture into the work area, occupational health nurses provide a strong role model and have the opportunity to educate employees and encourage safe work practices. It is important to encourage shared responsibility and awareness between workers and management for prevention of foreign body incidents and prompt, accurate treatment when necessary to promote optimal outcome.

Foreign Object Impact Design Criteria. Volume 3

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-02-01

of turbine engine fan and compressor blading . The program will aid in the design of more efficient, damage-tolerant Iblading by replacing trial-and...sign criteria that account for the transient overloads produced by bird and ice impacts on turbine engine first-stage fan/compressor blades . This pro...3.81 cm (0.15 in.) thick was chosen as repre- sentative of medium-sized jet engine fan blades . The geometry is sh’wn ill Figure 19. The material

Automatic translation among spoken languages

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Walter, Sharon M.; Costigan, Kelly

1994-01-01

The Machine Aided Voice Translation (MAVT) system was developed in response to the shortage of experienced military field interrogators with both foreign language proficiency and interrogation skills. Combining speech recognition, machine translation, and speech generation technologies, the MAVT accepts an interrogator's spoken English question and translates it into spoken Spanish. The spoken Spanish response of the potential informant can then be translated into spoken English. Potential military and civilian applications for automatic spoken language translation technology are discussed in this paper.

An Examination of Chinese Foreign Direct Investment into the Economies of Sub-Saharan Africa

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-06-13

International Financial Institutions.”12 They further assert it is hypocritical for institutions such as the IMF and World Bank to denigrate China for providing...Africa’s exposure goes well beyond resource extraction. This IMF working paper posits that during the global financial crisis of 2008, Africa was...addition to the stated thesis question, the following sub-questions were considered in the examination: Is Chinese financial aid to sub-Saharan

The Role of Linguistics and Linguistic Analysis in Programs under Title VI of the National Defense Education Act of 1958: A Statement by the Committee on Language Programs, American Council of Learned Societies.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Carroll, John B.; And Others

Concentrating on five ways in which foreign language teaching can be aided by linguistic science, the Committee on Language Programs, established by the American Council of Learned Societies, expresses its support of the National Defense Education Act of 1958, Title VI; and the Language Development Section of the Department of Health, Education,…

Guinea: Background and Relations with the United States

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-07-19

salary arrears of $1,100 to each soldier, sack the defense minister, and grant promotions to junior officers, ending the uprising.15 In mid-June 2008...Service 17 printing large amounts of new currency in 2009), and the freezing of some foreign aid.75 Guinea’s external debt burden—$3.1 billion in...period. IDA also provides grants to countries at risk of debt distress. 100 The HIPC Initiative is a comprehensive approach to debt reduction for

Reinforcing Success: Using Lesson’s Learned from Foreign Aid Delivery to Plan Theater Security Cooperation in Africa

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-04-01

Africa is a questionable undertaking because of the expansive size and complexity of the cultural and political landscape. “You can drop the United...powers decided, bears no relationship to cultural or tribal ties within national boundaries. Hundreds of different languages and dialects are spoken in...Africa. Language is one of the main mechanisms for defining culture , for binding people together. In Nigeria alone, over 500 distinct dialects are

The Effectiveness of Soviet Arms Aid: Diplomacy in the Third World.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-06-20

leaders of many Third World countries, motivated by their own political and economic aspirations, were warmly receptive to the post-Stalin changes in...present itself as an additional source of political , economic, and military support to find a number of willing recipients. In this milieu, foreign...partly premised on Moscow’s assessment of a recipient’s ability to pay, political favoritism also may be discerned in the variations evident in Soviet

Mapping Russian Media Network: Media’s Role in Russian Foreign Policy and Decision-Making

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-06-14

top aides manage Russia’s day-to-day media/messaging activities, even during armed conflict • Putin’s involvement and visibility appears correlated...directly and indirectly influences private media. The Presidential Administration is the most important formal institution in managing Russia’s media and...surrounding the news media, Russia’s growing appetite for political talk shows presents the ideal tool with which to manage ‘knowledge’ and ‘public

Pediatric foreign bodies and their management.

PubMed

Kay, Marsha; Wyllie, Robert

2005-06-01

Ingestion of foreign bodies is a common pediatric problem, with more than 100,000 cases occurring each year. The vast majority of pediatric ingestions are accidental; increasing incidence of intentional ingestions starts in the adolescent age group. In the United States, the most common pediatric foreign bodies ingested are coins, followed by a variety of other objects, including toys, toy parts, sharp objects, batteries, bones, and food. In adolescents and adults, meat or food impactions are the most common accidental foreign body ingestion. Esophageal pathology underlies most cases of food impaction. Management of foreign body ingestions varies based on the object ingested, its location, and the patient's age and size. Esophageal foreign bodies as a group require early intervention because of their potential to cause respiratory symptoms and complications, esophageal erosions, or even an aortoesophageal fistula. Ingested batteries that lodge in the esophagus require urgent endoscopic removal even in the asymptomatic patient due to the high risk of complications. Sharp foreign bodies increase the foreign body complication rate from less than 1% to 15% to 35%, except for straight pins, which usually follow a relatively benign course unless multiple pins are ingested. Magnets are increasingly ingested, due to their ubiquitous nature and the perception that they do not pose a risk. Ingestion of multiple magnets creates a significant risk of obstruction, perforation, and fistula development. Methods to deal with foreign bodies include the suture technique, the double snare technique, and the combined forceps/snare technique for long, large, and sharp foreign bodies, along with newer equipment, such as retrieval nets and a variety of specialized forceps.

[Initial evolution research for design and process accuracy of one type of domestic computer aided design soft and computer aided manufacture].

PubMed

Song, Yang; Zhao, Yi-jiao; Sun, Yu-chun; Lü, Pei-jun; Wang, Yong

2013-09-01

To evaluate the design and manufacture accuracy of a domestic computer aided design (CAD) and computer aided manufacture (CAM) system, and to compare it with similar foreign products. Thirty models of posterior-teeth-single-crown preparations were collected, and STL data of these preparations was collected by Denmark 3Shape scanner. Three copings were made for each preparation, the one designed and manufactured using commercial CAD/CAM system (3Shape CAD software and Wieland T1 CAM equipment) was assigned into control group T0, the one designed and manufactured using domestic CAD software (developed by Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology and Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics) and Wieland T1 CAM equipment was assigned into experimental group TCAD for design accuracy evaluation, and the one designed and manufactured using 3Shape CAD software and domestic CAM equipment (developed by Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tsinghua University and ShanDong XinHua Incorporated Company of medical apparatus and instruments) was assigned into experimental group TCAM for manufacture accuracy evaluation. Finally, the marginal fitness were compared and evaluated by using 3D & Profile measurement microscope laser. The marginal fitness of TCAD was 27.98 (19.10, 46.57) µm in buccal, 32.67 (20.65, 50.82) µm in lingual, 27.38 (22.53, 52.61) µm in mesial, 29.50 (22.68, 53.65) µm in distal; of TCAM was 21.69 (15.87, 30.21) µm in buccal, 18.51 (13.50, 22.51) µm in lingual, 19.15 (15.42, 26.89) µm in mesial, 22.77 (18.58, 32.15) µm in distal; and there were no statistical differences compared with T0 [20.16 (17.16, 48.00) µm in buccal, 21.51 (17.05, 28.31) µm in lingual, 23.54 (17.89, 30.04) µm in mesial and 23.94 (17.93, 28.19) µm in distal] except lingual data of TCAD. The design and machining precision of this domestic CAD/CAM system is at the same level of those comparable foreign products.

Research on AIDS: knowledge, attitudes and practices among street youth.

PubMed

Barker, G

1993-01-01

CHILDHOPE (with funding from the United Nations Children's Fund and the aid of nongovernmental organizations in the Philippines, Thailand, Colombia, and Kenya) conducted surveys of street youth in order to ascertain their knowledge, attitudes, and practices in regard to sex and the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The youth also participated in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) prevention and sex education activities. Youth from all 4 sites reported early sexual activity and multiple partners. Sex was used in all 4 sites to obtain pleasure (recreation), income (prostitution), food or shelter (survival sex), and power (gang rape). Philippine youth reported prostitution and survival sex, including homosexual sex, with foreigners and locals. Kenyan girls reported both prostitution (their main occupation) and survival sex. Kenyan males reported prostitution with foreigners and locals, and rapes of girls. In Bogota, males reported rapes of girls, and gang rapes of females for punishment or initiation. They also reported using sex workers and exchanging sex with men or women for food and shelter. Females from Bogota reported that their "friends" sometimes used survival sex to support their children; nearly all had been previously involved in survival sex on the street. Sexual abuse was common in Kenya and the Philippines; some youth in Manila were abused at shelters. In all 4 sites, there was a high awareness of AIDS and STDs, but information was often incorrect, especially in regard to transmission and treatment of STDs. Although nearly all of the youth knew about modes of transmission of HIV, those from the Philippines and Colombia did not have a personal realization or fear that they could contract it, while those from Kenya and Thailand believed they were at high risk and wanted assistance. 20/21 Kenyan girls were tested by the Undugu Society for HIV after detection of current STD infections in 7 of them; 4 were HIV positive. 2 of these have returned home, and 2 are being provided shelter, counseling and support by the Society. Without changing the problems that create a need for survival sex among youth, little can be done about promoting safe sex and healthy lifestyles.

Recent intensification of winter haze in China linked to foreign emissions and meteorology.

PubMed

Yang, Yang; Wang, Hailong; Smith, Steven J; Zhang, Rudong; Lou, Sijia; Qian, Yun; Ma, Po-Lun; Rasch, Philip J

2018-02-01

Wintertime aerosol pollution in the North China Plain has increased over the past several decades as anthropogenic emissions in China have increased, and has dramatically escalated since the beginning of the 21 st century, but the causes and their quantitative attributions remain unclear. Here we use an aerosol source tagging capability implemented in a global aerosol-climate model to assess long-term trends of PM 2.5 (particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter) in the North China Plain. Our analysis suggests that the impact of China's increasing domestic emissions on PM 2.5 concentrations over the last two decades of 20 th century was partially offset (13%) by decreasing foreign emission over this period. As foreign emissions stabilized after 2000, their counteracting effect almost disappeared, uncovering the impact of China's increasing domestic emissions that had been partially offset in previous years by reductions in foreign emissions. A slowdown in the impact from foreign emission reductions together with weakening winds explain 25% of the increased PM 2.5 trend over 2000-2014 as compared to 1980-2000. Further reductions in foreign emissions are not expected to relieve China's pollution in the future. Reducing local emissions is the most certain way to improve future air quality in the North China Plain.

AIDS, a development challenge.

PubMed

1999-01-01

During the Joint Conference of African Ministers of Planning and Finance, hosted by the UN Economic Commission for Africa in Addis Ababa on May 6-8, 1999, HIV/AIDS was highlighted as one of the major agendas for development planning. AIDS was considered to have a major impact on the household economy, the private sector, and at the macroeconomic level. Aside from the emotional impact of losing a loved one, the families of deceased HIV-infected individuals suffer an almost 50% reduction of income. This would consequently lead to cutting down on educational expenditures. On the other hand, national economies and private sectors suffer from a decreased purchasing power and loss of competitiveness in the global economy due to illiteracy. Furthermore, 50% of the national budget would be allocated for AIDS treatment, while private companies would experience a 7-20% decrease in profits as a result of high cost of medical treatment. In addition, the reduced pool of skilled labor and high expense of training would eventually bring about a decrease in high quality foreign investment. At the macroeconomic level, AIDS would result in a 1% reduction of gross domestic product growth per capita annually. It was suggested that strong political support, broad institutional participation and carefully selected program intervention, as well as openness about the disease and information dissemination on its cause and spread are deemed effective in the plan of eliminating the spread of the disease.

The impact of the International Monetary Fund's macroeconomic policies on the AIDS pandemic.

PubMed

Baker, Brook K

2010-01-01

Expansion of funding for HIV/AIDS, especially treatment, is under attack over concerns about cost effectiveness and financial constraints. The International Monetary Fund is deeply implicated in the history of the AIDS pandemic, the underlying weakness of health systems, and the ideology of constrained resources that underlies most attacks on AIDS funding. The IMF imposed structural violence on developing countries in the 1980s and 1990s through neoliberal and macroeconomic reforms that intensified individual and communal vulnerability to infection and dismantled already weak health systems. This same macroeconomic fundamentalism has recently been repackaged and renamed. IMF fundamentalist policies continue to prioritize low inflation, constricted government spending, robust foreign currency reserves, and prompt repayment of debt at the expense of investments in health and more expansionary, pro-growth and job-creation policies. Several recent surveys have concluded that the IMF reluctantly relaxed overly restrictive policy prescriptions in response to the global economic crisis, but this relaxation was temporary at best and only extended to countries previously acceding to IMF orthodoxy. AIDS activists are campaigning for billions of dollars to fulfill the promise of universal access. If IMF pressures persist, developing countries will continue to undermine the additionality of donor health financing by substituting donor for domestic financing, refusing to invest in recurrent costs for medicines and health workers, and neglecting needed investments in health infrastructure and health system strengthening.

[Endoscopy-assisted sialolithectomy for the calculus of the Stensen's duct].

PubMed

Ye, Xin; Xie, Xiaoyan; Liu, Denggao; Zhang, Lei; Zhang, Zuyan; Yu, Guangyan

2014-11-01

To investigate the clinical effects of endoscopy-assisted sialolithectomy for the calculus in the Stensen's duct. From August 2005 to July 2013, 67 consecutive patients with calculus (or foreign bodies) in the Stensen's duct underwent explorative and interventional endoscopy in our hospital. The stones (or foreign bodies) were removed by endoscopy-assisted technique. After operation, the patients were followed-up periodically, and treatment effects were analyzed. Among the 67 patients, the stones (or foreign bodies) were completely removed in 58 cases, and almost completely removed in 3 cases, with a success rate of 87% (58/67). Among the 61 stone-removed cases, treatment options included direct removal with aid of basket or forceps (24 cases), basket entrapment and opening-up of the ostium (21 cases), basket entrapment and mucosal incision near the ostium (8 cases), open removal via buccal incision (2 cases) and open removal via pre-auricular flap (6 cases). During the 6-90 months' follow-up of the 61 cases, 48 cases were asymptomatic, 7 had mild symptoms, 3 developed ductal obturation, 1 had numbness in the parotid region, and the remaining 2 were missed. Endoscopy-assisted sialolithectomy is a safe and effective gland-preservation technique for the patients with parotid gland calculus.

Automated document analysis system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Black, Jeffrey D.; Dietzel, Robert; Hartnett, David

2002-08-01

A software application has been developed to aid law enforcement and government intelligence gathering organizations in the translation and analysis of foreign language documents with potential intelligence content. The Automated Document Analysis System (ADAS) provides the capability to search (data or text mine) documents in English and the most commonly encountered foreign languages, including Arabic. Hardcopy documents are scanned by a high-speed scanner and are optical character recognized (OCR). Documents obtained in an electronic format bypass the OCR and are copied directly to a working directory. For translation and analysis, the script and the language of the documents are first determined. If the document is not in English, the document is machine translated to English. The documents are searched for keywords and key features in either the native language or translated English. The user can quickly review the document to determine if it has any intelligence content and whether detailed, verbatim human translation is required. The documents and document content are cataloged for potential future analysis. The system allows non-linguists to evaluate foreign language documents and allows for the quick analysis of a large quantity of documents. All document processing can be performed manually or automatically on a single document or a batch of documents.

Linking Foreign Language to Occupational Education in a Rural High School: Foreign Language with Criminal Justice and Travel & Tourism.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Connors, William R.

Ticonderoga High School (New York) has succeeded in increasing enrollments in foreign language courses beyond the college bound, Regents-level students who usually choose such courses. The school is located in the Adirondack Mountains, a region that, in the past decade, has seen increases both in prison construction and in tourism by…

Identifying the Perceptual Learning Styles of Foreign Language Learners: A Comparative Study in TR63 (Osmaniye, Hatay and Kahramanmaras)

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kurt, Mehmet; Bilginer, Hayriye

2016-01-01

In the globalizing world economy, for the realization of international trade is increasing the need for foreign language learning. TR63 (Kahramanmaras, Osmaniye and Hatay) region is increasing its export every day. Besides these advances, interest is awakening in foreign language education among the region. In preparing syllabus for this kind of…

Listening as a Method of Learning a Foreign Language at the Non-Language Faculty of the University

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kondrateva, Irina G.; Safina, Minnisa S.; Valeev, Agzam A.

2016-01-01

Learning a foreign language is becoming an increasingly important with Russia's integration into the world community. In this regard, increased requirements for the educational process and the development of new innovative teaching methods meet the requirements of the time. One of the important aspects of learning a foreign language is listening…

A Qualitative Research on the Teaching Strategies and Class Applications of the High School Teachers Who Teach English in Turkey as a Foreign Language

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gocer, Ali

2010-01-01

Nowadays, whichever position the individuals work in, they feel the need to learn a foreign language even a second foreign language. In parallel with the need for a foreign language, the importance of the foreign language teaching increases. In language teaching, conditions such as the facilities of the environment, learner's features, the social…

Endoscopic Management of Foreign Bodies in the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract of Adults

PubMed Central

Yao, Chih-Chien; Wu, I-Ting; Lu, Lung-Sheng; Lin, Sheng-Chieh; Liang, Chih-Ming; Kuo, Yuan-Hung; Yang, Shih-Cheng; Wu, Cheng-Kun; Wang, Hsing-Ming; Kuo, Chung-Huang; Chiou, Shue-Shian; Wu, Keng-Liang; Chiu, Yi-Chun; Chuah, Seng-Kee; Tai, Wei-Chen

2015-01-01

Background. Foreign object ingestion and food bolus impaction are a common clinical problem. We report our clinical experiences in endoscopic management for adults, foreign body ingestion, and food bolus impaction. Method. A retrospective chart review study was conducted on adult patients with foreign body ingestion and food bolus impaction between January 2011 and November 2014. Patients with incomplete medical records were excluded. Results. A total of 198 patients (226 incidents) were included in the study (male/female: 1.54/1; age 57 ± 16 years). Among them, 168 foreign bodies were found successfully (74.3%). 75.6% of the foreign bodies were located in the esophagus. Food bolus impaction was most common (41.6%). 93.5% of foreign bodies in current study cohort were successfully extracted and 5 patients required surgical interventions. Comparisons between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients revealed that locations of foreign bodies in the pharynx and esophagus were the significant relevant factors (P < 0.001). Shorter time taken to initiate endoscopic interventions increased detection rate (289.75 ± 465.94 versus 471.06 ± 659.93 minutes, P = 0.028). Conclusion. Endoscopic management is a safe and highly effective procedure in extracting foreign body ingestion and food bolus impaction. Prompt endoscopic interventions can increase the chance of successful foreign bodies' detection. PMID:26258140

Endoscopic Management of Foreign Bodies in the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract of Adults.

PubMed

Yao, Chih-Chien; Wu, I-Ting; Lu, Lung-Sheng; Lin, Sheng-Chieh; Liang, Chih-Ming; Kuo, Yuan-Hung; Yang, Shih-Cheng; Wu, Cheng-Kun; Wang, Hsing-Ming; Kuo, Chung-Huang; Chiou, Shue-Shian; Wu, Keng-Liang; Chiu, Yi-Chun; Chuah, Seng-Kee; Tai, Wei-Chen

2015-01-01

Foreign object ingestion and food bolus impaction are a common clinical problem. We report our clinical experiences in endoscopic management for adults, foreign body ingestion, and food bolus impaction. A retrospective chart review study was conducted on adult patients with foreign body ingestion and food bolus impaction between January 2011 and November 2014. Patients with incomplete medical records were excluded. A total of 198 patients (226 incidents) were included in the study (male/female: 1.54/1; age 57 ± 16 years). Among them, 168 foreign bodies were found successfully (74.3%). 75.6% of the foreign bodies were located in the esophagus. Food bolus impaction was most common (41.6%). 93.5% of foreign bodies in current study cohort were successfully extracted and 5 patients required surgical interventions. Comparisons between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients revealed that locations of foreign bodies in the pharynx and esophagus were the significant relevant factors (P < 0.001). Shorter time taken to initiate endoscopic interventions increased detection rate (289.75 ± 465.94 versus 471.06 ± 659.93 minutes, P = 0.028). Endoscopic management is a safe and highly effective procedure in extracting foreign body ingestion and food bolus impaction. Prompt endoscopic interventions can increase the chance of successful foreign bodies' detection.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

The peso has continued to fall versus the dollar despite recent attempts by concerned parties to stop the descent. International elements look towards one of Mexico`s fundamental strengths, oil. The US Congress did not fully support President Clinton`s $40-billion foreign aid package for Mexico. Clinton has since abandoned the package and instead organized a $50-billion package including $20-billion from the US by Presidential order, $17.8-billion from the IMF, $10-billion from the Bank for International Settlements, and $2-billion form Latin American countries. The notable factor in the loan from the US is use of Mexican oil exports revenue as collateral. Thismore » is a first for Mexico, a country that constitutionally protects its oil from outside control. The strength of the Mexican economy is closely linked to oil as Pemex comprises roughly 6% of the GDP and is the largest source of exports as well as foreign currency.« less

Testing foreign language impact on engineering students' scientific problem-solving performance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tatzl, Dietmar; Messnarz, Bernd

2013-12-01

This article investigates the influence of English as the examination language on the solution of physics and science problems by non-native speakers in tertiary engineering education. For that purpose, a statistically significant total number of 96 students in four year groups from freshman to senior level participated in a testing experiment in the Degree Programme of Aviation at the FH JOANNEUM University of Applied Sciences, Graz, Austria. Half of each test group were given a set of 12 physics problems described in German, the other half received the same set of problems described in English. It was the goal to test linguistic reading comprehension necessary for scientific problem solving instead of physics knowledge as such. The results imply that written undergraduate English-medium engineering tests and examinations may not require additional examination time or language-specific aids for students who have reached university-entrance proficiency in English as a foreign language.

Israel`s unauthorized arms transfers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Clarke, D.

1995-10-01

Israel confronts a spectrum of security threats. Given that harsh reality and America`s firm commitment to the Jewish state as reiterated by successive presidents, Israel requires, and rightly receives, unique attention and support from the United States (U.S). Indeed, Israel`s welfare, even survival, is dependent on its `special` relationship with Washington. Thus far, U.S.-Israel ties have weathered America`s post-Cold War retrenchment in world affairs. Israel retains its customary level of foreign aid, for example, even as the overall foreign assistance budget shrinks. Yet below the surface, the relationship is threatened by Israel`s repeated contraventions of American law. Evidence shows thatmore » Israel has systematically circumvented U.S. restrictions on the re-export of U.S. defense products, components, and technical data. Other countries have been caught evading U.S. re-export controls, but Israel`s case appears unique. The author examines the details and implications of the Israel transgressions.« less

Foreign Students in the United States: Is the Welcome Mat Out?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Eddy, Margot Sanders

Problems facing foreign students in American colleges and universities are examined. With the number of foreign students studying in the United States increasing each year (over 203,000 in 1976-77), services for foreign students need to be expanded with more emphasis on improving orientation programs. Preadmission screening and counseling are…

Independent Chinese-Foreign Collaborative Universities and Their Quest for Legitimacy

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Li. Zhang; Kinser, Kevin

2016-01-01

A new organization often encounters the liability of newness that increases its chance of failing as a startup enterprise (Freeman, Carroll, and Hannan 1983). New organizations located in a foreign country also face the liability of foreignness (Zaheer and Mosakowski 1997), as cultural differences make new foreign ventures especially risky.…

A United States Civil Affairs Response to the Pending Humanitarian Crisis Following the Collapse of the North Korean Regime

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-08

greater under its new leader, Kim Jong Un. The humanitarian problems, shortages of food, clean water, and medicine, will only become worse... shortages of food, clean water, and medicine, will only become worse following a collapse of the North Korean regime. This study explores the niche role...despite severe food shortages .16 By the 1990s, North Korea was almost completely dependent on foreign food aid. Prior to 1995, North Koreans would eat

U.S. Foreign Aid to Israel

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-12

since the late 1990s. In 2008, the United States authorized Israel to receive the GBU - 39 Small Diameter Bomb, a 250-pound class weapon that can...report, the GBU-28 and GBU - 39 may not have sufficient strike capacity to damage Iranian underground nuclear targets such as the Fordow uranium enrichment...27 DSCA’s notification to Congress of the GBU - 39 is available at http://www.dsca.mil/PressReleases/36-b/2008/ Israel_08-82.pdf. 28 “ANALYSIS-Iran

Security Assistance: Evaluations Needed to Determine Effectiveness of U.S. Aid to Lebanon’s Security Forces

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-03-01

5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES...meet conditions on the ground, according to U.S. officials. For example , the Department of State (State) delayed committing Foreign Military...agencies measure program performance. For example , GAO found in 2011 that the IMET program evaluation efforts had few of the elements commonly

Vietnam and the Soviet Union: Implications for Europe and American Foreign Policy Options.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-03-01

Vietnamese daily newspaper, in May 1981. CEMA members were specifically congratulated for their part in constructing the trans -Vietnam railroad. [FBIS, 27 May...constructing the trans -Vietnam railroad. [FBIS, 27 May 1981:K7] As early as June 1978 the East European countries had provided significant aid to...reform fiasco of the fifties, the leadership placed at least part of the blame for Vietnam’s many internal problems on Party shortcomings. In Le Duc

Modernization of Defense Logistics Standard Systems. Establishing the Functional Baseline. Volume 3. Appendix I

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-09-01

SALES AND MILITARY ASSISTANCE PROGRAM GRANT AID REQUISITIONAJ DLMSTYPE REQUISITION DATA ELEMENT (MANUAL) (MECHANICAL) REFERENCE FIELD LEGEND BLOCK NO...as shown in DI AFX or DI AFZ. RASOI All Other Fields 67-80 Leave blank. T Transaction Set 519 C9-4 DoD 4000.25-1-M-S-3 APPENDIX C10 FOREIGN MILITARY ...existing DLSS formats, codes, and procedures have been utilized in DoD logistics for nearly 30 years and they are deeply embedded within Military Service

Fluoroscopy-Guided Endoscopic Removal of Foreign Bodies.

PubMed

Kim, Junhwan; Ahn, Ji Yong; So, Seol; Lee, Mingee; Oh, Kyunghwan; Jung, Hwoon-Yong

2017-03-01

In most cases of ingested foreign bodies, endoscopy is the first treatment of choice. Moreover, emergency endoscopic removal is required for sharp and pointed foreign bodies such as animal or fish bones, food boluses, and button batteries due to the increased risks of perforation, obstruction, and bleeding. Here, we presented two cases that needed emergency endoscopic removal of foreign bodies without sufficient fasting time. Foreign bodies could not be visualized by endoscopy due to food residue; therefore, fluoroscopic imaging was utilized for endoscopic removal of foreign bodies in both cases.

Increase in pediatric magnet-related foreign bodies requiring emergency care.

PubMed

Silverman, Jonathan A; Brown, Julie C; Willis, Margaret M; Ebel, Beth E

2013-12-01

We describe magnetic foreign body injuries among children and obtain national estimates of magnetic foreign body injury incidence over time. We searched the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System for cases of magnetic foreign bodies in children younger than 21 years in the United States, from 2002 to 2011. Cases were analyzed by location: alimentary or respiratory tract, nasal cavity, ear canal, or genital area. We identified 893 cases of magnetic foreign bodies, corresponding to 22,581 magnetic foreign body cases during a 10-year period (95% confidence interval [CI] 17,694 to 27,469). Most magnetic foreign bodies were ingested (74%) or intranasal (21%). Mean age was 5.2 years for ingested magnetic foreign bodies and 10.1 years for nasal magnetic foreign bodies (difference 4.9; 95% CI 4.1 to 5.6), suggesting different circumstances of injury. The incidence of pediatric magnet ingestions increased from 2002 to 2003 from 0.57 cases per 100,000 children per year (95% CI 0.22 to 0.92) to a peak in 2010 to 2011 of 3.06 cases per 100,000 children per year (95% CI 2.16 to 3.96). Most ingested magnetic foreign bodies (73%) and multiple magnet ingestions (91%) occurred in 2007 or later. Patients were admitted in 15.7% of multiple magnet ingestions versus 2.3% of single magnet ingestions (difference 13.4%; 95% CI 2.8% to 24.0%). Magnet-related injuries are an increasing public health problem for young children, as well for older children who may use magnets for play or to imitate piercings. Education and improved magnet safety standards may decrease the risk small magnets pose to children. Copyright © 2013 American College of Emergency Physicians. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Global Health Diplomacy, "San Francisco Values," and HIV/AIDS: From the Local to the Global.

PubMed

Kevany, Sebastian

2015-01-01

San Francisco has a distinguished history as a cosmopolitan, progressive, and international city, including extensive associations with global health. These circumstances have contributed to new, interdisciplinary scholarship in the field of global health diplomacy (GHD). In the present review, we describe the evolution and history of GHD at the practical and theoretical levels within the San Francisco medical community, trace related associations between the local and the global, and propose a range of potential opportunities for further development of this dynamic field. We provide a historical overview of the development of the "San Francisco Model" of collaborative, community-owned HIV/AIDS treatment and care programs as pioneered under the "Ward 86" paradigm of the 1980s. We traced the expansion and evolution of this model to the national level under the Ryan White Care Act, and internationally via the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. In parallel, we describe the evolution of global health diplomacy practices, from the local to the global, including the integration of GHD principles into intervention design to ensure social, political, and cultural acceptability and sensitivity. Global health programs, as informed by lessons learned from the San Francisco Model, are increasingly aligned with diplomatic principles and practices. This awareness has aided implementation, allowed policymakers to pursue related and progressive social and humanitarian issues in conjunction with medical responses, and elevated global health to the realm of "high politics." In the 21st century, the integration between diplomatic, medical, and global health practices will continue under "smart global health" and GHD paradigms. These approaches will enhance intervention cost-effectiveness by addressing and optimizing, in tandem with each other, a wide range of (health and non-health) foreign policy, diplomatic, security, and economic priorities in a synergistic manner--without sacrificing health outcomes. Copyright © 2015 The Author. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Analysis: AIDS and the private sector. Tolerance at work will soften epidemic's impact.

PubMed

Barese, P

1995-06-01

With a population of only 1.3 million, Botswana relies heavily upon imported skilled labor and management. Officially, all forms of discrimination based upon a citizen's HIV/AIDS status are illegal in Botswana. The government, however, screens all expatriates considered for contractual jobs with the state, and does not employ HIV-seropositive candidates. Recent government efforts to train local people to replace expatriates and diversify and expand the economy by supporting local business and encouraging foreign investment may, however, be seriously jeopardized by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The development and implementation of prevention and coping strategies, especially at the workplace, have been slow even though AIDS-in-the-Workplace program materials, including videos, posters, brochures, and condoms, are provided free of charge. The lack of a clear understanding by senior management of the legal and financial ramifications of the HIV/AIDS epidemic is one reason for the widespread nonuse by companies of the materials. AIDSCAP in Botswana recently reviewed the activities of four companies which had, however, developed model AIDS-in-the-Workplace programs. Three of the companies chose a peer education model, holding regular formal education sessions as well as informal small group sessions run by peer educators. The peer educators have as much time during their work day as they need to work upon HIV/AIDS activities. The other company has a health department which holds a formal prevention education session for all employees yearly, while clinics in the on-site employee housing complex provide continuous information on women's health, prenatal and infant care as it relates to HIV/AIDS, and negotiating safer sex. Management reports that employees seem to have responded well to the programs, but changing their attitudes toward infected colleagues is proving more difficult. The author notes that managers over time will also have to begin thinking about training, promotion, absenteeism, and benefits as the epidemic progresses. Furthermore, the Debswana Mining Company is attributed with having the best HIV/AIDS workplace program in Botswana.

Recent intensification of winter haze in China linked to foreign emissions and meteorology

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yang, Yang; Wang, Hailong; Smith, Steven J.

Wintertime aerosol pollution in Northern China has increased over the past several decades as anthropogenic emissions in China have increased, and has increased dramatically since the beginning of the 21st century, but the causes and their quantitative contributions remain uncertain. Here we use an aerosol source tagging capability implemented in a global aerosol-climate model to assess long-term trends of PM2.5 (particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter) in Northern China. Our analysis suggests that increasing PM2.5 concentrations due to local emission increases within China were obscured (~13%) by foreign emission reductions between 1980–2000. As foreign emissions stabilized during 2000-2014,more » their counteracting effect almost disappeared, uncovering China’s pollution potential from domestic emission increases. The meteorology dominated PM2.5 trend during 1990–1996 and also uncovered the pollution potential due to decadal variations in winds. The stabilized foreign emissions together with changing meteorology explain a quarter of the larger increasing trend of PM2.5 since the beginning of the 21st century. Future foreign emissions are not expected to help hiding China’s pollution, reductions in local emissions are the efficient way to improve future air quality in Northern China.« less

Recent intensification of winter haze in China linked to foreign emissions and meteorology

DOE PAGES

Yang, Yang; Wang, Hailong; Smith, Steven J.; ...

2018-02-01

Wintertime aerosol pollution in Northern China has increased over the past several decades as anthropogenic emissions in China have increased, and has increased dramatically since the beginning of the 21st century, but the causes and their quantitative contributions remain uncertain. Here we use an aerosol source tagging capability implemented in a global aerosol-climate model to assess long-term trends of PM2.5 (particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter) in Northern China. Our analysis suggests that increasing PM2.5 concentrations due to local emission increases within China were obscured (~13%) by foreign emission reductions between 1980–2000. As foreign emissions stabilized during 2000-2014,more » their counteracting effect almost disappeared, uncovering China’s pollution potential from domestic emission increases. The meteorology dominated PM2.5 trend during 1990–1996 and also uncovered the pollution potential due to decadal variations in winds. The stabilized foreign emissions together with changing meteorology explain a quarter of the larger increasing trend of PM2.5 since the beginning of the 21st century. Future foreign emissions are not expected to help hiding China’s pollution, reductions in local emissions are the efficient way to improve future air quality in Northern China.« less

Basic research and 12 years of clinical experience in computer-assisted navigation technology: a review.

PubMed

Ewers, R; Schicho, K; Undt, G; Wanschitz, F; Truppe, M; Seemann, R; Wagner, A

2005-01-01

Computer-aided surgical navigation technology is commonly used in craniomaxillofacial surgery. It offers substantial improvement regarding esthetic and functional aspects in a range of surgical procedures. Based on augmented reality principles, where the real operative site is merged with computer generated graphic information, computer-aided navigation systems were employed, among other procedures, in dental implantology, arthroscopy of the temporomandibular joint, osteotomies, distraction osteogenesis, image guided biopsies and removals of foreign bodies. The decision to perform a procedure with or without computer-aided intraoperative navigation depends on the expected benefit to the procedure as well as on the technical expenditure necessary to achieve that goal. This paper comprises the experience gained in 12 years of research, development and routine clinical application. One hundred and fifty-eight operations with successful application of surgical navigation technology--divided into five groups--are evaluated regarding the criteria "medical benefit" and "technical expenditure" necessary to perform these procedures. Our results indicate that the medical benefit is likely to outweight the expenditure of technology with few exceptions (calvaria transplant, resection of the temporal bone, reconstruction of the orbital floor). Especially in dental implantology, specialized software reduces time and additional costs necessary to plan and perform procedures with computer-aided surgical navigation.

Migration of Foreign Students to the United States.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Agarwal, Vinod B.; Winkler, Donald R.

1985-01-01

Foreign student enrollments in US postsecondary institutions have increased tenfold in the last 25 years. The changing characteristics of foreign students and how the enrollments have risen despite changing immigration regulations that have restrained migration are described. (Author/MLW)

AID-initiated purposeful mutations in immunoglobulin genes.

PubMed

Goodman, Myron F; Scharff, Matthew D; Romesberg, Floyd E

2007-01-01

Exposure brings risk to all living organisms. Using a remarkably effective strategy, higher vertebrates mitigate risk by mounting a complex and sophisticated immune response to counter the potentially toxic invasion by a virtually limitless army of chemical and biological antagonists. Mutations are almost always deleterious, but in the case of antibody diversification there are mutations occurring at hugely elevated rates within the variable (V) and switch regions (SR) of the immunoglobulin (Ig) genes that are responsible for binding to and neutralizing foreign antigens throughout the body. These mutations are truly purposeful. This chapter is centered on activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID). AID is required for initiating somatic hypermutation (SHM) in the V regions and class switch recombination (CSR) in the SR portions of Ig genes. By converting C --> U, while transcription takes place, AID instigates a cascade of mutational events involving error-prone DNA polymerases, base excision and mismatch repair enzymes, and recombination pathways. Together, these processes culminate in highly mutated antibody genes and the B cells expressing antibodies that have achieved optimal antigenic binding undergo positive selection in germinal centers. We will discuss the biological role of AID in this complex process, primarily in terms of its biochemical properties in relation to SHM in vivo. The chapter also discusses recent advances in experimental methods to characterize antibody dynamics as a function of SHM to help elucidate the role that the AID-induced mutations play in tailoring molecular recognition. The emerging experimental techniques help to address long-standing conundrums concerning evolution-imposed constraints on antibody structure and function.

New drugs, new vaccines, new diseases. An interview with Dr. Anthony Fauci, Director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID).

PubMed

Fuller, J

1996-11-01

This document presents an interview with Dr. Anthony Fauci on the development of a new generation of vaccines to prevent and possibly eradicate a legion of deadly diseases ranging from tuberculosis to AIDS. Infections that have caused major devastations in the world today include tuberculosis, malaria, schistosomiasis, filariasis, pneumococcal pneumonia, influenza, AIDS, and Ebola. Agencies should be making sure that the basic research base in microbiology, immunology, antimicrobials, and vaccinology is at the very highest level. The integration of research efforts between countries depends on collaboration between the investigators of home countries with foreign investigators. Among new developments in vaccinology are an acellular pertussis vaccine for pertussis/whooping cough (an extremely contagious disease that causes death), DNA immunization (a new technique applicable to all types of diseases), and transgenic plants for immunization against hepatitis, pertussis, and polio. As of now, AIDS in Western countries has declined, while in Africa and Asia its spread has accelerated. Combination therapy for AIDS has had a profound impact on the level of the virus in the body; however, the treatment is still vague. The good news with regard to AIDS is that education is having an impact; this is exemplified by the situation in Thailand, where the government together with nongovernmental organizations and the military has begun a crash education campaign regarding prostitutes and the use of condoms. Progress is being made in the search for better vaccine candidates. AIDS-like epidemics involving new diseases are bound to emerge at some future point, though, given the long-term historical trend.

Predictors That Influence Job Satisfaction of Foreign-Born Faculty at a Midwest Higher Educational Institution

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Reeder, Mei

2016-01-01

Despite the increase of foreign-born faculty in U.S. higher educational institutions, studies of the factors that challenge foreign-born faculty at higher educational institutions in the U.S. remain scarce. The purpose of this quantitative study is to examine factors that impact the level of job satisfaction of foreign-born faculty at a Midwestern…

The Potential Sources of Foreign Language Reading Anxiety in a Jordanian EFL Context: A Theoretical Framework

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ahmad, Ismail Sheikh; Al-Shboul, Murad M.; Nordin, Mohamad Sahari; Rahman, Zainurin Abdul; Burhan, Mohd; Madarsha, Kamal Basha

2013-01-01

The last decade has witnessed an increasing research trend on foreign language reading anxiety as a skill related to but distinct from foreign language anxiety. However, sources of foreign language reading anxiety have rarely been investigated. Thus, the current study responds to the study by (Saito, Horwitz, & Garza, 1999) and extends the…

22 CFR 62.30 - Camp counselors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... programs promote international understanding by improving American knowledge of foreign cultures while enabling foreign participants to increase their knowledge of American culture. The foreign participants are... previously participated in a camp counselor exchange. (j) In order to ensure that as many different...

Percutaneous Retrieval of Foreign Bodies Around Vital Vessels Aided with Vascular Intervention: A Technical Note

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yang, Xiu-Jun, E-mail: woothingyang2008@126.com; Xing, Guang-Fu, E-mail: xgf8848@126.com

ObjectiveTo describe a new interventional technique to remove foreign bodies (FBs) embedded in soft tissues around vital vessels.MethodsUnder fluoroscopic guidance and using local anesthesia, percutaneous removal of FBs was performed using forceps in nine patients. All patients suffered from a metallic soft tissue FB located in close proximity to important vessels and one also had a small traumatic pseudoaneurysm adjacent to the FB. Prior to removal of the FB, the position of the nearest vessel was identified using a guide wire or catheter placed into the vessel. Balloon catheter was also simultaneously used to temporarily stop the blood flow ofmore » the nearest artery during the FB removal in three of the nine patients.ResultsAll of the nine FBs with 0–2 mm interval to the nearest vessel were successfully removed in the nine patients without any serious complications. The removed FBs measured 3–12 mm in length and 1–3 mm in width. The total fluoroscopic time of retrieval of each FB was 5–9 min (mean, 6.4 min). The volume of intraoperative bleeding ranged from 5 to 12 ml (mean, 7.5 ml). The length of hospital stay for each patient ranged from 4 to 8 days (mean, 5.5 days).ConclusionVascular intervention-aided percutaneous FB removal is minimally invasive and an effective method for removal of FBs around vital vessels.« less

Fritz Reiche and the Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bederson, Benjamin

2005-12-01

I discuss the family background and early life of the German theoretical physicist Fritz Reiche (1883 1969) in Berlin; his higher education at the University of Berlin under Max Planck (1858 1947); his subsequent work at the University of Breslau with Otto Lummer (1860 1925); his return to Berlin in 1911, where he completed his Habilitation thesis in 1913, married Bertha Ochs the following year, became a friend of Albert Einstein (1879 1955), and worked during and immediately after the Great War. In 1921 he was appointed as ordentlicher Professor of Theoretical Physics at the University of Breslau and worked there until he was dismissed in 1933. He spent the academic year 1934 1935 as a visiting professor at the German University in Prague and then returned to Berlin, where he remained until, with the crucial help of his friend Rudolf Ladenburg (1882 1952) and vital assistance of the Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars, he, his wife Bertha, and their daughter Eve were able to emigrate to the United States in 1941 (their son Hans had already emigrated to England in 1939).From 1941 1946 he held appointments at the New School for Social Research in New York, the City College of New York, and Union College in Schenectady, New York, and then was appointed as an Adjunct Professor of Physics at New York University, where his contract was renewed year-by-year until his retirement in 1958.

The catheter hub disinfection cap as esophageal foreign body.

PubMed

Tawfik, Kareem O; Myer, Charles M; Shikary, Tasneem; Goldschneider, Kenneth R

2015-12-01

Disinfection caps are increasingly being used to prevent catheter-associated bloodstream infections. These devices, designed for continuous passive disinfection of catheter hubs, are typically small and often brightly colored. As such, they have the potential to become pediatric airway and esophageal foreign bodies. We report two patients who developed esophageal foreign body following ingestion of disinfection caps. Given the increasing use of these devices, it is imperative that health care providers be aware of this potential iatrogenic problem. We propose that the use of disinfection caps may not be appropriate in pediatric patients with risk factors for foreign body ingestion. © 2015 The American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, Inc.

["Maintaining a Common Culture"--the German Research Foundation and the Austrian-German scientific aid in the interbellum].

PubMed

Fengler, Silke; Luxbacher, Günther

2011-12-01

After the end of the Great War, private as well as public research funding in Austria was anaemic and slow to develop. Whereas the German state-funded Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) was established as early as 1920, first steps in that direction were only taken in Austria in the late 1920s. In 1929, the Osterreichisch-deutsche Wissenschaftshilfe (ODW) was founded under the auspices of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and the DFG. Although prima facie on an equal footing, the new research funding organisation was in fact highly dependent on its German cooperation partner. The article explores for the first time ODW's position within the German and Austrian science and foreign policies, which aimed to promote the idea of unification of both states within the German Reich. A quantitative analysis of the subsidies policy in the first five years of existence shows that the ODW gave financial aid primarily to conservative research fields, affecting the intellectual balance of power in the First Austrian Republic. Policy continuities and discontinuities of the organisation in the course of the national-socialist rise to power in Germany after 1933 are examined in the second part of the article. The article thus both increases our knowledge about the most important German research funding organisation DFG, and identifies some of the fundamental structural features of Austrian science policy in the interwar years.

Increase of Foreign-Born Engineers in U.S. Studied.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Krieger, James

1988-01-01

Summarizes the report of a National Research Council committee. Reports on three basic findings: the proportion of foreign born engineers in the United States has increased over the last 15 years; the increase is disproportionate in the academic sector; and large numbers of students are culturally different. (CW)

Increased expression of Interleukin-13 and connective tissue growth factor, and their potential roles during foreign body encapsulation of subcutaneous implants.

PubMed

Ward, W Kenneth; Li, Allen G; Siddiqui, Yasmin; Federiuk, Isaac F; Wang, Xiao-Jing

2008-01-01

The purpose of this study was to better understand whether interleukin-13 (IL-13) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) are highly expressed during foreign body encapsulation of subcutaneous devices. Mock biosensors were implanted into rats for three lengths of time (7-, 21- and 48-55 days) to address different stages of the foreign body response. Using quantitative real-time PCR and immunofluorescence, the expression of IL13, CTGF, collagen 1, decorin and fibronectin were measured in this tissue. IL-13, a product of Th2 cells, was highly expressed at all time points, with greatest expression at day 21. The IL-13 expression was paralleled by increased presence of T-cells at all time points. CTGF was also found to be more highly expressed in foreign body tissue than in controls. Collagen and decorin were highly expressed at the middle and later stages. Given the increased expression of IL-13 and CTGF in foreign body tissue, and their roles in other fibrotic disorders, these cytokines may well contribute to the formation of the foreign body capsule. Since the peak gene expression of IL-13 occurred later than the previously-reported TGFbeta expression peak, IL-13 is probably not the major stimulus to TGFbeta expression during foreign body encapsulation and may contribute to fibrosis independently.

Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory features of chronic hepatitis B infection in a cohort of immigrant and Italian patients from Ferrara, Italy.

PubMed

Contini, Carlo; Badia, Lorenzo; Cultrera, Rosario; Grilli, Anastasio; De Togni, Aldo

2012-01-01

Italy has recently become a land of immigration. Two hundred and fifty thousand carriers are immigrants and chronic HBV infection is the prevalent form. Considering the elevated number of foreigners resident in our province and the potential risk of transmission to local people, we retrospectively investigated the patterns of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) in 154 patients (76 foreigners, 78 Italians) observed in our Institution, with regard to demographic and clinical/laboratory characteristics. The immigrants were younger (mean age 31 years) compared to Italians (51.5) and mainly came from East Europe. Regarding exposure to HBV, the intra-familial risk factor was most frequently observed in foreigners, compared to Italians (p = 0.03). Foreigners also showed a higher prevalence of HBeAg positive forms, HDV co-infection (7.9%) and abnormal ALT and/or HBV-DNA values, compared to Italians. HBeAg positivity was more associated with increased ALT (OR = 36.6, p = 0.001) than with elevated HBV viremia (OR = 6.5, p = 0.049); age was a protective factor (OR = 0.1; p = 0.014). No significant association was found between increased ALT and foreign nationality. The simultaneous presence of increased ALT and viremia was more frequent among foreigners, (OR = 7.6, p = 0,014) and increased with age (OR = 1.06, p = 0.013). Antiviral therapy was given in 7.8% of foreign citizens. Immigrants constitute a vulnerable population subgroup that would benefit from a more active approach regarding doctor patient relationship for early recognition of HBV and treatment programmes.

AIDS and Sjogren's syndrome.

PubMed

Talal, N

1991-01-01

HIV infection can produce a clinical syndrome and immunologic changes similar to those seen in SS. HIV infection can occasionally result in an SS-like disease but without the formation of antibodies to Ro(SS-A) or La(SS-B). Could this mean that a retrovirus yet to be discovered is responsible for the autoimmune exocrinopathy known as SS? Evidence to date is circumstantial, based on antibodies to a retroviral protein (p24). The idea that retroviruses act in a genetically susceptible host to cause SS is a reasonable hypothesis. Syphilis and Lyme disease are both models where infectious organisms cause chronic multi-system disease. The virus of SS need not be a foreign invader but could be an endogenous retrovirus contained within our own genetic material (10, 11). More investigation is needed to exploit the research opportunities that have appeared in clinical immunology since the AIDS epidemic first appeared.

Egypt's fundamentalists say condoms immoral.

PubMed

Soliman, S

1995-06-01

The first AIDS case in Egypt was reported almost 10 years ago, yet Egypt still does not have reliable statistics on the HIV/AIDS epidemic (officially, 513 HIV infections and 88 AIDS cases; more likely, 3000 and 10,000, respectively). HIV/AIDS bears a stigma. The government claims that every HIV-infected Egyptian acquired the infection through a blood transfusion while in the Gulf or through sexual intercourse in Europe. Cultural, social, and religious norms that discourage promiscuity may explain the low HIV/AIDS rate but these same taboos put women at risk by making it difficult for them to protect themselves. Islamic fundamentalist women reinforce the Islamic principle of forbidding sex education. They consider AIDS a plague of immoral Western society. They refuse to accept the fact that many men do not practice safer sex. These women consider condoms immoral. They think God will curse women who refuse to have sexual intercourse at their husbands' bidding. Many nongovernmental organizations consider an intensive education program as the only means to avert disaster. Egypt has yet to implement its model AIDS program. All hospitals in Cairo and some hospitals in rural areas have equipment to test for HIV. Surveillance systems have been limited to high risk groups. In Egypt, it is mandatory to test foreigners for HIV. Prisoners, prostitutes, homosexuals, and blood donors are tested randomly without their consent. Positive results are often reported to authorities before the persons learn their HIV status. A campaign for widespread sex education is the only action recommended so far. It includes a mass media component and community meetings and conferences. An Egyptian physician has found an anti-viral drug that stimulates the immune system, but his work does not receive much coverage outside Egypt. Egyptians need to tackle their cultural taboos about discussion of sex to curb the HIV/AIDS epidemic.

Saudi Arabia.

PubMed

1986-12-01

In 1985, Saudi Arabia's population stood at 9.6 million, with an annual growth rate of 2.8%. The infant mortality rate was 78/1000 and life expectancy was 60 years. Literacy was at the 50% level among men and 25% among women. Of the work force of 3 million, 66% are foreign workers. The labor force is distributed as follows: agriculture, 14%; industry, 11%; services, commerce, and government, 53%; construction, 20%; and oil and mining, 2%. The GDP was US$98.1 billion in 1985-86, with an annual growth rate of 8% and a per capita GDP of $9800. Under the impact of rapid economic growth, urbanization has advanced rapidly and 95% of the population is now settled. Saudi Arabia, a monarchy, is divided into 14 provinces that are governed by princes or relatives of the royal family. Oil is the major source of foreign exchange, contributing 81% of government revenues. Ample government funds and foreign exchange resources are available for development, defense, and aid to other Arab and Islamic countries. The government has sought to allocate its petroleum income to transform its relatively undeveloped oil-based economy into that of a modern industrial state while maintaining traditional Islamic values. The standard of living of most Saudis has improved significantly. A shortage of skilled workers at all levels remains the principal obstacle to rapid development.

48 CFR 217.208-70 - Additional clauses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Foreign Military Sales Commitments, when an option may be used for foreign military sale requirements. (1) Use Alternate I when the foreign military sale country is not known at the time of solicitation or..., Surge Option, in solicitations and contracts. (1) Insert the percentage of increase the option...

BRACEROS, MEXICO, AND FOREIGN TRADE.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

1966

CRITICISM OF GOVERNMENTAL POLICY RESTRICTING USE OF FOREIGN CONTRACT WORKERS ON AMERICAN FARMS IN 1965 EXPRESSES THREE POSSIBILITIES -- (1) A SEVERE DISRUPTION OF DOMESTIC FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION, (2) AN INCREASE OF AMERICAN INVESTMENT IN FOREIGN, PARTICULARLY MEXICAN, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AND (3) A LOSS OF UNITED STATES EXPORT MARKET…

A Global Approach to Foreign Language Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Conner, Maurice W., Ed.

The papers collected here are largely devoted to foreign language education as a means of increasing international and cross-cultural understanding. Titles include: (1) "Language Is the Medium, Culture Is the Message: Globalizing Foreign Languages" (Lorraine A. Strasheim); (2) "Cultural Understanding for Global Citizenship: An Inservice Model"…

Why Can’t We Be Friends: Peace Corps and Military Cooperation in Africa

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-05-02

disease and controlling ethnic warfare. 18 Convincing Africans and their leaders that the US wants them to succeed and not just help capture terrorists...tln·ough aids to Kennedy and momentum for the Peace Corps gt’ew.26 . It was . not long after this that JFK gave his famous Cow Palace speech and made his...C~rpsStrength," The Peace Corps, ed.Pauline Mad ow (New York: H.W. Wilson Company, l964), 159. 45 Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Assessing

International Population Assistance and Family Planning Programs: Issues for Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-07-24

birth control . This policy, however, has generated contentious debate for over two decades, resulting in frequent clarification and modification of U.S. international family planning programs. In 1984, controversy arose over U.S. population aid policy when the Reagan Administration introduced restrictions, which became known as the Mexico City policy. The Mexico City policy denies U.S. funds to foreign nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) that perform or promote abortion as a method of family planning -- even if the activities are undertaken with non-U.S. funds. Presidents

International Education and Foreign Languages: Keys to Securing America's Future

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

O'Connell, Mary Ellen, Ed.; Norwood, Janet L., Ed.

2007-01-01

"International Education and Foreign Languages" reviews the Department of Education's Title VI and Fulbright-Hays Programs, which provide higher education funding for international education and foreign language programs. This book offers a timely look at issues that are increasingly important in an interconnected world. It discusses the…

75 FR 39662 - Foreign-Trade Subzone 116A-Port Arthur, TX; Expansion of Manufacturing Authority; Motiva...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-12

... request involves the construction of additional crude distillation, coking, integrated hydrocracker/diesel... proposed expansion would increase the overall crude distillation capacity allowed under FTZ procedures to... certain petrochemical feedstocks (duty-free) by admitting foreign crude oil in non-privileged foreign...

The experiences of Batswana families regarding hospice care of AIDS patients in the Bophirima district, North West province, South Africa.

PubMed

Makhele, M F; Mulaudzi, F M

2012-01-01

The HIV/AIDS pandemic put significant strain on healthcare services in the country. Hospitals were no longer coping with the escalating number of AIDS patients. This resulted in the early discharge of patients, with some patients, too ill to be nursed at home, being sent to hospices for continued care. The Batswana had mixed feelings about hospice care, because their beliefs on patient care are based on the ubuntu philosophy, which emphasises the principle of caring for one another. The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the experiences of Batswana families regarding hospice care for patients in the Thlabane township in the province of the North West as well as to make recommendations to policy-makers to ensure that hospices are accepted by community members and utilised effectively. A qualitative, explorative, descriptive research design was applied. Purposive sampling was applied to select study participants with whom in-depth unstructured interviews were conducted. A qualitative data analysis was done by categorising, ordering, and summarising the data, and describing the findings. The findings indicated that families of patients in hospice care experienced such care as foreign to their culture. These families also experienced stigmatisation, firstly owing to the stigma associated with AIDS and secondly because they opted for hospice care. However, they also observed the high quality of care provided by the hospice and understood its benefits for AIDS patients. The study concluded that hospice care relieved families of terminally ill AIDS patients of the burden of care and enabled them to keep on working and earning a living. Recommendations to policy-makers included enhancing hospice care and ensuring the provisioning of culturally safe hospice care.

[Characteristic of medical support and health care for Shenzhou-5 and Shenzhou-6 astronauts at main landing site].

PubMed

Yue, Mao-xing; Zou, De-wei; Zhang, Jian; Liu, Zhi-guo; Zhou, Xue-feng; Gao, Tie-shan; Li, Cheng-lin; Hua, Nan; Cui, Shao-jie; Fang, Wei-wu; Zhang, Jian-zhong

2005-12-01

To investigate the characteristics of medical support and health care for the Shenzhou-5 and Shenzhou-6 astronauts at the main landing site, with special emphasis on the technical requirements for two astronauts during flight, in order to provide reference data for medical support in the battle field and disasters. The data associated with accidental injuries of astronauts during the space flight collected from foreign nations and domestically were reviewed retrospectively. Based on the experience in medical support for Shenzhou-5 and Shenzhou-6 astronauts and the special environments of field operations, a scheme for first-aid and emergent treatment were drafted for a system of organization, prophylactic measurements, equipment and their effective implementation pending the test in the real situation. Two sets of high-quality intensive care unit (ICU) equipment were set up in helicopters, and an ambulance was equipped with the instruments and facilities that could be used in the first-aid and surgical operation in case accident and injuries should happen. The three sets of highly mobile ICU mentioned above could cover a vast area of both grassland and desert at the landing site to ensure that the astronauts could be rescued should accident occur, reaction to emergency would be most rapid and technique and equipment would be best. This scheme of first-aid for emergency which might occur in astronauts would seem to be a scientific, reasonable and practical system and would also meet the need in battle field. The first-aid scheme for astronauts at the main landing site, and its equipment, first aid strategies as well as it execution might provide an advanced system for medical aid and emergency treatment in the battlefield, disasters, and other special occasions.

Condoms and conflict: AIDS and the military.

PubMed

Winsbury, R

1992-11-01

Worldwide, many thousands of soldiers are infected with HIV. Their actual or potential presence within the ranks of military forces may generate anxiety among military leaders and general personnel. Troops may be concerned over the risk of being infected with HIV through emergency front-line blood transfusions. Leaders and politicians worry about HIV in the military for more political and cultural reasons, including the potential fallout of being accused of sending troops to spread AIDS on foreign peace-keeping missions. US chiefs of staff have even accused HIV+ servicemen of being comparatively unstable, and that they constitute a security risk, especially where control over nuclear armaments is concerned. These concerns fuel the U.S. military argument for expelling homosexuals from service. Over 13,000 troops identified as homosexual were expelled from the Navy over the period 1982-91. $27 million were spent in 1990 to replace identified gay soldiers. HIV is prevalent to varying degrees in virtually every army in the world. AIDS has decimated some African armies. 1 sub-Saharan country has lost so many pilots to AIDS that it has reportedly recruited soldiers from Yugoslavia to compensate for the loss. Uganda's army may have a 20% prevalence of HIV. War is the harbinger of AIDS; as populations are displaced during war, servicemen turn to prostitutes for sex, and women sell sex to provide their families. Wartime rapes spread HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. While the military may contribute to the spread of HIV, it also has the capacity to help prevent transmission. Mandatory HIV-antibody testing is many armies may help research and practical efforts to monitor and control HIV prevalence and incidence in populations. Additional steps may be and have been taken by military forces to educate the public and promote and develop AIDS control programs.

Epidemiology of foreign bodies injuries in Ecuador: a first look based on a single centre experience.

PubMed

Chacon, Fernando Silva; Ballali, Simonetta; Passali, Desiderio; Cuestas, Giselle; Burbano, Gustavo; Perez, Rodolfo; Quintero, Mario; Passali, Giulio Cesare; Passali, Francesco Maria; Foltran, Francesca; Bellussi, Luisa; Rodriguez, Hugo; Gregori, Dario

2011-06-01

The analysis of foreign bodies (FB) injuries in the upper aero-digestive tract is not available for Ecuador and in this context, the present article represent the is the first presenting to the international community the basic epidemiological data on the Ecuador's experience on foreign bodies juries. Data on 258 cases were gleaned using Susy Safe database, choosing the cases coming from Ecuador's institutions, namely Francisco De Icaza Bustamante Children Hospital, in Guayaquil (Ecuador) which collects data on children injuries due to foreign bodies with the aid of a standardized case report forms. Patients showed a female:male ratio of 1:1.2. Fifty-three percent of the children were younger than 2 years of age, with a mean age of 3.22 years. The most frequent location of retrieval was the oesophagus (37.98%) followed by the ears (34.88%). Coins were the most frequent cause of accident (37.21%). Seeds and grain were the most frequent food FBs and they were seen in 13.95% of cases. Adult presence was recorded in 113 cases. There was indeed a significant correlation between the presence of an adult and the activity that the children were doing when the incident occurred. This first breach into the analysis of injuries in Ecuador gives the confirmation that the results coming from country's data agreed with the general Susy Safe ones. Similar preventive strategies are therefore highly recommended, stressing that primary prevention has the main role in children's protection. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Activity of Electrical Current in Experimental Propionibacterium acnes Foreign-Body Osteomyelitis.

PubMed

Schmidt-Malan, Suzannah M; Brinkman, Cassandra L; Greenwood-Quaintance, Kerryl E; Karau, Melissa J; Mandrekar, Jayawant N; Patel, Robin

2017-02-01

Foreign-body-associated infections are often difficult to treat, given that the associated microorganisms are in a biofilm state. Previously, we showed that a low-amperage direct electrical current (DC) reduces Propionibacterium acnes biofilms formed on implant-associated materials in vitro In this study, low-amperage DC was compared to ceftriaxone treatment or no treatment in a novel rat femur model of foreign-body osteomyelitis. A platinum implant seeded with a P. acnes biofilm (10 7 CFU/cm 2 ) and 10 9 CFU of planktonic P. acnes was placed in the femoral medullary cavity. One week later, rats were assigned to one of three treatment groups: no treatment, ceftriaxone treatment, or 200-μA-DC treatment. After 2 weeks of treatment, there were fewer bacteria in the bones of the ceftriaxone group (3.06 log 10 CFU/g of bone [P = 0.0209]) and the 200-μA-DC group (0.5 log 10 CFU/g [P = 0.0015]) than in those of the control group (6.58 log 10 CFU/g). The DC-exposed animals exhibited fewer bacteria than the ceftriaxone-treated animals (P = 0.0330). There were fewer bacteria on the implanted wires in the groups treated with ceftriaxone (0.1 log 10 CFU/cm 2 ) or a 200-μA DC (0.1 log 10 CFU/cm 2 ) than in the control group (2.53 log 10 CFU/cm 2 [P, 0.0003 for both comparisons]). Low-amperage DC may be useful for treating, or aiding in the treatment of, foreign-body infections caused by P. acnes. Copyright © 2017 American Society for Microbiology.

Familial associations of lymphoma and myeloma with autoimmune diseases

PubMed Central

Hemminki, K; Försti, A; Sundquist, K; Sundquist, J; Li, X

2017-01-01

Many B-cell neoplasms are associated with autoimmune diseases (AIDs) but most evidence is based on a personal rather than a family history of AIDs. Here we calculated risks for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and multiple myeloma (MM) when family members were diagnosed with any of 44 different AIDs, or, independently, risk for AIDs when family members were diagnosed with a neoplasm. A total of 64 418 neoplasms and 531 155 AIDs were identified from Swedish nationwide health care records. NHL was associated with a family history of five AIDs, all increasing the risk, HL was associated with one AID increasing and three AIDs decreasing the risk while MM had no association. A family history of NHL was associated with eight, HL with seven and MM with seven different AIDs, nine increasing and 13 decreasing the risk. The present family data on B-cell neoplasms and AIDs show an approximately equal number of associations for risk increase and risk decrease, suggesting that inherited genes or gene-environment interactions may increase the risk or be protective. These results differed from published data on personal history of AID, which only report increased risks, often vastly higher and for different AIDs compared with the present data. PMID:28157190

Techniques for Intravascular Foreign Body Retrieval

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Woodhouse, Joe B.; Uberoi, Raman, E-mail: raman.uberoi@orh.nhs.uk

2013-08-01

As endovascular therapies increase in frequency, the incidence of lost or embolized foreign bodies is increasing. The presence of an intravascular foreign body (IFB) is well recognized to have the potential to cause serious complications. IFB can embolize and impact critical sites such as the heart, with subsequent significant morbidity or mortality. Intravascular foreign bodies most commonly result from embolized central line fragments, but they can originate from many sources, both iatrogenic and noniatrogenic. The percutaneous approach in removing an IFB is widely perceived as the best way to retrieve endovascular foreign bodies. This minimally invasive approach has a highmore » success rate with a low associated morbidity, and it avoids the complications related to open surgical approaches. We examined the characteristics, causes, and incidence of endovascular embolizations and reviewed the various described techniques that have been used to facilitate subsequent explantation of such materials.« less

Haiti.

PubMed

1987-04-01

The U.S. Department's background notes on Haiti briefly describe her geography, people, history, government, economy and foreign relations. Haiti comprises the western third of the Caribbean island Hispaniola, situated east of Cuba. There are 6 million people, growing at 1.9% annually, of African origin. Infant mortality is 124/1000; life expectancy 54 years. The country is undeveloped: 80% live in rural areas; per capita income is $379; literacy is estimated at 23%; most speak Creole, although Haiti is the only officially French speaking nation in the Western hemisphere. The land is hot and dry, largely becoming deforested and eroded. Haiti became independent in 1804 after a slave rebellion. Since then the government has been a succession of dictatorships, leading to constant political and economic disorder. The current transition government rules by decree. The economy is largely based on small subsistence farms. Coffee, cocoa, mangoes, essential oils and locally assembled manufactured goods are exported. Haiti benefits from foreign aid from several institutions and governments, including an active USAID program that fosters soil conservation, education and business.

The foreign-language effect: thinking in a foreign tongue reduces decision biases.

PubMed

Keysar, Boaz; Hayakawa, Sayuri L; An, Sun Gyu

2012-06-01

Would you make the same decisions in a foreign language as you would in your native tongue? It may be intuitive that people would make the same choices regardless of the language they are using, or that the difficulty of using a foreign language would make decisions less systematic. We discovered, however, that the opposite is true: Using a foreign language reduces decision-making biases. Four experiments show that the framing effect disappears when choices are presented in a foreign tongue. Whereas people were risk averse for gains and risk seeking for losses when choices were presented in their native tongue, they were not influenced by this framing manipulation in a foreign language. Two additional experiments show that using a foreign language reduces loss aversion, increasing the acceptance of both hypothetical and real bets with positive expected value. We propose that these effects arise because a foreign language provides greater cognitive and emotional distance than a native tongue does.

The use of satellite observations of the ocean surface in commercial fishing operations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Montgomery, D. R.

1983-01-01

Commercial fishermen are interested in the safety of their crews, boats, and gear, and in making the best catch for their time and money. Rising fuel costs, increased competition from foreign fisheries, improved knowledge about fish habits and the new 200 mile economic zone have all had an impact on the U.S. fishing industry. As a consequence, the modern fisherman, more than ever, requires reliable and timely information about the marine environment. This paper describes an experimental program to utilize satellite observations of the ocean surface, in conjunction with conventional observations and products, to prepare special fisheries aids charts for daily radio facsimile broadcasts to commercial fishermen. These special fisheries products aggregate a broad set of ocean observations, including ocean color structure, to depict oceanographic conditions of importance to commercial fishing tactics. Results to date have shown that improved safety at sea and decreased fuel costs can be achieved through the applied use of these special fisheries charts.

The role of warning behaviors in threat assessment: an exploration and suggested typology.

PubMed

Reid Meloy, J; Hoffmann, Jens; Guldimann, Angela; James, David

2012-01-01

The concept of warning behaviors offers an additional perspective in threat assessment. Warning behaviors are acts which constitute evidence of increasing or accelerating risk. They are acute, dynamic, and particularly toxic changes in patterns of behavior which may aid in structuring a professional's judgment that an individual of concern now poses a threat - whether the actual target has been identified or not. They require an operational response. A typology of eight warning behaviors for assessing the threat of intended violence is proposed: pathway, fixation, identification, novel aggression, energy burst, leakage, directly communicated threat, and last resort warning behaviors. Previous research on risk factors associated with such warning behaviors is reviewed, and examples of each warning behavior from various intended violence cases are presented, including public figure assassination, adolescent and adult mass murder, corporate celebrity stalking, and both domestic and foreign acts of terrorism. Practical applications and future research into warning behaviors are suggested. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Seven challenges in international development assistance for health and ways forward.

PubMed

Sridhar, Devi

2010-01-01

This paper outlines seven challenges in development assistance for health, which in the current financial context, have become even more important to address. These include the following: (1) the proliferation of initiatives, focusing on specific diseases or issues, as well as (2) the lack of attention given to reforming the existing focal health institutions, the WHO and World Bank. (3) The lack of accountability of donors and their influence on priority-setting are part of the reason that there is "initiavitis," and resistance to creating a strong UN system. (4) Other than absolute quantity of aid, three other challenges linked to donors relate to the quality of aid financing particularly the pragmatic difficulties of financing horizontal interventions, (5) the marginal involvement of developing country governments as aid recipients, and (6) the heavy reliance on Northern-based organizations as managers of funds. (7) The final challenge discussed focuses on two unintended consequences of the recent linking of health and foreign policy for international development assistance. The paper then provides three suggestions for ways forward: creating new mechanisms to hold donors to account, developing national plans and strengthening national leadership in health, and South-South collaboration. © 2010 American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics, Inc.

Foreign bodies in the aerodigestive tract in pediatric patients.

PubMed

Higo, Ryuzaburo; Matsumoto, Yu; Ichimura, Keiichi; Kaga, Kimitaka

2003-12-01

To investigate pediatric foreign body cases in the aerodigestive tract, and to elucidate the characteristic problems in Japan. A total of 310 pediatric patients (age 15 or below), gathered from two medical university hospitals (University of Tokyo and Jichi Medical School), were included in this study. Data were collected by retrospective chart review and were statistically analyzed. Two-year-olds were the most common patients, and the range from age 1 to age 4 included 67.7% of all the patients. The most involved sites were the nose (39.4%) and the pharynx (38.4%), followed by the esophagus (12.9%) and the trachea-bronchi (6.5%). Fish bones and toys were the representative foreign bodies (30.7 and 13.6%, respectively). Other foreign bodies often encountered included coins, food, candy, peanuts and nuts, and batteries. The type of foreign body was closely related to the site in which foreign bodies were lodged: 77.3% of foreign bodies in the pharynx were fish bones, and toys were the most common impacted foreign body in the nose. In the esophagus, representative impacted foreign bodies were coins (35.7%), but disk-type battery ingestion has been increasing in recent years. Although most foreign bodies in the esophagus were safely removed, one case of a disk-type battery had a serious sequela. In the trachea-bronchi, peanuts, food, cotton, and coins were impacted. A rigid bronchoscope was basically used to remove foreign bodies, but in some cases, a fine flexible endoscope, with a channel for fiber forceps, was useful, because it could be inserted into narrow bronchi. Advance of a flexible endoscope will make it an excellent tool for diagnosis and management of the trachea-bronchial foreign body. Fish bones in the pharynx, which were closely related to Japanese eating habits, and toys in the nose, were the typical foreign bodies encountered in this study. In the esophagus, an increased incidence of disk-type battery ingestion has become a serious problem in recent years. Since prevention is the most essential way to manage foreign body cases, feedback from studies to public education should be encouraged.

Even Teachers Get the Blues: Recognizing and Alleviating Language Teachers' Feelings of Foreign Language Anxiety.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Horwitz, Elaine K.

1996-01-01

Argues that many nonnative foreign-language teachers experience foreign-language anxiety and that this anxiety can have negative consequences for language teaching. The article discusses how anxiety affects teachers' feelings of self-confidence, use of the target language, and instructional choices and offers suggestions for increasing teachers'…

Foreign Language Reading Anxiety in a Jordanian EFL Context: A Qualitative Study

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Al-Shboul, Murad M.; Ahmad, Ismail Sheikh; Nordin, Mohamad Sahari; Rahman, Zainurin Abdul

2013-01-01

In the last two decades, investigating the sources of foreign language anxiety in general has increasingly attracted the attention of many researchers in the field of foreign language teaching. However, the sources of anxiety that influence the acquisition of certain specific language skills such as reading in particular have rarely been…

Career Development of Foreign-Born Workers: Where Is the Career Motivation Research?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lopes, Tobin P.

2006-01-01

Immigrants and/or foreign-born workers are entering the American work-force at an increasing rate. Career motivation for these new entrants requires research attention. As this literature review shows, researchers have virtually ignored the expanding immigrant and/or foreign-born worker population. Career motivation differences among international…

American Student Attitudes toward Foreign Students before and during an International Crisis.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Matross, Ronald; And Others

1982-01-01

Surveyed domestic students' attitudes toward foreign students before and after the seizure of the U.S. hostages in Iran. Results showed most students did not change their attitudes toward foreign students, but did show increased support for funding international exchange programs. Attitudes were related to demographic characteristics and political…

The Importance of Games in Teaching Foreign Languages to Children

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Alpar, Melek

2013-01-01

In teaching French as a foreign language, there is a constant development from traditional methods to action-oriented approaches. This development has arisen as a result of students' needs and of innovations in technology. Particularly in the last decade, there has been increasing interest in teaching foreign languages to children. Because of…

A Tale of One China: How and Why Has the Efficacy of United States Arms Sales to Taiwan Changed Since 1990

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-05-01

militarily. Even Taiwan’s attempts to adopt asymmetric and innovative defense capabilities, paired with the advantages of island defense and foreign ...States foreign policy. According to the Defense Security Cooperation Agency, the United States transfers “defense articles and services in furtherance...of national security and foreign policy objectives.” By increasing the military capabilities of foreign allies and partners, the United States

Profile of tuberculosis among the foreign-born population in Japan, 2007–2014

PubMed Central

Uchimura, Kazuhiro; Izumi, Kiyohiko; Ohkado, Akihiro; Ishikawa, Nobukatsu

2016-01-01

The proportion of foreign-born people among the newly notified tuberculosis (TB) patients has been increasing in recent years and potentially poses a new challenge to TB control in Japan. In this report, we analysed the data from the Japan TB surveillance system between 2007 and 2014 to gain an overview of the trends and characteristics of foreign-born TB patients in Japan. We found that the proportion of foreign-born TB patients was especially high among the younger age groups – 44.1% among the 20–29 years age group in 2014. The largest groups of foreign-born patients were from China and the Philippines; however, the number of those from Nepal and Viet Nam was on the rise. Students comprised the second largest professional category group for TB after regular workers, and its proportion increased over the study period. Compared to Japan-born TB patients, foreign-born patients were more likely to be diagnosed through routine medical check-ups. Treatment successes and patients still on treatment were significantly lower among foreign-born patients than their Japan-born counterparts; and transferred-out and unknown outcomes were higher. Our results indicated that distinctive subgroups within the foreign-born population in Japan, especially students and regular workers, might have a higher risk of developing TB. Measures to ensure early diagnosis and treatment adherence should be adapted to such populations. PMID:27508086

Profile of tuberculosis among the foreign-born population in Japan, 2007-2014.

PubMed

Kawatsu, Lisa; Uchimura, Kazuhiro; Izumi, Kiyohiko; Ohkado, Akihiro; Ishikawa, Nobukatsu

2016-01-01

The proportion of foreign-born people among the newly notified tuberculosis (TB) patients has been increasing in recent years and potentially poses a new challenge to TB control in Japan. In this report, we analysed the data from the Japan TB surveillance system between 2007 and 2014 to gain an overview of the trends and characteristics of foreign-born TB patients in Japan. We found that the proportion of foreign-born TB patients was especially high among the younger age groups - 44.1% among the 20-29 years age group in 2014. The largest groups of foreign-born patients were from China and the Philippines; however, the number of those from Nepal and Viet Nam was on the rise. Students comprised the second largest professional category group for TB after regular workers, and its proportion increased over the study period. Compared to Japan-born TB patients, foreign-born patients were more likely to be diagnosed through routine medical check-ups. Treatment successes and patients still on treatment were significantly lower among foreign-born patients than their Japan-born counterparts; and transferred-out and unknown outcomes were higher. Our results indicated that distinctive subgroups within the foreign-born population in Japan, especially students and regular workers, might have a higher risk of developing TB. Measures to ensure early diagnosis and treatment adherence should be adapted to such populations.

Are marketing campaigns in Taiwan by foreign tobacco companies targeting young smokers?

PubMed Central

Wen, C; Chen, T; Tsai, Y; Tsai, S; Chung, W; Cheng, T; Levy, D; Hsu, C; Peterson, R; Liu, W

2005-01-01

Objective: To assess the impact of promotions on cigarette sales in Taiwan after the cigarette market opened to foreign companies, and to assess whether young smokers were targeted by these companies. Methods: Trends in cigarette sales, advertising expenditure, brand preference, and cigarette consumption were examined for the period following the 1987 opening of the cigarette market. Tobacco industry internal documents from Legacy Tobacco Documents Library of the University of California, San Francisco, were searched for corporate strategies on promoting youth consumption in Taiwan. Results: Between 1995 and 2000, the inflation adjusted advertising expenditures by all foreign firms increased fourfold. Much of the expenditure was spent on brand stretching the Mild Seven (Japan) and Davidoff (Germany) brands in television advertising. By 2000, the market share of foreign cigarettes exceeded domestics by three to one among young smokers and the leading brand preferred by this segment shifted from the most popular domestic brand (Long Life) to a foreign brand (Mild Seven). Furthermore, there was a sudden increase of 16.4% in smoking rates among young adults (from 36.1% to 42.0%) during the first five years after the market opened. This was also accompanied by increased per capita cigarette consumption and decreased age of smoking initiation. Industry documents confirmed the use of strategies targeted at the young. In particular, establishing new point of sale (POS) retail stores or promotional activities at POS were found to be more effective than advertising in magazines. Conclusions: This study provides evidence that advertising increased with increased competition following the market opening, which, in turn, spurred cigarette sales and consumption. Foreign tobacco companies have deliberately targeted youth in Taiwan and succeeded in gaining three quarters of their cigarette purchases within a decade. Expanding youth consumption will incur excessive future health care costs borne by society. Foreign tobacco companies should be obligated to reimburse these expenses through higher tariffs on cigarettes. PMID:15923447

Are marketing campaigns in Taiwan by foreign tobacco companies targeting young smokers?

PubMed

Wen, C P; Chen, T; Tsai, Y-Y; Tsai, S P; Chung, W S I; Cheng, T Y; Levy, D T; Hsu, C C; Peterson, R; Liu, W-Y

2005-06-01

To assess the impact of promotions on cigarette sales in Taiwan after the cigarette market opened to foreign companies, and to assess whether young smokers were targeted by these companies. Trends in cigarette sales, advertising expenditure, brand preference, and cigarette consumption were examined for the period following the 1987 opening of the cigarette market. Tobacco industry internal documents from Legacy Tobacco Documents Library of the University of California, San Francisco, were searched for corporate strategies on promoting youth consumption in Taiwan. Between 1995 and 2000, the inflation adjusted advertising expenditures by all foreign firms increased fourfold. Much of the expenditure was spent on brand stretching the Mild Seven (Japan) and Davidoff (Germany) brands in television advertising. By 2000, the market share of foreign cigarettes exceeded domestics by three to one among young smokers and the leading brand preferred by this segment shifted from the most popular domestic brand (Long Life) to a foreign brand (Mild Seven). Furthermore, there was a sudden increase of 16.4% in smoking rates among young adults (from 36.1% to 42.0%) during the first five years after the market opened. This was also accompanied by increased per capita cigarette consumption and decreased age of smoking initiation. Industry documents confirmed the use of strategies targeted at the young. In particular, establishing new point of sale (POS) retail stores or promotional activities at POS were found to be more effective than advertising in magazines. This study provides evidence that advertising increased with increased competition following the market opening, which, in turn, spurred cigarette sales and consumption. Foreign tobacco companies have deliberately targeted youth in Taiwan and succeeded in gaining three quarters of their cigarette purchases within a decade. Expanding youth consumption will incur excessive future health care costs borne by society. Foreign tobacco companies should be obligated to reimburse these expenses through higher tariffs on cigarettes.

Association of birthplace and self-reported hypertension by racial/ethnic groups among US adults--National Health Interview Survey, 2006-2010.

PubMed

Fang, Jing; Ayala, Carma; Loustalot, Fleetwood

2012-12-01

Over the past few decades, the proportion of US adults who were foreign-born has been increasing, as has the overall prevalence of hypertension. Here, we compared the prevalence of self-reported hypertension among native-born adults with that among foreign-born adults, classified by racial/ethnic group. Using 2006-2010 data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), we compared the age-adjusted prevalence of hypertension among native-born adults to foreign-born adults, specified by continent of birthplace and race/ethnicity. Results are expressed as unadjusted odds ratios (ORs) and three sets of adjusted odds ratios (AORs) adjusted for selected sociodemographic, behavioral and health-related characteristics. All results accounted for NHIS sampling design variables. The analytic sample was 124,260 with 16.3% foreign-born adults. Among the foreign-born adults, 56% were from Central or South America, 22% from Asia, 13% from Europe, and 4% from Africa. Overall and after adjustment, hypertension prevalence was significantly higher among US-born adults than among foreign-born adults (AOR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.21-1.36). By race/ethnicity, hypertension prevalence was higher among US-born non-Hispanic blacks than either foreign-born non-Hispanic blacks (AOR: 1.24, 95%CI: 1.02-1.50) or all Africa-born immigrants of any race/ethnicity [AOR: 1.45, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.07-1.97]. Among foreign-born adults, duration of US residence was positively associated with the likelihood of hypertension. Hypertension prevalence was higher among US-born adults than among foreign-born adults and higher among US-born non-Hispanic blacks than in any other group. Among foreign-born adults, hypertension risk increased with the number of years they had lived in the United States.

[Present state of countermeasure to AIDS in the world today].

PubMed

Takakuwa, E

1997-11-01

1. Only about 10 years have passed since HIV was discovered but WHO presumes that there will be 30 to 40 million infected cases by the year 2,000. This then possesses the possibility of more frequent contact with such persons and thus means we must look for how to protect ourselves. I would like to discuss the present state of AIDS, particularly in eastern European countries such as Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania and Russia, based on recent data I have compiled. 2. AIDS-related laws at present in various countries. (1) Comparison of major laws (17 countries) including 1) patient (17 countries) and infected person (13 countries) notification, 2) protection of privacy (9 countries), 3) prohibiting infected person discrimination (3 countries) and 4) other matters including restraint on behavior to spread infection (6 countries). (2) Entry laws from foreign country (10 countries) applicable to patient and infected person for 1) entry (3 countries) and 2) long period of stay (8 countries). 3. Present countermeasures to AIDS. (1) Data for 8 countries including Japan, U.S.A. U.K., France, Germany and three eastern European countries with regard to 1) budgets, 2) examinations, 3) medical care, 4) consultation and guidance and 5) education. I shall also discuss the following 2 countermeasures in Japan. I have proposed to the Diet: 1) Examination to detect HIV-antibodies in donated blood. This measure is present in effect since Nov. 1st, 1986, as a result of my proposal made to the Diet on March 14th, 1986. 2) For person infected by transfusion of the blood products without heat treatment, I proposed that expenses should be defrayed according to the CD4 level at either CD4 < or = 200 or CD4 < or = 500. (2) Present situation in eastern European countries. Common features are as follows: 1) Infected person and patient are quarantined if they request, since they know their condition which was disclosed based on data from past mass screening test under communism. 2) At present infected persons are few in number. 3) This number will rapidly increase with greater active interchange with western countries following elimination of the Berlin Wall. 4) AIDS countermeasures such as blood and blood products examinations are inadequate due to insufficient funds. In Bulgaria, the government has conducted AIDS tests on more than half the population and in Romania, there is the tragic situation. (3) Guidelines for WHO-ILO countermeasures to AIDS at work places. 4. Present situation in research. The development of effective medicines and vaccines is the primary objective of AIDS research. Research programs may be enumerated as follows; 1) In the U.S.A., NIH and CDC are major organizations which lead research around the world. The major objective is synthetic medicine. 2) In U.K., the development of vaccines for monkey and cat is being sought. 3) In China, herb medicine is administrated to patients in Un-nan-sho where AIDS patients are quite numerous. 4) In Japan, a recombinant vaccine is being sought through use of BCG, vaccinia viruses and the like. 5. Topics related to AIDS include 1) informed consent to be treated by a AIDS-infected doctor, 2) suits against doctors who fail to make infected person known infection and 3) government control laws for AIDS in Russia.

Factors predictive of risk for complications in patients with oesophageal foreign bodies.

PubMed

Sung, Sang Hun; Jeon, Seong Woo; Son, Hyuk Su; Kim, Sung Kook; Jung, Min Kyu; Cho, Chang Min; Tak, Won Young; Kweon, Young Oh

2011-08-01

Reports on predictive risk factors associated with complications of ingested oesophageal foreign bodies are rare. The aim of this study was to determine the predictive risk factors associated with the complications of oesophageal foreign bodies. Three hundred sixteen cases with foreign bodies in the oesophagus were retrospectively investigated. The predictive risk factors for complications after foreign body ingestion were analysed by multivariate logistic regression, and included age, size and type of foreign body ingested, duration of impaction, and the level of foreign body impaction. The types of oesophageal foreign bodies included fish bones (37.0%), food (19.0%), and metals (18.4%). The complications associated with foreign bodies were ulcers (21.2%), lacerations (14.9%), erosions (12.0%), and perforation (1.9%). Multivariate analysis showed that the duration of impaction (p<0.001), and the type (p<0.001) and size of the foreign bodies (p<0.001) were significant independent risk factors associated with the development of complications in patients with oesophageal foreign bodies. In patients with oesophageal foreign bodies, the risk of complications was increased with a longer duration of impaction, bone type, and larger size. Copyright © 2011 Editrice Gastroenterologica Italiana S.r.l. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Diagnosis of Pediatric Foreign Body Ingestion: Clinical Presentation, Physical Examination, and Radiologic Findings.

PubMed

Sink, Jacquelyn R; Kitsko, Dennis J; Mehta, Deepak K; Georg, Matthew W; Simons, Jeffrey P

2016-04-01

(1) To describe clinical and radiologic findings in patients with esophageal foreign bodies. (2) To examine the sensitivity and specificity of history, physical examination, and radiologic studies in children with suspected foreign body ingestion. A retrospective cohort study was performed evaluating all children who underwent esophagoscopy for suspected foreign body ingestion at our institution from 2006 to 2013. Five hundred forty-three patients were included (54% male). Average age was 4.7 years (SD = 4.1 years). Foreign bodies were identified on esophagoscopy in 497 cases (92%). Ingestion was witnessed in 23% of cases. Most common presenting symptoms were choking/gagging (49%), vomiting (47%), and dysphagia/odynophagia (42%). Most patients with foreign bodies had a normal exam (76%). Most foreign bodies were radiopaque (83%). In 59% of patients with normal chest radiographs, a foreign body was present. Sensitivity and specificity of 1 or more findings on history, physical examination, and imaging were 99% and 0%, 21% and 76%, and 83% and 100%, respectively. Most patients with esophageal foreign bodies are symptomatic. Although many patients will have a normal physical examination, an abnormal exam should increase suspicion for a foreign body. Most esophageal foreign bodies are radiopaque, but a normal chest radiograph cannot rule out a foreign body. © The Author(s) 2015.

12 CFR 28.15 - Capital equivalency deposits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... provided by the OCC, a foreign bank's capital equivalency deposits (CED) must consist of: (i) Investment... increase its CED above the minimum amount. For example, the OCC may require an increase if a Federal branch... arrangements. A foreign bank should require its depository bank to segregate its CED on the depository bank's...

12 CFR 28.15 - Capital equivalency deposits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... provided by the OCC, a foreign bank's capital equivalency deposits (CED) must consist of: (i) Investment... increase its CED above the minimum amount. For example, the OCC may require an increase if a Federal branch... arrangements. A foreign bank should require its depository bank to segregate its CED on the depository bank's...

12 CFR 28.15 - Capital equivalency deposits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... provided by the OCC, a foreign bank's capital equivalency deposits (CED) must consist of: (i) Investment... increase its CED above the minimum amount. For example, the OCC may require an increase if a Federal branch... arrangements. A foreign bank should require its depository bank to segregate its CED on the depository bank's...

Graduate Applications from Foreigners Rise

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Smith, Lauren

2007-01-01

In this article, the author reports on an annual survey on foreign applications to American graduate schools performed by the Council of Graduate Schools. The results suggests that while American graduate schools have continued to attract an increasing number of applications from international students, the rate of increase appears to be slowing.…

Teaching Spanish as a Foreign Language in Belgrade, Yugoslavia: A Need To Overcome the Old Ways.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Savic, Jelena M.

1997-01-01

Notes that although the popularity of Spanish as a foreign language has increased in Yugoslavia, little attention has been paid to Spanish teachers' attitudes toward foreign language teaching or to their continuous education. Presents a survey of teacher attitudes regarding curriculum and teaching methods. Results indicate that the teaching staff…

Can a Web-Based Course Improve Communicative Competence of Foreign-Born Nurses?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Van Schaik, Eileen; Lynch, Emily M.; Stoner, Susan A.; Sikorski, Lorna D.

2014-01-01

In the years since World War II, the United States has grown increasingly dependent on foreign-born healthcare personnel at all levels of the healthcare system. Foreign-born nurses report that while they may feel clinically competent, they often feel unprepared for the use of English in the healthcare setting (Davis & Nichols, 2002; Guttman,…

Cuba.

PubMed

1985-08-01

Cuba's population characteristics, geography, history, government, political conditions, and foreign relations were briefly described. Cuba, the largest island in the East Indies, has a tropical climate and is made up of a large area of rolling plains and a smaller mountainous region. Cuba's current population of 9.946 million (1983) is 70% urban and 30% rural. The annual population growth rate is 1.1%. The literacy rate among those aged 10-49 years is 96%, and school is compulsory for 6 years. The infant mortality rate is 21/1000 live births, and life expectancy is 74.7 years. 47% of the work force is engaged in industry and commerce, 28% in services and government, and 25% in agriculture. Since the revolution, Cuba has had a centrally planned, nonmarket economy. Large state enterprises run all segments of the economy, and economic policy is formulated by a central planning board. Farmers are allowed to privately market some of their produce. The government provide a wide range of social services. Most of the services are free, but some entail a minimal fee. Cuba's economy is depressed and overly dependent on the production of sugar. Since the revolution, Cuba's sugar production has increased by only 1.1% annually. In addition to sugar production, the country is engaged in some food processing and other light forms of industry. Cuba has a large reserve of nickle. Cuba's economic indicators are calculated differently than those used in market countries and are not comparable to those used in market countries. In 1983, disposable national income was US$15.8 billion, and per capita income was US$2,590. Cuba's imports exceed her exports. In 1983 exports totalled US$6.5 billion and imports amounted to US$7.2 billion. Cuba's foreign debt is increasing annually, and Cuba is highly dependent on economic assistance from Russia. Between 1961-83, the USSR provided Cuba with US$30 billion in economic aid and US$10 billion in military aid. The country's serious economic problems are attributable to the overly centralized economy, poor management, and, excessive military spending. Cuba maintains close ties with the USSR, Eastern European countries, North Korea, and Vietnam. Cuba's interventionist activities in Latin America led to the imposition by the Organization of American State of economic sanctions against Cuba between 1964-75. Since 1961, the relationship between the US and Cuba is one of hostility. These hostilities peaked in the 1961 Bay of Pigs episode and the 1962 missile crisis. Between 1975-77 efforts were made to improve relations but these were discontinued in response to Cuba's interventionist activities in Africa and Latin America.

Identifying geoscience knowledge likely to affect foreign policy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kelmelis, J. A.

2006-12-01

The earth sciences play an important role in foreign policy and have done so throughout history. Whether it is access to resources, knowledge of weather or other earth system conditions, planning for or responding to disasters, protecting the environment, facilitating transportation and communication, or any of a number of other important topics, the geosciences continue to inform our decision making. The importance of science, technology, and health (STH) is being increasingly recognized in the foreign policy community. The National Research Council (NRC) recommended that the Department of State (State) expand its scientific base to address the importance of STH issues. In part, this consists of increasing the number of scientists within State. Another important aspect is not only identifying the STH issues that are of current concern, but also the issues that will be of importance in the future. A number of studies funded by the U.S. Government have identified some important STH areas of concern at a high level. These provide a basis for more in-depth investigations. However, there are additional phenomena, beyond those identified in the studies, which have foreign policy implications. The scientific findings may be well known to scientists but their foreign policy importance is not always obvious. The scientific and foreign policy communities could improve their dialog to better develop strategies for foreign policy and future scientific research. One way to help facilitate that is to ease identification of scientific issues with potential significance to foreign policy and to clarify uncertainties around those issues. A qualitative method relating the likelihood that the scientific finding has foreign policy importance to the potential level of foreign policy importance has been used to clarify the significance of a variety of scientific findings including Arctic warming, methane hydrates, atmospheric dust, disease, and natural hazards. From a foreign policy perspective, the significance of some scientific findings can cascade through emerging international issues and manifest themselves in ways that have both strategic and tactical concern.

Growth of language-related brain areas after foreign language learning.

PubMed

Mårtensson, Johan; Eriksson, Johan; Bodammer, Nils Christian; Lindgren, Magnus; Johansson, Mikael; Nyberg, Lars; Lövdén, Martin

2012-10-15

The influence of adult foreign-language acquisition on human brain organization is poorly understood. We studied cortical thickness and hippocampal volumes of conscript interpreters before and after three months of intense language studies. Results revealed increases in hippocampus volume and in cortical thickness of the left middle frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, and superior temporal gyrus for interpreters relative to controls. The right hippocampus and the left superior temporal gyrus were structurally more malleable in interpreters acquiring higher proficiency in the foreign language. Interpreters struggling relatively more to master the language displayed larger gray matter increases in the middle frontal gyrus. These findings confirm structural changes in brain regions known to serve language functions during foreign-language acquisition. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.