Sample records for air plasma formation

  1. The effect of standing acoustic waves on the formation of laser-induced air plasmas.

    PubMed

    Craig, Stephanie M; Brownell, Kara; O'Leary, Brendon; Malfitano, Christopher; Kelley, Jude A

    2013-03-01

    The expected location of an air plasma produced by a focused YAG laser pulse has been found to be influenced by the acoustics of the surrounding environment. In open air, the expected location of a laser-induced air plasma is centered close to the focal point of the lens focusing the laser beam. When confining the same beam coaxially along the interior of a quartz tube, the expected location of the air plasma shifts away from the focal point, toward the focusing lens, in a region of less laser fluence. This shift is caused by an interaction between standing acoustic waves (formed from sound waves produced by previous laser-induced plasmas) and the impinging laser pulse. Standing acoustic waves in a tube produce areas (antinodes) of slightly higher and slightly lower pressure than ambient atmospheric conditions, that in turn have a noticeable affect on the probability of creating an air plasma at a given location. This leads to two observed phenomena: Increased probability of air plasma formation before the optical focal point is reached, and the formation of distinct (separate) air plasmas at the antinodes themselves.

  2. Analysis and experimental study on formation conditions of large-scale barrier-free diffuse atmospheric pressure air plasmas in repetitive pulse mode

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Li, Lee; Liu, Lun; Liu, Yun-Long; Bin, Yu; Ge, Ya-Feng; Lin, Fo-Chang

    2014-01-01

    Atmospheric air diffuse plasmas have enormous application potential in various fields of science and technology. Without dielectric barrier, generating large-scale air diffuse plasmas is always a challenging issue. This paper discusses and analyses the formation mechanism of cold homogenous plasma. It is proposed that generating stable diffuse atmospheric plasmas in open air should meet the three conditions: high transient power with low average power, excitation in low average E-field with locally high E-field region, and multiple overlapping electron avalanches. Accordingly, an experimental configuration of generating large-scale barrier-free diffuse air plasmas is designed. Based on runaway electron theory, a low duty-ratio, high voltage repetitive nanosecond pulse generator is chosen as a discharge excitation source. Using the wire-electrodes with small curvature radius, the gaps with highly non-uniform E-field are structured. Experimental results show that the volume-scaleable, barrier-free, homogeneous air non-thermal plasmas have been obtained between the gap spacing with the copper-wire electrodes. The area of air cold plasmas has been up to hundreds of square centimeters. The proposed formation conditions of large-scale barrier-free diffuse air plasmas are proved to be reasonable and feasible.

  3. Laser plasma at low air pressure

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Vas'kovskii, Iu. M.; Moiseev, V. N.; Rovinskii, R. E.; Tsenina, I. S.

    1993-01-01

    The ambient-pressure dependences of the dynamic and optical characteristics of a laser plasma generated by CO2-laser irradiation of an obstacle are investigated experimentally. The change of the sample's surface roughness after irradiation is investigated as a function of air pressure. It is concluded that the transition from the air plasma to the erosion plasma takes place at an air pressure of about 1 mm Hg. The results confirm the existing theory of plasma formation near the surface of an obstacle under the CO2-laser pulse effect in air.

  4. EFFECTS OF LASER RADIATION ON MATTER: Efficient surface-erosion plasma formation in air due to the action of pulse-periodic laser radiation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Min'ko, L. Ya; Chumakou, A. N.; Bosak, N. A.

    1990-11-01

    A study was made of the interaction of a series of periodic laser (λ = 1.06 μm) pulses with a number of materials (aluminum, copper, graphite, ebonite) in air at laser radiation power densities q = 107-109 W/cm2 and repetition frequencies f<=50 kHz. The radiation was concentrated in spots of ~ 10 - 2 cm2 area. Efficient formation of plasma as a result of laser erosion (q > 2 × 108 W/cm2, f>=5 kHz) was observed. A screening layer of an air plasma created by the first pulse of the series was expelled from the interaction zone and this was followed by erosion plasma formation under conditions of slight screening of the target during the action of the subsequent laser pulses.

  5. Air plasma effect on dental disinfection

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Duarte, S.; Kuo, S. P.; Murata, R. M.; Chen, C. Y.; Saxena, D.; Huang, K. J.; Popovic, S.

    2011-07-01

    A nonthermal low temperature air plasma jet is characterized and applied to study the plasma effects on oral pathogens and biofilms. Experiments were performed on samples of six defined microorganisms' cultures, including those of gram-positive bacteria and fungi, and on a cultivating biofilm sample of Streptococcus mutans UA159. The results show that the plasma jet creates a zone of microbial growth inhibition in each treated sample; the zone increases with the plasma treatment time and expands beyond the entire region directly exposed to the plasma jet. With 30s plasma treatment twice daily during 5 days of biofilm cultivation, its formation was inhibited. The viability of S. mutans cells in the treated biofilms dropped to below the measurable level and the killed bacterial cells concentrated to local regions as manifested by the fluorescence microscopy via the environmental scanning electron microscope. The emission spectroscopy of the jet indicates that its plasma effluent carries an abundance of reactive atomic oxygen, providing catalyst for the observed plasma effect.

  6. A novel approach to regulate cell membrane permeability for ATP and NADH formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae induced by air cold plasma

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Dong, Xiaoyu; Liu, Tingting; Xiong, Yuqin

    2017-02-01

    Air cold plasma has been used as a novel method for enhancing microbial fermentation. The aim of this work was to explore the effect of plasma on membrane permeability and the formation of ATP and NADH in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, so as to provide valuable information for large-scale application of plasma in the fermentation industry. Suspensions of S. cerevisiae cells were exposed to air cold plasma for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 min, and then subjected to various analyses prior to fermentation (0 h) and at the 9 and 21 h stages of fermentation. Compared with non-exposed cells, cells exposed to plasma for 1 min exhibited a marked increase in cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration as a result of the significant increase in membrane potential prior to fermentation. At the same time, the ATP level in the cell suspension decreased by about 40%, resulting in a reduction of about 60% in NADH prior to culturing. However, the levels of ATP and NADH in the culture at the 9 and 21 h fermentation stages were different from the level at 0 h. Taken together, the results indicated that exposure of S. cerevisiae to air cold plasma could increase its cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration by improving the cell membrane potential, consequently leading to changes in ATP and NADH levels. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21246012, 21306015 and 21476032).

  7. Laser Ablation Molecular Isotopic Spectrometry for Molecules Formation Chemistry in Femtosecond-Laser Ablated Plasmas.

    PubMed

    Hou, Huaming; Mao, Xianglei; Zorba, Vassilia; Russo, Richard E

    2017-07-18

    Recently, laser ablated molecular isotopic spectrometry (LAMIS) has expanded its capability to explore molecules formation mechanism in laser-induced plasma in addition to isotope analysis. LAMIS is a powerful tool for tracking the origination of atoms that is involved in formation of investigated molecules by labeling atoms with their isotopic substitution. The evolutionary formation pathways of organic molecules, especially of C 2 dimers and CN radicals, were frequently reported. However, very little is known about the formation pathways for metallic radicals and heterodimers in laser ablated plasma. This research focuses on elucidating the formation pathways of AlO radicals in femtosecond laser ablated plasma from 18 O-labeled Al 2 O 3 pellet. Plasmas expanding with strong forward bias in the direction normal to the sample surface were generated in the wake of a weakly ionized channel created by a femtosecond laser. The formation mechanism of AlO and influence of air were investigated with multiple plasma diagnostic methods such as monochromatic fast gating imaging, spatiotemporal resolved optical emission spectroscopy, and LAMIS. An advanced LAMIS fitting procedure was used to deduce the spatiotemporal distributions of Al 18 O and Al 16 O number densities and also their ratios. We found that the Al 16 O/Al 18 O number density ratio is higher for plasma portion closer to the sample surface, which suggests that chemical reactions between the plasma plume and ambient air are more intense at the tail of the plasma. The results also reveals that direct association of free Al and O atoms is the main mechanism for the formation of AlO at the early stage of the plasma. To the contrast, chemical reactions between plasma materials and ambient oxygen molecules and the isotope exchange effect are the dominant mechanisms of the formation of AlO and evolution of Al 16 O/Al 18 O number density ratio at the late stage of the plasma.

  8. Antimicrobial Applications of Ambient--Air Plasmas

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pavlovich, Matthew John

    The emerging field of plasma biotechology studies the applications of the plasma phase of matter to biological systems. "Ambient-condition" plasmas created at or near room temperature and atmospheric pressure are especially promising for biomedical applications because of their convenience, safety to patients, and compatibility with existing medical technology. Plasmas can be created from many different gases; plasma made from air contains a number of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, or RONS, involved in various biological processes, including immune activity, signaling, and gene expression. Therefore, ambient-condition air plasma is of particular interest for biological applications. To understand and predict the effects of treating biological systems with ambient-air plasma, it is necessary to characterize and measure the chemical species that these plasmas produce. Understanding both gaseous chemistry and the chemistry in plasma-treated aqueous solution is important because many biological systems exist in aqueous media. Existing literature about ambient-air plasma hypothesizes the critical role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species; a major aim of this dissertation is to better quantify RONS by produced ambient-air plasma and understand how RONS chemistry changes in response to different plasma processing conditions. Measurements imply that both gaseous and aqueous chemistry are highly sensitive to operating conditions. In particular, chemical species in air treated by plasma exist in either a low-power ozone-dominated mode or a high-power nitrogen oxide-dominated mode, with an unstable transition region at intermediate discharge power and treatment time. Ozone (O3) and nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2, or NOx) are mutually exclusive in this system and that the transition region corresponds to the transition from ozone- to nitrogen oxides-mode. Aqueous chemistry agrees well with to air plasma chemistry, and a similar transition in liquid-phase composition

  9. Using advanced oxidation treatment for biofilm inactivation by varying water vapor content in air plasma

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ryota, Suganuma; Koichi, Yasuoka

    2015-09-01

    Biofilms are caused by environmental degradation in food factories and medical facilities. The inactivation of biofilms involves making them react with chemicals including chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, and ozone, although inactivation using chemicals has a potential problem because of the hazardous properties of the residual substance and hydrogen peroxide, which have slow reaction velocity. We successfully performed an advanced oxidation process (AOP) using air plasma. Hydrogen peroxide and ozone, which were used for the formation of OH radicals in our experiment, were generated by varying the amount of water vapor supplied to the plasma. By varying the content of the water included in the air, the main product was changed from air plasma. When we increased the water content in the air, hydrogen peroxide was produced, while ozone peroxide was produced when we decreased the water content in the air. By varying the amount of water vapor, we realized a 99.9% reduction in the amount of bacteria in the biofilm when we discharged humidified air only. This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 25630104.

  10. Infrared Signature Masking by Air Plasma Radiation

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Kruger, Charles H.; Laux, C. O.

    2001-01-01

    This report summarizes the results obtained during a research program on the infrared radiation of air plasmas conducted in the High Temperature Gasdynamics Laboratory at Stanford University under the direction of Professor Charles H. Kruger, with Dr. Christophe O. Laux as Associate Investigator. The goal of this research was to investigate the masking of infrared signatures by the air plasma formed behind the bow shock of high velocity missiles. To this end, spectral measurements and modeling were made of the radiation emitted between 2.4 and 5.5 micrometers by an atmospheric pressure air plasma in chemical and thermal equilibrium at a temperature of approximately 3000 K. The objective was to examine the spectral emission of air species including nitric oxide, atomic oxygen and nitrogen lines, molecular and atomic continua, as well as secondary species such as water vapor or carbon dioxide. The cold air stream injected in the plasma torch contained approximately 330 parts per million of CO2, which is the natural CO2 concentration in atmospheric air at room temperatures, and a small amount of water vapor with an estimated mole fraction of 3.8x10(exp -4).

  11. Quantification of air plasma chemistry for surface disinfection

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pavlovich, Matthew J.; Clark, Douglas S.; Graves, David B.

    2014-12-01

    Atmospheric-pressure air plasmas, created by a variety of discharges, are promising sources of reactive species for the emerging field of plasma biotechnology because of their convenience and ability to operate at ambient conditions. One biological application of ambient-air plasma is microbial disinfection, and the ability of air plasmas to decontaminate both solid surfaces and liquid volumes has been thoroughly established in the literature. However, the mechanism of disinfection and which reactive species most strongly correlate with antimicrobial effects are still not well understood. We describe quantitative gas-phase measurements of plasma chemistry via infrared spectroscopy in confined volumes, focusing on air plasma generated via surface micro-discharge (SMD). Previously, it has been shown that gaseous chemistry is highly sensitive to operating conditions, and the measurements we describe here extend those findings. We quantify the gaseous concentrations of ozone (O3) and nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2, or NOx) throughout the established ‘regimes’ for SMD air plasma chemistry: the low-power, ozone-dominated mode; the high-power, nitrogen oxides-dominated mode; and the intermediate, unstable transition region. The results presented here are in good agreement with previously published experimental studies of aqueous chemistry and parameterized models of gaseous chemistry. The principal finding of the present study is the correlation of bacterial inactivation on dry surfaces with gaseous chemistry across these time and power regimes. Bacterial decontamination is most effective in ‘NOx mode’ and less effective in ‘ozone mode’, with the weakest antibacterial effects in the transition region. Our results underscore the dynamic nature of air plasma chemistry and the importance of careful chemical characterization of plasma devices intended for biological applications.

  12. In-situ formation of multiphase air plasma sprayed barrier coatings for turbine components

    DOEpatents

    Subramanian, Ramesh

    2001-01-01

    A turbine component (10), such as a turbine blade, is provided which is made of a metal alloy (22) and a base, planar-grained thermal barrier layer (28) applied by air plasma spraying on the alloy surface, where a heat resistant ceramic oxide overlay material (32') covers the bottom thermal barrier coating (28), and the overlay material is the reaction product of the precursor ceramic oxide overlay material (32) and the base thermal barrier coating material (28).

  13. Merging-compression formation of high temperature tokamak plasma

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gryaznevich, M. P.; Sykes, A.

    2017-07-01

    Merging-compression is a solenoid-free plasma formation method used in spherical tokamaks (STs). Two plasma rings are formed and merged via magnetic reconnection into one plasma ring that then is radially compressed to form the ST configuration. Plasma currents of several hundred kA and plasma temperatures in the keV-range have been produced using this method, however until recently there was no full understanding of the merging-compression formation physics. In this paper we explain in detail, for the first time, all stages of the merging-compression plasma formation. This method will be used to create ST plasmas in the compact (R ~ 0.4-0.6 m) high field, high current (3 T/2 MA) ST40 tokamak. Moderate extrapolation from the available experimental data suggests the possibility of achieving plasma current ~2 MA, and 10 keV range temperatures at densities ~1-5  ×  1020 m-3, bringing ST40 plasmas into a burning plasma (alpha particle heating) relevant conditions directly from the plasma formation. Issues connected with this approach for ST40 and future ST reactors are discussed

  14. Plasma-assisted combustion in lean, high-pressure, preheated air-methane mixtures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sommerer, Timothy; Herbon, John; Saddoughi, Seyed; Deminsky, Maxim; Potapkin, Boris

    2013-09-01

    We combine a simplified physical model with a detailed plasma-chemical reaction mechanism to analyze the use of plasmas to improve flame stability in a gas turbine used for electric power generation. For this application the combustion occurs in a lean mixture of air and methane at high pressure (18.6 atm) and at ``preheat'' temperature 700 K, and the flame zone is both recirculating and turbulent. The system is modeled as a sequence of reactors: a pulsed uniform plasma (Boltzmann), an afterglow region (plug-flow), a flame region (perfectly-stirred), and a downstream region (plug-flow). The plasma-chemical reaction mechanism includes electron-impact on the feedstock species, relaxation in the afterglow to neutral molecules and radicals, and methane combustion chemistry (GRI-Mech 3.0), with extensions to properly describe low-temperature combustion 700-1000 K [M Deminsky et al., Chem Phys 32, 1 (2013)]. We find that plasma treatment of the incoming air-fuel mixture can improve the stability of lean flames, expressed as a reduction in the adiabatic flame temperature at lean blow-out, but that the plasma also generates oxides of nitrogen at the preheat temperature through the reactions e + N2 --> N + N and N + O2 --> NO + O. We find that flame stability is improved with less undesirable NOx formation when the plasma reduced-electric-field E/ N is smaller. A portion of this work was supported by the US Dept of Energy under Award Number DE-FC26-08NT05868.

  15. [Experimental study on spectra of compressed air microwave plasma].

    PubMed

    Liu, Yong-Xi; Zhang, Gui-Xin; Wang, Qiang; Hou, Ling-Yun

    2013-03-01

    Using a microwave plasma generator, compressed air microwave plasma was excited under 1 - 5 atm pressures. Under different pressures and different incident microwave power, the emission spectra of compressed air microwave plasma were studied with a spectra measuring system. The results show that continuum is significant at atmospheric pressure and the characteristic will be weakened as the pressure increases. The band spectra intensity will be reduced with the falling of the incident microwave power and the band spectra were still significant. The experimental results are valuable to studying the characteristics of compressed air microwave plasma and the generating conditions of NO active groups.

  16. Chemical kinetics and relaxation of non-equilibrium air plasma generated by energetic photon and electron beams

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Maulois, Melissa, E-mail: melissa.maulois@laplace.univ-tlse.fr; LAPLACE, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31 062 Toulouse Cedex; CEA/DAM, 46 500 Gramat

    2016-04-15

    The comprehension of electromagnetic perturbations of electronic devices, due to air plasma-induced electromagnetic field, requires a thorough study on air plasma. In the aim to understand the phenomena at the origin of the formation of non-equilibrium air plasma, we simulate, using a volume average chemical kinetics model (0D model), the time evolution of a non-equilibrium air plasma generated by an energetic X-ray flash. The simulation is undertaken in synthetic air (80% N{sub 2} and 20% O{sub 2}) at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. When the X-ray flash crosses the gas, non-relativistic Compton electrons (low energy) and a relativistic Compton electronmore » beam (high energy) are simultaneously generated and interact with the gas. The considered chemical kinetics scheme involves 26 influent species (electrons, positive ions, negative ions, and neutral atoms and molecules in their ground or metastable excited states) reacting following 164 selected reactions. The kinetics model describing the plasma chemistry was coupled to the conservation equation of the electron mean energy, in order to calculate at each time step of the non-equilibrium plasma evolution, the coefficients of reactions involving electrons while the energy of the heavy species (positive and negative ions and neutral atoms and molecules) is assumed remaining close to ambient temperature. It has been shown that it is the relativistic Compton electron beam directly created by the X-ray flash which is mainly responsible for the non-equilibrium plasma formation. Indeed, the low energy electrons (i.e., the non-relativistic ones) directly ejected from molecules by Compton collisions contribute to less than 1% on the creation of electrons in the plasma. In our simulation conditions, a non-equilibrium plasma with a low electron mean energy close to 1 eV and a concentration of charged species close to 10{sup 13 }cm{sup −3} is formed a few nanoseconds after the peak of X-ray flash

  17. Development of Field-Reversed Configuration Plasma Gun Formation Techniques for Magnetized Target Fusion

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lynn, Alan; Gilmore, Mark; Wynkoop, Tyler; Intrator, Thomas; Weber, Thomas

    2012-10-01

    Magnetized Target Fusion (MTF) is an innovative approach for a relatively fast and cheap path to the production of fusion energy that utilizes magnetic confinement to assist in the compression of a hot plasma to thermonuclear conditions by an external driver. Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) is currently pursing demonstration of the MTF concept via compression of an FRC (field-reversed configuration) plasma by a metal liner z-pinch in conjunction with the Air Force Research Laboratory in Albuquerque, NM. A key physics issue for the FRC as an MTF target lies in the initial pre-ionization (PI) stage. The PI formation process determines the amount of magnetic flux that can be trapped to form the FRC. This trapped flux plays an important role in the FRC's final equilibrium, transport, and stability properties. It also provides the route to greatest potential gains in FRC lifetime, which is essential to provide enough time to translate and compress the FRC effectively. In conjunction with LANL we plan to test and characterize a new system to improve the initial PI plasma formation. This system will use an array of plasma guns to form the initial plasma. Initial characterization of the plasma gun behavior will be presented.

  18. Exploration to generate atmospheric pressure glow discharge plasma in air

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wenzheng, LIU; Chuanlong, MA; Shuai, ZHAO; Xiaozhong, CHEN; Tahan, WANG; Luxiang, ZHAO; Zhiyi, LI; Jiangqi, NIU; Liying, ZHU; Maolin, CHAI

    2018-03-01

    Atmospheric pressure glow discharge (APGD) plasma in air has high application value. In this paper, the methods of generating APGD plasma in air are discussed, and the characteristics of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) in non-uniform electric field are studied. It makes sure that APGD in air is formed by DBD in alternating current electric field with using the absorbing electron capacity of electret materials to provide initial electrons and to end the discharge progress. Through designing electric field to form two-dimensional space varying electric field and three-dimensional space varying electric field, the development of electron avalanches in air-gap is suppressed effectively and a large space of APGD plasma in air is generated. Further, through combining electrode structures, a large area of APGD plasma in air is generated. On the other hand, by using the method of increasing the density of initial electrons, millimeter-gap glow discharge in atmospheric pressure air is formed, and a maximum gap distance between electrodes is 8 mm. By using the APGD plasma surface treatment device composed of contact electrodes, the surface modification of high polymer materials such as aramid fiber and polyester are studied and good effect of modifications is obtained. The present paper provides references for the researchers of industrial applications of plasma.

  19. Formation of hydrophobic coating on glass surface using atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasma in ambient air

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fang, Z.; Qiu, Y.; Kuffel, E.

    2004-08-01

    Non-thermal plasmas under atmospheric pressure are of great interest in material surface processing because of their convenience, effectiveness and low cost. In this paper, the treatment of a glass surface for improving hydrophobicity using a non-thermal plasma generated by a dielectric barrier corona discharge (DBCD) with a needle array-to-plane electrode arrangement in atmospheric air is conducted, and the surface properties of the glass before and after the DBCD treatment are studied using contact angle measurement, surface resistance measurement and the wet flashover voltage test. The effects of the plasma dose (the product of average discharge power and treatment time) of DBCD on the surface modification are studied, and the mechanism of interaction between the plasma and glass surface is discussed. It is found that a layer of hydrophobic coating is formed on the glass surface through DBCD treatment, and the improvement of hydrophobicity depends on the plasma dose of the DBCD. It seems that there is an optimum plasma dose for the surface treatment. The test results of thermal ageing and chemical ageing show that the hydrophobic layer has quite stable characteristics.

  20. Properties of thermal air plasma with admixing of copper and carbon

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fesenko, S.; Veklich, A.; Boretskij, V.; Cressault, Y.; Gleizes, A.; Teulet, Ph

    2014-11-01

    This paper deals with investigations of air plasma with admixing of copper and carbon. Model plasma source unit with real breaking arc was used for the simulation of real discharges, which can be occurred during sliding of Cu-C composite electrodes on copper wire at electromotive vehicles. The complex technique of plasma property studies is developed. From one hand, the radial profiles of temperature and electron density in plasma of electric arc discharge in air between Cu-C composite and copper electrodes in air flow were measured by optical spectroscopy techniques. From another hand, the radial profiles of electric conductivity of plasma mixture were calculated by solution of energy balance equation. It was assumed that the thermal conductivity of air plasma is not depending on copper or carbon vapor admixtures. The electron density is obtained from electric conductivity profiles by calculation in assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium in plasma. Computed in such way radial profiles of electron density in plasma of electric arc discharge in air between copper electrodes were compared with experimentally measured profiles. It is concluded that developed techniques of plasma diagnostics can be reasonably used in investigations of thermal plasma with copper and carbon vapors.

  1. NOx formation in apokamp-type atmospheric pressure plasma jets in air initiated by a pulse-repetitive discharge

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sosnin, Eduard A.; Didenko, Maria V.; Panarin, Victor A.; Skakun, Victor S.; Tarasenko, Victor F.; Liu, Dongping P.; Song, Ying

    2018-04-01

    The decomposition products of atmospheric pressure plasma of repetitive pulsed discharge in apokamp and corona modes were determined by optical and chemical methods. It is shown, that the decomposition products contain mainly nitrogen oxides NOx. A brief review of the plasma- and thermochemical reactions in the pulsed discharges was made. The review and experimental data allow us to explain the reactive oxygen species formation mechanisms in a potential discharge channel with apokamp. The possible applications of this plasma source for treatment of seeds of agricultural crops are discussed.

  2. Electron-Beam Produced Air Plasma: Optical Measurement of Beam Current

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Vidmar, Robert; Stalder, Kenneth; Seeley, Megan

    2006-10-01

    Experiments to quantify the electron beam current and distribution of beam current in air plasma are discussed. The air plasma is produced by a 100-keV 10-mA electron beam source that traverses a transmission window into a chamber with air as a target gas. Air pressure is between 1 mTorr and 760 Torr. Strong optical emissions due to electron impact ionization are observed for the N2 2^nd positive line at 337.1 nm and the N2^+ 1^st negative line at 391.4 nm. Calibration of optical emissions using signals from the isolated transmission window and a Faraday plate are discussed. The calibrated optical system is then used to quantify the electron distribution in the air plasma.

  3. Measurement of Atmospheric Pressure Air Plasma via Pulsed Electron Beam and Sustaining Electric Field

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2007-08-29

    cell plasma code ( MAGIC ) and an air-chemistry code are used to quantify beam propagation through an electron-beam transmission window into air and the...to generate and maintain plasma in air on the timescale of 1 ms. 15. SUBJECT TERMS Air Chemistry, Air Plasma, MAGIC Modeling, Plasma, Power, Test-Cell...Microwave diagnostics quantify electron number density and optical diagnostics quantify ozone production. A particle in cell plasma code ( MAGIC ) and an

  4. On the thermodynamic properties of thermal plasma in the flame kernel of hydrocarbon/air premixed gases

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Askari, Omid; Beretta, Gian Paolo; Eisazadeh-Far, Kian; Metghalchi, Hameed

    2016-07-01

    Thermodynamic properties of hydrocarbon/air plasma mixtures at ultra-high temperatures must be precisely calculated due to important influence on the flame kernel formation and propagation in combusting flows and spark discharge applications. A new algorithm based on the complete chemical equilibrium assumption is developed to calculate the ultra-high temperature plasma composition and thermodynamic properties, including enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs free energy, specific heat at constant pressure, specific heat ratio, speed of sound, mean molar mass, and degree of ionization. The method is applied to compute the thermodynamic properties of H2/air and CH4/air plasma mixtures for different temperatures (1000-100 000 K), different pressures (10-6-100 atm), and different fuel/air equivalence ratios within flammability limit. In calculating the individual thermodynamic properties of the atomic species needed to compute the complete equilibrium composition, the Debye-Huckel cutoff criterion has been used for terminating the series expression of the electronic partition function so as to capture the reduction of the ionization potential due to pressure and the intense connection between the electronic partition function and the thermodynamic properties of the atomic species and the number of energy levels taken into account. Partition functions have been calculated using tabulated data for available atomic energy levels. The Rydberg and Ritz extrapolation and interpolation laws have been used for energy levels which are not observed. The calculated plasma properties are then presented as functions of temperature, pressure and equivalence ratio, in terms of a new set of thermodynamically self-consistent correlations that are shown to provide very accurate fits suitable for efficient use in CFD simulations. Comparisons with existing data for air plasma show excellent agreement.

  5. Molecular formation in the stagnation region of colliding laser-produced plasmas

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Al-Shboul, K. F.; Hassan, S. M.; Harilal, S. S.

    2016-10-27

    The laser-produced colliding plasmas have numerous attractive applications and stagnation layer formed during collisions between plasmas is a useful system for understanding particle collisions and molecular formation in a controlled way. In this article, we explore carbon dimer formation and its evolutionary paths in a stagnation layer formed during the interaction of two laser-produced plasmas. Colliding laser produced plasmas are generated by splitting a laser beam into two sub-beams and then focus them into either a single flat (laterally colliding plasmas) or a V-shaped graphite targets (orthogonally colliding plasmas). The C2 formation in the stagnation region of both colliding plasmamore » schemes is investigated using optical spectroscopic means and compared with emission features from single seed plasma. Our results show that the collisions among the plasmas followed by the stagnation layer formation lead to rapid cooling causing enhanced carbon dimer formation. In addition, plasma electron temperature, density and C2 molecular temperature were measured for the stagnation zone and compared with seed plasma.« less

  6. Plasma-chemical processes accompanying discharge in air excited by a microwave beam

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Askar'ian, G. A.; Batanov, G. M.; Gritsinin, S. I.; Kossyi, I. A.; Kostinskii, A. Iu.

    1990-11-01

    Experimental results are presented on plasma-chemical processes of nitrogen oxidation and ozone production accompanying microwave discharge in dry air and in nitrogen-oxygen mixtures. The degree of nitrogen oxidation and the energy expenditure toward the formation of oxides as a function of discharge conditions are established. The experimental results can be explained by assuming oxidation reactions of electron-excited metastable nitrogen molecules by oxygen atoms. Low ozone concentrations in the discharge indicate a significant energy input into the gas.

  7. Pure rotational CARS thermometry studies of low-temperature oxidation kinetics in air and ethene-air nanosecond pulse discharge plasmas

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zuzeek, Yvette; Choi, Inchul; Uddi, Mruthunjaya; Adamovich, Igor V.; Lempert, Walter R.

    2010-03-01

    Pure rotational CARS thermometry is used to study low-temperature plasma assisted fuel oxidation kinetics in a repetitive nanosecond pulse discharge in ethene-air at stoichiometric and fuel lean conditions at 40 Torr pressure. Air and fuel-air mixtures are excited by a burst of high-voltage nanosecond pulses (peak voltage, 20 kV; pulse duration, ~ 25 ns) at a 40 kHz pulse repetition rate and a burst repetition rate of 10 Hz. The number of pulses in the burst is varied from a few pulses to a few hundred pulses. The results are compared with the previously developed hydrocarbon-air plasma chemistry model, modified to incorporate non-empirical scaling of the nanosecond discharge pulse energy coupled to the plasma with number density, as well as one-dimensional conduction heat transfer. Experimental time-resolved temperature, determined as a function of the number of pulses in the burst, is found to agree well with the model predictions. The results demonstrate that the heating rate in fuel-air plasmas is much faster compared with air plasmas, primarily due to energy release in exothermic reactions of fuel with O atoms generated by the plasma. It is found that the initial heating rate in fuel-air plasmas is controlled by the rate of radical (primarily O atoms) generation and is nearly independent of the equivalence ratio. At long burst durations, the heating rate in lean fuel air-mixtures is significantly reduced when all fuel is oxidized.

  8. Basic Studies on High Pressure Air Plasmas

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2006-08-30

    which must be added a 1.5 month salary to A. Bugayev for assistance in laser and optic techniques. 2 Part II Technical report Plasma-induced phase shift...two-wavelength heterodyne interferometry applied to atmospheric pressure air plasma 11.1 .A. Plasma-induced phase shift - Electron density...a driver, since the error on the frequency leads to an error on the phase shift. (c) Optical elements Mirrors Protected mirrors must be used to stand

  9. Evolution of a plasma vortex in air

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tsai, Cheng-Mu; Chu, Hong-Yu

    2016-01-01

    We report the generation of a vortex-shaped plasma in air by using a capacitively coupled dielectric barrier discharge system. We show that a vortex-shaped plasma can be produced inside a helium gas vortex and is capable of propagating for 3 cm. The fluctuation of the plasma ring shows a scaling relation with the Reynolds number of the vortex. The transient discharge reveals the property of corona discharge, where the conducting channel within the gas vortex and the blur plasma emission are observed at each half voltage cycle.

  10. Evolution of a plasma vortex in air.

    PubMed

    Tsai, Cheng-Mu; Chu, Hong-Yu

    2016-01-01

    We report the generation of a vortex-shaped plasma in air by using a capacitively coupled dielectric barrier discharge system. We show that a vortex-shaped plasma can be produced inside a helium gas vortex and is capable of propagating for 3 cm. The fluctuation of the plasma ring shows a scaling relation with the Reynolds number of the vortex. The transient discharge reveals the property of corona discharge, where the conducting channel within the gas vortex and the blur plasma emission are observed at each half voltage cycle.

  11. Chondrules born in plasma? Simulation of gas-grain interaction using plasma arcs with applications to chondrule and cosmic spherule formation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Morlok, A.; Sutton, Y. C.; Braithwaite, N. St. J.; Grady, Monica M.

    2012-12-01

    Abstract-We are investigating chondrule <span class="hlt">formation</span> by nebular shock waves, using hot <span class="hlt">plasma</span> as an analog of the heated gas produced by a shock wave as it passes through the protoplanetary environment. Precursor material (mainly silicates, plus metal, and sulfide) was dropped through the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> in a basic experimental set-up designed to simulate gas-grain collisions in an unconstrained spatial environment (i.e., no interaction with furnace walls during <span class="hlt">formation</span>). These experiments were undertaken in <span class="hlt">air</span> (at atmospheric pressure), to act as a "proof-of-principle"—could chondrules, or chondrule-analog objects (CAO), be formed by gas-grain interaction initiated by shock fronts? Our results showed that if accelerating material through a fixed <span class="hlt">plasma</span> field is a valid simulation of a supersonic shock wave traveling through a cloud of gas and dust, then CAO certainly could be formed by this process. Melting of and mixing between starting materials occurred, indicating temperatures of at least 1266 °C (the olivine-feldspar eutectic). The production of CAO with mixed mineralogy from monomineralic starting materials also shows that collisions between particles are an important mechanism within the chondrule <span class="hlt">formation</span> process, such that dust aggregates are not necessarily required as chondrule precursors. Not surprisingly, there were significant differences between the synthetic CAO and natural chondrules, presumably mainly because of the oxidizing conditions of the experiment. Results also show similarity to features of micrometeorites like cosmic spherules, particularly the dendritic pattern of iron oxide crystallites produced on micrometeorites by oxidation during atmospheric entry and the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of vesicles by evaporation of sulfides.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.830a2060P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.830a2060P"><span>Propagation of atmospheric pressure helium <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet into ambient <span class="hlt">air</span> at laminar gas flow</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pinchuk, M.; Stepanova, O.; Kurakina, N.; Spodobin, V.</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">formation</span> of an atmospheric pressure <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet (APPJ) in a gas flow passing through the discharge gap depends on both gas-dynamic properties and electrophysical parameters of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet generator. The paper presents the results of experimental and numerical study of the propagation of the APPJ in a laminar flow of helium. A dielectric-barrier discharge (DBD) generated inside a quartz tube equipped with a coaxial electrode system, which provided gas passing through it, served as a <span class="hlt">plasma</span> source. The transition of the laminar regime of gas flow into turbulent one was controlled by the photography of a formed <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet. The corresponding gas outlet velocity and Reynolds numbers were revealed experimentally and were used to simulate gas dynamics with OpenFOAM software. The data of the numerical simulation suggest that the length of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet at the unvarying electrophysical parameters of DBD strongly depends on the mole fraction of ambient <span class="hlt">air</span> in a helium flow, which is established along the direction of gas flow.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22046906-air-plasma-effect-dental-disinfection','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22046906-air-plasma-effect-dental-disinfection"><span><span class="hlt">Air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> effect on dental disinfection</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Duarte, S.; Murata, R. M.; Saxena, D.</p> <p>2011-07-15</p> <p>A nonthermal low temperature <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet is characterized and applied to study the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> effects on oral pathogens and biofilms. Experiments were performed on samples of six defined microorganisms' cultures, including those of gram-positive bacteria and fungi, and on a cultivating biofilm sample of Streptococcus mutans UA159. The results show that the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet creates a zone of microbial growth inhibition in each treated sample; the zone increases with the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment time and expands beyond the entire region directly exposed to the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet. With 30s <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment twice daily during 5 days of biofilm cultivation, its formationmore » was inhibited. The viability of S. mutans cells in the treated biofilms dropped to below the measurable level and the killed bacterial cells concentrated to local regions as manifested by the fluorescence microscopy via the environmental scanning electron microscope. The emission spectroscopy of the jet indicates that its <span class="hlt">plasma</span> effluent carries an abundance of reactive atomic oxygen, providing catalyst for the observed <span class="hlt">plasma</span> effect.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22486491-handheld-low-temperature-atmospheric-pressure-air-plasma-gun-nanomaterial-synthesis-liquid-phase','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22486491-handheld-low-temperature-atmospheric-pressure-air-plasma-gun-nanomaterial-synthesis-liquid-phase"><span>A handheld low temperature atmospheric pressure <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> gun for nanomaterial synthesis in liquid phase</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Yu, Shuang; Wang, Kaile; Zuo, Shasha</p> <p></p> <p>A handheld low temperature atmospheric pressure <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> gun based on a dielectric barrier structure with hollow electrodes was proposed. The portable <span class="hlt">plasma</span> gun with an embedded mini <span class="hlt">air</span> pump was driven by a 12 V direct voltage battery. The <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet generated from the gun could be touched without a common shock hazard. Besides working in <span class="hlt">air</span>, the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> gun can also work in water. The diagnostic result of optical emission spectroscopy showed the difference in reactive species of <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet between in <span class="hlt">air</span> and in water. The <span class="hlt">plasma</span> gun was excited in 20 ml chloroauric acid aqueous solutionmore » with a concentration of 1.214 mM. A significant amount of gold nanoparticles were synthesized after 2 min continuous discharge. The <span class="hlt">plasma</span> gun with these unique features is applicable in <span class="hlt">plasma</span> medicine, etching, and s-nthesis of nanomaterials.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20050153817&hterms=1074&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3D%2526%25231074','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20050153817&hterms=1074&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3D%2526%25231074"><span>The mass and speed dependence of meteor <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> temperatures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Jenniskens, Peter; Laux, Christophe O.; Wilson, Michael A.; Schaller, Emily L.</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>The speed and mass dependence of meteor <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> temperatures is perhaps the most important data needed to understand how small meteoroids chemically change the ambient atmosphere in their path and enrich the ablated meteoric organic matter with oxygen. Such chemistry can play an important role in creating prebiotic compounds. The excitation conditions in various <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> emissions were measured from high-resolution optical spectra of Leonid storm meteors during NASA's Leonid Multi-Instrument Aircraft Campaign. This was the first time a sufficient number and range of temperature measurements were obtained to search for meteoroid mass and speed dependencies. We found slight increases in temperature with decreasing altitude, but otherwise nearly constant values for meteoroids with speeds between 35 and 72 km/s and masses between 10(-5) g and 1 g. We conclude that faster and more massive meteoroids produce a larger emission volume, but not a higher <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> temperature. We speculate that the meteoric <span class="hlt">plasma</span> may be in multiphase equilibrium with the ambient atmosphere, which could mean lower <span class="hlt">plasma</span> temperatures in a CO(2)-rich early Earth atmosphere.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15104905','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15104905"><span>The mass and speed dependence of meteor <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> temperatures.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jenniskens, Peter; Laux, Christophe O; Wilson, Michael A; Schaller, Emily L</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>The speed and mass dependence of meteor <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> temperatures is perhaps the most important data needed to understand how small meteoroids chemically change the ambient atmosphere in their path and enrich the ablated meteoric organic matter with oxygen. Such chemistry can play an important role in creating prebiotic compounds. The excitation conditions in various <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> emissions were measured from high-resolution optical spectra of Leonid storm meteors during NASA's Leonid Multi-Instrument Aircraft Campaign. This was the first time a sufficient number and range of temperature measurements were obtained to search for meteoroid mass and speed dependencies. We found slight increases in temperature with decreasing altitude, but otherwise nearly constant values for meteoroids with speeds between 35 and 72 km/s and masses between 10(-5) g and 1 g. We conclude that faster and more massive meteoroids produce a larger emission volume, but not a higher <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> temperature. We speculate that the meteoric <span class="hlt">plasma</span> may be in multiphase equilibrium with the ambient atmosphere, which could mean lower <span class="hlt">plasma</span> temperatures in a CO(2)-rich early Earth atmosphere.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PlPhR..36.1191G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PlPhR..36.1191G"><span>Emission current <span class="hlt">formation</span> in <span class="hlt">plasma</span> electron emitters</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gruzdev, V. A.; Zalesski, V. G.</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>A model of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> electron emitter is considered, in which the current redistribution over electrodes of the emitter gas-discharge structure and weak electric field <span class="hlt">formation</span> in <span class="hlt">plasma</span> are taken into account as functions of the emission current. The calculated and experimental dependences of the switching parameters, extraction efficiency, and strength of the electric field in <span class="hlt">plasma</span> on the accelerating voltage and geometrical sizes of the emission channel are presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA427662','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA427662"><span>Microwave-Driven <span class="hlt">Air</span> <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Studies for Drag Reduction and Power Extraction in Supersonic <span class="hlt">Air</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2004-10-15</p> <p>called spillage occurs, and the <span class="hlt">air</span> mass capture decreases (Fig. 3). To avoid performance penalties at off-design Mach numbers, a variable geometry inlet...AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS Microwave-Driven <span class="hlt">Air</span> <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Studies for Drag Reduction and Power Extraction in Supersonic <span class="hlt">Air</span> 6. AUTHOR(S) Richard B...MONITORING AGENCY REPORT NUMBER <span class="hlt">Air</span> Force Office of Scientific Research/NA (John Schmisseur, Program Manager) 801 N. Randolph St., Room 732 Arlington</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PhPl...16f3707H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PhPl...16f3707H"><span>Theory of void <span class="hlt">formation</span> in dusty <span class="hlt">plasmas</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hu, Zuquan; Chen, Yinhua; Zheng, Xiang; Huang, Feng; Shi, Gei-fen; Yu, M. Y.</p> <p>2009-06-01</p> <p>A fluid theory of void <span class="hlt">formation</span> in dusty <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> taking into account ionization is proposed. It is shown that if the ionization rate is larger than a threshold, an initial steady-state dust-density distribution can evolve into a stable distribution containing a void. As the ionization rate is further increased, the time required for void <span class="hlt">formation</span> decreases. The void size first increases, but then decreases. However, for still larger ionization rates, the dusty region of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> becomes ringlike, including the convection term in dust momentum equation. The results are in agreement with existing experiments and theories.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22305779-resonant-avalanche-ionization-amplification-laser-induced-plasma-air','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22305779-resonant-avalanche-ionization-amplification-laser-induced-plasma-air"><span>Resonant- and avalanche-ionization amplification of laser-induced <span class="hlt">plasma</span> in <span class="hlt">air</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Wu, Yue; Zhang, Zhili, E-mail: zzhang24@utk.edu; Jiang, Naibo</p> <p>2014-10-14</p> <p>Amplification of laser-induced <span class="hlt">plasma</span> in <span class="hlt">air</span> is demonstrated utilizing resonant laser ionization and avalanche ionization. Molecular oxygen in <span class="hlt">air</span> is ionized by a low-energy laser pulse employing (2 + 1) resonance-enhanced multi-photon ionization (REMPI) to generate seed electrons. Subsequent avalanche ionization of molecular oxygen and nitrogen significantly amplifies the laser-induced <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. In this <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-amplification effect, three-body attachments to molecular oxygen dominate the electron-generation and -loss processes, while either nitrogen or argon acts as the third body with low electron affinity. Contour maps of the electron density within the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> obtained in O₂/N₂ and O₂/Ar gas mixtures are provided to showmore » relative degrees of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> amplification with respect to gas pressure and to verify that the seed electrons generated by O₂ 2 + 1 REMPI are selectively amplified by avalanche ionization of molecular nitrogen in a relatively low-pressure condition (≤100 Torr). Such <span class="hlt">plasma</span> amplification occurring in <span class="hlt">air</span> could be useful in aerospace applications at high altitude.« less</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>1</a></li> <li class="active"><span>2</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_2 --> <div id="page_3" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>1</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li class="active"><span>3</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="41"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1457009','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1457009"><span>Characteristics of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> plume in ultrafast laser ablation with a weakly ionized <span class="hlt">air</span> channel</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Hou, Huaming; Yang, Bo; Mao, Xianglei</p> <p></p> <p>We report the influence of femtosecond (fs) laser weakly ionized <span class="hlt">air</span> channel on characteristics of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> induced from fs-laser ablation of solid Zr metal target. A novel method to create high temperature, low electron density <span class="hlt">plasma</span> with intense elemental emission and weak bremsstrahlung emission was demonstrated. Weakly ionized <span class="hlt">air</span> channel was generated as a result of a non-linear phenomenon. Two-dimensional time-resolved optical-emission images of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> plumes were taken for plume dynamics analysis. Dynamic physical properties of filament channels were simulated. In particular, we investigated the influence of weakly ionized <span class="hlt">air</span> channel on the evolution of solid <span class="hlt">plasma</span> plume. <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> plumemore » splitting was observed whilst longer weakly ionized <span class="hlt">air</span> channel formed above the ablation spot. The domination mechanism for splitting is attributed to the long-lived underdense channel created by fs-laser induced weakly ionization of <span class="hlt">air</span>. The evolutions of atomic/molecular emission intensity, peak broadening, and <span class="hlt">plasma</span> temperature were analyzed, and the results show that the part of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> entering weakly ionized <span class="hlt">air</span> channel features higher initial temperature, lower electron density and faster decay.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1457009-characteristics-plasma-plume-ultrafast-laser-ablation-weakly-ionized-air-channel','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1457009-characteristics-plasma-plume-ultrafast-laser-ablation-weakly-ionized-air-channel"><span>Characteristics of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> plume in ultrafast laser ablation with a weakly ionized <span class="hlt">air</span> channel</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Hou, Huaming; Yang, Bo; Mao, Xianglei; ...</p> <p>2018-05-10</p> <p>We report the influence of femtosecond (fs) laser weakly ionized <span class="hlt">air</span> channel on characteristics of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> induced from fs-laser ablation of solid Zr metal target. A novel method to create high temperature, low electron density <span class="hlt">plasma</span> with intense elemental emission and weak bremsstrahlung emission was demonstrated. Weakly ionized <span class="hlt">air</span> channel was generated as a result of a non-linear phenomenon. Two-dimensional time-resolved optical-emission images of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> plumes were taken for plume dynamics analysis. Dynamic physical properties of filament channels were simulated. In particular, we investigated the influence of weakly ionized <span class="hlt">air</span> channel on the evolution of solid <span class="hlt">plasma</span> plume. <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> plumemore » splitting was observed whilst longer weakly ionized <span class="hlt">air</span> channel formed above the ablation spot. The domination mechanism for splitting is attributed to the long-lived underdense channel created by fs-laser induced weakly ionization of <span class="hlt">air</span>. The evolutions of atomic/molecular emission intensity, peak broadening, and <span class="hlt">plasma</span> temperature were analyzed, and the results show that the part of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> entering weakly ionized <span class="hlt">air</span> channel features higher initial temperature, lower electron density and faster decay.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPC.1938b0018T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPC.1938b0018T"><span>Optimization of <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> reconversion of UF6 to UO2 based on thermodynamic calculations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tundeshev, Nikolay; Karengin, Alexander; Shamanin, Igor</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>The possibility of <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-chemical conversion of depleted uranium-235 hexafluoride (DUHF) in <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> in the form of gas-<span class="hlt">air</span> mixtures with hydrogen is considered in the paper. Calculation of burning parameters of gas-<span class="hlt">air</span> mixtures is carried out and the compositions of mixtures obtained via energy-efficient conversion of DUHF in <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> are determined. With the help of <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-chemical conversion, thermodynamic modeling optimal composition of UF6-H2-<span class="hlt">Air</span> mixtures and its burning parameters, the modes for production of uranium dioxide in the condensed phase are determined. The results of the conducted researches can be used for creation of technology for <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-chemical conversion of DUHF in the form of <span class="hlt">air</span>-gas mixtures with hydrogen.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMSH41E..03X','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMSH41E..03X"><span><span class="hlt">Formation</span> and <span class="hlt">plasma</span> circulation of solar prominences and coronal rains</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Xia, C.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Solar prominences are long-lived cool and dense <span class="hlt">plasma</span> curtains in the hot and rarefied corona. The physical mechanism responsible for their <span class="hlt">formation</span> and especially for their internal <span class="hlt">plasma</span> circulation has been uncertain for decades. The observed ubiquitous down flows in quiescent prominences are difficult to interpret as <span class="hlt">plasma</span> with high conductivity seems to move across horizontal magnetic field lines. Here we present three-dimensional (3D) numerical simulations of prominence <span class="hlt">formation</span> and evolution in an elongated magnetic flux rope as a result of in-situ <span class="hlt">plasma</span> condensations fueled by continuous <span class="hlt">plasma</span> evaporation from the solar chromosphere. The prominence is born and maintained in a fragmented, highly dynamic state with continuous reappearance of multiple blobs and thread structures that move mainly downward dragging along mass-loaded field lines. The prominence <span class="hlt">plasma</span> circulation is characterized by the dynamic balance between the drainage of prominence <span class="hlt">plasma</span> back to the chromosphere and the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of prominence <span class="hlt">plasma</span> via continuous condensation. <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> evaporates from the chromosphere, condenses into the prominence in the corona, and drains back to the chromosphere, establishing a stable chromosphere-corona <span class="hlt">plasma</span> cycle. Another form of cool and dense <span class="hlt">plasma</span> in the corona is coronal rain, which forms in-situ and drain down arched pathways along loops near active regions. We present 3D simulations of coronal rain in a bipolar arcade and compare it with observational results.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20030005460','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20030005460"><span>Thermophysics Characterization of Multiply Ionized <span class="hlt">Air</span> <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Absorption of Laser Radiation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Ten-See; Rhodes, Robert; Turner, Jim (Technical Monitor)</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>The impact of multiple ionization of <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> on the inverse Bremsstrahlung absorption of laser radiation is investigated for <span class="hlt">air</span> breathing laser propulsion. Thermochemical properties of multiply ionized <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> species are computed for temperatures up to 200,000 deg K, using hydrogenic approximation of the electronic partition function; And those for neutral <span class="hlt">air</span> molecules are also updated for temperatures up to 50,000 deg K, using available literature data. Three formulas for absorption are calculated and a general formula is recommended for multiple ionization absorption calculation. The <span class="hlt">plasma</span> composition required for absorption calculation is obtained by increasing the degree of ionization sequentially, up to quadruple ionization, with a series of thermal equilibrium computations. The calculated second ionization absorption coefficient agrees reasonably well with that of available data. The importance of multiple ionization modeling is demonstrated with the finding that area under the quadruple ionization curve of absorption is found to be twice that of single ionization. The effort of this work is beneficial to the computational <span class="hlt">plasma</span> aerodynamics modeling of laser lightcraft performance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AIPA....5i7180L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AIPA....5i7180L"><span>Emission characteristics of kerosene-<span class="hlt">air</span> spray combustion with <span class="hlt">plasma</span> assistance</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liu, Xingjian; He, Liming; Zeng, Hao; Jin, Tao; Chen, Yi; Zhang, Yihan; Liu, Pengfei</p> <p>2015-09-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">plasma</span> assisted combustion system for combustion of kerosene-<span class="hlt">air</span> mixtures was developed to study emission levels of O2, CO2, CO, and NOx. The emission measurement was conducted by Testo 350-Pro Flue Gas Analyzer. The effect of duty ratio, feedstock gas flow rate and applied voltage on emission performance has been analyzed. The results show that O2 and CO emissions reduce with an increase of applied voltage, while CO2 and NOx emissions increase. Besides, when duty ratio or feedstock gas flow rate decreases, the same emission results would appear. The emission spectrum of the <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> assisted combustion actuator was also registered to analyze the kinetic enhancement effect of <span class="hlt">plasma</span>, and the generation of ozone was believed to be the main factor that <span class="hlt">plasma</span> makes a difference in our experiment. These results are valuable for the future optimization of kerosene-fueled aircraft engine when using <span class="hlt">plasma</span> assisted combustion devices to exert emission control.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29799443','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29799443"><span>Surface Functionalization of Polyethylene Granules by Treatment with Low-Pressure <span class="hlt">Air</span> <span class="hlt">Plasma</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Šourková, Hana; Primc, Gregor; Špatenka, Petr</p> <p>2018-05-25</p> <p>Polyethylene granules of diameter 2 mm were treated with a low-pressure weakly ionized <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> created in a metallic chamber by a pulsed microwave discharge of pulse duration 180 μs and duty cycle 70%. Optical emission spectroscopy showed rich bands of neutral nitrogen molecules and weak O-atom transitions, but the emission from N atoms was below the detection limit. The density of O atoms in the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> above the samples was measured with a cobalt catalytic probe and exhibited a broad peak at the pressure of 80 Pa, where it was about 2.3 × 10 21 m -3 . The samples were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Survey spectra showed oxygen on the surface, while the nitrogen concentration remained below the detection limit for all conditions. The high-resolution C1s peaks revealed <span class="hlt">formation</span> of various functional groups rather independently from treatment parameters. The results were explained by extensive dissociation of oxygen molecules in the gaseous <span class="hlt">plasma</span> and negligible flux of N atoms on the polymer surface.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29604759','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29604759"><span>Design and development of a low cost, high current density power supply for streamer free atmospheric pressure DBD <span class="hlt">plasma</span> generation in <span class="hlt">air</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jain, Vishal; Visani, Anand; Srinivasan, R; Agarwal, Vivek</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>This paper presents a new power supply architecture for generating a uniform dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) <span class="hlt">plasma</span> in <span class="hlt">air</span> medium at atmospheric pressure. It is quite a challenge to generate atmospheric pressure uniform glow discharge <span class="hlt">plasma</span>, especially in <span class="hlt">air</span>. This is because <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> needs very high voltage for initiation of discharge. If the high voltage is used along with high current density, it leads to the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of streamers, which is undesirable for most applications like textile treatment, etc. Researchers have tried to generate high-density <span class="hlt">plasma</span> using a RF source, nanosecond pulsed DC source, and medium frequency AC source. However, these solutions suffer from low current discharge and low efficiency due to the addition of an external resistor to control the discharge current. Moreover, they are relatively costly and bulky. This paper presents a new power supply configuration which is very compact and generates high average density (∼0.28 W/cm 2 ) uniform glow DBD <span class="hlt">plasma</span> in <span class="hlt">air</span> at atmospheric pressure. The efficiency is also higher as no external resistor is required to control the discharge current. An inherent feature of this topology is that it can drive higher current oscillations (∼50 A peak and 2-3 MHz frequency) into the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> that damp out due to the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> dissipation only. A newly proposed model has been used with experimental validation in this paper. Simulations and experimental validation of the proposed topology are included. Also, the application of the generated <span class="hlt">plasma</span> for polymer film treatment is demonstrated.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018RScI...89c3502J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018RScI...89c3502J"><span>Design and development of a low cost, high current density power supply for streamer free atmospheric pressure DBD <span class="hlt">plasma</span> generation in <span class="hlt">air</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jain, Vishal; Visani, Anand; Srinivasan, R.; Agarwal, Vivek</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>This paper presents a new power supply architecture for generating a uniform dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) <span class="hlt">plasma</span> in <span class="hlt">air</span> medium at atmospheric pressure. It is quite a challenge to generate atmospheric pressure uniform glow discharge <span class="hlt">plasma</span>, especially in <span class="hlt">air</span>. This is because <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> needs very high voltage for initiation of discharge. If the high voltage is used along with high current density, it leads to the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of streamers, which is undesirable for most applications like textile treatment, etc. Researchers have tried to generate high-density <span class="hlt">plasma</span> using a RF source, nanosecond pulsed DC source, and medium frequency AC source. However, these solutions suffer from low current discharge and low efficiency due to the addition of an external resistor to control the discharge current. Moreover, they are relatively costly and bulky. This paper presents a new power supply configuration which is very compact and generates high average density (˜0.28 W/cm2) uniform glow DBD <span class="hlt">plasma</span> in <span class="hlt">air</span> at atmospheric pressure. The efficiency is also higher as no external resistor is required to control the discharge current. An inherent feature of this topology is that it can drive higher current oscillations (˜50 A peak and 2-3 MHz frequency) into the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> that damp out due to the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> dissipation only. A newly proposed model has been used with experimental validation in this paper. Simulations and experimental validation of the proposed topology are included. Also, the application of the generated <span class="hlt">plasma</span> for polymer film treatment is demonstrated.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhPl...19j3503W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhPl...19j3503W"><span>Open-<span class="hlt">air</span> direct current <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet: Scaling up, uniformity, and cellular control</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wu, S.; Wang, Z.; Huang, Q.; Lu, X.; Ostrikov, K.</p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>Atmospheric-pressure <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jets are commonly used in many fields from medicine to nanotechnology, yet the issue of scaling the discharges up to larger areas without compromising the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> uniformity remains a major challenge. In this paper, we demonstrate a homogenous cold <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> glow with a large cross-section generated by a direct current power supply. There is no risk of glow-to-arc transitions, and the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> glow appears uniform regardless of the gap between the nozzle and the surface being processed. Detailed studies show that both the position of the quartz tube and the gas flow rate can be used to control the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> properties. Further investigation indicates that the residual charges trapped on the inner surface of the quartz tube may be responsible for the generation of the <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> plume with a large cross-section. The spatially resolved optical emission spectroscopy reveals that the <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> plume is uniform as it propagates out of the nozzle. The remarkable improvement of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> uniformity is used to improve the bio-compatibility of a glass coverslip over a reasonably large area. This improvement is demonstrated by a much more uniform and effective attachment and proliferation of human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK 293) cells on the <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-treated surface.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApPhL.100h4102K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApPhL.100h4102K"><span>Micronucleus <span class="hlt">formation</span> induced by dielectric barrier discharge <span class="hlt">plasma</span> exposure in brain cancer cells</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kaushik, Nagendra K.; Uhm, Hansup; Ha Choi, Eun</p> <p>2012-02-01</p> <p>Induction of micronucleus <span class="hlt">formation</span> (cytogenetic damage) in brain cancer cells upon exposure of dielectric barrier discharge <span class="hlt">plasma</span> has been investigated. We have investigated the influence of exposure and incubation times on T98G brain cancer cells by using growth kinetic, clonogenic, and micronucleus <span class="hlt">formation</span> assay. We found that micronucleus <span class="hlt">formation</span> rate directly depends on the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> exposure time. It is also shown that colony <span class="hlt">formation</span> capacity of cells has been inhibited by the treatment of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> at all doses. Cell death and micronucleus <span class="hlt">formation</span> are shown to be significantly elevated by 120 and 240 s exposure of dielectric barrier discharge <span class="hlt">plasma</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23669793','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23669793"><span>Studying the fate of non-volatile organic compounds in a commercial <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">air</span> purifier.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Schmid, Stefan; Seiler, Cornelia; Gerecke, Andreas C; Hächler, Herbert; Hilbi, Hubert; Frey, Joachim; Weidmann, Simon; Meier, Lukas; Berchtold, Christian; Zenobi, Renato</p> <p>2013-07-15</p> <p>Degradation of non-volatile organic compounds-environmental toxins (methyltriclosane and phenanthrene), bovine serum albumin, as well as bioparticles (Legionella pneumophila, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus anthracis)-in a commercially available <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">air</span> purifier based on a cold <span class="hlt">plasma</span> was studied in detail, focusing on its efficiency and on the resulting degradation products. This system is capable of handling <span class="hlt">air</span> flow velocities of up to 3.0m s(-1) (3200Lmin(-1)), much higher than other <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-based reactors described in the literature, which generally are limited to <span class="hlt">air</span> flow rates below 10Lmin(-1). Mass balance studies consistently indicated a reduction in concentration of the compounds/particles after passage through the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">air</span> purifier, 31% for phenanthrene, 17% for methyltriclosane, and 80% for bovine serum albumin. L. pneumophila did not survive passage through the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">air</span> purifier, and cell counts of aerosolized spores of B. subtilis and B. anthracis were reduced by 26- and 15-fold, depending on whether it was run at 10Hz or 50Hz, respectively. However rather than chemical degradation, deposition on the inner surfaces of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">air</span> purifier occured. Our interpretation is that putative "degradation" efficiencies were largely due to electrostatic precipitation rather than to decomposition into smaller molecules. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23432265','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23432265"><span><span class="hlt">Formation</span> and stability of impurity "snakes" in tokamak <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Delgado-Aparicio, L; Sugiyama, L; Granetz, R; Gates, D A; Rice, J E; Reinke, M L; Bitter, M; Fredrickson, E; Gao, C; Greenwald, M; Hill, K; Hubbard, A; Hughes, J W; Marmar, E; Pablant, N; Podpaly, Y; Scott, S; Wilson, R; Wolfe, S; Wukitch, S</p> <p>2013-02-08</p> <p>New observations of the <span class="hlt">formation</span> and dynamics of long-lived impurity-induced helical "snake" modes in tokamak <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> have recently been carried out on Alcator C-Mod. The snakes form as an asymmetry in the impurity ion density that undergoes a seamless transition from a small helically displaced density to a large crescent-shaped helical structure inside q<1, with a regularly sawtoothing core. The observations show that the conditions for the <span class="hlt">formation</span> and persistence of a snake cannot be explained by <span class="hlt">plasma</span> pressure alone. Instead, many features arise naturally from nonlinear interactions in a 3D MHD model that separately evolves the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> density and temperature.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015APS..DPPYP2066S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015APS..DPPYP2066S"><span>Generation of low-temperature <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> for food processing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Stepanova, Olga; Demidova, Maria; Astafiev, Alexander; Pinchuk, Mikhail; Balkir, Pinar; Turantas, Fulya</p> <p>2015-11-01</p> <p>The project is aimed at developing a physical and technical foundation of generating <span class="hlt">plasma</span> with low gas temperature at atmospheric pressure for food industry needs. As known, <span class="hlt">plasma</span> has an antimicrobial effect on the numerous types of microorganisms, including those that cause food spoilage. In this work an original experimental setup has been developed for the treatment of different foods. It is based on initiating corona or dielectric-barrier discharge in a chamber filled with ambient <span class="hlt">air</span> in combination with a certain helium admixture. The experimental setup provides various conditions of discharge generation (including discharge gap geometry, supply voltage, velocity of gas flow, content of helium admixture in <span class="hlt">air</span> and working pressure) and allows for the measurement of the electrical discharge parameters. Some recommendations on choosing optimal conditions of discharge generation for experiments on <span class="hlt">plasma</span> food processing are developed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PlST...18..732W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PlST...18..732W"><span>Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Real <span class="hlt">Air</span> <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> in Wide Range of Temperature and Pressure</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Chunlin; Wu, Yi; Chen, Zhexin; Yang, Fei; Feng, Ying; Rong, Mingzhe; Zhang, Hantian</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> has been widely applied in industrial manufacture. In this paper, both dry and humid <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>' thermodynamic and transport properties are calculated in temperature 300-100000 K and pressure 0.1-100 atm. To build a more precise model of real <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span>, over 70 species are considered for composition. Two different methods, the Gibbs free energy minimization method and the mass action law method, are used to determinate the composition of the <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> in a different temperature range. For the transport coefficients, the simplified Chapman-Enskog method developed by Devoto has been applied using the most recent collision integrals. It is found that the presence of CO2 has almost no effect on the properties of <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. The influence of H2O can be ignored except in low pressure <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span>, in which the saturated vapor pressure is relatively high. The results will serve as credible inputs for computational simulation of <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. supported by the National Key Basic Research Program of China (973 Program)(No. 2015CB251002), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51521065, 51577145), the Science and Technology Project Funds of the Grid State Corporation (SGTYHT/13-JS-177), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, and State Grid Corporation Project (GY71-14-004)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013APS..MAR.H1095B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013APS..MAR.H1095B"><span>Modeling <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> <span class="hlt">Formation</span> in a Micro-gap at Microwave Frequency</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bowman, Arthur; Remillard, Stephen</p> <p>2013-03-01</p> <p>In the presence of a strong electric field, gas molecules become ionized, forming a <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. The study of this dielectric breakdown at microwave frequency has important applications in improving the operation of radio frequency (RF) devices, where the high electric fields present in small gaps can easily ionize gases like <span class="hlt">air</span>. A cone and tuner resonant structure was used to induce breakdown of diatomic Nitrogen in adjustable micro-gaps ranging from 13 to 1,156 μm. The electric field for <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> exhibited strong pressure dependence in the larger gap sizes, as predicted by previous theoretical and experimental work. Pressure is proportional to the frequency of collision between electrons and molecules, which increases with pressure when the gap is large, but levels off in the micro-gap region. A separate model of the breakdown electric field based on the characteristic diffusion length of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> also fit the data poorly for these smaller gap sizes. This may be explained by a hypothesis that dielectric breakdown at and below the 100 μm gap size occurs outside the gap, an argument that is supported by the observation of very high breakdown threshold electric fields in this region. Optical emissions revealed that vibrational and rotational molecular transitions of the first positive electronic system are suppressed in micro-gaps, indicating that transitions into the molecular ground state do not occur in micro-gap <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>. Acknowledgements: National Science Foundation under NSF-REU Grant No. PHY/DMR-1004811, the Provost's Office of Hope College, and the Hope College Division of Natural and Applied Sciences.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhD...49M3002T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhD...49M3002T"><span>Pattern <span class="hlt">formation</span> and self-organization in <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> interacting with surfaces</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Trelles, Juan Pablo</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>Pattern <span class="hlt">formation</span> and self-organization are fascinating phenomena commonly observed in diverse types of biological, chemical and physical systems, including <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>. These phenomena are often responsible for the occurrence of coherent structures found in nature, such as recirculation cells and spot arrangements; and their understanding and control can have important implications in technology, e.g. from determining the uniformity of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> surface treatments to electrode erosion rates. This review comprises theoretical, computational and experimental investigations of the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of spatiotemporal patterns that result from self-organization events due to the interaction of low-temperature <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> in contact with confining or intervening surfaces, particularly electrodes. The basic definitions associated to pattern <span class="hlt">formation</span> and self-organization are provided, as well as some of the characteristics of these phenomena within natural and technological contexts, especially those specific to <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>. Phenomenological aspects of pattern <span class="hlt">formation</span> include the competition between production/forcing and dissipation/transport processes, as well as nonequilibrium, stability, bifurcation and nonlinear interactions. The mathematical modeling of pattern <span class="hlt">formation</span> in <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> has encompassed from theoretical approaches and canonical models, such as reaction-diffusion systems, to drift-diffusion and nonequilibrium fluid flow models. The computational simulation of pattern <span class="hlt">formation</span> phenomena imposes distinct challenges to numerical methods, such as high sensitivity to numerical approximations and the occurrence of multiple solutions. Representative experimental and numerical investigations of pattern <span class="hlt">formation</span> and self-organization in diverse types of low-temperature electrical discharges (low and high pressure glow, dielectric barrier and arc discharges, etc) in contact with solid and liquid electrodes are reviewed. Notably, <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> in contact with liquids, found in diverse</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014cosp...40E1290I','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014cosp...40E1290I"><span>Vortex <span class="hlt">formation</span> in a complex <span class="hlt">plasma</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ishihara, Osamu</p> <p></p> <p>Complex <span class="hlt">plasma</span> experiments in ground-based laboratories as well as in microgravity conditions have shown the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of vortex structures in various conditions (e.g., 1,2,3,4). The vortex structures formed in a complex <span class="hlt">plasma</span> are visible by naked eyes with the help of irradiating laser and the individual dust particles in the structure give us the opportunity to study detailed physics of the commonly observed natural phenomena known such as tornadoes, typhoons, hurricanes and dust devils. Based on the Navier-Stokes equation with proper complex <span class="hlt">plasma</span> conditions we analyze as much as possible in a universal way the vortex structure and clarifies the role of the controlling parameters like flow velocity and external magnetic field. 1. G. E. Morfill,H. M. Thomas, U. Konopka,H. Rothermel, M. Zuzic, A. Ivlev, and J. Goree, Phys,. Rev. Lett. 83, 1598 (1999). 2. E. Nebbat and R. Annou, Phys. <span class="hlt">Plasmas</span> 17, 093702 (2010). 3. Y. Saitou and O. Ishihara, Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 185003 (2013). 4. V. N. Tsytovich and N. G. Gusein-zade, <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Phys. Rep. 39, 515 (2013).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20010038423','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20010038423"><span>Numerical Investigation of Radiative Heat Transfer in Laser Induced <span class="hlt">Air</span> <span class="hlt">Plasmas</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Liu, J.; Chen, Y. S.; Wang, T. S.; Turner, James E. (Technical Monitor)</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>Radiative heat transfer is one of the most important phenomena in the laser induced <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>. This study is intended to develop accurate and efficient methods for predicting laser radiation absorption and <span class="hlt">plasma</span> radiative heat transfer, and investigate the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> radiation effects in laser propelled vehicles. To model laser radiation absorption, a ray tracing method along with the Beer's law is adopted. To solve the radiative transfer equation in the <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>, the discrete transfer method (DTM) is selected and explained. The <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> radiative properties are predicted by the LORAN code. To validate the present nonequilibrium radiation model, several benchmark problems are examined and the present results are found to match the available solutions. To investigate the effects of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> radiation in laser propelled vehicles, the present radiation code is coupled into a <span class="hlt">plasma</span> aerodynamics code and a selected problem is considered. Comparisons of results at different cases show that <span class="hlt">plasma</span> radiation plays a role of cooling <span class="hlt">plasma</span> and it lowers the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> temperature by about 10%. This change in temperature also results in a reduction of the coupling coefficient by about 10-20%. The present study indicates that <span class="hlt">plasma</span> radiation modeling is very important for accurate modeling of aerodynamics in a laser propelled vehicle.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JAP...122b3303S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JAP...122b3303S"><span>Mechanisms of carbon dimer <span class="hlt">formation</span> in colliding laser-produced carbon <span class="hlt">plasmas</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sizyuk, Tatyana; Oliver, John; Diwakar, Prasoon K.</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>It has been demonstrated that the hot stagnation region formed during the collision of laser-produced carbon <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> is rich with carbon dimers which have been shown to be synthesized into large carbon macromolecules such as carbon fullerene onions and nanotubes. In this study, we developed and integrated experimental and multidimensional modeling techniques to access the temporal and spatial resolution of colliding <span class="hlt">plasma</span> characteristics that elucidated the mechanism for early carbon dimer <span class="hlt">formation</span>. Plume evolution imaging, monochromatic imaging, and optical emission spectroscopy of graphite-produced, carbon <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> were performed. Experimental results were compared with the results of the 3D comprehensive modeling using our HEIGHTS simulation package. The results are explained based on a fundamental analysis of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> evolution, colliding layer <span class="hlt">formation</span>, stagnation, and expansion. The precise mechanisms of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> collision, plume propagation, and particle <span class="hlt">formation</span> are discussed based on the experimental and modeling results.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>1</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li class="active"><span>3</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_3 --> <div id="page_4" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li class="active"><span>4</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="61"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21518392-cold-atmospheric-pressure-air-surface-barrier-discharge-plasma-large-area-sterilization-applications','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21518392-cold-atmospheric-pressure-air-surface-barrier-discharge-plasma-large-area-sterilization-applications"><span>The cold and atmospheric-pressure <span class="hlt">air</span> surface barrier discharge <span class="hlt">plasma</span> for large-area sterilization applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Wang Dacheng; Department of Aeronautics, Fujian Key Laboratory for Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005; Zhao Di</p> <p>2011-04-18</p> <p>This letter reports a stable <span class="hlt">air</span> surface barrier discharge device for large-area sterilization applications at room temperature. This design may result in visually uniform <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> with the electrode area scaled up (or down) to the required size. A comparison for the survival rates of Escherichia coli from <span class="hlt">air</span>, N{sub 2} and O{sub 2} surface barrier discharge <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> is presented, and the <span class="hlt">air</span> surface <span class="hlt">plasma</span> consisting of strong filamentary discharges can efficiently kill Escherichia coli. Optical emission measurements indicate that reactive species such as O and OH generated in the room temperature <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> play a significant role in the sterilizationmore » process.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981OptEn..20..962S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981OptEn..20..962S"><span>Laser Radiation-Induced <span class="hlt">Air</span> Breakdown And <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Shielding</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Smith, David C.</p> <p>1981-12-01</p> <p>Gas breakdown, or the ionization of the <span class="hlt">air</span> in the path of a high power laser, is a limit on the maximum intensity which can be propagated through the atmosphere. When the threshold for breakdown is exceeded, a high density, high temperature <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is produced which is opaque to visible and infrared wavelengths and thus absorbs the laser radiation. The threshold in the atmosphere is significantly lower than in pure gases because of laser interaction and vaporization of aerosols. This aspect of <span class="hlt">air</span> breakdown is discussed in detail. Parametric studies have revealed the scaling laws of breakdown as to wavelength and laser pulse duration, and these will be discussed and compared with existing models. A problem closely related to breakdown is the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> produc-tion when a high intensity laser interacts with a surface. In this case, the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> can be beneficial for coupling laser energy into shiny surfaces. The <span class="hlt">plasma</span> absorbs the laser radiation and reradiates the energy at shorter wavelengths; this shorter wavelength radiation is absorbed by the surface, thus increasing the coupling of energy into the surface. The conditions for the enhancement of laser coupling into surfaces will be discussed, particularly for cw laser beams, an area of recent experimen-tal investigation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013IJT....34.2173P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013IJT....34.2173P"><span>Effect of <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Treatment on <span class="hlt">Air</span> and Water-Vapor Permeability of Bamboo Knitted Fabric</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Prakash, C.; Ramakrishnan, G.; Chinnadurai, S.; Vignesh, S.; Senthilkumar, M.</p> <p>2013-11-01</p> <p>In this paper, the effects of oxygen and atmospheric <span class="hlt">plasma</span> on <span class="hlt">air</span> and water-vapor permeability properties of single jersey bamboo fabric have been investigated. The changes in these properties are believed to be related closely to the inter-fiber and inter-yarn friction force induced by the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatments. The outcomes showed that the water-vapor permeability increased, although the <span class="hlt">air</span> permeability decreased along with the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatments. The SEM images clearly showed that the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> modified the fiber surface outwardly. The results showed that the atmospheric <span class="hlt">plasma</span> has an etching effect and increases the functionality of a bamboo surface, which is evident from SEM and FTIR-ATR analysis. These results reveal that atmospheric pressure <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment is an effective method to improve the performance of bamboo fabric. Statistical analysis also indicates that the results are significant for <span class="hlt">air</span> permeability and water-vapor permeability of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-treated bamboo fabric.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JAP...113i3302T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JAP...113i3302T"><span>Atmospheric pressure resistive barrier <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet induced bacterial inactivation in aqueous environment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Thiyagarajan, Magesh; Sarani, Abdollah; Gonzales, Xavier</p> <p>2013-03-01</p> <p>An atmospheric pressure resistive barrier <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet is designed to inactivate bacteria in aqueous media in direct and indirect exposure modes of treatment. The resistive barrier <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet is designed to operate at both dc and standard 50-60 Hz low frequency ac power input and the ambient <span class="hlt">air</span> at 50% humidity level was used as the operating gas. The voltage-current characteristics of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet were analyzed and the operating frequency of the discharge was measured to be 20 kHz and the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> power was measured to be 26 W. The <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet rotational temperatures (Trot) are obtained from the optical emission spectra, from the N2C-B(2+) transitions by matching the experimental spectrum results with the Spectra <span class="hlt">Air</span> (SPECAIR) simulation spectra. The reactive oxygen and nitrogen species were measured using optical emission spectroscopy and gas analyzers, for direct and indirect treatment modes. The nitric oxides (NO) were observed to be the predominant long lived reactive nitrogen species produced by the <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. Three different bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive), Escherichia coli (Gram-negative), and Neisseria meningitidis (Gram-negative) were suspended in an aqueous media and treated by the resistive barrier <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet in direct and indirect exposure modes. The results show that a near complete bacterial inactivation was achieved within 120 s for both direct and indirect <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment of S. aureus and E. coli bacteria. Conversely, a partial inactivation of N. meningitidis was observed by 120 s direct <span class="hlt">plasma</span> exposure and insignificant inactivation was observed for the indirect <span class="hlt">plasma</span> exposure treatment. <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> induced shifts in N. meningitidis gene expression was analyzed using pilC gene expression as a representative gene and the results showed a reduction in the expression of the pilC gene compared to untreated samples suggesting that the observed protection against NO may be regulated by other genes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008OptCo.281.1268B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008OptCo.281.1268B"><span>Spectroscopic analysis of femtosecond laser <span class="hlt">plasma</span> filament in <span class="hlt">air</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bernhardt, J.; Liu, W.; Théberge, F.; Xu, H. L.; Daigle, J. F.; Châteauneuf, M.; Dubois, J.; Chin, S. L.</p> <p>2008-03-01</p> <p>We report a spectroscopic analysis of a filament generated by a femtosecond laser pulse in <span class="hlt">air</span>. In the filament spectra, the characteristic Stark broadened atomic oxygen triplet centered at 777.4 nm has been observed. The measured electron impact Stark broadening parameter of the triplet is larger than the theoretical value by Griem [H.R. Griem, <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Spectroscopy, McGraw Hill, New York, 1964] by a factor 6.7 . Using the experimental value 0.0166nm , the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> densities derived from Stark broadening agree well with those most recently obtained from Théberge et al.'s measurement of the nitrogen fluorescence calibrated by longitudinal diffraction [F. Théberge, W. Liu, P.T. Simard, A. Becker, S. L. Chin, Phys. Rev. E 74 (2006) 036406]. However, the Stark broadening approach is much simpler and can be used to non-invasively measure the filament <span class="hlt">plasma</span> density distribution in <span class="hlt">air</span> under different propagation conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3897664','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3897664"><span>Targeting Cancer Cells with Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species Generated by Atmospheric-Pressure <span class="hlt">Air</span> <span class="hlt">Plasma</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Hoan, Nguyen Ngoc; Kim, Churl Ho; Moon, Eunpyo; Choi, Kyeong Sook; Yang, Sang Sik; Lee, Jong-Soo</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet has been proposed as a novel therapeutic method for cancer. Anticancer activity of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> has been reported to involve mitochondrial dysfunction. However, what constituents generated by <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is linked to this anticancer process and its mechanism of action remain unclear. Here, we report that the therapeutic effects of <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> result from generation of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) including H2O2, Ox, OH−, •O2, NOx, leading to depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial ROS accumulation. Simultaneously, ROS/RNS activate c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 kinase. As a consequence, treatment with <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jets induces apoptotic death in human cervical cancer HeLa cells. Pretreatment of the cells with antioxidants, JNK and p38 inhibitors, or JNK and p38 siRNA abrogates the depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential and impairs the <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-induced apoptotic cell death, suggesting that the ROS/RNS generated by <span class="hlt">plasma</span> trigger signaling pathways involving JNK and p38 and promote mitochondrial perturbation, leading to apoptosis. Therefore, administration of <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> may be a feasible strategy to eliminate cancer cells. PMID:24465942</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PlST...20f5513Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PlST...20f5513Z"><span>Control of multidrug-resistant planktonic Acinetobacter baumannii: biocidal efficacy study by atmospheric-pressure <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhe, RUAN; Yajun, GUO; Jing, GAO; Chunjun, YANG; Yan, LAN; Jie, SHEN; Zimu, XU; Cheng, CHENG; Xinghao, LIU; Shumei, ZHANG; Wenhui, DU; Paul, K. CHU</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>In this research, an atmospheric-pressure <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is used to inactivate the multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in liquid. The efficacy of the <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> on bacterial deactivation and the cytobiological variations after the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment are investigated. According to colony forming units, nearly all the bacteria (6-log) are inactivated after 10 min of <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment. However, 7% of the bacteria enter a viable but non-culturable state detected by the resazurin based assay during the same period of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> exposure. Meanwhile, 86% of the bacteria lose their membrane integrity in the light of SYTO 9/PI staining assay. The morphological changes in the cells are examined by scanning electron microscopy and bacteria with morphological changes are rare after <span class="hlt">plasma</span> exposure in the liquid. The concentrations of the long-living RS, such as H2O2, {{{{NO}}}3}-, and O3, in liquid induced by <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment are measured, and they increase with <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment time. The changes of the intracellular ROS may be related to cell death, which may be attributed to oxidative stress and other damage effects induced by RS <span class="hlt">plasma</span> generated in liquid. The rapid and effective bacteria inactivation may stem from the RS in the liquid generated by <span class="hlt">plasma</span> and <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> may become a valuable therapy in the treatment of infected wounds.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JAP...113b3305D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JAP...113b3305D"><span>Direct current <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet at atmospheric pressure operating in nitrogen and <span class="hlt">air</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Deng, X. L.; Nikiforov, A. Yu.; Vanraes, P.; Leys, Ch.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>An atmospheric pressure direct current (DC) <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet is investigated in N2 and dry <span class="hlt">air</span> in terms of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> properties and generation of active species in the active zone and the afterglow. The influence of working gases and the discharge current on <span class="hlt">plasma</span> parameters and afterglow properties are studied. The electrical diagnostics show that discharge can be sustained in two different operating modes, depending on the current range: a self-pulsing regime at low current and a glow regime at high current. The gas temperature and the N2 vibrational temperature in the active zone of the jet and in the afterglow are determined by means of emission spectroscopy, based on fitting spectra of N2 second positive system (C3Π-B3Π) and the Boltzmann plot method, respectively. The spectra and temperature differences between the N2 and the <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet are presented and analyzed. Space-resolved ozone and nitric oxide density measurements are carried out in the afterglow of the jet. The density of ozone, which is formed in the afterglow of nitrogen <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet, is quantitatively detected by an ozone monitor. The density of nitric oxide, which is generated only in the <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet, is determined by means of mass-spectroscopy techniques.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1104700','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1104700"><span>Final Report on Development of Optimized Field-Reversed Configuration <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> <span class="hlt">Formation</span> Techniques for Magnetized Target Fusion</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Lynn, Alan</p> <p>2013-11-01</p> <p>The University of New Mexico (UNM) proposed a collaboration with Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) to develop and test methods for improved <span class="hlt">formation</span> of field-reversed configuration (FRC) <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> relevant to magnetized target fusion (MTF) energy research. MTF is an innovative approach for a relatively fast and cheap path to the production of fusion energy that utilizes magnetic confinement to assist in the compression of a hot <span class="hlt">plasma</span> to thermonuclear conditions by an external driver. LANL is currently pursing demonstration of the MTF concept via compression of an FRC <span class="hlt">plasma</span> by a metal liner z-pinch in conjunction with the <span class="hlt">Air</span> Forcemore » Research Laboratory in Albuquerque, NM. A key physics issue for the FRC's ultimate success as an MTF target lies in the initial pre-ionization (PI) stage. The PI <span class="hlt">plasma</span> sets the initial conditions from which the FRC is created. In particular, the PI <span class="hlt">formation</span> process determines the amount of magnetic flux that can be trapped to form the FRC. A ringing theta pinch ionization (RTPI) technique, such as currently used by the FRX-L device at LANL, has the advantages of high ionization fraction, simplicity (since no additional coils are required), and does not require internal electrodes which can introduce impurities into the <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. However RTPI has been shown to only trap 50% of the initial bias flux at best and imposes additional engineering constraints on the capacitor banks. The amount of trapped flux plays an important role in the FRC's final equilibrium, transport, and stability properties, and provides increased ohmic heating of the FRC through induced currents as the magnetic field decays. Increasing the trapped flux also provides the route to greatest potential gains in FRC lifetime, which is essential to provide enough time to translate and compress the FRC effectively. In conjunction with LANL we initially planned to develop and test a microwave break- down system to improve the initial PI <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span>. The UNM</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ApPhL.112a3102P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ApPhL.112a3102P"><span>Nanoparticle <span class="hlt">formation</span> in a low pressure argon/aniline RF <span class="hlt">plasma</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pattyn, C.; Kovacevic, E.; Hussain, S.; Dias, A.; Lecas, T.; Berndt, J.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">formation</span> of nanoparticles in low temperature <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> is of high importance for different fields: from astrophysics to microelectronics. The <span class="hlt">plasma</span> based synthesis of nanoparticles is a complex multi-scale process that involves a great variety of different species and comprises timescales ranging from milliseconds to several minutes. This contribution focuses on the synthesis of nanoparticles in a low temperature, low pressure capacitively coupled <span class="hlt">plasma</span> containing mixtures of argon and aniline. Aniline is commonly used for the production of polyaniline, a material that belongs to the family of conductive polymers, which has attracted increasing interest in the last few years due to the large number of potential applications. The nanoparticles which are formed in the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> volume and levitate there due to the collection of negative charges are investigated in this contribution by means of in-situ FTIR spectroscopy. In addition, the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is analyzed by means of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> (ion) mass spectroscopy. The experiments reveal the possibility to synthesize nanoparticles both in continuous wave and in pulsed discharges. The <span class="hlt">formation</span> of particles in the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> volume can be suppressed by pulsing the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> in a specific frequency range. The in-situ FTIR analysis also reveals the influence of the argon <span class="hlt">plasma</span> on the characteristics of the nanoparticles.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EPJD...70...80R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EPJD...70...80R"><span><span class="hlt">Formation</span> of H̅ in p̅-Ps collisions embedded in <span class="hlt">plasmas</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ratnavelu, Kuru; Ghoshal, Arijit; Nayek, Sujay; Bhattacharya, Arka; Mohamed Kamali, Mohd Zahurin</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Screening effects of <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> on the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of antihydrogen (H̅) in an arbitrary s-state from the ground state of the positronium atom (Ps) by antiproton (p̅) impact have been studied within the framework of charge-conjugation and time-reversal invariance. Two types of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> environments have been considered, namely weakly coupled <span class="hlt">plasma</span> and dense quantum <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. For weakly coupled <span class="hlt">plasma</span>, the interactions among the charged particles in <span class="hlt">plasma</span> have been represented by Debye-Huckel screening model, whereas for dense quantum <span class="hlt">plasma</span>, interactions among the charged particles in <span class="hlt">plasma</span> have been represented by exponential cosine-screened Coulomb potentials. Effects of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> screening on the antihydrogen <span class="hlt">formation</span> cross section have been studied in the energy range 15-400 keV of incident antiproton. For the free atomic case, our results agree well with some of the most accurate results available in the literature. Contribution to the Topical Issue "Advances in Positron and Electron Scattering", edited by Paulo Limao-Vieira, Gustavo Garcia, E. Krishnakumar, James Sullivan, Hajime Tanuma and Zoran Petrovic.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApSS..276..190Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApSS..276..190Z"><span>Effects of atmospheric <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment on interfacial properties of PBO fiber reinforced composites</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Chengshuang; Li, Cuiyun; Wang, Baiya; Wang, Bin; Cui, Hong</p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p>Poly(p-phenylene benzobisoxazole) (PBO) fiber was modified by atmospheric <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment. The effects of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment power and speed on both surface properties of PBO fibers and interfacial properties of PBO/epoxy composites were investigated. Surface chemical composition of PBO fibers were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Surface morphologies of the fibers and interface structures of the composites were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Interfacial adhesion property of the composites was evaluated by interlaminar shear strength (ILSS). Mechanical properties of PBO multifilament were measured by universal testing machine. The results indicate that atmospheric <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment introduced some polar or oxygen-containing groups to PBO fiber surfaces, enhanced surface roughness and changed surface morphologies of PBO fibers by <span class="hlt">plasma</span> etching and oxidative reactions. The <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment also improved interfacial adhesion of PBO/epoxy composites but has little effect on tensile properties of PBO multifilament. The ILSS of PBO/epoxy composites increased to 40.0 MPa after atmospheric <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment with <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment power of 300 W and treatment speed of 6 m/min.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991QuEle..21.1210I','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991QuEle..21.1210I"><span>EFFECTS OF LASER RADIATION ON MATTER. LASER <span class="hlt">PLASMA</span>: Temporal and thermodynamic characteristics of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ignatavichyus, M. V.; Kazakyavichyus, É.; Orshevski, G.; Danyunas, V.</p> <p>1991-11-01</p> <p>An investigation was made of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> accompanying the interaction with aluminum, iron, and VK-6 alloy targets of nanosecond radiation from a YAG:Nd3+ laser (Emax = 50 mJ, τ = 3-8 ns). The duration of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> process depended weakly on the laser radiation parameters [the power density was varied in the range 1-3 GW/cm2, the pulse rise time in the range 2-8 ns, or the rate of rise of the power density in the range (1-8) × 108 W · cm - 2 · ns -1]. A study was made of the establishment of a local thermodynamic equilibrium in a <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet excited by radiation from nanosecond and picosecond (E = 30 mJ, τ = 40 ps) lasers. The maximum of the luminescence from an aluminum <span class="hlt">plasma</span> excited by picosecond laser radiation was found to correspond to a local thermodynamic equilibrium. A local thermodynamic equilibrium could be absent in the case of excitation by nanosecond laser radiation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/863066','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/863066"><span><span class="hlt">Air</span> core poloidal magnetic field system for a toroidal <span class="hlt">plasma</span> producing device</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Marcus, Frederick B.</p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>A poloidal magnetics system for a <span class="hlt">plasma</span> producing device of toroidal configuration is provided that reduces both the total volt-seconds requirement and the magnitude of the field change at the toroidal field coils. The system utilizes an <span class="hlt">air</span> core transformer wound between the toroidal field (TF) coils and the major axis outside the TF coils. Electric current in the primary windings of this transformer is distributed and the magnetic flux returned by <span class="hlt">air</span> core windings wrapped outside the toroidal field coils. A shield winding that is closely coupled to the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> carries a current equal and opposite to the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> current. This winding provides the shielding function and in addition serves in a fashion similar to a driven conducting shell to provide the equilibrium vertical field for the <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. The shield winding is in series with a power supply and a decoupling coil located outside the TF coil at the primary winding locations. The present invention requires much less energy than the usual <span class="hlt">air</span> core transformer and is capable of substantially shielding the toroidal field coils from poloidal field flux.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28803746','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28803746"><span><span class="hlt">Air</span> bubbles and hemolysis of blood samples during transport by pneumatic tube systems.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mullins, Garrett R; Bruns, David E</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Transport of blood samples through pneumatic tube systems (PTSs) generates <span class="hlt">air</span> bubbles in transported blood samples and, with increasing duration of transport, the appearance of hemolysis. We investigated the role of <span class="hlt">air</span>-bubble <span class="hlt">formation</span> in PTS-induced hemolysis. <span class="hlt">Air</span> was introduced into blood samples for 0, 1, 3 or 5min to form <span class="hlt">air</span> bubbles. Hemolysis in the blood was assessed by (H)-index, lactate dehydrogenase (LD) and potassium in <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. In an effort to prevent PTS-induced hemolysis, blood sample tubes were completely filled, to prevent <span class="hlt">air</span> bubble <span class="hlt">formation</span>, and compared with partially filled samples after PTS transport. We also compared hemolysis in anticoagulated vs clotted blood subjected to PTS transport. As with transport through PTSs, the duration of <span class="hlt">air</span> bubble <span class="hlt">formation</span> in blood by a gentle stream of <span class="hlt">air</span> predicted the extent of hemolysis as measured by H-index (p<0.01), LD (p<0.01), and potassium (p<0.02) in <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. Removing <span class="hlt">air</span> space in a blood sample prevented bubble <span class="hlt">formation</span> and fully protected the blood from PTS-induced hemolysis (p<0.02 vs conventionally filled collection tube). Clotted blood developed less foaming during PTS transport and was partially protected from hemolysis vs anticoagulated blood as indicated by lower LD (p<0.03) in serum than in <span class="hlt">plasma</span> after PTS sample transport. Prevention of <span class="hlt">air</span> bubble <span class="hlt">formation</span> in blood samples during PTS transport protects samples from hemolysis. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA581663','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA581663"><span>Low Cost, Efficient Microcavity <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Ozone Generation for Water Remediation and <span class="hlt">Air</span> Purification</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-06-01</p> <p>Eliasson, and M. Hirth, “ Ozone Generation from Oxygen and <span class="hlt">Air</span>: Discharge Physics and Reaction Mechanisms,” Ozone Sci. and Eng., vol. 10, pp. 367-378...Phase I Final Report: Low Cost, Efficient Microcavity <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Ozone Generation for Water Remediation and <span class="hlt">Air</span> Purification...Contract Number: FA9550-11-C-0087 June 2012 Low Cost, Efficient Microcavity <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Ozone Generation for Water Remediation</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PhRvL..98o5002E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PhRvL..98o5002E"><span>Fine Structure of a Laser-<span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Filament in <span class="hlt">Air</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Eisenmann, Shmuel; Pukhov, Anatoly; Zigler, Arie</p> <p>2007-04-01</p> <p>The ability to select and stabilize a single filament during propagation of an ultrashort high-intensity laser pulse in <span class="hlt">air</span> makes it possible to examine the longitudinal structure of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> channel left in its wake. We present detailed measurements of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> density variations along laser propagation. Over the length of the filament, electron density variations of 3 orders of magnitude are measured. They display evidence of a meter-long postionization range, along which a self-guided structure is observed coupled with a low <span class="hlt">plasma</span> density, corresponding to ˜3 orders of magnitude decrease from the peak density level.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21466780-plasma-channel-localisation-during-multiple-filamentation-air','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21466780-plasma-channel-localisation-during-multiple-filamentation-air"><span><span class="hlt">Plasma</span> channel localisation during multiple filamentation in <span class="hlt">air</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Panov, N A; Kosareva, O G; Kandidov, V P</p> <p></p> <p>It is shown by numerical simulations that multiple filamentation of a femtosecond laser pulse with a negative initial phase modulation in <span class="hlt">air</span> leads to an increase in the density of self-induced laser <span class="hlt">plasma</span> compared to the case when a transform-limited laser pulse of the same duration is used. Simultaneous control of the duration of the chirped pulse and the beam diameter results in an increase in the distance over which the first filament is formed, the length of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> channel, and its linear density. (nonlinear optical phenomena)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995QuEle..25..347L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995QuEle..25..347L"><span>EFFECTS OF LASER RADIATION ON MATTER. LASER <span class="hlt">PLASMA</span>: Spectral and temporal characteristics of a laser <span class="hlt">plasma</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lipchak, A. I.; Solomonov, V. I.; Tel'nov, V. A.; Osipov, V. V.</p> <p>1995-04-01</p> <p>An experimental investigation was made of the spectral and temporal characteristics of a laser <span class="hlt">plasma</span> formed by the interaction of a CO2 laser pulse with a target in atmospheric <span class="hlt">air</span>. The results obtained indicate that the main role in the process of filling the excited states in a laser <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is played by a recombination cascade and that both atoms and molecules of the atmospheric gases are excited. The result also show that a laser <span class="hlt">plasma</span> can be used in spectroscopic analysis of multicomponent samples. The solution of the thermophysical problem of heating of a target by laser radiation supports the existing ideas on the process of <span class="hlt">formation</span> of a <span class="hlt">plasma</span> near the target surface in <span class="hlt">air</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006GeoRL..33.4804W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006GeoRL..33.4804W"><span>Simulating the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of Hurricane Isabel (2003) with <span class="hlt">AIRS</span> data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wu, Liguang; Braun, Scott A.; Qu, John J.; Hao, Xianjun</p> <p>2006-02-01</p> <p>Using the <span class="hlt">AIRS</span> retrieved temperature and humidity profiles, the Saharan <span class="hlt">Air</span> Layer (SAL) influence on the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of Hurricane Isabel (2003) is simulated numerically with the MM5 model. The warmth and dryness of the SAL (the thermodynamic effect) is assimilated by use of the nudging technique, which enables the model thermodynamic state to be relaxed to the profiles of the <span class="hlt">AIRS</span> retrieved data for the regions without cloud contamination. By incorporating the <span class="hlt">AIRS</span> data, MM5 better simulates the large-scale flow patterns and the timing and location of the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of Hurricane Isabel and its subsequent track. By comparing with an experiment without nudging of the <span class="hlt">AIRS</span> data, it is shown that the SAL may have delayed the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of Hurricane Isabel and inhibited the development of another tropical disturbance to the east. This case study confirms the argument by Dunion and Velden (2004) that the SAL can suppress Atlantic tropical cyclone activity by increasing the vertical wind shear, reducing the mean relative humidity, and stabilizing the environment at lower levels.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li class="active"><span>4</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_4 --> <div id="page_5" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li class="active"><span>5</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="81"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010cosp...38..784H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010cosp...38..784H"><span>Chemical reaction and dust <span class="hlt">formation</span> studies in laboratory hydrocarbon <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hippler, Rainer; Majumdar, Abhijit; Thejaswini, H. C.</p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Plasma</span> chemical reaction studies with relevance to, e.g., Titan's atmosphere have been per-formed in various laboratory <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> [1,2]. Chemical reactions in a dielectric barrier discharge at medium pressure of 250-300 mbar have been studied in CH4 /N2 and CH4 /Ar gas mixtures by means of mass spectrometry. The main reaction scheme is production of H2 by fragmenta-tion of CH4 , but also production of larger hydrocarbons like Cn Hm with n up to 10 including <span class="hlt">formation</span> of different functional CN groups is observed. [1] A. Majumdar and R. Hippler, Development of dielectric barrier discharge <span class="hlt">plasma</span> processing apparatus for mass spectrometry and thin film deposition, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 78, 075103 (2007) [2] H.T. Do, G. Thieme, M. Frühlich, H. Kersten, and R. Hippler, Ion Molecule and Dust Particle <span class="hlt">Formation</span> in Ar/CH4 , Ar/C2 H2 and Ar/C3 H6 Radio-frequency <span class="hlt">Plasmas</span>, Contrib. <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Phys. 45, No. 5-6, 378-384 (2005)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhCS1015c2072S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhCS1015c2072S"><span>Modeling of Hydrate <span class="hlt">Formation</span> Mode in Raw Natural Gas <span class="hlt">Air</span> Coolers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Scherbinin, S. V.; Prakhova, M. Yu; Krasnov, A. N.; Khoroshavina, E. A.</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Air</span> cooling units (ACU) are used at all the gas fields for cooling natural gas after compressing. When using ACUs on raw (wet) gas in a low temperature condition, there is a danger of hydrate plug <span class="hlt">formation</span> in the heat exchanging tubes of the ACU. To predict possible hydrate <span class="hlt">formation</span>, a mathematical model of the <span class="hlt">air</span> cooler thermal behavior used in the control system shall adequately calculate not only gas temperature at the cooler's outlet, but also a dew point value, a temperature at which condensation, as well as the gas hydrate <span class="hlt">formation</span> point, onsets. This paper proposes a mathematical model allowing one to determine the pressure in the <span class="hlt">air</span> cooler which makes hydrate <span class="hlt">formation</span> for a given gas composition possible.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JPhD...45z5202C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JPhD...45z5202C"><span>Properties of <span class="hlt">air</span>-aluminum thermal <span class="hlt">plasmas</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cressault, Y.; Gleizes, A.; Riquel, G.</p> <p>2012-07-01</p> <p>We present the calculation and the main results of the properties of <span class="hlt">air</span>-aluminum thermal <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>, useful for complete modelling of arc systems involving aluminum contacts. The properties are calculated assuming thermal equilibrium and correspond to the equilibrium composition, thermodynamic functions, transport coefficients including diffusion coefficients and net emission coefficient representing the divergence of the radiative flux in the hottest <span class="hlt">plasma</span> regions. The calculation is developed in the temperature range between 2000 and 30 000 K, for a pressure range from 0.1 to 1 bar and for several metal mass proportions. As in the case of other metals, the presence of aluminum vapours has a strong influence on three properties at intermediate temperatures: the electron number density, the electrical conductivity and the net emission coefficient. Some comparisons with other metal vapour (Cu, Fe and Ag) properties are made and show the original behaviour for Al-containing mixtures: mass density at high temperatures is low due to the low Al atomic mass; high electrical conductivity at T < 10 000 K due to low ionization potential (around 2 V less for Al than for the other metals); very strong self-absorption of ionized aluminum lines, leading to a net emission coefficient lower than that of pure <span class="hlt">air</span> when T > 10 000 K, in contrast to copper or iron radiation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018RuPhJ..60.1483D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018RuPhJ..60.1483D"><span>Long-Lived <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> <span class="hlt">Formations</span> in the Atmosphere as an Alternative Energy Source</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dvornikov, M. S.; Mekhdieva, G. Sh.; Agamalieva, L. A.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>A model of a stable <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span>, based on radial quantum oscillations of charged particles, is discussed. The given plasmoid is described with the help of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. A new phenomenon of effective attraction between oscillating charged particles is considered within the framework of the proposed model. The possible existence of a composite <span class="hlt">plasma</span> structure is also discussed. Hypotheses about using the obtained results to describe natural long-lived <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formations</span> which can serve as alternative energy sources are advanced.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4616044','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4616044"><span>Quasi-steady-state <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> channel produced by a femtosecond laser pulse sequence</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Lu, Xin; Chen, Shi-You; Ma, Jing-Long; Hou, Lei; Liao, Guo-Qian; Wang, Jin-Guang; Han, Yu-Jing; Liu, Xiao-Long; Teng, Hao; Han, Hai-Nian; Li, Yu-Tong; Chen, Li-Ming; Wei, Zhi-Yi; Zhang, Jie</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>A long <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> channel can be formed by filamentation of intense femtosecond laser pulses. However, the lifetime of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> channel produced by a single femtosecond laser pulse is too short (only a few nanoseconds) for many potential applications based on the conductivity of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> channel. Therefore, prolonging the lifetime of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> channel is one of the key challenges in the research of femtosecond laser filamentation. In this study, a unique femtosecond laser source was developed to produce a high-quality femtosecond laser pulse sequence with an interval of 2.9 ns and a uniformly distributed single-pulse energy. The metre scale quasi-steady-state <span class="hlt">plasma</span> channel with a 60–80 ns lifetime was formed by such pulse sequences in <span class="hlt">air</span>. The simulation study for filamentation of dual femtosecond pulses indicated that the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> channel left by the previous pulse was weakly affected the filamentation of the next pulse in sequence under our experimental conditions. PMID:26493279</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24441156','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24441156"><span>Cold <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> to decontaminate inanimate surfaces of the hospital environment.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cahill, Orla J; Claro, Tânia; O'Connor, Niall; Cafolla, Anthony A; Stevens, Niall T; Daniels, Stephen; Humphreys, Hilary</p> <p>2014-03-01</p> <p>The hospital environment harbors bacteria that may cause health care-associated infections. Microorganisms, such as multiresistant bacteria, can spread around the patient's inanimate environment. Some recently introduced biodecontamination approaches in hospitals have significant limitations due to the toxic nature of the gases and the length of time required for aeration. This study evaluated the in vitro use of cold <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> as an efficient alternative to traditional methods of biodecontamination of hospital surfaces. Cultures of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli, and Acinetobacter baumannii were applied to different materials similar to those found in the hospital environment. Artificially contaminated sections of marmoleum, mattress, polypropylene, powder-coated mild steel, and stainless steel were then exposed to a cold <span class="hlt">air</span> pressure <span class="hlt">plasma</span> single jet for 30 s, 60 s, and 90 s, operating at approximately 25 W and 12 liters/min flow rate. Direct <span class="hlt">plasma</span> exposure successfully reduced the bacterial load by log 3 for MRSA, log 2.7 for VRE, log 2 for ESBL-producing E. coli, and log 1.7 for A. baumannii. The present report confirms the efficient antibacterial activity of a cold <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> single-jet plume on nosocomial bacterially contaminated surfaces over a short period of time and highlights its potential for routine biodecontamination in the clinical environment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApPhL.105f3701G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApPhL.105f3701G"><span>Low-density <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> in aqueous biological media using sub-nanosecond laser pulses</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Genc, Suzanne L.; Ma, Huan; Venugopalan, Vasan</p> <p>2014-08-01</p> <p>We demonstrate the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of low- and high-density <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> in aqueous media using sub-nanosecond laser pulses delivered at low numerical aperture (NA = 0.25). We observe two distinct regimes of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> in deionized water, phosphate buffered saline, Minimum Essential Medium (MEM), and MEM supplemented with phenol red. Optical breakdown is first initiated in a low-energy regime and characterized by bubble <span class="hlt">formation</span> without <span class="hlt">plasma</span> luminescence with threshold pulse energies in the range of Ep ≈ 4-5 μJ, depending on media formulation. The onset of this regime occurs over a very narrow interval of pulse energies and produces small bubbles (Rmax = 2-20 μm) due to a tiny conversion (η < 0.01%) of laser energy to bubble energy EB. The lack of visible <span class="hlt">plasma</span> luminescence, sharp energy onset, and low bubble energy conversion are all hallmarks of low-density <span class="hlt">plasma</span> (LDP) <span class="hlt">formation</span>. At higher pulse energies (Ep = 11-20 μJ), the process transitions to a second regime characterized by <span class="hlt">plasma</span> luminescence and large bubble <span class="hlt">formation</span>. Bubbles formed in this regime are 1-2 orders of magnitude larger in size ( R max ≳ 100 μ m ) due to a roughly two-order-of-magnitude increase in bubble energy conversion (η ≳ 3%). These characteristics are consistent with high-density <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> produced by avalanche ionization and thermal runaway. Additionally, we show that supplementation of MEM with fetal bovine serum (FBS) limits optical breakdown to this high-energy regime. The ability to produce LDPs using sub-nanosecond pulses focused at low NA in a variety of cell culture media formulations without FBS can provide for cellular manipulation at high throughput with precision approaching that of femtosecond pulses delivered at high NA.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19970003755','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19970003755"><span>Soot <span class="hlt">Formation</span> in Hydrocarbon/<span class="hlt">Air</span> Laminar Jet Diffusion Flames</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Sunderland, P. B.; Faeth, G. M.</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>Soot processes within hydrocarbon/<span class="hlt">air</span> diffusion flames are important because they affect the durability and performance of propulsion systems, the hazards of unwanted fires, the pollutant and particulate emissions from combustion processes, and the potential for developing computational combustion. Motivated by these observations, this investigation involved an experimental study of the structure and soot properties of round laminar jet diffusion flames, seeking an improved understanding of soot <span class="hlt">formation</span> (growth and nucleation) within diffusion flames. The present study extends earlier work in this laboratory concerning laminar smoke points (l) and soot <span class="hlt">formation</span> in acetylene/<span class="hlt">air</span> laminar jet diffusion flames (2), emphasizing soot <span class="hlt">formation</span> in hydrocarbon/<span class="hlt">air</span> laminar jet diffusion flames for fuels other than acetylene. In the flame system, acetylene is the dominant gas species in the soot <span class="hlt">formation</span> region and both nucleation and growth were successfully attributed to first-order reactions of acetylene, with nucleation exhibiting an activation energy of 32 kcal/gmol while growth involved negligible activation energy and a collision efficiency of O.53%. In addition, soot growth in the acetylene diffusion flames was comparable to new soot in premixed flame (which also has been attributed to first-order acetylene reactions). In view of this status, a major issue is the nature of soot <span class="hlt">formation</span> processes in diffusion flame involving hydrocarbon fuels other than acetylene. In particular, information is needed about th dominant gas species in the soot <span class="hlt">formation</span> region and the impact of gas species other than acetylene on soot nucleation and growth.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22599900-laser-induced-plasmas-air-studied-using-two-color-interferometry','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22599900-laser-induced-plasmas-air-studied-using-two-color-interferometry"><span>Laser-induced <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> in <span class="hlt">air</span> studied using two-color interferometry</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Yang, Zefeng; Wu, Jian, E-mail: jxjawj@mail.xjtu.edu.cn; Li, Xingwen</p> <p>2016-08-15</p> <p>Temporally and spatially resolved density profiles of Cu atoms, electrons, and compressed <span class="hlt">air</span>, from laser-induced copper <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> in <span class="hlt">air</span>, are measured using fast spectral imaging and two-color interferometry. From the intensified CCD images filtered by a narrow-band-pass filter centered at 515.32 nm, the Cu atoms expansion route is estimated and used to determine the position of the fracture surface between the Cu atoms and the <span class="hlt">air</span>. Results indicate that the Cu atoms density at distances closer to the target (0–0.4 mm) is quite low, with the maximum density appearing at the edge of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span>'s core being ∼4.6 × 10{sup 24 }m{sup −3} at 304 ns.more » The free electrons are mainly located in the internal region of the plume, which is supposed to have a higher temperature. The density of the shock wave is (4–6) × 10{sup 25 }m{sup −3}, corresponding to <span class="hlt">air</span> compression of a factor of 1.7–2.5.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JPhCS.656a2036S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JPhCS.656a2036S"><span>Study on <span class="hlt">Formation</span> of <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Nanobubbles in Water</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sato, Takehiko; Nakatani, Tatsuyuki; Miyahara, Takashi; Ochiai, Shiroh; Oizumi, Masanobu; Fujita, Hidemasa; Miyazaki, Takamichi</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Nanobubbles of less than 400 nm in diameter were formed by <span class="hlt">plasma</span> in pure water. Pre-breakdown <span class="hlt">plasma</span> termed streamer discharges, generated gas channels shaped like fine dendritic coral leading to the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of small bubbles. Nanobubbles were visualized by an optical microscope and measured by dynamic laser scattering. However, it is necessary to verify that these nanobubbles are gas bubbles, not solid, because contamination such as platinum particles and organic compounds from electrode and residue in ultrapure water were also observed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70031461','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70031461"><span>Responses by pacific halibut to <span class="hlt">air</span> exposure: Lack of correspondence among <span class="hlt">plasma</span> constituents and mortality</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Davis, M.W.; Schreck, C.B.</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>Age-1 and age-2 Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis were exposed to a range of times in <span class="hlt">air</span> (0-60 min) and <span class="hlt">air</span> temperatures (10??C or 16??C) that simulated conditions on deck after capture to test for correspondence among responses in <span class="hlt">plasma</span> constituents and mortality. Pacific halibut mortality generally did not correspond with cortisol, glucose, sodium, and potassium since the maximum observed <span class="hlt">plasma</span> concentrations were reached after exposure to 30 min in <span class="hlt">air</span>, while significant mortality occurred only after exposure to 40 min in <span class="hlt">air</span> for age-1 fish and 60 min in <span class="hlt">air</span> for age-2 fish. Predicting mortality in discarded Pacific halibut using these <span class="hlt">plasma</span> constituents does not appear to be feasible. Lactate concentrations corresponded with mortality in age-1 fish exposed to 16??C and may be useful predictors of discard mortality under a limited set of fishing conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17702563','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17702563"><span><span class="hlt">Plasma</span> treatment of <span class="hlt">air</span> pollution control residues.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Amutha Rani, D; Gomez, E; Boccaccini, A R; Hao, L; Deegan, D; Cheeseman, C R</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Air</span> pollution control (APC) residues from waste incineration have been blended with silica and alumina and the mix melted using DC <span class="hlt">plasma</span> arc technology. The chemical composition of the fully amorphous homogeneous glass formed has been determined. Waste acceptance criteria compliance leach testing demonstrates that the APC residue derived glass releases only trace levels of heavy metals (Pb (<0.007mg/kg) and Zn (0.02mg/kg)) and Cl(-) (0.2mg/kg). These are significantly below the limit values for disposal to inert landfill. It is concluded that <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment of APC residues can produce an inert glass that may have potential to be used either in bulk civil engineering applications or in the production of higher value glass-ceramic products.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21367290-computational-model-collisional-radiative-nonequilibrium-plasma-air-driven-type-laser-propulsion','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21367290-computational-model-collisional-radiative-nonequilibrium-plasma-air-driven-type-laser-propulsion"><span>Computational model of collisional-radiative nonequilibrium <span class="hlt">plasma</span> in an <span class="hlt">air</span>-driven type laser propulsion</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Ogino, Yousuke; Ohnishi, Naofumi</p> <p></p> <p>A thrust power of a gas-driven laser-propulsion system is obtained through interaction with a propellant gas heated by a laser energy. Therefore, understanding the nonequilibrium nature of laser-produced <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is essential for increasing available thrust force and for improving energy conversion efficiency from a laser to a propellant gas. In this work, a time-dependent collisional-radiative model for <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> has been developed to study the effects of nonequilibrium atomic and molecular processes on population densities for an <span class="hlt">air</span>-driven type laser propulsion. Many elementary processes are considered in the number density range of 10{sup 12}/cm{sup 3}<=N<=10{sup 19}/cm{sup 3} and the temperaturemore » range of 300 K<=T<=40,000 K. We then compute the unsteady nature of pulsively heated <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. When the ionization relaxation time is the same order as the time scale of a heating pulse, the effects of unsteady ionization are important for estimating <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> states. From parametric computations, we determine the appropriate conditions for the collisional-radiative steady state, local thermodynamic equilibrium, and corona equilibrium models in that density and temperature range.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PSST...25b5011R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PSST...25b5011R"><span>Numerical study of Si nanoparticle <span class="hlt">formation</span> by SiCl4 hydrogenation in RF <span class="hlt">plasma</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rehmet, Christophe; Cao, Tengfei; Cheng, Yi</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si) is a promising material for many applications related to electronics and optoelectronics. This work performs numerical simulations in order to understand a new process with high deposition rate production of nc-Si in a radio-frequency <span class="hlt">plasma</span> reactor. Inductive <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span>, reaction kinetics and nanoparticle <span class="hlt">formation</span> have been considered in a sophisticated model. Results show that the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> parameters could be adjusted in order to improve selectivity between nanoparticle and molecule <span class="hlt">formation</span> and, thus, the deposition rate. Also, a parametric study helps to optimize the system with appropriate operating conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NucFu..54a2001S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NucFu..54a2001S"><span><span class="hlt">Formation</span> of a three-dimensional <span class="hlt">plasma</span> boundary after decay of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> response to resonant magnetic perturbation fields</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Schmitz, O.; Evans, T. E.; Fenstermacher, M. E.; Lanctot, M. J.; Lasnier, C. L.; Mordijck, S.; Moyer, R. A.; Reimerdes, H.; the DIII-D Team</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>First time experimental evidence is presented for a direct link between the decay of a n = 3 <span class="hlt">plasma</span> response and the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of a three-dimensional (3D) <span class="hlt">plasma</span> boundary. We inspect a lower single-null L-mode <span class="hlt">plasma</span> which first reacts at sufficiently high rotation with an ideal resonant screening response to an external toroidal mode number n = 3 resonant magnetic perturbation field. Decay of this response due to reduced bulk <span class="hlt">plasma</span> rotation changes the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> state considerably. Signatures such as density pump out and a spin up of the edge rotation—which are usually connected to <span class="hlt">formation</span> of a stochastic boundary—are detected. Coincident, striation of the divertor single ionized carbon emission and a 3D emission structure in double ionized carbon at the separatrix is seen. The striated C II pattern follows in this stage the perturbed magnetic footprint modelled without a <span class="hlt">plasma</span> response (vacuum approach). This provides for the first time substantial experimental evidence, that a 3D <span class="hlt">plasma</span> boundary with direct impact on the divertor particle flux pattern is formed as soon as the internal <span class="hlt">plasma</span> response decays. The resulting divertor structure follows the vacuum modelled magnetic field topology. However, the inward extension of the perturbed boundary layer can still not directly be determined from these measurements.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014OptLT..56..202A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014OptLT..56..202A"><span>Surface modification of <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> spraying WC-12%Co cermet coating by laser melting technique</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Afzal, M.; Ajmal, M.; Nusair Khan, A.; Hussain, A.; Akhter, R.</p> <p>2014-03-01</p> <p>Tungsten carbide cermet powder with 12%Co was deposited on stainless steel substrate by <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> spraying method. Two types of coatings were produced i.e. thick (430 µm) and thin (260 µm) with varying porosity and splat morphology. The coated samples were treated with CO2 laser under the shroud of inert atmosphere. A series of experimentation was done in this regard, to optimize the laser parameters. The <span class="hlt">plasma</span> sprayed coated surfaces were then laser treated on the same parameters. After laser melting the treated surfaces were characterized and compared with as-sprayed surfaces. It was observed that the thickness of the sprayed coatings affected the melt depth and the achieved microstructures. It was noted that phases like Co3W3C, Co3W9C4 and W were formed during the laser melting in both samples. The increase in hardness was attributed to the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of these phases.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25741748','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25741748"><span>Optical Emission Studies of Copper <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Induced Using Infrared Transversely Excited Atmospheric (IR TEA) Carbon Dioxide Laser Pulses.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Momcilovic, Milos; Kuzmanovic, Miroslav; Rankovic, Dragan; Ciganovic, Jovan; Stoiljkovic, Milovan; Savovic, Jelena; Trtica, Milan</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>Spatially resolved, time-integrated optical emission spectroscopy was applied for investigation of copper <span class="hlt">plasma</span> produced by a nanosecond infrared (IR) transversely excited atmospheric (TEA) CO2 laser, operating at 10.6 μm. The effect of surrounding <span class="hlt">air</span> pressure, in the pressure range 0.1 to 1013 mbar, on <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> and its characteristics was investigated. A linear dependence of intensity threshold for <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> on logarithm of <span class="hlt">air</span> pressure was found. Lowering of the <span class="hlt">air</span> pressure reduces the extent of gas breakdown, enabling better laser-target coupling and thus increases ablation. Optimum <span class="hlt">air</span> pressure for target <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> was 0.1 mbar. Under that pressure, the induced <span class="hlt">plasma</span> consisted of two clearly distinguished and spatially separated regions. The maximum intensity of emission, with sharp and well-resolved spectral lines and negligibly low background emission, was obtained from a <span class="hlt">plasma</span> zone 8 mm from the target surface. The estimated excitation temperature in this zone was around 7000 K. The favorable signal to background ratio obtained in this <span class="hlt">plasma</span> region indicates possible analytical application of TEA CO2 laser produced copper <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. Detection limits of trace elements present in the Cu sample were on the order of 10 ppm (parts per million). Time-resolved measurements of spatially selected <span class="hlt">plasma</span> zones were used to find a correlation between the observed spatial position and time delay.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22218577-time-resolved-optical-diagnostics-zno-plasma-plumes-air','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22218577-time-resolved-optical-diagnostics-zno-plasma-plumes-air"><span>Time resolved optical diagnostics of ZnO <span class="hlt">plasma</span> plumes in <span class="hlt">air</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Gupta, Shyam L.; Singh, Ravi Pratap; Thareja, Raj K.</p> <p>2013-10-15</p> <p>We report dynamical evolution of laser ablated ZnO <span class="hlt">plasma</span> plumes using interferometry and shadowgraphy; 2-D fast imaging and optical emission spectroscopy in <span class="hlt">air</span> ambient at atmospheric pressure. Recorded interferograms using Nomarski interferometer and shadowgram images at various time delays show the presence of electrons and neutrals in the ablated plumes. The inference drawn from sign change of fringe shifts is consistent with two dimensional images of the plume and optical emission spectra at varying time delays with respect to ablating pulse. Zinc oxide <span class="hlt">plasma</span> plumes are created by focusing 1.06 μm radiation on to ZnO target in <span class="hlt">air</span> and 532more » nm is used as probe beam.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26170427','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26170427"><span>Kinetic mechanism of molecular energy transfer and chemical reactions in low-temperature <span class="hlt">air</span>-fuel <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Adamovich, Igor V; Li, Ting; Lempert, Walter R</p> <p>2015-08-13</p> <p>This work describes the kinetic mechanism of coupled molecular energy transfer and chemical reactions in low-temperature <span class="hlt">air</span>, H2-<span class="hlt">air</span> and hydrocarbon-<span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> sustained by nanosecond pulse discharges (single-pulse or repetitive pulse burst). The model incorporates electron impact processes, state-specific N(2) vibrational energy transfer, reactions of excited electronic species of N(2), O(2), N and O, and 'conventional' chemical reactions (Konnov mechanism). Effects of diffusion and conduction heat transfer, energy coupled to the cathode layer and gasdynamic compression/expansion are incorporated as quasi-zero-dimensional corrections. The model is exercised using a combination of freeware (Bolsig+) and commercial software (ChemKin-Pro). The model predictions are validated using time-resolved measurements of temperature and N(2) vibrational level populations in nanosecond pulse discharges in <span class="hlt">air</span> in plane-to-plane and sphere-to-sphere geometry; temperature and OH number density after nanosecond pulse burst discharges in lean H(2)-<span class="hlt">air</span>, CH(4)-<span class="hlt">air</span> and C(2)H(4)-<span class="hlt">air</span> mixtures; and temperature after the nanosecond pulse discharge burst during <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-assisted ignition of lean H2-mixtures, showing good agreement with the data. The model predictions for OH number density in lean C(3)H(8)-<span class="hlt">air</span> mixtures differ from the experimental results, over-predicting its absolute value and failing to predict transient OH rise and decay after the discharge burst. The agreement with the data for C(3)H(8)-<span class="hlt">air</span> is improved considerably if a different conventional hydrocarbon chemistry reaction set (LLNL methane-n-butane flame mechanism) is used. The results of mechanism validation demonstrate its applicability for analysis of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> chemical oxidation and ignition of low-temperature H(2)-<span class="hlt">air</span>, CH(4)-<span class="hlt">air</span> and C(2)H(4)-<span class="hlt">air</span> mixtures using nanosecond pulse discharges. Kinetic modelling of low-temperature <span class="hlt">plasma</span> excited propane-<span class="hlt">air</span> mixtures demonstrates the need for development of a more accurate</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApPhL.111z1105L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApPhL.111z1105L"><span><span class="hlt">Plasma</span> modification of spoof plasmon propagation along metamaterial-<span class="hlt">air</span> interfaces</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lee, R.; Wang, B.; Cappelli, M. A.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>We report on measurements of the shift in resonance frequency of "spoof" surface plasmon polariton propagation along a 2-D metamaterial slow-wave structure induced by a gaseous <span class="hlt">plasma</span> near the metamaterial/<span class="hlt">air</span> interface. A transmission line circuit model for the metamaterial structure interprets the introduction of a <span class="hlt">plasma</span> as a decrease in unit cell capacitance, causing a shift in the plasmon dispersion to higher frequency. We show through simulations and experiments that the effects of this shift at the resonance frequency and attenuation below and above resonance depend on the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> density. The shifts recorded experimentally are small owing to the low <span class="hlt">plasma</span> densities generated near the structure, ˜ 10 11 cm - 3 , but simulations show that a shift of ˜ 3 % of the resonance frequency can be generated at <span class="hlt">plasma</span> densities of ˜ 10 12 cm - 3 .</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li class="active"><span>5</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_5 --> <div id="page_6" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li class="active"><span>6</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="101"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ApPhL..89l1504U','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ApPhL..89l1504U"><span><span class="hlt">Plasma</span> flame for mass purification of contaminated <span class="hlt">air</span> with chemical and biological warfare agents</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Uhm, Han S.; Shin, Dong H.; Hong, Yong C.</p> <p>2006-09-01</p> <p>An elimination of airborne simulated chemical and biological warfare agents was carried out by making use of a <span class="hlt">plasma</span> flame made of atmospheric <span class="hlt">plasma</span> and a fuel-burning flame, which can purify the interior <span class="hlt">air</span> of a large volume in isolated spaces such as buildings, public transportation systems, and military vehicles. The <span class="hlt">plasma</span> flame generator consists of a microwave <span class="hlt">plasma</span> torch connected in series to a fuel injector and a reaction chamber. For example, a reaction chamber, with the dimensions of a 22cm diameter and 30cm length, purifies an airflow rate of 5000lpm contaminated with toluene (the simulated chemical agent) and soot from a diesel engine (the simulated aerosol for biological agents). Large volumes of purification by the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> flame will free mankind from the threat of airborne warfare agents. The <span class="hlt">plasma</span> flame may also effectively purify <span class="hlt">air</span> that is contaminated with volatile organic compounds, in addition to eliminating soot from diesel engines as an environmental application.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EPJWC.15900007B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EPJWC.15900007B"><span>Investigation of <span class="hlt">air</span> gasification of micronized coal, mechanically activated using the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> control of the process</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Butakov, Evgenii; Burdukov, Anatoly; Chernetskiy, Mikhail; Kuznetsov, Victor</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Combination of the processes of coal combustion and gasification into a single technology of mechano-chemical and <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-chemical activation is of a considerable scientific and technological interest. Enhancement of coal reactivity at their grinding with mechanical activation is associated with an increase in the reaction rate of carbon material, and at <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-chemical effect, the main is an increase in reactivity of the oxidizing agent caused by the high <span class="hlt">plasma</span> temperatures of atomic oxygen. The process of gasification was studied on the 1-MW setup with tangential scroll supply of pulverized coal-<span class="hlt">air</span> mixture and cylindrical reaction chamber. Coal ground by the standard boiler mill is fed to the disintegrator, then, it is sent to the scroll inlet of the burner-reactor with the transport <span class="hlt">air</span>. Pulverized coal is ignited by the plasmatron of 10-kW power. In experiments on <span class="hlt">air</span> gasification of micronized coal, carried out at the temperature in the reaction chamber of 1000-1200°C and <span class="hlt">air</span> excess α = 0.3-1, the data on CO concentration of 11% and H2 concentration of up to 6% were obtained. <span class="hlt">Air</span> and <span class="hlt">air</span>-steam gasification of mechanically-activated micronized coals with <span class="hlt">plasma</span> control was calculated using SigmaFlow software package.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013APS..DPPUP8112Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013APS..DPPUP8112Y"><span>Characterization of an atmospheric pressure <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> source for polymer surface modification</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yang, Shujun; Tang, Jiansheng</p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>An atmospheric pressure <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> source was generated through dielectric barrier discharge (DBD). It was used to modify polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) surfaces with very high throughput. An equivalent circuit model was used to calculate the peak average electron density. The emission spectrum from the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> was taken and the main peaks in the spectrum were identified. The ozone density in the down <span class="hlt">plasma</span> region was estimated by Absorption Spectroscopy. NSF and ARC-ODU</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatSR...740063T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatSR...740063T"><span>Laser-guided energetic discharges over large <span class="hlt">air</span> gaps by electric-field enhanced <span class="hlt">plasma</span> filaments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Théberge, Francis; Daigle, Jean-François; Kieffer, Jean-Claude; Vidal, François; Châteauneuf, Marc</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Recent works on <span class="hlt">plasma</span> channels produced during the propagation of ultrashort and intense laser pulses in <span class="hlt">air</span> demonstrated the guiding of electric discharges along the laser path. However, the short <span class="hlt">plasma</span> lifetime limits the length of the laser-guided discharge. In this paper, the conductivity and lifetime of long <span class="hlt">plasma</span> channels produced by ultrashort laser pulses is enhanced efficiently over many orders of magnitude by the electric field of a hybrid AC-DC high-voltage source. The AC electric pulse from a Tesla coil allowed to stimulate and maintain the highly conductive channel during few milliseconds in order to guide a subsequent 500 times more energetic discharge from a 30-kV DC source. This DC discharge was laser-guided over an <span class="hlt">air</span> gap length of two metres, which is more than two orders of magnitude longer than the expected natural discharge length. Long <span class="hlt">plasma</span> channel induced by laser pulses and stimulated by an external high-voltage source opens the way for wireless and efficient transportation of energetic current pulses over long <span class="hlt">air</span> gaps and potentially for guiding lightning.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5214843','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5214843"><span>Laser-guided energetic discharges over large <span class="hlt">air</span> gaps by electric-field enhanced <span class="hlt">plasma</span> filaments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Théberge, Francis; Daigle, Jean-François; Kieffer, Jean-Claude; Vidal, François; Châteauneuf , Marc</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Recent works on <span class="hlt">plasma</span> channels produced during the propagation of ultrashort and intense laser pulses in <span class="hlt">air</span> demonstrated the guiding of electric discharges along the laser path. However, the short <span class="hlt">plasma</span> lifetime limits the length of the laser-guided discharge. In this paper, the conductivity and lifetime of long <span class="hlt">plasma</span> channels produced by ultrashort laser pulses is enhanced efficiently over many orders of magnitude by the electric field of a hybrid AC-DC high-voltage source. The AC electric pulse from a Tesla coil allowed to stimulate and maintain the highly conductive channel during few milliseconds in order to guide a subsequent 500 times more energetic discharge from a 30-kV DC source. This DC discharge was laser-guided over an <span class="hlt">air</span> gap length of two metres, which is more than two orders of magnitude longer than the expected natural discharge length. Long <span class="hlt">plasma</span> channel induced by laser pulses and stimulated by an external high-voltage source opens the way for wireless and efficient transportation of energetic current pulses over long <span class="hlt">air</span> gaps and potentially for guiding lightning. PMID:28053312</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28545656','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28545656"><span>Cord <span class="hlt">plasma</span> insulin and in utero exposure to ambient <span class="hlt">air</span> pollution.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Madhloum, Narjes; Janssen, Bram G; Martens, Dries S; Saenen, Nelly D; Bijnens, Esmée; Gyselaers, Wilfried; Penders, Joris; Vanpoucke, Charlotte; Lefebvre, Wouter; Plusquin, Michelle; Nawrot, Tim S</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>Cardio-metabolic risk factors including insulin levels are at young age barely perceived as harmful, but over time these risk factors may track and lead to higher risk of metabolic syndrome. Studies showed that exposure to <span class="hlt">air</span> pollution is associated with an increased risk of insulin resistance in childhood. We determined whether the origin of type 2 diabetes can be found in the early childhood by examining the levels of insulin in the neonatal cord blood and whether this can be considered as a disease marker for later life. In the ENVIRONAGE (ENVIRonmental influence ON early AGEing) birth cohort, we recruited 620 mother-infant pairs between February 2nd 2010 until August 12th 2014 at the East-Limburg Hospital in Genk, Belgium. We investigated in 590 newborns the association between cord <span class="hlt">plasma</span> insulin levels and exposure to particulate matter (PM 2.5 and PM 10 ) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) in various exposure windows during pregnancy. Trimester-specific <span class="hlt">air</span> pollutant exposure levels were estimated for each mother's home address using a spatiotemporal model. Cord <span class="hlt">plasma</span> insulin levels averaged 33.1pmol/L (25-75th percentile: 20.1-53.5), while PM 2.5 exposure during pregnancy averaged (SD) 13.7μg/m 3 (2.4). Independent of maternal age, newborn's sex, birth weight, gestational age, parity, early-pregnancy BMI, ethnicity, smoking status, time of the day, maternal education, time of delivery, and season of delivery, cord <span class="hlt">plasma</span> insulin levels increased with 15.8% (95% CI 7.8 to 24.4, p<0.0001) for each SD increment in PM 2.5 levels during the entire pregnancy and was most pronounced in the 2nd trimester (13.1%, 95% CI 3.4 to 23.7, p=0.007) of pregnancy. The results for PM 10 exposure were similar with those of PM 2.5 exposure but we did not observe an association between cord blood insulin levels and NO 2 exposure. Exposure to particulate <span class="hlt">air</span> pollution during pregnancy is associated with increased levels of cord <span class="hlt">plasma</span> insulin at birth. The public health relevance of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.823a2010C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.823a2010C"><span>Improving anti-felting characteristics of Merino wool fiber by 2.5 MHz atmosphere pressure <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chandwani, Nisha; Dave, Purvi; Jain, Vishal; Nema, Sudhir; Mukherjee, Subroto</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>The present work investigates the effect of high frequency (2.5 MHz) Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) in <span class="hlt">air</span> on surface characteristics of Merino wool as a function of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> exposure time (5s to 15s). The FE-SEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy), EDS (Energy Dispersive X-ray spectrum) and Derivative ATR-FTIR (Attenuated Total Reflection- Fourier Transform Infrared) Spectroscopy are used to study physio-chemical changes induced by <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. These physio-chemical properties of fibers can be co-related with the felting behaviour of the wool fiber, which leads to shrinkage and pilling of garments while laundering. Felting occurs mainly because of presence of outermost hydrophobic cuticle layer having sharp scales. The FE-SEM analysis of wool fiber surface reveals that cuticle scales on wool fiber become blunt after <span class="hlt">plasma</span> processing. The ATR-FTIR analysis along with second order derivative spectroscopy demonstrates the cleavage of di-sulphide bonds of cuticle and <span class="hlt">formation</span> of sulphur-oxygen groups such as Cystine Sulphonate (-S-SO3-), cysteic acid (-SO3-), cystine monoxide(-SO-S-), cysteine di-oxide (-SO2-S-). A possible explanation about how the combined effect of morphological and chemical changes induced by <span class="hlt">plasma</span> results in minimizing the felting of wool fibers is discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22489962-third-harmonic-generation-air-ambient-laser-ablated-carbon-plasma','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22489962-third-harmonic-generation-air-ambient-laser-ablated-carbon-plasma"><span>Third harmonic generation in <span class="hlt">air</span> ambient and laser ablated carbon <span class="hlt">plasma</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Singh, Ravi Pratap, E-mail: ravips@iitk.ac.in; Gupta, Shyam L.; Thareja, Raj K.</p> <p>2015-12-15</p> <p>We report the third harmonic generation of a nanosecond laser pulse (1.06 μm) in <span class="hlt">air</span> ambient and in the presence of nanoparticles from laser ablated carbon <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. Significant decrease in the threshold of third harmonic generation and multi-fold increment in the intensity of generated third harmonic is observed in presence of carbon <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. The third harmonic in <span class="hlt">air</span> is due to the quasi-resonant four photon process involving vibrationally excited states of molecular ion of nitrogen due to electron impact ionization and laser pulse. Following optical emission spectroscopic observations we conclude that the presence of C{sub 2} and CN in the ablatedmore » plume play a vital role in the observed third harmonic signals.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ApPhL..92x1501K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ApPhL..92x1501K"><span>Cold atmospheric pressure <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet for medical applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kolb, J. F.; Mohamed, A.-A. H.; Price, R. O.; Swanson, R. J.; Bowman, A.; Chiavarini, R. L.; Stacey, M.; Schoenbach, K. H.</p> <p>2008-06-01</p> <p>By flowing atmospheric pressure <span class="hlt">air</span> through a direct current powered microhollow cathode discharge, we were able to generate a 2cm long <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet. With increasing flow rate, the flow becomes turbulent and temperatures of the jet are reduced to values close to room temperature. Utilizing the jet, yeast grown on agar can be eradicated with a treatment of only a few seconds. Conversely, animal studies show no skin damage even with exposures ten times longer than needed for pathogen extermination. This cold <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet provides an effective mode of treatment for yeast infections of the skin.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/160450-studies-air-plasma-spraying-zirconia-powder','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/160450-studies-air-plasma-spraying-zirconia-powder"><span>Studies of the <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> spraying of zirconia powder</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Varacalle, D.J. Jr.; Wilson, G.C.; Crawmer, D.E.</p> <p></p> <p>As part of an investigation of the dynamics that occur in the <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> spray process, an experimental and analytical study has been accomplished for the deposition of yttria-stabilized zirconia powder using argon-hydrogen and argon-helium working gases. Numerical models of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> dynamics and the related <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-particle interaction are presented. The analytical studies were conducted to determine the parameter space for the empirical studies. Experiments were then conducted using a Box statistical design-of-experiment approach. A substantial range of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> processing conditions and their effect on the resultant coating is presented. The coatings were characterized by hardness tests and optical metallographymore » (i.e., image analysis). Coating qualities are discussed with respect to hardness, porosity, surface roughness, deposition efficiency, and microstructure. Attributes of the coatings are correlated with the changes in operating parameters. An optimized coating design predicted by the SDE analysis and verified by the calculations is also presented.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140002255','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140002255"><span>Observations and Simulations of <span class="hlt">Formation</span> of Broad <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Depletions Through Merging Process</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Huang, Chao-Song; Retterer, J. M.; Beaujardiere, O. De La; Roddy, P. A.; Hunton, D.E.; Ballenthin, J. O.; Pfaff, Robert F.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Broad <span class="hlt">plasma</span> depletions in the equatorial ionosphere near dawn are region in which the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> density is reduced by 1-3 orders of magnitude over thousands of kilometers in longitude. This phenomenon is observed repeatedly by the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) satellite during deep solar minimum. The <span class="hlt">plasma</span> flow inside the depletion region can be strongly upward. The possible causal mechanism for the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of broad <span class="hlt">plasma</span> depletions is that the broad depletions result from merging of multiple equatorial <span class="hlt">plasma</span> bubbles. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of the merging mechanism with new observations and simulations. We present C/NOFS observations for two cases. A series of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> bubbles is first detected by C/NOFS over a longitudinal range of 3300-3800 km around midnight. Each of the individual bubbles has a typical width of approx 100 km in longitude, and the upward ion drift velocity inside the bubbles is 200-400 m/s. The <span class="hlt">plasma</span> bubbles rotate with the Earth to the dawn sector and become broad <span class="hlt">plasma</span> depletions. The observations clearly show the evolution from multiple <span class="hlt">plasma</span> bubbles to broad depletions. Large upward <span class="hlt">plasma</span> flow occurs inside the depletion region over 3800 km in longitude and exists for approx 5 h. We also present the numerical simulations of bubble merging with the physics-based low-latitude ionospheric model. It is found that two separate <span class="hlt">plasma</span> bubbles join together and form a single, wider bubble. The simulations show that the merging process of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> bubbles can indeed occur in incompressible ionospheric <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. The simulation results support the merging mechanism for the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of broad <span class="hlt">plasma</span> depletions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27923272','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27923272"><span>Elimination of diazinon insecticide from cucumber surface by atmospheric pressure <span class="hlt">air</span>-dielectric barrier discharge <span class="hlt">plasma</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Dorraki, Naghme; Mahdavi, Vahideh; Ghomi, Hamid; Ghasempour, Alireza</p> <p>2016-12-06</p> <p>The food industry is in a constant search for new technologies to improve the commercial sterilization process of agricultural commodities. <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> treatment may offer a novel and efficient method for pesticide removal from agricultural product surfaces. To study the proposed technique of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> food treatment, the degradation behavior of diazinon insecticide by <span class="hlt">air</span>-dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) <span class="hlt">plasma</span> was investigated. The authors studied the effect of different <span class="hlt">plasma</span> powers and treatment times on pesticide concentration in liquid form and coated on the surface of cucumbers, where the diazinon residue was analyzed with mass spectroscopy gas chromatography. Our results suggest that atmospheric pressure <span class="hlt">air</span>-DBD <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is potentially effective for the degradation of diazinon insecticide, and mainly depends on related operating parameters, including <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment time, discharge power, and pesticide concentrations. Based on the interaction between reactive oxygen species and electrons in the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> with the diazinon molecule, two degradation pathway of diazinon during <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment are proposed. It was also found that produced organophosphate pesticides are harmless and less hazardous compounds than diazinon.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApPhL.103n4107L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApPhL.103n4107L"><span>Characteristics of a Direct Current-driven <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet operated in open <span class="hlt">air</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Li, Xuechen; Di, Cong; Jia, Pengying; Bao, Wenting</p> <p>2013-09-01</p> <p>A DC-driven <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet has been developed to generate a diffuse <span class="hlt">plasma</span> plume by blowing argon into the ambient <span class="hlt">air</span>. The <span class="hlt">plasma</span> plume, showing a cup shape with a diameter of several centimeters at a higher voltage, is a pulsed discharge despite a DC voltage is applied. The pulse frequency is investigated as a function of the voltage under different gap widths and gas flow rates. Results show that <span class="hlt">plasma</span> bullets propagate from the hollow needle to the plate electrode by spatially resolved measurement. A supposition about non-electroneutral trail of the streamer is proposed to interpret these experimental phenomena.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPA....8e5027N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPA....8e5027N"><span>Ripple <span class="hlt">formation</span> on Si surfaces during <span class="hlt">plasma</span> etching in Cl2</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nakazaki, Nobuya; Matsumoto, Haruka; Sonobe, Soma; Hatsuse, Takumi; Tsuda, Hirotaka; Takao, Yoshinori; Eriguchi, Koji; Ono, Kouichi</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Nanoscale surface roughening and ripple <span class="hlt">formation</span> in response to ion incidence angle has been investigated during inductively coupled <span class="hlt">plasma</span> etching of Si in Cl2, using sheath control plates to achieve the off-normal ion incidence on blank substrate surfaces. The sheath control plate consisted of an array of inclined trenches, being set into place on the rf-biased electrode, where their widths and depths were chosen in such a way that the sheath edge was pushed out of the trenches. The distortion of potential distributions and the consequent deflection of ion trajectories above and in the trenches were then analyzed based on electrostatic particle-in-cell simulations of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> sheath, to evaluate the angular distributions of ion fluxes incident on substrates pasted on sidewalls and/or at the bottom of the trenches. Experiments showed well-defined periodic sawtooth-like ripples with their wave vector oriented parallel to the direction of ion incidence at intermediate off-normal angles, while relatively weak corrugations or ripplelike structures with the wave vector perpendicular to it at high off-normal angles. Possible mechanisms for the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of surface ripples during <span class="hlt">plasma</span> etching are discussed with the help of Monte Carlo simulations of <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-surface interactions and feature profile evolution. The results indicate the possibility of providing an alternative to ion beam sputtering for self-organized <span class="hlt">formation</span> of ordered surface nanostructures.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPhD...47e5201B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPhD...47e5201B"><span><span class="hlt">Air</span>-water ‘tornado’-type microwave <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> applied for sugarcane biomass treatment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bundaleska, N.; Tatarova, E.; Dias, F. M.; Lino da Silva, M.; Ferreira, C. M.; Amorim, J.</p> <p>2014-02-01</p> <p>The production of cellulosic ethanol from sugarcane biomass is an attractive alternative to the use of fossil fuels. Pretreatment is needed to separate the cellulosic material, which is packed with hemicellulose and lignin in cell wall of sugarcane biomass. A microwave ‘tornado’-type <span class="hlt">air</span>-water <span class="hlt">plasma</span> source operating at 2.45 GHz and atmospheric pressure has been applied for this purpose. Samples of dry and wet biomass (˜2 g) have been exposed to the late afterglow <span class="hlt">plasma</span> stream. The experiments demonstrate that the <span class="hlt">air</span>-water highly reactive <span class="hlt">plasma</span> environment provides a number of long-lived active species able to destroy the cellulosic wrapping. Scanning electron microscopy has been applied to analyse the morphological changes occurring due to <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment. The effluent gas streams have been analysed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Optical emission spectroscopy and FT-IR have been applied to determine the gas temperature in the discharge and late afterglow <span class="hlt">plasma</span> zones, respectively. The optimal range of the operational parameters is discussed along with the main active species involved in the treatment process. Synergistic effects can result from the action of singlet O2(a 1Δg) oxygen, NO2, nitrous acid HNO2 and OH hydroxyl radical.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1249330-propagation-distance-resolved-characteristics-filament-induced-copper-plasma','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1249330-propagation-distance-resolved-characteristics-filament-induced-copper-plasma"><span>Propagation distance-resolved characteristics of filament-induced copper <span class="hlt">plasma</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Ghebregziabher, Isaac; Hartig, Kyle C.; Jovanovic, Igor</p> <p>2016-03-02</p> <p>Copper <span class="hlt">plasma</span> generated at different filament-copper interaction points was characterized by spectroscopic, acoustic, and imaging measurements. The longitudinal variation of the filament intensity was qualitatively determined by acoustic measurements in <span class="hlt">air</span>. The maximum <span class="hlt">plasma</span> temperature was measured at the location of peak filament intensity, corresponding to the maximum mean electron energy during <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span>. The highest copper <span class="hlt">plasma</span> density was measured past the location of the maximum electron density in the filament, where spectral broadening of the filament leads to enhanced ionization. Acoustic measurements in <span class="hlt">air</span> and on solid target were correlated to reconstructed <span class="hlt">plasma</span> properties. Lastly, optimal line emissionmore » is measured near the geometric focus of the lens used to produce the filament.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AcSpe.113..158B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AcSpe.113..158B"><span>Morphology and characteristics of laser-induced aluminum <span class="hlt">plasma</span> in argon and in <span class="hlt">air</span>: A comparative study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bai, Xueshi; Cao, Fan; Motto-Ros, Vincent; Ma, Qianli; Chen, Yanping; Yu, Jin</p> <p>2015-11-01</p> <p>In laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), ablation takes place in general in an ambient gas of the atmospheric pressure, often in <span class="hlt">air</span> but also in noble gas such as argon or helium. The use of noble gas is known to significantly improve the performance of the technique. We investigate in this work the morphology and the characteristics of induced <span class="hlt">plasma</span> in argon and in <span class="hlt">air</span>. The purpose is to understand the mechanism of the analytical performance improvement by the use of argon ambient with respective to <span class="hlt">air</span> ambient and the dependence on the other experimental parameters such as the laser fluence. The observation of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> morphology in different ambient gases provides also information for better design of the detection system which optimizes the signal collection according to the used ambient gases. More specifically, the expansion of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> induced on an aluminum target with nanosecond infrared (1064 nm) laser pulse in two ambient gases, argon and the atmospheric <span class="hlt">air</span>, has been studied with spectroscopic imaging at short delays and with emission spectroscopy at longer delays. With relatively low ablation laser fluence (65 J/cm2), similar morphologies have been observed in argon and in <span class="hlt">air</span> over the early stage of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> expansion, while diagnostics at longer delay shows stronger emission, higher electron density and temperature for <span class="hlt">plasma</span> induced in argon. With higher ablation laser fluence (160 J/cm2) however, different expansion behaviors have been observed, with a stagnating aluminum vapor near the target surface in <span class="hlt">air</span> while a propagating plume away from the target in argon. The craters left on the target surface show as well corresponding difference: in <span class="hlt">air</span>, the crater is very shallow with a target surface chaotically affected by the laser pulse, indicating an effective re-deposition of the ablated material back to the crater; while in Ar a deeper crater is observed, indicating an efficient mass removal by laser ablation. At longer delays, a brighter</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JaJAP..57a02BCI','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JaJAP..57a02BCI"><span>Simultaneous generation of acidic and alkaline water using atmospheric <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> formed in water</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Imai, Shin-ichi; Sakaguchi, Yoshihiro; Shirafuji, Tatsuru</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Plasmas</span> on water surfaces and in water can be generated at atmosphere pressure using several kinds of gases, including helium, argon, oxygen, and <span class="hlt">air</span>. Nitrates are generated in water through the interaction between water and atmospheric <span class="hlt">plasma</span> that uses ambient <span class="hlt">air</span>. Water that has been made acidic by the generation of nitric acid and the acidic water can be used for the sterilization of medical instruments, toilet bowls, and washing machines. Dishwashers are another potential application, as alkaline water is needed to remove grease from tableware. To investigate the production of alkaline water and its mechanism, gas component analysis was performed using an atmospheric quadrupole mass spectrometer. It was found that hydrogen gas evolves from the water surrounding both the positive and negative electrodes. The gas and water analyses carried out in this study revealed that acidic water of pH 2.5 and alkaline water of pH 10 can be simultaneously generated by our ambient <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> device, which has been altered from our original model. The alterative <span class="hlt">plasma</span> device has a partition wall, which is made of conductive resin, between the positive and negative electrodes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1454740-lifecycle-laser-produced-air-sparks','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1454740-lifecycle-laser-produced-air-sparks"><span>Lifecycle of laser-produced <span class="hlt">air</span> sparks</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Harilal, S. S.; Brumfield, B. E.; Phillips, M. C.</p> <p>2015-06-03</p> <p>Here, we investigated the lifecycle of laser-generated <span class="hlt">air</span> sparks or <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> using multiple <span class="hlt">plasma</span> diagnostic tools. The sparks were generated by focusing the fundamental radiation from an Nd:YAG laser in <span class="hlt">air</span>, and studies included early and late time spark dynamics, decoupling of the shock wave from the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> core, emission from the spark kernel, cold gas excitation by UV radiation, shock waves produced by the <span class="hlt">air</span> spark, and the spark's final decay and turbulence <span class="hlt">formation</span>. The shadowgraphic and self-emission images showed similar spark morphology at earlier and late times of its lifecycle; however, significant differences are seen in the midlifemore » images. Spectroscopic studies in the visible region showed intense blackbody-type radiation at early times followed by clearly resolved ionic, atomic, and molecular emission. The detected spectrum at late times clearly contained emission from both CN and N 2 +. Additional spectral features have been identified at late times due to emission from O and N atoms, indicating some degree of molecular dissociation and excitation. Detailed spatially and temporally resolved emission analysis provides insight about various physical mechanisms leading to molecular and atomic emission by <span class="hlt">air</span> sparks, including spark <span class="hlt">plasma</span> excitation, heating of cold <span class="hlt">air</span> by UV radiation emitted by the spark, and shock-heating.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22410452-lifecycle-laser-produced-air-sparks','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22410452-lifecycle-laser-produced-air-sparks"><span>Lifecycle of laser-produced <span class="hlt">air</span> sparks</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Harilal, S. S., E-mail: hari@pnnl.gov; Brumfield, B. E.; Phillips, M. C.</p> <p>2015-06-15</p> <p>We investigated the lifecycle of laser-generated <span class="hlt">air</span> sparks or <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> using multiple <span class="hlt">plasma</span> diagnostic tools. The sparks were generated by focusing the fundamental radiation from an Nd:YAG laser in <span class="hlt">air</span>, and studies included early and late time spark dynamics, decoupling of the shock wave from the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> core, emission from the spark kernel, cold gas excitation by UV radiation, shock waves produced by the <span class="hlt">air</span> spark, and the spark's final decay and turbulence <span class="hlt">formation</span>. The shadowgraphic and self-emission images showed similar spark morphology at earlier and late times of its lifecycle; however, significant differences are seen in the midlife images.more » Spectroscopic studies in the visible region showed intense blackbody-type radiation at early times followed by clearly resolved ionic, atomic, and molecular emission. The detected spectrum at late times clearly contained emission from both CN and N{sub 2}{sup +}. Additional spectral features have been identified at late times due to emission from O and N atoms, indicating some degree of molecular dissociation and excitation. Detailed spatially and temporally resolved emission analysis provides insight about various physical mechanisms leading to molecular and atomic emission by <span class="hlt">air</span> sparks, including spark <span class="hlt">plasma</span> excitation, heating of cold <span class="hlt">air</span> by UV radiation emitted by the spark, and shock-heating.« less</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li class="active"><span>6</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_6 --> <div id="page_7" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li class="active"><span>7</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="121"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JPhD...40..803X','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JPhD...40..803X"><span>Characteristics of surface-wave <span class="hlt">plasma</span> with <span class="hlt">air</span>-simulated N2 O2 gas mixture for low-temperature sterilization</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Xu, L.; Nonaka, H.; Zhou, H. Y.; Ogino, A.; Nagata, T.; Koide, Y.; Nanko, S.; Kurawaki, I.; Nagatsu, M.</p> <p>2007-02-01</p> <p>Sterilization experiments using low-pressure <span class="hlt">air</span> discharge <span class="hlt">plasma</span> sustained by the 2.45 GHz surface-wave have been carried out. Geobacillus stearothermoplilus spores having a population of 3.0 × 106 were sterilized for only 3 min using <span class="hlt">air</span>-simulated N2-O2 mixture gas discharge <span class="hlt">plasma</span>, faster than the cases of pure O2 or pure N2 discharge <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>. From the SEM analysis of <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-irradiated spores and optical emission spectroscopy measurements of the <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>, it has been found that the possible sterilization mechanisms of <span class="hlt">air</span>-simulated <span class="hlt">plasma</span> are the chemical etching effect due to the oxygen radicals and UV emission from the N2 molecules and NO radicals in the wavelength range 200-400 nm. Experiment suggested that UV emission in the wavelength range less than 200 nm might not be significant in the sterilization. The UV intensity at 237.0 nm originated from the NO γ system (A 2Σ+ → X 2Π) in N2-O2 <span class="hlt">plasma</span> as a function of the O2 percentage added to N2-O2 mixture gas has been investigated. It achieved its maximum value when the O2 percentage was roughly 10-20%. This result suggests that <span class="hlt">air</span> can be used as a discharge gas for sterilization, and indeed we have confirmed a rapid sterilization with the actual <span class="hlt">air</span> discharge at a sample temperature of less than 65 °C.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhPl...23i3514Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhPl...23i3514Z"><span>Influence of metallic vapours on thermodynamic and transport properties of two-temperature <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhong, Linlin; Wang, Xiaohua; Cressault, Yann; Teulet, Philippe; Rong, Mingzhe</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>The metallic vapours (i.e., copper, iron, and silver in this paper) resulting from walls and/or electrode surfaces can significantly affect the characteristics of <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. Different from the previous works assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium, this paper investigates the influence of metallic vapours on two-temperature (2 T) <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. The 2 T compositions of <span class="hlt">air</span> contaminated by Cu, Fe, and Ag are first determined based on Saha's and Guldberg-Waage's laws. The thermodynamic properties (including mass density, specific enthalpy, and specific heat) are then calculated according to their definitions. After determining the collision integrals for each pair of species in <span class="hlt">air</span>-metal mixtures using the newly published methods and source data, the transport coefficients (including electrical conductivity, viscosity, and thermal conductivity) are calculated for <span class="hlt">air</span>-Cu, <span class="hlt">air</span>-Fe, and <span class="hlt">air</span>-Ag <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> with different non-equilibrium degree θ (Te/Th). The influences of metallic contamination as well as non-equilibrium degree are discussed. It is found that copper, iron, and silver exist mainly in the form of Cu2, FeO, and AgO at low temperatures. Generally, the metallic vapours increase mass density at most temperatures, reduce the specific enthalpy and specific heat in the whole temperature range, and affect the transport properties remarkably from 5000 K to 20 000 K. The effect arising from the type of metals is little except for silver at certain temperatures. Besides, the departure from thermal equilibrium results in the delay of dissociation and ionization reactions, leading to the shift of thermodynamic and transport properties towards a higher temperature.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21612222-demixing-stimulated-lane-formation-binary-complex-plasma','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21612222-demixing-stimulated-lane-formation-binary-complex-plasma"><span>Demixing-stimulated lane <span class="hlt">formation</span> in binary complex <span class="hlt">plasma</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Du, C.-R.; Jiang, K.; Suetterlin, K. R.</p> <p>2011-11-29</p> <p>Recently lane <span class="hlt">formation</span> and phase separation have been reported for experiments with binary complex <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> in the PK3-Plus laboratory onboard the International Space Station (ISS). Positive non-additivity of particle interactions is known to stimulate phase separation (demixing), but its effect on lane <span class="hlt">formation</span> is unknown. In this work, we used Langevin dynamics (LD) simulation to probe the role of non-additivity interactions on lane <span class="hlt">formation</span>. The competition between laning and demixing leads to thicker lanes. Analysis based on anisotropic scaling indices reveals a crossover from normal laning mode to a demixing-stimulated laning mode. Extensive numerical simulations enabled us to identify amore » critical value of the non-additivity parameter {Delta} for the crossover.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NucFu..54b2003H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NucFu..54b2003H"><span><span class="hlt">Formation</span> of carbon allotrope aerosol by colliding <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> in an inertial fusion reactor</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hirooka, Y.; Sato, H.; Ishihara, K.; Yabuuchi, T.; Tanaka, K. A.</p> <p>2014-02-01</p> <p>Along with repeated implosions, the interior of an inertial fusion target chamber is exposed to short pulses of high-energy x-ray, unburned DT-fuel particles, He-ash and pellet debris. As a result, chamber wall materials are subjected to ablation, emitting particles in the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> state. Ablated particles will either be re-deposited elsewhere or collide with each other, perhaps in the centre-of-symmetry region of the chamber volume. Colliding ablation <span class="hlt">plasma</span> particles can lead to the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of clusters to grow into aerosol, possibly floating thereafter, which can deteriorate the subsequent implosion performance via laser scattering, etc. In a laboratory-scale YAG laser setup, the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of nano-scale aerosol has been demonstrated in vacuum at irradiation power densities of the orders of 108-10 W cm-2 at 10 Hz, each 6 ns long, simulating the high-repetition rate inertial fusion reactor situation. Interestingly, carbon aerosol <span class="hlt">formation</span> has been observed in the form of fullerene onion, nano- and micro-tubes when laser-ablated <span class="hlt">plasma</span> plumes of carbon collide with each other. In contrast, colliding <span class="hlt">plasma</span> plumes of metals tend to generate aerosol in the form of droplets under identical laser irradiation conditions. An atomic and molecular reaction model is proposed to interpret the process of carbon allotrope aerosol <span class="hlt">formation</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015APS..GECET1005T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015APS..GECET1005T"><span>Characterization of Wet <span class="hlt">Air</span> <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Jet Powered by Sinusoidal High Voltage and Nanosecond Pulses for <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Agricultural Application</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Takashima, Keisuke; Shimada, Keisuke; Konishi, Hideaki; Kaneko, Toshiro</p> <p>2015-09-01</p> <p>Not only for the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> sterilization but also for many of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> life-science applications, atmospheric pressure <span class="hlt">plasma</span> devices that allowed us to control its state and reactive species production are deserved to resolve the roles of the chemical species. Influence of the hydroxyl radical and ozone on germination of conidia of a strawberry pathogen is presented. Water addition to <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet significantly improves germination suppression performance, while measured reactive oxygen species (ROS) are reduced. Although the results show a negative correlation between ROS and the germination suppression, this infers the importance of chemical composition generated by <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. For further control of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> product, a <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet powered by sinusoidal high voltage and nanosecond pulses is developed and characterized with the voltage-charge Lissajous. Control of breakdown phase and discharge power by pulse-imposed phase is presented. This work is supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B) Grant Number 15K17480 and Exploratory Research Grant Number 23644199.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24374556','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24374556"><span>A large-area diffuse <span class="hlt">air</span> discharge <span class="hlt">plasma</span> excited by nanosecond pulse under a double hexagon needle-array electrode.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Liu, Zhi-Jie; Wang, Wen-Chun; Yang, De-Zheng; Wang, Sen; Zhang, Shuai; Tang, Kai; Jiang, Peng-Chao</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>A large-area diffuse <span class="hlt">air</span> discharge <span class="hlt">plasma</span> excited by bipolar nanosecond pulse is generated under a double hexagon needle-array electrode at atmospheric pressure. The images of the diffuse discharge, electric characteristics, and the optical emission spectra emitted from the diffuse <span class="hlt">air</span> discharge <span class="hlt">plasma</span> are obtained. Based on the waveforms of pulse voltage and current, the power consumption, and the power density of the diffuse <span class="hlt">air</span> discharge <span class="hlt">plasma</span> are investigated under different pulse peak voltages. The electron density and the electron temperature of the diffuse <span class="hlt">plasma</span> are estimated to be approximately 1.42×10(11) cm(-3) and 4.4 eV, respectively. The optical emission spectra are arranged to determine the rotational and vibrational temperatures by comparing experimental with simulated spectra. Meanwhile, the rotational and vibrational temperatures of the diffuse discharge <span class="hlt">plasma</span> are also discussed under different pulse peak voltages and pulse repetition rates, respectively. In addition, the diffuse <span class="hlt">air</span> discharge <span class="hlt">plasma</span> can form an area of about 70×50 mm(2) on the surface of dielectric layer and can be scaled up to the required size. Crown Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990QuEle..20..679B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990QuEle..20..679B"><span>EFFECTS OF LASER RADIATION ON MATTER. LASER <span class="hlt">PLASMA</span>: Generation of currents and propagation of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> fronts in the case of two-pulse interaction with a target in <span class="hlt">air</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Barkhudarov, É. M.; Gelashvili, G. V.; Gumberidze, G. G.; Taktakishvili, M. I.</p> <p>1990-06-01</p> <p>An investigation was made of the enhancement in the efficiency of generation of currents when a target in <span class="hlt">air</span> was subjected to two consecutive CO2 laser radiation pulses. Preliminary interaction with a low-energy (1.5-5 J) pulse increased by more than one order of magnitude the currents generated by the second pulse and this was true in a wide range of energies of the latter pulse. The energy conversion efficiency was practically unaffected. The results were in qualitative agreement with the proposed pattern of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> and propagation of shock waves near a target.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16733228','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16733228"><span>Anxiety-induced <span class="hlt">plasma</span> norepinephrine augmentation increases reactive oxygen species <span class="hlt">formation</span> by monocytes in essential hypertension.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yasunari, Kenichi; Matsui, Tokuzo; Maeda, Kensaku; Nakamura, Munehiro; Watanabe, Takanori; Kiriike, Nobuo</p> <p>2006-06-01</p> <p>An association between anxiety and depression and increased blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular disease risk has not been firmly established. We examined the hypothesis that anxiety and depression lead to increased <span class="hlt">plasma</span> catecholamines and to production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by mononuclear cells (MNC) in hypertensive individuals. We also studied the role of BP in this effect. In Protocol 1, a cross-sectional study was performed in 146 hypertensive patients to evaluate whether anxiety and depression affect BP and ROS <span class="hlt">formation</span> by MNC through increasing <span class="hlt">plasma</span> catecholamines. In Protocol 2, a 6-month randomized controlled trial using a subtherapeutic dose of the alpha(1)-adrenergic receptor antagonist doxazosin (1 mg/day) versus placebo in 86 patients with essential hypertension was performed to determine whether the increase in ROS <span class="hlt">formation</span> by MNC was independent of BP. In Protocol 1, a significant relationship was observed between the following: trait anxiety and <span class="hlt">plasma</span> norepinephrine (r = 0.32, P < .01); <span class="hlt">plasma</span> norepinephrine and ROS <span class="hlt">formation</span> by MNC (r = 0.36, P < .01); and <span class="hlt">plasma</span> norepinephrine and systolic, diastolic, and mean BP (r = 0.17, P = .04; r = 0.26, P = .02; r = 0.23, P < .01, respectively). In Protocol 2, subtherapeutic doxazosin treatment (1 mg/day) had no significant effect on BP. However doxazosin significantly decreased ROS <span class="hlt">formation</span> by MNC compared with placebo (P < .01). Trait anxiety may increase <span class="hlt">plasma</span> norepinephrine and increase ROS <span class="hlt">formation</span> by MNC independent of BP in hypertensive patients.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JTST...25.1534F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JTST...25.1534F"><span>Latest Researches Advances of <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Spraying: From Splat to Coating <span class="hlt">Formation</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fauchais, P.; Vardelle, M.; Goutier, S.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">plasma</span> spray process with solid feedstock, mainly ceramics powders, studied since the sixties is now a mature technology. The <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet and particle in-flight characterizations are now well established. The use of computer-aided robot trajectory allows spraying on industrial parts with complex geometries. Works about splat <span class="hlt">formation</span> have shown the importance of: the substrate preheating over the transition temperature to get rid of adsorbates and condensates, substrate chemistry, crystal structure and substrate temperature during the whole coating process. These studies showed that coating properties strongly depend on the splat <span class="hlt">formation</span> and layering. The first part of this work deals with a summary of conventional <span class="hlt">plasma</span> spraying key points. The second part presents the current knowledge in <span class="hlt">plasma</span> spraying with liquid feedstock, technology developed for about two decades with suspensions of particles below micrometers or solutions of precursors that form particles a few micrometers sized through precipitation. Coatings are finely structured and even nanostructured with properties arousing the interest of researchers. However, the technology is by far more complex than the conventional ones. The main conclusions are that models should be developed further, <span class="hlt">plasma</span> torches and injection setups adapted, and new measuring techniques to reliably characterize these small particles must be designed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PlPhR..44..149B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PlPhR..44..149B"><span><span class="hlt">Formation</span> of ECR <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> in a Dielectric <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Guide under Self-Excitation of a Standing Ion-Acoustic Wave</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Balmashnov, A. A.; Kalashnikov, A. V.; Kalashnikov, V. V.; Stepina, S. P.; Umnov, A. M.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">formation</span> of a spatially localized <span class="hlt">plasma</span> with a high brightness has been experimentally observed in a dielectric <span class="hlt">plasma</span> guide under the electron cyclotron resonance discharge at the excitation of a standing ion-acoustic wave. The results obtained show the possibility of designing compact high-intensity radiation sources with a spectrum determined by the working gas or gas mixture type, high-intensity chemically active particle flow sources, and <span class="hlt">plasma</span> thrusters for correcting orbits of light spacecraft.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27841288','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27841288"><span>Fastest <span class="hlt">Formation</span> Routes of Nanocarbons in Solution <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Processes.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Morishita, Tetsunori; Ueno, Tomonaga; Panomsuwan, Gasidit; Hieda, Junko; Yoshida, Akihito; Bratescu, Maria Antoaneta; Saito, Nagahiro</p> <p>2016-11-14</p> <p>Although solution-<span class="hlt">plasma</span> processing enables room-temperature synthesis of nanocarbons, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. We investigated the routes of solution-<span class="hlt">plasma</span>-induced nanocarbon <span class="hlt">formation</span> from hexane, hexadecane, cyclohexane, and benzene. The synthesis rate from benzene was the highest. However, the nanocarbons from linear molecules were more crystalline than those from ring molecules. Linear molecules decomposed into shorter olefins, whereas ring molecules were reconstructed in the <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. In the saturated ring molecules, C-H dissociation proceeded, followed by conversion into unsaturated ring molecules. However, unsaturated ring molecules were directly polymerized through cation radicals, such as benzene radical cation, and were converted into two- and three-ring molecules at the <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-solution interface. The nanocarbons from linear molecules were synthesized in <span class="hlt">plasma</span> from small molecules such as C 2 under heat; the obtained products were the same as those obtained via pyrolysis synthesis. Conversely, the nanocarbons obtained from ring molecules were directly synthesized through an intermediate, such as benzene radical cation, at the interface between <span class="hlt">plasma</span> and solution, resulting in the same products as those obtained via polymerization. These two different reaction fields provide a reasonable explanation for the fastest synthesis rate observed in the case of benzene.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EPJD...71..302F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EPJD...71..302F"><span>A parametric study of the microwave <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-assisted combustion of premixed ethylene/<span class="hlt">air</span> mixtures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fuh, Che A.; Wu, Wei; Wang, Chuji</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>A parametric study of microwave argon <span class="hlt">plasma</span> assisted combustion (PAC) of premixed ethylene/<span class="hlt">air</span> mixtures was carried out using visual imaging, optical emission spectroscopy and cavity ringdown spectroscopy as diagnostic tools. The parameters investigated included the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> feed gas flow rate, the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> power, the fuel equivalence ratio and the total flow rate of the fuel/<span class="hlt">air</span> mixture. The combustion enhancement effects were characterized by the minimum ignition power, the flame length and the fuel efficiency of the combustor. It was found that: (1) increasing the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> feed gas flow rate resulted in a decrease in the flame length, an increase in the minimum ignition power for near stoichiometric fuel equivalence ratios and a corresponding decrease in the minimum ignition power for ultra-lean and rich fuel equivalence ratios; (2) at a constant <span class="hlt">plasma</span> power, increasing the total flow rate of the ethylene/<span class="hlt">air</span> mixture from 1.0 slm to 1.5 slm resulted in an increase in the flame length and a reduction in the fuel efficiency; (3) increasing the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> power resulted in a slight increase in flame length as well as improved fuel efficiency with fewer C2(d) and CH(A) radicals present downstream of the flame; (4) increasing the fuel equivalence ratio caused an increase in flame length but at a reduced fuel efficiency when <span class="hlt">plasma</span> power was kept constant; and (5) the ground state OH(X) number density was on the order of 1015 molecules/cm3 and was observed to drop downstream along the propagation axis of the flame at all parameters investigated. Results suggest that each of the parameters independently influences the PAC processes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PhPl...18h0707C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PhPl...18h0707C"><span>Measurements of electron avalanche <span class="hlt">formation</span> time in W-band microwave <span class="hlt">air</span> breakdown</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cook, Alan M.; Hummelt, Jason S.; Shapiro, Michael A.; Temkin, Richard J.</p> <p>2011-08-01</p> <p>We present measurements of <span class="hlt">formation</span> times of electron avalanche ionization discharges induced by a focused 110 GHz millimeter-wave beam in atmospheric <span class="hlt">air</span>. Discharges take place in a free volume of gas, with no nearby surfaces or objects. When the incident field amplitude is near the breakdown threshold for pulsed conditions, measured <span class="hlt">formation</span> times are ˜0.1-2 μs over the pressure range 5-700 Torr. Combined with electric field breakdown threshold measurements, the <span class="hlt">formation</span> time data shows the agreement of 110 GHz <span class="hlt">air</span> breakdown with the similarity laws of gas discharges.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015isms.confERE09R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015isms.confERE09R"><span>Laser-Induced <span class="hlt">Plasmas</span> in Ambient <span class="hlt">Air</span> for Incoherent Broadband Cavity-Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ruth, Albert A.; Dixneuf, Sophie; Orphal, Johannes</p> <p>2015-06-01</p> <p>The emission from a laser-induced <span class="hlt">plasma</span> in ambient <span class="hlt">air</span>, generated by a high power femtosecond laser, was utilized as pulsed incoherent broadband light source in the center of a quasi-confocal high finesse cavity. The time dependent spectra of the light leaking from the cavity was compared with those of the laser-induced <span class="hlt">plasma</span> emission without the cavity. It was found that the light emission was sustained by the cavity despite the initially large optical losses of the laser-induced <span class="hlt">plasma</span> in the cavity. The light sustained by the cavity was used to measure part of the S_1←S_0 absorption spectrum of gaseous azulene at its vapour pressure at room temperature in ambient <span class="hlt">air</span> as well as the strongly forbidden γ--band in molecular oxygen: b^1σ^+_g (ν'=2)← X^3σ^-_g (ν''=0)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27877982','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27877982"><span>Phase <span class="hlt">formation</span> in selected surface-roughened <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-nitrided 304 austenite stainless steel.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Singh, Gajendra Prasad; Joseph, Alphonsa; Raole, Prakash Manohar; Barhai, Prema Kanta; Mukherjee, Subroto</p> <p>2008-04-01</p> <p>Direct current (DC) glow discharge <span class="hlt">plasma</span> nitriding was carried out on three selected surface-roughened AISI 304 stainless steel samples at 833 K under 4 mbar pressures for 24 h in the presence of N 2 :H 2 gas mixtures of 50 : 50 ratios. After <span class="hlt">plasma</span> nitriding, the phase <span class="hlt">formation</span>, case depth, surface roughness, and microhardness of a <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-nitrided layer were evaluated by glancing angle x-ray diffractogram, optical microscope, stylus profilometer, and Vickers microhardness tester techniques. The case depth, surface hardness, and phase <span class="hlt">formation</span> variations were observed with a variation in initial surface roughness. The diffraction patterns of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-nitrided samples showed the modified intensities of the α and γ phases along with those of the CrN, Fe 4 N, and Fe 3 N phases. Hardness and case depth variations were observed with a variation in surface roughness. A maximum hardness of 1058 Hv and a case depth of 95 μm were achieved in least surface-roughened samples.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22072671-spectroscopic-temperature-measurements-air-breakdown-plasma-using-ghz-megawatt-gyrotron-beam','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22072671-spectroscopic-temperature-measurements-air-breakdown-plasma-using-ghz-megawatt-gyrotron-beam"><span>Spectroscopic temperature measurements of <span class="hlt">air</span> breakdown <span class="hlt">plasma</span> using a 110 GHz megawatt gyrotron beam</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Hummelt, J. S.; Shapiro, M. A.; Temkin, R. J.</p> <p>2012-12-15</p> <p>Temperature measurements are presented of a non-equilibrium <span class="hlt">air</span> breakdown <span class="hlt">plasma</span> using optical emission spectroscopy. A <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is created with a focused 110 GHz 3 {mu}s pulse gyrotron beam in <span class="hlt">air</span> that produces power fluxes exceeding 1 MW/cm{sup 2}. Rotational and vibrational temperatures are spectroscopically measured over a pressure range of 1-100 Torr as the gyrotron power is varied above threshold. The temperature dependence on microwave field as well as pressure is examined. Rotational temperature measurements of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> reveal gas temperatures in the range of 300-500 K and vibrational temperatures in the range of 4200-6200 K. The vibrational and rotationalmore » temperatures increase slowly with increasing applied microwave field over the range of microwave fields investigated.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27085689','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27085689"><span>Comparison of free radicals <span class="hlt">formation</span> induced by cold atmospheric <span class="hlt">plasma</span>, ultrasound, and ionizing radiation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Rehman, Mati Ur; Jawaid, Paras; Uchiyama, Hidefumi; Kondo, Takashi</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Plasma</span> medicine is increasingly recognized interdisciplinary field combining engineering, physics, biochemistry and life sciences. <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> is classified into two categories based on the temperature applied, namely "thermal" and "non-thermal" (i.e., cold atmospheric <span class="hlt">plasma</span>). Non-thermal or cold atmospheric <span class="hlt">plasma</span> (CAP) is produced by applying high voltage electric field at low pressures and power. The chemical effects of cold atmospheric <span class="hlt">plasma</span> in aqueous solution are attributed to high voltage discharge and gas flow, which is transported rapidly on the liquid surface. The argon-cold atmospheric <span class="hlt">plasma</span> (Ar-CAP) induces efficient reactive oxygen species (ROS) in aqueous solutions without thermal decomposition. Their <span class="hlt">formation</span> has been confirmed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin trapping, which is reviewed here. The similarities and differences between the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> chemistry, sonochemistry, and radiation chemistry are explained. Further, the evidence for free radical <span class="hlt">formation</span> in the liquid phase and their role in the biological effects induced by cold atmospheric <span class="hlt">plasma</span>, ultrasound and ionizing radiation are discussed. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22486454-investigation-mechanism-anode-plasma-formation-ion-diode-dielectric-anode','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22486454-investigation-mechanism-anode-plasma-formation-ion-diode-dielectric-anode"><span>Investigation of mechanism of anode <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> in ion diode with dielectric anode</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Pushkarev, A., E-mail: aipush@mail.ru</p> <p></p> <p>The results of investigation of the anode <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> in a diode with a passive anode in magnetic insulation mode are presented. The experiments have been conducted using the BIPPAB-450 ion accelerator (350–400 kV, 6–8 kA, 80 ns) with a focusing conical diode with B{sub r} external magnetic field (a barrel diode). For analysis of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> at the anode and the distribution of the ions beam energy density, infrared imaging diagnostics (spatial resolution of 1–2 mm) is used. For analysis of the ion beam composition, time-of-flight diagnostics (temporal resolution of 1 ns) were used. Our studies have shown that when the magnetic induction inmore » the A-C gap is much larger than the critical value, the ion beam energy density is close to the one-dimensional Child-Langmuir limit on the entire working surface of the diode. <span class="hlt">Formation</span> of anode <span class="hlt">plasma</span> takes place only by the flashover of the dielectric anode surface. In this mode, the ion beam consists primarily of singly ionized carbon ions, and the delay of the start of <span class="hlt">formation</span> of the anode <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is 10–15 ns. By reducing the magnetic induction in the A-C gap to a value close to the critical one, the ion beam energy density is 3–6 times higher than that calculated by the one-dimensional Child-Langmuir limit, but the energy density of the ion beam is non-uniform in cross-section. In this mode, the anode <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> occurs due to ionization of the anode material with accelerated electrons. In this mode, also, the delay in the start of the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of the anode <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is much smaller and the degree of ionization of carbon ions is higher. In all modes occurred effective suppression of the electronic component of the total current, and the diode impedance was 20–30 times higher than the values calculated for the mode without magnetic insulation of the electrons. The divergence of the ion beam was 4.5°–6°.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhDT........28U','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhDT........28U"><span><span class="hlt">Formation</span> and extraction of a dense <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet from a helicon-<span class="hlt">plasma</span>-injected inertial electrostatic confinement device</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ulmen, Benjamin Adam</p> <p></p> <p>An inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC) device has several pressure and grid-geometry dependent modes of operation for the confinement of <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. Although the symmetric grid star-mode is the most often studied for its application to fusion, the asymmetric grid jet-mode has its own potential application for electric space propulsion. The jet-mode gets its name from the characteristic bright <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet emanating from the central grid. In this dissertation work, a full study was undertaken to provide an understanding on the <span class="hlt">formation</span> and propagation of the IEC <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet-mode. The IEC device vacuum system and all diagnostics were custom assembled during this work. Four diagnostics were used to measure different aspects of the jet. A spherical <span class="hlt">plasma</span> probe was used to explore the coupling of an external helicon <span class="hlt">plasma</span> source to the IEC device. The <span class="hlt">plasma</span> current in the jet was measured by a combination of a Faraday cup and a gridded energy analyzer (GEA). The Faraday cup also included a temperature sensor for collection of thermal power measurements used to compute the efficiency of the IEC device in coupling power into the jet. The GEA allowed for measurement of the electron energy spectra. The force provided by the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet was measured using a piezoelectric force sensor. Each of these measurements provided an important window into the nature of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet. COMSOL simulations provided additional evidence needed to create a model to explain the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of the jet. It will be shown that the jet consists of a high energy electron beam having a peak energy of approximately half of the full grid potential. It is born near the aperture of the grid as a result of the escaping core electrons. Several other attributes of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet will be presented as well as a way forward to utilizing this device and operational mode for future <span class="hlt">plasma</span> space propulsion.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014IJMPS..3260346M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014IJMPS..3260346M"><span><span class="hlt">Air</span> trichloroethylene oxidation in a corona <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-catalytic reactor</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Masoomi-Godarzi, S.; Ranji-Burachaloo, H.; Khodadadi, A. A.; Vesali-Naseh, M.; Mortazavi, Y.</p> <p>2014-08-01</p> <p>The oxidative decomposition of trichloroethylene (TCE; 300 ppm) by non-thermal corona <span class="hlt">plasma</span> was investigated in dry <span class="hlt">air</span> at atmospheric pressure and room temperature, both in the absence and presence of catalysts including MnOx, CoOx. The catalysts were synthesized by a co-precipitation method. The morphology and structure of the catalysts were characterized by BET surface area measurement and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) methods. Decomposition of TCE and distribution of products were evaluated by a gas chromatograph (GC) and an FTIR. In the absence of the catalyst, TCE removal is increased with increases in the applied voltage and current intensity. Higher TCE removal and CO2 selectivity is observed in presence of the corona and catalysts, as compared to those with the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> alone. The results show that MnOx and CoOx catalysts can dissociate the in-<span class="hlt">plasma</span> produced ozone to oxygen radicals, which enhances the TCE decomposition.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li class="active"><span>7</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_7 --> <div id="page_8" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li class="active"><span>8</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="141"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011APS..GECQR1051K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011APS..GECQR1051K"><span><span class="hlt">Plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> in water vapour layers in high conductivity liquids</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kelsey, C. P.; Schaper, L.; Stalder, K. R.; Graham, W. G.</p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>The vapour layer development stage of relatively low voltage <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> in conducting solutions has already been well explored. The nature of the discharges formed within the vapour layer however is still largely unexplored. Here we examine the nature of such discharges through a combination of fast imaging and spatially, temporally resolved spectroscopy and electrical characterisation. The experimental setup used is a pin-to-plate discharge configuration with a -350V, 200 μs pulse applied at a repetition rate of 2Hz. A lens, followed by beam splitter allows beams to one Andor ICCD camera to capture images of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> emission with a second camera at the exit of a high resolution spectrometer. Through synchronization of the camera images at specified times after <span class="hlt">plasma</span> ignition (as determined from current-voltage characteristics) they can be correlated with the spectra features. Initial measurements reveal two apparently different <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formations</span>. Stark broadening of the hydrogen Balmer beta line indicate electron densities of 3 to 5 ×1020 m-3 for <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> produced early in the voltage pulse and an order of magnitude less for the later <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>. The vapour layer development stage of relatively low voltage <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> in conducting solutions has already been well explored. The nature of the discharges formed within the vapour layer however is still largely unexplored. Here we examine the nature of such discharges through a combination of fast imaging and spatially, temporally resolved spectroscopy and electrical characterisation. The experimental setup used is a pin-to-plate discharge configuration with a -350V, 200 μs pulse applied at a repetition rate of 2Hz. A lens, followed by beam splitter allows beams to one Andor ICCD camera to capture images of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> emission with a second camera at the exit of a high resolution spectrometer. Through synchronization of the camera images at specified times after <span class="hlt">plasma</span> ignition (as determined from current</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhPl...22d2518W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhPl...22d2518W"><span><span class="hlt">Plasma</span>-gun-assisted field-reversed configuration <span class="hlt">formation</span> in a conical θ-pinch</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Weber, T. E.; Intrator, T. P.; Smith, R. J.</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>Injection of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> via an annular array of coaxial <span class="hlt">plasma</span> guns during the pre-ionization phase of field-reversed configuration (FRC) <span class="hlt">formation</span> is shown to catalyze the bulk ionization of a neutral gas prefill in the presence of a strong axial magnetic field and change the character of outward flux flow during field-reversal from a convective process to a much slower resistive diffusion process. This approach has been found to significantly improve FRC <span class="hlt">formation</span> in a conical θ-pinch, resulting in a ˜350% increase in trapped flux at typical operating conditions, an expansion of accessible <span class="hlt">formation</span> parameter space to lower densities and higher temperatures, and a reduction or elimination of several deleterious effects associated with the pre-ionization phase.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1291216-plasma-gun-assisted-field-reversed-configuration-formation-conical-pinch','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1291216-plasma-gun-assisted-field-reversed-configuration-formation-conical-pinch"><span><span class="hlt">Plasma</span>-gun-assisted field-reversed configuration <span class="hlt">formation</span> in a conical θ-pinch</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Weber, T. E.; Intrator, T. P.; Smith, R. J.</p> <p>2015-04-29</p> <p>We show through injection of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> via an annular array of coaxial <span class="hlt">plasma</span> guns, during the pre-ionization phase of field-reversed configuration (FRC) <span class="hlt">formation</span> how to catalyze the bulk ionization of a neutral gas prefill in the presence of a strong axial magnetic field and change the character of outward flux flow during field-reversal from a convective process to a much slower resistive diffusion process. Our approach has been found to significantly improve FRC <span class="hlt">formation</span> in a conical θ-pinch, resulting in a ~350% increase in trapped flux at typical operating conditions, an expansion of accessible <span class="hlt">formation</span> parameter space to lower densitiesmore » and higher temperatures, and a reduction or elimination of several deleterious effects associated with the pre-ionization phase.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22408326-plasma-gun-assisted-field-reversed-configuration-formation-conical-pinch','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22408326-plasma-gun-assisted-field-reversed-configuration-formation-conical-pinch"><span><span class="hlt">Plasma</span>-gun-assisted field-reversed configuration <span class="hlt">formation</span> in a conical θ-pinch</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Weber, T. E., E-mail: tweber@lanl.gov; Intrator, T. P.; Smith, R. J.</p> <p>2015-04-15</p> <p>Injection of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> via an annular array of coaxial <span class="hlt">plasma</span> guns during the pre-ionization phase of field-reversed configuration (FRC) <span class="hlt">formation</span> is shown to catalyze the bulk ionization of a neutral gas prefill in the presence of a strong axial magnetic field and change the character of outward flux flow during field-reversal from a convective process to a much slower resistive diffusion process. This approach has been found to significantly improve FRC <span class="hlt">formation</span> in a conical θ-pinch, resulting in a ∼350% increase in trapped flux at typical operating conditions, an expansion of accessible <span class="hlt">formation</span> parameter space to lower densities and highermore » temperatures, and a reduction or elimination of several deleterious effects associated with the pre-ionization phase.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170003884','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170003884"><span>Peculiarities of Efficient <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Generation in <span class="hlt">Air</span> and Water by Short Duration Laser Pulses</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Adamovsky, Grigory; Floyd, Bertram M.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>We have conducted experiments to demonstrate an efficient generation of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> discharges by focused nanosecond pulsed laser beams in <span class="hlt">air</span> and provided recommendations on the design of optical systems to implement such <span class="hlt">plasma</span> generation. We have also demonstrated generation of the secondary <span class="hlt">plasma</span> discharge using the unused energy from the primary one. Focused nanosecond pulsed laser beams have also been utilized to generate <span class="hlt">plasma</span> in water where we observed self-focusing and filamentation. Furthermore, we applied the laser generated <span class="hlt">plasma</span> to the decomposition of methylene blue dye diluted in water.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27107238','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27107238"><span>Manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieve K-OMS-2 as catalyst in post <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-catalysis for trichloroethylene degradation in humid <span class="hlt">air</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nguyen Dinh, M T; Giraudon, J-M; Vandenbroucke, A M; Morent, R; De Geyter, N; Lamonier, J-F</p> <p>2016-08-15</p> <p>The total oxidation of trichloroethylene (TCE) in <span class="hlt">air</span> at low relative humidity (RH=10%) in the presence of CO2 (520ppmv) was investigated in function of energy density using an atmospheric pressure negative DC luminescent glow discharge combined with a cryptomelane catalyst positioned downstream of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> reactor at a temperature of 150°C. When using Non-Thermal <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> (NTP) alone, it is found a low COx (x=1-2) yield in agreement with the detection of gaseous polychlorinated by-products in the outlet stream as well as ozone which is an harmful pollutant. Introduction of cryptomelane enhanced trichloroethylene removal, totally inhibited <span class="hlt">plasma</span> ozone <span class="hlt">formation</span> and increased significantly the COx yield. The improved performances of the hybrid system were mainly ascribed to the total destruction of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> generated ozone on cryptomelane surface to produce active oxygen species. Consequently these active oxygen species greatly enhanced the abatement of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> non-reacted TCE and completely destroyed the hazardous <span class="hlt">plasma</span> generated polychlorinated intermediates. The facile redox of Mn species associated with oxygen vacancies and mobility as well as the textural properties of the catalyst might also contribute as a whole to the efficiency of the process. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.825a2005G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.825a2005G"><span>First Breakthrough for Future <span class="hlt">Air</span>-Breathing Magneto-<span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Propulsion Systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Göksel, B.; Mashek, I. Ch</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>A new breakthrough in jet propulsion technology since the invention of the jet engine is achieved. The first critical tests for future <span class="hlt">air</span>-breathing magneto-<span class="hlt">plasma</span> propulsion systems have been successfully completed. In this regard, it is also the first time that a pinching dense <span class="hlt">plasma</span> focus discharge could be ignited at one atmosphere and driven in pulse mode using very fast, nanosecond electrostatic excitations to induce self-organized <span class="hlt">plasma</span> channels for ignition of the propulsive main discharge. Depending on the capacitor voltage (200-600 V) the energy input at one atmosphere varies from 52-320 J/pulse corresponding to impulse bits from 1.2-8.0 mNs. Such a new pulsed <span class="hlt">plasma</span> propulsion system driven with one thousand pulses per second would already have thrust-to-area ratios (50-150 kN/m²) of modern jet engines. An array of thrusters could enable future aircrafts and airships to start from ground and reach altitudes up to 50km and beyond. The needed high power could be provided by future compact <span class="hlt">plasma</span> fusion reactors already in development by aerospace companies. The magneto-<span class="hlt">plasma</span> compressor itself was originally developed by Russian scientists as <span class="hlt">plasma</span> fusion device and was later miniaturized for supersonic flow control applications. So the first breakthrough is based on a spin-off <span class="hlt">plasma</span> fusion technology.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhDT........83A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhDT........83A"><span>On the Experimental and Theoretical Investigations of Lean Partially Premixed Combustion, Burning Speed, Flame Instability and <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> <span class="hlt">Formation</span> of Alternative Fuels at High Temperatures and Pressures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Askari, Omid</p> <p></p> <p>This dissertation investigates the combustion and injection fundamental characteristics of different alternative fuels both experimentally and theoretically. The subjects such as lean partially premixed combustion of methane/hydrogen/<span class="hlt">air</span>/diluent, methane high pressure direct-injection, thermal <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span>, thermodynamic properties of hydrocarbon/<span class="hlt">air</span> mixtures at high temperatures, laminar flames and flame morphology of synthetic gas (syngas) and Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) fuels were extensively studied in this work. These subjects will be summarized in three following paragraphs. The fundamentals of spray and partially premixed combustion characteristics of directly injected methane in a constant volume combustion chamber have been experimentally studied. The injected fuel jet generates turbulence in the vessel and forms a turbulent heterogeneous fuel-<span class="hlt">air</span> mixture in the vessel, similar to that in a Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Direct-Injection (DI) engines. The effect of different characteristics parameters such as spark delay time, stratification ratio, turbulence intensity, fuel injection pressure, chamber pressure, chamber temperature, Exhaust Gas recirculation (EGR) addition, hydrogen addition and equivalence ratio on flame propagation and emission concentrations were analyzed. As a part of this work and for the purpose of control and calibration of high pressure injector, spray development and characteristics including spray tip penetration, spray cone angle and overall equivalence ratio were evaluated under a wide range of fuel injection pressures of 30 to 90 atm and different chamber pressures of 1 to 5 atm. Thermodynamic properties of hydrocarbon/<span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> mixtures at ultra-high temperatures must be precisely calculated due to important influence on the flame kernel <span class="hlt">formation</span> and propagation in combusting flows and spark discharge applications. A new algorithm based on the statistical thermodynamics was developed to calculate the ultra-high temperature <span class="hlt">plasma</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApSS..400..304Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApSS..400..304Z"><span>Surface modification of polyester fabrics by atmospheric-pressure <span class="hlt">air</span>/He <span class="hlt">plasma</span> for color strength and adhesion enhancement</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Chunming; Zhao, Meihua; Wang, Libing; Qu, Lijun; Men, Yajing</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Surface properties of water-based pigmented inks for ink-jet printed polyester fabrics were modified with atmospheric-pressure <span class="hlt">air</span>/He <span class="hlt">plasma</span> to improve the color strength and pigment adhesion of the treated surfaces. The influence of various parameters, including the surface morphology, chemical compositions, surface energy and dynamic contact angles of the control and <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treated samples was studied. Color strength and edge definition were used to evaluate the ink-jet printing performance of fabrics. The change in pigment adhesion to polyester fibers was analyzed by SEM (scanning electron microscopy). AFM (Atomic force microscope) and XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) analyses indicated the increase in surface roughness and the oxygen-containing polar groups(Cdbnd O, Csbnd OH and COOH) reinforced the fixation of pigments on the fiber surface. The result from this study suggested that the improved pigment color yield was clearly affected by alteration of pigment adhesion enhanced by <span class="hlt">plasma</span> surface modification. Polyester fabrics exhibited better surface property and ink-jet printing performance after the <span class="hlt">air</span>/He mixture <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment comparing with those after <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19928215','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19928215"><span><span class="hlt">Formation</span> of nanocrystalline diamond in polymer like carbon films deposited by <span class="hlt">plasma</span> CVD.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bhaduri, A; Chaudhuri, P</p> <p>2009-09-01</p> <p>Conventional <span class="hlt">plasma</span> enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) method is generally not suitable for the growth of nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) films. However, our study shows that conditions favourable for powder <span class="hlt">formation</span> help to grow large amount of nanocrystallites in conventional PECVD. With CH4 as the carbon source gas, dilution with Ar and moderate (50 W) rf power enhances <span class="hlt">formations</span> of powders (nanoparticles) and C2 dimers within the <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. On the other hand, with pure CH4 or with hydrogen diluted CH4, powder <span class="hlt">formation</span> as also NCD growth is hindered. It is proposed that the nanoparticles formed in the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> act as the "islands" while the C2 dimers are the "seeds" for the NCD growth. The structure of the films deposited on the grounded anode under different conditions of dilution has been studied. It is observed that with high Ar dilution the films contain NCD embedded in polymer like carbon (PLC) matrix.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17687455','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17687455"><span>Elevated <span class="hlt">plasma</span> endothelin-1 and pulmonary arterial pressure in children exposed to <span class="hlt">air</span> pollution.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Calderón-Garcidueñas, Lilian; Vincent, Renaud; Mora-Tiscareño, Antonieta; Franco-Lira, Maricela; Henríquez-Roldán, Carlos; Barragán-Mejía, Gerardo; Garrido-García, Luis; Camacho-Reyes, Laura; Valencia-Salazar, Gildardo; Paredes, Rogelio; Romero, Lina; Osnaya, Hector; Villarreal-Calderón, Rafael; Torres-Jardón, Ricardo; Hazucha, Milan J; Reed, William</p> <p>2007-08-01</p> <p>Controlled exposures of animals and humans to particulate matter (PM) or ozone <span class="hlt">air</span> pollution cause an increase in <span class="hlt">plasma</span> levels of endothelin-1, a potent vasoconstrictor that regulates pulmonary arterial pressure. The primary objective of this field study was to determine whether Mexico City children, who are chronically exposed to levels of PM and O(3) that exceed the United States <span class="hlt">air</span> quality standards, have elevated <span class="hlt">plasma</span> endothelin-1 levels and pulmonary arterial pressures. We conducted a study of 81 children, 7.9 +/- 1.3 years of age, lifelong residents of either northeast (n = 19) or southwest (n = 40) Mexico City or Polotitlán (n = 22), a control city with PM and O(3) levels below the U.S. <span class="hlt">air</span> quality standards. Clinical histories, physical examinations, and complete blood counts were done. <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> endothelin-1 concentrations were determined by immunoassay, and pulmonary arterial pressures were measured by Doppler echocardiography. Mexico City children had higher <span class="hlt">plasma</span> endothelin-1 concentrations compared with controls (p < 0.001). Mean pulmonary arterial pressure was elevated in children from both northeast (p < 0.001) and southwest (p < 0.05) Mexico City compared with controls. Endothelin-1 levels in Mexico City children were positively correlated with daily outdoor hours (p = 0.012), and 7-day cumulative levels of PM <span class="hlt">air</span> pollution < 2.5 mum in aerodynamic diameter (PM(2.5)) before endothelin-1 measurement (p = 0.03). Chronic exposure of children to PM(2.5) is associated with increased levels of circulating endothelin-1 and elevated mean pulmonary arterial pressure.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3416436','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3416436"><span>Cold Atmospheric <span class="hlt">Air</span> <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Sterilization against Spores and Other Microorganisms of Clinical Interest</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Isbary, Georg; Shimizu, Tetsuji; Li, Yang-Fang; Zimmermann, Julia L.; Stolz, Wilhelm; Schlegel, Jürgen; Morfill, Gregor E.; Schmidt, Hans-Ulrich</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Physical cold atmospheric surface microdischarge (SMD) <span class="hlt">plasma</span> operating in ambient <span class="hlt">air</span> has promising properties for the sterilization of sensitive medical devices where conventional methods are not applicable. Furthermore, SMD <span class="hlt">plasma</span> could revolutionize the field of disinfection at health care facilities. The antimicrobial effects on Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria of clinical relevance, as well as the fungus Candida albicans, were tested. Thirty seconds of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment led to a 4 to 6 log10 CFU reduction on agar plates. C. albicans was the hardest to inactivate. The sterilizing effect on standard bioindicators (bacterial endospores) was evaluated on dry test specimens that were wrapped in Tyvek coupons. The experimental D23°C values for Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus atrophaeus, and Geobacillus stearothermophilus were determined as 0.3 min, 0.5 min, 0.6 min, and 0.9 min, respectively. These decimal reduction times (D values) are distinctly lower than D values obtained with other reference methods. Importantly, the high inactivation rate was independent of the material of the test specimen. Possible inactivation mechanisms for relevant microorganisms are briefly discussed, emphasizing the important role of neutral reactive <span class="hlt">plasma</span> species and pointing to recent diagnostic methods that will contribute to a better understanding of the strong biocidal effect of SMD <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. PMID:22582068</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22582068','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22582068"><span>Cold atmospheric <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> sterilization against spores and other microorganisms of clinical interest.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Klämpfl, Tobias G; Isbary, Georg; Shimizu, Tetsuji; Li, Yang-Fang; Zimmermann, Julia L; Stolz, Wilhelm; Schlegel, Jürgen; Morfill, Gregor E; Schmidt, Hans-Ulrich</p> <p>2012-08-01</p> <p>Physical cold atmospheric surface microdischarge (SMD) <span class="hlt">plasma</span> operating in ambient <span class="hlt">air</span> has promising properties for the sterilization of sensitive medical devices where conventional methods are not applicable. Furthermore, SMD <span class="hlt">plasma</span> could revolutionize the field of disinfection at health care facilities. The antimicrobial effects on Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria of clinical relevance, as well as the fungus Candida albicans, were tested. Thirty seconds of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment led to a 4 to 6 log(10) CFU reduction on agar plates. C. albicans was the hardest to inactivate. The sterilizing effect on standard bioindicators (bacterial endospores) was evaluated on dry test specimens that were wrapped in Tyvek coupons. The experimental D(23)(°)(C) values for Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus atrophaeus, and Geobacillus stearothermophilus were determined as 0.3 min, 0.5 min, 0.6 min, and 0.9 min, respectively. These decimal reduction times (D values) are distinctly lower than D values obtained with other reference methods. Importantly, the high inactivation rate was independent of the material of the test specimen. Possible inactivation mechanisms for relevant microorganisms are briefly discussed, emphasizing the important role of neutral reactive <span class="hlt">plasma</span> species and pointing to recent diagnostic methods that will contribute to a better understanding of the strong biocidal effect of SMD <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ApPhB.124..106S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ApPhB.124..106S"><span>Third harmonic from <span class="hlt">air</span> breakdown <span class="hlt">plasma</span> induced by nanosecond laser pulses</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Stafe, M.; Negutu, C.; Puscas, N. N.</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>Harmonic generation is a nonlinear optical effect consisting in frequency up-conversion of intense laser radiation when phase-matching conditions are fulfilled. Here, we study the mechanisms involved in the third harmonic (TH) generation process, the conversion efficiency, and the properties of TH radiation generated in <span class="hlt">air</span> by focusing infrared linearly polarized nanosecond laser pulses at intensities of the order of TW/cm2. By analyzing the emission from the <span class="hlt">air</span> breakdown <span class="hlt">plasma</span>, we demonstrate that filamentary breakdown <span class="hlt">plasma</span> containing molecular nitrogen ions acts as an optical nonlinear medium enabling generation of TH radiation in the axial direction. The data reveal important properties of the TH radiation: maximum conversion efficiency of 0.04%, sinc2 dependence of the TH intensity on the square root of the pump intensity, and three times smaller divergence and pulse duration of TH as compared to the pump radiation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JVST...13..349B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JVST...13..349B"><span>Study of the phosphine <span class="hlt">plasma</span> decomposition and its <span class="hlt">formation</span> by ablation of red phosphorus in hydrogen <span class="hlt">plasma</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bruno, G.; Losurdo, M.; Capezzuto, P.</p> <p>1995-03-01</p> <p>Mass spectrometry and optical emission spectroscopy have been used to study the chemistry of PH(sub 3) <span class="hlt">plasma</span> decomposition as well as its <span class="hlt">formation</span> by ablation of red phosphorus in hydrogen <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. It has been shown that PH(sub 3) decomposition easily equilibrates at low levels of PH(sub 3) depletion (15%-30%), this depending mainly on the rf power. The ablation of red phosphorus in H(sub 2) <span class="hlt">plasma</span> produces phosphine in significant amount, depending mainly on the total pressure but also on the rf power. It has also been found that H(sup *) and PH(sup *) emitting species originate not only by the dissociative excitation of H(sub 2) and PH(sub 3), respectively, but also by the direct excitation of the same species in the ground state. Considerations are developed on how to derive the H-atom and PH radical densities by actinometry, under specific experimental conditions. Besides, the linear dependence of PH(sub 3) <span class="hlt">formation</span> rate, r(sub PH(3)), on H-atom density, (left bracket) H (right bracket), leads to the definition of the kinetic equation r(sub PH(3)) = k (left bracket) H (right bracket), and to the hypothesis that the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of PH radical on the surface or its desorption is the dominant mechanism for PH(sub 3) production.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28759439','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28759439"><span>Degradation kinetics of organic dyes in water by high voltage atmospheric <span class="hlt">air</span> and modified <span class="hlt">air</span> cold <span class="hlt">plasma</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pankaj, S K; Wan, Zifan; Colonna, William; Keener, Kevin M</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>High voltage atmospheric cold <span class="hlt">plasma</span> (HVACP) is a novel, non-thermal technology which has shown potential for degradation of various toxic components in wastewater. In this study, HVACP was used to examine the degradation kinetics of methyl red, crystal violet and fast green FCF dyes. HVACP discharge was found to be a source of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species. High voltage application completely degraded all dyes tested in less than 5 min treatment time. <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> from modified gas (∼65% O 2 ) further reduced the treatment time by 50% vs. <span class="hlt">plasma</span> from dry <span class="hlt">air</span>. First order and Weibull models were fitted to the degradation data. The Weibull model was found better in explaining the degradation kinetics of all the treated dyes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21972103','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21972103"><span><span class="hlt">Air</span>-liquid biofilm <span class="hlt">formation</span> is dependent on ammonium depletion in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae flor strain.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zara, Giacomo; Budroni, Marilena; Mannazzu, Ilaria; Zara, Severino</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Air</span>-liquid biofilm <span class="hlt">formation</span> appears to be an adaptive mechanism that promotes foraging of Saccharomyces cerevisiae flor strains in response to nutrient starvation. The FLO11 gene plays a central role in this phenotype as its expression allows yeast cells to rise to the liquid surface. Here, we investigated the role of ammonium depletion in <span class="hlt">air</span>-liquid biofilm <span class="hlt">formation</span> and FLO11 expression in a S. cerevisiae flor strain. The data obtained show that increasing ammonium concentrations from 0 to 450 m m reduce <span class="hlt">air</span>-liquid biofilm in terms of biomass and velum <span class="hlt">formation</span> and correlate with a reduction of FLO11 expression. Rapamycin inhibition of the TOR pathway and deletion of RAS2 gene significantly reduced biofilm <span class="hlt">formation</span> and FLO11 expression. Taken together, these data suggest that ammonium depletion is a key factor in the induction of <span class="hlt">air</span>-liquid biofilm <span class="hlt">formation</span> and FLO11 expression in S. cerevisiae flor strains. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JPhD...48W5201L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JPhD...48W5201L"><span>Physicochemical processes in the indirect interaction between surface <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> and deionized water</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liu, Z. C.; Liu, D. X.; Chen, C.; Li, D.; Yang, A. J.; Rong, M. Z.; Chen, H. L.; Kong, M. G.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>One of the most central scientific questions for <span class="hlt">plasma</span> applications in healthcare and environmental remediation is the chemical identity and the dose profile of <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-induced reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) that can act on an object inside a liquid. A logical focus is on aqueous physicochemical processes near a sample with a direct link to their upstream gaseous processes in the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> region and a separation gap from the liquid bulk. Here, a system-level modeling framework is developed for indirect interactions of surface <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> and a deionized water bulk and its predictions are found to be in good agreement with the measurement of gas-phase ozone and aqueous long-living ROS/RNS concentrations. The <span class="hlt">plasma</span> region is described with a global model, whereas the <span class="hlt">air</span> gap and the liquid region are simulated with a 1D fluid model. All three regions are treated as one integrated entity and computed simultaneously. With experimental validation, the system-level modeling shows that the dominant aqueous ROS/RNS are long-living species (e.g. H2O2 aq, O3 aq, nitrite/nitrate, H+ aq). While most short-living gaseous species could hardly survive their passage to the liquid, aqueous short-living ROS/RNS are generated in situ through reactions among long-living <span class="hlt">plasma</span> species and with water molecules. This <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-mediated remote production of aqueous ROS/RNS is important for the abundance of aqueous HO2 aq, HO3 aq, OHaq and \\text{O}2- aq as well as NO2 aq and NO3 aq. Aqueous <span class="hlt">plasma</span> chemistry offers a novel and significant pathway to activate a given biological outcome, as exemplified here for bacterial deactivation in <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-activated water. Additional factors that may synergistically broaden the usefulness of aqueous <span class="hlt">plasma</span> chemistry include an electric field by aqueous ions and liquid acidification. The system-modeling framework will be useful in assisting designs and analyses of future investigations of <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-liquid and <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-cell interactions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhCS.774a2203T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhCS.774a2203T"><span>Generator of chemically active low-temperature <span class="hlt">plasma</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tyuftyaev, A. S.; Gadzhiev, M. Kh; Sargsyan, M. A.; Demirov, N. A.; Spector, N. O.</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>A new generator of high enthalpy (H 0 > 40 kJ/g), chemically active nitrogen and <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> was designed and constructed. Main feature of the generator is an expanding channel of an output electrode; the generator belongs to the class of DC <span class="hlt">plasma</span> torches with thermionic cathode with an efficiency of 80%. The generator ensures the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of a slightly divergent <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet (2α = 12°) with a diameter of D = 10-12 mm, an electric arc maximum power of 20-50 kW, <span class="hlt">plasma</span> forming gas flow rate 1.0-2.0 g/s, and the average <span class="hlt">plasma</span> temperature at an outlet of 8000-11000 K.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JPhCS.591a2048G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JPhCS.591a2048G"><span>Emission spectroscopy of an atmospheric pressure <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet operated with <span class="hlt">air</span> at low frequency</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Giuliani, L.; Gallego, J. L.; Minotti, F.; Kelly, H.; Grondona, D.</p> <p>2015-03-01</p> <p>Low-temperature, high-pressure <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jets have an extensive use in <span class="hlt">plasma</span> biology and <span class="hlt">plasma</span> medicine, such as pathogen deactivation, wound disinfection, stopping of bleeding without damage of healthy tissue, acceleration of wound healing, control of bio-film proliferation, etc. In this work, a spectroscopic characterization of a typical <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet, operated in <span class="hlt">air</span> at atmospheric pressure, is reported. Within the spectrum of wavelengths from 200 to 450 nm all remarkable emissions of N2 were monitored. Spectra of the N2 2nd positive system (C3Πu-B3Πg) emitted in <span class="hlt">air</span> are the most convenient for <span class="hlt">plasma</span> diagnostics, since they enable to determine electronic Te, rotational Tr and vibrational Tv temperatures by fitting the experimental spectra with the simulated ones. We used SPECAIR software for spectral simulation and obtained the best fit with all these temperatures about 3500K. The conclusion that all temperatures are equal, and its relatively high value, is consistent with the results of a previous work, where it was found that the experimentally determined electrical characteristic was consistent with the model of a thermal arc discharge, together with a highly collisional cathode sheet.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li class="active"><span>8</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_8 --> <div id="page_9" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="161"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27706870','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27706870"><span>Mass spectrometric monitoring of oxidation of aliphatic C6-C8 hydrocarbons and ethanol in low pressure oxygen and <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Usmanov, Dilshadbek T; Chen, Lee Chuin; Hiraoka, Kenzo; Wada, Hiroshi; Nonami, Hiroshi; Yamabe, Shinichi</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Experimental and theoretical studies on the oxidation of saturated hydrocarbons (n-hexane, cyclohexane, n-heptane, n-octane and isooctane) and ethanol in 28 Torr O 2 or <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> generated by a hollow cathode discharge ion source were made. Ions corresponding to [M + 15] + and [M + 13] + in addition to [M - H] + and [M - 3H] + were detected as major ions where M is the sample molecule. The ions [M + 15] + and [M + 13] + were assigned as oxidation products, [M - H + O] + and [M - 3H + O] + , respectively. By the tandem mass spectrometry analysis of [M - H + O] + and [M - 3H + O] + , H 2 O, olefins (and/or cycloalkanes) and oxygen-containing compounds were eliminated from these ions. Ozone as one of the terminal products in the O 2 <span class="hlt">plasma</span> was postulated as the oxidizing reagent. As an example, the reactions of C 6 H 14 +• with O 2 and of C 6 H 13 + (CH 3 CH 2 CH + CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ) with ozone were examined by density functional theory calculations. Nucleophilic interaction of ozone with C 6 H 13 + leads to the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of protonated ketone, CH 3 CH 2 C(=OH + )CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 . In <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span>, [M - H + O] + became predominant over carbocations, [M - H] + and [M - 3H] + . For ethanol, the protonated acetic acid CH 3 C(OH) 2 + (m/z 61.03) was formed as the oxidation product. The peaks at m/z 75.04 and 75.08 are assigned as protonated ethyl <span class="hlt">formate</span> and protonated diethyl ether, respectively, and that at m/z 89.06 as protonated ethyl acetate. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PSST...19f5005J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PSST...19f5005J"><span><span class="hlt">Formation</span> and dynamics of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> bullets in a non-thermal <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet: influence of the high-voltage parameters on the plume characteristics</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jarrige, Julien; Laroussi, Mounir; Karakas, Erdinc</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>Non-thermal <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jets in open <span class="hlt">air</span> are composed of ionization waves commonly known as '<span class="hlt">plasma</span> bullets' propagating at high velocities. We present in this paper an experimental study of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> bullets produced in a dielectric barrier discharge linear-field reactor fed with helium and driven by microsecond high-voltage pulses. Two discharges were produced between electrodes for every pulse (at the rising and falling edge), but only one bullet was generated. Fast intensified charge coupled device camera imaging showed that bullet velocity and diameter increase with applied voltage. Spatially resolved optical emission spectroscopy measurements provided evidence of the hollow structure of the jet and its contraction. It was shown that the pulse amplitude significantly enhances electron energy and production of active species. The <span class="hlt">plasma</span> bullet appeared to behave like a surface discharge in the tube, and like a positive streamer in <span class="hlt">air</span>. A kinetics mechanism based on electron impact, Penning effect and charge transfer reactions is proposed to explain the propagation of the ionization front and temporal behavior of the radiative species.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27842375','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27842375"><span>An Atmospheric Pressure <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Setup to Investigate the Reactive Species <span class="hlt">Formation</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gorbanev, Yury; Soriano, Robert; O'Connell, Deborah; Chechik, Victor</p> <p>2016-11-03</p> <p>Non-thermal atmospheric pressure ('cold') <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> have received increased attention in recent years due to their significant biomedical potential. The reactions of cold <span class="hlt">plasma</span> with the surrounding atmosphere yield a variety of reactive species, which can define its effectiveness. While efficient development of cold <span class="hlt">plasma</span> therapy requires kinetic models, model benchmarking needs empirical data. Experimental studies of the source of reactive species detected in aqueous solutions exposed to <span class="hlt">plasma</span> are still scarce. Biomedical <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is often operated with He or Ar feed gas, and a specific interest lies in investigation of the reactive species generated by <span class="hlt">plasma</span> with various gas admixtures (O2, N2, <span class="hlt">air</span>, H2O vapor, etc.) Such investigations are very complex due to difficulties in controlling the ambient atmosphere in contact with the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> effluent. In this work, we addressed common issues of 'high' voltage kHz frequency driven <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet experimental studies. A reactor was developed allowing the exclusion of ambient atmosphere from the <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-liquid system. The system thus comprised the feed gas with admixtures and the components of the liquid sample. This controlled atmosphere allowed the investigation of the source of the reactive oxygen species induced in aqueous solutions by He-water vapor <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. The use of isotopically labelled water allowed distinguishing between the species originating in the gas phase and those formed in the liquid. The <span class="hlt">plasma</span> equipment was contained inside a Faraday cage to eliminate possible influence of any external field. The setup is versatile and can aid in further understanding the cold <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-liquid interactions chemistry.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5226141','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5226141"><span>An Atmospheric Pressure <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Setup to Investigate the Reactive Species <span class="hlt">Formation</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Gorbanev, Yury; Soriano, Robert; O'Connell, Deborah; Chechik, Victor</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Non-thermal atmospheric pressure ('cold') <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> have received increased attention in recent years due to their significant biomedical potential. The reactions of cold <span class="hlt">plasma</span> with the surrounding atmosphere yield a variety of reactive species, which can define its effectiveness. While efficient development of cold <span class="hlt">plasma</span> therapy requires kinetic models, model benchmarking needs empirical data. Experimental studies of the source of reactive species detected in aqueous solutions exposed to <span class="hlt">plasma</span> are still scarce. Biomedical <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is often operated with He or Ar feed gas, and a specific interest lies in investigation of the reactive species generated by <span class="hlt">plasma</span> with various gas admixtures (O2, N2, <span class="hlt">air</span>, H2O vapor, etc.) Such investigations are very complex due to difficulties in controlling the ambient atmosphere in contact with the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> effluent. In this work, we addressed common issues of 'high' voltage kHz frequency driven <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet experimental studies. A reactor was developed allowing the exclusion of ambient atmosphere from the <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-liquid system. The system thus comprised the feed gas with admixtures and the components of the liquid sample. This controlled atmosphere allowed the investigation of the source of the reactive oxygen species induced in aqueous solutions by He-water vapor <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. The use of isotopically labelled water allowed distinguishing between the species originating in the gas phase and those formed in the liquid. The <span class="hlt">plasma</span> equipment was contained inside a Faraday cage to eliminate possible influence of any external field. The setup is versatile and can aid in further understanding the cold <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-liquid interactions chemistry. PMID:27842375</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PhPl...14j3103F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PhPl...14j3103F"><span>Ring <span class="hlt">formation</span> in self-focusing of electromagnetic beams in <span class="hlt">plasmas</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Faisal, M.; Mishra, S. K.; Verma, M. P.; Sodha, M. S.</p> <p>2007-10-01</p> <p>This article presents a paraxial theory of ring <span class="hlt">formation</span> as an initially Gaussian beam propagates in a nonlinear <span class="hlt">plasma</span>, characterized by significant collisional or ponderomotive nonlinearity. Regions in the axial irradiance-(beamwidth)-2 space, for which the ring <span class="hlt">formation</span> occurs and the paraxial theory is valid, have been characterized; for typical points in these regions the dependence of the beam width parameter and the radial distribution of irradiance on the distance has been specifically investigated and discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995QuEle..25..354B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995QuEle..25..354B"><span>EFFECTS OF LASER RADIATION ON MATTER. LASER <span class="hlt">PLASMA</span>: Thresholds of surface <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> by the interaction of laser pulses with a metal</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Borets-Pervak, I. Yu; Vorob'ev, V. S.</p> <p>1995-04-01</p> <p>An analysis is made of a model of the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of a surface laser <span class="hlt">plasma</span> which takes account of the heating and vaporisation of thermally insulated surface microdefects. This model is used in an interpretation of experiments in which such a <span class="hlt">plasma</span> has been formed by irradiation of a titanium target with microsecond CO2 laser pulses. A comparison with the experimental breakdown intensities is used to calculate the average sizes of microdefects and their concentration: the results are in agreement with the published data. The dependence of the delay time of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> on the total energy in a laser pulse is calculated.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhD...49P5204L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhD...49P5204L"><span><span class="hlt">Air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment of liquid covered tissue: long timescale chemistry</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lietz, Amanda M.; Kushner, Mark J.</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>Atmospheric pressure <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> have shown great promise for the treatment of wounds and cancerous tumors. In these applications, the sample is usually covered by a thin layer of a biological liquid. The reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) generated by the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> activate and are processed by the liquid before the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> produced activation reaches the tissue. The synergy between the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> and the liquid, including evaporation and the solvation of ions and neutrals, is critical to understanding the outcome of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment. The atmospheric pressure <span class="hlt">plasma</span> sources used in these procedures are typically repetitively pulsed. The processes activated by the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> sources have multiple timescales—from a few ns during the discharge pulse to many minutes for reactions in the liquid. In this paper we discuss results from a computational investigation of <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-liquid interactions and liquid phase chemistry using a global model with the goal of addressing this large dynamic range in timescales. In modeling <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> produced by a dielectric barrier discharge over liquid covered tissue, 5000 voltage pulses were simulated, followed by 5 min of afterglow. Due to the accumulation of long-lived species such as ozone and N x O y , the gas phase dynamics of the 5000th discharge pulse are different from those of the first pulse, particularly with regards to the negative ions. The consequences of applied voltage, gas flow, pulse repetition frequency, and the presence of organic molecules in the liquid on the gas and liquid reactive species are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PhDT.......108G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PhDT.......108G"><span>Characteristics and time evolution of a hollow cathode produced glow discharge <span class="hlt">plasma</span> in <span class="hlt">air</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gregor, Joseph Atilla</p> <p></p> <p>Current radar systems use mechanical directors and phased array technology for beam steering. Use of a sheet <span class="hlt">plasma</span> as a microwave reflector promises several advantages over these methods. Operation is inherently broad-band, since all frequencies below the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> frequency are reflected. The orientation and shape of the reflector may be changed directly through electronic control without resort to moving parts or expensive RF switches. The relatively fast <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> and extinction times ([/approx]10/ /mus) allow for rapid redirection of the microwave beam. An experimental system, dubbed the Agile Mirror, has been constructed using a cylindrical LexanTM vacuum chamber suspended within a water cooled Helmholtz coil pair capable of producing a uniform 500 Gauss field. Using this system we have created <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> capable of reflecting 10 GHz microwaves with characteristics comparable to that of a plane metallic reflector. Most previous glow discharge work has concentrated either on the DC characteristics, or on the very early evolution (<1-2 μs), of the discharge. To create a practical agile mirror direction, we must be able to produce a stable, flat, homogeneous <span class="hlt">plasma</span> sheet with predictable characteristics timescales from 5 μs to 1 ms-a regime where little pertinent quantitative data exists. This work concentrates on diagnosing the time resolved behavior of the agile mirror <span class="hlt">plasma</span> during the mid-time, from t = 5-300 μs, in a regime which accentuates observed changes in the discharge circuit characteristics. Measurements on an <span class="hlt">air</span> discharge produced using VD/approx2.2 kV, p ≈ 208 mTorr, and B ≈ 250 G reveal an ne=1011/ cm-3,/ Te=1[-]3 eV <span class="hlt">plasma</span> with distinct negative glow, Faraday dark space, and positive column regions. Analysis of time resolved potential, temperature, and spectroscopic data reveal that this discharge transitions-on time scales of [/approx]100/ /mus-into a pure negative glow discharge. The characteristics and evolution of the discharge are</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25862431','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25862431"><span>Effects of atmospheric <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment of graphite and carbon felt electrodes on the anodic current from Shewanella attached cells.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Epifanio, Monica; Inguva, Saikumar; Kitching, Michael; Mosnier, Jean-Paul; Marsili, Enrico</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>The attachment of electrochemically active microorganisms (EAM) on an electrode is determined by both the chemistry and topography of the electrode surface. Pre-treatment of the electrode surface by atmospheric <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> introduces hydrophilic functional groups, thereby increasing cell attachment and electroactivity in short-term experiments. In this study, we use graphite and carbon felt electrodes to grow the model EAM Shewanella loihica PV-4 at oxidative potential (0.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl). Cell attachment and electroactivity are measured through electrodynamic methods. Atmospheric <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> pre-treatment increases cell attachment and current output at graphite electrodes by 25%, while it improves the electroactivity of the carbon felt electrodes by 450%. <span class="hlt">Air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> pre-treatment decreased the coulombic efficiency on both carbon felt and graphite electrodes by 60% and 80%, respectively. Microbially produced flavins adsorb preferentially at the graphite electrode, and <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> pre-treatment results in lower flavin adsorption at both graphite and carbon felt electrodes. Results show that <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> pre-treatment is a feasible option to increase current output in bioelectrochemical systems. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22472450-extended-plasma-channels-created-uv-laser-air-application-control-electric-discharges','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22472450-extended-plasma-channels-created-uv-laser-air-application-control-electric-discharges"><span>Extended <span class="hlt">plasma</span> channels created by UV laser in <span class="hlt">air</span> and their application to control electric discharges</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Zvorykin, V. D., E-mail: zvorykin@sci.lebedev.ru; Ionin, A. A.; Levchenko, A. O.</p> <p>2015-02-15</p> <p>Results are presented from a series of experimental and theoretical studies on creating weakly ionized extended <span class="hlt">plasma</span> channels in atmospheric <span class="hlt">air</span> by 248-nm UV laser radiation and their application to control long high-voltage discharges. The main mechanisms of <span class="hlt">air</span> ionization by UV laser pulses with durations from 100 fs to 25 ns and intensities in the ranges of 3×10{sup 11}–1.5×10{sup 13} and 3×10{sup 6}–3×10{sup 11} W/cm{sup 2}, respectively, which are below the threshold for optical gas breakdown, as well as the main relaxation processes in <span class="hlt">plasma</span> with a density of 10{sup 9}–10{sup 17} cm{sup −3}, are considered. It is shownmore » that <span class="hlt">plasma</span> channels in <span class="hlt">air</span> can be efficiently created by amplitude-modulated UV pulses consisting of a train of subpicosecond pulses producing primary photoelectrons and a long UV pulse suppressing electron attachment and sustaining the density of free electrons in <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. Different modes of the generation and amplification of trains of subterawatt subpicosecond pulses and amplitude-modulated UV pulses with an energy of several tens of joules were implemented on the GARPUN-MTW hybrid Ti:sapphire-KrF laser facility. The filamentation of such UV laser beams during their propagation in <span class="hlt">air</span> over distances of up to 100 m and the parameters of the corresponding <span class="hlt">plasma</span> channels were studied experimentally and theoretically. Laser initiation of high-voltage electric discharges and control of their trajectories by means of amplitude-modulated UV pulses, as well as the spatiotemporal structure of breakdowns in <span class="hlt">air</span> gaps with length of up to 80 cm, were studied.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013APS..GECDT2004T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013APS..GECDT2004T"><span>Measurement of activated species generated by AC power excited non-equilibrium atmospheric pressure Ar <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet with <span class="hlt">air</span> engulfment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Takeda, Keigo; Ishikawa, Kenji; Tanaka, Hiromasa; Kano, Hiroyuki; Sekine, Makoto; Hori, Masaru</p> <p>2013-09-01</p> <p>Non-equilibrium atmospheric pressure <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet (NEAPPJ) is very attractive tool for bio and medical applications. In the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatments, samples are typically located at a far region from main discharge, and treated in open <span class="hlt">air</span> without purge gases. Influence of <span class="hlt">air</span> engulfment on generation of activated species in the NEAPPJ in open <span class="hlt">air</span> is a large issue for the application. In this study, the AC excited argon NEAPPJ with the gas flow rate of 2 slm was generated under the open <span class="hlt">air</span> condition. The densities of the grand state nitrogen monoxide (NO) and the ground state O atom generated by the NEAPPJ were measured by laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy and vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy. The length of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet was around 10 mm. Up to 10 mm, the NO density increased with increasing the distance from <span class="hlt">plasma</span> head, and then saturated in remote region of <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. On the other hand, the O atom density decreased from 1014 to 1013 cm-3 with increasing the distance. Especially, the amount of decrease in O atom density became the largest at the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> edge. We will discuss the generation and loss processes of activated species generated in the NEAPPJ with the measurement results using spectroscopic methods.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhD...51r5202A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhD...51r5202A"><span>Influence of O2 or H2O in a <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet and its environment on <span class="hlt">plasma</span> electrical and biochemical performances</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Adhikari, Ek R.; Samara, Vladimir; Ptasinska, Sylwia</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Because environmental conditions, such as room temperature and humidity, fluctuate arbitrarily, effects of atmospheric pressure <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jets (APPJs) used in medical applications operating at various places and time might vary. Therefore, understanding the possible effects of <span class="hlt">air</span> components in and outside APPJs is essential for clinical use, which requires reproducibility of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> performance. These <span class="hlt">air</span> components can influence the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of reactive species in the APPJ, and the type and amount of these species formed depend on the feed gas inside the APPJ and the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet environment. In this study, we monitored changes in <span class="hlt">plasma</span> current and power, as well as in the level of DNA damage attributable to <span class="hlt">plasma</span> irradiation, by adjusting the fraction of oxygen and water vapor in the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet environment and feed gas. Here, DNA was used as a molecular probe to identify chemical changes that occurred in the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet under these various environmental conditions. The damaged and undamaged fractions of DNA were quantified using agarose gel electrophoresis. We obtained an optimal amount of oxygen or water vapor in the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet environment, as well as in the feed gas, which increased the level of DNA damage significantly. This increase can be attributed primarily to the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of reactive species caused by water and oxygen decomposition in the APPJ detected with mass spectrometry. Moreover, we observed that the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> power remained the same or decreased when gas was added to the jet environment or the feed gas, respectively, but in both cases, DNA damage increased. This indicates the superiority of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> chemistry over the electrical power applied for APPJ ignition of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> sources used in medical applications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhPl...23l3510L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhPl...23l3510L"><span>Comparison of pulsating DC and DC power <span class="hlt">air</span>-water <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet: A method to decrease plume temperature and increase ROS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liu, K.; Hu, H.; Lei, J.; Hu, Y.; Zheng, Z.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Most <span class="hlt">air</span>-water <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jets are rich in hydroxyl radicals (•OH), but the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> has higher temperatures, compared to that of pure gas, especially when using <span class="hlt">air</span> as working gas. In this paper, pulsating direct current (PDC) power was used to excite the <span class="hlt">air</span>-water <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet to reduce plume temperature. In addition to the temperature, other differences between PDC and DC <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jets are not yet clear. Thus, comparative studies of those <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> are performed to evaluate characteristics, such as breakdown voltage, temperature, and reactive oxygen species. The results show that the plume temperature of PDC <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is roughly 5-10 °C lower than that of DC <span class="hlt">plasma</span> in the same conditions. The •OH content of PDC is lower than that of DC <span class="hlt">plasma</span>, whereas the O content of PDC <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is higher. The addition of water leads in an increase in the plume temperature and in the production of •OH with two types of power supplies. The production of O inversely shows a declining tendency with higher water ratio. The most important finding is that the PDC <span class="hlt">plasma</span> with 100% water ratio achieves lower temperature and more abundant production of •OH and O, compared with DC <span class="hlt">plasma</span> with 0% water ratio.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5107960','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5107960"><span>Fastest <span class="hlt">Formation</span> Routes of Nanocarbons in Solution <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Processes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Morishita, Tetsunori; Ueno, Tomonaga; Panomsuwan, Gasidit; Hieda, Junko; Yoshida, Akihito; Bratescu, Maria Antoaneta; Saito, Nagahiro</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Although solution-<span class="hlt">plasma</span> processing enables room-temperature synthesis of nanocarbons, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. We investigated the routes of solution-<span class="hlt">plasma</span>-induced nanocarbon <span class="hlt">formation</span> from hexane, hexadecane, cyclohexane, and benzene. The synthesis rate from benzene was the highest. However, the nanocarbons from linear molecules were more crystalline than those from ring molecules. Linear molecules decomposed into shorter olefins, whereas ring molecules were reconstructed in the <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. In the saturated ring molecules, C–H dissociation proceeded, followed by conversion into unsaturated ring molecules. However, unsaturated ring molecules were directly polymerized through cation radicals, such as benzene radical cation, and were converted into two- and three-ring molecules at the plasma–solution interface. The nanocarbons from linear molecules were synthesized in <span class="hlt">plasma</span> from small molecules such as C2 under heat; the obtained products were the same as those obtained via pyrolysis synthesis. Conversely, the nanocarbons obtained from ring molecules were directly synthesized through an intermediate, such as benzene radical cation, at the interface between <span class="hlt">plasma</span> and solution, resulting in the same products as those obtained via polymerization. These two different reaction fields provide a reasonable explanation for the fastest synthesis rate observed in the case of benzene. PMID:27841288</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhD...50O4001O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhD...50O4001O"><span>Surface morphology evolution during <span class="hlt">plasma</span> etching of silicon: roughening, smoothing and ripple <span class="hlt">formation</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ono, Kouichi; Nakazaki, Nobuya; Tsuda, Hirotaka; Takao, Yoshinori; Eriguchi, Koji</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Atomic- or nanometer-scale roughness on feature surfaces has become an important issue to be resolved in the fabrication of nanoscale devices in industry. Moreover, in some cases, smoothing of initially rough surfaces is required for planarization of film surfaces, and controlled surface roughening is required for maskless fabrication of organized nanostructures on surfaces. An understanding, under what conditions <span class="hlt">plasma</span> etching results in surface roughening and/or smoothing and what are the mechanisms concerned, is of great technological as well as fundamental interest. In this article, we review recent developments in the experimental and numerical study of the <span class="hlt">formation</span> and evolution of surface roughness (or surface morphology evolution such as roughening, smoothing, and ripple <span class="hlt">formation</span>) during <span class="hlt">plasma</span> etching of Si, with emphasis being placed on a deeper understanding of the mechanisms or <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-surface interactions that are responsible for. Starting with an overview of the experimental and theoretical/numerical aspects concerned, selected relevant mechanisms are illustrated and discussed primarily on the basis of systematic/mechanistic studies of Si etching in Cl-based <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>, including noise (or stochastic roughening), geometrical shadowing, surface reemission of etchants, micromasking by etch inhibitors, and ion scattering/chanelling. A comparison of experiments (etching and <span class="hlt">plasma</span> diagnostics) and numerical simulations (Monte Carlo and classical molecular dynamics) indicates a crucial role of the ion scattering or reflection from microscopically roughened feature surfaces on incidence in the evolution of surface roughness (and ripples) during <span class="hlt">plasma</span> etching; in effect, the smoothing/non-roughening condition is characterized by reduced effects of the ion reflection, and the roughening-smoothing transition results from reduced ion reflections caused by a change in the predominant ion flux due to that in <span class="hlt">plasma</span> conditions. Smoothing of initially rough</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20850199','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20850199"><span>Molecular-level removal of proteinaceous contamination from model surfaces and biomedical device materials by <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Banerjee, K K; Kumar, S; Bremmell, K E; Griesser, H J</p> <p>2010-11-01</p> <p>Established methods for cleaning and sterilising biomedical devices may achieve removal of bioburden only at the macroscopic level while leaving behind molecular levels of contamination (mainly proteinaceous). This is of particular concern if the residue might contain prions. We investigated at the molecular level the removal of model and real-life proteinaceous contamination from model and practical surfaces by <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> (ionised <span class="hlt">air</span>) treatment. The surface-sensitive technique of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to assess the removal of proteinaceous contamination, with the nitrogen (N1s) photoelectron signal as its marker. Model proteinaceous contamination (bovine serum albumin) adsorbed on to a model surface (silicon wafer) and the residual proteinaceous contamination resulting from incubating surgical stainless steel (a practical biomaterial) in whole human blood exhibited strong N1s signals [16.8 and 18.5 atomic percent (at.%), respectively] after thorough washing. After 5min <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment, XPS detected no nitrogen on the sample surfaces, indicating complete removal of proteinaceous contamination, down to the estimated XPS detection limit 10ng/cm(2). Applying the same <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment, the 7.7at.% nitrogen observed on a clinically cleaned dental bur was reduced to a level reflective of new, as-received burs. Contact angle measurements and atomic force microscopy also indicated complete molecular-level removal of the proteinaceous contamination upon <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment for removing proteinaceous contamination from both model and practical surfaces and offers a method for ensuring that no molecular residual contamination such as prions is transferred upon re-use of surgical and dental instruments. Crown Copyright © 2010. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/20630675-formation-ion-beam-from-high-density-plasma-ecr-discharge','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/20630675-formation-ion-beam-from-high-density-plasma-ecr-discharge"><span><span class="hlt">Formation</span> of Ion Beam from High Density <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> of ECR Discharge</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Izotov, I.; Razin, S.; Sidorov, A.</p> <p>2005-03-15</p> <p>One of the most promising directions of ECR multicharged ion sources evolution is related with increase in frequency of microwave pumping. During last years microwave generators of millimeter wave range - gyrotrons have been used more frequently. Creation of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> with density 1013 cm-3 with medium charged ions and ion flux density through a plug of a magnetic trap along magnetic field lines on level of a few A/cm2 is possible under pumping by powerful millimeter wave radiation and quasigasdynamic (collisional) regime of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> confinement in the magnetic trap. Such <span class="hlt">plasma</span> has great prospects for application in <span class="hlt">plasma</span> based ionmore » implantation systems for processing of surfaces with complicated and petit relief. Use it for ion beam <span class="hlt">formation</span> seams to be difficult because of too high ion current density. This paper continues investigations described elsewhere and shows possibility to arrange ion extraction in zone of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> expansion from the magnetic trap along axis of system and magnetic field lines.<span class="hlt">Plasma</span> was created at ECR gas discharge by means of millimeter wave radiation of a gyrotron with frequency 37.5 GHz, maximum power 100 kW, pulse duration 1.5 ms. Two and three electrode quasi-Pierce extraction systems were used for ion beam <span class="hlt">formation</span>.It is demonstrated that there is no changes in ion charge state distribution along expansion routing of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> under collisional confinement. Also ion flux density decreases with distance from plug of the trap, it allows to control extracting ion current density. Multicharged ion beam of Nitrogen with total current up to 2.5 mA at diameter of extracting hole 1 mm, that corresponds current density 320 mA/cm2, was obtained. Magnitude of total ion current was limited due to extracting voltage (60 kV). Under such conditions characteristic transversal dimension of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> equaled 4 cm, magnetic field value in extracting zone was about 0.1 T at axisymmetrical configuration.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PhPl...18e6102S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PhPl...18e6102S"><span><span class="hlt">Formation</span> of high-β <span class="hlt">plasma</span> and stable confinement of toroidal electron <span class="hlt">plasma</span> in Ring Trap 1a)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Saitoh, H.; Yoshida, Z.; Morikawa, J.; Furukawa, M.; Yano, Y.; Kawai, Y.; Kobayashi, M.; Vogel, G.; Mikami, H.</p> <p>2011-05-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Formation</span> of high-β electron cyclotron resonance heating <span class="hlt">plasma</span> and stable confinement of pure electron <span class="hlt">plasma</span> have been realized in the Ring Trap 1 device, a magnetospheric configuration generated by a levitated dipole field magnet. The effects of coil levitation resulted in drastic improvements of the confinement properties, and the maximum local β value has exceeded 70%. Hot electrons are major component of electron populations, and its particle confinement time is 0.5 s. <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> has a peaked density profile in strong field region [H. Saitoh et al., 23rd IAEA Fusion Energy Conference EXC/9-4Rb (2010)]. In pure electron <span class="hlt">plasma</span> experiment, inward particle diffusion is realized, and electrons are stably trapped for more than 300 s. When the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is in turbulent state during beam injection, <span class="hlt">plasma</span> flow has a shear, which activates the diocotron (Kelvin-Helmholtz) instability. The canonical angular momentum of the particle is not conserved in this phase, realizing the radial diffusion of charged particles across closed magnetic surfaces. [Z. Yoshida et al., Phys Rev. Lett. 104, 235004 (2010); H. Saitoh et al., Phys. <span class="hlt">Plasmas</span> 17, 112111 (2010).].</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhD...50R5208C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhD...50R5208C"><span>Aqueous reactive species induced by a PCB surface micro-discharge <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> device: a quantitative study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chen, Chen; Li, Fanying; Chen, Hai-Lan; Kong, Michael G.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>This paper presents a quantitative investigation on aqueous reactive species induced by <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> generated from a printed circuit board surface micro-discharge (SMD) device. Under the conditions amenable for proliferation of mammalian cells, concentrations of ten types of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) in phosphate buffering solution (PBS) are measured by chemical fluorescent assays and electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR). Results show that concentrations of several detected RNS (NO2- , NO3- , peroxynitrites, and NO2\\centerdot ) are higher than those of ROS (H2O2, O2\\centerdot - , and 1O2) in the <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treated solution. Concentrations of NO3- can reach 150 times of H2O2 with 60 s <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment. For short-lived species, the <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> generates more copious peroxynitrite than other RONS including NO2\\centerdot , O2\\centerdot - , 1O2, and N{{O}\\centerdot } in PBS. In addition, the existence of reaction between H2O2 and NO2- /HNO2 to produce peroxynitrite is verified by the chemical scavenger experiments. The reaction relations between detected RONS are also discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28500652','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28500652"><span>Freeze-dried <span class="hlt">plasma</span> enhances clot <span class="hlt">formation</span> and inhibits fibrinolysis in the presence of tissue plasminogen activator similar to pooled liquid <span class="hlt">plasma</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Huebner, Benjamin R; Moore, Ernest E; Moore, Hunter B; Sauaia, Angela; Stettler, Gregory; Dzieciatkowska, Monika; Hansen, Kirk; Banerjee, Anirban; Silliman, Christopher C</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>Systemic hyperfibrinolysis is an integral part of trauma-induced coagulopathy associated with uncontrolled bleeding. Recent data suggest that <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-first resuscitation attenuates hyperfibrinolysis; however, the availability, transport, storage, and administration of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> in austere environments remain challenging and have limited its use. Freeze-dried <span class="hlt">plasma</span> (FDP) is a potential alternative due to ease of storage, longer shelf life, and efficient reconstitution. FDP potentially enhances clot <span class="hlt">formation</span> and resists breakdown better than normal saline (NS) and albumin and similar to liquid <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. Healthy volunteers underwent citrated blood draw followed by 50% dilution with NS, albumin, pooled <span class="hlt">plasma</span> (PP), or pooled freeze-dried <span class="hlt">plasma</span> (pFDP). Citrated native and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)-challenge (75 ng/mL) thrombelastography were done. Proteins in PP, pFDP, and albumin were analyzed by mass spectroscopy. pFDP and PP had superior clot-<span class="hlt">formation</span> rates (angle) and clot strength (maximum amplitude) compared with NS and albumin in t-PA-challenge thrombelastographies (angle: pFDP, 67.9 degrees; PP, 67.8 degrees; NS, 40.6 degrees; albumin, 35.8 degrees; maximum amplitude: pFDP, 62.4 mm; PP, 63.5 mm; NS, 44.8 mm; albumin, 41.1 mm). NS and albumin dilution increased susceptibility to t-PA-induced hyperfibrinolysis compared with pFDP and PP (NS, 62.4%; albumin, 62.6%; PP, 8.5%; pFDP, 6.7%). pFDP was similar to PP in the attenuation of t-PA-induced fibrinolysis. Most proteins (97%) were conserved during the freeze-dry process, with higher levels in 12% of pFDP proteins compared with PP. pFDP enhances clot <span class="hlt">formation</span> and attenuates hyperfibrinolysis better than NS and albumin and is a potential alternative to <span class="hlt">plasma</span> resuscitation in the treatment of hemorrhagic shock. © 2017 AABB.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_9 --> <div id="page_10" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="181"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhD...49g5402L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhD...49g5402L"><span>Effect of non-thermal <span class="hlt">air</span> atmospheric pressure <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet treatment on gingival wound healing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lee, Jung-Hwan; Choi, Eun-Ha; Kim, Kwang-Mahn; Kim, Kyoung-Nam</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>Non-thermal atmospheric pressure <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> have been applied in the biomedical field for the improvement of various cellular activities. In dentistry, the healing of gingival soft tissue plays an important role in health and aesthetic outcomes. While the biomedical application of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> has been thoroughly studied in dentistry, a detailed investigation of <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-mediated human gingival fibroblast (HGF) migration for wound healing and its underlying biological mechanism is still pending. Therefore, the aim of this study is to apply a non-thermal <span class="hlt">air</span> atmospheric pressure <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet (NTAAPPJ) to HGF to measure the migration and to reveal the underlying biological mechanisms involved in the migration. After the characterization of NTAAPPJ by optical emission spectroscopy, the adherent HGF was treated with NTAAPPJ or <span class="hlt">air</span> with a different flow rate. Cell viability, lipid peroxidation, migration, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the expression of migration-related genes (EGFR, PAK1, and MAPK3) were investigated. The level of statistical significance was set at 0.05. NTAAPPJ and <span class="hlt">air</span> treatment with a flow rate of 250-1000 standard cubic centimetres per minute (sccm) for up to 30 s did not induce significant decreases in cell viability or membrane damage. A significant increase in the migration of mitomycin C-treated HGF was observed after 30 s of NTAAPPJ treatment compared to 30 s <span class="hlt">air</span>-only treatment, which was induced by high levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). An increase in migration-related gene expression and EGFR activation was observed following NTAAPPJ treatment in an <span class="hlt">air</span> flow rate-dependent manner. This is the first report that NTAAPPJ treatment induces an increase in HGF migration without changing cell viability or causing membrane damage. HGF migration was related to an increase in intracellular ROS, changes in the expression of three of the migration-related genes (EGFR, PAK1, and MAPK1), and EGFR activation. Therefore</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1342547','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1342547"><span>Diagnostic studies of ion beam <span class="hlt">formation</span> in inductively coupled <span class="hlt">plasma</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Jacobs, Jenee L.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>This dissertation describes a variety of studies focused on the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> and the ion beam in inductively coupled <span class="hlt">plasma</span> mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The ability to use ICP-MS for measurements of trace elements in samples requires the analytes to be efficiently ionized. Updated ionization efficiency tables are discussed for ionization temperatures of 6500 K and 7000 K with an electron density of 1 x 10 15 cm -3. These values are reflective of the current operating parameters of ICP-MS instruments. Calculations are also discussed for doubly charged (M 2+) ion <span class="hlt">formation</span>, neutral metal oxide (MO) ionization, and metal oxide (MO +)more » ion dissociation for similar <span class="hlt">plasma</span> temperature values. Ionization efficiency results for neutral MO molecules in the ICP have not been reported previously.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MSHT...59..302V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MSHT...59..302V"><span>Features of Wear-Resistant Cast Iron Coating <span class="hlt">Formation</span> During <span class="hlt">Plasma</span>-Powder Surfacing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vdovin, K. N.; Emelyushin, A. N.; Nefed'ev, S. P.</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>The structure of coatings deposited on steel 45 by <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-powder surfacing of white wear-resistant cast iron is studied. The effects of surfacing regime and additional production effects on the welding bath during surfacing produced by current modulation, accelerated cooling of the deposited beads by blowing with <span class="hlt">air</span>, and accelerated cooling of the substrate with running water on the structure, are determined. A new composition is suggested for powder material for depositing wear-resistant and corrosion-resistant coatings on a carbon steel by the <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-powder process.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1239660','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1239660"><span><span class="hlt">Formation</span> of Imploding <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Liners for HEDP and MIF Applications - Diagnostics</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Gilmore, Mark; Hsu, Scott; Witherspoon, F. Douglas</p> <p></p> <p>The goal of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> liner experiment (PLX) was to explore and demonstrate the feasibility of forming imploding spherical <span class="hlt">plasma</span> liners that can reach High Energy Density (HED)-relevant (~ 0.1 Mbar) pressures upon stagnation. The <span class="hlt">plasma</span> liners were to be formed by a spherical array of 30 – 36 railgun-driven hypervelocity <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jets (Mach 10 – 50). Due to funding and project scope reductions in year two of the project, this initial goal was revised to focus on studies of individual jet propagation, and on two jet merging physics. PLX was a collaboration between a number of partners including Losmore » Alamos National Laboratory, HyperV Technologies, University of New Mexico (UNM), University of Alabama, Huntsville, and University of Nevada, Reno. UNM’s part in the collaboration was primary responsibility for <span class="hlt">plasma</span> diagnostics. Though full <span class="hlt">plasma</span> liner experiments could not be performed, the results of single and two jet experiments nevertheless laid important groundwork for future <span class="hlt">plasma</span> liner investigations. Though challenges were encountered, the results obtained with one and two jets were overwhelmingly positive from a liner <span class="hlt">formation</span> point of view, and were largely in agreement with predictions of hydrodynamic models.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DPPC11009M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DPPC11009M"><span>Pattern <span class="hlt">formation</span> and filamentation in low temperature, magnetized <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> - a numerical approach</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Menati, Mohamad; Konopka, Uwe; Thomas, Edward</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>In low-temperature discharges under the influence of high magnetic field, pattern and filament <span class="hlt">formation</span> in the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> has been reported by different groups. The phenomena present themselves as bright <span class="hlt">plasma</span> columns (filaments) oriented parallel to the magnetic field lines at high magnetic field regime. The <span class="hlt">plasma</span> structure can filament into different shapes from single columns to spiral and bright rings when viewed from the top. In spite of the extensive experimental observations, the observed effects lack a detailed theoretical and numerical description. In an attempt to numerically explain the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> filamentation, we present a simplified model for the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> discharge and power deposition into the <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. Based on the model, 2-D and 3-D codes are being developed that solve Poisson's equation along with the fluid equations to obtain a self-consistent description of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. The model and preliminary results applied to the specific <span class="hlt">plasma</span> conditions will be presented. This work was supported by the US Dept. of Energy and NSF, DE-SC0016330, PHY-1613087.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3722131','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3722131"><span>Antimicrobial Efficacy of Two Surface Barrier Discharges with <span class="hlt">Air</span> <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> against In Vitro Biofilms</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Matthes, Rutger; Bender, Claudia; Schlüter, Rabea; Koban, Ina; Bussiahn, René; Reuter, Stephan; Lademann, Jürgen; Weltmann, Klaus-Dieter; Kramer, Axel</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The treatment of infected wounds is one possible therapeutic aspect of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> medicine. Chronic wounds are often associated with microbial biofilms which limit the efficacy of antiseptics. The present study investigates two different surface barrier discharges with <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> to compare their efficacy against microbial biofilms with chlorhexidine digluconate solution (CHX) as representative of an important antibiofilm antiseptic. Pseudomonas aeruginosa SG81 and Staphylococcus epidermidis RP62A were cultivated on polycarbonate discs. The biofilms were treated for 30, 60, 150, 300 or 600 s with <span class="hlt">plasma</span> or for 600 s with 0.1% CHX, respectively. After treatment, biofilms were dispensed by ultrasound and the antimicrobial effects were determined as difference in the number of the colony forming units by microbial culture. A high antimicrobial efficacy on biofilms of both <span class="hlt">plasma</span> sources in comparison to CHX treatment was shown. The efficacy differs between the used strains and <span class="hlt">plasma</span> sources. For illustration, the biofilms were examined under a scanning electron microscope before and after treatment. Additionally, cytotoxicity was determined by the MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay with L929 mouse fibroblast cell line. The cell toxicity of the used <span class="hlt">plasma</span> limits its applicability on human tissue to maximally 150 s. The emitted UV irradiance was measured to estimate whether UV could limit the application on human tissue at the given parameters. It was found that the UV emission is negligibly low. In conclusion, the results support the assumption that <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> could be an option for therapy of chronic wounds. PMID:23894661</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhDT........73Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhDT........73Y"><span><span class="hlt">Plasma</span> <span class="hlt">Formation</span> and Evolution on Cu, Al, Ti, and Ni Surfaces Driven by a Mega-Ampere Current Pulse</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yates, Kevin C.</p> <p></p> <p>Metal alloy mm-diameter rods have been driven by a 1-MA, 100-ns current pulse from the Zebra z-pinch. The intense current produces megagauss surface magnetic fields that diffuse into the load, ohmically heating the metal until <span class="hlt">plasma</span> forms. Because the radius is much thicker than the skin depth, the magnetic field reaches a much higher value than around a thin-wire load. With the "barbell" load design, <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> in the region of interest due to contact arcing or electron avalanche is avoided, allowing for the study of ohmically heated loads. Work presented here will show first evidence of a magnetic field threshold for <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> in copper 101, copper 145, titanium, and nickel, and compare with previous work done with aluminum. Copper alloys 101 and 145, titanium grade II, and nickel alloy 200 form <span class="hlt">plasma</span> when the surface magnetic field reaches 3.5, 3.0, 2.2, and 2.6 megagauss, respectively. Varying the element metal, as well as the alloy, changes multiple physical properties of the load and affects the evolution of the surface material through the multiple phase changes. Similarities and differences between these metals will be presented, giving motivation for continued work with different material loads. During the current rise, the metal is heated to temperatures that cause multiple phase changes. When the surface magnetic field reaches a threshold, the metal ionizes and the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> becomes pinched against the underlying cooler, dense material. Diagnostics fielded have included visible light radiometry, two-frame shadowgraphy (266 and 532 nm wavelengths), time-gated EUV spectroscopy, single-frame/2ns gated imaging, and multi-frame/4ns gated imaging with an intensified CCD camera (ICCD). Surface temperature, expansion speeds, instability growth, time of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span>, and <span class="hlt">plasma</span> uniformity are determined from the data. The time-period of potential <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> is scrutinized to understand if and when <span class="hlt">plasma</span> forms on the surface of a heated</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26382942','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26382942"><span>Hydrophilic strips for preventing <span class="hlt">air</span> bubble <span class="hlt">formation</span> in a microfluidic chamber.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Choi, Munseok; Na, Yang; Kim, Sung-Jin</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>In a microfluidic chamber, unwanted <span class="hlt">formation</span> of <span class="hlt">air</span> bubbles is a critical problem. Here, we present a hydrophilic strip array that prevents <span class="hlt">air</span> bubble <span class="hlt">formation</span> in a microfluidic chamber. The array is located on the top surface of the chamber, which has a large variation in width, and consists of a repeated arrangement of super- and moderately hydrophilic strips. This repeated arrangement allows a flat meniscus (i.e. liquid front) to form when various solutions consisting of a single stream or two parallel streams with different hydrophilicities move through the chamber. The flat meniscus produced by the array completely prevents the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of bubbles. Without the array in the chamber, the meniscus shape is highly convex, and bubbles frequently form in the chamber. This hydrophilic strip array will facilitate the use of a microfluidic chamber with a large variation in width for various microfluidic applications. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28032259','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28032259"><span>Role of the NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase NQR and the cytochrome b <span class="hlt">AIR</span>12 in controlling superoxide generation at the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> membrane.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Biniek, Catherine; Heyno, Eiri; Kruk, Jerzy; Sparla, Francesca; Trost, Paolo; Krieger-Liszkay, Anja</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>The quinone reductase NQR and the b-type cytochrome <span class="hlt">AIR</span>12 of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> membrane are important for the control of reactive oxygen species in the apoplast. <span class="hlt">AIR</span>12 and NQR are two proteins attached to the plant <span class="hlt">plasma</span> membrane which may be important for generating and controlling levels of reactive oxygen species in the apoplast. <span class="hlt">AIR</span>12 (Auxin Induced in Root culture) is a single gene of Arabidopsis that codes for a mono-heme cytochrome b. The NADPH quinone oxidoreductase NQR is a two-electron-transferring flavoenzyme that contributes to the generation of O 2 •- in isolated <span class="hlt">plasma</span> membranes. A. thaliana double knockout plants of both NQR and <span class="hlt">AIR</span>12 generated more O 2 •- and germinated faster than the single mutant affected in <span class="hlt">AIR</span>12. To test whether NQR and <span class="hlt">AIR</span>12 are able to interact functionally, recombinant purified proteins were added to <span class="hlt">plasma</span> membranes isolated from soybean hypocotyls. In vitro NADH-dependent O 2 •- production at the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> membrane in the presence of NQR was reduced upon addition of <span class="hlt">AIR</span>12. Electron donation from semi-reduced menadione to <span class="hlt">AIR</span>12 was shown to take place. Biochemical analysis showed that purified <span class="hlt">plasma</span> membrane from soybean hypocotyls or roots contained phylloquinone and menaquinone-4 as redox carriers. This is the first report on the occurrence of menaquinone-4 in eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms. We propose that NQR and <span class="hlt">AIR</span>12 interact via the quinone, allowing an electron transfer from cytosolic NAD(P)H to apoplastic monodehydroascorbate and control thereby the level of reactive oxygen production and the redox state of the apoplast.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.9741R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.9741R"><span>Laser-induced micro-<span class="hlt">plasmas</span> in <span class="hlt">air</span> for incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ruth, Albert; Dixneuf, Sophie; Orphal, Johannes</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (IBBCEAS) is an experimentally straightforward absorption method where the intensity of light transmitted by an optically stable (high finesse) cavity is measured. The technique is realized using broadband incoherent sources of radiation and therefore the amount of light transmitted by a cavity consisting of high reflectance mirrors (typically R > 99.9%) can be low. In order to find an alternative to having an incoherent light source outside the cavity, an experiment was devised, where a laser-induced <span class="hlt">plasma</span> in ambient <span class="hlt">air</span> was generated inside a quasi-confocal cavity by a high-power femtosecond laser. The emission from the laser-induced <span class="hlt">plasma</span> was utilized as pulsed broadband light source. The time-dependent spectra of the light leaking from the cavity were compared with those of the laser-induced <span class="hlt">plasma</span> emission without the cavity. It was found that the light emission was sustained by the cavity despite the initially large optical losses caused by the laser-induced <span class="hlt">plasma</span> in the cavity. The light sustained by the cavity was used to measure part of the S1 ← S0 absorption spectrum of gaseous azulene at its vapour pressure at room temperature in ambient <span class="hlt">air</span>, as well as the strongly forbidden γ-band in molecular oxygen (b1Σ(2,0) ← X3Σ(0,0)).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhCS.982a2011K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhCS.982a2011K"><span><span class="hlt">Plasma</span> surface modification of polypropylene track-etched membrane to improve its performance properties</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kravets, L. I.; Elinson, V. M.; Ibragimov, R. G.; Mitu, B.; Dinescu, G.</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>The surface and electrochemical properties of polypropylene track-etched membrane treated by <span class="hlt">plasma</span> of nitrogen, <span class="hlt">air</span> and oxygen are studied. The effect of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-forming gas composition on the surface morphology is considered. It has been found that the micro-relief of the membrane surface formed under the gas-discharge etching, changes. Moreover, the effect of the non-polymerizing gas <span class="hlt">plasma</span> leads to <span class="hlt">formation</span> of oxygen-containing functional groups, mostly carbonyl and carboxyl. It is shown that due to the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of polar groups on the surface and its higher roughness, the wettability of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-modified membranes improves. In addition, the presence of polar groups on the membrane surface layer modifies its electrochemical properties so that conductivity of <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-treated membranes increase.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1336007-significance-ambient-conditions-uranium-absorption-emission-features-laser-ablation-plasmas','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1336007-significance-ambient-conditions-uranium-absorption-emission-features-laser-ablation-plasmas"><span>Significance of ambient conditions in uranium absorption and emission features of laser ablation <span class="hlt">plasmas</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Skrodzki, P. J.; Shah, N. P.; Taylor, N.</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>This study employs laser ablation (LA) to investigate mechanisms for U optical signal variation under various environmental conditions during laser absorption spectroscopy (LAS) and optical emission spectroscopy (OES). Potential explored mechanisms for signal quenching related to ambient conditions include <span class="hlt">plasma</span> chemistry (e.g., uranium oxide <span class="hlt">formation</span>), ambient gas confinement effects, and other collisional interactions between <span class="hlt">plasma</span> constituents and the ambient gas. LA-LAS studies show that the persistence of the U ground state population is significantly reduced in the presence of <span class="hlt">air</span> ambient compared to nitrogen. LA-OES results yield congested spectra from which the U I 356.18 nm transition is prominent andmore » serves as the basis for signal tracking. LA-OES signal and persistence vary negligibly between the test gases (<span class="hlt">air</span> and N2), unlike the LA-LAS results. The plume hydrodynamic features and plume fundamental properties showed similar results in both <span class="hlt">air</span> and nitrogen ambient. Investigation of U oxide <span class="hlt">formation</span> in the laser-produced <span class="hlt">plasma</span> suggests that low U concentration in a sample hinders consistent detection of UO molecular spectra.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1367669','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1367669"><span>Significance of ambient conditions in uranium absorption and emission features of laser ablation <span class="hlt">plasmas</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Skrodzki, P. J.; Shah, N. P.; Taylor, N.</p> <p>2016-10-02</p> <p>This study employs laser ablation (LA) to investigate mechanisms for U optical signal variation under various environmental conditions during laser absorption spectroscopy (LAS) and optical emission spectroscopy (OES). Potential mechanisms explored for signal quenching related to ambient conditions include <span class="hlt">plasma</span> chemistry (e.g., uranium oxide <span class="hlt">formation</span>), ambient gas confinement effects, and other collisional interactions between <span class="hlt">plas-ma</span> constituents and the ambient gas. LA-LAS studies show that the persistence of the U ground state population is significantly reduced in the presence of <span class="hlt">air</span> ambient compared to nitrogen. LA-OES yields congested spectra from which the U I 356.18 nm transition is prominent and servesmore » as the basis for signal tracking. LA-OES signal and per-sistence vary negligibly between the test gases (<span class="hlt">air</span> and N 2), unlike the LA-LAS results. The plume hydrodynamic features and plume fundamental properties showed similar results in both <span class="hlt">air</span> and nitrogen ambient. In conclusion, investigation of U oxide <span class="hlt">formation</span> in the laser-produced <span class="hlt">plasma</span> suggests that low U concentration in a sample hinders consistent detection of UO molecular spectra.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22085950-plume-splitting-rebounding-high-intensity-co-sub-laser-induced-air-plasma','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22085950-plume-splitting-rebounding-high-intensity-co-sub-laser-induced-air-plasma"><span>Plume splitting and rebounding in a high-intensity CO{sub 2} laser induced <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Chen Anmin; Jiang Yuanfei; Liu Hang</p> <p>2012-07-15</p> <p>The dynamics of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> plume formed by high-intensity CO{sub 2} laser induced breakdown of <span class="hlt">air</span> at atmospheric pressure is investigated. The laser wavelength is 10.6 {mu}m. Measurements were made using 3 ns gated fast photography as well as space and time resolved optical emission spectroscopy. The behavior of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> plume was studied with a laser energy of 3 J and 10 J. The results show that the evolution of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> plume is very complicated. The splitting and rebounding of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> plume is observed to occur early in the plumes history.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5453248','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5453248"><span><span class="hlt">Formation</span> of Nanocones on Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite by Oxygen <span class="hlt">Plasma</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Vesel, Alenka; Eleršič, Kristina; Modic, Martina; Junkar, Ita; Mozetič, Miran</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Improvement in hemocompatibility of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) by <span class="hlt">formation</span> of nanostructured surface by oxygen <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment is reported. We have showed that by appropriate fine tuning of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> and discharge parameters we are able to create nanostructured surface which is densely covered with nanocones. The size of the nanocones strongly depended on treatment time. The optimal results in terms of material hemocompatibility were obtained after treatment with oxygen <span class="hlt">plasma</span> for 15 s, when both the nanotopography and wettability were the most favorable, since marked reduction in adhesion and activation of platelets was observed on this surface. At prolonged treatment times, the rich surface topography was lost and thus also its antithrombogenic properties. Chemical composition of the surface was always more or less the same, regardless of its morphology and height of the nanocones. Namely, on all <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treated samples, only a few atomic percent of oxygen was found, meaning that <span class="hlt">plasma</span> caused mostly etching, leading to changes in the surface morphology. This indicates that the main preventing mechanism against platelets adhesion was the right surface morphology. PMID:28788553</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhDT........48P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhDT........48P"><span>Development and Application of an Oxidation Flow Reactor to Study Secondary Organic Aerosol <span class="hlt">Formation</span> from Ambient <span class="hlt">Air</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Palm, Brett Brian</p> <p></p> <p>Secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in the atmosphere play an important role in <span class="hlt">air</span> quality, human health, and climate. However, the sources, <span class="hlt">formation</span> pathways, and fate of SOA are poorly constrained. In this dissertation, I present development and application of the oxidation flow reactor (OFR) technique for studying SOA <span class="hlt">formation</span> from OH, O3, and NO3 oxidation of ambient <span class="hlt">air</span>. With a several-minute residence time and a portable design with no inlet, OFRs are particularly well-suited for this purpose. I first introduce the OFR concept, and discuss several advances I have made in performing and interpreting OFR experiments. This includes estimating oxidant exposures, modeling the fate of low-volatility gases in the OFR (wall loss, condensation, and oxidation), and comparing SOA yields of single precursors in the OFR with yields measured in environmental chambers. When these experimental details are carefully considered, SOA <span class="hlt">formation</span> in an OFR can be more reliably compared with ambient SOA <span class="hlt">formation</span> processes. I then present an overview of what OFR measurements have taught us about SOA <span class="hlt">formation</span> in the atmosphere. I provide a comparison of SOA <span class="hlt">formation</span> from OH, O3, and NO3 oxidation of ambient <span class="hlt">air</span> in a wide variety of environments, from rural forests to urban <span class="hlt">air</span>. In a rural forest, the SOA <span class="hlt">formation</span> correlated with biogenic precursors (e.g., monoterpenes). In urban <span class="hlt">air</span>, it correlated instead with reactive anthropogenic tracers (e.g., trimethylbenzene). In mixed-source regions, the SOA <span class="hlt">formation</span> did not correlate well with any single precursor, but could be predicted by multilinear regression from several precursors. Despite these correlations, the concentrations of speciated ambient VOCs could only explain approximately 10-50% of the total SOA formed from OH oxidation. In contrast, ambient VOCs could explain all of the SOA <span class="hlt">formation</span> observed from O3 and NO3 oxidation. Evidence suggests that lower-volatility gases (semivolatile and intermediate-volatility organic</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20090042879','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20090042879"><span><span class="hlt">Plasma</span> torch for ignition, flameholding and enhancement of combustion in high speed flows</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>O'Brien, Walter F. (Inventor); Billingsley, Matthew C. (Inventor); Sanders, Darius D. (Inventor); Schetz, Joseph A. (Inventor)</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Preheating of fuel and injection into a <span class="hlt">plasma</span> torch plume fro adjacent the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> torch plume provides for only ignition with reduced delay but improved fuel-<span class="hlt">air</span> mixing and fuel atomization as well as combustion reaction enhancement. Heat exchange also reduced erosion of the anode of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> torch. Fuel mixing atomization, fuel mixture distribution enhancement and combustion reaction enhancement are improved by unsteady <span class="hlt">plasma</span> torch energization, integral <span class="hlt">formation</span> of the heat exchanger, fuel injection nozzle and <span class="hlt">plasma</span> torch anode in a more compact, low-profile arrangement which is not intrusive on a highspeed <span class="hlt">air</span> flow with which the invention is particularly effective and further enhanced by use of nitrogen as a feedstock material and inclusion of high pressure gases in the fuel to cause effervescence during injection.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22493888-hollow-structure-formation-intense-ion-beams-sharp-edge-background-plasmas','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22493888-hollow-structure-formation-intense-ion-beams-sharp-edge-background-plasmas"><span>Hollow structure <span class="hlt">formation</span> of intense ion beams with sharp edge in background <span class="hlt">plasmas</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Hu, Zhang-Hu; Wang, You-Nian, E-mail: ynwang@dlut.edu.cn</p> <p></p> <p>The transport of intense ion beams with sharp radial beam edge in <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> has been studied with two-dimensional electromagnetic particle simulations. The initial solid beam evolves into a hollow beam due to the nonlinear sharp transverse force peak in the regions of beam edge. The magnitude and nonlinearity of this peak are enhanced as the ion beam travels further into the <span class="hlt">plasma</span>, due to the self-consistent interactions between the beam ions and the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> electrons. This structure <span class="hlt">formation</span> is shown to be independent on the beam radius.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012CoPhC.183..669B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012CoPhC.183..669B"><span>ALCBEAM - Neutral beam <span class="hlt">formation</span> and propagation code for beam-based <span class="hlt">plasma</span> diagnostics</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bespamyatnov, I. O.; Rowan, W. L.; Liao, K. T.</p> <p>2012-03-01</p> <p>ALCBEAM is a new three-dimensional neutral beam <span class="hlt">formation</span> and propagation code. It was developed to support the beam-based diagnostics installed on the Alcator C-Mod tokamak. The purpose of the code is to provide reliable estimates of the local beam equilibrium parameters: such as beam energy fractions, density profiles and excitation populations. The code effectively unifies the ion beam <span class="hlt">formation</span>, extraction and neutralization processes with beam attenuation and excitation in <span class="hlt">plasma</span> and neutral gas and beam stopping by the beam apertures. This paper describes the physical processes interpreted and utilized by the code, along with exploited computational methods. The description is concluded by an example simulation of beam penetration into <span class="hlt">plasma</span> of Alcator C-Mod. The code is successfully being used in Alcator C-Mod tokamak and expected to be valuable in the support of beam-based diagnostics in most other tokamak environments. Program summaryProgram title: ALCBEAM Catalogue identifier: AEKU_v1_0 Program summary URL:http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/AEKU_v1_0.html Program obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queen's University, Belfast, N. Ireland Licensing provisions: Standard CPC licence, http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/licence/licence.html No. of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 66 459 No. of bytes in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 7 841 051 Distribution <span class="hlt">format</span>: tar.gz Programming language: IDL Computer: Workstation, PC Operating system: Linux RAM: 1 GB Classification: 19.2 Nature of problem: Neutral beams are commonly used to heat and/or diagnose high-temperature magnetically-confined laboratory <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>. An accurate neutral beam characterization is required for beam-based measurements of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> properties. Beam parameters such as density distribution, energy composition, and atomic excited populations of the beam atoms need to be known. Solution method: A neutral beam is initially formed as an ion beam which is extracted from</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008APS..GECDT2007K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008APS..GECDT2007K"><span>Cold atmospheric <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet for medical applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kolb, Juergen F.; Price, Robert O.; Stacey, Michael; Swanson, R. James; Bowman, Angela; Chiavarini, Robert L.; Schoenbach, Karl H.</p> <p>2008-10-01</p> <p>By flowing ambient <span class="hlt">air</span> through the discharge channel of a microhollow cathode geometry, we were able to sustain a stable 1.5-2 cm long afterglow <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet with dc voltages of only a few hundred volts. The temperature in this expelled afterglow <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is close to room temperature. Emission spectra show atomic oxygen, hydroxyl ions and various nitrogen compounds. The low heavy-particle temperature allows us to use this exhaust stream on biological samples and tissues without thermal damage. The high levels of reactive species suggest an effective treatment for pathological skin conditions caused, in particular, by infectious agents. In first experiments, we have successfully tested the efficacy on Candida kefyr (a yeast), E.coli, and a matching E.coli strain-specific virus. All pathogens investigated responded well to the treatment. In the yeast case, complete eradication of the organism in the treated area could be achieved with an exposure of 90 seconds at a distance of 5 mm. A 10-fold increase of exposure, to 900 seconds caused no observable damage to murine integument.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_10 --> <div id="page_11" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="201"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23358615','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23358615"><span>Changes of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> vWF level in response to the improvement of <span class="hlt">air</span> quality: an observation of 114 healthy young adults.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yuan, Zhonghai; Chen, Yan; Zhang, Ying; Liu, Hui; Liu, Qian; Zhao, Jun; Hu, Min; Huang, Wei; Wang, Guangfa; Zhu, Tong; Zhang, Jim; Zhu, Ping</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Plasma</span> von Willebrand factor (vWF) is an important factor involving in hemostasis and various cardiovascular diseases. <span class="hlt">Air</span> pollution is related to many respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. During the Olympic Games Beijing 2008 period (August 8 to September 17, 2008) when <span class="hlt">air</span> quality in Beijing improved greatly, we studied the relationship between <span class="hlt">plasma</span> vWF level and the factors of <span class="hlt">air</span> pollution index (API), ABO blood group, and polymorphisms in vWF gene in healthy young adults. We recruited 114 healthy medical students. In a period of more than 4 months around the period of Olympic Games Beijing 2008, six blood samples at stages 1 and 2 (before Olympic Games), stages 3 and 4 (during Olympic Games), and stages 5 and 6 (after Olympic Games) were taken from every participant for the measurement of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> vWF level and genotyping of three SNPs (rs7954855, rs7965413, and rs216311) in vWF gene. Daily <span class="hlt">air</span> pollution index near their living places was obtained from the officially published data. The average API began to decrease from stage 2, reached to nadir in stages 3 and 4, and increased but was still lower in stages 5 and 6. <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> vWF decreased during the experimental period in all participants. The average <span class="hlt">plasma</span> vWF decreased from stage 2 and remained lower in stages 3-6. vWF level varied greatly among the participants (from 30 to 170 %) but decreased proportionately when we analyzed their levels individually. Participants with O blood type had lower <span class="hlt">plasma</span> vWF level than those with A, B, and AB blood types. Those with the SNP in vWF gene causing homozygous threonine at codon 1381 had lower <span class="hlt">plasma</span> vWF level than those with homozygous alanine or heterozygous alanine/threonine. In the 114 normal individuals, the average <span class="hlt">plasma</span> vWF level decreased during the period of Olympic Games Beijing 2008 when <span class="hlt">air</span> quality improved greatly. This suggests that control of <span class="hlt">air</span> pollution may be useful to prevent some diseases such as cardiovascular diseases.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3335018','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3335018"><span>Effects of MASP-1 of the Complement System on Activation of Coagulation Factors and <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Clot <span class="hlt">Formation</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Hess, Katharina; Ajjan, Ramzi; Phoenix, Fladia; Dobó, József; Gál, Péter; Schroeder, Verena</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Background Numerous interactions between the coagulation and complement systems have been shown. Recently, links between coagulation and mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease-1 (MASP-1) of the complement lectin pathway have been proposed. Our aim was to investigate MASP-1 activation of factor XIII (FXIII), fibrinogen, prothrombin, and thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) in <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-based systems, and to analyse effects of MASP-1 on <span class="hlt">plasma</span> clot <span class="hlt">formation</span>, structure and lysis. Methodology/Principal Findings We used a FXIII incorporation assay and specific assays to measure the activation products prothrombin fragment F1+2, fibrinopeptide A (FPA), and activated TAFI (TAFIa). Clot <span class="hlt">formation</span> and lysis were assessed by turbidimetric assay. Clot structure was studied by scanning electron microscopy. MASP-1 activated FXIII and, contrary to thrombin, induced FXIII activity faster in the Val34 than the Leu34 variant. MASP-1-dependent generation of F1+2, FPA and TAFIa showed a dose-dependent response in normal citrated <span class="hlt">plasma</span> (NCP), albeit MASP-1 was much less efficient than FXa or thrombin. MASP-1 activation of prothrombin and TAFI cleavage were confirmed in purified systems. No FPA generation was observed in prothrombin-depleted <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. MASP-1 induced clot <span class="hlt">formation</span> in NCP, affected clot structure, and prolonged clot lysis. Conclusions/Significance We show that MASP-1 interacts with <span class="hlt">plasma</span> clot <span class="hlt">formation</span> on different levels and influences fibrin structure. Although MASP-1-induced fibrin <span class="hlt">formation</span> is thrombin-dependent, MASP-1 directly activates prothrombin, FXIII and TAFI. We suggest that MASP-1, in concerted action with other complement and coagulation proteins, may play a role in fibrin clot <span class="hlt">formation</span>. PMID:22536427</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28887983','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28887983"><span>Effect of pores <span class="hlt">formation</span> process and oxygen <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment to hydroxyapatite <span class="hlt">formation</span> on bioactive PEEK prepared by incorporation of precursor of apatite.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yabutsuka, Takeshi; Fukushima, Keito; Hiruta, Tomoko; Takai, Shigeomi; Yao, Takeshi</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>When bioinert substrates with fine-sized pores are immersed in a simulated body fluid (SBF) and the pH value or the temperature is increased, fine particles of calcium phosphate, which the authors denoted as 'precursor of apatite' (PrA), are formed in the pores. By this method, hydroxyapatite <span class="hlt">formation</span> ability can be provided to various kinds of bioinert materials. In this study, the authors studied fabrication methods of bioactive PEEK by using the above-mentioned process. First, the fine-sized pores were formed on the surface of the PEEK substrate by H 2 SO 4 treatment. Next, to provide hydrophilic property to the PEEK, the surfaces of the PEEK were treated with O 2 <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. Finally, PrA were formed in the pores by the above-mentioned process, which is denoted as 'Alkaline SBF' treatment, and the bioactive PEEK was obtained. By immersing in SBF with the physiological condition, hydroxyapatite <span class="hlt">formation</span> was induced on the whole surface of the substrate within 1day. The <span class="hlt">formation</span> of PrA directly contributed to hydroxyapatite <span class="hlt">formation</span> ability. By applying the O 2 <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment, hydroxyapatite <span class="hlt">formation</span> was uniformly performed on the whole surface of the substrate. The H 2 SO 4 treatment contributed to a considerable enhancement of adhesive strength of the formed hydroxyapatite layer formed in SBF because of the increase of surface areas of the substrate. As a comparative study, the sandblasting method was applied as the pores <span class="hlt">formation</span> process instead of the H 2 SO 4 treatment. Although hydroxyapatite <span class="hlt">formation</span> was provided also in this case, however, the adhesion of the formed hydroxyapatite layer to the substrate was not sufficient even if the O 2 <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment was conducted. This result indicates that the fine-sized pores should be formed on the whole surface of the substrate uniformly to achieve high adhesive strength of the hydroxyapatite layer. Therefore, it is considered that the H 2 SO 4 treatment before the O 2 <span class="hlt">plasma</span> and the 'Alkaline SBF' treatment</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1353106-formation-collisionless-shocks-magnetized-plasma-interaction-kinetic-scale-obstacles','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1353106-formation-collisionless-shocks-magnetized-plasma-interaction-kinetic-scale-obstacles"><span><span class="hlt">Formation</span> of collisionless shocks in magnetized <span class="hlt">plasma</span> interaction with kinetic-scale obstacles</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Cruz, F.; Alves, E. P.; Bamford, R. A.; ...</p> <p>2017-02-06</p> <p>We investigate the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of collisionless magnetized shocks triggered by the interaction between magnetized <span class="hlt">plasma</span> flows and miniature-sized (order of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> kinetic-scales) magnetic obstacles resorting to massively parallel, full particle-in-cell simulations, including the electron kinetics. The critical obstacle size to generate a compressed <span class="hlt">plasma</span> region ahead of these objects is determined by independently varying the magnitude of the dipolar magnetic moment and the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> magnetization. Here we find that the effective size of the obstacle depends on the relative orientation between the dipolar and <span class="hlt">plasma</span> internal magnetic fields, and we show that this may be critical to form a shockmore » in small-scale structures. We also study the microphysics of the magnetopause in different magnetic field configurations in 2D and compare the results with full 3D simulations. Finally, we evaluate the parameter range where such miniature magnetized shocks can be explored in laboratory experiments.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPhCS.550a2040B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPhCS.550a2040B"><span>On the use of pulsed Dielectric Barrier Discharges to control the gas-phase composition of atmospheric pressure <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasmas</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Barni, R.; Biganzoli, I.; Dell'Orto, E.; Riccardi, C.</p> <p>2014-11-01</p> <p>We presents results obtained from the numerical simulation of the gas-phase chemical kinetics in atmospheric pressure <span class="hlt">air</span> non-equilibrium <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>. In particular we have addressed the effect of pulsed operation mode of a plane dielectric barrier discharge. It was conjectured that the large difference in the time scales involved in the fast dissociation of oxygen molecules in <span class="hlt">plasma</span> and their subsequent reactions to produce ozone and nitrogen oxides, makes the presence of a continuously repeated <span class="hlt">plasma</span> production unnecessary and a waste of electrical power and thus efficiency. In order to test such suggestion we have performed a numerical study of the composition and the temporal evolution of the gas-phase of atmospheric pressure <span class="hlt">air</span> non-equilibrium <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>. Comparison with experimental findings in a dielectric barrier discharge with an electrode configuration symmetrical and almost ideally plane is briefly addressed too, using <span class="hlt">plasma</span> diagnostics to extract the properties of the single micro-discharges and a sensor to measure the concentration of ozone produced by the <span class="hlt">plasma</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28325703','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28325703"><span>Investigation of sewage sludge treatment using <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> assisted gasification.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Striūgas, Nerijus; Valinčius, Vitas; Pedišius, Nerijus; Poškas, Robertas; Zakarauskas, Kęstutis</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>This study presents an experimental investigation of downdraft gasification process coupled with a secondary thermal <span class="hlt">plasma</span> reactor in order to perform experimental investigations of sewage sludge gasification, and compare process parameters running the system with and without the secondary thermal <span class="hlt">plasma</span> reactor. The experimental investigation were performed with non-pelletized mixture of dried sewage sludge and wood pellets. To estimate the process performance, the composition of the producer gas, tars, particle matter, producer gas and char yield were measured at the exit of the gasification and <span class="hlt">plasma</span> reactor. The research revealed the distribution of selected metals and chlorine in the process products and examined a possible <span class="hlt">formation</span> of hexachlorobenzene. It determined that the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> assisted processing of gaseous products changes the composition of the tars and the producer gas, mostly by destruction of hydrocarbon species, such as methane, acetylene, ethane or propane. <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> processing of the producer gas reduces their calorific value but increases the gas yield and the total produced energy amount. The presented technology demonstrated capability both for applying to reduce the accumulation of the sewage sludge and production of substitute gas for drying of sewage sludge and electrical power. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/873127','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/873127"><span><span class="hlt">Formation</span> of microchannels from low-temperature <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-deposited silicon oxynitride</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Matzke, Carolyn M.; Ashby, Carol I. H.; Bridges, Monica M.; Manginell, Ronald P.</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>A process for forming one or more fluid microchannels on a substrate is disclosed that is compatible with the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of integrated circuitry on the substrate. The microchannels can be formed below an upper surface of the substrate, above the upper surface, or both. The microchannels are formed by depositing a covering layer of silicon oxynitride over a mold formed of a sacrificial material such as photoresist which can later be removed. The silicon oxynitride is deposited at a low temperature (.ltoreq.100.degree. C.) and preferably near room temperature using a high-density <span class="hlt">plasma</span> (e.g. an electron-cyclotron resonance <span class="hlt">plasma</span> or an inductively-coupled <span class="hlt">plasma</span>). In some embodiments of the present invention, the microchannels can be completely lined with silicon oxynitride to present a uniform material composition to a fluid therein. The present invention has applications for forming microchannels for use in chromatography and electrophoresis. Additionally, the microchannels can be used for electrokinetic pumping, or for localized or global substrate cooling.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002APS..DPPKP1104O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002APS..DPPKP1104O"><span><span class="hlt">Formation</span> and Sustainment of Flipped Spherical Torus <span class="hlt">Plasmas</span> on HIST</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Oguro, T.; Jinno, T.; Hasegawa, H.; Nagata, M.; Fukumoto, N.; Uyama, T.; Masamune, S.; Iida, M.; Katsurai, M.</p> <p>2002-11-01</p> <p>In order to understand comprehensively the relaxation and self-organization in the coaxial helicity injection system, we have investigated dynamics of ST <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> produced in the HIST device by decreasing the external toroidal field (TF) and reversing its sign in time. In results, we have discovered that the ST relaxes towards flipped/reversed ST configurations. Surprisingly, it has been observed that not only toroidal flux but also poloidal flux reverses sign spontaneously during the relaxation process. This self-reversal of the poloidal field is thought to be evidence for global helicity conservation. Taylor helicity-driven relaxed theory predicts that there exists the relaxed state of the flipped ST <span class="hlt">plasma</span> when the TF current is reversed. We found that when q_axis passes through the q_axis =1 rational barrier in the initial phase, the ST <span class="hlt">plasma</span> becomes unstable and relaxes to flipped states through RFP states. The n=1 mode activities are essential in the <span class="hlt">formation</span> and sustainment of the flipped ST.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PlST...10..352S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PlST...10..352S"><span>Study of Nanodispersed Iron Oxides Produced in Steel Drilling by Contracted Electric-Arc <span class="hlt">Air</span> <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Torch</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Stefanov, P.; Galanov, D.; Vissokov, G.; Paneva, D.; Kunev, B.; Mitov, I.</p> <p>2008-06-01</p> <p>The optimal conditions on the <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-forming gas flowrate, discharge current and voltage, distance between the <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-torch nozzle and the metal plate surface for the process of penetration in and vaporization of steel plates by the contracted electric-arc <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> torch accompanied by water quenching, were determined. The X-ray structural and phase studies as well as Mössbauer and electron microscope studies on the samples treated were performed. It was demonstrated that the vaporized elemental iron was oxidized by the oxygen present in the <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet to form iron oxides (wüstite, magnetite, hematite), which, depending on their mass ratios, determined the color of the iron oxide pigments, namely, beginning from light yellow, through deep yellow, light brown, deep brown, violet, red-violet, to black. A high degree of dispersity of the iron oxides is thus produced, with an averaged diameter of the particles below 500 nm, and their defective crystal structure form the basis of their potential application as components of iron-containing catalysts and pigments.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998JAP....83..554Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998JAP....83..554Y"><span>Particle <span class="hlt">formation</span> in SiOx film deposition by low frequency <span class="hlt">plasma</span> enhanced chemical vapor deposition</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yamaguchi, Tomoyo; Sakamoto, Naoshi; Shimozuma, Mitsuo; Yoshino, Masaki; Tagashira, Hiroaki</p> <p>1998-01-01</p> <p>Dust particle <span class="hlt">formation</span> dynamics in the process of SiOx film deposition from a SiH4 and N2O gas mixture by a low frequency <span class="hlt">plasma</span> enhanced chemical vapor deposition have been investigated using scanning electron microscopy and laser light scattering. The deposited films are confirmed to be SiOx from the measurements of Auger electron spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. It is observed by scanning electron microscopy that particles are deposited on Si substrate at the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> power frequency f=5 kHz and above both with and without substrate heating (400 °C), while no particle is deposited below f=1 kHz. Moreover, the laser light scattering indicates that particles are generated at the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> power frequency of f=3 kHz and above in the gas phase, and that they are not generated in the gas phase at below f=3 kHz. Properties (the refractive index, resistivity, and Vickers hardness) of the films with particles are inferior to those of the films without particles. This article has revealed experimentally the effect of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> power frequency on SiOx particle <span class="hlt">formation</span> and makes a contribution to the explication of the particle <span class="hlt">formation</span> mechanism. We suggest that high-quality film deposition with the low frequency <span class="hlt">plasma</span> enhanced chemical vapor deposition method is attained at f=1 kHz or less without substrate heating.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DPPN11032C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DPPN11032C"><span>Axial <span class="hlt">plasma</span> detachment in helicon <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> during a global transition due to spontaneous self organization: instabilities, bifurcation and the helicon core <span class="hlt">formation</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chakraborty Thakur, Saikat; Hong, Rongjie; Tynan, George</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>We observe axial <span class="hlt">plasma</span> detachment in a helicon <span class="hlt">plasma</span> device that occurs simultaneously along with a spontaneous, self-organized global transition in the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> dynamics via a transport bifurcation with strong hysteresis, at a certain B_crit. For B <B_crit, the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is dominated by density gradient driven resistive drift waves. For B >B_crit, the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> exhibits steepened density and ion temperature gradients, strong shearing in the azimuthal and parallel velocities, and multiple, simultaneously present, radially separated <span class="hlt">plasma</span> instabilities. The axial detachment also follows the same hysteresis curves associated with the transport bifurcation that led to the transition. The value of B_crit depends on the source parameters (pressure, gas flow rate, rf power etc.). This study allows access to new regimes to study <span class="hlt">plasma</span> turbulence and transport as well as <span class="hlt">plasma</span> detachment and helicon core <span class="hlt">formation</span>. We find that the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> can exist in more than one type of helicon modes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPSJ...86l4502Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPSJ...86l4502Y"><span>Estimation of Flow Channel Parameters for Flowing Gas Mixed with <span class="hlt">Air</span> in Atmospheric-pressure <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Jets</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yambe, Kiyoyuki; Saito, Hidetoshi</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>When the working gas of an atmospheric-pressure non-equilibrium (cold) <span class="hlt">plasma</span> flows into free space, the diameter of the resulting flow channel changes continuously. The shape of the channel is observed through the light emitted by the working gas of the atmospheric-pressure <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. When the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet forms a conical shape, the diameter of the cylindrical shape, which approximates the conical shape, defines the diameter of the flow channel. When the working gas flows into the atmosphere from the inside of a quartz tube, the gas mixes with <span class="hlt">air</span>. The molar ratio of the working gas and <span class="hlt">air</span> is estimated from the corresponding volume ratio through the relationship between the diameter of the cylindrical <span class="hlt">plasma</span> channel and the inner diameter of the quartz tube. The Reynolds number is calculated from the kinematic viscosity of the mixed gas and the molar ratio. The gas flow rates for the upper limit of laminar flow and the lower limit of turbulent flow are determined by the corresponding Reynolds numbers estimated from the molar ratio. It is confirmed that the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet length and the internal <span class="hlt">plasma</span> length associated with strong light emission increase with the increasing gas flow rate until the rate for the upper limit of laminar flow and the lower limit of turbulent flow, respectively. Thus, we are able to explain the increasing trend in the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> lengths with the diameter of the flow channel and the molar ratio by using the cylindrical approximation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DPPTO6009F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DPPTO6009F"><span>A model of early <span class="hlt">formation</span> of uranium molecular oxides in laser-ablated <span class="hlt">plasmas</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Finko, Mikhail; Curreli, Davide; Azer, Magdi; Weisz, David; Crowhurst, Jonathan; Rose, Timothy; Koroglu, Batikan; Radousky, Harry; Zaug, Joseph; Armstrong, Mike</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>An important problem within the field of nuclear forensics is fractionation: the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of post-detonation nuclear debris whose composition does not reflect that of the source weapon. We are investigating uranium fractionation in rapidly cooling <span class="hlt">plasma</span> using a combined experimental and modeling approach. In particular, we use laser ablation of uranium metal samples to produce a low-temperature <span class="hlt">plasma</span> with physical conditions similar to a condensing nuclear fireball. Here we present a first <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-chemistry model of uranium molecular species <span class="hlt">formation</span> during the early stage of laser ablated <span class="hlt">plasma</span> evolution in atmospheric oxygen. The system is simulated using a global kinetic model with rate coefficients calculated according to literature data and the application of reaction rate theory. The model allows for a detailed analysis of the evolution of key uranium molecular species and represents the first step in producing a uranium fireball model that is kinetically validated against spatially and temporally resolved spectroscopy measurements. This project was sponsored by the DoD, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Grant HDTRA1-16- 1-0020. This work was performed in part under the auspices of the U.S. DoE by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52- 07NA27344.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29948969','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29948969"><span>Power density measurements to optimize AC <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet operation in blood coagulation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ahmed, Kamal M; Eldeighdye, Shaimaa M; Allam, Tarek M; Hassanin, Walaa F</p> <p>2018-06-14</p> <p>In this paper, the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> power density and corresponding <span class="hlt">plasma</span> dose of a low-cost <span class="hlt">air</span> non-thermal <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet (ANPJ) device are estimated at different axial distances from the nozzle. This estimation is achieved by measuring the voltage and current at the substrate using diagnostic techniques that can be easily made in laboratory; thin wire and dielectric probe, respectively. This device uses a compressed <span class="hlt">air</span> as input gas instead of the relatively-expensive, large-sized and heavy weighed tanks of Ar or He gases. The calculated <span class="hlt">plasma</span> dose is found to be very low and allows the presented device to be used in biomedical applications (especially blood coagulation). While <span class="hlt">plasma</span> active species and charged-particles are found to be the most effective on blood coagulation <span class="hlt">formation</span>, both <span class="hlt">air</span> flow and UV, individually, do not have any effect. Moreover, optimal conditions for accelerating blood coagulation are studied. Results showed that, the power density at the substrate is shown to be decreased with increasing the distance from the nozzle. In addition, both distances from nozzle and <span class="hlt">air</span> flow rate play an important role in accelerating blood coagulation process. Finally, this device is efficient, small-sized, safe enough, of low cost and, hence, has its chances to be wide spread as a first aid and in ambulance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AIPC..680..635M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AIPC..680..635M"><span><span class="hlt">Formation</span> of Wear Resistant Steel Surfaces by <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Immersion Ion Implantation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mändl, S.; Rauschenbach, B.</p> <p>2003-08-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Plasma</span> immersion ion implantation (PIII) is a versatile and fast method for implanting energetic ions into large and complex shaped three-dimensional objects where the ions are accelerated by applying negative high voltage pulses to a substrate immersed in a <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. As the line-of-sight restrictions of conventional implanters are circumvented, it results in a fast and cost-effective technology. Implantation of nitrogen at 30 - 40 keV at moderate temperatures of 200 - 400 °C into steel circumvents the diminishing thermal nitrogen activation encountered, e.g., in <span class="hlt">plasma</span> nitriding in this temperature regime, thus enabling nitriding of additional steel grades. Nitride <span class="hlt">formation</span> and improvement of the mechanical properties after PIII are presented for several steel grades, including AISI 316Ti (food industry), AISI D2 (used for bending tools) and AISI 1095 (with applications in the textile industry).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JAP....94.1420C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JAP....94.1420C"><span>Dense <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> on the surface of a ferroelectric induced by a driving pulse with a fast fall time</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chirko, K.; Krasik, Ya. E.; Sayapin, A.; Felsteiner, J.; Bernshtam, V.</p> <p>2003-08-01</p> <p>Experimental results are presented of dense <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> on the surface of a BaTi-based ferroelectric sample during the fall time of a driving pulse. A negative or positive driving pulse (⩽14 kV), with a slow rise time (˜450 ns) and a fast fall time (40-200 ns), was applied to the rear electrode of the ferroelectric. It was found by different electrical, optical, and spectroscopic diagnostics that this method allows one to form a <span class="hlt">plasma</span> with a larger density (˜3×1013 cm-3) as compared with that formed by a driving pulse with a fast rise time (⩽4×1012 cm-3). It was shown that the shorter the fall time of the driving pulse the more intense <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> occurs. The most uniform and dense <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> occurs with a positive driving pulse. In addition, it was found that the shorter the fall time of the positive driving pulse the larger are the current amplitude, the energy, and the divergence of the emitted electrons. The obtained results are discussed in terms of the surface <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> and the compensation process of the polarization surface charge of the ferroelectric sample.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhD...50O5204Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhD...50O5204Y"><span>Nanosecond pulsed humid Ar <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet in <span class="hlt">air</span>: shielding, discharge characteristics and atomic hydrogen production</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yatom, Shurik; Luo, Yuchen; Xiong, Qing; Bruggeman, Peter J.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Gas phase non-equilibrium <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> jets containing water vapor are of growing interest for many applications. In this manuscript, we report a detailed study of an atmospheric pressure nanosecond pulsed Ar  +  0.26% H2O <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet. The <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet operates in an atmospheric pressure <span class="hlt">air</span> surrounding but is shielded with a coaxial argon flow to limit the <span class="hlt">air</span> diffusion into the jet effluent core. The jet impinges on a metal plate electrode and produces a stable <span class="hlt">plasma</span> filament (transient spark) between the needle electrode in the jet and the metal plate. The stable <span class="hlt">plasma</span> filament is characterized by spatially and time resolved electrical and optical diagnostics. This includes Rayleigh scattering, Stark broadening of the hydrogen Balmer lines and two-photon absorption laser induced fluorescence (TaLIF) to obtain the gas temperature, the electron density and the atomic hydrogen density respectively. Electron densities and atomic hydrogen densities up to 5 × 1022 m-3 and 2 × 1022 m-3 have been measured. This shows that atomic hydrogen is one of the main species in high density Ar-H2O <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>. The gas temperature does not exceed 550 K in the core of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. To enable in situ calibration of the H TaLIF at atmospheric pressure a previously published O density calibration scheme is extended to include a correction for the line profiles by including overlap integrals as required by H TaLIF. The line width of H TaLIF, due to collision broadening has the same trend as the neutral density obtained by Rayleigh scattering. This suggests the possibility to use this technique to in situ probe neutral gas densities.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22599957-effect-radial-plasma-transport-magnetic-throat-axial-ion-beam-formation','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22599957-effect-radial-plasma-transport-magnetic-throat-axial-ion-beam-formation"><span>Effect of radial <span class="hlt">plasma</span> transport at the magnetic throat on axial ion beam <span class="hlt">formation</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Yunchao, E-mail: yunchao.zhang@anu.edu.au; Charles, Christine; Boswell, Rod</p> <p>2016-08-15</p> <p>Correlation between radial <span class="hlt">plasma</span> transport and <span class="hlt">formation</span> of an axial ion beam has been investigated in a helicon <span class="hlt">plasma</span> reactor implemented with a convergent-divergent magnetic nozzle. The <span class="hlt">plasma</span> discharge is sustained under a high magnetic field mode and a low magnetic field mode for which the electron energy probability function, the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> density, the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> potential, and the electron temperature are measured at the magnetic throat, and the two field modes show different radial parametric behaviors. Although an axial potential drop occurs in the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> source for both field modes, an ion beam is only observed in the high fieldmore » mode while not in the low field mode. The transport of energetic ions is characterized downstream of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> source using the delimited ion current and nonlocal ion current. A decay of ion beam strength is also observed in the diffusion chamber.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006APS..GECSR2013V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006APS..GECSR2013V"><span>Electron-Beam Produced <span class="hlt">Air</span> <span class="hlt">Plasma</span>: Optical and Electrical Diagnostics</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vidmar, Robert; Stalder, Kenneth; Seeley, Megan</p> <p>2006-10-01</p> <p>High energy electron impact excitation is used to stimulate optical emissions that quantify the measurement of electron beam current. A 100 keV 10-ma electron beam source is used to produce <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> in a test cell at a pressure between 1 mTorr and 760 Torr. Optical emissions originating from the N2 2^nd positive line at 337.1 nm and the N2^+ 1^st negative line at 391.4 nm are observed. Details on calibration using signals from an isolated transmission window and a Faraday plate are discussed. Results using this technique and other electrical signal are presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NucFu..57f6028S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NucFu..57f6028S"><span>Increase in the energy absorption of pulsed <span class="hlt">plasma</span> by the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of tungsten nanostructure</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sato, D.; Ohno, N.; Domon, F.; Kajita, S.; Kikuchi, Y.; Sakuma, I.</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>The synergistic effects of steady-state and pulsed <span class="hlt">plasma</span> irradiation to material have been investigated in the device NAGDIS-PG (NAGoya DIvertor Simulator with <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Gun). The duration of the pulsed <span class="hlt">plasma</span> was ~0.25 ms. To investigate the pulsed <span class="hlt">plasma</span> heat load on the materials, we developed a temperature measurement system using radiation from the sample in a high time resolution. The heat deposited in response to the transient <span class="hlt">plasma</span> on a tungsten surface was revealed by using this system. When the nanostructures were formed by helium <span class="hlt">plasma</span> irradiation, the temperature increase on the bulk sample was enhanced. The result suggested that the amount of absorbed energy on the surface was increased by the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of nanostructures. The possible mechanisms causing the phenomena are discussed with the calculation of a sample temperature in response to the transient heat load.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_11 --> <div id="page_12" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="221"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011APS..GECET2001W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011APS..GECET2001W"><span><span class="hlt">Air</span> Purification Pavement Surface Coating by Atmospheric Pressure Cold <span class="hlt">Plasma</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Westergreen, Joe; Pedrow, Patrick; Shen, Shihui; Jobson, Bertram</p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>This study develops an atmospheric pressure cold <span class="hlt">plasma</span> (APCP) reactor to produce activated radicals from precursor molecules, and to immobilize nano titanium dioxide (TiO2) powder to substrate pavement materials. TiO2 has photocatalytic properties and under UV light can be used to oxidize and remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) from the atmosphere. Although TiO2 treated paving materials have great potential to improve <span class="hlt">air</span> quality, current techniques to adhere TiO2 to substrate materials are either not durable or reduce direct contact of TiO2 with UV light, reducing the photocatalytic effect. To solve this technical difficulty, this study introduces APCP techniques to transportation engineering to coat TiO2 to pavement. Preliminary results are promising and show that TiO2 can be incorporated successfully into an APCP environment and can be immobilized at the surface of the asphalt substrate. The TiO2 coated material with APCP shows the ability to reduce nitrogen oxides when exposed to UV light in an environmental chamber. The <span class="hlt">plasma</span> reactor utilizes high voltage streamers as the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> source.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PlST...16..260T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PlST...16..260T"><span>Effects of Atmospheric Pressure <span class="hlt">Air</span> <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Pretreatment on the Seed Germination and Early Growth of Andrographis paniculata</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tong, Jiayun; He, Rui; Zhang, Xiaoli; Zhan, Ruoting; Chen, Weiwen; Yang, Size</p> <p>2014-03-01</p> <p>The objective of this paper is to demonstrate whether <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> can change the seed germination characteristics, seedling emergence, as well as biochemical reactivity, in Andrographis paniculata (A. paniculata) seedlings by modifying the seed coat and finding a beneficial treatment dose. Eight treatment doses and one control were used to conduct electrical conductivity determination, a germination test, a seedling emergence test and a biochemical assay. The results showed that after being treated with <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> excited at 5950 V for 10 s, the permeability of the seeds was improved significantly, resulting in the acceleration of seed germination and seedling emergence. In the meantime, the catalase activity and catalase isoenzyme expression were also improved, while the malondialdehyde content in the seedlings was decreased (which means greater counteraction with environmental stress). After being treated with 4250 V for 10 s and 5950 V for 20 s, the seed germination was enhanced, but without an obvious change in seedling emergence. However, after treatment with 3400 V for 20 s and 5100 V for 10 s, the permeability of the seeds was decreased, resulting in a delay in seedling emergence. These results indicate that <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> can change the physiological and biochemical characteristics of Andrographis paniculata seeds by modifying the seed coat, combined with the effects of the active <span class="hlt">plasma</span> species, and that different treating doses have different effects.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19780012338','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19780012338"><span>Effect of nitric oxide on photochemical ozone <span class="hlt">formation</span> in mixtures of <span class="hlt">air</span> with molecular chlorine and with trichlorofluoromethane</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Bittker, D. A.; Wong, E. L.</p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>Ozone <span class="hlt">formation</span> in a reaction chamber at room temperature and atmospheric pressure were studied for the photolysis of mixtures of NO with either Cl2 or CFCl3 in <span class="hlt">air</span>. Both Cl2 + NO and CFCl3 + NO in <span class="hlt">air</span> strongly inhibited O3 <span class="hlt">formation</span> during the entire 3 to 4 hour reaction. A chemical mechanism that explains the results was presented. An important part of this mechanism was the <span class="hlt">formation</span> and destruction of chlorine nitrate. Computations were performed with this same mechanism for CFCl3-NO-<span class="hlt">air</span> mixtures at stratospheric temperatures, pressures, and concentrations. Results showed large reductions in steady-state O3 concentrations in these mixtures as compared with pure <span class="hlt">air</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22303596-interferometric-schlieren-characterization-plasmas-shock-wave-dynamics-during-laser-triggered-discharge-atmospheric-air','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22303596-interferometric-schlieren-characterization-plasmas-shock-wave-dynamics-during-laser-triggered-discharge-atmospheric-air"><span>Interferometric and schlieren characterization of the <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> and shock wave dynamics during laser-triggered discharge in atmospheric <span class="hlt">air</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Wei, Wenfu; Li, Xingwen, E-mail: xwli@mail.xjtu.edu.cn; Wu, Jian</p> <p>2014-08-15</p> <p>This paper describes our efforts to reveal the underlying physics of laser-triggered discharges in atmospheric <span class="hlt">air</span> using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer and schlieren photography. Unlike the hemispherical shock waves that are produced by laser ablation, bell-like morphologies are observed during laser-triggered discharges. Phase shifts are recovered from the interferograms at a time of 1000 ns by the 2D fast Fourier transform method, and then the values of the refractive index are deduced using the Abel inversion. An abundance of free electrons is expected near the cathode surface. The schlieren photographs visualize the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of stagnation layers at ∼600 ns in the interaction zonesmore » of the laser- and discharge-produced <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>. Multiple reflected waves are observed at later times with the development of shock wave propagations. Estimations using the Taylor-Sedov self-similar solution indicated that approximately 45.8% and 51.9% of the laser and electrical energies are transferred into the gas flow motions, respectively. Finally, numerical simulations were performed, which successfully reproduced the main features of the experimental observations, and provided valuable insights into the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> and shock wave dynamics during the laser-triggered discharge.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..SHK.F9034P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..SHK.F9034P"><span>Modeling of laser induced <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> and shock wave dynamics using 2D-hydrodynamic simulations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Paturi, Prem Kiran; S, Sai Shiva; Chelikani, Leela; Ikkurthi, Venkata Ramana; C. D., Sijoy; Chaturvedi, Shashank; Acrhem, University Of Hyderabad Team; Computational Analysis Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Visakhapatnam Team</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>The laser induced <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> dynamics and the SW evolution modeled using the two dimensional hydrodynamic code by considering two different EOS: ideal gas EOS with charge state effects taken into consideration and Chemical Equilibrium applications (CEA) EOS considering the chemical kinetics of different species will be presented. The inverse bremsstrahlung absorption process due to electron-ion and electron-neutrals is considered for the laser-<span class="hlt">air</span> interaction process for both the models. The numerical results obtained with the two models were compared with that of the experimental observations over the time scales of 200 - 4000 ns at an input laser intensity of 2.3 ×1010 W/cm2. The comparison shows that the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> and shock dynamics differ significantly for two EOS considered. With the ideas gas EOS the asymmetric expansion and the subsequent <span class="hlt">plasma</span> dynamics have been well reproduced as observed in the experiments, whereas with the CEA model these processes were not reproduced due to the laser energy absorption occurring mostly at the focal volume. ACRHEM team thank DRDO, India for funding.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014APS..DPPJP8089H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014APS..DPPJP8089H"><span><span class="hlt">Plasma</span>-Jet-Driven Magneto-Inertial Fusion (PJMIF): Physics and Design for a <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Liner <span class="hlt">Formation</span> Experiment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hsu, Scott; Cassibry, Jason; Witherspoon, F. Douglas</p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>Spherically imploding <span class="hlt">plasma</span> liners are a potential standoff compression driver for magneto-inertial fusion, which is a hybrid of and operates in an intermediate density between those of magnetic and inertial fusion. We propose to use an array of merging supersonic <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jets to form a spherically imploding <span class="hlt">plasma</span> liner. The jets are to be formed by pulsed coaxial guns with contoured electrodes that are placed sufficiently far from the location of target compression such that no hardware is repetitively destroyed. As such, the repetition rate can be higher (e.g., 1 Hz) and ultimately the power-plant economics can be more attractive than most other MIF approaches. During the R&D phase, a high experimental shot rate at reasonably low cost (e.g., < 1 k/shot) may be achieved with excellent diagnostic access, thus enabling a rapid learning rate. After some background on PJMIF and its prospects for reactor-relevant energy gain, this poster describes the physics objectives and design of a proposed 60-gun <span class="hlt">plasma-liner-formation</span> experiment, which will provide experimental data on: (i) scaling of peak liner ram pressure versus initial jet parameters, (ii) liner non-uniformity characterization and control, and (iii) control of liner profiles for eventual gain optimization.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PlST...18..485Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PlST...18..485Z"><span>Investigation on <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Jet Flow Phenomena During DC <span class="hlt">Air</span> Arc Motion in Bridge-Type Contacts</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhai, Guofu; Bo, Kai; Chen, Mo; Zhou, Xue; Qiao, Xinlei</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>Arc <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet flow in the <span class="hlt">air</span> was investigated under a bridge-type contacts in a DC 270 V resistive circuit. We characterized the arc <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet flow appearance at different currents by using high-speed photography, and two polished contacts were used to search for the relationship between roughness and <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet flow. Then, to make the nature of arc <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet flow phenomena clear, a simplified model based on magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) theory was established and calculated. The simulated DC arc <span class="hlt">plasma</span> was presented with the temperature distribution and the current density distribution. Furthermore, the calculated arc flow velocity field showed that the circular vortex was an embodiment of the arc <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet flow progress. The combined action of volume force and contact surface was the main reason of the arc jet flow. supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51307030, 51277038)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27691453','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27691453"><span>Study of positive and negative <span class="hlt">plasma</span> catalytic oxidation of ethylene.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Van Wesenbeeck, K; Hauchecorne, B; Lenaerts, S</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>The effect of introducing a photocatalytically active coating inside a <span class="hlt">plasma</span> unit is investigated. This technique combines the advantages of high product selectivity from catalysis and the fast start-up from <span class="hlt">plasma</span> technology. In this study, a preselected TiO 2 coating is applied on the collector electrode of a DC corona discharge unit as non-thermal <span class="hlt">plasma</span> reactor, in order to study the oxidation of ethylene. For both positive and negative polarities an enhanced mineralization is observed while the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of by-products drastically decreases. The <span class="hlt">plasma</span> catalytic unit gave the best results when using negative polarity at a voltage of 15 kV. This shows the potential of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> catalysis as indoor <span class="hlt">air</span> purification technology.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25966888','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25966888"><span>The lasting effect of limonene-induced particle <span class="hlt">formation</span> on <span class="hlt">air</span> quality in a genuine indoor environment.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Rösch, Carolin; Wissenbach, Dirk K; von Bergen, Martin; Franck, Ulrich; Wendisch, Manfred; Schlink, Uwe</p> <p>2015-09-01</p> <p>Atmospheric ozone-terpene reactions, which form secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles, can affect indoor <span class="hlt">air</span> quality when outdoor <span class="hlt">air</span> mixes with indoor <span class="hlt">air</span> during ventilation. This study, conducted in Leipzig, Germany, focused on limonene-induced particle <span class="hlt">formation</span> in a genuine indoor environment (24 m(3)). Particle number, limonene and ozone concentrations were monitored during the whole experimental period. After manual ventilation for 30 min, during which indoor ozone levels reached up to 22.7 ppb, limonene was introduced into the room at concentrations of approximately 180 to 250 μg m(-3). We observed strong particle <span class="hlt">formation</span> and growth within a diameter range of 9 to 50 nm under real-room conditions. Larger particles with diameters above 100 nm were less affected by limonene introduction. The total particle number concentrations (TPNCs) after limonene introduction clearly exceed outdoor values by a factor of 4.5 to 41 reaching maximum concentrations of up to 267,000 particles cm(-3). The <span class="hlt">formation</span> strength was influenced by background particles, which attenuated the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of new SOA with increasing concentration, and by ozone levels, an increase of which by 10 ppb will result in a six times higher TPNC. This study emphasizes indoor environments to be preferred locations for particle <span class="hlt">formation</span> and growth after ventilation events. As a consequence, SOA <span class="hlt">formation</span> can produce significantly higher amounts of particles than transported by ventilation into the indoor <span class="hlt">air</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007APS..DPPTI2003H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007APS..DPPTI2003H"><span><span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Shield for In-<span class="hlt">Air</span> and Under-Water Beam Processes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hershcovitch, Ady</p> <p>2007-11-01</p> <p>As the name suggests, the <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Shield is designed to chemically and thermally shield a target object by engulfing an area subjected to beam treatment with inert <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. The shield consists of a vortex-stabilized arc that is employed to shield beams and workpiece area of interaction from atmospheric or liquid environment. A vortex-stabilized arc is established between a beam generating device (laser, ion or electron gun) and the target object. The arc, which is composed of a pure noble gas (chemically inert), engulfs the interaction region and shields it from any surrounding liquids like water or reactive gases. The vortex is composed of a sacrificial gas or liquid that swirls around and stabilizes the arc. In current art, many industrial processes like ion material modification by ion implantation, dry etching, and micro-fabrication, as well as, electron beam processing, like electron beam machining and electron beam melting is performed exclusively in vacuum, since electron guns, ion guns, their extractors and accelerators must be kept at a reasonably high vacuum, and since chemical interactions with atmospheric gases adversely affect numerous processes. Various processes involving electron ion and laser beams can, with the <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Shield be performed in practically any environment. For example, electron beam and laser welding can be performed under water, as well as, in situ repair of ship and nuclear reactor components. The <span class="hlt">plasma</span> shield results in both thermal (since the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is hotter than the environment) and chemical shielding. The latter feature brings about in-vacuum process purity out of vacuum, and the thermal shielding aspect results in higher production rates. Recently <span class="hlt">plasma</span> shielded electron beam welding experiments were performed resulting in the expected high quality in-<span class="hlt">air</span> electron beam welding. Principle of operation and experimental results are to be discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1358479-evolution-uranium-monoxide-femtosecond-laser-induced-uranium-plasmas','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1358479-evolution-uranium-monoxide-femtosecond-laser-induced-uranium-plasmas"><span>Evolution of uranium monoxide in femtosecond laser-induced uranium <span class="hlt">plasmas</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Hartig, Kyle C.; Harilal, Sivanandan S.; Phillips, Mark C.; ...</p> <p>2017-05-09</p> <p>We report on the observation of uranium monoxide (UO) emission following fs laser ablation (LA) of a uranium metal sample. The <span class="hlt">formation</span> and evolution of the molecular emission are studied under various ambient <span class="hlt">air</span> pressures. Observation of UO emission spectra at a rarefied residual <span class="hlt">air</span> pressure of ~1 Torr indicates that the UO molecule is readily formed in the expanding <span class="hlt">plasma</span> with trace concentrations of oxygen present within the vacuum chamber. Furthermore, the persistence of the UO emission exceeded that of the atomic emission; however, the molecular emission was delayed in time compared to the atomic emission due to themore » necessary cooling and expansion of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> before the UO molecules can form.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1358479','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1358479"><span>Evolution of uranium monoxide in femtosecond laser-induced uranium <span class="hlt">plasmas</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Hartig, Kyle C.; Harilal, Sivanandan S.; Phillips, Mark C.</p> <p></p> <p>We report on the observation of uranium monoxide (UO) emission following fs laser ablation (LA) of a uranium metal sample. The <span class="hlt">formation</span> and evolution of the molecular emission are studied under various ambient <span class="hlt">air</span> pressures. Observation of UO emission spectra at a rarefied residual <span class="hlt">air</span> pressure of ~1 Torr indicates that the UO molecule is readily formed in the expanding <span class="hlt">plasma</span> with trace concentrations of oxygen present within the vacuum chamber. Furthermore, the persistence of the UO emission exceeded that of the atomic emission; however, the molecular emission was delayed in time compared to the atomic emission due to themore » necessary cooling and expansion of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> before the UO molecules can form.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EPJD...72...93P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EPJD...72...93P"><span><span class="hlt">Plasma</span> based <span class="hlt">formation</span> and deposition of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles using a gas aggregation source</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Polonskyi, Oleksandr; Ahadi, Amir Mohammad; Peter, Tilo; Fujioka, Kenji; Abraham, Jan Willem; Vasiliauskaite, Egle; Hinz, Alexander; Strunskus, Thomas; Wolf, Sebastian; Bonitz, Michael; Kersten, Holger; Faupel, Franz</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Metal clusters and nanoparticles (NPs) have been studied intensively due to their unique chemical, physical, electrical, and optical properties, resulting from their dimensions, which provided host of applications in nanoscience and nanotechnology. <span class="hlt">Formation</span> of new materials by embedding NPs into various matrices (i.e. <span class="hlt">formation</span> of nanocomposites) further expands the horizon of possible application of such nanomaterials. In the last few decades, the focus was put on the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of metallic and metal oxide NPs via a so-called gas aggregation nanoparticle source employing magnetron sputtering (i.e. Haberland concept). In this paper, an overview is given of the recent progress in <span class="hlt">formation</span> and deposition of NPs by the gas aggregation method. Examples range from noble metals (Ag, Au) through reactive metals (Al, Ti) to Si and the respective oxides. Emphasis is placed on the mechanism of nanoparticle growth and the resulting properties. Moreover, kinetic Monte Carlo simulations were developed to explain the growth mechanism and dynamics of nanoparticle <span class="hlt">formation</span> depending on the experimental conditions. In addition, the role of trace amounts of reactive gases and of pulsed operation of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> on the nucleation process is addressed. Finally, the treatment of the NPs in the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> environment resulting in nanoparticle charging, morphological and chemical modifications is discussed. Contribution to the Topical Issue "Fundamentals of Complex <span class="hlt">Plasmas</span>", edited by Jürgen Meichsner, Michael Bonitz, Holger Fehske, Alexander Piel.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018FrPhy..13.5201Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018FrPhy..13.5201Z"><span>On the improvement of signal repeatability in laser-induced <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasmas</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Shuai; Sheta, Sahar; Hou, Zong-Yu; Wang, Zhe</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>The relatively low repeatability of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) severely hinders its wide commercialization. In the present work, we investigate the optimization of LIBS system for repeatability improvement for both signal generation (<span class="hlt">plasma</span> evolution) and signal collection. Timeintegrated spectra and images were obtained under different laser energies and focal lengths to investigate the optimum configuration for stable <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> and repeatable signals. Using our experimental setup, the optimum conditions were found to be a laser energy of 250 mJ and a focus length of 100 mm. A stable and homogeneous <span class="hlt">plasma</span> with the largest hot core area in the optimum condition yielded the most stable LIBS signal. Time-resolved images showed that the rebounding processes through the <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> evolution caused the relative standard deviation (RSD) to increase with laser energies of > 250 mJ. In addition, the emission collection was improved by using a concave spherical mirror. The line intensities doubled as their RSDs decreased by approximately 25%. When the signal generation and collection were optimized simultaneously, the pulse-to-pulse RSDs were reduced to approximately 3% for O(I), N(I), and H(I) lines, which are better than the RSDs reported for solid samples and showed great potential for LIBS quantitative analysis by gasifying the solid or liquid samples.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22467505','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22467505"><span>Contact-free inactivation of Candida albicans biofilms by cold atmospheric <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Maisch, Tim; Shimizu, Tetsuji; Isbary, Georg; Heinlin, Julia; Karrer, Sigrid; Klämpfl, Tobias G; Li, Yang-Fang; Morfill, Gregor; Zimmermann, Julia L</p> <p>2012-06-01</p> <p>Candida albicans is one of the main species able to form a biofilm on almost any surface, causing both skin and superficial mucosal infections. The worldwide increase in antifungal resistance has led to a decrease in the efficacy of standard therapies, prolonging treatment time and increasing health care costs. Therefore, the aim of this work was to demonstrate the applicability of atmospheric <span class="hlt">plasma</span> at room temperature for inactivating C. albicans growing in biofilms without thermally damaging heat-sensitive materials. This so-called cold atmospheric <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is produced by applying high voltage to accelerate electrons, which ionize the surrounding <span class="hlt">air</span>, leading to the production of charged particles, reactive species, and photons. A newly developed <span class="hlt">plasma</span> device was used, which exhibits a large <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-generating surface area of 9 by 13 cm (117 cm(2)). Different time points were selected to achieve an optimum inactivation efficacy range of ≥3 log(10) to 5 log(10) reduction in CFU per milliliter, and the results were compared with those of 70% ethanol. The results obtained show that contact-free antifungal inactivation of Candida biofilms by cold atmospheric <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is a promising tool for disinfection of surfaces (and items) in both health care settings and the food industry, where ethanol disinfection should be avoided.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3370520','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3370520"><span>Contact-Free Inactivation of Candida albicans Biofilms by Cold Atmospheric <span class="hlt">Air</span> <span class="hlt">Plasma</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Shimizu, Tetsuji; Isbary, Georg; Heinlin, Julia; Karrer, Sigrid; Klämpfl, Tobias G.; Li, Yang-Fang; Morfill, Gregor; Zimmermann, Julia L.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Candida albicans is one of the main species able to form a biofilm on almost any surface, causing both skin and superficial mucosal infections. The worldwide increase in antifungal resistance has led to a decrease in the efficacy of standard therapies, prolonging treatment time and increasing health care costs. Therefore, the aim of this work was to demonstrate the applicability of atmospheric <span class="hlt">plasma</span> at room temperature for inactivating C. albicans growing in biofilms without thermally damaging heat-sensitive materials. This so-called cold atmospheric <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is produced by applying high voltage to accelerate electrons, which ionize the surrounding <span class="hlt">air</span>, leading to the production of charged particles, reactive species, and photons. A newly developed <span class="hlt">plasma</span> device was used, which exhibits a large <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-generating surface area of 9 by 13 cm (117 cm2). Different time points were selected to achieve an optimum inactivation efficacy range of ≥3 log10 to 5 log10 reduction in CFU per milliliter, and the results were compared with those of 70% ethanol. The results obtained show that contact-free antifungal inactivation of Candida biofilms by cold atmospheric <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is a promising tool for disinfection of surfaces (and items) in both health care settings and the food industry, where ethanol disinfection should be avoided. PMID:22467505</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PlPhR..44..125J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PlPhR..44..125J"><span>Contribution to the Chemistry of <span class="hlt">Plasma</span>-Activated Water</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Julák, J.; Hujacová, A.; Scholtz, V.; Khun, J.; Holada, K.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Plasma</span>-activated water (PAW) was prepared by exposure to nonthermal <span class="hlt">plasma</span> produced by a positive dc corona discharge in a transient spark regime. The activation of water was performed in atmosphere of various surrounding gases (<span class="hlt">air</span>, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and argon). This PAW retains its biological activity, measured on the mouse neuroblastoma cells culture, even after storage for more than one year. The highest hydrogen peroxide content was found for PAWs prepared in the atmospheres of argon or carbon dioxide, whereas the PAWs prepared in <span class="hlt">air</span> and nitrogen exhibited lower hydrogen peroxide content. The acidity of PAWs mediated by nitric and nitrous acid <span class="hlt">formation</span> displayed an opposite trend. It is concluded that the long-lasting biological effect of PAW is mediated by hydrogen peroxide in acid milieu only, whereas other possible active components decompose rapidly.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018OptLT.100...21N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018OptLT.100...21N"><span>Comparative study of the expansion dynamics of laser-driven <span class="hlt">plasma</span> and shock wave in in-<span class="hlt">air</span> and underwater ablation regimes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nguyen, Thao T. P.; Tanabe, Rie; Ito, Yoshiro</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>We compared the expansion characteristics of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> plumes and shock waves generated in laser-induced shock process between the two ablation regimes: in <span class="hlt">air</span> and under water. The observation was made from the initial moment when the laser pulse hit the target until 1.5 μs. The shock processes were driven by focusing a single laser pulse (1064 nm, FWHM = 13 ns) onto the surface of epoxy-resin blocks using a 40-mm focal length lens. The estimated laser intensity at the target plane is approximate to 9 ×109Wcm-2 . We used the fast-imaging technique to observe the expansion of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> plume and a custom-designed time-resolved photoelasticity imaging technique to observe the propagation of shock waves with the time resolution of nanoseconds. We found that at the same intensity of the laser beam, the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> expansion during the laser pulse follows different mechanisms: the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> plume that grows in <span class="hlt">air</span> follows a radiation-wave model while a detonation-wave model can explain the expansion of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> plume induced in water. The ideal blast wave theory can be used to predict the decay of the shock wave in <span class="hlt">air</span> but is not appropriate to describe the decay of the shock wave induced under water.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AGUFM.A13A0881W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AGUFM.A13A0881W"><span>Influences of the Saharan <span class="hlt">Air</span> Layer on the <span class="hlt">Formation</span> and Intensification of Hurricane Isabel (2003): Analysis of <span class="hlt">AIRS</span> data and Numerical Simulation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wu, L.; Braun, S. A.</p> <p>2006-12-01</p> <p>Over the past two decades, little advance has been made in prediction of tropical cyclone intensity while substantial improvements have been made in forecasting hurricane tracks. One reason is that we don't well understand the physical processes that govern tropical cyclone intensity. Recent studies have suggested that the Saharan <span class="hlt">Air</span> Layer (SAL) may be yet another piece of the puzzle in advancing our understanding of tropical cyclone intensity change in the Atlantic basin. The SAL is an elevated mixed layer, forming as <span class="hlt">air</span> moves across the vast Sahara Desert, in particular during boreal summer months. The SAL contains warm, dry <span class="hlt">air</span> as well as a substantial amount of mineral dust, which can affect radiative heating and modify cloud processes. Using the retrieved temperature and humidity profiles from the <span class="hlt">AIRS</span> suite on the NASA Aqua satellite, the SAL and its influences on the <span class="hlt">formation</span> and intensification of Hurricane Isabel (2003) are analyzed and simulated with MM5. When the warmth and dryness of the SAL (the thermodynamic effect) is considered by relaxing the model thermodynamic state to the <span class="hlt">AIRS</span> profiles, MM5 can well simulate the large-scale flow patterns and the activity of Hurricane Isabel in terms of the timing and location of <span class="hlt">formation</span> and the subsequent track. Compared with the experiment without nudging the <span class="hlt">AIRS</span> data, it is suggested that the simulated SAL effect may delay the <span class="hlt">formation</span> and intensification of Hurricane Isabel. This case study generally confirms the argument by Dunion and Velden (2004) that the SAL can suppress Atlantic tropical cyclone activity by increasing the vertical wind shear, reducing the mean relative humidity, and stabilizing the environment at lower levels.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29731489','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29731489"><span>Effect of oxygen <span class="hlt">plasma</span> etching on pore size-controlled 3D polycaprolactone scaffolds for enhancing the early new bone <span class="hlt">formation</span> in rabbit calvaria.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kook, Min-Suk; Roh, Hee-Sang; Kim, Byung-Hoon</p> <p>2018-05-02</p> <p>This study was to investigate the effects of O 2 <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-etching of the 3D polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffold surface on preosteoblast cell proliferation and differentiation, and early new bone <span class="hlt">formation</span>. The PCL scaffolds were fabricated by 3D printing technique. After O 2 <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment, surface characterizations were examined by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and contact angle. MTT assay was used to determine cell proliferation. To investigate the early new bone <span class="hlt">formation</span>, rabbits were sacrificed at 2 weeks for histological analyses. As the O 2 <span class="hlt">plasma</span> etching time is increased, roughness and hydrophilicity of the PCL scaffold surface increased. The cell proliferation and differentiation on <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-etched samples was significantly increased than on untreated samples. At 2 weeks, early new bone <span class="hlt">formation</span> in O 2 <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-etched PCL scaffolds was the higher than that of untreated scaffolds. The O 2 <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-etched PCL scaffolds showed increased preosteoblast differentiation as well as increased new bone <span class="hlt">formation</span>.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_12 --> <div id="page_13" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="241"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004APS..DPPJI1B03R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004APS..DPPJI1B03R"><span>Potential Industrial Applications of the One Atmosphere Uniform Glow Discharge <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> (OAUGDP) Operating in Ambient <span class="hlt">Air</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Reece Roth, J.</p> <p>2004-11-01</p> <p>The majority of industrial <span class="hlt">plasma</span> processing with glow discharges has been conducted at pressures below 10 torr. This tends to limit applications to high value workpieces as a result of the high capital cost of vacuum systems and the production constraints of batch processing. It has long been recognized that glow discharge <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> would play a much larger industrial role if they could be generated at one atmosphere. The One Atmosphere Uniform Glow Discharge <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> (OAUGDP), developed at the University of Tennessee's <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Sciences Laboratory, is a non-thermal RF <span class="hlt">plasma</span> operating on displacement currents with the time-resolved characteristics of a classical low pressure DC normal glow discharge. As a glow discharge, the OAUGDP operates with maximum electrical efficiency at the Stoletow point, where the energy input per ion-electron pair is a minimum [1, 2]. Several interdisciplinary teams have investigated potential applications of the OAUGDP. These teams included collaborators from the UTK Textiles and Nonwovens Development Center (TANDEC), and the Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Microbiology, and Food Science and Technology, as well as the NASA Langley Research Center. The potential applications of the OAUGDP have all been at one atmosphere and room temperature, using <span class="hlt">air</span> as the working gas. These applications include sterilizing medical and dental equipment; sterilizable <span class="hlt">air</span> filters to deal with the "sick building syndrome"; removal of soot from Diesel engine exhaust; subsonic <span class="hlt">plasma</span> aerodynamic effects, including flow re-attachment to airfoils and boundary layer modification; electrohydrodynamic (EDH) flow control of working gases; increasing the surface energy of materials; improving the adhesion of paints and electroplated layers: improving the wettability and wickability of fabrics; stripping of photoresist; and <span class="hlt">plasma</span> deposition and directional etching of potential microelectronic relevance. [1] J. R. Roth, Industrial <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Engineering</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20022170','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20022170"><span>Production of geopolymers using glass produced from DC <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment of <span class="hlt">air</span> pollution control (APC) residues.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kourti, Ioanna; Rani, D Amutha; Deegan, D; Boccaccini, A R; Cheeseman, C R</p> <p>2010-04-15</p> <p><span class="hlt">Air</span> pollution control (APC) residues are the hazardous waste produced from cleaning gaseous emissions at energy-from-waste (EfW) facilities processing municipal solid waste (MSW). APC residues have been blended with glass-forming additives and treated using DC <span class="hlt">plasma</span> technology to produce a high calcium alumino-silicate glass. This research has investigated the optimisation and properties of geopolymers prepared from this glass. Work has shown that high strength geopolymers can be formed and that the NaOH concentration of the activating solution significantly affects the properties. The broad particle size distribution of the APC residue glass used in these experiments results in a microstructure that contains unreacted glass particles included within a geopolymer binder phase. The high calcium content of APC residues may cause the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of some amorphous calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel. A mix prepared with S/L=3.4, Si/Al=2.6 and [NaOH]=6M in the activating solution, produced high strength geopolymers with compressive strengths of approximately 130 MPa. This material had high density (2070 kg/m(3)) and low porosity. The research demonstrates for the first time that glass derived from DC <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment of APC residues can be used to form high strength geopolymer-glass composites that have potential for use in a range of applications. 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JAP...117a3301T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JAP...117a3301T"><span>Numerical model of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> at electron beam welding</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Trushnikov, D. N.; Mladenov, G. M.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The model of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> in the keyhole in liquid metal as well as above the electron beam welding zone is described. The model is based on solution of two equations for the density of electrons and the mean electron energy. The mass transfer of heavy <span class="hlt">plasma</span> particles (neutral atoms, excited atoms, and ions) is taken into account in the analysis by the diffusion equation for a multicomponent mixture. The electrostatic field is calculated using the Poisson equation. Thermionic electron emission is calculated for the keyhole wall. The ionization intensity of the vapors due to beam electrons and high-energy secondary and backscattered electrons is calibrated using the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> parameters when there is no polarized collector electrode above the welding zone. The calculated data are in good agreement with experimental data. Results for the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> parameters for excitation of a non-independent discharge are given. It is shown that there is a need to take into account the effect of a strong electric field near the keyhole walls on electron emission (the Schottky effect) in the calculation of the current for a non-independent discharge (hot cathode gas discharge). The calculated electron drift velocities are much bigger than the velocity at which current instabilities arise. This confirms the hypothesis for ion-acoustic instabilities, observed experimentally in previous research.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22399196-numerical-model-plasma-formation-electron-beam-welding','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22399196-numerical-model-plasma-formation-electron-beam-welding"><span>Numerical model of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> at electron beam welding</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Trushnikov, D. N., E-mail: trdimitr@yandex.ru; The Department for Welding Production and Technology of Constructional Materials, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm 614990; Mladenov, G. M., E-mail: gmmladenov@abv.bg</p> <p>2015-01-07</p> <p>The model of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> in the keyhole in liquid metal as well as above the electron beam welding zone is described. The model is based on solution of two equations for the density of electrons and the mean electron energy. The mass transfer of heavy <span class="hlt">plasma</span> particles (neutral atoms, excited atoms, and ions) is taken into account in the analysis by the diffusion equation for a multicomponent mixture. The electrostatic field is calculated using the Poisson equation. Thermionic electron emission is calculated for the keyhole wall. The ionization intensity of the vapors due to beam electrons and high-energy secondarymore » and backscattered electrons is calibrated using the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> parameters when there is no polarized collector electrode above the welding zone. The calculated data are in good agreement with experimental data. Results for the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> parameters for excitation of a non-independent discharge are given. It is shown that there is a need to take into account the effect of a strong electric field near the keyhole walls on electron emission (the Schottky effect) in the calculation of the current for a non-independent discharge (hot cathode gas discharge). The calculated electron drift velocities are much bigger than the velocity at which current instabilities arise. This confirms the hypothesis for ion-acoustic instabilities, observed experimentally in previous research.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22218056-effect-basic-physical-parameters-control-plasma-meniscus-beam-halo-formation-negative-ion-sources','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22218056-effect-basic-physical-parameters-control-plasma-meniscus-beam-halo-formation-negative-ion-sources"><span>Effect of basic physical parameters to control <span class="hlt">plasma</span> meniscus and beam halo <span class="hlt">formation</span> in negative ion sources</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Miyamoto, K.; Okuda, S.; Nishioka, S.</p> <p>2013-09-14</p> <p>Our previous study shows that the curvature of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> meniscus causes the beam halo in the negative ion sources: the negative ions extracted from the periphery of the meniscus are over-focused in the extractor due to the electrostatic lens effect, and consequently become the beam halo. In this article, the detail physics of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> meniscus and beam halo <span class="hlt">formation</span> is investigated with two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation. It is shown that the basic physical parameters such as the H{sup −} extraction voltage and the effective electron confinement time significantly affect the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> meniscus and the resultant beammore » halo since the penetration of electric field for negative ion extraction depends on these physical parameters. Especially, the electron confinement time depends on the characteristic time of electron escape along the magnetic field as well as the characteristic time of electron diffusion across the magnetic field. The <span class="hlt">plasma</span> meniscus penetrates deeply into the source <span class="hlt">plasma</span> region when the effective electron confinement time is short. In this case, the curvature of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> meniscus becomes large, and consequently the fraction of the beam halo increases.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhCS.946a2148F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhCS.946a2148F"><span>Screening of a dust particle charge in a humid <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> created by an electron beam</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Filippov, A. V.; Derbenev, I. N.; Kurkin, S. A.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>A kinetic model has been developed for charged particle reactions in a humid <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> produced by a fast electron beam. The model includes over 550 reactions with electrons, 33 positive ion species and 14 negative ion species. The model has been tested by solving 48 non-steady state equations for number densities of charged particles in humid <span class="hlt">air</span> electron beam <span class="hlt">plasma</span>, and by comparing with the available experimental data. The system of 48 steady state equations has been solved by iterative method in order to define the main ion species of the humid <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. A reduced kinetic model has been developed to describe the processes with the main ions and electrons. Screening constants have been calculated on the basis of the reduced system by means of Leverrier-Fadeev method. The dependencies of screening constants on gas ionization rates have been found for the rates from 10 to 1018 cm-3s-1 and the fraction of water molecules from 0 to 2%. The analysis of the constants has revealed that one of them is close to the inverse Debye length, and the other constants are defined by the inverse diffusion lengths passed by ions in the characteristic times of the attachment, recombination, and ion conversion. Pure imaginary screening constants appear at low rates of gas ionization.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JPS...193..454B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JPS...193..454B"><span><span class="hlt">Air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> spray processing and electrochemical characterization of Cu-SDC coatings for use in solid oxide fuel cell anodes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Benoved, Nir; Kesler, O.</p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> spraying has been used to produce porous composite anodes based on Ce 0.8Sm 0.2O 1.9 (SDC) and Cu for use in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Preliminarily, a range of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> conditions has been examined for the production of composite coatings from pre-mixed SDC and CuO powders. <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> gas compositions were varied to obtain a range of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> temperatures. After reduction in H 2, coatings were characterized for composition and microstructure using EDX and SEM. As a result of these tests, symmetrical sintered electrolyte-supported anode-anode cells were fabricated by <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> spraying of the anodes, followed by in situ reduction of the CuO to Cu. Full cells deposited on SS430 porous substrates were then produced in one integrated process. Fine CuO and SDC powders have been used to produce homogeneously mixed anode coatings with higher surface area microstructures, resulting in area-specific polarization resistances of 4.8 Ω cm 2 in impedance tests in hydrogen at 712 °C.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29558680','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29558680"><span>Glycerol metabolism induces Listeria monocytogenes biofilm <span class="hlt">formation</span> at the <span class="hlt">air</span>-liquid interface.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Crespo Tapia, Natalia; den Besten, Heidy M W; Abee, Tjakko</p> <p>2018-05-20</p> <p>Listeria monocytogenes is a food-borne pathogen that can grow as a biofilm on surfaces. Biofilm <span class="hlt">formation</span> in food-processing environments is a big concern for food safety, as it can cause product contamination through the food-processing line. Although motile aerobic bacteria have been described to form biofilms at the <span class="hlt">air</span>-liquid interface of cell cultures, to our knowledge, this type of biofilm has not been described in L. monocytogenes before. In this study we report L. monocytogenes biofilm <span class="hlt">formation</span> at the <span class="hlt">air</span>-liquid interface of aerobically grown cultures, and that this phenotype is specifically induced when the media is supplemented with glycerol as a carbon and energy source. Planktonic growth, metabolic activity assays and HPLC measurements of glycerol consumption over time showed that glycerol utilization in L. monocytogenes is restricted to growth under aerobic conditions. Gene expression analysis showed that genes encoding the glycerol transporter GlpF, the glycerol kinase GlpK and the glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase GlpD were upregulated in the presence of oxygen, and downregulated in absence of oxygen. Additionally, motility assays revealed the induction of aerotaxis in the presence of glycerol. Our results demonstrate that the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of biofilms at the <span class="hlt">air</span>-liquid interface is dependent on glycerol-induced aerotaxis towards the surface of the culture, where L. monocytogenes has access to higher concentrations of oxygen, and is therefore able to utilize this compound as a carbon source. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009APS..GECTR3004G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009APS..GECTR3004G"><span>Effects of non-thermal <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> and electric field on hydrocarbon/<span class="hlt">air</span> flames</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ganguly, Biswa</p> <p>2009-10-01</p> <p>Need to improve fuel efficiency, and reduce emission from hydrocarbon combustor in automotive and gas turbine engines have reinvigorated interest in reducing combustion instability of a lean flame. The heat generation rate in a binary reaction is HQ =N^2 c1c2 Q exp(-E/RT), where N is the density, c1 and c2 are mol fractions of the reactants, Q is the reaction heat release, E is the activation energy, R is the gas constant and T is the average temperature. For hydrocarbon-<span class="hlt">air</span> reactions, the typical value of E/R ˜20, so most heat release reactions are confined to a thin reaction sheet at T >=1400 K. The lean flame burning condition is susceptible to combustion instability due to a critical balance between heat generation and heat loss rates, especially at high gas flow rate. Radical injection can increase flame speed by reducing the hydrocarbon oxidation reaction activation barrier and it can improve flame stability. Advances in nonequilibrium <span class="hlt">plasma</span> generation at high pressure have prompted its application for energy efficient radical production to enhance hydrocarbon-<span class="hlt">air</span> combustion. Dielectric barrier discharges and short pulse excited corona discharges have been used to enhance combustion stability. Direct electron impact dissociation of hydrocarbon and O2 produces radicals with lower fuel oxidation reaction activation barriers, initiating heat release reaction CnHm+O <-> CnHm-1+ OH (and other similar sets of reactions with partially dissociated fuel) below the typical cross-over temperature. Also, N2 (A) produced in <span class="hlt">air</span> discharge at a moderate E/n can dissociate O2 leading to oxidation of fuel at lower gas temperature. Low activation energy reactions are also possible by dissociation of hydrocarbon CnHm+e -> CnHm-2+H2+e, where a chain propagation reaction H2+ O<-> OH+H can be initiated at lower gas temperature than possible under thermal equilibrium kinetics. Most of heat release comes from the reaction CO+OH-> CO2 +H, nonthermal OH production seem to improve</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29417256','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29417256"><span><span class="hlt">Plasma</span> clot <span class="hlt">formation</span> and clot lysis to compare effects of different anticoagulation treatments on hemostasis in patients with atrial fibrillation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Königsbrügge, Oliver; Weigel, Günter; Quehenberger, Peter; Pabinger, Ingrid; Ay, Cihan</p> <p>2018-02-07</p> <p>The effect of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) on turbidimetric measurements of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> clot <span class="hlt">formation</span> and susceptibility to fibrinolysis may facilitate a comparison between different classes of anticoagulants in <span class="hlt">plasma</span> samples. We obtained 424 citrate <span class="hlt">plasma</span> samples from 226 atrial fibrillation patients on anticoagulation and 24 samples without anticoagulation serving as controls. As comparators, we measured the international normalized ratio (INR) for phenprocoumon samples (N = 166), anti-Xa for low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) samples (N = 42), and DOAC levels with mass spectrometry (dabigatran N = 40, rivaroxaban N = 110, apixaban N = 42). <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> clot <span class="hlt">formation</span> and lysis were recorded continuously on a photometer after addition of an activation mix (tissue factor 2 pmol/l and tissue plasminogen activator 333 ng/ml). We used linear regression and ANCOVA for correlation analysis. Clot <span class="hlt">formation</span> lag phase was prolonged in the presence of anticoagulants in a concentration-dependent manner for DOACs (dabigatran Spearman r = 0.74; rivaroxaban r = 0.78; apixaban r = 0.72, all p < 0.0001), INR dependent for phenprocoumon (r = 0.59, p < 0.0001), anti-Xa level dependent in LMWH samples (r = 0.90, p < 0.0001). Maximum rate of clot <span class="hlt">formation</span> and peak clot turbidity were reduced in the presence of anticoagulants, but correlated only moderately with the comparator measures of anticoagulation. The clot lysis time was inversely correlated with DOAC concentrations in the presence of recombinant thrombomodulin. A direct ex vivo comparison between the effects of different classes of anticoagulants is possible with turbidimetric measurement of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> clot <span class="hlt">formation</span> and lysis. Anticoagulation inhibited clot <span class="hlt">formation</span> in a <span class="hlt">plasma</span> concentration manner for DOACs, INR dependent for phenprocoumon, and anti-Xa dependent for LMWH. Susceptibility to fibrinolysis increased with increasing DOAC concentrations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018SPIE10623E..0RZ','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018SPIE10623E..0RZ"><span>Study on THz wave generation from <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> induced by quasi-square Airy beam</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Shijing; Zhang, Liangliang; Jiang, Guangtong; Zhang, Cunlin; Zhao, Yuejin</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Terahertz (THz) wave has attracted considerable attention in recent years because of its potential applications. The intense THz waves generated from <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> induced by two-color femtosecond laser are widely used due to its high generation efficiency and broad frequency bandwidth. The parameters of the laser change the distribution of the <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span>, and then affect the generation of THz wave. In this research, we investigate the THz wave generation from <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> induced by quasi-square Airy beam. Unlike the common Gauss beam, the quasi-square Airy beam has ability to autofocus and to increase the maximum intensity at the focus. By using the spatial light modulator (SLM), we can change the parameters of phase map to control the shape of the Airy beam. We obtain the two-color laser field by a 100-um-thick BBO crystal, then use a Golay detector to record THz wave energy. By comparing terahertz generation at different modulation depths, we find that terahertz energy produced by quasi-square Airy beam is up to 3.1 times stronger than that of Gauss beam with identical laser energy. In order to understand the influence of quasi-square Airy beam on the BBO crystal, we record THz wave energy by changing the azimuthal angle of BBO crystal with Gauss beam and Airy beam at different modulation depths. We find that the trend of terahertz energy with respect to the azimuthal angle of the BBO crystal keeps the same for different laser beams. We believe that the quasi-square Airy beam or other auto focusing beam can significantly improve the efficiency of terahertz wave generation and pave the way for its applications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ApSS..254.2472V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ApSS..254.2472V"><span>Investigation on the effect of RF <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> and neem leaf extract treatment on the surface modification and antimicrobial activity of cotton fabric</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vaideki, K.; Jayakumar, S.; Rajendran, R.; Thilagavathi, G.</p> <p>2008-02-01</p> <p>A thorough investigation on the antimicrobial activity of RF <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> and azadirachtin (neem leaf extract) treated cotton fabric has been dealt with in this paper. The cotton fabric was given a RF <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment to improve its hydrophilicity. The process parameters such as electrode gap, time of exposure and RF power have been varied to study their effect in improving the hydrophilicity of the cotton fabric and they were optimized based on the static immersion test results. The neem leaf extract (azadirachtin) was applied on fabric samples to impart antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial efficacy of the samples have been analysed and compared with the efficacy of the cotton fabric treated with the antimicrobial finish alone. The investigation reveals that the RF <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> has modified the surface of the fabric, which in turn increased the antimicrobial activity of the fabric when treated with azadirachtin. The surface modification due to RF <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment has been analysed by comparing the FTIR spectra of the untreated and <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treated samples. The molecular interaction between the fabric, azadirachtin and citric acid which was used as a cross linking agent to increase the durability of the antimicrobial finish has also been analysed using FTIR spectra.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhPl...23l3523Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhPl...23l3523Y"><span>Flow-field differences and electromagnetic-field properties of <span class="hlt">air</span> and N2 inductively coupled <span class="hlt">plasmas</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yu, Minghao; Yamada, Kazuhiko; Takahashi, Yusuke; Liu, Kai; Zhao, Tong</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>A numerical model for simulating <span class="hlt">air</span> and nitrogen inductively coupled <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> (ICPs) was developed considering thermochemical nonequilibrium and the third-order electron transport properties. A modified far-field electromagnetic model was introduced and tightly coupled with the flow field equations to describe the Joule heating and inductive discharge phenomena. In total, 11 species and 49 chemical reactions of <span class="hlt">air</span>, which include 5 species and 8 chemical reactions of nitrogen, were employed to model the chemical reaction process. The internal energy transfers among translational, vibrational, rotational, and electronic energy modes of chemical species were taken into account to study thermal nonequilibrium effects. The low-Reynolds number Abe-Kondoh-Nagano k-ɛ turbulence model was employed to consider the turbulent heat transfer. In this study, the fundamental characteristics of an ICP flow, such as the weak ionization, high temperature but low velocity in the torch, and wide area of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> plume, were reproduced by the developed numerical model. The flow field differences between the <span class="hlt">air</span> and nitrogen ICP flows inside the 10-kW ICP wind tunnel were made clear. The interactions between the electromagnetic and flow fields were also revealed for an inductive discharge.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PlST...19l5402N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PlST...19l5402N"><span>OH and O radicals production in atmospheric pressure <span class="hlt">air</span>/Ar/H2O gliding arc discharge <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>N, C. ROY; M, R. TALUKDER; A, N. CHOWDHURY</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Atmospheric pressure <span class="hlt">air</span>/Ar/H2O gliding arc discharge <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is produced by a pulsed dc power supply. An optical emission spectroscopic (OES) diagnostic technique is used for the characterization of <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> and for identifications of {{OH}} and {{O}} radicals along with other species in the <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>. The OES diagnostic technique reveals the excitation T x ≈ 5550-9000 K, rotational T r ≈ 1350-2700 K and gas T g ≈ 850-1600 K temperatures, and electron density {n}{{e}}≈ ({1.1-1.9})× {10}14 {{{cm}}}-3 under different experimental conditions. The production and destruction of {{OH}} and {{O}} radicals are investigated as functions of applied voltage and <span class="hlt">air</span> flow rate. Relative intensities of {{OH}} and {{O}} radicals indicate that their production rates are increased with increasing {{Ar}} content in the gas mixture and applied voltage. {n}{{e}} reveals that the higher densities of {{OH}} and {{O}} radicals are produced in the discharge due to more effective electron impact dissociation of {{{H}}}2{{O}} and {{{O}}}2 molecules caused by higher kinetic energies as gained by electrons from the enhanced electric field as well as by enhanced {n}{{e}}. The productions of {{OH}} and {{O}} are decreasing with increasing <span class="hlt">air</span> flow rate due to removal of Joule heat from the discharge region but enhanced <span class="hlt">air</span> flow rate significantly modifies discharge maintenance properties. Besides, {T}{{g}} significantly reduces with the enhanced <span class="hlt">air</span> flow rate. This investigation reveals that {{Ar}} plays a significant role in the production of {{OH}} and {{O}} radicals.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22218383-distinctive-plume-formation-atmospheric-ar-he-plasmas-microwave-frequency-band-suitability-biomedical-applications','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22218383-distinctive-plume-formation-atmospheric-ar-he-plasmas-microwave-frequency-band-suitability-biomedical-applications"><span>Distinctive plume <span class="hlt">formation</span> in atmospheric Ar and He <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> in microwave frequency band and suitability for biomedical applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Lee, H. Wk.; Kang, S. K.; Won, I. H.</p> <p></p> <p>Distinctive discharge <span class="hlt">formation</span> in atmospheric Ar and He <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> was observed in the microwave frequency band using coaxial transmission line resonators. Ar <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> formed a <span class="hlt">plasma</span> plume whereas He formed only confined <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>. As the frequency increased from 0.9 GHz to 2.45 GHz, the Ar <span class="hlt">plasma</span> exhibited contraction and filamentation, and the He <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> were constricted. Various powers and gas flow rates were applied to identify the effect of the electric field and gas flow rate on <span class="hlt">plasma</span> plume <span class="hlt">formation</span>. The He <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> were more strongly affected by the electric field than the Ar <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>. The breakdown and sustain powersmore » yielded opposite results from those for low-frequency <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> (∼kHz). The phenomena could be explained by a change in the dominant ionization process with increasing frequency. Penning ionization and the contribution of secondary electrons in sheath region reduced as the frequency increased, leading to less efficient ionization of He because its ionization and excitation energies are higher than those of Ar. The emission spectra showed an increase in the NO and N{sub 2} second positive band in both the Ar and He <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> with increasing frequency whereas the hydroxyl radical and atomic O peaks did not increase with increasing frequency but were highest at particular frequencies. Further, the frequency effect of properties such as the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> impedance, electron density, and device efficiency were presented. The study is expected to be helpful for determining the optimal conditions of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> systems for biomedical applications.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986RpPhM.......16D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986RpPhM.......16D"><span>Subsurface <span class="hlt">plasma</span> in beam of continuous CO2-laser</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Danytsikov, Y. V.; Dymshakov, V. A.; Lebedev, F. V.; Pismennyy, V. D.; Ryazanov, A. V.</p> <p>1986-03-01</p> <p>Experiments performed at the Institute of Atomic Energy established the conditions for <span class="hlt">formation</span> of subsurface <span class="hlt">plasma</span> in substances by laser radiation and its characteristics. A quasi-continuous CO2 laser emitting square pulses of 0.1 to 1.0 ms duration and 1 to 10 kW power as well as a continuous CO2 laser served as radiation sources. Radiation was focused on spots 0.1 to 0.5 mm in diameter and maintained at levels ensuring constant power density during the interaction time, while the temperature of the target surface was measured continuously. Metals, graphite and dielectric materials were tested with laser action taking place in <span class="hlt">air</span> N2 + O2 mixtures, Ar or He atmosphere under pressures of 0.01 to 1.0 atm. Data on radiation intensity thresholds for evaporation and <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> were obtained. On the basis of these thresholds, combined with data on energy balance and the temperature profile in <span class="hlt">plasma</span> layers, a universal state diagram was constructed for subsurface <span class="hlt">plasma</span> with nonquantified surface temperature and radiation intensity coordinates.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhD...51p4003T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhD...51p4003T"><span>Indoor <span class="hlt">air</span> purification by dielectric barrier discharge combined with ionic wind: physical and microbiological investigations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Timmermann, E.; Prehn, F.; Schmidt, M.; Höft, H.; Brandenburg, R.; Kettlitz, M.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>A non-thermal <span class="hlt">plasma</span> source based on a surface dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) is developed for purification of recirculating <span class="hlt">air</span> in operating theatres in hospitals. This is a challenging application due to high flow rates, short treatment times and the low threshold for ozone in the ventilated <span class="hlt">air</span>. Therefore, the surface DBD was enhanced in order to generate an ionic wind, which can deflect and thus, filter out airborne microorganisms. Electrical and gas diagnostics as well as microbiological experiments were performed in a downscaled <span class="hlt">plasma</span> source under variation of various electrical parameters, but application-oriented airflow velocity and humidity. The dependence of electrical power and ozone concentration as well as charged particles in the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treated <span class="hlt">air</span> on frequency, voltage and relative humidity is presented and discussed. The presence of humidity causes a more conductive dielectric surface and thus a weaker <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span>, especially at low frequency. The airborne test bacteria, Escherichia coli, showed significant effect to <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment (up to 20% reduction) and to <span class="hlt">plasma</span> with ionic wind (up to 90% removal); especially a configuration with 70% removal and an accompanying ozone concentration of only 360 ppb is promising for future application.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JPhD...43v2001M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JPhD...43v2001M"><span>FAST TRACK COMMUNICATION: <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> agents in bio-decontamination by dc discharges in atmospheric <span class="hlt">air</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Machala, Zdenko; Chládeková, Lenka; Pelach, Michal</p> <p>2010-06-01</p> <p>Bio-decontamination of water and surfaces contaminated by bacteria (Salmonella typhimurium) was investigated in two types of positive dc discharges in atmospheric pressure <span class="hlt">air</span>, in needle-to-plane geometry: the streamer corona and its transition to a novel regime called transient spark with short high current pulses of limited energy. Both generate a cold non-equilibrium <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. Electro-spraying of treated water through a needle electrode was applied for the first time and resulted in fast bio-decontamination. Experiments providing separation of various biocidal <span class="hlt">plasma</span> agents, along with the emission spectra and coupled with oxidation stress measurements in the cell membranes helped to better understand the mechanisms of microbial inactivation. The indirect exposure of contaminated surfaces to neutral active species was almost as efficient as the direct exposure to the <span class="hlt">plasma</span>, whereas applying only UV radiation from the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> had no biocidal effects. Radicals and reactive oxygen species were identified as dominant biocidal agents.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1348314-crystal-orientation-effects-helium-ion-depth-distributions-adatom-formation-processes-plasma-facing-tungsten','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1348314-crystal-orientation-effects-helium-ion-depth-distributions-adatom-formation-processes-plasma-facing-tungsten"><span>Crystal orientation effects on helium ion depth distributions and adatom <span class="hlt">formation</span> processes in <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-facing tungsten</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Hammond, Karl D.; Wirth, Brian D.</p> <p>2014-10-09</p> <p>Here, we present atomistic simulations that show the effect of surface orientation on helium depth distributions and surface feature <span class="hlt">formation</span> as a result of low-energy helium <span class="hlt">plasma</span> exposure. We find a pronounced effect of surface orientation on the initial depth of implanted helium ions, as well as a difference in reflection and helium retention across different surface orientations. Our results indicate that single helium interstitials are sufficient to induce the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of adatom/substitutional helium pairs under certain highly corrugated tungsten surfaces, such as {1 1 1}-orientations, leading to the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of a relatively concentrated layer of immobile helium immediately belowmore » the surface. The energies involved for helium-induced adatom <span class="hlt">formation</span> on {1 1 1} and {2 1 1} surfaces are exoergic for even a single adatom very close to the surface, while {0 0 1} and {0 1 1} surfaces require two or even three helium atoms in a cluster before a substitutional helium cluster and adatom will form with reasonable probability. This phenomenon results in much higher initial helium retention during helium <span class="hlt">plasma</span> exposure to {1 1 1} and {2 1 1} tungsten surfaces than is observed for {0 0 1} or {0 1 1} surfaces and is much higher than can be attributed to differences in the initial depth distributions alone. Lastly, the layer thus formed may serve as nucleation sites for further bubble <span class="hlt">formation</span> and growth or as a source of material embrittlement or fatigue, which may have implications for the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of tungsten “fuzz” in <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-facing divertors for magnetic-confinement nuclear fusion reactors and/or the lifetime of such divertors.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AdAtS..28...16P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AdAtS..28...16P"><span>Influence of the Saharan <span class="hlt">Air</span> Layer on Atlantic tropical cyclone <span class="hlt">formation</span> during the period 1-12 September 2003</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pan, Weiyu; Wu, Liguang; Shie, Chung-Lin</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (<span class="hlt">AIRS</span>) data show that the Saharan <span class="hlt">air</span> layer (SAL) is a dry, warm, and well-mixed layer between 950 and 500 hPa over the tropical Atlantic, extending westward from the African coast to the Caribbean Sea. The <span class="hlt">formations</span> of both Hurricane Isabel and Tropical Depression 14 (TD14) were accompanied with outbreaks of SAL <span class="hlt">air</span> during the period 1-12 September 2003, although TD14 failed to develop into a named tropical cyclone. The influence of the SAL on their <span class="hlt">formations</span> is investigated by examining data from satellite observations and numerical simulations, in which <span class="hlt">AIRS</span> data are incorporated into the MM5 model through the nudging technique. Analyses of the <span class="hlt">AIRS</span> and simulation data suggest that the SAL may have played two roles in the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of tropical cyclones during the period 1-12 September 2003. First, the outbreaks of SAL <span class="hlt">air</span> on 3 and 8 September enhanced the transverse-vertical circulation with the rising motion along the southern edge of the SAL and the sinking motion inside the SAL, triggering the development of two tropical disturbances associated with Hurricane Isabel and TD14. Second, in addition to the reduced environmental humidity and enhanced static stability in the lower troposphere, the SAL dry <span class="hlt">air</span> intruded into the inner region of these tropical disturbances as their cyclonic flows became strong. This effect may have slowed down the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of Isabel and inhibited TD14 becoming a named tropical cyclone, while the enhanced vertical shear contributed little to tropical cyclone <span class="hlt">formation</span> during this period. The 48-h trajectory calculations confirm that the parcels from the SAL can be transported into the inner region of an incipient tropical cyclone.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_13 --> <div id="page_14" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="261"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23636277','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23636277"><span>Elevated <span class="hlt">plasma</span> factor VIII enhances venous thrombus <span class="hlt">formation</span> in rabbits: contribution of factor XI, von Willebrand factor and tissue factor.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sugita, Chihiro; Yamashita, Atsushi; Matsuura, Yunosuke; Iwakiri, Takashi; Okuyama, Nozomi; Matsuda, Shuntaro; Matsumoto, Tomoko; Inoue, Osamu; Harada, Aya; Kitazawa, Takehisa; Hattori, Kunihiro; Shima, Midori; Asada, Yujiro</p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p>Elevated <span class="hlt">plasma</span> levels of factor VIII (FVIII) are associated with increased risk of deep venous thrombosis. The aim of this study is to elucidate how elevated FVIII levels affect venous thrombus <span class="hlt">formation</span> and propagation in vivo. We examined rabbit <span class="hlt">plasma</span> FVIII activity, <span class="hlt">plasma</span> thrombin generation, whole blood coagulation, platelet aggregation and venous wall thrombogenicity before and one hour after an intravenous infusion of recombinant human FVIII (rFVIII). Venous thrombus induced by the endothelial denudation of rabbit jugular veins was histologically assessed. Thrombus propagation was evaluated as indocyanine green fluorescence intensity. Argatroban, a thrombin inhibitor, and neutralised antibodies for tissue factor (TF), factor XI (FXI), and von Willebrand factor (VWF) were infused before or after thrombus induction to investigate their effects on venous thrombus <span class="hlt">formation</span> or propagation. Recombinant FVIII (100 IU/kg) increased rabbit <span class="hlt">plasma</span> FVIII activity two-fold and significantly enhanced whole blood coagulation and total <span class="hlt">plasma</span> thrombin generation, but did not affect initial thrombin generation time, platelet aggregation and venous wall thrombogenicity. The rFVIII infusion also increased the size of venous thrombus 1 hour after thrombus induction. Argatroban and the antibodies for TF, FXI or VWF inhibited such enhanced thrombus <span class="hlt">formation</span> and all except TF suppressed thrombus propagation. In conclusion, elevated <span class="hlt">plasma</span> FVIII levels enhance venous thrombus <span class="hlt">formation</span> and propagation. Excess thrombin generation by FXI and VWF-mediated FVIII recruitment appear to contribute to the growth of FVIII-driven venous thrombus.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhPl...24k2505L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhPl...24k2505L"><span>Electric field <span class="hlt">formation</span> in three different <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>: A fusion reactor, arc discharge, and the ionosphere</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lee, Kwan Chul</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Three examples of electric field <span class="hlt">formation</span> in the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> are analyzed based on a new mechanism driven by ion-neutral collisions. The Gyro-Center Shift analysis uses the iteration of three equations including perpendicular current induced by the momentum exchange between ions and neutrals when there is asymmetry over the gyro-motion. This method includes non-zero divergence of current that leads the solution of time dependent state. The first example is radial electric field <span class="hlt">formation</span> at the boundary of the nuclear fusion device, which is a key factor in the high-confinement mode operation of future fusion reactors. The second example is the reversed rotation of the arc discharge cathode spot, which has been a mysterious subject for more than one hundred years. The third example is electric field <span class="hlt">formations</span> in the earth's ionosphere, which are important components of the equatorial electrojet and black aurora. The use of one method that explains various examples from different <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> is reported, along with a discussion of the applications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29620373','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29620373"><span>Contact Line Instability Caused by <span class="hlt">Air</span> Rim <span class="hlt">Formation</span> under Nonsplashing Droplets.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pack, Min; Kaneelil, Paul; Kim, Hyoungsoo; Sun, Ying</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Drop impact is fundamental to various natural and industrial processes such as rain-induced soil erosion and spray-coating technologies. The recent discovery of the role of <span class="hlt">air</span> entrainment between the droplet and the impacting surface has produced numerous works, uncovering the unique physics that correlates the <span class="hlt">air</span> film dynamics with the drop impact outcomes. In this study, we focus on the post-failure <span class="hlt">air</span> entrainment dynamics for We numbers well below the splash threshold under different ambient pressures and elucidate the interfacial instabilities formed by <span class="hlt">air</span> entrainment at the wetting front of impacting droplets on perfectly smooth, viscous films of constant thickness. A high-speed total internal reflection microscopy technique accounting for the Fresnel reflection at the drop-<span class="hlt">air</span> interface allows for in situ measurements of an entrained <span class="hlt">air</span> rim at the wetting front. The presence of an <span class="hlt">air</span> rim is found to be a prerequisite to the interfacial instability which is formed when the capillary pressure in the vicinity of the contact line can no longer balance the increasing gas pressure near the wetting front. A critical capillary number for the <span class="hlt">air</span> rim <span class="hlt">formation</span> is experimentally identified above which the wetting front becomes unstable where this critical capillary number inversely scales with the ambient pressure. The contact line instabilities at relatively low We numbers ( We ∼ O(10)) observed in this study provide insight into the conventional understanding of hydrodynamic instabilities under drop impact which usually require We ≫ 10.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.891a2298M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.891a2298M"><span>Clearing of ventilating emissions in low temperature environment of <span class="hlt">plasma</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mansurov, R. Sh; Rafalskaya, T. A.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>The method of high-temperature processing of streams of the ventilating <span class="hlt">air</span> which is a subject clearing from organic pollutions is developed. Data about its efficiency, including on a number of economic parameters are obtained. Results of work are recommended for use, first of all, by development clearing <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-thermal reactors (CPTR) for clearing <span class="hlt">air</span>, especially from toxic substances, and also for large technological clearing installations, containing organic ventilating emissions (OVE). It is created experimental CPTR. Laws of the expiration of a <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet in stream of OVE limited by cylindrical walls, water-cooled channel are experimentally investigated. Dependences of a trajectory and long-range the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet blown radially in stream of OVE are received. Heat exchange of stream of OVE with walls of CPTR after blowing a <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet is experimentally investigated; dependences of distribution of temperatures on length of a reactor and a thermal stream in a wall of channel of CPTR are received. Are investigated chemical compound of OVE after <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-thermal clearing, some experimental data by <span class="hlt">formation</span> of oxides of nitrogen and mono-oxide of carbon during clearing are received.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22304162-two-dimensional-numerical-study-two-counter-propagating-helium-plasma-jets-air-atmospheric-pressure','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22304162-two-dimensional-numerical-study-two-counter-propagating-helium-plasma-jets-air-atmospheric-pressure"><span>Two-dimensional numerical study of two counter-propagating helium <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jets in <span class="hlt">air</span> at atmospheric pressure</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Yan, Wen; Sang, Chaofeng; Wang, Dezhen, E-mail: wangdez@dlut.edu.cn</p> <p></p> <p>In this paper, a computational study of two counter-propagating helium <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jets in ambient <span class="hlt">air</span> is presented. A two-dimensional fluid model is applied to investigate the physical processes of the two <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jets interaction (PJI) driven by equal and unequal voltages, respectively. In all studied cases, the PJI results in a decrease of both <span class="hlt">plasma</span> bullets propagation velocity. When the two <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jets are driven by equal voltages, they never merge but rather approach each other around the middle of the gas gap at a minimum approach distance, and the minimal distance decreases with the increase of both the appliedmore » voltages and initial electron density, but increases with the increase of the relative permittivity. When the two <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jets are driven by unequal voltages, we observe the two <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jets will merge at the position away from the middle of the gas gap. The effect of applied voltage difference on the PJI is also studied.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.A51C0053C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.A51C0053C"><span>A High-Latitude Winter Continental Low Cloud Feedback Suppresses Arctic <span class="hlt">Air</span> <span class="hlt">Formation</span> in Warmer Climates</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cronin, T.; Tziperman, E.; Li, H.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>High latitude continents have warmed much more rapidly in recent decades than the rest of the globe, especially in winter, and the maintenance of warm, frost-free conditions in continental interiors in winter has been a long-standing problem of past equable climates. It has also been found that the high-latitude lapse rate feedback plays an important role in Arctic amplification of climate change in climate model simulations, but we have little understanding of why lapse rates at high latitudes change so strongly with warming. To better understand these problems, we study Arctic <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> - the process by which a high-latitude maritime <span class="hlt">air</span> mass is advected over a continent during polar night, cooled at the surface by radiation, and transformed into a much colder continental polar <span class="hlt">air</span> mass - and its sensitivity to climate warming. We use a single-column version of the WRF model to conduct two-week simulations of the cooling process across a wide range of initial temperature profiles and microphysics schemes, and find that a low cloud feedback suppresses Arctic <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> in warmer climates. This cloud feedback consists of an increase in low cloud amount with warming, which shields the surface from radiative cooling, and increases the continental surface <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature by roughly two degrees for each degree increase of the initial maritime surface <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature. The time it takes for the surface <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature to drop below freezing increases nonlinearly to ~10 days for initial maritime surface <span class="hlt">air</span> temperatures of 20 oC. Given that this is about the time it takes an <span class="hlt">air</span> mass starting over the Pacific to traverse the north American continent, this suggests that optically thick stratus cloud decks could help to maintain frost-free winter continental interiors in equable climates. We find that CMIP5 climate model runs show large increases in cloud water path and surface cloud longwave forcing in warmer climates, consistent with the proposed low-cloud feedback</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22066659-formation-optical-pulsed-discharge-supersonic-air-flow-radiation-repetitively-pulsed-co-sub-laser','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22066659-formation-optical-pulsed-discharge-supersonic-air-flow-radiation-repetitively-pulsed-co-sub-laser"><span><span class="hlt">Formation</span> of an optical pulsed discharge in a supersonic <span class="hlt">air</span> flow by radiation of a repetitively pulsed CO{sub 2} laser</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Malov, Aleksei N; Orishich, Anatolii M</p> <p></p> <p>Results of optimisation of repetitively pulsed CO{sub 2}-laser generation are presented for finding physical conditions of forming stable burning of an optical pulsed discharge (OPD) in a supersonic <span class="hlt">air</span> flow and for studying the influence of pulse parameters on the energy absorption efficiency of laser radiation in <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. The optical discharge in a supersonic <span class="hlt">air</span> flow was formed by radiation of a repetitively pulsed CO{sub 2} laser with mechanical Q-switching excited by a discharge with a convective cooling of the working gas. For the first time the influence of radiation pulse parameters on the ignition conditions and stable burning ofmore » the OPD in a supersonic <span class="hlt">air</span> flow was investigated and the efficiency of laser radiation absorption in <span class="hlt">plasma</span> was studied. The influence of the <span class="hlt">air</span> flow velocity on stability of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> production was investigated. It was shown that stable burning of the OPD in a supersonic flow is realised at a high pulse repetition rate where the interval between radiation pulses is shorter than the time of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> blowing-off. Study of the instantaneous value of the absorption coefficient shows that after a breakdown in a time lapse of 100 - 150 ns, a quasi-stationary 'absorption phase' is formed with the duration of {approx}1.5 ms, which exists independently of <span class="hlt">air</span> flow and radiation pulse repetition rate. This phase of strong absorption is, seemingly, related to evolution of the ionisation wave. (laser applications and other topics in quantum electronics)« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22598832-kinetic-study-non-thermal-volumetric-plasma-decay-early-afterglow-air-discharge-generated-short-pulse-microwave-laser','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22598832-kinetic-study-non-thermal-volumetric-plasma-decay-early-afterglow-air-discharge-generated-short-pulse-microwave-laser"><span>Kinetic study on non-thermal volumetric <span class="hlt">plasma</span> decay in the early afterglow of <span class="hlt">air</span> discharge generated by a short pulse microwave or laser</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Yang, Wei, E-mail: yangwei861212@126.com; Zhou, Qianhong; Dong, Zhiwei</p> <p></p> <p>This paper reports a kinetic study on non-thermal <span class="hlt">plasma</span> decay in the early afterglow of <span class="hlt">air</span> discharge generated by short pulse microwave or laser. A global self-consistent model is based on the particle balance of complex <span class="hlt">plasma</span> chemistry, electron energy equation, and gas thermal balance equation. Electron-ion Coulomb collision is included in the steady state Boltzmann equation solver to accurately describe the electron mobility and other transport coefficients. The model is used to simulate the afterglow of microsecond to nanosecond pulse microwave discharge in N{sub 2}, O{sub 2}, and <span class="hlt">air</span>, as well as femtosecond laser filament discharge in dry andmore » humid <span class="hlt">air</span>. The simulated results for electron density decay are in quantitative agreement with the available measured ones. The evolution of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> decay under an external electric field is also investigated, and the effect of gas heating is considered. The underlying mechanism of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> density decay is unveiled through the above kinetic modeling.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PlST...18..473Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PlST...18..473Z"><span>Characteristics of Atmospheric Pressure Rotating Gliding Arc <span class="hlt">Plasmas</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Hao; Zhu, Fengsen; Tu, Xin; Bo, Zheng; Cen, Kefa; Li, Xiaodong</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>In this work, a novel direct current (DC) atmospheric pressure rotating gliding arc (RGA) <span class="hlt">plasma</span> reactor has been developed for <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-assisted chemical reactions. The influence of the gas composition and the gas flow rate on the arc dynamic behaviour and the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of reactive species in the N2 and <span class="hlt">air</span> gliding arc <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> has been investigated by means of electrical signals, high speed photography, and optical emission spectroscopic diagnostics. Compared to conventional gliding arc reactors with knife-shaped electrodes which generally require a high flow rate (e.g., 10-20 L/min) to maintain a long arc length and reasonable <span class="hlt">plasma</span> discharge zone, in this RGA system, a lower gas flow rate (e.g., 2 L/min) can also generate a larger effective <span class="hlt">plasma</span> reaction zone with a longer arc length for chemical reactions. Two different motion patterns can be clearly observed in the N2 and <span class="hlt">air</span> RGA <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>. The time-resolved arc voltage signals show that three different arc dynamic modes, the arc restrike mode, takeover mode, and combined modes, can be clearly identified in the RGA <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>. The occurrence of different motion and arc dynamic modes is strongly dependent on the composition of the working gas and gas flow rate. supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51576174), the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (No. 20120101110099) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 2015FZA4011)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014APS..GECLW2008T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014APS..GECLW2008T"><span><span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Jet (V)UV-Radiation Impact on Biologically Relevant Liquids and Cell Suspension</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tresp, H.; Bussiahn, R.; Bundscherer, L.; Monden, A.; Hammer, M. U.; Masur, K.; Weltmann, K.-D.; Woedtke, Th. V.; Reuter, S.</p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>In this study the generation of radicals in <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treated liquids has been investigated. To quantify the contribution of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) and ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the species investigated, three cases have been studied: UV of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet only, UV and VUV of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet combined, and the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> effluent including all reactive components. The emitted VUV has been observed by optical emission spectroscopy and its effect on radical <span class="hlt">formation</span> in liquids has been analyzed by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Radicals have been determined in ultrapure water (dH2O), as well as in more complex, biorelevant solutions like phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution, and two different cell culture media. Various compositions lead to different reactive species <span class="hlt">formation</span>, e.g. in PBS superoxide anion and hydroxyl radicals have been detected, in cell suspension also glutathione thiyl radicals have been found. This study highlights that UV has no impact on radical generation, whereas VUV is relevant for producing radicals. VUV treatment of dH2O generates one third of the radical concentration produced by <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-effluent treatment. It is relevant for <span class="hlt">plasma</span> medicine because although <span class="hlt">plasma</span> sources are operated in open <span class="hlt">air</span> atmosphere, still VUV can lead to <span class="hlt">formation</span> of biorelevant radicals. This work is funded by German Federal Ministry of Education a Research (BMBF) (Grant # 03Z2DN12+11).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JInst..13.1004Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JInst..13.1004Z"><span>The conceptual design of high temporal resolution HCN interferometry for atmospheric pressure <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasmas</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, J. B.; Liu, H. Q.; Jie, Y. X.; Wei, X. C.; Hu, L. Q.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>A heterodyne interferometer operating at the frequency f = 890 GHz has been designed for measuring the electron density of atmospheric pressure <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>, it's density range is from 1015 to 3×1019 m-3 and the pressure range is from 1 Pa to 20 kPa. The system is configured as a Mach\</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987srti.rept.....W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987srti.rept.....W"><span>Soviet research on the transport of intense relativistic electron beams through high-pressure <span class="hlt">air</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wells, Nikita</p> <p>1987-05-01</p> <p>Soviet development of intense relativistic electron beams (IREB) through background <span class="hlt">air</span> at pressures from 1/100 Torr to atmospheric is analyzed as reflected by Soviet open literature of the last 15 years. Important Soviet findings include: (1) the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of a <span class="hlt">plasma</span> channel created by an IREB propagating through background <span class="hlt">air</span> and the effect of beam parameters upon the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> channel parameters (and vice versa); (2) determination of the background <span class="hlt">air</span> pressure for the optimum transport of IREB in two ranges, an ion focused regime at 0.06 to 0.09 Torr and a low pressure window at 1 Torr; (3) observation of current enhancement, whereby the IREB-induced current in <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is higher than the initial beam current; and (4) the effect of resistive hose instability on IREB propagation. This research is characterized by absence of high energy experimentation. A conclusion of the research is that, for optimum beam transport through <span class="hlt">air</span>, it is imperative to ensure conditions that allow full neutralization of the IREB's self-fields along the entire path of the beam's transport.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990QuEle..20..959B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990QuEle..20..959B"><span>EFFECTS OF LASER RADIATION ON MATTER: Influence of fluctuations of the size and number of surface microdefects on the thresholds of laser <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Borets-Pervak, I. Yu; Vorob'ev, V. S.</p> <p>1990-08-01</p> <p>An analysis is made of the influence of the statistical scatter of the size of thermally insulated microdefects and of their number in the focusing spot on the threshold energies of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> by microsecond laser pulses interacting with metal surfaces. The coordinates of the laser pulse intensity and the surface density of the laser energy are used in constructing <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> regions corresponding to different numbers of microdefects within the focusing spot area; the same coordinates are used to represent laser pulses. Various threshold and nonthreshold <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> mechanisms are discussed. The sizes of microdefects and their statistical characteristics deduced from limited experimental data provide a consistent description of the characteristics of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> near polished and nonpolished surfaces.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3443000','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3443000"><span><span class="hlt">Plasma</span>-deposited fluoropolymer film mask for local porous silicon <span class="hlt">formation</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>The study of an innovative fluoropolymer masking layer for silicon anodization is proposed. Due to its high chemical resistance to hydrofluoric acid even under anodic bias, this thin film deposited by <span class="hlt">plasma</span> has allowed the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of deep porous silicon regions patterned on the silicon wafer. Unlike most of other masks, fluoropolymer removal after electrochemical etching is rapid and does not alter the porous layer. Local porous regions were thus fabricated both in p+-type and low-doped n-type silicon substrates. PMID:22734507</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PlST...16..602C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PlST...16..602C"><span>Improved Ethanol Production from Xylose by Candida shehatae Induced by Dielectric Barrier Discharge <span class="hlt">Air</span> <span class="hlt">Plasma</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chen, Huixia; Xiu, Zhilong; Bai, Fengwu</p> <p>2014-06-01</p> <p>Xylose fermentation is essential for ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass. Exposure of the xylose-fermenting yeast Candida shehatae (C. shehatae) CICC1766 to atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> yields a clone (designated as C81015) with stability, which exhibits a higher ethanol fermentation rate from xylose, giving a maximal enhancement in ethanol production of 36.2% compared to the control (untreated). However, the biomass production of C81015 is lower than that of the control. Analysis of the NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)- and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)-linked xylose reductases and NAD+-linked xylitol dehydrogenase indicates that their activities are enhanced by 34.1%, 61.5% and 66.3%, respectively, suggesting that the activities of these three enzymes are responsible for improving ethanol fermentation in C81015 with xylose as a substrate. The results of this study show that DBD <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> could serve as a novel and effective means of generating microbial strains that can better use xylose for ethanol fermentation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018TePhL..44..255S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018TePhL..44..255S"><span>The Role of an Electric Field in the <span class="hlt">Formation</span> of a Detached Regime in Tokamak <span class="hlt">Plasma</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Senichenkov, I.; Kaveeva, E.; Rozhansky, V.; Sytova, E.; Veselova, I.; Voskoboynikov, S.; Coster, D.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Modeling of the transition to the detachment of ASDEX Upgrade tokamak <span class="hlt">plasma</span> with increasing density is performed using the SOLPS-ITER numerical code with a self-consistent account of drifts and currents. Their role in <span class="hlt">plasma</span> redistribution both in the confinement region and in the scrape-off layer (SOL) is investigated. The mechanism of high field side high-density <span class="hlt">formation</span> in the SOL in the course of detachment is suggested. In the full detachment regime, when the cold <span class="hlt">plasma</span> region expands above the X-point and reaches closed magnetic-flux surfaces, <span class="hlt">plasma</span> perturbation in a confined region may lead to a change in the confinement regime.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MsT.........10S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MsT.........10S"><span>One-dimensional Numerical Model of Transient Discharges in <span class="hlt">Air</span> of a Spatial <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Ignition Device</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Saceleanu, Florin N.</p> <p></p> <p>This thesis examines the modes of discharge of a <span class="hlt">plasma</span> ignition device. Oscilloscope data of the discharge voltage and current are analyzed for various pressures in <span class="hlt">air</span> at ambient temperature. It is determined that the discharge operates in 2 modes: a glow discharge and a postulated streamer discharge. Subsequently, a 1-dimensional fluid simulation of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> using the finite volume method (FVM) is developed to gain insight into the particle kinetics. Transient results of the simulation agree with theories of electric discharges; however, quasi-steady state results were not reached due to high diffusion time of ions in <span class="hlt">air</span>. Next, an ordinary differential equation (ODE) is derived to understand the discharge transition. Simulated results were used to estimate the voltage waveform, which describes the ODE's forcing function; additional simulated results were used to estimate the discharge current and the ODE's non-linearity. It is found that the ODE's non-linearity increases exponentially for capacitive discharges. It is postulated that the non-linearity defines the mode transition observed experimentally. The research is motivated by Spatial <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Discharge Ignition (SPDI), an innovative ignition system postulated to increase combustion efficiency in automobile engines for up to 9%. The research thus far can only hypothesize SPDI's benefits on combustion, based on the literature review and the modes of discharge.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22614102-simulation-electron-beam-formation-transport-gas-filled-electron-optical-system-plasma-emitter','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22614102-simulation-electron-beam-formation-transport-gas-filled-electron-optical-system-plasma-emitter"><span>Simulation of electron beam <span class="hlt">formation</span> and transport in a gas-filled electron-optical system with a <span class="hlt">plasma</span> emitter</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Grishkov, A. A.; Kornilov, S. Yu., E-mail: kornilovsy@gmail.com; Rempe, N. G.</p> <p>2016-07-15</p> <p>The results of computer simulations of the electron-optical system of an electron gun with a <span class="hlt">plasma</span> emitter are presented. The simulations are performed using the KOBRA3-INP, XOOPIC, and ANSYS codes. The results describe the electron beam <span class="hlt">formation</span> and transport. The electron trajectories are analyzed. The mechanisms of gas influence on the energy inhomogeneity of the beam and its current in the regions of beam primary <span class="hlt">formation</span>, acceleration, and transport are described. Recommendations for optimizing the electron-optical system with a <span class="hlt">plasma</span> emitter are presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1163616','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1163616"><span><span class="hlt">Formation</span> of Imploding <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Liners for HEDP and MIF Application</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Witherspoon, F. Douglas; Case, Andrew; Brockington, Samuel</p> <p></p> <p> km/s for the <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Liner Experiment (PLX) at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). Initial work used existing computational and analytical tools to develop and refine a specific <span class="hlt">plasma</span> gun concept having a novel tapered coaxial electromagnetic accelerator contour with an array of symmetric ablative <span class="hlt">plasma</span> injectors. The profile is designed to suppress the main barrier to success in coaxial guns, namely the blow-by instability in which the arc slips past and outruns the bulk of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> mass. Efforts to begin developing a set of annular non-ablative <span class="hlt">plasma</span> injectors for the coaxial gun, in order to accelerate pure gases, resulted in development of linear parallel-plate MiniRailguns that turned out to work well as <span class="hlt">plasma</span> guns in their own right and we subsequently chose them for an initial <span class="hlt">plasma</span> liner experiment on the PLX facility at LANL. This choice was mainly driven by cost and schedule for that particular experiment, while longer term goals still projected use of coaxial guns for reactor-relevant applications for reasons of better symmetry, lower impurities, more compact <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet <span class="hlt">formation</span>, and higher gun efficiency. Our efforts have focused mainly on 1) developing various <span class="hlt">plasma</span> injection systems for both coax and linear railguns and ensuring they work reliably with the accelerator section, 2) developing a suite of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> and gun diagnostics, 3) performing computational modeling to design and refine the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> guns, 4) establishing a research facility dedicated to <span class="hlt">plasma</span> gun development, and finally, 5) developing <span class="hlt">plasma</span> guns and associated pulse power systems capable of achieving these goals and installing and testing the first two gun sets on the PLX facility at LANL. During the second funding cycle for this program, HyperV joined in a collaborative effort with LANL, the University of Alabama at Huntsville, and the University of New Mexico to perform a <span class="hlt">plasma</span> liner experiment (PLX) to investigate the physics and technology of forming spherically</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22252976-formation-reverse-shocks-magnetized-high-energy-density-supersonic-plasma-flows','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22252976-formation-reverse-shocks-magnetized-high-energy-density-supersonic-plasma-flows"><span>The <span class="hlt">formation</span> of reverse shocks in magnetized high energy density supersonic <span class="hlt">plasma</span> flows</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Lebedev, S. V., E-mail: s.lebedev@imperial.ac.uk, E-mail: l.suttle10@imperial.ac.uk; Suttle, L.; Swadling, G. F.</p> <p></p> <p>A new experimental platform was developed, based on the use of supersonic <span class="hlt">plasma</span> flow from the ablation stage of an inverse wire array z-pinch, for studies of shocks in magnetized high energy density physics <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> in a well-defined and diagnosable 1-D interaction geometry. The mechanism of flow generation ensures that the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> flow (Re{sub M} ∼ 50, M{sub S} ∼ 5, M{sub A} ∼ 8, V{sub flow} ≈ 100 km/s) has a frozen-in magnetic field at a level sufficient to affect shocks formed by its interaction with obstacles. It is found that in addition to the expected accumulation of stagnated <span class="hlt">plasma</span> in a thin layer at the surface ofmore » a planar obstacle, the presence of the magnetic field leads to the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of an additional detached density jump in the upstream <span class="hlt">plasma</span>, at a distance of ∼c/ω{sub pi} from the obstacle. Analysis of the data obtained with Thomson scattering, interferometry, and local magnetic probes suggests that the sub-shock develops due to the pile-up of the magnetic flux advected by the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> flow.« less</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_14 --> <div id="page_15" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="281"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PlST...20b4001H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PlST...20b4001H"><span>Investigation of flame structure in <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-assisted turbulent premixed methane-<span class="hlt">air</span> flame</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hualei, ZHANG; Liming, HE; Jinlu, YU; Wentao, QI; Gaocheng, CHEN</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>The mechanism of <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-assisted combustion at increasing discharge voltage is investigated in detail at two distinctive system schemes (pretreatment of reactants and direct in situ discharge). OH-planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) technique is used to diagnose the turbulent structure methane-<span class="hlt">air</span> flame, and the experimental apparatus consists of dump burner, <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-generating system, gas supply system and OH-PLIF system. Results have shown that the effect of pretreatment of reactants on flame can be categorized into three regimes: regime I for voltage lower than 6.6 kV; regime II for voltage between 6.6 and 11.1 kV; and regime III for voltage between 11.1 and 12.5 kV. In regime I, aerodynamic effect and slower oxidation of higher hydrocarbons generated around the inner electrode tip plays a dominate role, while in regime III, the temperature rising effect will probably superimpose on the chemical effect and amplify it. For wire-cylinder dielectric barrier discharge reactor with spatially uneven electric field, the amount of radicals and hydrocarbons are decreased monotonically in radial direction which affects the flame shape. With regard to in situ <span class="hlt">plasma</span> discharge in flames, the discharge pattern changes from streamer type to glow type. Compared with the case of reactants pretreatment, the flame propagates further in the upstream direction. In the discharge region, the OH intensity is highest for in situ <span class="hlt">plasma</span> assisted combustion, indicating that the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> energy is coupled into flame reaction zone.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3712198','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3712198"><span>Differential Influence of Components Resulting from Atmospheric-Pressure <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> on Integrin Expression of Human HaCaT Keratinocytes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Haertel, Beate; Straßenburg, Susanne; Wende, Kristian; von Woedtke, Thomas</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Adequate chronic wound healing is a major problem in medicine. A new solution might be non-thermal atmospheric-pressure <span class="hlt">plasma</span> effectively inactivating microorganisms and influencing cells in wound healing. <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> components as, for example, radicals can affect cells differently. HaCaT keratinocytes were treated with Dielectric Barrier Discharge <span class="hlt">plasma</span> (DBD/<span class="hlt">air</span>, DBD/argon), ozone or hydrogen peroxide to find the components responsible for changes in integrin expression, intracellular ROS <span class="hlt">formation</span> or apoptosis induction. Dependent on <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment time reduction of recovered cells was observed with no increase of apoptotic cells, but breakdown of mitochondrial membrane potential. DBD/<span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> increased integrins and intracellular ROS. DBD/argon caused minor changes. About 100 ppm ozone did not influence integrins. Hydrogen peroxide caused similar effects compared to DBD/<span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. In conclusion, effects depended on working gas and exposure time to <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. Short treatment cycles did neither change integrins nor induce apoptosis or ROS. Longer treatments changed integrins as important for influencing wound healing. <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> effects on integrins are rather attributed to induction of other ROS than to generation of ozone. Changes of integrins by <span class="hlt">plasma</span> may provide new solutions of improving wound healing, however, conditions are needed which allow initiating the relevant influence on integrins without being cytotoxic to cells. PMID:23936843</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhPl...19e2303Q','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhPl...19e2303Q"><span>Tripolar vortex <span class="hlt">formation</span> in dense quantum <span class="hlt">plasma</span> with ion-temperature-gradients</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Qamar, Anisa; Ata-ur-Rahman, Mirza, Arshad M.</p> <p>2012-05-01</p> <p>We have derived system of nonlinear equations governing the dynamics of low-frequency electrostatic toroidal ion-temperature-gradient mode for dense quantum magnetoplasma. For some specific profiles of the equilibrium density, temperature, and ion velocity gradients, the nonlinear equations admit a stationary solution in the form of a tripolar vortex. These results are relevant to understand nonlinear structure <span class="hlt">formation</span> in dense quantum <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> in the presence of equilibrium ion-temperature and density gradients.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JTST...25.1666C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JTST...25.1666C"><span>Characterizing Suspension <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Spray Coating <span class="hlt">Formation</span> Dynamics through Curvature Measurements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chidambaram Seshadri, Ramachandran; Dwivedi, Gopal; Viswanathan, Vaishak; Sampath, Sanjay</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Suspension <span class="hlt">plasma</span> spraying (SPS) enables the production of variety of microstructures with unique mechanical and thermal properties. In SPS, a liquid carrier (ethanol/water) is used to transport the sub-micrometric feedstock into the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet. Considering complex deposition dynamics of SPS technique, there is a need to better understand the relationships among spray conditions, ensuing particle behavior, deposition stress evolution and resultant properties. In this study, submicron yttria-stabilized zirconia particles suspended in ethanol were sprayed using a cascaded arc <span class="hlt">plasma</span> torch. The stresses generated during the deposition of the layers (termed evolving stress) were monitored via the change in curvature of the substrate measured using an in situ measurement apparatus. Depending on the deposition conditions, coating microstructures ranged from feathery porous to dense/cracked deposits. The evolving stresses and modulus were correlated with the observed microstructures and visualized via process maps. Post-deposition bi-layer curvature measurement via low temperature thermal cycling was carried out to quantify the thermo-elastic response of different coatings. Lastly, preliminary data on furnace cycle durability of different coating microstructures were evaluated. This integrated study involving in situ diagnostics and ex situ characterization along with process maps provides a framework to describe coating <span class="hlt">formation</span> mechanisms, process parametrics and microstructure description.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950042795&hterms=laser+beam+propagation&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dlaser%2Bbeam%2Bpropagation','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950042795&hterms=laser+beam+propagation&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dlaser%2Bbeam%2Bpropagation"><span>Propagation velocities of laser-produced <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> from copper wire targets and water droplets</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Song, Kyo-Dong; Alexander, Dennis R.</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>Experiments were performed to determine the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> propagation velocities resulting from KrF laser irradiation of copper wire target (75 microns diameter) and water droplets (75 microns diameter) at irradiance levels ranging from 25 to 150 GW/sq cm. <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> propagation velocities were measured using a streak camera system oriented orthogonally to the high-energy laser propagation axis. <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> velocities were studied as a function of position in the focused beam. Results show that both the shape of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> and material removal from the copper wire are different and depend on whether the targets are focused or slightly defocused (approximately = 0.5 mm movement in the beam axis). <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> and its position relative to the target is an important factor in determining the practical focal point during high-energy laser interaction with materials. At irradiance of 100 GW/sq cm, the <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> has two weak-velocity components which propagate toward and away from the incident laser while a strong-velocity component propagates away from the laser beam as a detonation wave. Comparison of the measured breakdown velocities (in the range of 2.22-2.27 x 10(exp 5) m/s) for <span class="hlt">air</span> and the value calculated by the nonlinear breakdown wave theory at irradiance of 100 GW/sq cm showed a quantitative agreement within approximately 50% while the linear theory and Gaussian pulse theory failed. The detonation wave velocities of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> generated from water droplets and copper wire targets for different focused cases were measured and analyzed theoretically. The propagation velocities of laser-induced <span class="hlt">plasma</span> liquid droplets obtained by previous research are compared with current work.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910068915&hterms=quasi+particle&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dquasi%2Bparticle','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910068915&hterms=quasi+particle&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dquasi%2Bparticle"><span>The <span class="hlt">formation</span> of quasi-parallel shocks. [in space, solar and astrophysical <span class="hlt">plasmas</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Cargill, Peter J.</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>In a collisionless <span class="hlt">plasma</span>, the coupling between a piston and the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> must take place through either laminar or turbulent electromagnetic fields. Of the three types of coupling (laminar, Larmor and turbulent), shock <span class="hlt">formation</span> in the parallel regime is dominated by the latter and in the quasi-parallel regime by a combination of all three, depending on the piston. In the quasi-perpendicular regime, there is usually a good separation between piston and shock. This is not true in the quasi-parallel and parallel regime. Hybrid numerical simulations for hot <span class="hlt">plasma</span> pistons indicate that when the electrons are hot, a shock forms, but does not cleanly decouple from the piston. For hot ion pistons, no shock forms in the parallel limit: in the quasi-parallel case, a shock forms, but there is severe contamination from hot piston ions. These results suggest that the properties of solar and astrophysical shocks, such as particle acceleration, cannot be readily separated from their driving mechanism.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DPPN11121H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DPPN11121H"><span>Results from an 8 Joule RMF-FRC <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Translation Experiment for Space Propulsion</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hill, Carrie; Uchizono, Nolan; Holmes, Michael</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Field-Reversed Configuration (FRC) thrusters are attractive for advanced in-space propulsion technology as their projected performance, low specific mass, and propellant flexibility offer significant benefits over state-of-the art thrusters. A benchtop experiment to evaluate FRC thruster behavior using a Rotating Magnetic Field (RMF) <span class="hlt">formation</span> method was constructed at the <span class="hlt">Air</span> Force Research Laboratory. This experiment generated an RMF-FRC in a conical geometry and accelerated the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> into a field-free drift region, using 8 J of input energy. Downstream <span class="hlt">plasma</span> probes in a time-of-flight array measured the exhaust contents of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> plume. Results from this diagnostic demonstrated that the ejected mass and ion exit velocities fell short of the desired specific impulse and momentum. Two high-speed cameras were installed to diagnose the gross <span class="hlt">plasma</span> behavior from two perspectives. Results from these images are presented here. These images show that the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> generated in the <span class="hlt">formation</span> region for several different operating conditions was highly non-uniform and did not form a stable closed-field topology that is expected from RMF-FRC <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JPhCS.652a2025G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JPhCS.652a2025G"><span>Changes in the electro-physical properties of MCT epitaxial films affected by a <span class="hlt">plasma</span> volume discharge induced by an avalanche beam in atmospheric-pressure <span class="hlt">air</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Grigoryev, D. V.; Voitsekhovskii, A. V.; Lozovoy, K. A.; Tarasenko, V. F.; Shulepov, M. A.</p> <p>2015-11-01</p> <p>In this paper the influence of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> volume discharge of nanosecond duration formed in a non-uniform electric field at atmospheric pressure on samples of epitaxial films HgCdTe (MCT) films are discussed. The experimental data show that the action of pulses of nanosecond volume discharge in <span class="hlt">air</span> at atmospheric pressure leads to changes in the electrophysical properties of MCT epitaxial films due to <span class="hlt">formation</span> of a near-surface high- conductivity layer of the n-type conduction. The preliminary results show that it is possible to use such actions in the development of technologies for the controlled change of the properties of MCT.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014APS..GECSF2001L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014APS..GECSF2001L"><span>Experimental Characterization of Magnetogasdynamic Phenomena in Ultra-High Velocity Pulsed <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Jets</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Loebner, Keith; Wang, Benjamin; Cappelli, Mark</p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">formation</span> and propagation of high velocity <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jets in a pulsed, coaxial, deflagration-type discharge is examined experimentally. A sensitive, miniaturized, immersed probe array is used to map out magnetic flux density and associated radial current density as a function of time and axial position. This array is also used to probe the magnetic field gradient across the exit of the accelerator and in the jet <span class="hlt">formation</span> region. Sensitive interferometry via a continuous-wave helium-neon laser source is used to probe the structure of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet over multiple chords and axial locations. A two dimensional <span class="hlt">plasma</span> density gradient profile at an instant in time during jet <span class="hlt">formation</span> is compiled via Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor analysis. The qualitative characteristics of rarefaction and/or shock wave <span class="hlt">formation</span> as a function of chamber back-pressure is examined via fast-framing ICCD imaging. These measurements are compared to existing resistive MHD simulations of the coaxial deflagration accelerator and the ensuing rarefaction jet that is expelled from the electrode assembly. The physical mechanisms governing the behavior of the discharge and the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of these high energy density <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jets are proposed and validated against both theoretical models and numerically simulated behavior. This research was conducted with Government support under and awarded by DoD, <span class="hlt">Air</span> Force Office of Scientific Research, National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate (NDSEG) Fellowship, 32 CFR 168a.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930091620','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930091620"><span>Effects of <span class="hlt">Air</span>-Fuel Spray and Flame <span class="hlt">Formation</span> in a Compression-Ignition Engine</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Rothrock, A M; Waldron, C D</p> <p>1937-01-01</p> <p>High-speed motion pictures were taken at the rate of 2,500 frames per second of the fuel spray and flame <span class="hlt">formation</span> in the combustion chamber of the NACA combustion apparatus. The compression ratio was 13.2 and the speed 1,500 revolutions per minute. An optical indicator was used to record the time-pressure relationship in the combustion chamber. The <span class="hlt">air</span>-fuel ratio was varied from 10.4 to 365. The results showed that as the <span class="hlt">air</span>-fuel ratio was increased definite stratification of the charge occurred in the combustion chamber even though moderate <span class="hlt">air</span> flow existed. The results also showed the rate of vapor diffusion to be relatively slow.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011NIMPA.653...11M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011NIMPA.653...11M"><span>Electrostatic wave heating and possible <span class="hlt">formation</span> of self-generated high electric fields in a magnetized <span class="hlt">plasma</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mascali, D.; Celona, L.; Gammino, S.; Miracoli, R.; Castro, G.; Gambino, N.; Ciavola, G.</p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">plasma</span> reactor operates at the Laboratori Nazionali del Sud of INFN, Catania, and it has been used as a test-bench for the investigation of innovative mechanisms of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> ignition based on electrostatic waves (ES-W), obtained via the inner <span class="hlt">plasma</span> EM-to-ES wave conversion. Evidences of Bernstein wave (BW) generation will be shown. The Langmuir probe measurements have revealed a strong increase of the ion saturation current, where the BW are generated or absorbed, this being a signature of possible high energy ion flows. The results are interpreted through the Bernstein wave heating theory, which predicts the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of high speed rotating layers of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> (a dense <span class="hlt">plasma</span> ring is in fact observed). High intensity inner <span class="hlt">plasma</span> self-generated electric fields (on the order of several tens of kV/cm) come out by our calculations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25034276','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25034276"><span>Human <span class="hlt">plasma</span> enhances the expression of Staphylococcal microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules promoting biofilm <span class="hlt">formation</span> and increases antimicrobial tolerance In Vitro.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cardile, Anthony P; Sanchez, Carlos J; Samberg, Meghan E; Romano, Desiree R; Hardy, Sharanda K; Wenke, Joseph C; Murray, Clinton K; Akers, Kevin S</p> <p>2014-07-17</p> <p>Microbial biofilms have been associated with the development of chronic human infections and represent a clinical challenge given their increased antimicrobial tolerance. Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen causing a diverse range of diseases, of which biofilms are often involved. Staphylococcal attachment and the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of biofilms have been shown to be facilitated by host factors that accumulate on surfaces. To better understand how host factors enhance staphylococcal biofilm <span class="hlt">formation</span>, we evaluated the effect of whole human <span class="hlt">plasma</span> on biofilm <span class="hlt">formation</span> in clinical isolates of S. aureus and the expression of seven microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs) known to be involved in biofilm <span class="hlt">formation</span> by quantitative real-time PCR. We also evaluated whether <span class="hlt">plasma</span> augmented changes in S. aureus biofilm morphology and antimicrobial resistance. Exposure of clinical isolates of S. aureus to human <span class="hlt">plasma</span> (10%) within media, and to a lesser extent when coated onto plates, significantly enhanced biofilm <span class="hlt">formation</span> in all of the clinical isolates tested. Compared to biofilms grown under non-supplemented conditions, <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-augmented biofilms displayed significant changes in both the biofilm phenotype and cell morphology as determined by confocal scanning laser microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Exposure of bacteria to <span class="hlt">plasma</span> resulted in a significant fold-increase in MSCRAMM expression in both a time and isolate-dependent manner. Additionally, <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-augmented biofilms displayed an increased tolerance to vancomycin compared to biofilms grown in non-supplemented media. Collectively, these studies support previous findings demonstrating a role for host factors in biofilm <span class="hlt">formation</span> and provide further insight into how <span class="hlt">plasma</span>, a preferred growth medium for staphylococcal biofilm <span class="hlt">formation</span> enhances as well as augments other intrinsic properties of S. aureus biofilms. Consequently, these findings</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ACP....18..467P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ACP....18..467P"><span>Secondary organic aerosol <span class="hlt">formation</span> from ambient <span class="hlt">air</span> in an oxidation flow reactor in central Amazonia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Palm, Brett B.; de Sá, Suzane S.; Day, Douglas A.; Campuzano-Jost, Pedro; Hu, Weiwei; Seco, Roger; Sjostedt, Steven J.; Park, Jeong-Hoo; Guenther, Alex B.; Kim, Saewung; Brito, Joel; Wurm, Florian; Artaxo, Paulo; Thalman, Ryan; Wang, Jian; Yee, Lindsay D.; Wernis, Rebecca; Isaacman-VanWertz, Gabriel; Goldstein, Allen H.; Liu, Yingjun; Springston, Stephen R.; Souza, Rodrigo; Newburn, Matt K.; Lizabeth Alexander, M.; Martin, Scot T.; Jimenez, Jose L.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) <span class="hlt">formation</span> from ambient <span class="hlt">air</span> was studied using an oxidation flow reactor (OFR) coupled to an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) during both the wet and dry seasons at the Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5) field campaign. Measurements were made at two sites downwind of the city of Manaus, Brazil. Ambient <span class="hlt">air</span> was oxidized in the OFR using variable concentrations of either OH or O3, over ranges from hours to days (O3) or weeks (OH) of equivalent atmospheric aging. The amount of SOA formed in the OFR ranged from 0 to as much as 10 µg m-3, depending on the amount of SOA precursor gases in ambient <span class="hlt">air</span>. Typically, more SOA was formed during nighttime than daytime, and more from OH than from O3 oxidation. SOA yields of individual organic precursors under OFR conditions were measured by standard addition into ambient <span class="hlt">air</span> and were confirmed to be consistent with published environmental chamber-derived SOA yields. Positive matrix factorization of organic aerosol (OA) after OH oxidation showed <span class="hlt">formation</span> of typical oxidized OA factors and a loss of primary OA factors as OH aging increased. After OH oxidation in the OFR, the hygroscopicity of the OA increased with increasing elemental O : C up to O : C ˜ 1.0, and then decreased as O : C increased further. Possible reasons for this decrease are discussed. The measured SOA <span class="hlt">formation</span> was compared to the amount predicted from the concentrations of measured ambient SOA precursors and their SOA yields. While measured ambient precursors were sufficient to explain the amount of SOA formed from O3, they could only explain 10-50 % of the SOA formed from OH. This is consistent with previous OFR studies, which showed that typically unmeasured semivolatile and intermediate volatility gases (that tend to lack C = C bonds) are present in ambient <span class="hlt">air</span> and can explain such additional SOA <span class="hlt">formation</span>. To investigate the sources of the unmeasured SOA-forming gases during this campaign</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PPCF...60d4019H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PPCF...60d4019H"><span>The effect of pre-<span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> under nonlocal transport conditions for ultra-relativistic laser-<span class="hlt">plasma</span> interaction</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Holec, M.; Nikl, J.; Vranic, M.; Weber, S.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Interaction of high-power lasers with solid targets is in general strongly affected by the limited contrast available. The laser pre-pulse ionizes the target and produces a pre-<span class="hlt">plasma</span> which can strongly modify the interaction of the main part of the laser pulse with the target. This is of particular importance for future experiments which will use laser intensities above 1021 W cm-2 and which are subject to the limited contrast. As a consequence the main part of the laser pulse will be modified while traversing the pre-<span class="hlt">plasma</span>, interacting with it partially. A further complication arises from the fact that the interaction of a high-power pre-pulse with solid targets very often takes place under nonlocal transport conditions, i.e. the characteristic mean-free-path of the particles and photons is larger than the characteristic scale-lengths of density and temperature. The classical diffusion treatment of radiation and heat transport in the hydrodynamic model is then insufficient for the description of the pre-pulse physics. These phenomena also strongly modify the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of the pre-<span class="hlt">plasma</span> which in turn affects the propagation of the main laser pulse. In this paper nonlocal radiation-hydrodynamic simulations are carried out and serve as input for subsequent kinetic simulations of ultra-high intensity laser pulses interacting with the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> in the ultra-relativistic regime. It is shown that the results of the kinetic simulations differ considerably whether a diffusive or nonlocal transport is used for the radiation-hydrodynamic simulations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012RScI...83f3503B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012RScI...83f3503B"><span>Surface analysis using a new <span class="hlt">plasma</span> assisted desorption/ionisation source for mass spectrometry in ambient <span class="hlt">air</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bowfield, A.; Barrett, D. A.; Alexander, M. R.; Ortori, C. A.; Rutten, F. M.; Salter, T. L.; Gilmore, I. S.; Bradley, J. W.</p> <p>2012-06-01</p> <p>The authors report on a modified micro-<span class="hlt">plasma</span> assisted desorption/ionisation (PADI) device which creates <span class="hlt">plasma</span> through the breakdown of ambient <span class="hlt">air</span> rather than utilising an independent noble gas flow. This new micro-PADI device is used as an ion source for ambient mass spectrometry to analyse species released from the surfaces of polytetrafluoroethylene, and generic ibuprofen and paracetamol tablets through remote activation of the surface by the <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. The mass spectra from these surfaces compare favourably to those produced by a PADI device constructed using an earlier design and confirm that the new ion source is an effective device which can be used to achieve ambient mass spectrometry with improved spatial resolution.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015APS..GECGT1142N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015APS..GECGT1142N"><span>Open <span class="hlt">Air</span> Silicon Deposition by Atmospheric Pressure <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> under Local Ambient Gas Control</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Naito, Teruki; Konno, Nobuaki; Yoshida, Yukihisa</p> <p>2015-09-01</p> <p>In this paper, we report open <span class="hlt">air</span> silicon (Si) deposition by combining a silane free Si deposition technology and a newly developed local ambient gas control technology. Recently, material processing in open <span class="hlt">air</span> has been investigated intensively. While a variety of materials have been deposited, there were only few reports on Si deposition due to the susceptibility to contamination and the hazardous nature of source materials. Since Si deposition is one of the most important processes in device fabrication, we have developed open <span class="hlt">air</span> silicon deposition technologies in BEANS project. For a clean and safe process, a local ambient gas control head was designed. Process gas leakage was prevented by local evacuation, and <span class="hlt">air</span> contamination was shut out by inert curtain gas. By numerical and experimental investigations, a safe and clean process condition with <span class="hlt">air</span> contamination less than 10 ppm was achieved. Si film was deposited in open <span class="hlt">air</span> by atmospheric pressure <span class="hlt">plasma</span> enhanced chemical transport under the local ambient gas control. The film was microcrystalline Si with the crystallite size of 17 nm, and the Hall mobility was 2.3 cm2/V .s. These properties were comparable to those of Si films deposited in a vacuum chamber. This research has been conducted as one of the research items of New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization ``BEANS'' project.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015APS..DPPNO4004S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015APS..DPPNO4004S"><span>Simulation of <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Jet Merger and Liner <span class="hlt">Formation</span> within the PLX- α Project</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Samulyak, Roman; Chen, Hsin-Chiang; Shih, Wen; Hsu, Scott</p> <p>2015-11-01</p> <p>Detailed numerical studies of the propagation and merger of high Mach number argon <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jets and the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> liners have been performed using the newly developed method of Lagrangian particles (LP). The LP method significantly improves accuracy and mathematical rigor of common particle-based numerical methods such as smooth particle hydrodynamics while preserving their main advantages compared to grid-based methods. A brief overview of the LP method will be presented. The Lagrangian particle code implements main relevant physics models such as an equation of state for argon undergoing atomic physics transformation, radiation losses in thin optical limit, and heat conduction. Simulations of the merger of two <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jets are compared with experimental data from past PLX experiments. Simulations quantify the effect of oblique shock waves, ionization, and radiation processes on the jet merger process. Results of preliminary simulations of future PLX- alpha experiments involving the ~ π / 2 -solid-angle <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-liner configuration with 9 guns will also be presented. Partially supported by ARPA-E's ALPHA program.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PlST...20d4001X','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PlST...20d4001X"><span>Measurement of cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration in Saccharomyces cerevisiae induced by <span class="hlt">air</span> cold <span class="hlt">plasma</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Xiaoyu, DONG</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>In this study, a novel approach to measure the absolute cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]cyt) using the Ca2+ indicator fluo-3 AM was established. The parameters associated with the probe fluo-3 AM were optimized to accurately determine fluorescence intensity from the Ca2+-bound probe. Using three optimized parameters (final concentration of 6 mM probe, incubation time of 135 min, loading probe before <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment), the maximum fluorescence intensity (F max = 527.8 a.u.) and the minimum fluorescence intensity (F min = 63.8 a.u.) were obtained in a saturated Ca2+ solution or a solution of lacking Ca2+. Correspondingly, the maximum [Ca2+]cyt induced by cold <span class="hlt">plasma</span> was 1232.5 nM. Therefore, the Ca2+ indicator fluo-3 AM was successfully applied to measure the absolute [Ca2+]cyt in Saccharomyces cerevisiae stimulated by cold <span class="hlt">plasma</span> at atmospheric <span class="hlt">air</span> pressure.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012APS..GECAM1008L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012APS..GECAM1008L"><span>On non-equilibrium atmospheric pressure <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jets and <span class="hlt">plasma</span> bullet</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lu, Xinpei</p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>Because of the enhanced <span class="hlt">plasma</span> chemistry, atmospheric pressure nonequilibrium <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> (APNPs) have been widely studied for several emerging applications such as biomedical applications. For the biomedical applications, <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet devices, which generate <span class="hlt">plasma</span> in open space (surrounding <span class="hlt">air</span>) rather than in confined discharge gaps only, have lots of advantages over the traditional dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) devices. For example, it can be used for root canal disinfection, which can't be realized by the traditional <span class="hlt">plasma</span> device. On the other hand, currently, the working gases of most of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet devices are noble gases or the mixtures of the noble gases with small amount of O2, or <span class="hlt">air</span>. If ambient <span class="hlt">air</span> is used as the working gas, several serious difficulties are encountered in the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> generation process. Amongst these are high gas temperatures and disrupting instabilities. In this presentation, firstly, a brief review of the different cold <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jets developed to date is presented. Secondly, several different <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet devices developed in our lab are reported. The effects of various parameters on the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jets are discussed. Finally, one of the most interesting phenomena of APNP-Js, the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> bullet is discussed and its behavior is described. References: [1] X. Lu, M. Laroussi, V. Puech, <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Sources Sci. Technol. 21, 034005 (2012); [2] Y. Xian, X. Lu, S. Wu, P. Chu, and Y. Pan, Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 123702 (2012); [3] X. Pei, X. Lu, J. Liu, D. Liu, Y. Yang, K. Ostrikov, P. Chu, and Y. Pan, J. Phys. D 45, 165205 (2012).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19955078','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19955078"><span>Proteomics of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> membranes from poplar trees reveals tissue distribution of transporters, receptors, and proteins in cell wall <span class="hlt">formation</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nilsson, Robert; Bernfur, Katja; Gustavsson, Niklas; Bygdell, Joakim; Wingsle, Gunnar; Larsson, Christer</p> <p>2010-02-01</p> <p>By exploiting the abundant tissues available from Populus trees, 3-4 m high, we have been able to isolate <span class="hlt">plasma</span> membranes of high purity from leaves, xylem, and cambium/phloem at a time (4 weeks after bud break) when photosynthesis in the leaves and wood <span class="hlt">formation</span> in the xylem should have reached a steady state. More than 40% of the 956 proteins identified were found in the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> membranes of all three tissues and may be classified as "housekeeping" proteins, a typical example being P-type H(+)-ATPases. Among the 213 proteins predicted to be integral membrane proteins, transporters constitute the largest class (41%) followed by receptors (14%) and proteins involved in cell wall and carbohydrate metabolism (8%) and membrane trafficking (8%). ATP-binding cassette transporters (all members of subfamilies B, C, and G) and receptor-like kinases (four subfamilies) were two of the largest protein families found, and the members of these two families showed pronounced tissue distribution. Leaf <span class="hlt">plasma</span> membranes were characterized by a very high proportion of transporters, constituting almost half of the integral proteins. Proteins involved in cell wall synthesis (such as cellulose and sucrose synthases) and membrane trafficking were most abundant in xylem <span class="hlt">plasma</span> membranes in agreement with the role of the xylem in wood <span class="hlt">formation</span>. Twenty-five integral proteins and 83 soluble proteins were exclusively found in xylem <span class="hlt">plasma</span> membranes, which identifies new candidates associated with cell wall synthesis and wood <span class="hlt">formation</span>. Among the proteins uniquely found in xylem <span class="hlt">plasma</span> membranes were most of the enzymes involved in lignin biosynthesis, which suggests that they may exist as a complex linked to the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> membrane.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_15 --> <div id="page_16" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="301"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22490771-plasma-column-nano-powder-generation-from-solid-titanium-localized-microwaves-air','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22490771-plasma-column-nano-powder-generation-from-solid-titanium-localized-microwaves-air"><span><span class="hlt">Plasma</span> column and nano-powder generation from solid titanium by localized microwaves in <span class="hlt">air</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Popescu, Simona; Jerby, Eli, E-mail: jerby@eng.tau.ac.il; Meir, Yehuda</p> <p>2015-07-14</p> <p>This paper studies the effect of a <span class="hlt">plasma</span> column ejected from solid titanium by localized microwaves in an ambient <span class="hlt">air</span> atmosphere. Nanoparticles of titanium dioxide (titania) are found to be directly synthesized in this <span class="hlt">plasma</span> column maintained by the microwave energy in the cavity. The process is initiated by a hotspot induced by localized microwaves, which melts the titanium substrate locally. The molten hotspot emits ionized titanium vapors continuously into the stable <span class="hlt">plasma</span> column, which may last for more than a minute duration. The characterization of the dusty <span class="hlt">plasma</span> obtained is performed in-situ by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), optical spectroscopy,more » and microwave reflection analyses. The deposited titania nanoparticles are structurally and morphologically analyzed by ex-situ optical and scanning-electron microscope observations, and also by X-ray diffraction. Using the Boltzmann plot method combined with the SAXS results, the electron temperature and density in the dusty <span class="hlt">plasma</span> are estimated as ∼0.4 eV and ∼10{sup 19 }m{sup −3}, respectively. The analysis of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> product reveals nanoparticles of titania in crystalline phases of anatase, brookite, and rutile. These are spatially arranged in various spherical, cubic, lamellar, and network forms. Several applications are considered for this process of titania nano-powder production.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PlST...14..297G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PlST...14..297G"><span>The Mutation Breeding and Mutagenic Effect of <span class="hlt">Air</span> <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> on Penicillium Chrysogenum</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gui, Fang; Wang, Hui; Wang, Peng; Liu, Hui; Cai, Xiaochun; Hu, Yihua; Yuan, Chengling; Zheng, Zhiming</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>Low temperature <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> was used as the mutation tool for penicillin-producing strain Penicillium chrysogenum. The discharge conditions were RF power of 360 W, temperature of 40°C in a sealed chamber, and pressure of 10 Pa to 30 Pa. The result showed that the kinetics of the survival rate followed a typical saddle-shaped curve. Based on a statistic analysis, at the treating duration of 10 min, the positive mutation rate was as high as 37.5% while the negative mutation rate was low. The colonial morphology changed obviously when the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treating duration reached or exceeded 45 min. After both primary and secondary screening, a mutant designated as aPc051310 with high productivity of penicillin was obtained, and a strong mutagenic effect on P. chrysogenum was observed in the process. It was proved that after five generations, the mutant aPc051310 still exhibits a high productivity. All the results prove that the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> mutation method could be developed as a convenient and effective tool to breed high-yield strains in the fermentation industry, while expanding the plasm application at the same time.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PlST...19b5503W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PlST...19b5503W"><span>Cold atmospheric-pressure <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment of C6 glioma cells: effects of reactive oxygen species in the medium produced by the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> on cell death</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Yuyang; Cheng, Cheng; Gao, Peng; Li, Shaopeng; Shen, Jie; Lan, Yan; Yu, Yongqiang; Chu, Paul K.</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>An atmospheric-pressure <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is employed to treat C6 glioma cells in vitro. To elucidate on the mechanism causing cell death and role of reactive species (RS) in the medium produced by the <span class="hlt">plasma</span>, the concentration of the long-lived RS such as hydrogen peroxide, nitrate, and ozone in the <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-treated liquid (phosphate-buffered saline solution) is measured. When vitamin C is added to the medium as a ROS quencher, the viability of C6 glioma cells after the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment is different from that without vitamin C. The results demonstrate that reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as H2O2, and O3 constitute the main factors for inactivation of C6 glioma cells and the reactive nitrogen species (RNS) may only play an auxiliary role in cell death.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhD...51kLT01A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhD...51kLT01A"><span>Self-<span class="hlt">formation</span> of a nanonet of fluorinated carbon nanowires on the Si surface by combined etching in fluorine-containing <span class="hlt">plasma</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Amirov, I. I.; Gorlachev, E. S.; Mazaletskiy, L. A.; Izyumov, M. O.; Alov, N. V.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>In this work, we report a technique of the self-<span class="hlt">formation</span> of a nanonet of fluorinated carbon nanowires on the Si surface using a combined etching in fluorine-containing C4F8/Ar and SF6 <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>. Using scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, we show that after the etching of Si in the C4F8/Ar <span class="hlt">plasma</span>, a fluorinated carbon film of nanometer-scale thickness is formed on its surface and its <span class="hlt">formation</span> accelerates at elevated temperatures. After a subsequent short-term etching in the SF6 <span class="hlt">plasma</span>, the film is modified into a nanonet of self-formed fluorinated carbon nanowires.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020067389&hterms=coaxial+plasma+gun&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dcoaxial%2Bplasma%2Bgun','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020067389&hterms=coaxial+plasma+gun&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dcoaxial%2Bplasma%2Bgun"><span>Progress In <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Accelerator Development for Dynamic <span class="hlt">Formation</span> of <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Liners</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Thio, Y. C. Francis; Eskridge, Richard; Martin, Adam; Smith, James; Lee, Michael; Cassibry, Jason T.; Griffin, Steven; Rodgers, Stephen L. (Technical Monitor)</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>An experimental <span class="hlt">plasma</span> accelerator for magnetic target fusion (MTF) applications under development at the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center is described. The accelerator is a coaxial pulsed <span class="hlt">plasma</span> thruster (Figure 1). It has been tested experimentally and <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet velocities of approx.50 km/sec have been obtained. The <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet has been photographed with 10-ns exposure times to reveal a stable and repeatable <span class="hlt">plasma</span> structure (Figure 2). Data for velocity profile information has been obtained using light pipes and magnetic probes embedded in the gun walls to record the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> and current transit respectively at various barrel locations. Preliminary spatially resolved spectral data and magnetic field probe data are also presented. A high speed triggering system has been developed and tested as a means of reducing the gun "jitter". This jitter is being characterized and future work for second generation "ultra-low jitter" gun development is being identified.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017OptCo.390...49Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017OptCo.390...49Z"><span>Influence of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> shock wave on the morphology of laser drilling in different environments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhai, Zhaoyang; Wang, Wenjun; Mei, Xuesong; Wang, Kedian; Yang, Huizhu</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>Nanosecond pulse laser was used to study nickel-based alloy drilling and compare processing results of microholes in <span class="hlt">air</span> environment and water environment. Through analysis and comparison, it's found that environmental medium had obvious influence on morphology of laser drilling. High-speed camera was used to shoot <span class="hlt">plasma</span> morphology during laser drilling process, theoretical formula was used to calculate boundary dimension of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> and shock wave velocity, and finally parameters were substituted into computational fluid dynamics simulation software to obtain solutions. Obtained analysis results could intuitively explain different morphological features and forming reasons between laser drilling in <span class="hlt">air</span> environment and water environment in the experiment from angle of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> shock waves. By comparing simulation results and experimental results, it could help to get an understanding of <span class="hlt">formation</span> mechanism of microhole morphology, thus providing basis for further improving process optimization of laser drilling quality.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApPhL.110m4104S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApPhL.110m4104S"><span>Mode transition of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> expansion for laser induced breakdown in <span class="hlt">Air</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shimamura, Kohei; Matsui, Kohei; Ofosu, Joseph A.; Yokota, Ippei; Komurasaki, Kimiya</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>High-speed shadowgraph visualization experiments conducted using a 10 J pulse transversely excited atmospheric (TEA) CO2 laser in ambient <span class="hlt">air</span> provided a state transition from overdriven to Chapman-Jouguet in the laser-supported detonation regime. At the state transition, the propagation velocity of the laser-supported detonation wave and the threshold laser intensity were 10 km/s and 1011 W/m2, respectively. State transition information, such as the photoionization caused by <span class="hlt">plasma</span> UV radiation, of the avalanche ionization ahead of the ionization wave front can be elucidated from examination of the source seed electrons.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PlST...11..200Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PlST...11..200Y"><span>Characterization of Mullite-Zirconia Composite Processed by Non-Transferred and Transferred Arc <span class="hlt">Plasma</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yugeswaran, S.; Selvarajan, V.; Lusvarghi, L.; I. Y. Tok, A.; D. Siva Rama, Krishna</p> <p>2009-04-01</p> <p>The arc <span class="hlt">plasma</span> melting technique is a simple method to synthesize high temperature reaction composites. In this study, mullite-zirconia composite was synthesized by transferred and non-transferred arc <span class="hlt">plasma</span> melting, and the results were compared. A mixture of alumina and zircon powders with a mole ratio of 3: 2 were ball milled for four hours and melted for two minutes in the transferred and non-transferred mode of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> arcs. Argon and <span class="hlt">air</span> were used as <span class="hlt">plasma</span> forming gases. The phase and microstructural <span class="hlt">formation</span> of melted samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The microstructure of the composites was found to be affected by the mode of melting. In transferred arc melting, zirconia flowers with uniform lines along with mullite whiskers were obtained. In the case of non-transferred arc <span class="hlt">plasma</span> melting, mullite whiskers along with star shape zirconia were formed. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) of the synthesized mullite-zirconia composites provided a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of mullite <span class="hlt">formation</span> during the two different processes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160008996','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160008996"><span>Experimental and Modeling Investigation of the Effect of <span class="hlt">Air</span> Preheat on the <span class="hlt">Formation</span> of NOx in an RQL Combustor</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Samuelsen, G. S.; Brouwer, J.; Vardakas, M. A.; Holderman, J. D.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>The Rich-burn/Quick-mix/Lean-burn (RQL) combustor concept has been proposed to minimize the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in gas turbine systems. The success of this low-NOx combustor strategy is dependent upon the links between the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of NOx, inlet <span class="hlt">air</span> preheat temperature, and the mixing of the jet <span class="hlt">air</span> and fuel-rich streams. Chemical equilibrium and kinetics modeling calculations and experiments were performed to further understand NOx emissions in an RQL combustor. The results indicate that as the temperature at the inlet to the mixing zone increases (due to preheating and/or operating conditions) the fuel-rich zone equivalence ratio must be increased to achieve minimum NOx <span class="hlt">formation</span> in the primary zone of the combustor. The chemical kinetics model illustrates that there is sufficient residence time to produce NOx at concentrations that agree well with the NOx measurements. <span class="hlt">Air</span> preheat was found to have very little effect on mixing, but preheating the <span class="hlt">air</span> did increase NOx emissions significantly. By understanding the mechanisms governing NOx <span class="hlt">formation</span> and the temperature dependence of key reactions in the RQL combustor, a strategy can be devised to further reduce NOx emissions using the RQL concept.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1424985-secondary-organic-aerosol-formation-from-ambient-air-oxidation-flow-reactor-central-amazonia','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1424985-secondary-organic-aerosol-formation-from-ambient-air-oxidation-flow-reactor-central-amazonia"><span>Secondary organic aerosol <span class="hlt">formation</span> from ambient <span class="hlt">air</span> in an oxidation flow reactor in central Amazonia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Palm, Brett B.; de Sá, Suzane S.; Day, Douglas A.; ...</p> <p>2018-01-17</p> <p>Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) <span class="hlt">formation</span> from ambient <span class="hlt">air</span> was studied using an oxidation flow reactor (OFR) coupled to an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) during both the wet and dry seasons at the Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5) field campaign. Measurements were made at two sites downwind of the city of Manaus, Brazil. Ambient <span class="hlt">air</span> was oxidized in the OFR using variable concentrations of either OH or O 3, over ranges from hours to days (O 3) or weeks (OH) of equivalent atmospheric aging. The amount of SOA formed in the OFR ranged from 0 to asmore » much as 10 μg m -3, depending on the amount of SOA precursor gases in ambient <span class="hlt">air</span>. Typically, more SOA was formed during nighttime than daytime, and more from OH than from O 3 oxidation. SOA yields of individual organic precursors under OFR conditions were measured by standard addition into ambient <span class="hlt">air</span>, and confirmed to be consistent with published environmental chamber-derived SOA yields. Positive matrix factorization of organic aerosol (OA) after OH oxidation showed <span class="hlt">formation</span> of typical oxidized OA factors and a loss of primary OA factors as OH aging increased. After OH oxidation in the OFR, the hygroscopicity of the OA increased with increasing elemental O : C up to O : C ~ 1.0, and then decreased as O : C increased further. Some possible reasons for this decrease are discussed. The measured SOA <span class="hlt">formation</span> was compared to the amount predicted from the concentrations of measured ambient SOA precursors and their SOA yields. And while measured ambient precursors were sufficient to explain the amount of SOA formed from O 3, they could only explain 10–50 % of the SOA formed from OH. This is consistent with previous OFR studies which showed that typically unmeasured semivolatile and intermediate volatility gases (that tend to lack C = C bonds) are present in ambient <span class="hlt">air</span> and can explain such additional SOA <span class="hlt">formation</span>. To investigate the sources of the unmeasured SOA-forming gases</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1424985','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1424985"><span>Secondary organic aerosol <span class="hlt">formation</span> from ambient <span class="hlt">air</span> in an oxidation flow reactor in central Amazonia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Palm, Brett B.; de Sá, Suzane S.; Day, Douglas A.</p> <p></p> <p>Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) <span class="hlt">formation</span> from ambient <span class="hlt">air</span> was studied using an oxidation flow reactor (OFR) coupled to an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) during both the wet and dry seasons at the Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5) field campaign. Measurements were made at two sites downwind of the city of Manaus, Brazil. Ambient <span class="hlt">air</span> was oxidized in the OFR using variable concentrations of either OH or O 3, over ranges from hours to days (O 3) or weeks (OH) of equivalent atmospheric aging. The amount of SOA formed in the OFR ranged from 0 to asmore » much as 10 μg m -3, depending on the amount of SOA precursor gases in ambient <span class="hlt">air</span>. Typically, more SOA was formed during nighttime than daytime, and more from OH than from O 3 oxidation. SOA yields of individual organic precursors under OFR conditions were measured by standard addition into ambient <span class="hlt">air</span>, and confirmed to be consistent with published environmental chamber-derived SOA yields. Positive matrix factorization of organic aerosol (OA) after OH oxidation showed <span class="hlt">formation</span> of typical oxidized OA factors and a loss of primary OA factors as OH aging increased. After OH oxidation in the OFR, the hygroscopicity of the OA increased with increasing elemental O : C up to O : C ~ 1.0, and then decreased as O : C increased further. Some possible reasons for this decrease are discussed. The measured SOA <span class="hlt">formation</span> was compared to the amount predicted from the concentrations of measured ambient SOA precursors and their SOA yields. And while measured ambient precursors were sufficient to explain the amount of SOA formed from O 3, they could only explain 10–50 % of the SOA formed from OH. This is consistent with previous OFR studies which showed that typically unmeasured semivolatile and intermediate volatility gases (that tend to lack C = C bonds) are present in ambient <span class="hlt">air</span> and can explain such additional SOA <span class="hlt">formation</span>. To investigate the sources of the unmeasured SOA-forming gases</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1439677-secondary-organic-aerosol-formation-from-ambient-air-oxidation-flow-reactor-central-amazonia','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1439677-secondary-organic-aerosol-formation-from-ambient-air-oxidation-flow-reactor-central-amazonia"><span>Secondary organic aerosol <span class="hlt">formation</span> from ambient <span class="hlt">air</span> in an oxidation flow reactor in central Amazonia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Palm, Brett B.; de Sá, Suzane S.; Day, Douglas A.</p> <p></p> <p>Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) <span class="hlt">formation</span> from ambient <span class="hlt">air</span> was studied using an oxidation flow reactor (OFR) coupled to an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) during both the wet and dry seasons at the Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5) field campaign. Measurements were made at two sites downwind of the city of Manaus, Brazil. Ambient <span class="hlt">air</span> was oxidized in the OFR using variable concentrations of either OH or O 3, over ranges from hours to days (O 3) or weeks (OH) of equivalent atmospheric aging. The amount of SOA formed in the OFR ranged from 0 to asmore » much as 10 µg m −3, depending on the amount of SOA precursor gases in ambient <span class="hlt">air</span>. Typically, more SOA was formed during nighttime than daytime, and more from OH than from O 3 oxidation. SOA yields of individual organic precursors under OFR conditions were measured by standard addition into ambient <span class="hlt">air</span> and were confirmed to be consistent with published environmental chamber-derived SOA yields. Positive matrix factorization of organic aerosol (OA) after OH oxidation showed <span class="hlt">formation</span> of typical oxidized OA factors and a loss of primary OA factors as OH aging increased. After OH oxidation in the OFR, the hygroscopicity of the OA increased with increasing elemental O : C up to O : C ∼ 1.0, and then decreased as O : C increased further. Possible reasons for this decrease are discussed. The measured SOA <span class="hlt">formation</span> was compared to the amount predicted from the concentrations of measured ambient SOA precursors and their SOA yields. While measured ambient precursors were sufficient to explain the amount of SOA formed from O 3, they could only explain 10–50 % of the SOA formed from OH. This is consistent with previous OFR studies, which showed that typically unmeasured semivolatile and intermediate volatility gases (that tend to lack C = C bonds) are present in ambient <span class="hlt">air</span> and can explain such additional SOA <span class="hlt">formation</span>. To investigate the sources of the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011APS..GECFT1036A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011APS..GECFT1036A"><span>Modeling of electron behaviors under microwave electric field in methane and <span class="hlt">air</span> pre-mixture gas <span class="hlt">plasma</span> assisted combustion</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Akashi, Haruaki; Sasaki, K.; Yoshinaga, T.</p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>Recently, <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-assisted combustion has been focused on for achieving more efficient combustion way of fossil fuels, reducing pollutants and so on. Shinohara et al has reported that the flame length of methane and <span class="hlt">air</span> premixed burner shortened by irradiating microwave power without increase of gas temperature. This suggests that electrons heated by microwave electric field assist the combustion. They also measured emission from 2nd Positive Band System (2nd PBS) of nitrogen during the irradiation. To clarify this mechanism, electron behavior under microwave power should be examined. To obtain electron transport parameters, electron Monte Carlo simulations in methane and <span class="hlt">air</span> mixture gas have been done. A simple model has been developed to simulate inside the flame. To make this model simple, some assumptions are made. The electrons diffuse from the combustion <span class="hlt">plasma</span> region. And the electrons quickly reach their equilibrium state. And it is found that the simulated emission from 2nd PBS agrees with the experimental result. Recently, <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-assisted combustion has been focused on for achieving more efficient combustion way of fossil fuels, reducing pollutants and so on. Shinohara et al has reported that the flame length of methane and <span class="hlt">air</span> premixed burner shortened by irradiating microwave power without increase of gas temperature. This suggests that electrons heated by microwave electric field assist the combustion. They also measured emission from 2nd Positive Band System (2nd PBS) of nitrogen during the irradiation. To clarify this mechanism, electron behavior under microwave power should be examined. To obtain electron transport parameters, electron Monte Carlo simulations in methane and <span class="hlt">air</span> mixture gas have been done. A simple model has been developed to simulate inside the flame. To make this model simple, some assumptions are made. The electrons diffuse from the combustion <span class="hlt">plasma</span> region. And the electrons quickly reach their equilibrium state. And it is found</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015APS..GECNR4005U','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015APS..GECNR4005U"><span><span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Torch for <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Ignition and Combustion of Coal</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ustimenko, Alexandr; Messerle, Vladimir</p> <p>2015-09-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Plasma</span>-fuel systems (PFS) have been developed to improve coal combustion efficiency. PFS is a pulverized coal burner equipped with arc <span class="hlt">plasma</span> torch producing high temperature <span class="hlt">air</span> stream of 4000 - 6000 K. <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> activation of coal at the PFS increases the coal reactivity and provides more effective ignition and ecologically friendly incineration of low-rank coal. The main and crucial element of PFS is <span class="hlt">plasma</span> torch. Simplicity and reliability of the industrial arc <span class="hlt">plasma</span> torches using cylindrical copper cathode and <span class="hlt">air</span> as <span class="hlt">plasma</span> forming gas predestined their application at heat and power engineering for <span class="hlt">plasma</span> aided coal combustion. Life time of these <span class="hlt">plasma</span> torches electrodes is critical and usually limited to 200 hours. Considered in this report direct current arc <span class="hlt">plasma</span> torch has the cathode life significantly exceeded 1000 hours. To ensure the electrodes long life the process of hydrocarbon gas dissociation in the electric arc discharge is used. In accordance to this method atoms and ions of carbon from near-electrode <span class="hlt">plasma</span> deposit on the active surface of the electrodes and form electrode carbon condensate which operates as ``actual'' electrode. Complex physicochemical investigation showed that deposit consists of nanocarbon material.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19820034008&hterms=air+pollution&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dair%2Bpollution','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19820034008&hterms=air+pollution&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dair%2Bpollution"><span>Advection fog <span class="hlt">formation</span> and aerosols produced by combustion-originated <span class="hlt">air</span> pollution</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hung, R. J.; Liaw, G. S.; Vaughan, O. H., Jr.</p> <p>1980-01-01</p> <p>The way in which pollutants produced by the photochemical reaction of NO(X) and SO(X) affect the quality of the human environment through such phenomena as the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of advection fog is considered. These pollutants provide the major source of condensation nuclei for the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of fog in highways, airports and seaports. Results based on the monodisperse, multicomponent aerosol model show that: (1) condensation nuclei can grow and form a dense fog without the <span class="hlt">air</span> having attained supersaturation; (2) the mass concentration range for NO(X) is one-third that of SO(X); and (3) the greater the mass concentration, the particle concentration, and the radius of condensation nuclei, the denser the fog that is formed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800004936','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800004936"><span>Effect of pressure on structure and NO sub X <span class="hlt">formation</span> in CO-<span class="hlt">air</span> diffusion flames</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Maahs, H. G.; Miller, I. M.</p> <p>1979-01-01</p> <p>A study was made of nitric oxide <span class="hlt">formation</span> in a laminar CO-<span class="hlt">air</span> diffusion flame over a pressure range from 1 to 50 atm. The carbon monoxide (CO) issued from a 3.06 mm diameter port coaxially into a coflowing stream of <span class="hlt">air</span> confined within a 20.5 mm diameter chimney. Nitric oxide concentrations from the flame were measured at two carbon monoxide (fuel) flow rates: 73 standard cubic/min and 146 sccm. Comparison of the present data with data in the literature for a methane-<span class="hlt">air</span> diffusion flame shows that for flames of comparable flame height (8 to 10 mm) and pseudoequivalence ratio (0.162), the molar emission index of a CO-<span class="hlt">air</span> flame is significantly greater than that of a methane-<span class="hlt">air</span> flame.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994JAP....75.1599K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994JAP....75.1599K"><span>Influence of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> conditions on the defect <span class="hlt">formation</span> mechanism in amorphous hydrogenated silicon</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kounavis, P.; Mataras, D.; Spiliopoulos, N.; Mytilineou, E.; Rapakoulias, D.</p> <p>1994-02-01</p> <p>The variation of a-Si:H film quality, deposited by a rf glow discharge of pure silane, is examined as a function of the interelectrode distance for two different pressures. Constant photocurrent and modulated photocurrent methods are used to estimate the magnitude and the shape of the defect states in the valence band and the conduction band, respectively. An effort is made to correlate the film quality parameters and the defect <span class="hlt">formation</span> with the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> macroscopic and microscopic parameters. The results suggest that, at low interelectrode distances, high sticking coefficient radicals modify the film growth and the defect <span class="hlt">formation</span> mechanisms, leading to the deterioration of the film quality. The conclusions drawn are compared with the predictions of recent theoretical models concerning the defect <span class="hlt">formation</span> in a-Si:H.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20060046735','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20060046735"><span>The Effect of the Saharan <span class="hlt">Air</span> Layer on the <span class="hlt">Formation</span> of Hurricane Isabel (2003) Simulated with <span class="hlt">AIRS</span> Data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Wu, iguang; Braun, Scott A.; Qu, John J.</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>The crucial physics of how the atmosphere really accomplishes the tropical cyclogenesis process is still poorly understood. The presence of the Saharan <span class="hlt">Air</span> Layer (SAL), an elevated mixed layer of warm and dry <span class="hlt">air</span> that extends from Africa to the tropical Atlantic and contains a substantial amount of mineral dust, adds more complexity to the tropical cyclogenesis process in the Atlantic basin. The impact of the SAL on tropical cyclogenesis is still uncertain. Karyampudi and Carlson (1988) conclude that a strong SAL can potentially aid tropical cyclone development while Dunion and Velden (2004) argue that the SAL generally inhibits tropical cyclogenesis and intensification. Advancing our understanding of the physical mechanisms of tropical cyclogenesis and the associated roles of the SAL strongly depends on the improvement in the observations over the data-sparse ocean areas. After the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (<span class="hlt">AIRS</span>), the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU), and the microwave Humidity Sounder of Brazil (HSB) were launched with the NASA Aqua satellite in 2002, new data products retrieved from the <span class="hlt">AIRS</span> suite became available for studying the effect of the warm, dry <span class="hlt">air</span> mass associated with the SAL (referred to as the thermodynamic effect). The vertical profiles of the <span class="hlt">AIRS</span> retrieved temperature and humidity provide an unprecedented opportunity to examine the thermodynamic effect of the SAL. The observational data can be analyzed and assimilated into numerical models, in which the model thermodynamic state is allowed to relax to the observed state from <span class="hlt">AIRS</span> data. The objective of this study is to numerically demonstrate that the thermodynamic effect of the SAL on the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of Hurricane Isabel (2003) can be largely simulated through nudging of the <span class="hlt">AIRS</span> data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApSS..256.4906B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApSS..256.4906B"><span>Atomic oxygen recombination on the ODS PM 1000 at high temperature under <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Balat-Pichelin, M.; Bêche, E.</p> <p>2010-06-01</p> <p>High temperature materials are necessary for the design of primary heat shields for future reusable space vehicles re-entering atmospheric planet at hypersonic velocity. During the re-entry phase on earth, one of the most important phenomena occurring on the heat shield is the recombination of atomic oxygen and this phenomenon is more or less catalyzed by the material of the heat shield. PM 1000 is planned to be use on the EXPERT capsule to study in real conditions its catalycity. Before the flight, it is necessary to perform measurements on ground test facility. Experimental data of the recombination coefficient of atomic oxygen under <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> flow were obtained in the diffusion reactor MESOX on pre-oxidized PM 1000, for two total pressures 300 and 1000 Pa in the temperature range (850-1650 K) using actinometry and optical emission spectroscopy. In this investigation, the evolution of the recombination coefficient is dependent of temperature, pressure level and also of the chemical composition of the surface leading to one order of magnitude for a given temperature. The recombination coefficient is increasing with temperature and also dependent on the static pressure. The surface change due to the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> exposure is inspected with SEM, XRD and XPS. As chromium oxide is the main part of the oxide layer formed during the oxidation in <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> conditions, a sintered Cr 2O 3 sample was elaborated from powders to compare the data of the recombination coefficient obtained on PM 1000. Pre- and post-test analyses on the several materials were carried out using SEM, WDS, XRD and XPS.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009APS..DFD.PW010P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009APS..DFD.PW010P"><span>Effects of flow on insulin fibril <span class="hlt">formation</span> at an <span class="hlt">air</span>/water interface</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Posada, David; Heldt, Caryn; Sorci, Mirco; Belfort, Georges; Hirsa, Amir</p> <p>2009-11-01</p> <p>The amyloid fibril <span class="hlt">formation</span> process, which is implicated in several diseases such as Alzheimer's and Huntington's, is characterized by the conversion of monomers to oligomers and then to fibrils. Besides well-studied factors such as pH, temperature and concentration, the kinetics of this process are significantly influenced by the presence of solid or fluid interfaces and by flow. By studying the nucleation and growth of a model system (insulin fibrils) in a well-defined flow field with an <span class="hlt">air</span>/water interface, we can identify the flow conditions that impact protein aggregation kinetics both in the bulk solution and at the <span class="hlt">air</span>/water interface. The present flow system (deep-channel surface viscometer) consists of an annular region bounded by stationary inner and outer cylinders, an <span class="hlt">air</span>/water interface, and a floor driven at constant rotation. We show the effects of Reynolds number on the kinetics of the fibrillation process both in the bulk solution and at the <span class="hlt">air</span>/water interface, as well as on the structure of the resultant amyloid aggregates.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_16 --> <div id="page_17" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="321"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5222840','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5222840"><span>Interleaflet Coupling, Pinning, and Leaflet Asymmetry—Major Players in <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Membrane Nanodomain <span class="hlt">Formation</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Fujimoto, Toyoshi; Parmryd, Ingela</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">plasma</span> membrane has a highly asymmetric distribution of lipids and contains dynamic nanodomains many of which are liquid entities surrounded by a second, slightly different, liquid environment. Contributing to the dynamics is a continuous repartitioning of components between the two types of liquids and transient links between lipids and proteins, both to extracellular matrix and cytoplasmic components, that temporarily pin membrane constituents. This make <span class="hlt">plasma</span> membrane nanodomains exceptionally challenging to study and much of what is known about membrane domains has been deduced from studies on model membranes at equilibrium. However, living cells are by definition not at equilibrium and lipids are distributed asymmetrically with inositol phospholipids, phosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylserines confined mostly to the inner leaflet and glyco- and sphingolipids to the outer leaflet. Moreover, each phospholipid group encompasses a wealth of species with different acyl chain combinations whose lateral distribution is heterogeneous. It is becoming increasingly clear that asymmetry and pinning play important roles in <span class="hlt">plasma</span> membrane nanodomain <span class="hlt">formation</span> and coupling between the two lipid monolayers. How asymmetry, pinning, and interdigitation contribute to the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> membrane organization is only beginning to be unraveled and here we discuss their roles and interdependence. PMID:28119914</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28119914','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28119914"><span>Interleaflet Coupling, Pinning, and Leaflet Asymmetry-Major Players in <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Membrane Nanodomain <span class="hlt">Formation</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Fujimoto, Toyoshi; Parmryd, Ingela</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">plasma</span> membrane has a highly asymmetric distribution of lipids and contains dynamic nanodomains many of which are liquid entities surrounded by a second, slightly different, liquid environment. Contributing to the dynamics is a continuous repartitioning of components between the two types of liquids and transient links between lipids and proteins, both to extracellular matrix and cytoplasmic components, that temporarily pin membrane constituents. This make <span class="hlt">plasma</span> membrane nanodomains exceptionally challenging to study and much of what is known about membrane domains has been deduced from studies on model membranes at equilibrium. However, living cells are by definition not at equilibrium and lipids are distributed asymmetrically with inositol phospholipids, phosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylserines confined mostly to the inner leaflet and glyco- and sphingolipids to the outer leaflet. Moreover, each phospholipid group encompasses a wealth of species with different acyl chain combinations whose lateral distribution is heterogeneous. It is becoming increasingly clear that asymmetry and pinning play important roles in <span class="hlt">plasma</span> membrane nanodomain <span class="hlt">formation</span> and coupling between the two lipid monolayers. How asymmetry, pinning, and interdigitation contribute to the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> membrane organization is only beginning to be unraveled and here we discuss their roles and interdependence.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JaJAP..57dFC12Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JaJAP..57dFC12Y"><span>Properties of various <span class="hlt">plasma</span> surface treatments for low-temperature Au–Au bonding</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yamamoto, Michitaka; Higurashi, Eiji; Suga, Tadatomo; Sawada, Renshi; Itoh, Toshihiro</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Atmospheric-pressure (AP) <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment using three different types of gases (an argon-hydrogen mixed gas, an argon-oxygen mixed gas, and a nitrogen gas) and low-pressure (LP) <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment using an argon gas were compared for Au–Au bonding with thin films and stud bumps at low temperature (25 or 150 °C) in ambient <span class="hlt">air</span>. The argon-hydrogen gas mixture AP <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment and argon LP <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment were found to distinctly increase the shear bond strength for both samples at both temperatures. From X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, the removal of organic contaminants on Au surfaces without the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of hydroxyl groups and gold oxide is considered effective in increasing the Au–Au bonding strength at low temperature.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JPhD...44a3001K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JPhD...44a3001K"><span>Nonthermal-<span class="hlt">plasma</span>-mediated animal cell death</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kim, Wanil; Woo, Kyung-Chul; Kim, Gyoo-Cheon; Kim, Kyong-Tai</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Animal cell death comprising necrosis and apoptosis occurred in a well-regulated manner upon specific stimuli. The physiological meanings and detailed molecular mechanisms of cell death have been continuously investigated over several decades. Necrotic cell death has typical morphological changes, such as cell swelling and cell lysis followed by DNA degradation, whereas apoptosis shows blebbing <span class="hlt">formation</span> and regular DNA fragmentation. Cell death is usually adopted to terminate cancer cells in vivo. The current strategies against tumour are based on the induction of cell death by adopting various methods, including radiotherapy and chemotherapeutics. Among these, radiotherapy is the most frequently used treatment method, but it still has obvious limitations. Recent studies have suggested that the use of nonthermal <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> can be a prominent method for inducing cancer cell death. <span class="hlt">Plasma</span>-irradiated cells showed the loss of genomic integrity, mitochondrial dysfunction, <span class="hlt">plasma</span> membrane damage, etc. Tumour elimination with <span class="hlt">plasma</span> irradiation is an emerging concept in cancer therapy and can be accelerated by targeting certain tumour-specific proteins with gold nanoparticles. Here, some recent developments are described so that the mechanisms related to <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-mediated cell death and its perspectives in cancer treatment can be understood.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PlST...20d4011Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PlST...20d4011Y"><span>Influence of water content on the inactivation of P. digitatum spores using an <span class="hlt">air</span>-water <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Youyi, HU; Weidong, ZHU; Kun, LIU; Leng, HAN; Zhenfeng, ZHENG; Huimin, HU</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>In order to investigate whether an <span class="hlt">air</span>-water <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet is beneficial to improve the efficiency of inactivation, a series of experiments were done using a ring-needle <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet. The water content in the working gas (<span class="hlt">air</span>) was accurately measured based on the Karl Fischer method. The effects of water on the production of OH (A2Σ+-X2Πi) and O (3p5P-3s5S) were also studied by optical emission spectroscopy. The results show that the water content is in the range of 2.53-9.58 mg l-1, depending on the gas/water mixture ratio. The production of OH (A2Σ+-X2Πi) rises with the increase of water content, whereas the O (3p5P-3s5S) shows a declining tendency with higher water content. The sterilization experiments indicate that this <span class="hlt">air</span>-water <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet inactivates the P. digitatum spores very effectively and its efficiency rises with the increase of the water content. It is possible that OH (A2Σ+-X2Πi) is a more effective species in inactivation than O (3p5P-3s5S) and the water content benefit the spore germination inhibition through rising the OH (A2Σ+-X2Πi) production. The maximum of the inactivation efficacy is up to 93% when the applied voltage is -6.75 kV and the water content is 9.58 mg l-1.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22251991-theoretical-investigation-effect-hydrogen-addition-formation-properties-soliton-direct-current-argon-plasma','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22251991-theoretical-investigation-effect-hydrogen-addition-formation-properties-soliton-direct-current-argon-plasma"><span>Theoretical investigation of the effect of hydrogen addition on the <span class="hlt">formation</span> and properties of soliton in direct current argon <span class="hlt">plasma</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Saikia, P., E-mail: partha.008@gmail.com; Goswami, K. S.; Saikia, B. K.</p> <p>2014-03-15</p> <p>In this study the effect of hydrogen addition on the <span class="hlt">formation</span> and properties of soliton in direct-current (DC) argon <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is theoretically investigated. By coupling fluid equations with Poisons equation for such multi-component <span class="hlt">plasma</span>, the Mach number and amplitude of the soliton are determined following pseudo potential method. Addition of hydrogen in argon discharge leads to the decrease of electron, Ar{sup +} ion density while a reverse trend was observed for ArH{sup +} and hydrogen like ions. It was found that presence of hydrogen like ions in argon <span class="hlt">plasma</span> affects the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of soliton with its amplitude significantly decreases asmore » concentration of hydrogen increases. On the other hand, increase in ion to electron temperature ratios of the lighter ions in the discharge also has a significant influence on the amplitude and <span class="hlt">formation</span> of soliton. The inverse relation between solitons width and amplitude is found to be consistent for the entire range of study.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PSST...26g5004K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PSST...26g5004K"><span>Study of nanosecond discharges in H2-<span class="hlt">air</span> mixtures at atmospheric pressure for <span class="hlt">plasma</span> assisted combustion applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kobayashi, Sumire; Bonaventura, Zdeněk; Tholin, Fabien; Popov, Nikolay A.; Bourdon, Anne</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>This paper presents 2D simulations of nanosecond discharges between two point electrodes for four different H2-<span class="hlt">air</span> mixtures defined by their equivalence ratios ϕ (i.e. φ =0, <span class="hlt">air</span>, φ =0.3, lean mixture, φ =1, stoichiometric mixture and φ =1.5, rich mixture) at atmospheric pressure and at an initial temperature of 1000 K. In a first step, we have shown that the mixture composition has only a very small influence on the discharge dynamics and structure during the streamer phase and up to the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> channel between the two point electrodes in H2-<span class="hlt">air</span> mixtures with φ \\in [0,1.5]. However, as the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> channel is formed slightly earlier as the equivalence ratio increases, for a given voltage pulse, the duration of the nanosecond spark phase increases as the equivalence ratio increases. As expected, we have shown that excited states of N2 (and in particular N2(A)) and radicals (and in particular O(D), O(P), H and OH) are very efficiently produced during the voltage pulse after the start of the spark phase. After the voltage pulse, and up to 100 ns, the densities of excited states of N2 and of O(D) decrease. Conversely, most of the O(P), H and OH radicals are produced after the voltage pulse due to the dissociative quenching of electronically excited N2. As for radicals, the gas temperature starts increasing after the start of the spark phase. For all studied mixtures, the density of O(P) atoms and the gas temperature reach their maxima after the end of the voltage pulse and the densities of O(P), H and OH radicals and the maximal gas temperature increase as the equivalence ratio increases. We have shown that the production of radicals is the highest on the discharge axis and the distribution of species after the voltage pulse and up to 100 ns has a larger diameter between the electrodes than close to both electrode tips. As for species, the temperature distribution presents two hot spots close to the point electrode tips. The non</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20020066592','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20020066592"><span>A Physics Exploratory Experiment on <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Liner <span class="hlt">Formation</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Thio, Y. C. Francis; Knapp, Charles E.; Kirkpatrick, Ronald C.; Siemon, Richard E.; Turchi, Peter</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>Momentum flux for imploding a target <span class="hlt">plasma</span> in magnetized target fusion (MTF) may be delivered by an array of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> guns launching <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jets that would merge to form an imploding <span class="hlt">plasma</span> shell (liner). In this paper, we examine what would be a worthwhile experiment to do in order to explore the dynamics of merging <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jets to form a <span class="hlt">plasma</span> liner as a first step in establishing an experimental database for <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-jets driven magnetized target fusion (PJETS-MTF). Using past experience in fusion energy research as a model, we envisage a four-phase program to advance the art of PJETS-MTF to fusion breakeven Q is approximately 1). The experiment (PLX (<span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Liner Physics Exploratory Experiment)) described in this paper serves as Phase I of this four-phase program. The logic underlying the selection of the experimental parameters is presented. The experiment consists of using twelve <span class="hlt">plasma</span> guns arranged in a circle, launching <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jets towards the center of a vacuum chamber. The velocity of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jets chosen is 200 km/s, and each jet is to carry a mass of 0.2 mg - 0.4 mg. A candidate <span class="hlt">plasma</span> accelerator for launching these jets consists of a coaxial <span class="hlt">plasma</span> gun of the Marshall type.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19730012964','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19730012964"><span>Effect of inlet-<span class="hlt">air</span> humidity on the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of oxides of nitrogen in a gas-turbine combustor</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Marchionna, N. R.</p> <p>1973-01-01</p> <p>Tests were conducted to determine the effect of inlet-<span class="hlt">air</span> humidity on the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of oxides of nitrogen from a gas-turbine combustor. Combustor inlet-<span class="hlt">air</span> temperature ranged from 450 F to 1050 F. The tests were run at a constant pressure of 6 atmospheres and reference Mach number of 0.065. The NO sub x emission index was found to decrease with increasing inlet-<span class="hlt">air</span> humidity at a constant exponential rate of 19 percent per mass percent water vapor in the <span class="hlt">air</span>. This decrease of NO sub x emission index with increasing humidity was found to be independent of inlet-<span class="hlt">air</span> temperature.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10105E..13M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10105E..13M"><span>Fluorine and oxygen <span class="hlt">plasma</span> influence on nanoparticle <span class="hlt">formation</span> and aggregation in metal oxide thin film transistors</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>MÄ dzik, Mateusz; Elamurugu, Elangovan; Viegas, Jaime</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>Despite recent advances in metal oxide thin-film transistor technology, there are no foundry processes available yet for large-scale deployment of metal oxide electronics and photonics, in a similar way as found for silicon based electronics and photonics. One of the biggest challenges of the metal oxide platform is the stability of the fabricated devices. Also, there is wide dispersion on the measured specifications of fabricated TFT, from lot-to-lot and from different research groups. This can be partially explained by the importance of the deposition method and its parameters, which determine thin film microstructure and thus its electrical properties. Furthermore, substrate pretreatment is an important factor, as it may act as a template for material growth. Not so often mentioned, <span class="hlt">plasma</span> processes can also affect the morphology of deposited films on further deposition steps, such as inducing nanoparticle <span class="hlt">formation</span>, which strongly impact the conduction mechanism in the channel layer of the TFT. In this study, molybdenum doped indium oxide is sputtered onto ALD deposited HfO2 with or without pattering, and etched by RIE chlorine based processing. Nanoparticle <span class="hlt">formation</span> is observed when photoresist is removed by oxygen <span class="hlt">plasma</span> ashing. HfO2 etching in CF4/Ar <span class="hlt">plasma</span> prior to resist stripping in oxygen <span class="hlt">plasma</span> promotes the aggregation of nanoparticles into nanosized branched structures. Such nanostructuring is absent when oxygen <span class="hlt">plasma</span> steps are replaced by chemical wet processing with acetone. Finally, in order to understand the electronic transport effect of the nanoparticles on metal oxide thin film transistors, TFT have been fabricated and electrically characterized.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1409920','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1409920"><span>Measuring <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> <span class="hlt">Formation</span> Field Strength and Current Loss in Pulsed Power Diodes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Johnston, Mark D.; Patel, Sonal G.; Falcon, Ross Edward</p> <p></p> <p>This LDRD investigated <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span>, field strength, and current loss in pulsed power diodes. In particular the Self-Magnetic Pinch (SMP) e-beam diode was studied on the RITS-6 accelerator. Magnetic fields of a few Tesla and electric fields of several MV/cm were measured using visible spectroscopy techniques. The magnetic field measurements were then used to determine the current distribution in the diode. This distribution showed that significant beam current extends radially beyond the few millimeter x-ray focal spot diameter. Additionally, shielding of the magnetic field due to dense electrode surface <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> was observed, quantified, and found to be consistent with themore » calculated Spitzer resistivity. In addition to the work on RITS, measurements were also made on the Z-machine looking to quantify <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> within the power flow regions. Measurements were taken in the post-hole convolute and final feed gap regions on Z. Dopants were applied to power flow surfaces and measured spectroscopically. These measurements gave species and density/temperature estimates. Preliminary B-field measurements in the load region were attempted as well. Finally, simulation work using the EMPHASIS, electromagnetic particle in cell code, was conducted using the Z MITL conditions. The purpose of these simulations was to investigate several surface <span class="hlt">plasma</span> generations models under Z conditions for comparison with experimental data.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998APS..DPP.J5P04G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998APS..DPP.J5P04G"><span>Atmospheric Pressure <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Induced Sterilization and Chemical Neutralization</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Garate, Eusebio; Evans, Kirk; Gornostaeva, Olga; Alexeff, Igor; Lock Kang, Weng; Wood, Thomas K.</p> <p>1998-11-01</p> <p>We are studying chemical neutralization and surface decontamination using atmospheric pressure <span class="hlt">plasma</span> discharges. The <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is produced by corona discharge from an array of pins and a ground plane. The array is constructed so that various gases, like argon or helium, can be flowed past the pins where the discharge is initiated. The pin array can be biased using either DC, AC or pulsed discharges. Results indicate that the atmospheric <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is effective in sterilizing surfaces with biological contaminants like E-coli and bacillus subtilus cells. Exposure times of less than four minutes in an <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> result in a decrease in live colony counts by six orders of magnitude. Greater exposure times result in a decrease of live colony counts of up to ten orders of magnitude. The atmospheric pressure discharge is also effective in decomposing organic phosphate compounds that are simulants for chemical warfare agents. Details of the decomposition chemistry, by-product <span class="hlt">formation</span>, and electrical energy consumption of the system will be discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhDT.......328B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhDT.......328B"><span>Nitric Oxide Studies in Low Temperature <span class="hlt">Plasmas</span> Generated with a Nanosecond Pulse Sphere Gap Electrical Discharge</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Burnette, David Dean</p> <p></p> <p>This dissertation presents studies of NO kinetics in a <span class="hlt">plasma</span> afterglow using various nanosecond pulse discharges across a sphere gap. The discharge platform is developed to produce a diffuse <span class="hlt">plasma</span> volume large enough to allow for laser diagnostics in a <span class="hlt">plasma</span> that is rich in vibrationally-excited molecules. This <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is characterized by current and voltage traces as well as ICCD and NO PLIF images that are used to monitor the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> dimensions and uniformity. Temperature and vibrational loading measurements are performed via coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS). Absolute NO concentrations are obtained by laser-induce fluorescence (LIF) measurements, and N and O densities are found using two photon absorption laser-induced fluorescence (TALIF). For all dry <span class="hlt">air</span> conditions studied, the NO behavior is characterized by a rapid rate of <span class="hlt">formation</span> consistent with an enhanced Zeldovich process involving electronically-excited nitrogen species that are generated within the <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. After several microseconds, the NO evolution is entirely controlled by the reverse Zeldovich process. These results show that under the chosen range of conditions and even in extreme instances of vibrational loading, there is no <span class="hlt">formation</span> channel beyond ~2 musec. Both the NO <span class="hlt">formation</span> and consumption mechanisms are strongly affected by the addition of fuel species, producing much greater NO concentrations in the afterglow.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhD...51a5204V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhD...51a5204V"><span>Experimental investigation on the weld pool <span class="hlt">formation</span> process in <span class="hlt">plasma</span> keyhole arc welding</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Van Anh, Nguyen; Tashiro, Shinichi; Van Hanh, Bui; Tanaka, Manabu</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>This paper seeks to clarify the weld pool <span class="hlt">formation</span> process in <span class="hlt">plasma</span> keyhole arc welding (PKAW). We adopted, for the first time, the measurement of the 3D convection inside the weld pool in PKAW by stereo synchronous imaging of tungsten tracer particles using two sets of x-ray transmission systems. The 2D convection on the weld pool surface was also measured using zirconia tracer particles. Through these measurements, the convection in a wide range of weld pools from the vicinity of the keyhole to the rear region was successfully visualized. In order to discuss the heat transport process in a weld pool, the 2D temperature distribution on the weld pool surface was also measured by two-color pyrometry. The results of the comprehensive experimental measurement indicate that the shear force due to <span class="hlt">plasma</span> flow is found to be the dominant driving force in the weld pool <span class="hlt">formation</span> process in PKAW. Thus, heat transport in a weld pool is considered to be governed by two large convective patterns near the keyhole: (1) eddy pairs on the surface (perpendicular to the torch axis), and (2) eddy pairs on the bulk of the weld pool (on the plane of the torch). They are formed with an equal velocity of approximately 0.35 m s-1 and are mainly driven by shear force. Furthermore, the flow velocity of the weld pool convection becomes considerably higher than that of other welding processes, such as TIG welding and GMA welding, due to larger <span class="hlt">plasma</span> flow velocity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.6998W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.6998W"><span>Operational design and pressure response of large-scale compressed <span class="hlt">air</span> energy storage in porous <span class="hlt">formations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Bo; Bauer, Sebastian</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>With the rapid growth of energy production from intermittent renewable sources like wind and solar power plants, large-scale energy storage options are required to compensate for fluctuating power generation on different time scales. Compressed <span class="hlt">air</span> energy storage (CAES) in porous <span class="hlt">formations</span> is seen as a promising option for balancing short-term diurnal fluctuations. CAES is a power-to-power energy storage, which converts electricity to mechanical energy, i.e. highly pressurized <span class="hlt">air</span>, and stores it in the subsurface. This study aims at designing the storage setup and quantifying the pressure response of a large-scale CAES operation in a porous sandstone <span class="hlt">formation</span>, thus assessing the feasibility of this storage option. For this, numerical modelling of a synthetic site and a synthetic operational cycle is applied. A hypothetic CAES scenario using a typical anticline structure in northern Germany was investigated. The top of the storage <span class="hlt">formation</span> is at 700 m depth and the thickness is 20 m. The porosity and permeability were assumed to have a homogenous distribution with a value of 0.35 and 500 mD, respectively. According to the specifications of the Huntorf CAES power plant, a gas turbine producing 321 MW power with a minimum inlet pressure of 43 bars at an <span class="hlt">air</span> mass flowrate of 417 kg/s was assumed. Pressure loss in the gas wells was accounted for using an analytical solution, which defines a minimum bottom hole pressure of 47 bars. Two daily extraction cycles of 6 hours each were set to the early morning and the late afternoon in order to bypass the massive solar energy production around noon. A two-year initial filling of the reservoir with <span class="hlt">air</span> and ten years of daily cyclic operation were numerically simulated using the Eclipse E300 reservoir simulator. The simulation results show that using 12 wells the storage <span class="hlt">formation</span> with a permeability of 500 mD can support the required 6-hour continuous power output of 321MW, which corresponds an energy output of 3852 MWh per</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21268999-helicon-mode-formation-radio-frequency-power-deposition-helicon-produced-plasma','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21268999-helicon-mode-formation-radio-frequency-power-deposition-helicon-produced-plasma"><span>Helicon mode <span class="hlt">formation</span> and radio frequency power deposition in a helicon-produced <span class="hlt">plasma</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Niemi, K.; Kraemer, M.</p> <p>2008-07-15</p> <p>Time- and space-resolved magnetic (B-dot) probe measurements in combination with measurements of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> parameters were carried out to investigate the relationship between the <span class="hlt">formation</span> and propagation of helicon modes and the radio frequency (rf) power deposition in the core of a helicon <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. The Poynting flux and the absorbed power density are deduced from the measured rf magnetic field distribution in amplitude and phase. Special attention is devoted to the helicon absorption under linear and nonlinear conditions. The present investigations are attached to recent observations in which the nonlinear nature of the helicon wave absorption has been demonstrated bymore » showing that the strong absorption of helicon waves is correlated with parametric excitation of electrostatic fluctuations.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020023736&hterms=adam+smith&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAuthor-Name%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dadam%2Bsmith','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020023736&hterms=adam+smith&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAuthor-Name%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dadam%2Bsmith"><span><span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Accelerator Development for Dynamic <span class="hlt">Formation</span> of <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Liners: A Status Report</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Thio, Y. C. Francis; Eskridge, Richard; Martin, Adam; Smith, James; Lee, Michael; Rodgers, Stephen L. (Technical Monitor)</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>An experimental <span class="hlt">plasma</span> accelerator for magnetic target fusion (MTF) applications under development at the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center is described. The accelerator is a pulsed <span class="hlt">plasma</span> thruster and has been tested experimentally and <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet velocities of approximately 50 km/sec have been obtained. The <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet structure has been photographed with 10 ns exposure times to reveal a stable and repeatable <span class="hlt">plasma</span> structure. Data for velocity profile information has been obtained using light pipes embedded in the gun walls to record the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> transit at various barrel locations. Preliminary spatially resolved spectral data and magnetic field probe data are also presented. A high speed triggering system has been developed and tested as a means of reducing the gun "jitter". This jitter is being characterized and future work for second generation "ultra-low jitter" gun development is being identified.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA524301','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA524301"><span>Kinetic Studies of Nonequilibrium <span class="hlt">Plasma</span>-Assisted Combustion</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-02-25</p> <p>resolved <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> temperatures inferred from both N2 second positive emission spectroscopy and CARS, along with <span class="hlt">plasma</span> chemistry model predictions...nanosecond discharge in <span class="hlt">air</span> and in ethylene-<span class="hlt">air</span> (O=0.1 and 0=1.0) at P=40 torr with the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> chemistry model prediction. Figure 5 compares the CARS...1 1 .(1 j. a-IH ) 1 ’ 1 ’ 1 ’ 5 10 15 Time, msec 1 20 1 25 Figure 6: <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> chemistry model predictions for O</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JSSCh.230..199M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JSSCh.230..199M"><span>On the mechanism of zirconium nitride <span class="hlt">formation</span> by zirconium, zirconia and yttria burning in <span class="hlt">air</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Malikova, Ekaterina; Pautova, Julia; Gromov, Alexander; Monogarov, Konstantin; Larionov, Kirill; Teipel, Ulrich</p> <p>2015-10-01</p> <p>The combustion of Zr and (Zr+ZrO2) powdery mixtures in <span class="hlt">air</span> was accompanied by major ZrN stabilization. The synthesis of cheap ZrN with the high yield in <span class="hlt">air</span> was facile and utile. The influence of Y2O3 additive on the content of ZrN the solid combustion products (SCP) was investigated. The reagents and SCP were analyzed by BET, DTA-TGA, XRD, SEM and EDS. Burning temperature was measured by thermal imager. The yield of ZrN in the SCP has been varied by the time regulation of the combustion process. The burning samples were quenched at a certain time to avoid the re-oxidation of the obtained ZrN by oxygen. The quenching of the burned (Zr+ZrO2) samples with the Y2O3 additive was allowed increasing the ZrN yield in SCP up to 66 wt%. The chemical mechanism of ZrN <span class="hlt">formation</span> in <span class="hlt">air</span> was discussed and the probable source of ZrN massive <span class="hlt">formation</span> is suggested.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017A%26A...600A.102E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017A%26A...600A.102E"><span><span class="hlt">Plasma</span> flows and magnetic field interplay during the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of a pore</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ermolli, I.; Cristaldi, A.; Giorgi, F.; Giannattasio, F.; Stangalini, M.; Romano, P.; Tritschler, A.; Zuccarello, F.</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Aims: Recent simulations of solar magneto-convection have offered new levels of understanding of the interplay between <span class="hlt">plasma</span> motions and magnetic fields in evolving active regions. We aim at verifying some aspects of the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of magnetic regions derived from recent numerical studies in observational data. Methods: We studied the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of a pore in the active region (AR) NOAA 11462. We analysed data obtained with the Interferometric Bidimensional Spectrometer (IBIS) at the Dunn Solar Telescope on April 17, 2012, consisting of full Stokes measurements of the Fe I 617.3 nm lines. Furthermore, we analysed SDO/HMI observations in the continuum and vector magnetograms derived from the Fe I 617.3 nm line data taken from April 15 to 19, 2012. We estimated the magnetic field strength and vector components and the line-of-sight (LOS) and horizontal motions in the photospheric region hosting the pore <span class="hlt">formation</span>. We discuss our results in light of other observational studies and recent advances of numerical simulations. Results: The pore <span class="hlt">formation</span> occurs in less than 1 h in the leading region of the AR. We observe that the evolution of the flux patch in the leading part of the AR is faster (<12 h) than the evolution (20-30 h) of the more diffuse and smaller scale flux patches in the trailing region. During the pore <span class="hlt">formation</span>, the ratio between magnetic and dark area decreases from 5 to 2. We observe strong downflows at the forming pore boundary and diverging proper motions of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> in the vicinity of the evolving feature that are directed towards the forming pore. The average values and trends of the various quantities estimated in the AR are in agreement with results of former observational studies of steady pores and with their modelled counterparts, as seen in recent numerical simulations of a rising-tube process. The agreement with the outcomes of the numerical studies holds for both the signatures of the flux emergence process (e.g. appearance of small</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_17 --> <div id="page_18" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="341"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApPhL.110z4102L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApPhL.110z4102L"><span>Controlled cytotoxicity of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treated water formulated by open-<span class="hlt">air</span> hybrid mode discharge</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lu, P.; Boehm, D.; Cullen, P.; Bourke, P.</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Plasma</span> treated liquids (PTLs) provide a means to convey a broad range of effects of relevance for food, environmental, or clinical decontamination, plant growth promotion, and therapeutic applications. Devising the reactive species ingredients and controlling the biological response of PTLs are of great interest. We demonstrate an approach by using an open-<span class="hlt">air</span> hybrid mode discharge (HMD) to control the principal reactive species composition within <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treated water (PTW), which is then demonstrated to regulate the cytotoxicity of PTW. The cytotoxicity of HMD produced PTW demonstrates a non-monotonic change over the discharge time. Although hydrogen peroxide and nitrite are not the sole effectors for cell death caused by PTW, using them as principal reactive species indicators, cytotoxicity can be removed and/or enhanced by formulating their concentrations and composition through adjusting the discharge mode and time on-line during PTW generation without the addition of additional working gas or chemical scavengers. This work demonstrates that a hybrid mode discharge can be employed to generate a PTW formulation to control a biological response such as cytotoxicity. This provides insights into how <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treated liquids may be harnessed for biological applications in a specific and controllable manner.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JMiMi..28a4006D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JMiMi..28a4006D"><span>Self-<span class="hlt">formation</span> of polymer nanostructures in <span class="hlt">plasma</span> etching: mechanisms and applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Du, Ke; Jiang, Youhua; Huang, Po-Shun; Ding, Junjun; Gao, Tongchuan; Choi, Chang-Hwan</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>In recent years, <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-induced self-<span class="hlt">formation</span> of polymer nanostructures has emerged as a simple, scalable and rapid nanomanufacturing technique to pattern sub-100 nm nanostructures. High-aspect-ratio nanostructures (>20:1) are fabricated on a variety of polymer surfaces such as poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA), polystyrene (PS), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP). Sub-100 nm nanostructures (i.e. diameter  ⩽  50 nm) are fabricated in this one-step process without relying on slow and expensive nanolithography techniques. This review starts with discussion of the self-<span class="hlt">formation</span> mechanisms including surface modulation, random masks, and materials impurities. Emphasis is put on the applications of polymer nanostructures in the fields of hierarchical nanostructures, liquid repellence, adhesion, lab-on-a-chip, surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), organic light emitting diode (OLED), and energy harvesting. The unique advantages of this nanomanufacturing technique are illustrated, followed by prospects.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22614009-parameters-plasma-dc-pulsating-discharge-supersonic-air-flow','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22614009-parameters-plasma-dc-pulsating-discharge-supersonic-air-flow"><span>Parameters of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> of a dc pulsating discharge in a supersonic <span class="hlt">air</span> flow</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Shibkov, V. M., E-mail: shibkov@phys.msu.ru; Shibkova, L. V.; Logunov, A. A.</p> <p></p> <p>A dc discharge in a cold (T = 200 K) supersonic <span class="hlt">air</span> flow at a static pressure of 200–400 Torr was studied experimentally. The excited unsteady pulsating discharge has the form of a thin <span class="hlt">plasma</span> channel with a diameter of ≤1 mm, stretched downstream the flow. Depending on the discharge current, the pulsation frequency varies from 800 to 1600 Hz and the electron temperature varies from 8000 to 15000 K.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PlPhR..43..981T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PlPhR..43..981T"><span>Nonlinear screening of dust grains and structurization of dusty <span class="hlt">plasma</span>: II. <span class="hlt">formation</span> and stability of dust structures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tsytovich, V. N.; Gusein-zade, N. G.; Ignatov, A. M.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>The second part of the review on dust structures (the first part was published in <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Phys. Rep. 39, 515 (2013)) is devoted to experimental and theoretical studies on the stability of structures and their <span class="hlt">formation</span> from the initially uniform dusty <span class="hlt">plasma</span> components. The applicability limits of theoretical results and the role played by nonlinearity in the screening of dust grains are considered. The importance of nonlinearity is demonstrated by using numerous laboratory observations of planar clusters and volumetric dust structures. The simplest compact agglomerates of dust grains in the form of stable planar clusters are discussed. The universal character of instability resulting in the structurization of an initially uniform dusty <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is shown. The fundamental correlations described in the first part of the review, supplemented with effects of dust inertia and dust friction by the neutral gas, are use to analyze structurization instability. The history of the development of theoretical ideas on the physics of the cluster <span class="hlt">formation</span> for different types of interaction between dust grains is described.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930091664','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930091664"><span>Fuel Spray and Flame <span class="hlt">Formation</span> in a Compression-Ignition Engine Employing <span class="hlt">Air</span> Flow</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Rothrock, A M; Waldron, C D</p> <p>1937-01-01</p> <p>The effects of <span class="hlt">air</span> flow on fuel spray and flame <span class="hlt">formation</span> in a high-speed compression-ignition engine have been investigated by means of the NACA combustion apparatus. The process was studied by examining high-speed motion pictures taken at the rate of 2,200 frames a second. The combustion chamber was of the flat-disk type used in previous experiments with this apparatus. The <span class="hlt">air</span> flow was produced by a rectangular displacer mounted on top of the engine piston. Three fuel-injection nozzles were tested: a 0.020-inch single-orifice nozzle, a 6-orifice nozzle, and a slit nozzle. The <span class="hlt">air</span> velocity within the combustion chamber was estimated to reach a value of 425 feet a second. The results show that in no case was the form of the fuel spray completely destroyed by the <span class="hlt">air</span> jet although in some cases the direction of the spray was changed and the spray envelope was carried away by the moving <span class="hlt">air</span>. The distribution of the fuel in the combustion chamber of a compression-ignition engine can be regulated to some extent by the design of the combustion chamber, by the design of the fuel-injection nozzle, and by the use of <span class="hlt">air</span> flow.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PlST....3..737Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PlST....3..737Z"><span>The <span class="hlt">Formation</span> of Ethane from Carbon Dioxide under Cold <span class="hlt">Plasma</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Xiu-ling; Zhang, Lin; Dai, Bin; Gong, Wei-min; Liu, Chang-hou</p> <p>2001-04-01</p> <p>Pulsed-corona <span class="hlt">plasma</span> has been used as a new method for ethane dehydrogenation at low temperature and normal pressure using carbon dioxide as an oxidant in this paper. The effect of carbon dioxide content in the feed, power input, and flow rate of the reactants on the ethane dehydrogenation has been investigated. The experimental results show that the conversion of ethane increases with the increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the feed. The yield of ethylene and acetylene decreases with the increase in the yield of carbon monoxide, indicating that the increased carbon dioxide leads to the part of ethylene and acetylene being oxidized to carbon monoxide. Power input is primarily an electrical parameter in pulsed-corona <span class="hlt">plasma</span>, which plays an important role in reactant conversion and product <span class="hlt">formation</span>. When the power input reaches 16 W, ethane conversion is 41.0% and carbon dioxide conversion is 26.3%. The total yield of ethylene and acetylene is 15.6%. The reduced flow rate of feed improves the conversion of ethane, carbon dioxide and the yield of acetylene, and induces carbon deposit as well.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013APS..GECPR3001M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013APS..GECPR3001M"><span>Reaction kinetics of a kHz-driven atmospheric pressure <span class="hlt">plasma</span> with humid <span class="hlt">air</span> impurities</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Murakami, T.; Algwari, Q. Th.; Niemi, K.; Gans, T.; O'Connell, D.; Graham, W. G.</p> <p>2013-09-01</p> <p>Atmospheric-pressure <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jets (APPJs) have been gaining attention because of their great potential in bio-<span class="hlt">plasma</span> applications. It is important to know the complex chemical kinetics of the reactive multi-species <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. This is a study starting to address this by using a 0D time-dependent global simulation (comprising 1050 elementary reactions among 59 specie) of kHz-driven (20 kHz) APPJ with a helium-based oxygen-mixture (0.5%) with ambient humid <span class="hlt">air</span> impurity. The present model is initiated from time dependent measurements and estimates of the basic <span class="hlt">plasma</span> properties. The dominant neutral reactive species are reactive oxygen species and atomic hydrogen. The positive and negative oxygen ions and electrons are the most pronounced charged species. While most of the neutral reactive species are only weakly modulated at the driving frequency, the atomic oxygen metastables and atomic nitrogen metastables are strongly modulated. So are also the electrons and most of the positive and negative ions, but some are not, as will be discussed. This work was supported by KAKENHI (MEXT 24110704) and (JSPS 24561054),and UK EPSRC through a Career Acceleration Fellowship (EP/H003797/1) and Science and Innovation Award (EP/D06337X/1).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PSST...26f5018T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PSST...26f5018T"><span>Ozone and dinitrogen monoxide production in atmospheric pressure <span class="hlt">air</span> dielectric barrier discharge <span class="hlt">plasma</span> effluent generated by nanosecond pulse superimposed alternating current voltage</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Takashima, Keisuke; Kaneko, Toshiro</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>The effects of nanosecond pulse superposition to alternating current voltage (NS + AC) on the generation of an <span class="hlt">air</span> dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) <span class="hlt">plasma</span> and reactive species are experimentally studied, along with measurements of ozone (O3) and dinitrogen monoxide (N2O) in the exhausted gas through the <span class="hlt">air</span> DBD <span class="hlt">plasma</span> (<span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> effluent). The charge-voltage cycle measurement indicates that the role of nanosecond pulse superposition is to induce electrical charge transport and excess charge accumulation on the dielectric surface following the nanosecond pulses. The densities of O3 and N2O in NS + AC DBD are found to be significantly increased in the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> effluent, compared to the sum of those densities generated in NS DBD and AC DBD operated individually. The production of O3 and N2O is modulated significantly by the phase in which the nanosecond pulse is superimposed. The density increase and modulation effects by the nanosecond pulse are found to correspond with the electrical charge transport and the excess electrical charge accumulation induced by the nanosecond pulse. It is suggested that the electrical charge transport by the nanosecond pulse might result in the enhancement of the nanosecond pulse current, which may lead to more efficient molecular dissociation, and the excess electrical charge accumulation induced by the nanosecond pulse increases the discharge coupling power which would enhance molecular dissociation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhPl...25e3515Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhPl...25e3515Z"><span>Study of surface atmospheric pressure glow discharge <span class="hlt">plasma</span> based on ultrathin laminated electrodes in <span class="hlt">air</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhao, Luxiang; Liu, Wenzheng; Li, Zhiyi; Ma, Chuanlong</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>A method to generate large-area surface <span class="hlt">plasma</span> in <span class="hlt">air</span> by micro-discharge is proposed. Two ultrathin laminated electrode structures of non-insulating and insulating types were formed by using the nanoscale ITO conductive layer. The surface glow discharge in atmospheric <span class="hlt">air</span> is realized in low discharge voltage by constructing the special electric field of two-dimensional unidirectional attenuation. In particular, the insulating electrode structure can avoid the loss of ITO electrodes so that the discharge stability can be increased, and the treated objects can be prevented from metal ion pollution caused by the electrode in the discharge. It has broad application prospects in the fields of aerodynamics and material surface treatment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1256344','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1256344"><span><span class="hlt">Formation</span> of current singularity in a topologically constrained <span class="hlt">plasma</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Zhou, Yao; Huang, Yi-Min; Qin, Hong</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>Recently a variational integrator for ideal magnetohydrodynamics in Lagrangian labeling has been developed. Its built-in frozen-in equation makes it optimal for studying current sheet <span class="hlt">formation</span>. We use this scheme to study the Hahm-Kulsrud-Taylor problem, which considers the response of a 2D <span class="hlt">plasma</span> magnetized by a sheared field under sinusoidal boundary forcing. We obtain an equilibrium solution that preserves the magnetic topology of the initial field exactly, with a fluid mapping that is non-differentiable. Unlike previous studies that examine the current density output, we identify a singular current sheet from the fluid mapping. These results are benchmarked with a constrained Grad-Shafranovmore » solver. The same signature of current singularity can be found in other cases with more complex magnetic topologies.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988KvanE..15.1619M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988KvanE..15.1619M"><span>Experimental establishment of the erosion nature of the pulsed low-threshold optical breakdown of <span class="hlt">air</span> near the surface</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Min'ko, L. Ia.; Chumakov, A. N.; Chivel', Iu. A.</p> <p>1988-08-01</p> <p>Nanosecond kinetic spectroscopy methods are used to establish the erosion nature of the pulsed low-threshold optical breakdown of <span class="hlt">air</span> near the surface upon exposure of certain metals (indium, lead) to microsecond neodymium and CO2 laser radiation. It is shown that this optical breakdown of <span class="hlt">air</span> by CO2 laser radiation is accompanied by the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of a <span class="hlt">plasma</span> spectrum which is optically thin in the visible range.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JPhCS.433a2031K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JPhCS.433a2031K"><span>Biofilm <span class="hlt">Formation</span> Derived from Ambient <span class="hlt">Air</span> and the Characteristics of Apparatus</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kanematsu, H.; Kougo, H.; Kuroda, D.; Itho, H.; Ogino, Y.; Yamamoto, Y.</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>Biofilm is a kind of thin film on solidified matters, being derived from bacteria. Generally, planktonic bacteria float in aqueous environments, soil or <span class="hlt">air</span>, most of which can be regarded as oligotrophic environments. Since they have to survive by instinct, they seek for nutrients that would exist on materials surfaces as organic matters. Therefore, bacteria attach materials surfaces reversibly. The attachment and detachment repeat for a while and finally, they attach on them irreversibly and the number of bacteria on them increases. At a threshold number, bacteria produce polymeric matters at the same time by quorum sensing mechanism and the biofilm produces on material surfaces. The biofilm produced in that way generally contains water (more than 80%), EPS (Exopolymeric Substance) and bacteria themselves. And they might bring about many industrial problems, fouling, corrosion etc. Therefore, it is very important for us to control and prevent the biofilm <span class="hlt">formation</span> properly. However, it is generally very hard to produce biofilm experimentally and constantly in ambient atmosphere on labo scale. The authors invented an apparatus where biofilm could form on specimen's surfaces from house germs in the ambient <span class="hlt">air</span>. In this experiment, we investigated the basic characteristics of the apparatus, reproducibility, the change of biofilm with experimental time, the quality change of water for biofilm <span class="hlt">formation</span> and their significance for biofilm research.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/21431','DOTNTL'); return false;" href="https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/21431"><span>A <span class="hlt">formative</span> evaluation of the collegiate training initiative--<span class="hlt">air</span> traffic control specialist (CTI-ATCS) program.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntlsearch.bts.gov/tris/index.do">DOT National Transportation Integrated Search</a></p> <p></p> <p>1996-02-01</p> <p>This report describes the initial <span class="hlt">formative</span> evaluation of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) College Training Initiative - <span class="hlt">Air</span> Traffic Control Specialist (CTI-ATCS) Program. The purpose of the CTI-ATCS program is to test "the concept that non-...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JETPL.104..883A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JETPL.104..883A"><span><span class="hlt">Formation</span> and dynamics of a <span class="hlt">plasma</span> in superstrong laser fields including radiative and quantum electrodynamics effects</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Artemenko, I. I.; Golovanov, A. A.; Kostyukov, I. Yu.; Kukushkina, T. M.; Lebedev, V. S.; Nerush, E. N.; Samsonov, A. S.; Serebryakov, D. A.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Studies of phenomena accompanying the interaction of superstrong electromagnetic fields with matter, in particular, the generation of an electron-positron <span class="hlt">plasma</span>, acceleration of electrons and ions, and the generation of hard electromagnetic radiation are briefly reviewed. The possibility of using thin films to initiate quantum electrodynamics cascades in the field of converging laser pulses is analyzed. A model is developed to describe the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of a <span class="hlt">plasma</span> cavity behind a laser pulse in the transversely inhomogeneous <span class="hlt">plasma</span> and the generation of betatron radiation by electrons accelerated in this cavity. Features of the generation of gamma radiation, as well as the effect of quantum electrodynamics effects on the acceleration of ions, at the interaction of intense laser pulses with solid targets are studied.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.825a2016S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.825a2016S"><span>High voltage AC <span class="hlt">plasma</span> torches with long electric arcs for <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-chemical applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Surov, A. V.; Popov, S. D.; Serba, E. O.; Pavlov, A. V.; Nakonechny, Gh V.; Spodobin, V. A.; Nikonov, A. V.; Subbotin, D. I.; Borovskoy, A. M.</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Powerful AC <span class="hlt">plasma</span> torches are in demand for a number of advanced <span class="hlt">plasma</span> chemical applications, they can provide high enthalpy of the working gas. IEE RAS specialists have developed a number of models of stationary thermal <span class="hlt">plasma</span> torches for continuous operation on <span class="hlt">air</span> with the power from 5 to 500 kW, and on mixture of H2O, CO2 and CH4 up to 150 kW. AC <span class="hlt">plasma</span> torches were tested on the pilot plasmachemical installations. Powerful AC <span class="hlt">plasma</span> torch with hollow electrodes and the gas vortex stabilization of arc in cylindrical channels and its operation characteristics are presented. Lifetime of its continuous operation on <span class="hlt">air</span> is 2000 hours and thermal efficiency is about 92%, the electric arc length between two electrodes of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> torch exceeds 2 m.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4238021','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4238021"><span>Cell death induced by ozone and various non-thermal <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>: therapeutic perspectives and limitations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Lunov, Oleg; Zablotskii, Vitalii; Churpita, Olexander; Chánová, Eliška; Syková, Eva; Dejneka, Alexandr; Kubinová, Šárka</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Non-thermal <span class="hlt">plasma</span> has been recognized as a promising tool across a vast variety of biomedical applications, with the potential to create novel therapeutic methods. However, the understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind non-thermal <span class="hlt">plasma</span> cellular effects remains a significant challenge. In this study, we show how two types of different non-thermal <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> induce cell death in mammalian cell cultures via the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of multiple intracellular reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. Our results showed a discrepancy in the superoxide accumulation and lysosomal activity in response to <span class="hlt">air</span> and helium <span class="hlt">plasma</span>, suggesting that triggered signalling cascades might be grossly different between different <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>. In addition, the effects of ozone, a considerable component of non-thermal <span class="hlt">plasma</span>, have been simultaneously evaluated and have revealed much faster and higher cytotoxic effects. Our findings offer novel insight into <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-induced cellular responses, and provide a basis for better controlled biomedical applications. PMID:25410636</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22102302-simulations-nanosecond-pulsed-dielectric-barrier-discharges-atmospheric-pressure-air','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22102302-simulations-nanosecond-pulsed-dielectric-barrier-discharges-atmospheric-pressure-air"><span>Simulations of nanosecond-pulsed dielectric barrier discharges in atmospheric pressure <span class="hlt">air</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Soo Bak, Moon; Cappelli, Mark A.</p> <p>2013-03-21</p> <p>This paper describes simulations of nanosecond pulse <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> between planer electrodes covered by dielectric barriers in <span class="hlt">air</span> at atmospheric pressure and 340 K. The <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> process starts as electrons detach from negative ions of molecular oxygen that are produced from the previous discharge pulse. An ionization front is found to form close to the positively biased electrode and then strengthens and propagates towards the grounded electrode with increasing gap voltage. Charge accumulation and secondary emission from the grounded electrode eventually lead to sheath collapse. One interesting feature is a predicted reversal in gap potential due to the accumulatedmore » charge, even when there is no reversal in applied potential. The simulation results are compared to recent measurement of mid-gap electric field under the same discharge conditions [Ito et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 065002 (2011)].« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JAP...120l3302M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JAP...120l3302M"><span>Experimental and numerical investigations of <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> induced by multi-MeV pulsed X-ray from low to atmospheric pressures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Maulois, Mélissa; Ribière, Maxime; Eichwald, Olivier; Yousfi, Mohammed; Pouzalgues, Romain; Garrigues, Alain; Delbos, Christophe; Azaïs, Bruno</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>This research work is devoted to the experimental and theoretical analysis of <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> induced by multi-MeV pulsed X-ray for a large pressure range of humid <span class="hlt">air</span> background gas varying from 20 mbar to atmospheric pressure. The time evolution of the electron density of the <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is determined by electromagnetic wave absorption measurements. The measurements have uncertainties of about ±30%, taking into account the precision of the dose measurement and also the shot to shot fluctuations of the generator. The experimental electron density is obtained by comparing the measurements of the transmitted microwave signals to the calculated ones. The calculations need the knowledge of the time evolution of the electron mean energy, which is determined by a chemical kinetic model based on a reaction scheme involving 39 species interacting following 265 reactions. During the X-ray pulse, a good agreement is obtained between time evolution of the electron density obtained from absorption measurements and calculations based on the kinetic model. The relative deviation on the maximum electron density and the corresponding <span class="hlt">plasma</span> frequency is always lower than 10%. The maximum electron density varies from 4 × 1011 to 3.5 × 1013 cm-3 between 30 mbar to atmospheric pressure, while the peak of the electron mean energy decreases from 5.64 eV to 4.27 eV in the same pressure range.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhPl...25c3514L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhPl...25c3514L"><span>An investigation on the effects of <span class="hlt">air</span> on electron energy in atmospheric pressure helium <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jets</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liu, Yadi; Tan, Zhenyu; Chen, Xinxian; Li, Xiaotong; Zhang, Huimin; Pan, Jie; Wang, Xiaolong</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>In this work, the effects of <span class="hlt">air</span> on electron energy in the atmospheric pressure helium <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet produced by a needle-plane discharge system have been investigated by means of the numerical simulation based on a two-dimensional fluid model, and the <span class="hlt">air</span> concentration dependences of the reactive species densities have also been calculated. In addition, the synergistic effects of the applied voltage and <span class="hlt">air</span> concentration on electron energy have been explored. The present work gives the following significant results. For a fixed applied voltage, the averaged electron energy is basically a constant at <span class="hlt">air</span> concentrations below about 0.5%, but it evidently decreases above the concentration of 0.5%. Furthermore, the averaged densities of four main reactive species O, O(1D), O2(1Δg), and N2(A3Σu+) increase with the increasing <span class="hlt">air</span> concentration, but the increase becomes slow at <span class="hlt">air</span> concentrations above 0.5%. The <span class="hlt">air</span> concentration dependences of the averaged electron energy under different voltage amplitudes are similar, and for a given <span class="hlt">air</span> concentration, the averaged electron energy increases with the increase in the voltage amplitude. For the four reactive species, the effects of the <span class="hlt">air</span> concentration on their averaged densities are similar for a given voltage amplitude. In addition, the averaged densities of the four reactive species increase with increasing voltage amplitude for a fixed <span class="hlt">air</span> concentration. The present work suggests that a combination of high voltage amplitude and the characteristic <span class="hlt">air</span> concentration, 0.5% in the present discharge system, allows an expected electron energy and also generates abundant reactive species.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26324919','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26324919"><span>Low clouds suppress Arctic <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> and amplify high-latitude continental winter warming.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cronin, Timothy W; Tziperman, Eli</p> <p>2015-09-15</p> <p>High-latitude continents have warmed much more rapidly in recent decades than the rest of the globe, especially in winter, and the maintenance of warm, frost-free conditions in continental interiors in winter has been a long-standing problem of past equable climates. We use an idealized single-column atmospheric model across a range of conditions to study the polar night process of <span class="hlt">air</span> mass transformation from high-latitude maritime <span class="hlt">air</span>, with a prescribed initial temperature profile, to much colder high-latitude continental <span class="hlt">air</span>. We find that a low-cloud feedback--consisting of a robust increase in the duration of optically thick liquid clouds with warming of the initial state--slows radiative cooling of the surface and amplifies continental warming. This low-cloud feedback increases the continental surface <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature by roughly two degrees for each degree increase of the initial maritime surface <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature, effectively suppressing Arctic <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span>. The time it takes for the surface <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature to drop below freezing increases nonlinearly to ∼ 10 d for initial maritime surface <span class="hlt">air</span> temperatures of 20 °C. These results, supplemented by an analysis of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 climate model runs that shows large increases in cloud water path and surface cloud longwave forcing in warmer climates, suggest that the "lapse rate feedback" in simulations of anthropogenic climate change may be related to the influence of low clouds on the stratification of the lower troposphere. The results also indicate that optically thick stratus cloud decks could help to maintain frost-free winter continental interiors in equable climates.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_18 --> <div id="page_19" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="361"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JPhD...42g5205U','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JPhD...42g5205U"><span>Nitric oxide density measurements in <span class="hlt">air</span> and <span class="hlt">air</span>/fuel nanosecond pulse discharges by laser induced fluorescence</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Uddi, M.; Jiang, N.; Adamovich, I. V.; Lempert, W. R.</p> <p>2009-04-01</p> <p>Laser induced fluorescence is used to measure absolute nitric oxide concentrations in <span class="hlt">air</span>, methane-<span class="hlt">air</span> and ethylene-<span class="hlt">air</span> non-equilibrium <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>, as a function of time after initiation of a single pulse, 20 kV peak voltage, 25 ns pulse duration discharge. A mixture of NO and nitrogen with known composition (4.18 ppm NO) is used for calibration. Peak NO density in <span class="hlt">air</span> at 60 Torr, after a single pulse, is ~8 × 1012 cm-3 (~4.14 ppm) occurring at ~250 µs after the pulse, with decay time of ~16.5 ms. Peak NO atom mole fraction in a methane-<span class="hlt">air</span> mixture with equivalence ratio of phiv = 0.5 is found to be approximately equal to that in <span class="hlt">air</span>, with approximately the same rise and decay rate. In an ethylene-<span class="hlt">air</span> mixture (also with equivalence ratio of phiv = 0.5), the rise and decay times are comparable to <span class="hlt">air</span> and methane-<span class="hlt">air</span>, but the peak NO concentration is reduced by a factor of approximately 2.5. Spontaneous emission measurements show that excited electronic states N2(C 3Π) and NO(A 2Σ) in <span class="hlt">air</span> at P = 60 Torr decay within ~20 ns and ~1 µs, respectively. Kinetic modelling calculations incorporating <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> kinetics complemented with the GRI Mech 3.0 hydrocarbon oxidation mechanism are compared with the experimental data using three different NO production mechanisms. It is found that NO concentration rise after the discharge pulse is much faster than predicted by Zel'dovich mechanism reactions, by two orders of magnitude, but much slower compared with reactions of electronically excited nitrogen atoms and molecules, also by two orders of magnitude. It is concluded that processes involving long lifetime (~100 µs) metastable states, such as N2(X 1Σ,v) and O2(b 1Σ), formed by quenching of the metastable N2(A 3Σ) state by ground electronic state O2, may play a dominant role in NO <span class="hlt">formation</span>. NO decay, in all cases, is found to be dominated by the reverse Zel'dovich reaction, NO + O → N + O2, as well as by conversion into NO2 in a reaction of NO with ozone.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhPl...25b3704C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhPl...25b3704C"><span>Collective dynamics of large aspect ratio dusty <span class="hlt">plasma</span> in an inhomogeneous <span class="hlt">plasma</span> background: <span class="hlt">Formation</span> of the co-rotating vortex series</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Choudhary, Mangilal; Mukherjee, S.; Bandyopadhyay, P.</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>In this paper, the collective dynamics of large aspect ratio dusty <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is studied over a wide range of discharge parameters. An inductively coupled diffused <span class="hlt">plasma</span>, which creates an electrostatic trap to confine the negatively charged grains, is used to form a large volume (or large aspect ratio) dusty <span class="hlt">plasma</span> at low pressure. For introducing the dust grains into the potential well, a unique technique using secondary DC glow discharge <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is employed. The dust dynamics is recorded in a two-dimension (2D) plane at a given axial location. The dust fluid exhibits wave-like behavior at low pressure (p < 0.06 mbar) and high rf power (P > 3 W). The mixed motion, waves and vortices, is observed at an intermediate gas pressure (p ˜ 0.08 mbar) and low power (P < 3 W). Above the threshold value of gas pressure (p > 0.1 mbar), the clockwise and anti-clockwise co-rotating vortex series are observed on edges of the dust cloud, whereas the particles in the central region show random motion. These vortices are only observed above the threshold width of the dust cloud. The occurrence of the co-rotating vortices is understood on the basis of the charge gradient of dust particles, which is orthogonal to the gravity. The charge gradient is a consequence of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> inhomogeneity from the central region to the outer edge of the dust fluid. Since a vortex has the characteristic size in the dissipative medium; therefore, a series of the co-rotating vortex on both sides of dusty <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is observed. The experimental results on the vortex <span class="hlt">formation</span> and its multiplicity are compared to an available theoretical model and are found to be in close agreement.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25686579','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25686579"><span><span class="hlt">Plasma</span> membrane H(+)-ATPase is involved in methyl jasmonate-induced root hair <span class="hlt">formation</span> in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seedlings.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zhu, Changhua; Yang, Na; Ma, Xiaoling; Li, Guijun; Qian, Meng; Ng, Denny; Xia, Kai; Gan, Lijun</p> <p>2015-06-01</p> <p>Our results show that methyl jasmonate induces <span class="hlt">plasma</span> membrane H (+) -ATPase activity and subsequently influences the apoplastic pH of trichoblasts to maintain a cell wall pH environment appropriate for root hair development. Root hairs, which arise from root epidermal cells, are tubular structures that increase the efficiency of water absorption and nutrient uptake. Plant hormones are critical regulators of root hair development. In this study, we investigated the regulatory role of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> membrane (PM) H(+)-ATPase in methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-induced root hair <span class="hlt">formation</span>. We found that MeJA had a pronounced effect on the promotion of root hair <span class="hlt">formation</span> in lettuce seedlings, but that this effect was blocked by the PM H(+)-ATPase inhibitor vanadate. Furthermore, MeJA treatment increased PM H(+)-ATPase activity in parallel with H(+) efflux from the root tips of lettuce seedlings and rhizosphere acidification. Our results also showed that MeJA-induced root hair <span class="hlt">formation</span> was accompanied by hydrogen peroxide accumulation. The apoplastic acidification acted in concert with reactive oxygen species to modulate root hair <span class="hlt">formation</span>. Our results suggest that the effect of MeJA on root hair <span class="hlt">formation</span> is mediated by modulation of PM H(+)-ATPase activity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1175614','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1175614"><span><span class="hlt">Plasma</span> sprayed ceria-containing interlayer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Schmidt, Douglas S.; Folser, George R.</p> <p>2006-01-10</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">plasma</span> sprayed ceria-containing interlayer is provided. The interlayer has particular application in connection with a solid oxide fuel cell used within a power generation system. The fuel cell advantageously comprises an <span class="hlt">air</span> electrode, a <span class="hlt">plasma</span> sprayed interlayer disposed on at least a portion of the <span class="hlt">air</span> electrode, a <span class="hlt">plasma</span> sprayed electrolyte disposed on at least a portion of the interlayer, and a fuel electrode applied on at least a portion of the electrolyte.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986KvanE..13..103A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986KvanE..13..103A"><span>The optical breakdown threshold of <span class="hlt">air</span> on a polished metal surface for radiation at lambda=10.6 microns</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Arkhipov, Iu. V.; Belashkov, I. N.; Datskevich, N. P.; Egorov, V. N.; Iziumov, A. F.</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>Threshold conditions for the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of a <span class="hlt">plasma</span> due to optical breakdown of <span class="hlt">air</span> on the polished surfaces of Al, Co, Mi, and W samples have been investigated experimentally. The optical breakdown was initiated by pulsed radiation from two CO2 lasers having pulse powers 0.5 and 1.0 kJ, respectively. The thresholds for the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> were determined for two exposure spots of o/14 sq mm and 46 sq cm, respectively. A metallographic study was carried out in order to identify the specific types of defects corresponding to the lowest optical breakdown thresholds. Before-and-after photographs of the metal surfaces are provided.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvS..20a0401G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvS..20a0401G"><span>Experimental study of current loss and <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> in the Z machine post-hole convolute</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gomez, M. R.; Gilgenbach, R. M.; Cuneo, M. E.; Jennings, C. A.; McBride, R. D.; Waisman, E. M.; Hutsel, B. T.; Stygar, W. A.; Rose, D. V.; Maron, Y.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>The Z pulsed-power generator at Sandia National Laboratories drives high energy density physics experiments with load currents of up to 26 MA. Z utilizes a double post-hole convolute to combine the current from four parallel magnetically insulated transmission lines into a single transmission line just upstream of the load. Current loss is observed in most experiments and is traditionally attributed to inefficient convolute performance. The apparent loss current varies substantially for z-pinch loads with different inductance histories; however, a similar convolute impedance history is observed for all load types. This paper details direct spectroscopic measurements of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> density, temperature, and apparent and actual <span class="hlt">plasma</span> closure velocities within the convolute. Spectral measurements indicate a correlation between impedance collapse and <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> in the convolute. Absorption features in the spectra show the convolute <span class="hlt">plasma</span> consists primarily of hydrogen, which likely forms from desorbed electrode contaminant species such as H2O , H2 , and hydrocarbons. <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> densities increase from 1 ×1016 cm-3 (level of detectability) just before peak current to over 1 ×1017 cm-3 at stagnation (tens of ns later). The density seems to be highest near the cathode surface, with an apparent cathode to anode <span class="hlt">plasma</span> velocity in the range of 35 - 50 cm /μ s . Similar <span class="hlt">plasma</span> conditions and convolute impedance histories are observed in experiments with high and low losses, suggesting that losses are driven largely by load dynamics, which determine the voltage on the convolute.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008APS..GECBT2001L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008APS..GECBT2001L"><span>Laser Induced Fluorescence Studies of NO Kinetics in Short Pulse <span class="hlt">Air</span> and <span class="hlt">Air</span>-Fuel Nonequilibrium Discharges</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lempert, Walter; Uddi, Mruthunjaya; Adamovich, Igor</p> <p>2008-10-01</p> <p>Laser Induced Fluorescence is used to measure absolute NO concentrations in <span class="hlt">air</span>, methane-<span class="hlt">air</span>, and ethylene-<span class="hlt">air</span> non-equilibrium <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>, as a function of time after initiation of a single 25 nsec discharge pulse. Peak NO density in <span class="hlt">air</span> at 60 torr is ˜8.10^12 cm-3 occurring at ˜500 μs after the pulse, with decay time of ˜16.5 msec. Peak NO atom mole fraction in methane-<span class="hlt">air</span> at φ=0.5 is approximately equal to that in pure <span class="hlt">air</span> with similar rise and decay rate. In φ = 0.5 ethylene-<span class="hlt">air</span>, the rise and decay times are also comparable to <span class="hlt">air</span> and methane--<span class="hlt">air</span>, but peak NO concentration is a factor of ˜2.5 lower. Spontaneous emission measurements show that N2(C) and NO (A) decay in ˜25ns and ˜2.5μs, respectively. Kinetic modeling calculations incorporating Boltzmann solver for EEDF, and electron impact and full <span class="hlt">air</span> species kinetics, complemented with the GRI Mech 3.0 hydrocarbon oxidation mechanism, are compared with the experimental data using three different mechanisms. It is concluded that processes involving long lifetime (˜100 μsec) meta-stable states, such as N2 (X,v) and O2(b^1σ), which are formed by quenching of the metastable N2 (A) state by ground state O2, play a dominant role in NO <span class="hlt">formation</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JAP...119b3302N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JAP...119b3302N"><span>Study of ion-ion <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> in negative ion sources by a three-dimensional in real space and three-dimensional in velocity space particle in cell model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nishioka, S.; Goto, I.; Miyamoto, K.; Hatayama, A.; Fukano, A.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Recently, in large-scale hydrogen negative ion sources, the experimental results have shown that ion-ion <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is formed in the vicinity of the extraction hole under the surface negative ion production case. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the mechanism of the ion-ion <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> by our three dimensional particle-in-cell simulation. In the present model, the electron loss along the magnetic filter field is taken into account by the " √{τ///τ⊥ } model." The simulation results show that the ion-ion <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> is due to the electron loss along the magnetic filter field. Moreover, the potential profile for the ion-ion <span class="hlt">plasma</span> case has been looked into carefully in order to discuss the ion-ion <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span>. Our present results show that the potential drop of the virtual cathode in front of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> grid is large when the ion-ion <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is formed. This tendency has been explained by a relationship between the virtual cathode depth and the net particle flux density at the virtual cathode.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22805178','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22805178"><span>FLO11 expression and lipid biosynthesis are required for <span class="hlt">air</span>-liquid biofilm <span class="hlt">formation</span> in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae flor strain.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zara, Giacomo; Goffrini, Paola; Lodi, Tiziana; Zara, Severino; Mannazzu, Ilaria; Budroni, Marilena</p> <p>2012-11-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Air</span>-liquid biofilm <span class="hlt">formation</span> is largely dependent on Flo11p and seems related to cell lipid content and composition. Here, it is shown that in the presence of cerulenin, a known inhibitor of the fatty acid synthase complex, biofilm <span class="hlt">formation</span> is inhibited together with FLO11 transcription in a flor strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, while the administration of saturated fatty acids to cerulenin-containing medium restores biofilm <span class="hlt">formation</span> and FLO11 transcription. It is also shown that, in biofilm cells, the FLO11 transcription is accompanied by the transcription of ACC1, ACS1 and INO1 key genes in lipid biosynthesis and that biofilm <span class="hlt">formation</span> is affected by the lack of inositol in flor medium. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that the <span class="hlt">air</span>-liquid biofilm <span class="hlt">formation</span> depends on FLO11 transcription levels as well as on fatty acids biosynthesis. © 2012 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4992823','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4992823"><span>Developmental transcriptome analysis and identification of genes involved in <span class="hlt">formation</span> of intestinal <span class="hlt">air</span>-breathing function of Dojo loach, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Luo, Weiwei; Cao, Xiaojuan; Xu, Xiuwen; Huang, Songqian; Liu, Chuanshu; Tomljanovic, Tea</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Dojo loach, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus is a freshwater fish species of the loach family Cobitidae, using its posterior intestine as an accessory <span class="hlt">air</span>-breathing organ. Little is known about the molecular regulatory mechanisms in the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of intestinal <span class="hlt">air</span>-breathing function of M. anguillicaudatus. Here high-throughput sequencing of mRNAs was performed from six developmental stages of posterior intestine of M. anguillicaudatus: 4-Dph (days post hatch) group, 8-Dph group, 12-Dph group, 20-Dph group, 40-Dph group and Oyd (one-year-old) group. These six libraries were assembled into 81300 unigenes. Totally 40757 unigenes were annotated. Subsequently, 35291 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were scanned among different developmental stages and clustered into 20 gene expression profiles. Finally, 15 key pathways and 25 key genes were mined, providing potential targets for candidate gene selection involved in <span class="hlt">formation</span> of intestinal <span class="hlt">air</span>-breathing function in M. anguillicaudatus. This is the first report of developmental transcriptome of posterior intestine in M. anguillicaudatus, offering a substantial contribution to the sequence resources for this species and providing a deep insight into the <span class="hlt">formation</span> mechanism of its intestinal <span class="hlt">air</span>-breathing function. This report demonstrates that M. anguillicaudatus is a good model for studies to identify and characterize the molecular basis of accessory <span class="hlt">air</span>-breathing organ development in fish. PMID:27545457</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JPhD...43l4011M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JPhD...43l4011M"><span>Products and mechanisms of the oxidation of organic compounds in atmospheric <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasmas</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Marotta, Ester; Schiorlin, Milko; Rea, Massimo; Paradisi, Cristina</p> <p>2010-03-01</p> <p>Atmospheric <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-based technologies are developing as a powerful means for <span class="hlt">air</span> purification, specifically for the oxidation of organic pollutants. To achieve a better control on the emissions produced by such treatments mechanistic insight is needed in the complex reactions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) within the <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. An account is given here of our comparative studies of the behaviour of model VOCs in response to different corona regimes (+dc, -dc and +pulsed) implemented within the same flow reactor. Model VOCs considered include two alkanes (n-hexane and i-octane), one aromatic hydrocarbon (toluene) and two halogenated methanes, dibromomethane (CH2Br2) and dibromodifluoromethane (CF2Br2, halon 1202). Efficiency and product data are reported and discussed as well as various possible initiation reactions. A powerful diagnostic tool is ion analysis, performed by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry: it provides a map of major ions and ion-molecule reactions and a rationale for interpreting current/voltage characteristics of dc coronas. It is shown that, depending on the specific VOC and corona regime adopted, different initiation steps prevail in the VOC-oxidation process and that the presence of a VOC, albeit in small amounts (500 ppm), can greatly affect some important <span class="hlt">plasma</span> properties (ion population, current/voltage profile, post-discharge products).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PhPl....8.1791S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PhPl....8.1791S"><span>A survey of dusty <span class="hlt">plasma</span> physics</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shukla, P. K.</p> <p>2001-05-01</p> <p>Two omnipresent ingredients of the Universe are <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> and charged dust. The interplay between these two has opened up a new and fascinating research area, that of dusty <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>, which are ubiquitous in different parts of our solar system, namely planetary rings, circumsolar dust rings, the interplanetary medium, cometary comae and tails, as well as in interstellar molecular clouds, etc. Dusty <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> also occur in noctilucent clouds in the arctic troposphere and mesosphere, cloud-to-ground lightening in thunderstorms containing smoke-contaminated <span class="hlt">air</span> over the United States, in the flame of a humble candle, as well as in microelectronic processing devices, in low-temperature laboratory discharges, and in tokamaks. Dusty <span class="hlt">plasma</span> physics has appeared as one of the most rapidly growing fields of science, besides the field of the Bose-Einstein condensate, as demonstrated by the number of published papers in scientific journals and conference proceedings. In fact, it is a truly interdisciplinary science because it has many potential applications in astrophysics (viz. in understanding the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of dust clusters and structures, instabilities of interstellar molecular clouds and star <span class="hlt">formation</span>, decoupling of magnetic fields from <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>, etc.) as well as in the planetary magnetospheres of our solar system [viz. Saturn (particularly, the physics of spokes and braids in the B and F rings), Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune, and Mars] and in strongly coupled laboratory dusty <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>. Since a dusty <span class="hlt">plasma</span> system involves the charging and dynamics of massive charged dust grains, it can be characterized as a complex <span class="hlt">plasma</span> system providing new physics insights. In this paper, the basic physics of dusty <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> as well as numerous collective processes are discussed. The focus will be on theoretical and experimental observations of charging processes, waves and instabilities, associated forces, the dynamics of rotating and elongated dust grains, and some nonlinear structures (such as</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23993962','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23993962"><span>WNK4 inhibits <span class="hlt">plasma</span> membrane targeting of NCC through regulation of syntaxin13 SNARE <span class="hlt">formation</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chung, Woo Young; Park, Hyun Woo; Han, Jung Woo; Lee, Min Goo; Kim, Joo Young</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>WNK4, a serine/threonine kinase, plays a critical role in the expression of membrane proteins in the cell surface; however, the underlying mechanism of WNK4 is not clear. Here, we demonstrate that WNK4 inhibits the fusion of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> membrane delivering vesicle with sorting/recycling endosome through disrupting SNARE <span class="hlt">formation</span> of syntaxin13, an endosomal t-SNARE and VAMP2, the v-SNARE in <span class="hlt">plasma</span> membrane delivering vesicle. Their interaction and co-localization were enhanced by hyperosmotic stimulation which is known for WNK4 activation. The kinase domain of WNK4 interacts with the transmembrane domain (TM) of syntaxin13 and this interaction was abolished when the TM was replaced with that of syntaxin16. Interestingly, cell fractionation using sucrose gradients revealed that WNK4 inhibited the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of the syntaxin13/VAMP2 SNARE complex in the endosomal compartment, but not syntaxin16/VAMP2 or syntaxin13/VAMP7. Syntaxin13 was not phosphorylated by WNK4 and WNK4KI also showed the same binding strength and similar inhibitory regulation on SNARE <span class="hlt">formation</span> of syntaxin13. Physiological relevance of this mechanism was proved with the expression of NCC (Na(+) C1(-) co-transporter) in the cell surface. The inhibiting activity of WNK4 on surface expression of NCC was abolished by syntaxin13 siRNA transfection. These results suggest that WNK4 attenuates PM targeting of NCC proteins through regulation of syntaxin13 SNARE complex <span class="hlt">formation</span> with VAMP2 in recycling and sorting endosome. © 2013.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PSST...23d5007B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PSST...23d5007B"><span>Nitric oxide kinetics in the afterglow of a diffuse <span class="hlt">plasma</span> filament</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Burnette, D.; Montello, A.; Adamovich, I. V.; Lempert, W. R.</p> <p>2014-08-01</p> <p>A suite of laser diagnostics is used to study kinetics of vibrational energy transfer and <span class="hlt">plasma</span> chemical reactions in a nanosecond pulse, diffuse filament electric discharge and afterglow in N2 and dry <span class="hlt">air</span> at 100 Torr. Laser-induced fluorescence of NO and two-photon absorption laser-induced fluorescence of O and N atoms are used to measure absolute, time-resolved number densities of these species after the discharge pulse, and picosecond coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy is used to measure time-resolved rotational temperature and ground electronic state N2(v = 0-4) vibrational level populations. The <span class="hlt">plasma</span> filament diameter, determined from <span class="hlt">plasma</span> emission and NO planar laser-induced fluorescence images, remains nearly constant after the discharge pulse, over a few hundred microseconds, and does not exhibit expansion on microsecond time scale. Peak temperature in the discharge and the afterglow is low, T ≈ 370 K, in spite of significant vibrational nonequilibrium, with peak N2 vibrational temperature of Tv ≈ 2000 K. Significant vibrational temperature rise in the afterglow is likely caused by the downward N2-N2 vibration-vibration (V-V) energy transfer. Simple kinetic modeling of time-resolved N, O, and NO number densities in the afterglow, on the time scale longer compared to relaxation and quenching time of excited species generated in the <span class="hlt">plasma</span>, is in good agreement with the data. In nitrogen, the N atom density after the discharge pulse is controlled by three-body recombination and radial diffusion. In <span class="hlt">air</span>, N, NO and O concentrations are dominated by the reverse Zel'dovich reaction, N + NO → N2 + O, and ozone <span class="hlt">formation</span> reaction, O + O2 + M → O3 + M, respectively. The effect of vibrationally excited nitrogen molecules and excited N atoms on NO <span class="hlt">formation</span> kinetics is estimated to be negligible. The results suggest that NO <span class="hlt">formation</span> in the nanosecond pulse discharge is dominated by reactions of excited electronic states of nitrogen, occurring on</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22599911-exact-solution-ckp-equation-formation-interaction-two-solitons-pair-ion-electron-plasma','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22599911-exact-solution-ckp-equation-formation-interaction-two-solitons-pair-ion-electron-plasma"><span>Exact solution of CKP equation and <span class="hlt">formation</span> and interaction of two solitons in pair-ion-electron <span class="hlt">plasma</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Batool, Nazia; Jahangir, R.; National Center of Physics</p> <p></p> <p>In the present investigation, cylindrical Kadomstev-Petviashvili (CKP) equation is derived in pair-ion-electron <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> to study the propagation and interaction of two solitons. Using a novel gauge transformation, two soliton solutions of CKP equation are found analytically by using Hirota's method and to the best of our knowledge have been used in <span class="hlt">plasma</span> physics for the first time. Interestingly, it is observed that unlike the planar Kadomstev-Petviashvili (KP) equation, the CKP equation admits horseshoe-like solitary structures. Another non-trivial feature of CKP solitary solution is that the interaction parameter gets modified by the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> parameters contrary to the one obtained for Korteweg–demore » Vries equation. The importance of the present investigation to understand the <span class="hlt">formation</span> and interaction of solitons in laboratory produced pair <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> is also highlighted.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JETPL.106..653B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JETPL.106..653B"><span><span class="hlt">Formation</span> of ball streamers at a subnanosecond breakdown of gases at a high pressure in a nonuniform electric field</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Beloplotov, D. V.; Tarasenko, V. F.; Sorokin, D. A.; Lomaev, M. I.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">formation</span> of a diffuse discharge <span class="hlt">plasma</span> at a subnanosecond breakdown of a "cone-plane" gap filled with <span class="hlt">air</span>, nitrogen, methane, hydrogen, argon, neon, and helium at various pressures has been studied. Nanosecond negative and positive voltage pulses have been applied to the conical electrode. The experimental data on the dynamics of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> glow at the stage of <span class="hlt">formation</span> and propagation of a streamer have been obtained with intensified charge-coupled device and streak cameras. It has been found that the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of ball streamers is observed in all gases and at both polarities. A supershort avalanche electron beam has been detected behind the flat foil electrode in a wide range of pressures in the case of a negatively charged conical electrode. A mechanism of the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of streamers at breakdown of various gases at high overvoltages has been discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=345767','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=345767"><span>Disinfection of fresh chicken breast fillets with in-package atmospheric cold <span class="hlt">plasma</span>: effect of treatment voltage and time</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Effects of treatment voltage and time of in-package atmospheric cold <span class="hlt">plasma</span> (ACP) were studied on ozone <span class="hlt">formation</span>, microbiological quality, surface color, and pH of fresh chicken fillets. Samples were sealed in food trays in <span class="hlt">air</span>, treated with a dielectric-barrier-discharge (DBD) ACP system, and stor...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5891017','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5891017"><span>Effects of low temperature <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> and <span class="hlt">plasma</span> activated waters on Arabidopsis thaliana germination and growth</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Martinez, Yves; Merbahi, Nofel; Eichwald, Olivier; Dunand, Christophe</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Two <span class="hlt">plasma</span> devices at atmospheric pressure (<span class="hlt">air</span> dielectric barrier discharge and helium <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet) have been used to study the early germination of Arabidopsis thaliana seeds during the first days. Then, <span class="hlt">plasma</span> activated waters are used during the later stage of plant development and growth until 42 days. The effects on both testa and endospserm ruptures during the germination stage are significant in the case of <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> due to its higher energy and efficiency of producing reactive oxygen species than the case of helium <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. The latter has shown distinct effects only for testa rupture. Analysis of germination stimulations are based on specific stainings for reactive oxygen species production, peroxidase activity and also membrane permeability tests. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has shown a smoother seed surface for <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treated seeds that can explain the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> induced-germination. During the growth stage, plants were watered using 4 kinds of water (tap and deionized waters activated or not by the low temperature <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet). With regards to other water kinds, the characterization of the tap water has shown a larger conductivity, acidity and concentration of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species. Only the tap water activated by the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet has shown a significant effect on the plant growth. This effect could be correlated to reactive nitrogen species such as nitrite/nitrate species present in <span class="hlt">plasma</span> activated tap water. PMID:29630641</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18579292','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18579292"><span>Effects of operational conditions on sludge degradation and organic acids <span class="hlt">formation</span> in low-critical wet <span class="hlt">air</span> oxidation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chung, Jinwook; Lee, Mikyung; Ahn, Jaehwan; Bae, Wookeun; Lee, Yong-Woo; Shim, Hojae</p> <p>2009-02-15</p> <p>Wet <span class="hlt">air</span> oxidation processes are to treat highly concentrated organic compounds including refractory materials, sludge, and night soil, and usually operated at supercritical water conditions of high temperature and pressure. In this study, the effects of operational conditions including temperature, pressure, and oxidant dose on sludge degradation and conversion into subsequent intermediates such as organic acids were investigated at low critical wet oxidation conditions. The reaction time and temperature in the wet <span class="hlt">air</span> oxidation process was shown an important factor affecting the liquefaction of volatile solids, with more significant effect on the thermal hydrolysis reaction rather than the oxidation reaction. The degradation efficiency of sludge and the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of organic acids were improved with longer reaction time and higher reaction temperature. For the sludge reduction and the organic acids <span class="hlt">formation</span> under the wet <span class="hlt">air</span> oxidation, the optimal conditions for reaction temperature, time, pressure, and oxidant dose were shown approximately 240 degrees C, 30min, 60atm, and 2.0L/min, respectively.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JThSc..23..472L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JThSc..23..472L"><span>Investigation on combustion characteristics and NO <span class="hlt">formation</span> of methane with swirling and non-swirling high temperature <span class="hlt">air</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Li, Xing; Jia, Li</p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>Combustion characteristics of methane jet flames in an industrial burner working in high temperature combustion regime were investigated experimentally and numerically to clarify the effects of swirling high temperature <span class="hlt">air</span> on combustion. Speziale-Sarkar-Gatski (SSG) Reynolds stress model, Eddy-Dissipation Model (EDM), Discrete Ordinates Method (DTM) combined with Weighted-Sum-of-Grey Gases Model (WSGG) were employed for the numerical simulation. Both Thermal-NO and Prompt-NO mechanism were considered to evaluate the NO <span class="hlt">formation</span>. Temperature distribution, NO emissions by experiment and computation in swirling and non-swirling patterns show combustion characteristics of methane jet flames are totally different. Non-swirling high temperature <span class="hlt">air</span> made high NO <span class="hlt">formation</span> while significant NO prohibition were achieved by swirling high temperature <span class="hlt">air</span>. Furthermore, velocity fields, dimensionless major species mole fraction distributions and Thermal-NO molar reaction rate profiles by computation interpret an inner exhaust gas recirculation formed in the combustion zone in swirling case.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_19 --> <div id="page_20" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="381"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21828648','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21828648"><span><span class="hlt">Formation</span> and metrology of dual scale nano-morphology on SF(6) <span class="hlt">plasma</span> etched silicon surfaces.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Boulousis, G; Constantoudis, V; Kokkoris, G; Gogolides, E</p> <p>2008-06-25</p> <p>Surface roughness and nano-morphology in SF(6) <span class="hlt">plasma</span> etched silicon substrates are investigated in a helicon type <span class="hlt">plasma</span> reactor as a function of etching time and process parameters. The <span class="hlt">plasma</span> etched surfaces are analyzed by atomic force microscopy. It is found that dual scale nano-roughness is <span class="hlt">formatted</span> on the silicon surface comprising an underlying nano-roughness and superimposed nano-mounds. Detailed metrological quantification is proposed for the characterization of dual scale surface morphology. As etching proceeds, the mounds become higher, fewer and wider, and the underlying nano-roughness also increases. Increase in wafer temperature leads to smoother surfaces with lower, fewer and wider nano-mounds. A mechanism based on the deposition of etch inhibiting particles during the etching process is proposed for the explanation of the experimental behavior. In addition, appropriately designed experiments are conducted, and they confirm the presence of this mechanism.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140010177','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140010177"><span>Multi-Group Reductions of LTE <span class="hlt">Air</span> <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Radiative Transfer in Cylindrical Geometries</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Scoggins, James; Magin, Thierry Edouard Bertran; Wray, Alan; Mansour, Nagi N.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> radiation in Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (LTE) within cylindrical geometries is studied with an application towards modeling the radiative transfer inside arc-constrictors, a central component of constricted-arc arc jets. A detailed database of spectral absorption coefficients for LTE <span class="hlt">air</span> is formulated using the NEQAIR code developed at NASA Ames Research Center. The database stores calculated absorption coefficients for 1,051,755 wavelengths between 0.04 µm and 200 µm over a wide temperature (500K to 15 000K) and pressure (0.1 atm to 10.0 atm) range. The multi-group method for spectral reduction is studied by generating a range of reductions including pure binning and banding reductions from the detailed absorption coefficient database. The accuracy of each reduction is compared to line-by-line calculations for cylindrical temperature profiles resembling typical profiles found in arc-constrictors. It is found that a reduction of only 1000 groups is sufficient to accurately model the LTE <span class="hlt">air</span> radiation over a large temperature and pressure range. In addition to the reduction comparison, the cylindrical-slab formulation is compared with the finite-volume method for the numerical integration of the radiative flux inside cylinders with varying length. It is determined that cylindrical-slabs can be used to accurately model most arc-constrictors due to their high length to radius ratios.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29202266','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29202266"><span>On-line quantification and human health risk assessment of organic by-products from the removal of toluene in <span class="hlt">air</span> using non-thermal <span class="hlt">plasma</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Guo, Teng; Li, Xueshuang; Li, Jianquan; Peng, Zhen; Xu, Li; Dong, Junguo; Cheng, Ping; Zhou, Zhen</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Harmful organic by-products, produced during the removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the <span class="hlt">air</span> by treatment with non-thermal <span class="hlt">plasma</span> (NTP), hinder the practical applications of NTP. An on-line quantification and risk assessment method for the organic by-products produced by the NTP removal of toluene from the <span class="hlt">air</span> has been developed. Formaldehyde, methanol, ketene, acetaldehyde, formic acid, acetone, acetic acid, benzene, benzaldehyde, and benzoic acid were determined to be the main organic by-products by proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS), a powerful technique for real-time and on-line measurements of trace levels of VOCs, and a health-related index (HRI) was introduced to assess the health risk of these organic by-products. The discharge power (P) is a key factor affecting the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of the organic by-products and their HRI values. Higher P leads to a higher removal efficiency (η) and lower HRI. However, higher P also means higher cost and greater production of discharge by-products, such as NO x and O 3 , which are also very dangerous to the environment and human health. In practical applications P, HRI, and η must be balanced, and sometimes the risks posed by the organic by-products are even greater than those of the removed compounds. Our mechanistic study reveals that acetone is a crucial intermediate for the removal of toluene by NTP, and we found that toluene molecules first fragment into acetone molecules, followed by other by-products. These observations will guide the study of the mechanism of aromatic molecule dissociation in <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhD...50m5201K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhD...50m5201K"><span>Etching of polymers, proteins and bacterial spores by atmospheric pressure DBD <span class="hlt">plasma</span> in <span class="hlt">air</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kuzminova, A.; Kretková, T.; Kylián, O.; Hanuš, J.; Khalakhan, I.; Prukner, V.; Doležalová, E.; Šimek, M.; Biederman, H.</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Many studies proved that non-equilibrium discharges generated at atmospheric pressure are highly effective for the bio-decontamination of surfaces of various materials. One of the key processes that leads to a desired result is <span class="hlt">plasma</span> etching and thus the evaluation of etching rates of organic materials is of high importance. However, the comparison of reported results is rather difficult if impossible as different authors use diverse sources of atmospheric <span class="hlt">plasma</span> that are operated at significantly different operational parameters. Therefore, we report here on the systematic study of the etching of nine different common polymers that mimic the different structures of more complicated biological systems, bovine serum albumin (BSA) selected as the model protein and spores of Bacillus subtilis taken as a representative of highly resistant micro-organisms. The treatment of these materials was performed by means of atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) sustained in open <span class="hlt">air</span> at constant conditions. All tested polymers, BSA and spores, were readily etched by DBD <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. However, the measured etching rates were found to be dependent on the chemical structure of treated materials, namely on the presence of oxygen in the structure of polymers.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ACPD...1125991M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ACPD...1125991M"><span><span class="hlt">Air</span> pollution control and decreasing new particle <span class="hlt">formation</span> lead to strong climate warming</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Makkonen, R.; Asmi, A.; Kerminen, V.-M.; Boy, M.; Arneth, A.; Hari, P.; Kulmala, M.</p> <p>2011-09-01</p> <p>The number of cloud droplets determines several climatically relevant cloud properties. A major cause for the high uncertainty in the indirect aerosol forcing is the availability of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), which in turn is highly sensitive to atmospheric new particle <span class="hlt">formation</span>. Here we present the effect of new particle <span class="hlt">formation</span> on anthropogenic aerosol forcing in present-day (year 2000) and future (year 2100) conditions. The total aerosol forcing (-1.61 W m-2 in year 2000) is simulated to be greatly reduced in the future, to -0.23 W m-2, mainly due to decrease in SO2 emissions and resulting decrease in new particle <span class="hlt">formation</span>. With the total aerosol forcing decreasing in response to <span class="hlt">air</span> pollution control measures taking effect, warming from increased greenhouse gas concentrations can potentially increase at a very rapid rate.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4577187','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4577187"><span>Low clouds suppress Arctic <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> and amplify high-latitude continental winter warming</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Cronin, Timothy W.; Tziperman, Eli</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>High-latitude continents have warmed much more rapidly in recent decades than the rest of the globe, especially in winter, and the maintenance of warm, frost-free conditions in continental interiors in winter has been a long-standing problem of past equable climates. We use an idealized single-column atmospheric model across a range of conditions to study the polar night process of <span class="hlt">air</span> mass transformation from high-latitude maritime <span class="hlt">air</span>, with a prescribed initial temperature profile, to much colder high-latitude continental <span class="hlt">air</span>. We find that a low-cloud feedback—consisting of a robust increase in the duration of optically thick liquid clouds with warming of the initial state—slows radiative cooling of the surface and amplifies continental warming. This low-cloud feedback increases the continental surface <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature by roughly two degrees for each degree increase of the initial maritime surface <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature, effectively suppressing Arctic <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span>. The time it takes for the surface <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature to drop below freezing increases nonlinearly to ∼10 d for initial maritime surface <span class="hlt">air</span> temperatures of 20 °C. These results, supplemented by an analysis of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 climate model runs that shows large increases in cloud water path and surface cloud longwave forcing in warmer climates, suggest that the “lapse rate feedback” in simulations of anthropogenic climate change may be related to the influence of low clouds on the stratification of the lower troposphere. The results also indicate that optically thick stratus cloud decks could help to maintain frost-free winter continental interiors in equable climates. PMID:26324919</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012SPIE.8330E..0WZ','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012SPIE.8330E..0WZ"><span>Numerical simulation for the influence of laser-induced <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> addition on <span class="hlt">air</span> mass capture of hypersonic inlet</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhao, Wei; Dou, Zhiguo; Li, Qian</p> <p>2012-03-01</p> <p>The theory of laser-induced <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> addition to hypersonic airflow off a vehicle to increase <span class="hlt">air</span> mass capture and improve the performance of hypersonic inlets at Mach numbers below the design value is explored. For hypersonic vehicles, when flying at mach numbers lower than the design one, we can increase the mass capture ratio of inlet through laser-induced <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> injection to the hypersonic flow upstream of cowl lip to form a virtual cowl. Based on the theory, the model of interaction between laser-induced <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> and hypersonic flow was established. The influence on the effect of increasing mass capture ratio was studied at different positions of laser-induced <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> region for the external compression hypersonic inlet at Mach 5 while the design value is 6, the power of <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> was in the range of 1-8mJ. The main results are as follows: 1. the best location of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> addition region is near the intersection of the nose shock of the vehicle with the continuation of the cowl line, and slightly below that line. In that case, the shock generated by the heating is close to the shock that is a reflection of the vehicle nose shock off the imaginary solid surface-extension of the cowl. 2. <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> addition does increase mass capture, and the effect becomes stronger as more energy is added, the peak value appeared when the power of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> was about 4mJ, when the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> energy continues to get stronger, the mass capture will decline slowly.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011SPIE.8330E..0WZ','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011SPIE.8330E..0WZ"><span>Numerical simulation for the influence of laser-induced <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> addition on <span class="hlt">air</span> mass capture of hypersonic inlet</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhao, Wei; Dou, Zhiguo; Li, Qian</p> <p>2011-11-01</p> <p>The theory of laser-induced <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> addition to hypersonic airflow off a vehicle to increase <span class="hlt">air</span> mass capture and improve the performance of hypersonic inlets at Mach numbers below the design value is explored. For hypersonic vehicles, when flying at mach numbers lower than the design one, we can increase the mass capture ratio of inlet through laser-induced <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> injection to the hypersonic flow upstream of cowl lip to form a virtual cowl. Based on the theory, the model of interaction between laser-induced <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> and hypersonic flow was established. The influence on the effect of increasing mass capture ratio was studied at different positions of laser-induced <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> region for the external compression hypersonic inlet at Mach 5 while the design value is 6, the power of <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> was in the range of 1-8mJ. The main results are as follows: 1. the best location of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> addition region is near the intersection of the nose shock of the vehicle with the continuation of the cowl line, and slightly below that line. In that case, the shock generated by the heating is close to the shock that is a reflection of the vehicle nose shock off the imaginary solid surface-extension of the cowl. 2. <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> addition does increase mass capture, and the effect becomes stronger as more energy is added, the peak value appeared when the power of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> was about 4mJ, when the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> energy continues to get stronger, the mass capture will decline slowly.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2703297','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2703297"><span>Macroscopic domain <span class="hlt">formation</span> during cooling in the platelet <span class="hlt">plasma</span> membrane: an issue of low cholesterol content</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Bali, Rachna; Savino, Laura; Ramirez, Diego A.; Tsvetkova, Nelly M.; Bagatolli, Luis; Tablin, Fern; Crowe, John H.; Leidy, Chad</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>There has been ample debate on whether cell membranes can present macroscopic lipid domains as predicted by three-component phase diagrams obtained by fluorescence microscopy. Several groups have argued that membrane proteins and interactions with the cytoskeleton inhibit the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of large domains. In contrast, some polarizable cells do show large regions with qualitative differences in lipid fluidity. It is important to ask more precisely, based on the current phase diagrams, under what conditions would large domains be expected to form in cells. In this work we study the thermotropic phase behavior of the platelet <span class="hlt">plasma</span> membrane by FTIR, and compare it to a POPC/Sphingomyelin/Cholesterol model representing the outer leaflet composition. We find that this model closely reflects the platelet phase behavior. Previous work has shown that the platelet <span class="hlt">plasma</span> membrane presents inhomogeneous distribution of DiI18:0 at 24°C, but not at 37°C, which suggests the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of macroscopic lipid domains at low temperatures. We show by fluorescence microscopy, and by comparison with published phase diagrams, that the outer leaflet model system enters the macroscopic domain region only at the lower temperature. In addition, the low cholesterol content in platelets (~15 mol %), appears to be crucial for the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of large domains during cooling. PMID:19341703</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JPS...178..334W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JPS...178..334W"><span><span class="hlt">Air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> spray processing and electrochemical characterization of SOFC composite cathodes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>White, B. D.; Kesler, O.; Rose, Lars</p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> spraying has been used to produce porous composite cathodes containing (La 0.8Sr 0.2) 0.98MnO 3- y (LSM) and yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) for use in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Preliminary investigations focused on determining the range of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> conditions under which each of the individual materials could be successfully deposited. A range of conditions was thereby determined that was suitable for the deposition of a composite cathode from pre-mixed LSM and YSZ powders. A number of composite cathodes were produced using different combinations of parameter values within the identified range according to a Uniform Design experimental grid. Coatings were then characterized for composition and microstructure using EDX and SEM. As a result of these tests, combinations of input parameter values were identified that are best suited to the production of coatings with microstructures appropriate for use in SOFC composite cathodes. A selection of coatings representative of the types of observed microstructures were then subjected to electrochemical testing to evaluate the performance of these cathodes. From these tests, it was found that, in general, the coatings that appeared to have the most suitable microstructures also had the highest electrochemical performances, provided that the deposition efficiency of both phases was sufficiently high.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NucFu..58f6010T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NucFu..58f6010T"><span>Effect of W self-implantation and He <span class="hlt">plasma</span> exposure on early-stage defect and bubble <span class="hlt">formation</span> in tungsten</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Thompson, M.; Drummond, D.; Sullivan, J.; Elliman, R.; Kluth, P.; Kirby, N.; Riley, D.; Corr, C. S.</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>To determine the effect of pre-existing defects on helium-vacancy cluster nucleation and growth, tungsten samples were self-implanted with 1 MeV tungsten ions at varying fluences to induce radiation damage, then subsequently exposed to helium <span class="hlt">plasma</span> in the MAGPIE linear <span class="hlt">plasma</span> device. Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy was performed both immediately after self-implantation, and again after <span class="hlt">plasma</span> exposure. After self-implantation vacancies clusters were not observed near the sample surface (<30 nm). At greater depths (30–150 nm) vacancy clusters formed, and were found to increase in size with increasing W-ion fluence. After helium <span class="hlt">plasma</span> exposure in the MAGPIE linear <span class="hlt">plasma</span> device at ~300 K with a fluence of 1023 He-m‑2, deep (30–150 nm) vacancy clusters showed similar positron lifetimes, while shallow (<30 nm) clusters were not observed. The intensity of positron lifetime signals fell for most samples after <span class="hlt">plasma</span> exposure, indicating that defects were filling with helium. The absence of shallow clusters indicates that helium requires pre-existing defects in order to drive vacancy cluster growth at 300 K. Further samples that had not been pre-damaged with W-ions were also exposed to helium <span class="hlt">plasma</span> in MAGPIE across fluences from 1  ×  1022 to 1.2  ×  1024 He-m‑2. Samples exposed to fluences up to 1  ×  1023 He-m‑2 showed no signs of damage. Fluences of 5  ×  1023 He-m‑2 and higher showed significant helium-cluster <span class="hlt">formation</span> within the first 30 nm, with positron lifetimes in the vicinity 0.5–0.6 ns. The sample temperature was significantly higher for these higher fluence exposures (~400 K) due to <span class="hlt">plasma</span> heating. This higher temperature likely enhanced bubble <span class="hlt">formation</span> by significantly increasing the rate interstitial helium clusters generate vacancies, which is we suspect is the rate-limiting step for helium-vacancy cluster/bubble nucleation in the absence of pre-existing defects.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4299663','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4299663"><span><span class="hlt">Plasma</span> membrane H+-ATPase regulation is required for auxin gradient <span class="hlt">formation</span> preceding phototropic growth</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Hohm, Tim; Demarsy, Emilie; Quan, Clément; Allenbach Petrolati, Laure; Preuten, Tobias; Vernoux, Teva; Bergmann, Sven; Fankhauser, Christian</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Phototropism is a growth response allowing plants to align their photosynthetic organs toward incoming light and thereby to optimize photosynthetic activity. <span class="hlt">Formation</span> of a lateral gradient of the phytohormone auxin is a key step to trigger asymmetric growth of the shoot leading to phototropic reorientation. To identify important regulators of auxin gradient <span class="hlt">formation</span>, we developed an auxin flux model that enabled us to test in silico the impact of different morphological and biophysical parameters on gradient <span class="hlt">formation</span>, including the contribution of the extracellular space (cell wall) or apoplast. Our model indicates that cell size, cell distributions, and apoplast thickness are all important factors affecting gradient <span class="hlt">formation</span>. Among all tested variables, regulation of apoplastic pH was the most important to enable the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of a lateral auxin gradient. To test this prediction, we interfered with the activity of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> membrane H+-ATPases that are required to control apoplastic pH. Our results show that H+-ATPases are indeed important for the establishment of a lateral auxin gradient and phototropism. Moreover, we show that during phototropism, H+-ATPase activity is regulated by the phototropin photoreceptors, providing a mechanism by which light influences apoplastic pH. PMID:25261457</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10828388','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10828388"><span>Comparative analysis of polychlorinated biphenyl decomposition processes in <span class="hlt">air</span> or argon (+oxygen) thermal <span class="hlt">plasma</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kostic, Z G; Stefanovic, P L; Pavlović, P B</p> <p>2000-07-10</p> <p>Thermal <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> may solve one of the biggest toxic waste disposal problems. The disposal of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is a long standing problem which will get worse in the coming years, when 180000 tons of PCB-containing wastes are expected to accumulate in Europe (Hot ions break down toxic chemicals, New Scientist, 16 April 1987, p. 24.). The combustion of PCBs in ordinary incinerators (at temperature T approximately 1100 K, as measured near the inner wall of the combustion chamber (European Parliament and Council Directive on Incineration of Waste (COM/99/330), Europe energy, 543, Sept. 17, 1999, 1-23.)) can cause more problems than it solves, because highly toxic dioxins and dibenzofurans are formed if the combustion temperature is too low (T<1400 K). The paper presents a thermodynamic consideration and comparative analysis of PCB decomposition processes in <span class="hlt">air</span> or argon (+oxygen) thermal <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JPhD...42m5208S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JPhD...42m5208S"><span>A trial of ignition innovation of gasoline engine by nanosecond pulsed low temperature <span class="hlt">plasma</span> ignition</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shiraishi, Taisuke; Urushihara, Tomonori; Gundersen, Martin</p> <p>2009-07-01</p> <p>Application of nanosecond pulsed low temperature <span class="hlt">plasma</span> as an ignition technique for automotive gasoline engines, which require a discharge under conditions of high back pressure, has been studied experimentally using a single-cylinder engine. The nanosecond pulsed <span class="hlt">plasma</span> refers to the transient (non-equilibrated) phase of a <span class="hlt">plasma</span> before the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of an arc discharge; it was obtained by applying a high voltage with a nanosecond pulse (FWHM of approximately 80 or 25 ns) between coaxial cylindrical electrodes. It was confirmed that nanosecond pulsed <span class="hlt">plasma</span> can form a volumetric multi-channel streamer discharge at an energy consumption of 60 mJ cycle-1 under a high back pressure of 1400 kPa. It was found that the initial combustion period was shortened compared with the conventional spark ignition. The initial flame visualization suggested that the nanosecond pulsed <span class="hlt">plasma</span> ignition results in the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of a spatially dispersed initial flame kernel at a position of high electric field strength around the central electrode. It was observed that the electric field strength in the <span class="hlt">air</span> gap between the coaxial cylindrical electrodes was increased further by applying a shorter pulse. It was also clarified that the shorter pulse improved ignitability even further.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22800813','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22800813"><span>Direct measurements of sample heating by a laser-induced <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> in pre-ablation spark dual-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Register, Janna; Scaffidi, Jonathan; Angel, S Michael</p> <p>2012-08-01</p> <p>Direct measurements of temperature changes were made using small thermocouples (TC), placed near a laser-induced <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. Temperature changes up to ~500 °C were observed. From the measured temperature changes, estimates were made of the amount of heat absorbed per unit area. This allowed calculations to be made of the surface temperature, as a function of time, of a sample heated by the <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> that is generated during orthogonal pre-ablation spark dual-pulse (DP) LIBS measurements. In separate experiments, single-pulse (SP) LIBS emission and sample ablation rate measurements were performed on nickel at sample temperatures ranging from room temperature to the maximum surface temperature that was calculated using the TC measurement results (500 °C). A small, but real sample temperature-dependent increase in both SP LIBS emission and the rate of sample ablation was found for nickel samples heated up to 500 °C. Comparison of DP LIBS emission enhancement values for bulk nickel samples at room temperature versus the enhanced SP LIBS emission and sample ablation rates observed as a function of increasing sample temperature suggests that sample heating by the laser-induced <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> plays only a minor role in DP LIBS emission enhancement.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29092181','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29092181"><span>Time-resolved resonance fluorescence spectroscopy for study of chemical reactions in laser-induced <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Liu, Lei; Deng, Leimin; Fan, Lisha; Huang, Xi; Lu, Yao; Shen, Xiaokang; Jiang, Lan; Silvain, Jean-François; Lu, Yongfeng</p> <p>2017-10-30</p> <p>Identification of chemical intermediates and study of chemical reaction pathways and mechanisms in laser-induced <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> are important for laser-ablated applications. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), as a promising spectroscopic technique, is efficient for elemental analyses but can only provide limited information about chemical products in laser-induced <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>. In this work, time-resolved resonance fluorescence spectroscopy was studied as a promising tool for the study of chemical reactions in laser-induced <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>. Resonance fluorescence excitation of diatomic aluminum monoxide (AlO) and triatomic dialuminum monoxide (Al 2 O) was used to identify these chemical intermediates. Time-resolved fluorescence spectra of AlO and Al 2 O were used to observe the temporal evolution in laser-induced Al <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> and to study their <span class="hlt">formation</span> in the Al-O 2 chemistry in <span class="hlt">air</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23238056','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23238056"><span>Potential of electric discharge <span class="hlt">plasma</span> methods in abatement of volatile organic compounds originating from the food industry.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Preis, S; Klauson, D; Gregor, A</p> <p>2013-01-15</p> <p>Increased volatile organic compounds emissions and commensurate tightening of applicable legislation mean that the development and application of effective, cost-efficient abatement methods are areas of growing concern. This paper reviews the last two decades' publications on organic vapour emissions from food processing, their sources, impacts and treatment methods. An overview of the latest developments in conventional <span class="hlt">air</span> treatment methods is presented, followed by the main focus of the paper, non-thermal <span class="hlt">plasma</span> technology. The results of the review suggest that non-thermal <span class="hlt">plasma</span> technology, in its pulsed corona discharge configuration, is an emerging treatment method with potential for low-cost, effective abatement of a wide spectrum of organic <span class="hlt">air</span> pollutants. It is found that the combination of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment with catalysis is a development trend that demonstrates considerable potential. The as yet relatively small number of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment applications is considered to be due to the novelty of pulsed electric discharge techniques and a lack of reliable pulse generators and reactors. Other issues acting as barriers to widespread adoption of the technique include the possible <span class="hlt">formation</span> of stable oxidation by-products, residual ozone and nitrogen oxides, and sensitivity towards <span class="hlt">air</span> humidity. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.927a2043P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.927a2043P"><span>The study of low temperature <span class="hlt">plasma</span> of pulse discharge in relation to <span class="hlt">air</span> cleaning units.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ponizovskiy, A.; Gosteev, S.; Kuzhel, O.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>In paper it studied parameters of low-temperature <span class="hlt">plasma</span> (LTP) used in systems for cleaning waste gas. LTP created by positive nanosecond corona discharges, generated by high voltage pulses with a rise time of 50 ns, duration up to 400 ns, an amplitude up to 90 kV and pulses repetition 50-1000 Hz. in coaxial electrode system with gap space 3-10 cm through which moving <span class="hlt">air</span> with linear velocity v = 0.01 to 10 m/s.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JPhD...48W5304G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JPhD...48W5304G"><span><span class="hlt">Formation</span> mechanism of graphite hexagonal pyramids by argon <span class="hlt">plasma</span> etching of graphite substrates</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Glad, X.; de Poucques, L.; Bougdira, J.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>A new graphite crystal morphology has been recently reported, namely the graphite hexagonal pyramids (GHPs). They are hexagonally-shaped crystals with diameters ranging from 50 to 800 nm and a constant apex angle of 40°. These nanostructures are formed from graphite substrates (flexible graphite and highly ordered pyrolytic graphite) in low pressure helicon coupling radiofrequency argon <span class="hlt">plasma</span> at 25 eV ion energy and, purportedly, due to a physical etching process. In this paper, the occurrence of peculiar crystals is shown, presenting two hexagonal orientations obtained on both types of samples, which confirms such a <span class="hlt">formation</span> mechanism. Moreover, by applying a pretreatment step with different time durations of inductive coupling radiofrequency argon <span class="hlt">plasma</span>, for which the incident ion energy decreases at 12 eV, uniform coverage of the surface can be achieved with an influence on the density and size of the GHPs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSH41C..07T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSH41C..07T"><span>3D MHD Modeling of Prominence <span class="hlt">Formation</span> by <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Evaporation and Condensation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Torok, T.; Lionello, R.; Mikic, Z.; Downs, C.; Titov, V. S.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">formation</span> of prominence material in the solar corona still belongs to the open questions of solar physics. There exists a consensus that prominence <span class="hlt">plasma</span> has to be of chromospheric origin, but the mechanisms by which it accumulates in the corona are still not well understood. The presently most accepted scenario invokes the evaporation of chromospheric <span class="hlt">plasma</span> via foot point heating and its subsequent condensation in the corona via thermal instabilities. This scenario has been successfully modeled in 1D hydrodynamic simulations along single field lines of a static magnetic field, but a more appropriate, fully 3D treatment of the thermodynamics in time-dependent magnetic fields was started just very recently by Xia et al. Our group at PSI has recently begun to engage in this challenging task as well, using our time-dependent, fully 3D thermodynamic MHD code MAS. For our investigation we consider two different coronal flux-rope configurations, using the analytical model by Titov and Démoulin and a model in which an elongated flux rope is constructed by photospheric flows. We investigate the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> behavior for both configurations, using heating models of different complexity, and accompany our analysis by 1D loop simulations performed along selected field lines. In this presentation, we outline our modeling approach and discuss the results obtained so far.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_20 --> <div id="page_21" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="401"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21443632-current-shunting-formation-stationary-shock-waves-during-electric-explosions-metal-wires-air','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21443632-current-shunting-formation-stationary-shock-waves-during-electric-explosions-metal-wires-air"><span>Current shunting and <span class="hlt">formation</span> of stationary shock waves during electric explosions of metal wires in <span class="hlt">air</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Ivanenkov, G. V.; Gus'kov, S. Yu.; Barishpol'tsev, D. V.</p> <p>2010-01-15</p> <p>Results of experiments on the generation of shock waves during electric explosions of fine copper and tungsten wires in <span class="hlt">air</span> are analyzed. The generation mechanism of stationary shock wave by a <span class="hlt">plasma</span> piston formed during the shunting breakdown of the electrode gap in the course of a wire explosion is investigated. The role of structural elements of such discharges, such as the core, corona, and wire environment, is analyzed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.798a2057S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.798a2057S"><span>Evidences of quark-gluon <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> in central nuclear collisions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sagun, V. V.; Bugaev, K. A.; Ivanytskyi, A. I.; Oliinychenko, D. R.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Due to the absence of clear and unambiguous theoretical signals of the deconfinement transition from hadron matter to quark-gluon <span class="hlt">plasma</span> (QGP) the experimental searches of QGP <span class="hlt">formation</span> are based the analysis of various irregularities in the collision energy dependence of thermodynamic and hydrodynamic quantities. Here we present several remarkable irregularities at chemical freeze-out (CFO) of hadrons which are found using an advanced version of the hadron resonance gas model (HRGM). Among them are the sharp peaks of the trace anomaly and baryonic density which are seen at the center of mass energies √sNN = 4.9 GeV and √sNN = 9.2 GeV, and the two sets of highly correlated quasi-plateaus in the collision energy dependence of the entropy per baryon, total pion number per baryon, and thermal pion number per baryon which we found at the center of mass energies 3.8-4.9 GeV and 7.6-10 GeV. In addition we found a significant change of slope of the hadron yield ratios {Λ \\over p} and {{Λ - \\bar Λ } \\over {p - \\bar p}}, when the center of mass collision energy increases from 4.3 GeV to 4.9 GeV and from 7.6 GeV to 9.2 GeV [1]. The increase of slopes of these ratios at the collision energy interval 4.3-4.9 GeV is accompanied by a dramatic growth of resonance decays at CFO. We argue that such a strong correlation between the previously found irregularities and an enhancement of strangeness production can serve as the quark-gluon <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> signature. Hence, we conclude that a dramatic change of the system properties seen in the narrow collision energy range √sNN = 4.3-4.9 GeV may open entirely new possibilities for experimental studies of QGP properties at NICA JINR and FAIR GSI accelerators.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4850499','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4850499"><span>Needle-array to Plate DBD <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Using Sine AC and Nanosecond Pulse Excitations for Purpose of Improving Indoor <span class="hlt">Air</span> Quality</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Zhang, Li; Yang, Dezheng; Wang, Wenchun; Wang, Sen; Yuan, Hao; Zhao, Zilu; Sang, Chaofeng; Jia, Li</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>In this study, needle-array to plate electrode configuration was employed to generate an atmospheric <span class="hlt">air</span> diffuse discharge using both nanosecond pulse and sine AC voltage as excitation voltage for the purpose of improving indoor <span class="hlt">air</span> quality. Different types of voltage sources and electrode configurations are employed to optimize electrical field distribution and improve discharge stability. Discharge images, electrical characteristics, optical emission spectra, and <span class="hlt">plasma</span> gas temperatures in both sine AC discharge and nanosecond pulse discharge were compared and the discharge stability during long operating time were discussed. Compared with the discharge excited by sine AC voltage, the nanosecond pulsed discharge is more homogenous and stable, besides, the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> gas temperature of nanosecond pulse discharge is much lower. Using packed-bed structure, where γ- Al2O3 pellets are filled in the electrode gap, has obvious efficacy in the production of homogenous discharge. Furthermore, both sine AC discharge and nanosecond pulse discharge were used for removing formaldehyde from flowing <span class="hlt">air</span>. It shows that nanosecond pulse discharge has a significant advantage in energy cost. And the main physiochemical processes for the generation of active species and the degradation of formaldehyde were discussed. PMID:27125663</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhPl...24c2706K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhPl...24c2706K"><span>Filamentation in the pinched column of the dense <span class="hlt">plasma</span> focus</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kubes, P.; Paduch, M.; Cikhardt, J.; Cikhardtova, B.; Klir, D.; Kravarik, J.; Rezac, K.; Zielinska, E.; Sadowski, M. J.; Szymaszek, A.; Tomaszewski, K.; Zaloga, D.</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>The paper describes the filamentary structure observed in the high-energy ultraviolet radiation for discharges performed at the hydrogen- or deuterium-filling and at the puffing of hydrogen, deuterium or helium, in a mega-ampere dense <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-focus facility. The lifetime of this structure overcomes 50 ns. These filaments connect the surface of a pinched column with internal plasmoids formed at different combinations of filling and puffing gases and they should transport some current and <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. During all the investigated deuterium shots, the fusion-produced neutrons were recorded. Therefore, deuterons should be present in the region of their acceleration, independent of the applied puffing of the gas. Simultaneously with the observed filaments, inside the dense <span class="hlt">plasma</span> column small <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-balls of mm-dimensions were observed, which had a similar lifetime (longer than the relaxation time) and quasi-stationary positions in the discharge volume. The observed filaments and balls might be a manifestation of the (i) discrete spatial structure of the current flowing through and around the dense <span class="hlt">plasma</span> column and (ii) transport of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> from external layers to the central region. Their <span class="hlt">formation</span> and visualization were easier due to the application of <span class="hlt">air</span> admixtures in the puffed gas.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28450316','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28450316"><span>The combined use of kartogenin and platelet-rich <span class="hlt">plasma</span> promotes fibrocartilage <span class="hlt">formation</span> in the wounded rat Achilles tendon entheses.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zhang, J; Yuan, T; Zheng, N; Zhou, Y; Hogan, M V; Wang, J H-C</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>After an injury, the biological reattachment of tendon to bone is a challenge because healing takes place between a soft (tendon) and a hard (bone) tissue. Even after healing, the transition zone in the enthesis is not completely regenerated, making it susceptible to re-injury. In this study, we aimed to regenerate Achilles tendon entheses (ATEs) in wounded rats using a combination of kartogenin (KGN) and platelet-rich <span class="hlt">plasma</span> (PRP). Wounds created in rat ATEs were given three different treatments: kartogenin platelet-rich <span class="hlt">plasma</span> (KGN-PRP); PRP; or saline (control), followed by histological and immunochemical analyses, and mechanical testing of the rat ATEs after three months of healing. Histological analysis showed well organised arrangement of collagen fibres and proteoglycan <span class="hlt">formation</span> in the wounded ATEs in the KGN-PRP group. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis revealed fibrocartilage <span class="hlt">formation</span> in the KGN-PRP-treated ATEs, evidenced by the presence of both collagen I and II in the healed ATE. Larger positively stained collagen III areas were found in both PRP and saline groups than those in the KGN-PRP group. Chondrocyte-related genes, SOX9 and collagen II, and tenocyte-related genes, collagen I and scleraxis (SCX), were also upregulated by KGN-PRP. Moreover, mechanical testing results showed higher ultimate tensile strength in the KGN-PRP group than in the saline control group. In contrast, PRP treatment appeared to have healed the injured ATE but induced no apparent <span class="hlt">formation</span> of fibrocartilage. The saline-treated group showed poor healing without fibrocartilage tissue <span class="hlt">formation</span> in the ATEs. Our results show that injection of KGN-PRP induces fibrocartilage <span class="hlt">formation</span> in the wounded rat ATEs. Hence, KGN-PRP may be a clinically relevant, biological approach to regenerate injured enthesis effectively. Cite this article: J. Zhang, T. Yuan, N. Zheng, Y. Zhou, M. V. Hogan, J. H-C. Wang. The combined use of kartogenin and platelet-rich <span class="hlt">plasma</span> promotes</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/764685','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/764685"><span>Development and Evaluation of an Externally <span class="hlt">Air</span>-Cooled Low-Flow torch and the Attenuation of Space Charge and Matrix Effects in Inductively Coupled <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Mass Spectrometry</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Praphairaksit, Narong</p> <p>2000-09-12</p> <p>An externally <span class="hlt">air</span>-cooled low-flow torch has been constructed and successfully demonstrated for applications in inductively coupled <span class="hlt">plasma</span> mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The torch is cooled by pressurized <span class="hlt">air</span> flowing at ~70 L/min through a quartz <span class="hlt">air</span> jacket onto the exterior of the outer tube. The outer gas flow rate and operating RF forward power are reduced considerably. Although <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> can be sustained at the operating power as low as 400 W with a 2 L/min of outer gas flow, somewhat higher power and outer gas flows are advisable. A stable and analytical useful <span class="hlt">plasma</span> can be obtained at 850 W withmore » an outer gas flow rate of ~4 L/min. Under these conditions, the <span class="hlt">air</span>-cooled <span class="hlt">plasma</span> produces comparable sensitivities, doubly charged ion ratios, matrix effects and other analytical merits as those produced by a conventional torch while using significantly less argon and power requirements. Metal oxide ion ratios are slightly higher with the <span class="hlt">air</span>-cooled <span class="hlt">plasma</span> but can be mitigated by reducing the aerosol gas flow rate slightly with only minor sacrifice in analyte sensitivity. A methodology to alleviate the space charge and matrix effects in ICP-MS has been developed. A supplemental electron source adapted from a conventional electron impact ionizer is added to the base of the skimmer. Electrons supplied from this source downstream of the skimmer with suitable amount and energy can neutralize the positive ions in the beam extracted from the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> and diminish the space charge repulsion between them. As a result, the overall ion transmission efficiency and consequent analyte ion sensitivities are significantly improved while other important analytical aspects, such as metal oxide ion ratio, doubly charged ion ratio and background ions remain relatively unchanged with the operation of this electron source. This technique not only improves the ion transmission efficiency but also minimizes the matrix effects drastically. The matrix-induced suppression of signal for even</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016MRE.....3i5302S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016MRE.....3i5302S"><span>Study on structural, morphological and thermal properties of surface modified polyvinylchloride (PVC) film under <span class="hlt">air</span>, argon and oxygen discharge <span class="hlt">plasma</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Suganya, Arjunan; Shanmugavelayutham, Gurusamy; Serra Rodríguez, Carmen</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>The effect of <span class="hlt">air</span>, argon, oxygen DC glow discharge <span class="hlt">plasma</span> on the polyvinylchloride (PVC) film synthesized by solution casting technique, were evaluated via changes in physio-chemical properties such as structural, morphological, crystalline, thermal properties. The PVC film was <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treated as a function of exposure time and different <span class="hlt">plasma</span> forming gases, while other operating parameters such as power and pressure remained constant at 100 W and 2 Pa respectively. The <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treated PVC were characterized by static contact angle, ATR-FTIR, XPS, AFM and T-peel analysis. It was found that various gaseous <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatments have improved the polar components, surface roughness on the surface of PVC which was confirmed by XPS, AFM, resulting in highly enhanced wettability and adhesion. X-ray diffraction study showed that <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment does not persuade considerable change, even though it vaguely induces the crystallinity. The thermal properties of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treated PVC were evaluated by Differential Scanning Calorimetry and it was observed that O2 <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment gives higher glass transition temperature of 87.21 °C compared with the untreated one. The glass transition temperature slightly increased for Oxygen <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treated material due to the presence of higher concentration of the polar functional groups on the PVC surface due to strong intramolecular bonding.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5683170','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5683170"><span>Chemical modification of extracellular matrix by cold atmospheric <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-generated reactive species affects chondrogenesis and bone <span class="hlt">formation</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Eisenhauer, Peter; Chernets, Natalie; Song, You; Dobrynin, Danil; Pleshko, Nancy; Steinbeck, Marla J.; Freeman, Theresa A.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>The goal of this study was to investigate whether cold <span class="hlt">plasma</span> generated by dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) modifies extracellular matrices (ECM) to influence chondrogenesis and endochondral ossification. Replacement of cartilage by bone during endochondral ossification is essential in fetal skeletal development, bone growth and fracture healing. Regulation of this process by the ECM occurs through matrix remodelling, involving a variety of cell attachment molecules and growth factors, which influence cell morphology and protein expression. The commercially available ECM, Matrigel, was treated with microsecond or nanosecond pulsed (µsp or nsp, respectively) DBD frequencies conditions at the equivalent frequencies (1 kHz) or power (~1 W). Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 was added and the mixture subcutaneously injected into mice to simulate ectopic endochondral ossification. Two weeks later, the masses were extracted and analysed by microcomputed tomography. A significant increase in bone <span class="hlt">formation</span> was observed in Matrigel treated with µsp DBD compared with control, while a significant decrease in bone <span class="hlt">formation</span> was observed for both nsp treatments. Histological and immunohistochemical analysis showed Matrigel treated with µsp <span class="hlt">plasma</span> increased the number of invading cells, the amount of vascular endothelial growth factor and chondrogenesis while the opposite was true for Matrigel treated with nsp <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. In support of the in vivo Matrigel study, 10 T1/2 cells cultured in vitro on µsp DBD-treated type I collagen showed increased expression of adhesion proteins and activation of survival pathways, which decreased with nsp <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatments. These results indicate DBD modification of ECM can influence cellular behaviours to accelerate or inhibit chondrogenesis and endochondral ossification. PMID:27510797</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016APS..DPPPO8009S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016APS..DPPPO8009S"><span><span class="hlt">Formation</span> of a bifurcated current layer by the collision of supersonic magnetized <span class="hlt">plasmas</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Suttle, Lee; Hare, Jack; Lebedev, Sergey; Ciardi, Andrea; Loureiro, Nuno; Burdiak, Guy; Chittenden, Jerry; Clayson, Thomas; Ma, Jiming; Niasse, Nicolas; Robinson, Timothy; Smith, Roland; Stuart, Nicolas; Suzuki-Vidal, Francisco</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>We present detailed experimental data showing the <span class="hlt">formation</span> and structure of a current layer produced by the collision of two supersonic and well magnetized <span class="hlt">plasma</span> flows. The pulsed-power driven setup provides two steady and continuous flows, whose embedded magnetic fields mutually annihilate inside the interaction region giving rise to the current layer. Spatially resolved measurements with Faraday rotation polarimetry, Thomson scattering and laser interferometry diagnostics show the detailed distribution of the magnetic field and other <span class="hlt">plasma</span> parameters throughout the system. We show that the pile-up of magnetic field ahead of the annihilation gives rise to the multi-layered / bi-directional nature of the current sheet, and we discuss pressure balance and energy exchange mechanisms within the system. This work was supported in part by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) Grant No. EP/G001324/1, and by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Awards No. DE-F03-02NA00057 and No. DE-SC-0001063.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ChPhB..25i5202Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ChPhB..25i5202Y"><span><span class="hlt">Formation</span> and dissociation of dust molecules in dusty <span class="hlt">plasma</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yan, Jia; Feng, Fan; Liu, Fucheng; Dong, Lifang; He, Yafeng</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>Dust molecules are observed in a dusty <span class="hlt">plasma</span> experiment. By using measurements with high spatial resolution, the <span class="hlt">formation</span> and dissociation of the dust molecules are studied. The ion cloud in the wake of an upper dust grain attracts the lower dust grain nearby. When the interparticle distance between the upper dust grain and the lower one is less than a critical value, the two dust grains would form a dust molecule. The upper dust grain always leads the lower one as they travel. When the interparticle distance between them is larger than the critical value, the dust molecule would dissociate. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11205044 and 11405042), the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province, China (Grant Nos. A2011201006 and A2012201015), the Research Foundation of Education Bureau of Hebei Province, China (Grant No. Y2012009), the Program for Young Principal Investigators of Hebei Province, China, and the Midwest Universities Comprehensive Strength Promotion Project, China.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25947389','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25947389"><span>Effects of <span class="hlt">air</span> transient spark discharge and helium <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet on water, bacteria, cells, and biomolecules.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hensel, Karol; Kučerová, Katarína; Tarabová, Barbora; Janda, Mário; Machala, Zdenko; Sano, Kaori; Mihai, Cosmin Teodor; Ciorpac, Mitică; Gorgan, Lucian Dragos; Jijie, Roxana; Pohoata, Valentin; Topala, Ionut</p> <p>2015-06-06</p> <p>Atmospheric pressure DC-driven self-pulsing transient spark (TS) discharge operated in <span class="hlt">air</span> and pulse-driven dielectric barrier discharge <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet (PJ) operated in helium in contact with water solutions were used for inducing chemical effects in water solutions, and the treatment of bacteria (Escherichia coli), mammalian cells (Vero line normal cells, HeLa line cancerous cells), deoxyribonucleic acid (dsDNA), and protein (bovine serum albumin). Two different methods of water solution supply were used in the TS: water electrode system and water spray system. The effects of both TS systems and the PJ were compared, as well as a direct exposure of the solution to the discharge with an indirect exposure to the discharge activated gas flow. The chemical analysis of water solutions was performed by using colorimetric methods of UV-VIS absorption spectrophotometry. The bactericidal effects of the discharges on bacteria were evaluated by standard microbiological plate count method. Viability, apoptosis and cell cycle were assessed in normal and cancerous cells. Viability of cells was evaluated by trypan blue exclusion test, apoptosis by Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide assay, and cell cycle progression by propidium iodide/RNase test. The effect of the discharges on deoxyribonucleic acid and protein were evaluated by fluorescence and UV absorption spectroscopy. The results of bacterial and mammalian cell viability, apoptosis, and cell cycle clearly show that cold <span class="hlt">plasma</span> can inactivate bacteria and selectively target cancerous cells, which is very important for possible future development of new <span class="hlt">plasma</span> therapeutic strategies in biomedicine. The authors found that all investigated bio-effects were stronger with the <span class="hlt">air</span> TS discharge than with the He PJ, even in indirect exposure.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930046826&hterms=fossils&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dfossils','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930046826&hterms=fossils&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dfossils"><span>Topology of magnetic flux ropes and <span class="hlt">formation</span> of fossil flux transfer events and boundary layer <span class="hlt">plasmas</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lee, L. C.; Ma, Z. W.; Fu, Z. F.; Otto, A.</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>A mechanism for the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of fossil flux transfer events and the low-level boundary layer within the framework of multiple X-line reconnection is proposed. Attention is given to conditions for which the bulk of magnetic flux in a flux rope of finite extent has a simple magnetic topology, where the four possible connections of magnetic field lines are: IMF to MSP, MSP to IMF, IMF to IMF, and MSP to MSP. For a sufficient relative shift of the X lines, magnetic flux may enter a flux rope from the magnetosphere and exit into the magnetosphere. This process leads to the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of magnetic flux ropes which contain a considerable amount of magnetosheath <span class="hlt">plasma</span> on closed magnetospheric field lines. This process is discussed as a possible explanation for the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of fossil flux transfer events in the magnetosphere and the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of the low-latitude boundary layer.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19910016828','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19910016828"><span><span class="hlt">Format</span> and basic geometry of a perspective display of <span class="hlt">air</span> traffic for the cockpit</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Mcgreevy, Michael Wallace; Ellis, Stephen R.</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>The design and implementation of a perspective display of <span class="hlt">air</span> traffic for the cockpit is discussed. Parameters of the perspective are variable and interactive so that the appearance of the projected image can be widely varied. This approach makes allowances for exploration of perspective parameters and their interactions. The display was initially used to study the cases of horizontal maneuver biases found in experiments involving a plan view <span class="hlt">air</span> traffic display <span class="hlt">format</span>. Experiments to determine the effect of perspective geometry on spatial judgements have evolved from the display program. Several scaling techniques and other adjustments to the perspective are used to tailor the geometry for effective presentation of 3-D traffic situations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22252994-dynamics-plasma-expansion-shockwave-formation-femtosecond-laser-ablated-aluminum-plumes-argon-gas-atmospheric-pressures','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22252994-dynamics-plasma-expansion-shockwave-formation-femtosecond-laser-ablated-aluminum-plumes-argon-gas-atmospheric-pressures"><span>Dynamics of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> expansion and shockwave <span class="hlt">formation</span> in femtosecond laser-ablated aluminum plumes in argon gas at atmospheric pressures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Miloshevsky, Alexander; Harilal, Sivanandan S.; Miloshevsky, Gennady, E-mail: gennady@purdue.edu</p> <p>2014-04-15</p> <p><span class="hlt">Plasma</span> expansion with shockwave <span class="hlt">formation</span> during laser ablation of materials in a background gasses is a complex process. The spatial and temporal evolution of pressure, temperature, density, and velocity fields is needed for its complete understanding. We have studied the expansion of femtosecond (fs) laser-ablated aluminum (Al) plumes in Argon (Ar) gas at 0.5 and 1 atmosphere (atm). The expansion of the plume is investigated experimentally using shadowgraphy and fast-gated imaging. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling is also carried out. The position of the shock front measured by shadowgraphy and fast-gated imaging is then compared to that obtained frommore » the CFD modeling. The results from the three methods are found to be in good agreement, especially during the initial stage of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> expansion. The computed time- and space-resolved fields of gas-dynamic parameters have provided valuable insights into the dynamics of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> expansion and shockwave <span class="hlt">formation</span> in fs-pulse ablated Al plumes in Ar gas at 0.5 and 1 atm. These results are compared to our previous data on nanosecond (ns) laser ablation of Al [S. S. Harilal et al., Phys. <span class="hlt">Plasmas</span> 19, 083504 (2012)]. It is observed that both fs and ns plumes acquire a nearly spherical shape at the end of expansion in Ar gas at 1 atm. However, due to significantly lower pulse energy of the fs laser (5 mJ) compared to pulse energy of the ns laser (100 mJ) used in our studies, the values of pressure, temperature, mass density, and velocity are found to be smaller in the fs laser plume, and their time evolution occurs much faster on the same time scale. The oscillatory shock waves clearly visible in the ns plume are not observed in the internal region of the fs plume. These experimental and computational results provide a quantitative understanding of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> expansion and shockwave <span class="hlt">formation</span> in fs-pulse and ns-pulse laser ablated Al plumes in an ambient gas at atmospheric pressures.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000APS..DPPHI1001K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000APS..DPPHI1001K"><span>ICPP: Introduction to Dusty <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Physics</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kant Shukla, Padma</p> <p>2000-10-01</p> <p>Two omnipresent ingredients of the Universe are <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> and charged dust. The interplay between these two has opened up a new and fascinating research area, that of dusty <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>, which are ubiquitous in in different parts of our solar system, namely planetary rings, circumsolar dust rings, interplanetary medium, cometary comae and tails, interstellar molecular clouds, etc. Dusty <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> also occur in noctilucent clouds in the arctic troposphere and mesosphere, cloud-to-ground lightening in thunderstorms containing smoke-contaminated <span class="hlt">air</span> over the US, in the flame of humble candle, as well as in microelectronics and in low-temperature laboratory discharges. In the latter, charged dust grains are strongly correlated. Dusty <span class="hlt">plasma</span> physics has appeared as one of the most rapidly growing field of science, besides the field of the Bose-Einstein condensate, as demonstrated by the number of published papers in scientific journals and conference proceedings. In fact, it is a truly interdisciplinary science because it has many potential applications in astrophysics (viz. in understanding the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of dust clusters and structures, instabilities of interstellar molecular clouds and star <span class="hlt">formation</span>, decoupling of magnetic fields from <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>, etc.) as well as in the planetary magnetospheres of our solar system [viz. the Saturn (particularly, the physics of spokes and braids in B and F rings), Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune, and Mars] and in strongly coupled laboratory dusty <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>. Since dusty <span class="hlt">plasma</span> system involves the charging and the dynamics of extremely massive charged dust particulates, it can be characterized as a complex <span class="hlt">plasma</span> system with new physics insights. In this talk, I shall describe the basic physics of dusty <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> and present the status of numerous collective processes that are relevant to space research and laboratory experiments. The focus will be on theoretical and experimental observations of novel waves and instabilities, various forces, and some</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JMEP...26.1272L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JMEP...26.1272L"><span>Insights on the High-Temperature Operational Limits of ZrO2-Y2O3 TBCs Manufactured via <span class="hlt">Air</span> <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Spray</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lima, Rogerio S.; Marple, Basil R.</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>The effective high-temperature operation limit of a ZrO2-7-8 wt.%Y2O3 (YSZ) thermal barrier coating (TBC) manufactured via <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> spray (APS) is considered to be 1300 °C. This is related to the metastable tetragonal t'-phase formed during the rapid quenching of the YSZ particles during spraying. The t'-phase transforms into the equilibrium tetragonal and cubic phases at temperatures ≥ 1300 °C, which can lead to the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of the monoclinic phase of YSZ upon cooling to room temperature. This <span class="hlt">formation</span> of the monoclinic phase is accompanied by a volume expansion that leads to TBC failure due to extensive micro-cracking. To further investigate this limitation, an APS YSZ TBC was sprayed on a CMSX-4 substrate. By using a thermal (laser) gradient cyclic testing, a temperature gradient was generated across the TBC/substrate system. The YSZ T- front and substrate backside T- back temperature levels were 1500 and 1000 °C, respectively. In cycle conditions (5-min or 1-h hot and 2-min cool), no TBC failure has been observed. This behavior was partially attributed to the unexpected absence of the monoclinic phase of the YSZ in the cycled coatings. Although preliminary, these results are promising regarding increasing the effective high-temperature operational limits of APS YSZ TBCs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA565665','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA565665"><span><span class="hlt">Formation</span> of Equiaxed Alpha and Titanium Nitride Precipitates in Spark <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Sintered TiB/Ti-6Al-4V Composites (Preprint)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-08-01</p> <p>AFRL-RX-WP-TP-2012-0372 <span class="hlt">FORMATION</span> OF EQUIAXED ALPHA AND TITANIUM NITRIDE PRECIPITATES IN SPARK <span class="hlt">PLASMA</span> SINTERED TiB/Ti-6Al-4V COMPOSITES...ALPHA AND TITANIUM NITRIDE PRECIPITATES IN SPARK <span class="hlt">PLASMA</span> SINTERED TiB/Ti-6Al-4V COMPOSITES (PREPRINT) 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER FA8650-08-C-5226 5b...distribution of TiN precipitates, as revealed by TEM studies. 15. SUBJECT TERMS Ti-6Al-4V; TiB; TiN; Spark <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Sintering ; Composite; α/β phase</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA610967','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA610967"><span>Structure <span class="hlt">Formation</span> in Complex <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> - Quantum Effects in Cryogenic Complex <span class="hlt">Plasmas</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-09-26</p> <p>pipe at the flange attached to the inner Dewar bottle. The temperature of the gas in the glass tube is controlled by the cryogenic liquid , liquid ...dust particles. The supersonic flow was possible to make in a complex <span class="hlt">plasma</span> since dust acoustic wave is characterized by a sound speed of a few cm...through the illumination of laser light on dust particles. The supersonic flow was possible to make in a complex <span class="hlt">plasma</span> since dust acoustic wave is</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA549217','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA549217"><span>Structure <span class="hlt">Formation</span> in Complex <span class="hlt">Plasma</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-08-24</p> <p>Dewer bottle (upper figures) or in the vapor of liquid helium (lower figures). Liq. He Ring electrode Particles Green Laser RF <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> ... Ring electrode CCD camera Prism mirror Liq. He Glass Tube Liq. N2 Glass Dewar Acrylic particles Gas Helium Green Laser CCD camera Pressure</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JPhD...43H2001D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JPhD...43H2001D"><span>FAST TRACK COMMUNICATION: Asymmetric surface barrier discharge <span class="hlt">plasma</span> driven by pulsed 13.56 MHz power in atmospheric pressure <span class="hlt">air</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dedrick, J.; Boswell, R. W.; Charles, C.</p> <p>2010-09-01</p> <p>Barrier discharges are a proven method of generating <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> at high pressures, having applications in industrial processing, materials science and aerodynamics. In this paper, we present new measurements of an asymmetric surface barrier discharge <span class="hlt">plasma</span> driven by pulsed radio frequency (rf 13.56 MHz) power in atmospheric pressure <span class="hlt">air</span>. The voltage, current and optical emission of the discharge are measured temporally using 2.4 kVp-p (peak to peak) 13.56 MHz rf pulses, 20 µs in duration. The results exhibit different characteristics to <span class="hlt">plasma</span> actuators, which have similar discharge geometry but are typically driven at frequencies of up to about 10 kHz. However, the electrical measurements are similar to some other atmospheric pressure, rf capacitively coupled discharge systems with symmetric electrode configurations and different feed gases.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_21 --> <div id="page_22" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="421"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23872360','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23872360"><span><span class="hlt">Plasma</span> rich in growth factors (PRGF-Endoret) stimulates corneal wound healing and reduces haze <span class="hlt">formation</span> after PRK surgery.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Anitua, E; Muruzabal, F; Alcalde, I; Merayo-Lloves, J; Orive, G</p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>This study evaluated the efficacy of <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> rich in growth factors (PRGF-Endoret) on the corneal wound healing process after Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). To address this, blood from three healthy donors was collected, centrifuged and, the whole <span class="hlt">plasma</span> column (WP) and the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> fraction with the highest platelet concentration (F3) were collected. The effects of F3 and WP on the proliferation and migration of human corneal epithelial cells (HCE) were analyzed. PRK was performed on C57BL/6 mice. Animals were divided in three treatment groups: Control, F3, and WP. Corneal wound healing and haze <span class="hlt">formation</span> were evaluated macroscopically. Eyes were collected at 1, 2, 3, and 7 days after surgery, and were processed for histological studies. Immunofluorescence was used to assess cellular proliferation, apoptosis and myofibroblast transformation in the mouse cornea. Results showed a significant increased on proliferation and wound healing after F3 and WP treatment when compared with control group. In vivo studies showed significant reduction on haze <span class="hlt">formation</span> in mice treated with both PRGF-Endoret formulations (F3 and WP). Histological studies showed an increase of epithelial cell proliferation in corneas of control group, promoting an epithelial hyperplasia. The number of SMA-positive cells (corresponding to myofibroblast differentiation) was significantly lower in the PRGF-Endoret group than in the control group, correlating with the higher transparence results observed macroscopically in both PRGF-Endoret groups. According to this, it can be concluded that PRGF-Endoret accelerates corneal tissue regeneration after PRK, reducing haze <span class="hlt">formation</span>. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27056469','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27056469"><span>Non-thermal <span class="hlt">plasma</span> for <span class="hlt">air</span> and water remediation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hashim, Siti Aiasah; Samsudin, Farah Nadia Dayana Binti; Wong, Chiow San; Abu Bakar, Khomsaton; Yap, Seong Ling; Mohd Zin, Mohd Faiz</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>A modular typed dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) device is designed and tested for <span class="hlt">air</span> and water remediation. The module is made of a number of DBD tubes that can be arranged in series or parallel. Each of the DBD tubes comprises inner electrode enclosed with dielectric barrier and arranged as such to provide a gap for the passage of gases. Non-thermal <span class="hlt">plasma</span> generated in the gap effectively creates gaseous chemical reactions. Its efficacy in the remediation of gas stream containing high NOx, similar to diesel emission and wastewater containing latex, are presented. A six tubes DBD module has successfully removed more than 80% of nitric oxide from the gas stream. In another arrangement, oxygen was fed into a two tubes DBD to generate ozone for treatment of wastewater. Samples of wastewater were collected from a treatment pond of a rubber vulcanization pilot plant. The water pollution load was evaluated by the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD5) values. Preliminary results showed some improvement (about 13%) on the COD after treatment and at the same time had increased the BOD5 by 42%. This results in higher BOD5/COD ratio after ozonation which indicate better biodegradability of the wastewater. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ApSS..384..143D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ApSS..384..143D"><span><span class="hlt">Plasma</span>-surface modification vs <span class="hlt">air</span> oxidation on carbon obtained from peach stone: Textural and chemical changes and the efficiency as adsorbents</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>De Velasco Maldonado, Paola S.; Hernández-Montoya, Virginia; Montes-Morán, Miguel A.</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>Carbons were prepared from peach stones (Prunus persica) using different carbonization temperatures (600, 800 and 1000 °C). A selected sample was modified by oxidation using conventional oxidation techniques (thermal treatment in <span class="hlt">air</span> atmosphere) and with cold oxygen <span class="hlt">plasma</span> oxidation, under different conditions. Samples were characterized using elemental analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption isotherms at -196 °C, SEM/EDX analysis, potentiometric titration and XPS analysis. Carbons with and without oxidation were employed in the adsorption of Pb2+ in aqueous solution. Results obtained indicated that the materials with high contents of acidic oxygen groups were more efficient in the removal of Pb2+, values as high as approx. 40 mg g-1 being obtained for the best performing carbon. Textural properties of the original, un-oxidized carbon were significantly altered only after oxidation under <span class="hlt">air</span> atmosphere at 450 °C. On the other hand, the samples oxidized with <span class="hlt">plasma</span> show little changes in the textural parameters and a slight increase in the specific surface was observed for the sample treated at high RF power (100 W). Additionally, a significant increment of the oxygen content was observed for the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> oxidized samples, as measured by XPS.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011APS..DPPCP9035S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011APS..DPPCP9035S"><span><span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Properties of Microwave Produced <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> in a Toroidal Device</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Singh, Ajay; Edwards, W. F.; Held, Eric</p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>We have modified a small tokamak, STOR-1M, on loan from University of Saskatchewan, to operate as a low-temperature (~5 eV) toroidal <span class="hlt">plasma</span> machine with externally induced toroidal magnetic fields ranging from zero to ~50 G. The <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is produced using microwave discharges at relatively high pressures. Microwaves are produced by a kitchen microwave-oven magnetron operating at 2.45 GHz in continuous operating mode, resulting in pulses ~0.5 s in duration. Initial measurements of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> in this device with and without applied magnetic fields are presented. <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> density and temperature profiles have been measured using Langmuir probes and the magnetic field profile inside the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> has been obtained using Hall probes. When the discharge is created with no applied toroidal magnetic field, the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> does not fill the entire torus due to high background pressure. However, when a toroidal magnetic field is applied, the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> flows along the applied field, filling the torus. Increasing the applied magnetic field seems to aid <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> - the peak density increases and the density gradient becomes steeper. Above a threshold magnetic field, the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> develops low-frequency density oscillations due to probable excitation of flute modes in the <span class="hlt">plasma</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27137026','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27137026"><span>Laser-filamentation-induced water condensation and snow <span class="hlt">formation</span> in a cloud chamber filled with different ambient gases.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Liu, Yonghong; Sun, Haiyi; Liu, Jiansheng; Liang, Hong; Ju, Jingjing; Wang, Tiejun; Tian, Ye; Wang, Cheng; Liu, Yi; Chin, See Leang; Li, Ruxin</p> <p>2016-04-04</p> <p>We investigated femtosecond laser-filamentation-induced airflow, water condensation and snow <span class="hlt">formation</span> in a cloud chamber filled respectively with <span class="hlt">air</span>, argon and helium. The mass of snow induced by laser filaments was found being the maximum when the chamber was filled with argon, followed by <span class="hlt">air</span> and being the minimum with helium. We also discussed the mechanisms of water condensation in different gases. The results show that filaments with higher laser absorption efficiency, which result in higher <span class="hlt">plasma</span> density, are beneficial for triggering intense airflow and thus more water condensation and precipitation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhPl...24l3515L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhPl...24l3515L"><span>Discharge mode transition and temporal-spatial evolution of an <span class="hlt">air</span>-water <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet generated by pulsating DC power</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lei, J.; Geng, Y.; Liu, K.; Zhu, W.; Zheng, Z.; Hu, H.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>In this paper, pulsating direct current <span class="hlt">air</span>-water <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet, which can increase the production of •OH and decrease the temperature, is studied. The results show that the discharge mode changes in one cycle from corona discharge with steep Trichel current pulse to glow-like discharge. It is unknown whether the different discharge modes and water ratio have an effect on the transient process of the excited O and •OH production and the mechanism of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> propagation. So, a series of experiments are done in this paper. The results show that the changing rules of both the excited state O and the discharge current reach their two peak values synchronously. And its maximum appears at the time of the first peak current value in corona mode. However, the change of the excited state •OH is different. It increases to its maximum at the time of the second peak current value in glow-like mode. Besides, the intensified charge coupled device photographs show that the luminous intensity of the discharge zone at the first peak current value in corona mode is stronger than the second peak current value in glow-like mode. At the same time, the discharge area of the former is larger than the latter. Nevertheless, with the increase in water ratio, the discharge area change reversed. Additionally, the <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> plume propagation depends on the gas flow. The initial propagation velocity decreases with the increase in water ratio.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MS%26E..347a2001I','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MS%26E..347a2001I"><span>Structure and microhardness of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> sprayed composite coatings after combined treatment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ivannikov, A. Yu; Kalita, V. I.; Komlev, D. I.; Radyuk, A. A.; Bagmutov, V. P.; Zakharov, I. N.; Parshev, S. N.; Denisevich, D. S.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>The principal aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of combination of electromechanical treatment (EMT) and ultrasonic treatment on structure and microhardness of <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> sprayed composite coatings from Ni–20Cr alloy and R6M5 high speed steel (HSS). The results of the microstructural studies showed fundamental changes of the treated by the EMT <span class="hlt">plasma</span> sprayed coating with the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of nanostructured crystalline phases. As a consequence of the coating thus formed, the number of pores in the coating structure reduced from 10.0±1.5% to 2.0±0.5%, the surface microhardness increased from 3100±500 MPa to 7900±400 MPa. Additional ultrasonic treatment on the selected mode decreased surface waviness, which was formed on the surface of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> sprayed composite coatings after the EMT. The obtained results revealed the high potential of the combined treatment for post-treatment of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> sprayed coatings.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24032946','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24032946"><span>Simulating the dynamics of complex <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Schwabe, M; Graves, D B</p> <p>2013-08-01</p> <p>Complex <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> are low-temperature <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> that contain micrometer-size particles in addition to the neutral gas particles and the ions and electrons that make up the <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. The microparticles interact strongly and display a wealth of collective effects. Here we report on linked numerical simulations that reproduce many of the experimental results of complex <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>. We model a capacitively coupled <span class="hlt">plasma</span> with a fluid code written for the commercial package comsol. The output of this model is used to calculate forces on microparticles. The microparticles are modeled using the molecular dynamics package lammps, which we extended to include the forces from the <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. Using this method, we are able to reproduce void <span class="hlt">formation</span>, the separation of particles of different sizes into layers, lane <span class="hlt">formation</span>, vortex <span class="hlt">formation</span>, and other effects.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988QuEle..18.1623A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988QuEle..18.1623A"><span>LASER <span class="hlt">PLASMA</span> AND LASER APPLICATIONS: <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> transparency in laser absorption waves in metal capillaries</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Anisimov, V. N.; Kozolupenko, A. P.; Sebrant, A. Yu</p> <p>1988-12-01</p> <p>An experimental investigation was made of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> transparency to heating radiation in capillaries when absorption waves propagated in these capillaries as a result of interaction with a CO2 laser pulse of 5-μs duration. When the length of the capillary was in excess of 20 mm, total absorption of the radiation by the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> was observed at <span class="hlt">air</span> pressures of 1-100 kPa. When the capillary length was 12 mm, a partial recovery of the transparency took place. A comparison was made with the dynamics and recovery of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> transparency when breakdown of <span class="hlt">air</span> took place near the free surface.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996NuPhA.608..479R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996NuPhA.608..479R"><span>The time-delay signature of quark-gluon <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> in relativistic nuclear collisions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rischke, Dirk H.; Gyulassy, Miklos</p> <p>1996-02-01</p> <p>The hydrodynamic expansion of quark-gluon <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> with spherical and longitudinally boost-invariant geometries is studied as a function of the initial energy density. The sensitivity of the collective flow pattern to uncertainties in the nuclear matter equation of state is explored. We concentrate on the effect of a possible finite width, ΔT ˜ 0.1 Tc, of the transition region between quark-gluon <span class="hlt">plasma</span> and hadronic phase. Although slow deflagration solutions that act to stall the expansion do not exist for ΔT > 0.08 Tc, we find, nevertheless, that the equation of state remains sufficiently soft in the transition region to delay the propagation of ordinary rarefaction waves for a considerable time. We compute the dependence of the pion-interferometry correlation function on ΔT, since this is the most promising observable for time-delayed expansion. The signature of time delay, proposed by Pratt and Bertsch, is an enhancement of the ratio of the inverse width of the pion correlation function in out-direction to that in side-direction. One of our main results is that this generic signature of quark-gluon <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> is rather robust to the uncertainties in the width of the transition region. Furthermore, for longitudinal boost-invariant geometries, the signal is likely to be maximized around RHIC energies</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Prama..70..935P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Prama..70..935P"><span>Spectroscopic and antimicrobial studies of polystyrene films under <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> and He-Ne laser treatment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pawde, S. M.; Parab, Sanmesh S.</p> <p>2008-05-01</p> <p>Polystyrene (PS) films are used in packaging and biomedical applications because of their transparency and good environmental properties. The present investigation is centered on the antifungal and antibacterial activities involved in the film surface. Subsequently, microbial <span class="hlt">formations</span> were immobilized on the modified PS films. Living microorganisms such as bacteria and yeast were used. Untreated PS films show very fast rate of growth of bacteria within few hours. The study involves developments of polymer surfaces with bacterial growth and further studies after giving antibacterial treatment such as <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment. Major emphasis has been given to study the effect of various parameters which can affect the performance of the improved material. Films were prepared by two methods: <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment under vacuum and under ongoing He-Ne laser source. The parameters such as (1) surface area by contact angle measurements, (2) quality of material before and after treatment by SEM and FTIR spectra and (3) material characterization by UV-vis spectra were studied. It was observed that <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment of the PS material for different processing time improved the surface properties of PS films.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016APS..DPPJ10054S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016APS..DPPJ10054S"><span>Temperature Dependence of Lithium Reactions with <span class="hlt">Air</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sherrod, Roman; Skinner, C. H.; Koel, Bruce</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>Liquid lithium <span class="hlt">plasma</span> facing components (PFCs) are being developed to handle long pulse, high heat loads in tokamaks. Wetting by lithium of its container is essential for this application, but can be hindered by lithium oxidation by residual gases or during tokamak maintenance. Lithium PFCs will experience elevated temperatures due to <span class="hlt">plasma</span> heat flux. This work presents measurements of lithium reactions at elevated temperatures (298-373 K) when exposed to natural <span class="hlt">air</span>. Cylindrical TZM wells 300 microns deep with 1 cm2 surface area were filled with metallic lithium in a glovebox containing argon with less than 1.6 ppm H20, O2, and N2. The wells were transferred to a hot plate in <span class="hlt">air</span>, and then removed periodically for mass gain measurements. Changes in the surface topography were recorded with a microscope. The mass gain of the samples at elevated temperatures followed a markedly different behavior to that at room temperature. One sample at 373 K began turning red indicative of lithium nitride, while a second turned white indicative of lithium carbonate <span class="hlt">formation</span>. Data on the mass gain vs. temperature and associated topographic changes of the surface will be presented. Science Undergraduate Laboratory Internship funded by Department of Energy.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004APS..DPPJP1134A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004APS..DPPJP1134A"><span>Generation of UV light by intense ultrashort laser pulses in <span class="hlt">air</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Alexeev, Ilya; Ting, Antonio; Gordon, Daniel; Briscoe, Eldridge; Penano, Joe; Sprangle, Phillip</p> <p>2004-11-01</p> <p>The propagation of collimated high-peak-power ultrashort laser pulses in <span class="hlt">air</span> has attracted considerable attention, which may have a variety of important applications including remote sensing and chemical-biological aerosols standoff detection. Sub-millimeter diameter laser filaments can develop without any focusing optics and instead solely from laser self-focusing and <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> in <span class="hlt">air</span>. These filaments can produce ultraviolet radiations in the form of the 3rd harmonic of the fundamental frequency and also through spectral broadening due to self-phase modulation of the laser pulse. Using femtosecond laser pulses produced by a high power Ti:Sapphire laser (0.8 TW, 50 fs, 800 nm) we observed generation of the third harmonic radiation light in <span class="hlt">air</span> (centered around 267 nm) by the laser filaments. Characterization of the 3rd harmonic generation with respect to the major gas components of the <span class="hlt">air</span> will be reported. Supported by the ONR and RDECOM. I. Alexeev is NRC/NRL Post-Doc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10094E..08L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10094E..08L"><span>Unified model of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span>, bubble generation and shock wave emission in water for fs to ns laser pulses (Conference Presentation)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liang, Xiao-Xuan; Freidank, Sebastian; Linz, Norbert; Paltauf, Günther; Zhang, Zhenxi; Vogel, Alfred</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>We developed modeling tools for optical breakdown events in water that span various phases reaching from breakdown initiation via solvated electron generation, through laser induced-<span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> and temperature evolution in the focal spot to the later phases of cavitation bubble dynamics and shock wave emission and applied them to a large parameter space of pulse durations, wavelengths, and pulse energies. The rate equation model considers the interplay of linear absorption, photoionization, avalanche ionization and recombination, traces thermalization and temperature evolution during the laser pulse, and portrays the role of thermal ionization that becomes relevant for T > 3000 K. Modeling of free-electron generation includes recent insights on breakdown initiation in water via multiphoton excitation of valence band electrons into a solvated state at Eini = 6.6 eV followed by up-conversion into the conduction band level that is located at 9.5 eV. The ability of tracing the temperature evolution enabled us to link the model of laser-induced <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> with a hydrodynamic model of <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-induced pressure evolution and phase transitions that, in turn, traces bubble generation and dynamics as well as shock wave emission. This way, the amount of nonlinear energy deposition in transparent dielectrics and the resulting material modifications can be assessed as a function of incident laser energy. The unified model of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> and bubble dynamics yields an excellent agreement with experimental results over the entire range of investigated pulse durations (femtosecond to nanosecond), wavelengths (UV to IR) and pulse energies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhD...49Q5202S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhD...49Q5202S"><span>Microwave <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> in capillaries at low pressure II. Experimental investigation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Stancu, G. D.; Leroy, O.; Coche, P.; Gadonna, K.; Guerra, V.; Minea, T.; Alves, L. L.</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>This work presents an experimental study of microwave (2.45 GHz excitation frequency) micro-<span class="hlt">plasmas</span>, generated in dry <span class="hlt">air</span> (N2 80%: O2 20%) within a small radius silica capillary (345 µm inner radius) at low pressure (300 Pa) and low powers (80-130 W). Experimental diagnostics are performed using optical emission spectroscopy calibrated in absolute intensity. Axial-resolved measurements (50 µm spatial resolution) of atomic transitions N(3p4S)  →  N(3s4P) O(3p5P)  →  O(3s5S) and molecular transitions N2(C,v‧)  →  N2(B,v″) \\text{N}2+ (B,v‧)  →  \\text{N}2+ (X,v″) allow us to obtain, as a function of the coupled power, the absolute densities of N(3p4S), O(3p5P), N2(C), N2(B) and \\text{N}2+ (B), as well as the gas (rotational) temperature (700-1000 K), the vibrational temperature of N2(C,v) (7000-10 000 K) and the excitation temperatures of N2(C) and N2(B) (11 000 K). The analysis of the H β line-width gives an upper limiting value of 1013 cm-3 for the electron density; its axial variation (4  ×  1011-6  ×  1012 cm-3) being estimated by solving the wave electrodynamics equations for the present geometry, <span class="hlt">plasma</span> length and electron-neutral collision frequency. The experimental results were compared with the results from a 0D model, presented in companion paper I [1], which couples the system of rate balance equations for the dominant neutral and charged <span class="hlt">plasma</span> species to the homogeneous two-term electron Boltzmann equation, taking the measured gas temperature and the estimated electron density as input parameters. Good qualitative agreement is found between the measurements and calculations of the local species densities for various powers and axial positions. The dissociation degree of oxygen is found above 10%. Moreover, both the measurements and calculations show evidence of the non-equilibrium behavior of low-temperature <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>, with vibrational and excitation temperatures at least</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1022586','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1022586"><span><span class="hlt">Formation</span> of the U.S. <span class="hlt">Air</span> Force Aviator Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Study Group</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2016-11-15</p> <p>to endorse PTSD during all four subsequent evaluations. Notably, they found that lingering symptoms of PTSD occurred frequently for both groups of...AFRL-SA-WP-TR-2016-0017 <span class="hlt">Formation</span> of the U.S. <span class="hlt">Air</span> Force Aviator Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Study Group Joe D. Wood, III...Aviator Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Study Group 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) Joe D</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29628112','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29628112"><span>Production of ammonia from <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-catalytic decomposition of urea: Effects of carrier gas composition.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Fan, Xing; Li, Jian; Qiu, Danqi; Zhu, Tianle</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Effects of carrier gas composition (N 2 /<span class="hlt">air</span>) on NH 3 production, energy efficiency regarding NH 3 production and byproducts <span class="hlt">formation</span> from <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-catalytic decomposition of urea were systematically investigated using an Al 2 O 3 -packed dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor at room temperature. Results show that the presence of O 2 in the carrier gas accelerates the conversion of urea but leads to less generation of NH 3 . The final yield of NH 3 in the gas phase decreased from 70.5%, 78.7%, 66.6% and 67.2% to 54.1%, 51.7%, 49.6% and 53.4% for applied voltages of 17, 19, 21 and 23kV, respectively when <span class="hlt">air</span> was used as the carrier gas instead of N 2 . From the viewpoint of energy savings, however, <span class="hlt">air</span> carrier gas is better than N 2 due to reduced energy consumption and increased energy efficiency for decomposition of a fixed amount of urea. Carrier gas composition has little influence on the major decomposition pathways of urea under the synergetic effects of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> and Al 2 O 3 catalyst to give NH 3 and CO 2 as the main products. Compared to a small amount of N 2 O formed with N 2 as the carrier gas, however, more byproducts including N 2 O and NO 2 in the gas phase and NH 4 NO 3 in solid deposits were produced with <span class="hlt">air</span> as the carrier gas, probably due to the unproductive consumption of NH 3 , the possible intermediate HNCO and even urea by the abundant active oxygen species and nitrogen oxides generated in <span class="hlt">air</span>-DBD <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier B.V.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5415905','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5415905"><span>The combined use of kartogenin and platelet-rich <span class="hlt">plasma</span> promotes fibrocartilage <span class="hlt">formation</span> in the wounded rat Achilles tendon entheses</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Zhang, J.; Yuan, T.; Zheng, N.; Zhou, Y.; Hogan, M. V.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Objectives After an injury, the biological reattachment of tendon to bone is a challenge because healing takes place between a soft (tendon) and a hard (bone) tissue. Even after healing, the transition zone in the enthesis is not completely regenerated, making it susceptible to re-injury. In this study, we aimed to regenerate Achilles tendon entheses (ATEs) in wounded rats using a combination of kartogenin (KGN) and platelet-rich <span class="hlt">plasma</span> (PRP). Methods Wounds created in rat ATEs were given three different treatments: kartogenin platelet-rich <span class="hlt">plasma</span> (KGN-PRP); PRP; or saline (control), followed by histological and immunochemical analyses, and mechanical testing of the rat ATEs after three months of healing. Results Histological analysis showed well organised arrangement of collagen fibres and proteoglycan <span class="hlt">formation</span> in the wounded ATEs in the KGN-PRP group. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis revealed fibrocartilage <span class="hlt">formation</span> in the KGN-PRP-treated ATEs, evidenced by the presence of both collagen I and II in the healed ATE. Larger positively stained collagen III areas were found in both PRP and saline groups than those in the KGN-PRP group. Chondrocyte-related genes, SOX9 and collagen II, and tenocyte-related genes, collagen I and scleraxis (SCX), were also upregulated by KGN-PRP. Moreover, mechanical testing results showed higher ultimate tensile strength in the KGN-PRP group than in the saline control group. In contrast, PRP treatment appeared to have healed the injured ATE but induced no apparent <span class="hlt">formation</span> of fibrocartilage. The saline-treated group showed poor healing without fibrocartilage tissue <span class="hlt">formation</span> in the ATEs. Conclusions Our results show that injection of KGN-PRP induces fibrocartilage <span class="hlt">formation</span> in the wounded rat ATEs. Hence, KGN-PRP may be a clinically relevant, biological approach to regenerate injured enthesis effectively. Cite this article: J. Zhang, T. Yuan, N. Zheng, Y. Zhou, M. V. Hogan, J. H-C. Wang. The combined use of kartogenin and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018QuEle..48..251N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018QuEle..48..251N"><span><span class="hlt">Formation</span> of nanoparticles from thin silver films irradiated by laser pulses in <span class="hlt">air</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nastulyavichus, A. A.; Smirnov, N. A.; Kudryashov, S. I.; Ionin, A. A.; Saraeva, I. N.; Busleev, N. I.; Rudenko, A. A.; Khmel'nitskii, R. A.; Zayarnyi, D. A.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Some specific features of the transport of silver nanoparticles onto a SiO2 substrate under focused nanosecond IR laser pulses is experimentally investigated. A possibility of obtaining silver coatings is demonstrated. The <span class="hlt">formation</span> of silver nanostructures as a result of pulsed laser ablation in <span class="hlt">air</span> is studied. Nanoparticles are formed by exposing a silver film to radiation of an HTF MARK (Bulat) laser marker (λ = 1064 nm). The thus prepared nanoparticles are analysed using scanning electron microscopy and optical spectroscopy.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22658167-gold-nano-particle-formation-from-crystalline-aucn-comparison-thermal-plasma-ion-beam-activated-decomposition','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22658167-gold-nano-particle-formation-from-crystalline-aucn-comparison-thermal-plasma-ion-beam-activated-decomposition"><span>Gold nano-particle <span class="hlt">formation</span> from crystalline AuCN: Comparison of thermal, <span class="hlt">plasma</span>- and ion-beam activated decomposition</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Beck, Mihály T.; Bertóti, Imre, E-mail: bertoti.imre@ttk.mta.hu; Mohai, Miklós</p> <p></p> <p>In this work, in addition to the conventional thermal process, two non-conventional ways, the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> and ion beam activations are described for preparing gold nanoparticles from microcrystalline AuCN precursor. The phase <span class="hlt">formation</span> at <span class="hlt">plasma</span> and ion beam treatments was compared with that at thermal treatments and the products and transformations were characterized by thermogravimetry-mass-spectrometry (TG-MS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TG-MS measurements in Ar atmosphere revealed that AuCN decomposition starts at 400 °C and completes at ≈700 °C with evolution of gaseous (CN){sub 2}. XPS and TEM show that in heat treatment at 450 °C formore » 1 h in Ar, loss of nitrogen and carbon occurs and small, 5–30 nm gold particles forms. Heating at 450 °C for 10 h in sealed ampoule, much larger, 60–200 nm size and well faceted Au particles develop together with a fibrous (CN){sub n} polymer phase, and the Au crystallites are covered by a 3–5 nm thick polymer shell. Low pressure Ar <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment at 300 eV energy results in 4–20 nm size Au particles and removes most of the nitrogen and part of carbon. During Ar{sup +} ion bombardment with 2500 eV energy, 5–30 nm size Au crystallites form already in 10 min, with preferential loss of nitrogen and with increased amount of carbon residue. The results suggest that <span class="hlt">plasma</span> and ion beam activation, acting similarly to thermal treatment, may be used to prepare Au nanoparticles from AuCN on selected surface areas either by depositing AuCN precursors on selected regions or by focusing the applied ionized radiation. Thus they may offer alternative ways for preparing tailor-made catalysts, electronic devices and sensors for different applications. - Graphical abstract: Proposed scheme of the decomposition mechanism of AuCN samples: heat treatment in Ar flow (a) and in sealed ampoule (b); Ar{sup +} ion treatment at 300 eV (c) and at 2500 eV (d). Cross section</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_22 --> <div id="page_23" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="441"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PlST....9..747N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PlST....9..747N"><span>Temperature and Nitric Oxide Generation in a Pulsed Arc Discharge <span class="hlt">Plasma</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Namihira, T.; Sakai, S.; Matsuda, M.; D., Wang; Kiyan, T.; Akiyama, H.; Okamoto, K.; Toda, K.</p> <p>2007-12-01</p> <p>Nitric oxide (NO) is increasingly being used in medical treatments of high blood pressure, acute respiratory distress syndrome and other illnesses related to the lungs. Currently a NO inhalation system consists of a gas cylinder of N2 mixed with a high concentration of NO. This arrangement is potentially risky due to the possibility of an accidental leak of NO from the cylinder. The presence of NO in the <span class="hlt">air</span> leads to the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of nitric dioxide (NO2), which is toxic to the lungs. Therefore, an on-site generator of NO would be highly desirable for medical doctors to use with patients with lung disease. To develop the NO inhalation system without a gas cylinder, which would include a high concentration of NO, NAMIHIRA et al have recently reported on the production of NO from room <span class="hlt">air</span> using a pulsed arc discharge. In the present work, the temperature of the pulsed arc discharge <span class="hlt">plasma</span> used to generate NO was measured to optimize the discharge condition. The results of the temperature measurements showed the temperature of the pulsed arc discharge <span class="hlt">plasma</span> reached about 10,000 K immediately after discharge initiation and gradually decreased over tens of microseconds. In addition, it was found that NO was formed in a discharge <span class="hlt">plasma</span> having temperatures higher than 9,000 K and a smaller input energy into the discharge <span class="hlt">plasma</span> generates NO more efficiently than a larger one.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25261457','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25261457"><span><span class="hlt">Plasma</span> membrane H⁺ -ATPase regulation is required for auxin gradient <span class="hlt">formation</span> preceding phototropic growth.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hohm, Tim; Demarsy, Emilie; Quan, Clément; Allenbach Petrolati, Laure; Preuten, Tobias; Vernoux, Teva; Bergmann, Sven; Fankhauser, Christian</p> <p>2014-09-26</p> <p>Phototropism is a growth response allowing plants to align their photosynthetic organs toward incoming light and thereby to optimize photosynthetic activity. <span class="hlt">Formation</span> of a lateral gradient of the phytohormone auxin is a key step to trigger asymmetric growth of the shoot leading to phototropic reorientation. To identify important regulators of auxin gradient <span class="hlt">formation</span>, we developed an auxin flux model that enabled us to test in silico the impact of different morphological and biophysical parameters on gradient <span class="hlt">formation</span>, including the contribution of the extracellular space (cell wall) or apoplast. Our model indicates that cell size, cell distributions, and apoplast thickness are all important factors affecting gradient <span class="hlt">formation</span>. Among all tested variables, regulation of apoplastic pH was the most important to enable the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of a lateral auxin gradient. To test this prediction, we interfered with the activity of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> membrane H⁺ -ATPases that are required to control apoplastic pH. Our results show that H⁺ -ATPases are indeed important for the establishment of a lateral auxin gradient and phototropism. Moreover, we show that during phototropism, H⁺ -ATPase activity is regulated by the phototropin photoreceptors, providing a mechanism by which light influences apoplastic pH. © 2014 The Authors. Published under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 license.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22493855-experimental-verification-capillary-plasma-triggered-long-spark-gap-under-extremely-low-working-coefficient-air','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22493855-experimental-verification-capillary-plasma-triggered-long-spark-gap-under-extremely-low-working-coefficient-air"><span>Experimental verification of the capillary <span class="hlt">plasma</span> triggered long spark gap under the extremely low working coefficient in <span class="hlt">air</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Huang, D.; Yang, L. J., E-mail: yanglj@mail.xjtu.edu.cn; Ma, J. B.</p> <p></p> <p>The paper has proposed a new triggering method for long spark gap based on capillary <span class="hlt">plasma</span> ejection and conducted the experimental verification under the extremely low working coefficient, which represents that the ratio of the spark gap charging voltage to the breakdown voltage is particularly low. The quasi-neutral <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is ejected from the capillary and develops through the axial direction of the spark gap. The electric field in the spark gap is thus changed and its breakdown is incurred. It is proved by the experiments that the capillary <span class="hlt">plasma</span> ejection is effective in triggering the long spark gap under themore » extremely low working coefficient in <span class="hlt">air</span>. The study also indicates that the breakdown probabilities, the breakdown delay, and the delay dispersion are all mainly determined by the characteristics of the ejected <span class="hlt">plasma</span>, including the length of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> flow, the speed of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> ejection, and the ionization degree of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. Moreover, the breakdown delay and the delay dispersion increase with the length of the long spark gap, and the polarity effect exists in the triggering process. Lastly, compared with the working patterns of the triggering device installed in the single electrode, the working pattern of the devices installed in both the two electrodes, though with the same breakdown process, achieves the ignition under longer gap distance. To be specific, at the gap length of 14 cm and the working coefficient of less than 2%, the spark gap is still ignited accurately.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1240759-situ-secondary-organic-aerosol-formation-from-ambient-pine-forest-air-using-oxidation-flow-reactor','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1240759-situ-secondary-organic-aerosol-formation-from-ambient-pine-forest-air-using-oxidation-flow-reactor"><span>In situ secondary organic aerosol <span class="hlt">formation</span> from ambient pine forest <span class="hlt">air</span> using an oxidation flow reactor</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Palm, Brett B.; Campuzano-Jost, Pedro; Ortega, Amber M.; ...</p> <p>2016-03-08</p> <p>An oxidation flow reactor (OFR) is a vessel inside which the concentration of a chosen oxidant can be increased for the purpose of studying SOA <span class="hlt">formation</span> and aging by that oxidant. During the BEACHON-RoMBAS (Bio-hydro-atmosphere interactions of Energy, Aerosols, Carbon, H 2O, Organics & Nitrogen–Rocky Mountain Biogenic Aerosol Study) field campaign, ambient pine forest <span class="hlt">air</span> was oxidized by OH radicals in an OFR to measure the amount of SOA that could be formed from the real mix of ambient SOA precursor gases, and how that amount changed with time as precursors changed. High OH concentrations and short residence times allowedmore » for semicontinuous cycling through a large range of OH exposures ranging from hours to weeks of equivalent (eq.) atmospheric aging. A simple model is derived and used to account for the relative timescales of condensation of low-volatility organic compounds (LVOCs) onto particles; condensational loss to the walls; and further reaction to produce volatile, non-condensing fragmentation products. More SOA production was observed in the OFR at nighttime (average 3 µg m –3 when LVOC fate corrected) compared to daytime (average 0.9 µg m –3 when LVOC fate corrected), with maximum <span class="hlt">formation</span> observed at 0.4–1.5 eq. days of photochemical aging. SOA <span class="hlt">formation</span> followed a similar diurnal pattern to monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and toluene+ p-cymene concentrations, including a substantial increase just after sunrise at 07:00 local time. Higher photochemical aging (>10 eq. days) led to a decrease in new SOA <span class="hlt">formation</span> and a loss of preexisting OA due to heterogeneous oxidation followed by fragmentation and volatilization. When comparing two different commonly used methods of OH production in OFRs (OFR185 and OFR254-70), similar amounts of SOA <span class="hlt">formation</span> were observed. We recommend the OFR185 mode for future forest studies. Concurrent gas-phase measurements of <span class="hlt">air</span> after OH oxidation illustrate the decay of primary VOCs, production of small</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ACP....16.2943P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ACP....16.2943P"><span>In situ secondary organic aerosol <span class="hlt">formation</span> from ambient pine forest <span class="hlt">air</span> using an oxidation flow reactor</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Palm, Brett B.; Campuzano-Jost, Pedro; Ortega, Amber M.; Day, Douglas A.; Kaser, Lisa; Jud, Werner; Karl, Thomas; Hansel, Armin; Hunter, James F.; Cross, Eben S.; Kroll, Jesse H.; Peng, Zhe; Brune, William H.; Jimenez, Jose L.</p> <p>2016-03-01</p> <p>An oxidation flow reactor (OFR) is a vessel inside which the concentration of a chosen oxidant can be increased for the purpose of studying SOA <span class="hlt">formation</span> and aging by that oxidant. During the BEACHON-RoMBAS (Bio-hydro-atmosphere interactions of Energy, Aerosols, Carbon, H2O, Organics & Nitrogen-Rocky Mountain Biogenic Aerosol Study) field campaign, ambient pine forest <span class="hlt">air</span> was oxidized by OH radicals in an OFR to measure the amount of SOA that could be formed from the real mix of ambient SOA precursor gases, and how that amount changed with time as precursors changed. High OH concentrations and short residence times allowed for semicontinuous cycling through a large range of OH exposures ranging from hours to weeks of equivalent (eq.) atmospheric aging. A simple model is derived and used to account for the relative timescales of condensation of low-volatility organic compounds (LVOCs) onto particles; condensational loss to the walls; and further reaction to produce volatile, non-condensing fragmentation products. More SOA production was observed in the OFR at nighttime (average 3 µg m-3 when LVOC fate corrected) compared to daytime (average 0.9 µg m-3 when LVOC fate corrected), with maximum <span class="hlt">formation</span> observed at 0.4-1.5 eq. days of photochemical aging. SOA <span class="hlt">formation</span> followed a similar diurnal pattern to monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and toluene+p-cymene concentrations, including a substantial increase just after sunrise at 07:00 local time. Higher photochemical aging (> 10 eq. days) led to a decrease in new SOA <span class="hlt">formation</span> and a loss of preexisting OA due to heterogeneous oxidation followed by fragmentation and volatilization. When comparing two different commonly used methods of OH production in OFRs (OFR185 and OFR254-70), similar amounts of SOA <span class="hlt">formation</span> were observed. We recommend the OFR185 mode for future forest studies. Concurrent gas-phase measurements of <span class="hlt">air</span> after OH oxidation illustrate the decay of primary VOCs, production of small oxidized organic</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20010117669&hterms=atmospheric+pressure&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Datmospheric%2Bpressure','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20010117669&hterms=atmospheric+pressure&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Datmospheric%2Bpressure"><span>Soot <span class="hlt">Formation</span> in Laminar Acetylene/<span class="hlt">Air</span> Diffusion Flames at Atmospheric Pressure. Appendix C</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Xu, F.; Faeth, G. M.; Urban, D. L. (Technical Monitor); Yuan, Z.-G. (Technical Monitor)</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>The flame structure and soot-<span class="hlt">formation</span> (soot nucleation and growth) properties of axisymmetric laminar coflowing jet diffusion flames were studied experimentally. Test conditions involved acetylene-nitrogen jets burning in coflowing <span class="hlt">air</span> at atmospheric pressure. Measurements were limited to the axes of the flames and included soot concentrations, soot temperatures, soot structure, major gas species concentrations, radical species (H, OH, and O) concentrations, and gas velocities. The results show that as distance increases along the axes of the flames, detectable soot <span class="hlt">formation</span> begins when significant H concentrations are present, and ends when acetylene concentrations become small. Species potentially associated with soot oxidation-O2, CO2, H2O, O, and OH-are present throughout the soot-<span class="hlt">formation</span> region so that soot <span class="hlt">formation</span> and oxidation proceed at the same time. Strong rates of soot growth compared to soot nucleation early in the soot-<span class="hlt">formation</span> process, combined with increased rates of soot nucleation and oxidation as soot <span class="hlt">formation</span> proceeds, causes primary soot particle diameters to reach a maximum relatively early in the soot-<span class="hlt">formation</span> process. Aggregation of primary soot particles proceeds, however, until the final stages of soot oxidation. Present measurements of soot growth (corrected for soot oxidation) in laminar diffusion flames were consistent with earlier measurements of soot growth in laminar premixed flames and exhibited encouraging agreement with existing hydrogen-abstraction/carbon-addition (HACA) soot growth mechanisms in the literature that were developed based on measurements within laminar premixed flames. Measured primary soot particle nucleation rates in the present laminar diffusion flames also were consistent with corresponding rates measured in laminar premixed flames and yielded a crude correlation in terms of acetylene and H concentrations and the temperature.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20030016584&hterms=atmospheric+pressure&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Datmospheric%2Bpressure','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20030016584&hterms=atmospheric+pressure&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Datmospheric%2Bpressure"><span>Soot <span class="hlt">Formation</span> in Laminar Acetylene/<span class="hlt">Air</span> Diffusion Flames at Atmospheric Pressure. Appendix H</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Xu, F.; Faeth, G. M.; Yuan, Z.-G. (Technical Monitor); Urban, D. L. (Technical Monitor); Yuan, Z.-G. (Technical Monitor)</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>The flame structure and soot-<span class="hlt">formation</span> (soot nucleation and growth) properties of axisymmetric laminar coflowing jet diffusion flames were studied experimentally. Test conditions involved acetylene-nitrogen jets burning in coflowing <span class="hlt">air</span> at atmospheric pressure. Measurements were limited to the axes of the flames and included soot concentrations, soot temperatures, soot structure, major gas species concentrations, radical species (H, OH, and O) concentrations, and gas velocities. The results show that as distance increases along the axes of the flames, detectable soot <span class="hlt">formation</span> begins when significant H concentrations are present, and ends when acetylene concentrations become small. Species potentially associated with soot oxidation-O2, CO2, H2O, O, and OH-are present throughout the soot-<span class="hlt">formation</span> region so that soot <span class="hlt">formation</span> and oxidation proceed at the same time. Strong rates of soot growth compared to soot nucleation early in the soot-<span class="hlt">formation</span> process, combined with increased rates of soot nucleation and oxidation as soot <span class="hlt">formation</span> proceeds, causes primary soot particle diameters to reach a maximum relatively early in the soot-<span class="hlt">formation</span> process. Aggregation of primary soot particles proceeds, however, until the final stages of soot oxidation. Present measurements of soot growth (corrected for soot oxidation) in laminar diffusion flames were consistent with earlier measurements of soot growth in laminar premixed flames and exhibited encouraging agreement with existing hydrogen-abstraction/carbon-addition (HACA) soot growth mechanisms in the literature that were developed based on measurements within laminar premixed flames. Measured primary soot particle nucleation rates in the present laminar diffusion flames also were consistent with corresponding rates measured in laminar premixed flames and yielded a crude correlation in terms of acetylene and H concentrations and the temperature.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020087743&hterms=atmospheric+pressure&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Datmospheric%2Bpressure','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020087743&hterms=atmospheric+pressure&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Datmospheric%2Bpressure"><span>Soot <span class="hlt">Formation</span> in Laminar Acetylene/<span class="hlt">Air</span> Diffusion Flames at Atmospheric Pressure. Appendix J</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Xu, F.; Faeth, G. M.; Urban, D. L. (Technical Monitor); Yuan, Z.-G. (Technical Monitor)</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>The flame structure and soot-<span class="hlt">formation</span> (soot nucleation and growth) properties of axisymmetric laminar coflowing jet diffusion flames were studied experimentally. Test conditions involved acetylene-nitrogen jets burning in coflowing <span class="hlt">air</span> at atmospheric pressure. Measurements were limited to the axes of the flames and included soot concentrations, soot temperatures, soot structure, major gas species concentrations, radical species (H, OH, and O) concentrations, and gas velocities. The results show that as distance increases along the axes of the flames, detectable soot <span class="hlt">formation</span> begins when significant H concentrations are present, and ends when acetylene concentrations become small. Species potentially associated with soot oxidation--O2, CO2, H2O, O, and OH-are present throughout the soot-<span class="hlt">formation</span> region so that soot <span class="hlt">formation</span> and oxidation proceed at the same time. Strong rates of soot growth compared to soot nucleation early in the soot-<span class="hlt">formation</span> process, combined with increased rates of soot nucleation and oxidation as soot <span class="hlt">formation</span> proceeds, causes primary soot particle diameters to reach a maximum relatively early in the soot-<span class="hlt">formation</span> process. Aggregation of primary soot particles proceeds, however, until the final stages of soot oxidation. Present measurements of soot growth (corrected for soot oxidation) in laminar diffusion flames were consistent with earlier measurements of soot growth in laminar premixed flames and exhibited encouraging agreement with existing hydrogen-abstraction/carbon-addition (HACA) soot growth mechanisms in the literature that were developed based on measurements within laminar premixed flames. Measured primary soot particle nucleation rates in the present laminar diffusion flames also were consistent with corresponding rates measured in laminar premixed flames and yielded a crude correlation in terms of acetylene and H concentrations and the temperature.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhD...51yLT02B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhD...51yLT02B"><span>Initiation of <span class="hlt">air</span> ionization by ultrashort laser pulses: evidence for a role of metastable-state <span class="hlt">air</span> molecules</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bulgakov, A. V.; Mirza, I.; Bulgakova, N. M.; Zhukov, V. P.; Machulka, R.; Haderka, O.; Campbell, E. E. B.; Mocek, T.</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>Transmission measurements for femtosecond laser pulses focused in <span class="hlt">air</span> with spectral analysis of emission from the focal region have been carried out for various pulse energies and <span class="hlt">air</span> pressures. The <span class="hlt">air</span> breakdown threshold and pulse attenuation due to <span class="hlt">plasma</span> absorption are evaluated and compared with calculations based on the multiphoton ionization model. The <span class="hlt">plasma</span> absorption is found to depend on the pulse repetition rate and is considerably stronger at 1 kHz than at 1–10 Hz. This suggests that accumulation of metastable states of <span class="hlt">air</span> molecules plays an important role in initiation of <span class="hlt">air</span> breakdown, enhancing the ionization efficiency at high repetition rates. Possible channels of metastable-state-assisted <span class="hlt">air</span> ionization and the role of the observed accumulation effect in laser material processing are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JTAP...11..171G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JTAP...11..171G"><span>Water treatment by the AC gliding arc <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gharagozalian, Mehrnaz; Dorranian, Davoud; Ghoranneviss, Mahmood</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>In this study, the effects of gliding arc (G Arc) <span class="hlt">plasma</span> system on the treatment of water have been investigated experimentally. An AC power supply of 15 kV potential difference at 50 Hz frequency was employed to generate <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> density and temperature were measured using spectroscopic method. The water was contaminated with staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) and salmonella bacteria (Gram-negative), and Penicillium (mold fungus) individually. pH, hydrogen peroxide, and nitride contents of treated water were measured after <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment. Decontamination of treated water was determined using colony counting method. Results indicate that G Arc <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is a powerful and green tool to decontaminate water without producing any byproducts.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22600151-charge-dependence-plasma-travel-length-atmospheric-pressure-plasma','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22600151-charge-dependence-plasma-travel-length-atmospheric-pressure-plasma"><span>Charge dependence of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> travel length in atmospheric-pressure <span class="hlt">plasma</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Yambe, Kiyoyuki; Konda, Kohmei; Masuda, Seiya</p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Plasma</span> plume is generated using a quartz tube, helium gas, and foil electrode by applying AC high voltage under the atmosphere. The <span class="hlt">plasma</span> plume is released into the atmosphere from inside of the quartz tube and is seen as the continuous movement of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> bullet. The travel length of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> bullet is defined from <span class="hlt">plasma</span> energy and force due to electric field. The drift velocity of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> bullet has the upper limit under atmospheric-pressure because the drift velocity is determined from the balance between electric field and resistive force due to collisions between <span class="hlt">plasma</span> and <span class="hlt">air</span>. The <span class="hlt">plasma</span> plumemore » charge depends on the drift velocity. Consequently, in the laminar flow of helium gas flow state, the travel length of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> plume logarithmically depends on the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> plume charge which changes with both the electric field and the resistive force.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhRvB..85c5210K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhRvB..85c5210K"><span>Implications of the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of small polarons in Li2O2 for Li-<span class="hlt">air</span> batteries</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kang, Joongoo; Jung, Yoon Seok; Wei, Su-Huai; Dillon, Anne C.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Lithium-<span class="hlt">air</span> batteries (LABs) are an intriguing next-generation technology due to their high theoretical energy density of ˜11 kWh/kg. However, LABs are hindered by both poor rate capability and significant polarization in cell voltage, primarily due to the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of Li2O2 in the <span class="hlt">air</span> cathode. Here, by employing hybrid density functional theory, we show that the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of small polarons in Li2O2 limits electron transport. Consequently, the low electron mobility μ = 10-10-10-9 cm2/V s contributes to both the poor rate capability and the polarization that limit the LAB power and energy densities. The self-trapping of electrons in the small polarons arises from the molecular nature of the conduction band states of Li2O2 and the strong spin polarization of the O 2p state. Our understanding of the polaronic electron transport in Li2O2 suggests that designing alternative carrier conduction paths for the cathode reaction could significantly improve the performance of LABs at high current densities.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PhDT.......215M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PhDT.......215M"><span>Theoretical study of nanoparticle <span class="hlt">formation</span> in thermal <span class="hlt">plasma</span> processing: Nucleation, coagulation and aggregation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mendoza Gonzalez, Norma Yadira</p> <p></p> <p>This work presents a mathematical modeling study of the synthesis of nanoparticles in radio frequency (RF) inductively coupled <span class="hlt">plasma</span> (ICP) reactors. The purpose is to further investigate the influence of process parameters on the final size and morphology of produced particles. The proposed model involves the calculation of flow and temperature fields of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> gas. Evaporation of raw particles is also accounted with the particle trajectory and temperature history calculated with a Lagrangian approach. The nanoparticle <span class="hlt">formation</span> is considered by homogeneous nucleation and the growth is caused by condensation and Brownian coagulation. The growth of fractal aggregates is considered by introducing a power law exponent Df. Transport of nanoparticles occurs by convection, thermophoresis and Brownian diffusion. The method of moments is used to solve the particle dynamics equation. The model is validated using experimental results from <span class="hlt">plasma</span> reactors at laboratory scale. The results are presented in the following manner. First, use is made of the computational fluid dynamics software (CFD), Fluent 6.1 with a commercial companion package specifically developped for aerosols named: Fine Particle Model (FPM). This package is used to study the relationship between the operating parameters effect and the properties of the end products at the laboratory scale. Secondly, a coupled hybrid model for the synthesis of spherical particles and fractal aggregates is developped in place of the FPM package. Results obtained from this model will allow to identify the importance of each parameter in defining the morphology of spherical primary particles and fractal aggregates of nanoparticles. The solution of the model was made using the geometries and operating conditions of existing reactors at the Centre de Recherche en Energie, <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> et Electrochimie (CREPE) of the Universite de Sherbrooke, for which experimental results were obtained experimentally. Additionally, this study</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20100014115','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20100014115"><span>Force Measurements of Single and Double Barrier DBD <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Actuators in Quiescent <span class="hlt">Air</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hoskinson, Alan R.; Hershkowitz, Noah; Ashpis, David E.</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>We have performed measurements of the force induced by both single (one electrode insulated) and double (both electrodes insulated) dielectric barrier discharge <span class="hlt">plasma</span> actuators in quiescent <span class="hlt">air</span>. We have shown that, for single barrier actuators, as the electrode diameter decreased below those values previously studied the induced Force increases exponentially rather than linearly. This behavior has been experimentally verified using two different measurement techniques: stagnation probe measurements of the induced flow velocity and direct measurement of the force using an electronic balance. In addition, we have shown the the induced force is independent of the material used for the exposed electrode. The same techniques have shown that the induced force of a double barrier actuator increases with decreasing narrow electrode diameter.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19910008409','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19910008409"><span>Physical processes associated with current collection by <span class="hlt">plasma</span> contactors</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Katz, Ira; Davis, Victoria A.</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>Recent flight data confirms laboratory observations that the release of neutral gas increases <span class="hlt">plasma</span> sheath currents. <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> contactors are devices which release a partially ionized gas in order to enhance the current flow between a spacecraft and the space <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. Ionization of the expellant gas and the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of a double layer between the anode <span class="hlt">plasma</span> and the space <span class="hlt">plasma</span> are the dominant physical processes. A theory is presented of the interaction between the contactor <span class="hlt">plasma</span> and the background <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. The conditions for <span class="hlt">formation</span> of a double layer between the two <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> are derived. Double layer <span class="hlt">formation</span> is shown to be a consequence of the nonlinear response of the <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> to changes in potential. Numerical calculations based upon this model are compared with laboratory measurements of current collection by hollow cathode-based <span class="hlt">plasma</span> contactors.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21963174','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21963174"><span>Geopolymers prepared from DC <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treated <span class="hlt">air</span> pollution control (APC) residues glass: properties and characterisation of the binder phase.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kourti, Ioanna; Devaraj, Amutha Rani; Bustos, Ana Guerrero; Deegan, David; Boccaccini, Aldo R; Cheeseman, Christopher R</p> <p>2011-11-30</p> <p><span class="hlt">Air</span> pollution control (APC) residues have been blended with glass-forming additives and treated using DC <span class="hlt">plasma</span> technology to produce a high calcium aluminosilicate glass (APC glass). This has been used to form geopolymer-glass composites that exhibit high strength and density, low porosity, low water absorption, low leaching and high acid resistance. The composites have a microstructure consisting of un-reacted residual APC glass particles imbedded in a complex geopolymer and C-S-H gel binder phase, and behave as particle reinforced composites. The work demonstrates that materials prepared from DC <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treated APC residues have potential to be used to form high quality pre-cast products. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22253055-experimental-evidence-collisional-shock-formation-via-two-obliquely-merging-supersonic-plasma-jets','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22253055-experimental-evidence-collisional-shock-formation-via-two-obliquely-merging-supersonic-plasma-jets"><span>Experimental evidence for collisional shock <span class="hlt">formation</span> via two obliquely merging supersonic <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jets</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Merritt, Elizabeth C., E-mail: emerritt@lanl.gov; Adams, Colin S.; University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131</p> <p></p> <p>We report spatially resolved measurements of the oblique merging of two supersonic laboratory <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jets. The jets are formed and launched by pulsed-power-driven railguns using injected argon, and have electron density ∼10{sup 14} cm{sup −3}, electron temperature ≈1.4 eV, ionization fraction near unity, and velocity ≈40 km/s just prior to merging. The jet merging produces a few-cm-thick stagnation layer, as observed in both fast-framing camera images and multi-chord interferometer data, consistent with collisional shock <span class="hlt">formation</span> [E. C. Merritt et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 085003 (2013)].</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2843809','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2843809"><span>A FLUORIMETRIC SEMI-MICROPLATE <span class="hlt">FORMAT</span> ASSAY OF PROTEIN CARBONYLS IN BLOOD <span class="hlt">PLASMA</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Mohanty, Joy G.; Bhamidipaty, Surya; Evans, Michele K.; Rifkind, Joseph M.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Oxidative stress, originating from reactive oxygen species (ROS), has been implicated in aging and various human diseases. The ROS generated can oxidize proteins producing protein carbonyl derivatives. The level of protein carbonyls in blood <span class="hlt">plasma</span> has been used as a measure of overall oxidative stress in the body. Classically, protein carbonyls have been quantitated spectrophotometrically by directly reacting them with 2,4, dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH). However, the applicability of this method to biological samples is limited by its low inherent sensitivity. This limitation has been overcome by the development of sensitive ELISA methods to measure protein carbonyls. As part of the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Lifespan study, oxidative stress in humans were quantified by measuring blood <span class="hlt">plasma</span> protein carbonyls using the two commercially available ELISA kits and the spectrophotometric DNPH assay. Surprisingly, two ELISA methods gave very different values for protein carbonyls that were both different from the spectrophotometric method. We have developed a fluorescent semi-microplate <span class="hlt">format</span> assay of protein carbonyls involving direct reaction of protein carbonyls with fluorescein thiosemicarbazide that correlates (R=0.992) with the direct spectrophotometric method. It has a coefficient of variation of 4.99% and is at least 100 times more sensitive than the spectrophotometric method. PMID:20122892</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20090014007','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20090014007"><span>Comparisons of Force Measurement Methods for DBD <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Actuators in Quiescent <span class="hlt">Air</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hoskinson, Alan R.; Hershkowitz, Noah; Ashpis, David E.</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>We have performed measurements of the force induced by both single (one electrode insulated) and double (both electrodes insulated) dielectric barrier discharge <span class="hlt">plasma</span> actuators in quiescent <span class="hlt">air</span>. We have shown that, for single barrier actuators with cylindrical exposed electrodes, as the electrode diameter decrease the force efficiencies increase much faster than a previously reported linear trend. This behavior has been experimentally verified using two different measurement techniques: stagnation probe measurements of the induced flow velocity and direct measurement of the force using an electronic balance. Actuators with rectangular cross-section exposed electrodes do not show the same rapid increase at small thicknesses. We have also shown that the induced force is independent of the material used for the exposed electrode. The same techniques have shown that the induced force of a double barrier actuator increases with decreasing narrow electrode diameter.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhPl...25b2119R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhPl...25b2119R"><span>Nonlinear structure <span class="hlt">formation</span> in ion-temperature-gradient driven drift waves in pair-ion <span class="hlt">plasma</span> with nonthermal electron distribution</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Razzaq, Javaria; Haque, Q.; Khan, Majid; Bhatti, Adnan Mehmood; Kamran, M.; Mirza, Arshad M.</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>Nonlinear structure <span class="hlt">formation</span> in ion-temperature-gradient (ITG) driven waves is investigated in pair-ion <span class="hlt">plasma</span> comprising ions and nonthermal electrons (kappa, Cairns). By using the transport equations of the Braginskii model, a new set of nonlinear equations are derived. A linear dispersion relation is obtained and discussed analytically as well as numerically. It is shown that the nonthermal population of electrons affects both the linear and nonlinear characteristics of the ITG mode in pair-ion <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. This work will be useful in tokamaks and stellarators where non-Maxwellian population of electrons may exist due to resonant frequency heating, electron cyclotron heating, runaway electrons, etc.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_23 --> <div id="page_24" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="461"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JPhD...48.5204P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JPhD...48.5204P"><span>Quadrupole distribution generated by a laser induced <span class="hlt">plasma</span> (LIP) in <span class="hlt">air</span> in earliest instants using pulses of 532 or 355 nm</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Paulin-Fuentes, J. Mauricio; Sánchez-Aké, C.; Bredice, Fausto O.; Villagrán-Muniz, Mayo</p> <p>2015-07-01</p> <p>The self-generated electric and magnetic fields in laser induced <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> (LIPs) in <span class="hlt">air</span> during the first 40 ns are experimentally investigated using different electric, magnetic and optical techniques. To produce LIPs we used the second and third harmonics (532 and 355 nm) of a Nd:YAG nanosecond pulsed laser with a range of irradiance from {{10}11} to {{10}12} W \\text{c}{{\\text{m}}-2} . The variation in time of the electric field was detected using the tip of a coaxial cable, and the spontaneous magnetic field (SMF) was measured using a \\dot{B} probe. The spatial and temporal evolution of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> was studied using shadowgraphy and fast photography. It was observed that produced LIPs using pulses of 532 and 355 nm, generate <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> of double core over the laser axis, while we observed that produced LIPs by pulses of 1064 nm are composed of a single core <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. We found that the double-core <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> have a quadrupole distribution of the charge, consisting of two oppositely directed dipoles which in turn correspond to each <span class="hlt">plasma</span> core. The magnetic diagnostic showed an oscillating magnetic field azimuthal to the main axis of the double-<span class="hlt">plasma</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA561130','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA561130"><span>Direct-Coupled <span class="hlt">Plasma</span>-Assisted Combustion Using a Microwave Waveguide Torch</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>enhance combustion by coupling an atmospheric <span class="hlt">plasma</span> dis- charge to a premixed methane/<span class="hlt">air</span> flame. The absorbed microwave power ranges from 60 to 150 W...The <span class="hlt">plasma</span> system allows for complete access of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span>- enhanced flame for laser and optical diagnostics 0093-3813/$26.00 © 2011 IEEE Report...microwave waveguide is used to initiate and enhance combustion by coupling an atmospheric <span class="hlt">plasma</span> discharge to a premixed methane/<span class="hlt">air</span> flame. The</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/864436','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/864436"><span>Method and apparatus for the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of a spheromak <span class="hlt">plasma</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Yamada, Masaaki; Furth, Harold P.; Stix, Thomas H.; Todd, Alan M. M.</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>A method and apparatus for forming a detached, compact toroidally shaped spheromak <span class="hlt">plasma</span> by an inductive mechanism. A generally spheroidal vacuum vessel (1) houses a toroidally shaped flux ring or core (2) which contains poloidal and toroidal field generating coils. A <span class="hlt">plasma</span> discharge occurs with the pulsing of the toroidal field coil, and the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is caused to expand away from the core (2) and toward the center of the vacuum vessel (1). When the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is in an expanded state, a portion of it is pinched off in order to form a separate, detached spheromak <span class="hlt">plasma</span> configuration. The detached <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is supported by a magnetic field generated by externally arranged equilibrium field coils (5).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.891a2054T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.891a2054T"><span>Gas dynamics and mixture <span class="hlt">formation</span> in swirled flows with precession of <span class="hlt">air</span> flow</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tretyakov, V. V.; Sviridenkov, A. A.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>The effect of precessing <span class="hlt">air</span> flow on the processes of mixture <span class="hlt">formation</span> in the wake of the front winding devices of the combustion chambers is considered. Visual observations have shown that at different times the shape of the atomized jet is highly variable and has signs of precessing motion. The experimental data on the distribution of the velocity and concentration fields of the droplet fuel in the working volume of the flame tube of a typical combustion chamber are obtained. The method of calculating flows consisted in integrating the complete system of Reynolds equations written in Euler variables and closed with the two-parameter model of turbulence k-ε. Calculation of the concentration fields of droplet and vapor fuel is based on the use of models for disintegration into droplets of fuel jets, fragmentation of droplets and analysis of motion and evaporation of individual droplets in the <span class="hlt">air</span> flow. Comparison of the calculation results with experimental data showed their good agreement.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5135084','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5135084"><span>Octave-spanning mid-infrared pulses by <span class="hlt">plasma</span> generation in <span class="hlt">air</span> pumped with an Yb:KGW source</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Huang, Jinqing; Parobek, Alexander; Ganim, Ziad</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Femtosecond mid-infrared (IR) supercontinuum generation in gas media provides a broadband source suited for time-domain spectroscopies and microscopies. This technology has largely utilized <100 fs Ti:sapphire pump lasers. In this Letter, we describe the first <span class="hlt">plasma</span> generation mid-IR source based on a 1030 nm, 171 fs Yb:KGW laser system; when its first three harmonics are focused in <span class="hlt">air</span>, a conical mode supercontinuum is generated that spans <1000 to 2700 cm−1 with a 190 pJ pulse energy and 0.5% RMS stability. PMID:27805634</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29915117','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29915117"><span>Mechanism of virus inactivation by cold atmospheric-pressure <span class="hlt">plasma</span> and <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-activated water.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Guo, Li; Xu, Ruobing; Gou, Lu; Liu, Zhichao; Zhao, Yiming; Liu, Dingxin; Zhang, Lei; Chen, Hailan; Kong, Michael G</p> <p>2018-06-18</p> <p>Viruses are serious pathogenic contamination that severely affect the environment and human health. Cold atmospheric-pressure <span class="hlt">plasma</span> efficiently inactivates pathogenic bacteria, however, the mechanism of virus inactivation by <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is not fully understood. In this study, surface <span class="hlt">plasma</span> in argon mixed with 1% <span class="hlt">air</span> and <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-activated water were used to treat water containing bacteriophages. Both agents efficiently inactivated bacteriophages T4, Φ174, and MS2 in a time-dependent manner. Prolonged storage had marginal effects on the anti-viral activity of <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-activated water. DNA and protein analysis revealed that the reactive species generated by <span class="hlt">plasma</span> damaged both nucleic acid and proteins, in consistent with the morphological examination showing that <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment caused the aggregation of bacteriophages. The inactivation of bacteriophages was alleviated by the singlet oxygen scavengers, demonstrating that singlet oxygen played a primary role in this process. Our findings provide a potentially effective disinfecting strategy to combat the environmental viruses using cold atmospheric-pressure <span class="hlt">plasma</span> and <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-activated water. Importance Contamination with pathogenic and infectious viruses severely threaten human health and animal husbandry. Current methods for disinfection have different disadvantages, such as inconvenience and contamination of disinfection by-products (e.g. chlorine disinfection). In this study, atmospheric surface <span class="hlt">plasma</span> in argon mixed with <span class="hlt">air</span> and <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-activated water were found to efficiently inactivate bacteriophages, and <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-activated water still had strong anti-viral activity after prolonged storage. Furthermore, it was shown that bacteriophage inactivation was associated with the damage to nucleic acid and proteins by singlet oxygen. The understanding of the biological effects of <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-based treatment is useful to inform the development of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> into a novel disinfecting strategy with convenience and no by-product. Copyright</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012APS..GECNW1081K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012APS..GECNW1081K"><span>Atmospheric Gaseous <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> with Large Dimensions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Korenev, Sergey</p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>The forming of atmospheric <span class="hlt">plasma</span> with large dimensions using electrical discharge typically uses the Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD). The study of atmospheric DBD was shown some problems related to homogeneous volume <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. The volume of this <span class="hlt">plasma</span> determines by cross section and gas gap between electrode and dielectric. The using of electron beam for volume ionization of <span class="hlt">air</span> molecules by CW relativistic electron beams was shown the high efficiency of this process [1, 2]. The main advantage of this approach consists in the ionization of gas molecules by electrons in longitudinal direction determines by their kinetic energy. A novel method for forming of atmospheric homogeneous <span class="hlt">plasma</span> with large volume dimensions using ionization of gas molecules by pulsed non-relativistic electron beams is presented in the paper. The results of computer modeling for delivered doses of electron beams in gases and ionization are discussed. The structure of experimental bench with <span class="hlt">plasma</span> diagnostics is considered. The preliminary results of forming atmospheric <span class="hlt">plasma</span> with ionization gas molecules by pulsed nanosecond non-relativistic electron beam are given. The analysis of potential applications for atmospheric volume <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is presented. Reference: [1] S. Korenev. ``The ionization of <span class="hlt">air</span> by scanning relativistic high power CW electron beam,'' 2002 IEEE International Conference on <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Science. May 2002, Alberta, Canada. [2] S. Korenev, I. Korenev. ``The propagation of high power CW scanning electron beam in <span class="hlt">air</span>.'' BEAMS 2002: 14th International Conference on High-Power Particle Beams, Albuquerque, New Mexico (USA), June 2002, AIP Conference Proceedings Vol. 650(1), pp. 373-376. December 17.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ApSS..428..669T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ApSS..428..669T"><span>Laser-assisted surface modification of Ti-implant in <span class="hlt">air</span> and water environment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Trtica, M.; Stasic, J.; Batani, D.; Benocci, R.; Narayanan, V.; Ciganovic, J.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>A study of the surface modification of titanium CP grade 2 implant/target with high intensity picosecond (Nd:YAG) laser, operating at 1064 nm wavelength and pulse duration of 40 ps, in gaseous (<span class="hlt">air</span>) and liquid (water) medium, is presented. The exposure of Ti to a laser pulse energy of 17 mJ in both media - gaseous and liquid, induced specific surface features and phenomena: (i) enhancement of the implant surface roughness (higher in water). In this context, the damage depth is more prominent in water (as high as ∼40 μm) vs. <span class="hlt">air</span> (∼14 μm). Also, the appearance of laser induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) is recorded in both media, at periphery area, while in water they are registered at lower pulse count; (ii) variation of chemical surface content depending on the applied medium. Thus, in the central irradiation region, the oxygen was absent in <span class="hlt">air</span> while its concentration was relatively high (6.44 wt%) in case of water; (iii) possibility of direct collection of synthesized titanium based nanoparticles in water environment, and (iv) <span class="hlt">formation</span> of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> above the sample in both mediums, more volumetrically confined in water. These investigations showed that surface structuring and observed phenomena are in strong correlation with the medium used. The liquid - water seems like the medium of choice in regard to titanium implant biocompatibility and bio-activity (the water is a favorable medium for build-up of the oxide layer which affects bioactivity). The process of laser interaction with titanium implant targets was accompanied by the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> plume, which provides the additional sterilizing effect facilitating contaminant-free conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21518240-atmospheric-pressure-cold-plasma-antifungal-therapy','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21518240-atmospheric-pressure-cold-plasma-antifungal-therapy"><span>Atmospheric pressure cold <span class="hlt">plasma</span> as an antifungal therapy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Sun Peng; Wu Haiyan; Sun Yi</p> <p>2011-01-10</p> <p>A microhollow cathode based, direct-current, atmospheric pressure, He/O{sub 2} (2%) cold <span class="hlt">plasma</span> microjet was used to inactive antifungal resistants Candida albicans, Candida krusei, and Candida glabrata in <span class="hlt">air</span> and in water. Effective inactivation (>90%) was achieved in 10 min in <span class="hlt">air</span> and 1 min in water. Antifungal susceptibility tests showed drastic reduction of the minimum inhibitory concentration after <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment. The inactivation was attributed to the reactive oxygen species generated in <span class="hlt">plasma</span> or in water. Hydroxyl and singlet molecular oxygen radicals were detected in <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-water system by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. This approach proposed a promising clinical dermatology therapy.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28531363','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28531363"><span>Beneficial effect of enriched <span class="hlt">air</span> nitrox on bubble <span class="hlt">formation</span> during scuba diving. An open-water study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Brebeck, Anne-Kathrin; Deussen, Andreas; Range, Ursula; Balestra, Costantino; Cleveland, Sinclair; Schipke, Jochen D</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Bubble <span class="hlt">formation</span> during scuba diving might induce decompression sickness. This prospective randomised and double-blind study included 108 advanced recreational divers (38 females). Fifty-four pairs of divers, 1 breathing <span class="hlt">air</span> and the other breathing nitrox28 undertook a standardised dive (24 ± 1 msw; 62 ± 5min) in the Red Sea. Venous gas bubbles were counted (Doppler) 30-<45 min (early) and 45-60 min (late) post-dive at jugular, subclavian and femoral sites. Only 7% (<span class="hlt">air</span>) vs. 11% (<span class="hlt">air</span>28®) (n.s.) were bubble-free after a dive. Independent of sampling time and breathing gas, there were more bubbles in the jugular than in the femoral vein. More bubbles were counted in the <span class="hlt">air</span>-group than in the <span class="hlt">air</span>28-group (pooled vein: early: 1845 vs. 948; P = 0.047, late: 1817 vs. 953; P = 0.088). The number of bubbles was sex-dependent. Lastly, 29% of female <span class="hlt">air</span> divers but only 14% of male divers were bubble-free (P = 0.058). <span class="hlt">Air</span>28® helps to reduce venous gas emboli in recreational divers. The bubble number depended on the breathing gas, sampling site and sex. Thus, both exact reporting the dive and in particular standardising sampling characteristics seem mandatory to compare results from different studies to further investigate the hitherto incoherent relation between inert gas bubbles and DCS.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/902704','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/902704"><span>Method for <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> for extreme ultraviolet lithography-theta pinch</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Hassanein, Ahmed [Naperville, IL; Konkashbaev, Isak [Bolingbrook, IL; Rice, Bryan [Hillsboro, OR</p> <p>2007-02-20</p> <p>A device and method for generating extremely short-wave ultraviolet electromagnetic wave, utilizing a theta pinch <span class="hlt">plasma</span> generator to produce electromagnetic radiation in the range of 10 to 20 nm. The device comprises an axially aligned open-ended pinch chamber defining a <span class="hlt">plasma</span> zone adapted to contain a <span class="hlt">plasma</span> generating gas within the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> zone; a means for generating a magnetic field radially outward of the open-ended pinch chamber to produce a discharge <span class="hlt">plasma</span> from the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> generating gas, thereby producing a electromagnetic wave in the extreme ultraviolet range; a collecting means in optical communication with the pinch chamber to collect the electromagnetic radiation; and focusing means in optical communication with the collecting means to concentrate the electromagnetic radiation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2924748','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2924748"><span>Malondialdehyde-Deoxyguanosine Adduct <span class="hlt">Formation</span> in Workers of Pathology Wards. The Role of <span class="hlt">Air</span> Formaldehyde Exposure</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Romanazzi, Valeria; Munnia, Armelle; Piro, Sara; Allione, Alessandra; Ricceri, Fulvio; Guarrera, Simonetta; Pignata, Cristina; Matullo, Giuseppe; Wang, Poguang; Giese, Roger W.; Peluso, Marco</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Background Formaldehyde is a ubiquitous pollutant to which humans are exposed. Pathologists can experience high formaldehyde exposure levels. Formaldehyde – among other properties – induce oxidative stress and free radicals, which react with DNA and lipids, leading to oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation, respectively. We measured the levels of <span class="hlt">air</span>-formaldehyde exposure in a group of Italian pathologists and controls. We analyzed the effect of formaldehyde exposure on leukocyte malondialdehyde-deoxyguanosine adducts (M1-dG), a biomarker of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. We studied the relationship between <span class="hlt">air</span>-formaldehyde and M1-dG adducts. Methods <span class="hlt">Air</span>-formaldehyde levels were measured by personal <span class="hlt">air</span> samplers. M1-dG adducts were analyzed by 32P-postlabelling assay. Results Reduction rooms pathologists were significantly exposed to <span class="hlt">air</span>-formaldehyde in respect to controls and to the pathologists working in other laboratory areas (p<0.001). A significant difference for M1-dG adducts between exposed pathologists and controls was found (p=0.045). The effect becomes stronger when the evaluation of <span class="hlt">air</span>-formaldehyde exposure was based on personal samplers (p=0.018). Increased M1dG adduct levels were only found in individuals exposed to <span class="hlt">air</span>-formaldehyde concentrations higher than 66 μg/m3. When the exposed workers and controls were subgrouped according to smoking, M1-dG tended to increase in all the subjects but a significant association between M1-dG and <span class="hlt">air</span>-formaldehyde was only found in not smokers (p= 0.009). <span class="hlt">Air</span> formaldehyde played a role positive but not significant (r = 0.355, p = 0.075, Pearson correlation) in the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of M1-dG, only in not smokers. Conclusions Working in the reduction rooms and to be exposed to <span class="hlt">air</span>-formaldehyde concentrations higher than 66 μg/m3 is associated with increased levels of M1-dG adducts. PMID:20707408</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16952394','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16952394"><span>The effect of oxygen <span class="hlt">plasma</span> pretreatment and incubation in modified simulated body fluids on the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of bone-like apatite on poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (70/30).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Qu, Xue; Cui, Wenjin; Yang, Fei; Min, Changchun; Shen, Hong; Bei, Jianzhong; Wang, Shenguo</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>In this study, biodegradable poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) (70/30) films and scaffolds were first treated with oxygen <span class="hlt">plasma</span> and then incubated in a modified simulated body fluid 1.5SBF0 to prepare a bone-like apatite layer. The <span class="hlt">formation</span> of the apatite and its influence on osteoblast-like cells growth were investigated. It was found that the bone-like apatite formability of PLGA(70/30) was enhanced by <span class="hlt">plasma</span> pretreatment. The changes of surface chemistry and surface topography induced by oxygen <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment were both effective for apatite <span class="hlt">formation</span>. The apatite formability increased with increasing <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-treating time. Under a treating condition of 20 W for 30 min, oxygen <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment could penetrate into the inner scaffold. After 6 days incubation, the apatite formed in <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-treated scaffold was better distributed than in untreated scaffold, and the weight and mechanical strength of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-treated scaffold were both enhanced. Compared with PLGA(70/30), the apatite layer formed on oxygen <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-treated PLGA(70/30) surface enhanced adhesion and proliferation of OCT-1 osteoblast-like cell, but had no significant effect on cell's ALP activity at day 7. A prolonged investigation is being in process to further verify the bone-like apatite effects on osteogenic differentiation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PhDT........75F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PhDT........75F"><span>Direct <span class="hlt">plasma</span> interaction with living tissue</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fridman, Gregory</p> <p></p> <p>For some time, <span class="hlt">plasma</span> has been used in medicine to cauterize or cut tissue using heat and mechanical energy. In the recent decade, some researchers around the world have started to investigate how gas jets that pass through thermal <span class="hlt">plasma</span> can be employed in medicine. This thesis presents the first investigation of biomedical uses of non-thermal <span class="hlt">plasma</span> discharge which comes in direct contact with living tissue. It is demonstrated that the direct application of non-thermal <span class="hlt">plasma</span> in <span class="hlt">air</span> can cause rapid deactivation of bacteria on surfaces of tissues without causing any visible tissue damage. Medical need for such a device is discussed. Construction and operation of various types of non-thermal <span class="hlt">plasma</span> power supplies and many types of treatment electrodes are presented as well. Application of this <span class="hlt">plasma</span> to living organisms is shown to be safe from both the electrical perspective and from the biological perspective. Biological safety is revealed through a series of differential skin toxicity trials on human cadaver tissue, live hairless mouse skin tissue, live pig skin tissue, and finally in an open wound model on pigs. Direct non-thermal <span class="hlt">plasma</span> in <span class="hlt">air</span> is shown to deactivate bacteria about 100 times faster than indirect application using jets. A series of experiments reveal that this effectiveness is due to the ability of direct discharge to bring charges to tissue surfaces. It is demonstrated that neither ultraviolet (UV) radiation nor neutral active species such as hydroxyl radicals or ozone produced in <span class="hlt">plasma</span> are responsible for the main effect on bacteria. Although much additional work remains on establishing detailed mechanism by which charges from <span class="hlt">plasma</span> achieve this effect, the work carried out in this thesis clearly demonstrates that direct application of non-thermal <span class="hlt">plasma</span> in <span class="hlt">air</span> can be a very useful tool in medicine.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES...75a2021B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES...75a2021B"><span>Microscopy of Alloy <span class="hlt">Formation</span> on Arc <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Sintered Oxide Dispersion Strengthen (ODS) Steel</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bandriyana, B.; Sujatno, A.; Salam, R.; Dimyati, A.; Untoro, P.</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>The oxide dispersed strengthened (ODS) alloys steel developed as structure material for nuclear power plants (NPP) has good resistant against creep due to their unique microstructure. Microscopy investigation on the microstructure <span class="hlt">formation</span> during alloying process especially at the early stages was carried out to study the correlation between structure and property of ODS alloys. This was possible thanks to the arc <span class="hlt">plasma</span> sintering (APS) device which can simulate the time dependent alloying processes. The ODS sample with composition of 88 wt.% Fe and 12 wt.% Cr powder dispersed with 1 wt.% ZrO2 nano powder was mixed in a high energy milling, isostatic compressed to form sample coins and then alloyed in APS. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) with X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopy (EDX) line scan and mapping was used to characterize the microstructure and elemental composition distribution of the samples. The alloying process with unification of each Fe and Cr phase continued by the alloying <span class="hlt">formation</span> of Fe-Cr by inter-diffusion of both Fe and Cr and followed by the improvement of the mechanical properties of hardness.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JAP...118a3301N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JAP...118a3301N"><span>Helium atmospheric pressure <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jets touching dielectric and metal surfaces</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Norberg, Seth A.; Johnsen, Eric; Kushner, Mark J.</p> <p>2015-07-01</p> <p>Atmospheric pressure <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jets (APPJs) are being investigated in the context <span class="hlt">plasma</span> medicine and biotechnology applications, and surface functionalization. The composition of the surface being treated ranges from plastics, liquids, and biological tissue, to metals. The dielectric constant of these materials ranges from as low as 1.5 for plastics to near 80 for liquids, and essentially infinite for metals. The electrical properties of the surface are not independent variables as the permittivity of the material being treated has an effect on the dynamics of the incident APPJ. In this paper, results are discussed from a computational investigation of the interaction of an APPJ incident onto materials of varying permittivity, and their impact on the discharge dynamics of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet. The computer model used in this investigation solves Poisson's equation, transport equations for charged and neutral species, the electron energy equation, and the Navier-Stokes equations for the neutral gas flow. The APPJ is sustained in He/O2 = 99.8/0.2 flowing into humid <span class="hlt">air</span>, and is directed onto dielectric surfaces in contact with ground with dielectric constants ranging from 2 to 80, and a grounded metal surface. Low values of relative permittivity encourage propagation of the electric field into the treated material and <span class="hlt">formation</span> and propagation of a surface ionization wave. High values of relative permittivity promote the restrike of the ionization wave and the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of a conduction channel between the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> discharge and the treated surface. The distribution of space charge surrounding the APPJ is discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015APS..GECFT1003X','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015APS..GECFT1003X"><span><span class="hlt">Plasma</span> treatment of onychomycosis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Xiong, Zilan; Roe, Jeff; Grammer, Tim; Him, Yeon-Ho; Graves, David B.</p> <p>2015-09-01</p> <p>Onychomycosis or fungal infection of the toenail or fingernail is a common affliction. Approximately 10% of the world's adult population is estimated to suffer from onychomycosis. Current treatment options such as topical creams, oral drugs, or laser treatments are generally limited by a variety of problems. We present results for an alternative onychomycosis treatment scheme using atmospheric pressure cold <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>. Using thinned cow hoof as a model nail material, we tested the ability of various <span class="hlt">plasma</span> sources to act through the model nail to eradicate either bacteria or fungus deposited on the opposite side. Following 20 minute exposure to a surface microdischarge (SMD) device operating in room <span class="hlt">air</span>, we observed a ~ 2 log reduction of E. coli. A similar result was obtained against T. rubrum after 45 min <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment. NOx species concentration penetrating through the model nail as well as uptake into the nail were measured as a function of nail thickness. We propose that these <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-generated species, or perhaps their reaction products, are responsible for at least part of the observed anti-microbial effect. We also explore the use of ultraviolet light acting in synergy with <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-generated chemical species.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016RJPCA..90.2104G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016RJPCA..90.2104G"><span><span class="hlt">Formation</span> of calcium in the products of iron oxide-aluminum thermite combustion in <span class="hlt">air</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gromov, A. A.; Gromov, A. M.; Popenko, E. M.; Sergienko, A. V.; Sabinskaya, O. G.; Raab, B.; Teipel, U.</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>The composition of condensed products resulting from the combustion of thermite mixtures (Al + Fe2O3) in <span class="hlt">air</span> is studied by precise methods. It is shown that during combustion, calcium is formed and stabilized in amounts of maximal 0.55 wt %, while is missing from reactants of 99.7 wt % purity. To explain this, it is hypothesized that a low-energy nuclear reaction takes place alongside the reactions of aluminum oxidation and nitridation, resulting in the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of calcium (Kervran-Bolotov reaction).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApSS..415...90M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApSS..415...90M"><span>Development of Al2O3 electrospun fibers prepared by conventional sintering method or <span class="hlt">plasma</span> assisted surface calcination</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mudra, E.; Streckova, M.; Pavlinak, D.; Medvecka, V.; Kovacik, D.; Kovalcikova, A.; Zubko, P.; Girman, V.; Dankova, Z.; Koval, V.; Duzsa, J.</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>In this paper, the electrospinning method was used for preparation of α-Al2O3 microfibers from PAN/Al(NO3)3 precursor solution. The precursor fibers were thermally treated by conventional method in furnace or low-temperature <span class="hlt">plasma</span> induced surface sintering method in ambient <span class="hlt">air</span>. The four different temperatures of PAN/Al(NO3)3 precursors were chosen for <span class="hlt">formation</span> of α-Al2O3 phase by conventional sintering way according to the transition features observed in the TG/DSC analysis. In comparison, the low-temperature <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment at atmospheric pressure was used as an alternative sintering method at the exposure times of 5, 10 and 30 min. FTIR analysis was used for evaluation of residual polymer after <span class="hlt">plasma</span> induced calcination and for studying the mechanism of polymer degradation. The polycrystalline alumina fibers arranged with the nanoparticles was created continuously throughout the whole volume of the sample. On the other side the low temperature approach, high density of reactive species and high power density of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> generated at atmospheric pressure by used <span class="hlt">plasma</span> source allowed rapid removal of polymer in preference from the surface of fibers leading to the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of composite ceramic/polymer fibers. This <span class="hlt">plasma</span> induced sintering of PAN/Al(NO3)3 can have obvious importance in industrial applications where the ceramic character of surface with higher toughness of the fibers are required.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22162677-study-beam-optics-beam-halo-integrated-modeling-negative-ion-beams-from-plasma-meniscus-formation-beam-acceleration','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22162677-study-beam-optics-beam-halo-integrated-modeling-negative-ion-beams-from-plasma-meniscus-formation-beam-acceleration"><span>Study of beam optics and beam halo by integrated modeling of negative ion beams from <span class="hlt">plasma</span> meniscus <span class="hlt">formation</span> to beam acceleration</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Miyamoto, K.; Okuda, S.; Hatayama, A.</p> <p>2013-01-14</p> <p>To understand the physical mechanism of the beam halo <span class="hlt">formation</span> in negative ion beams, a two-dimensional particle-in-cell code for simulating the trajectories of negative ions created via surface production has been developed. The simulation code reproduces a beam halo observed in an actual negative ion beam. The negative ions extracted from the periphery of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> meniscus (an electro-static lens in a source <span class="hlt">plasma</span>) are over-focused in the extractor due to large curvature of the meniscus.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_24 --> <div id="page_25" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="481"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989PZhTF..15...87L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989PZhTF..15...87L"><span>Kinetics of the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of ozone and nitrogen oxides due to a pulsed microwave discharge in <span class="hlt">air</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Larin, V. F.; Rumiantsev, S. A.</p> <p>1989-03-01</p> <p>The paper presents results of a numerical simulation of the kinetics of <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-chemical processes induced by a single microwave pulse in the stratosphere. It is shown that the gas temperature is one of the main factors influencing the concentration ratio of ozone and nitrogen oxides formed under the effect of a microwave pulse. Long pulses, producing considerable gas heating, favor the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of nitrogen oxides.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PSST...26j5001D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PSST...26j5001D"><span><span class="hlt">Plasma</span> action on helium flow in cold atmospheric pressure <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet experiments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Darny, T.; Pouvesle, J.-M.; Fontane, J.; Joly, L.; Dozias, S.; Robert, E.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>In this work, helium flow modifications, visualized by schlieren imaging, induced by the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> generated in a <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet have been studied in conditions used for biomedical treatments (jet being directed downwards with a low helium flow rate). It has been shown that the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> action can shift up to few centimeters downstream the effects of buoyancy, which allows to the helium flow to reach a target below in conditions for which it is not the case when the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is off. This study reveals the critical role of large and long lifetime negative ions during repetitive operations in the kHz regime, inducing strong modifications in the gas propagation. The cumulative added streamwise momentum transferred to ambient <span class="hlt">air</span> surrounding molecules resulting from a series of applied voltage pulses induces a gradual built up of a helium channel on tens of millisecond timescale. In some conditions, a remarkable stable cylindrical helium channel can be generated to the target with <span class="hlt">plasma</span> supplied by negative polarity voltage pulses whereas a disturbed flow results from positive polarity operation. This has a direct effect on <span class="hlt">air</span> penetration in the helium channel and then on the reactive species production over the target which is of great importance for biomedical applications. It has also been shown that with an appropriate combination of negative and positive polarity pulses, it is possible to benefit from both polarity features in order to optimize the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> plume propagation and <span class="hlt">plasma</span> delivery to a target.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PSST...21c0201K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PSST...21c0201K"><span>EDITORIAL: <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> jets and <span class="hlt">plasma</span> bullets <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> jets and <span class="hlt">plasma</span> bullets</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kong, <!--FOR SINGLE EDITOR OR ALL EDITORS AT SAME ADDRESS--> M. G.; Ganguly, B. N.; Hicks, R. F.</p> <p>2012-06-01</p> <p>-mentioned early studies has witnessed a considerable and exciting growth in terms of new phenomena observed, new physics and chemistry uncovered, new <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet sources conceived, and new applications developed. Examples include the observations of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> bullets on a nanosecond scale [16], the similarity of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> bullets to streamers [17], arrays of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jets as metamaterials [18], and a rapid increase of applications in biomedicine [19]. However the considerable growth in the research of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jets has not been adequately supported, so far, by a sound fundamental underpinning, partly resulting from a somewhat underdevelopment of effective diagnostics and modelling tools. Recognizing the critical importance of basic science for future growth of low-temperature <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet technology, this special issue on <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jets and bullets aims to address some of the most important fundamental questions. Many of the special issue papers continue the established line of investigation to characterize the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> bullets, using typically ultrafast imaging, electrical detection including electric field and <span class="hlt">plasma</span> conductivity measurement, and optical emission spectrometry [20]-[26]. These offer strong experimental evidence for the well-known hypothesis that a <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet is a form of streamer, and that the ionization wave plays a critical role in their <span class="hlt">formation</span>. The interaction of two parallel <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jets [27] and manipulation of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet characteristics [28, 29] are also reported using a similar combination of experimental techniques. Some of the common characteristics of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jets are summarized in a review paper in this special issue [30]. A somewhat different line of investigation is employed in a detailed experimental characterization of deterministic chaos in atmospheric <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jets [31], one of the few non-bullet modes of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jets. Although chaos in ionized gases have been observed in other types of discharge <span class="hlt">plasmas</span>, their applications have not so far been linked</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29546664','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29546664"><span>Characterization of biofilm <span class="hlt">formation</span> by Salmonella enterica at the <span class="hlt">air</span>-liquid interface in aquatic environments.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Medrano-Félix, José Andrés; Chaidez, Cristóbal; Mena, Kristina D; Soto-Galindo, María Del Socorro; Castro-Del Campo, Nohelia</p> <p>2018-03-15</p> <p>Survival of bacterial pathogens in different environments is due, in part, to their ability to form biofilms. Four wild-type Salmonella enterica strains, two Oranienburg and two Saintpaul isolated from river water and animal feces, were tested for biofilm <span class="hlt">formation</span> at the <span class="hlt">air</span>-liquid interface under stressful conditions (pH and salinity treatments such as pH 3, NaCl 4.5 w/v; pH 7, NaCl 4.5 w/v; pH 10, NaCl 4.5 w/v; pH 3, Nacl 0.5 w/v; pH 7, NaCl 0.5 w/v; and pH 10, NaCl 0.5 w/v); Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 was used as a control strain. Salmonella Oranienburg and Saintpaul from feces were moderately hydrophobic and motile, while S. Saintpaul from water and the control strain S. Typhimurium showed high hydrophobicity, which helped them form more resistant biofilms than S. Oranienburg. Under stressful conditions, all strains experienced difficulties in forming biofilms. Salmonella Saintpaul and Typhimurium expressed the red dry and rough (RDAR) morphotype and were able to form biofilm at <span class="hlt">air</span>-liquid interface, contrarily to Oranienburg that showed incomplete rough morphology. This study contributes to the knowledge of biofilm <span class="hlt">formation</span> as a survival strategy for Salmonella in aquatic environments.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/93648','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/93648"><span>Nonthermal <span class="hlt">plasma</span> technology for organic destruction</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Heath, W.O.; Birmingham, J.G.</p> <p>1995-06-01</p> <p>Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) is investigating the use of nonthermal, electrically driven <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> for destroying organic contaminants near ambient temperatures and pressures. Three different <span class="hlt">plasma</span> systems have been developed to treat organics in <span class="hlt">air</span>, water, and soil. These systems are the Gas-Phase Corona Reactor (GPCR)III for treating <span class="hlt">air</span>, the Liquid-Phase Corona Reactor for treating water, and In Situ Corona for treating soils. This presentation focuses on recent technical developments, commercial status, and project costs of OPCR as a cost-effective alternative to other <span class="hlt">air</span>-purification technologies that are now in use to treat off-gases from site-remediation efforts as well as industrial emissions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920048675&hterms=potassium&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dpotassium','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920048675&hterms=potassium&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dpotassium"><span>The effects of RF <span class="hlt">plasma</span> ashing on zinc orthotitanate/potassium silicate thermal control coatings</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Dever, Joyce A.; Bruckner, Eric J.</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>Samples of YB-71, a white thermal control coating composed of zinc orthotitanate pigment in a potassium silicate binder, were exposed in <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> and in oxygen <span class="hlt">plasma</span> to determine optical property and surface chemistry changes. Results show that YB-71 undergoes a significant reflectance decrease upon exposure to the simulated LEO atomic oxygen environment provided by an <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> asher. YB-71 samples exposed to the same effective fluence in oxygen <span class="hlt">plasma</span>, or in a UV screening Faraday cage in <span class="hlt">air</span> or oxygen, do not undergo as severe reflectance decreases as the samples exposed in the <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> asher environment. The UV and VUV radiation present in the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> ashers affects the YB-71 degradation. It is noted that, when using <span class="hlt">plasma</span> ashers to determine LEO degradation, it is necessary to take into account the sensitivity of the material to the synergistic effects of atomic oxygen and accelerated UV radiation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22063841-towards-better-comprehension-plasma-formation-heating-high-performances-electron-cyclotron-resonance-ion-sources-invited','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22063841-towards-better-comprehension-plasma-formation-heating-high-performances-electron-cyclotron-resonance-ion-sources-invited"><span>Towards a better comprehension of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> <span class="hlt">formation</span> and heating in high performances electron cyclotron resonance ion sources (invited)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Mascali, D.; Gammino, S.; Celona, L.</p> <p>2012-02-15</p> <p>Further improvements of electron cyclotron resonance ion sources (ECRIS) output currents and average charge state require a deep understanding of electron and ion dynamics in the <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. This paper will discuss the most recent advances about modeling of non-classical evidences like the sensitivity of electron energy distribution function to the magnetic field detuning, the influence of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> turbulences on electron heating and ion confinement, the coupling between electron and ion dynamics. All these issues have in common the non-homogeneous distribution of the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> inside the source: the abrupt density drop at the resonance layer regulates the heating regimes (from collectivemore » to turbulent), the beam <span class="hlt">formation</span> mechanism and emittance. Possible means to boost the performances of future ECRIS will be proposed. In particular, the use of Bernstein waves, in preliminary experiments performed at Laboratori Nazionali del Sud (LNS) on MDIS (microwave discharge ion sources)-type sources, has permitted to sustain largely overdense <span class="hlt">plasmas</span> enhancing the warm electron temperature, which will make possible in principle the construction of sources for high intensity multicharged ions beams with simplified magnetic structures.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28954510','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28954510"><span>On the Mechanism of In Nanoparticle <span class="hlt">Formation</span> by Exposing ITO Thin Films to Hydrogen <span class="hlt">Plasmas</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Fan, Zheng; Maurice, Jean-Luc; Chen, Wanghua; Guilet, Stéphane; Cambril, Edmond; Lafosse, Xavier; Couraud, Laurent; Merghem, Kamel; Yu, Linwei; Bouchoule, Sophie; Roca I Cabarrocas, Pere</p> <p>2017-10-31</p> <p>We present our systematic work on the in situ generation of In nanoparticles (NPs) from the reduction of ITO thin films by hydrogen (H 2 ) <span class="hlt">plasma</span> exposure. In contrast to NP deposition from the vapor phase (i.e., evaporation), the ITO surface can be considered to be a solid reservoir of In atoms thanks to H 2 <span class="hlt">plasma</span> reduction. On one hand, below the In melting temperature, solid In NP <span class="hlt">formation</span> is governed by the island-growth mode, which is a self-limiting process because the H 2 <span class="hlt">plasma</span>/ITO interaction will be gradually eliminated by the growing In NPs that cover the ITO surface. On the other hand, we show that above the melting temperature In droplets prefer to grow along the grain boundaries on the ITO surface and dramatic coalescence occurs when the growing NPs connect with each other. This growth-connection-coalescence behavior is even strengthened on In/ITO bilayers, where In particles larger than 10 μm can be formed, which are made of evaporated In atoms and in situ released ones. Thanks to this understanding, we manage to disperse dense evaporated In NPs under H 2 <span class="hlt">plasma</span> exposure when inserting an ITO layer between them and substrate like c-Si wafer or glass by modifying the substrate surface chemistry. Further studies are needed for more precise control of this self-assembling method. We expect that our findings are not limited to ITO thin films but could be applicable to various metal NPs generation from the corresponding metal oxide thin films.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25524777','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25524777"><span>Photosynthesis-dependent <span class="hlt">formation</span> of convoluted <span class="hlt">plasma</span> membrane domains in Chara internodal cells is independent of chloroplast position.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Foissner, Ilse; Sommer, Aniela; Hoeftberger, Margit</p> <p>2015-07-01</p> <p>The characean green alga Chara australis forms complex <span class="hlt">plasma</span> membrane convolutions called charasomes when exposed to light. Charasomes are involved in local acidification of the surrounding medium which facilitates carbon uptake required for photosynthesis. They have hitherto been only described in the internodal cells and in close contact with the stationary chloroplasts. Here, we show that charasomes are not only present in the internodal cells of the main axis, side branches, and branchlets but that the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> membranes of chloroplast-containing nodal cells, protonemata, and rhizoids are also able to invaginate into complex domains. Removal of chloroplasts by local irradiation with intense light revealed that charasomes can develop at chloroplast-free "windows" and that the resulting pH banding pattern is independent of chloroplast or window position. Charasomes were not detected along cell walls containing functional plasmodesmata. However, charasomes formed next to a smooth wound wall which was deposited onto the plasmodesmata-containing wall when the neighboring cell was damaged. In contrast, charasomes were rarely found at uneven, bulged wound walls which protrude into the streaming endoplasm and which were induced by ligation or puncturing. The results of this study show that charasome <span class="hlt">formation</span>, although dependent on photosynthesis, does not require intimate contact with chloroplasts. Our data suggest further that the presence of plasmodesmata inhibits charasome <span class="hlt">formation</span> and/or that exposure to the outer medium is a prerequisite for charasome <span class="hlt">formation</span>. Finally, we hypothesize that the absence of charasomes at bulged wound walls is due to the disturbance of uniform laminar mass streaming.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GeoRL..45...39F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GeoRL..45...39F"><span>Solar Wind <span class="hlt">Plasma</span> Interaction with Asteroid 16 Psyche: Implication for <span class="hlt">Formation</span> Theories</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fatemi, Shahab; Poppe, Andrew R.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>The asteroid 16 Psyche is a primitive metal-rich asteroid that has not yet been visited by spacecraft. Based on remote observations, Psyche is most likely composed of iron and nickel metal; however, the history of its <span class="hlt">formation</span> and solidification is still unknown. If Psyche is a remnant core of a differentiated planetesimal exposed by collisions, it opens a unique window toward understanding the cores of the terrestrial bodies, including the Earth and Mercury. If not, it is perhaps a reaccreted rubble pile that has never melted. In the former case, Psyche may have a remanent, dipolar magnetic field; in the latter case, Psyche may have no intrinsic field, but nevertheless would be a conductive object in the solar wind. We use Advanced Modeling Infrastructure in Space Simulation (AMITIS), a three-dimensional GPU-based hybrid model of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> that self-consistently couples the interior electromagnetic response of Psyche (i.e., magnetic diffusion) to its ambient <span class="hlt">plasma</span> environment in order to quantify the different interactions under these two cases. The model results provide estimates for the electromagnetic environment of Psyche, showing that the magnetized case and the conductive case present very different signatures in the solar wind. These results have implications for an accurate interpretation of magnetic field observations by NASA's Discovery mission (Psyche mission) to the asteroid 16 Psyche.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JPhD...45b5206H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JPhD...45b5206H"><span>Time-dependent effects of low-temperature atmospheric-pressure argon <span class="hlt">plasma</span> on epithelial cell attachment, viability and tight junction <span class="hlt">formation</span> in vitro</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hoentsch, Maxi; von Woedtke, Thomas; Weltmann, Klaus-Dieter; Nebe, J. Barbara</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>The application of physical <span class="hlt">plasma</span> to living tissues is expected to promote wound healing by <span class="hlt">plasma</span> disinfection and stimulation of tissue regeneration. However, the effects of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> on healthy cells must be studied and understood. In our experiments we used an argon <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet (kINPen®09) to gain insights into time-dependent <span class="hlt">plasma</span> effects on cell attachment, viability and tight junction <span class="hlt">formation</span> in vitro. Murine epithelial cells mHepR1 were suspended in complete cell culture medium and were irradiated with argon <span class="hlt">plasma</span> (direct approach) for 30, 60 and 120 s. Suspecting that physical <span class="hlt">plasma</span> may exert its effect via the medium, cell culture medium alone was first treated with argon <span class="hlt">plasma</span> (indirect approach) and immediately afterwards, cells were added and also cultured for 24 h. Cell morphology and vitality were verified using light microscopy and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Already after 30 s of treatment the mHepR1 cells lost their capability to adhere and the cell vitality decreased with increasing treatment time. Interestingly, the same inhibitory effect was observed in the indirect approach. Furthermore, the argon <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-treated culture medium-induced large openings of the cell's tight junctions, were verified by the zonula occludens protein ZO-1, which we observed for the first time in confluently grown epithelial cells.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22600207-effects-electron-thermal-radiation-laser-ablative-shock-waves-from-aluminum-plasma-ambient-air','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22600207-effects-electron-thermal-radiation-laser-ablative-shock-waves-from-aluminum-plasma-ambient-air"><span>The effects of electron thermal radiation on laser ablative shock waves from aluminum <span class="hlt">plasma</span> into ambient <span class="hlt">air</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Sai Shiva, S.; Leela, Ch.; Prem Kiran, P., E-mail: premkiranuoh@gmail.com, E-mail: prem@uohyd.ac.in</p> <p>2016-05-15</p> <p>The effect of electron thermal radiation on 7 ns laser ablative shock waves from aluminum (Al) <span class="hlt">plasma</span> into an ambient atmospheric <span class="hlt">air</span> has been numerically investigated using a one-dimensional, three-temperature (electron, ion, and radiation) radiation hydrodynamic code MULTI. The governing equations in Lagrangian form are solved using an implicit scheme for planar, cylindrical, and spherical geometries. The shockwave velocities (V{sub sw}) obtained numerically are compared with our experimental values obtained over the intensity range of 2.0 × 10{sup 10} to 1.4 × 10{sup 11 }W/cm{sup 2}. It is observed that the numerically obtained V{sub sw} is significantly influenced by the thermal radiation effects which are foundmore » to be dominant in the initial stage up to 2 μs depending on the input laser energy. Also, the results are found to be sensitive to the co-ordinate geometry used in the simulation (planar, cylindrical, and spherical). Moreover, it is revealed that shock wave undergoes geometrical transitions from planar to cylindrical nature and from cylindrical to spherical nature with time during its propagation into an ambient atmospheric <span class="hlt">air</span>. It is also observed that the spatio-temporal evolution of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> electron and ion parameters such as temperature, specific energy, pressure, electron number density, and mass density were found to be modified significantly due to the effects of electron thermal radiation.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhPl...24i3519L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhPl...24i3519L"><span>Microelectrode-assisted low-voltage atmospheric pressure glow discharge in <span class="hlt">air</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liu, Wenzheng; Zhao, Shuai; Niu, Jiangqi; Chai, Maolin</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>During the process of discharge, appropriately changing the paths corresponding to electric field lines and the field strength distribution along these paths, as well as increasing the number of initial electrons, can effectively enhance the uniformity of discharge and inhibit the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of filamentary discharge. A method is proposed that uses a microelectrode to initiate the macroscopic discharge phenomenon. An asymmetric structure was designed comprising a single electrode of carbon fiber; this electrode structure is of helical-contact type. Benefitting from the special electric field distribution and the microdischarge process, a three-dimensional atmospheric pressure glow discharge was achieved in <span class="hlt">air</span>, characterized by low discharge voltage, low energy consumption, good diffusion performance, and less ozone generation. The <span class="hlt">plasma</span> studied is uniform and stable with good diffusion characteristics and low levels of contaminants and hence has potential applications in the field of <span class="hlt">air</span> purification.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22401079','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22401079"><span>Bow shock <span class="hlt">formation</span> in a complex <span class="hlt">plasma</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Saitou, Y; Nakamura, Y; Kamimura, T; Ishihara, O</p> <p>2012-02-10</p> <p>A bow shock is observed in a two-dimensional supersonic flow of charged microparticles in a complex <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. A thin conducting needle is used to make a potential barrier as an obstacle for the particle flow in the complex <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. The flow is generated and the flow velocity is controlled by changing a tilt angle of the device under the gravitational force. A void, microparticle-free region, is formed around the potential barrier surrounding the obstacle. The flow is bent around the leading edge of the void and forms an arcuate structure when the flow is supersonic. The structure is characterized by the bow shock as confirmed by a polytropic hydrodynamic theory as well as numerical simulation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/869178','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/869178"><span>Coupled microwave ECR and radio-frequency <span class="hlt">plasma</span> source for <span class="hlt">plasma</span> processing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Tsai, Chin-Chi; Haselton, Halsey H.</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>In a dual <span class="hlt">plasma</span> device, the first <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is a microwave discharge having its own means of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> initiation and control. The microwave discharge operates at electron cyclotron resonance (ECR), and generates a uniform <span class="hlt">plasma</span> over a large area of about 1000 cm.sup.2 at low pressures below 0.1 mtorr. The ECR microwave <span class="hlt">plasma</span> initiates the second <span class="hlt">plasma</span>, a radio frequency (RF) <span class="hlt">plasma</span> maintained between parallel plates. The ECR microwave <span class="hlt">plasma</span> acts as a source of charged particles, supplying copious amounts of a desired charged excited species in uniform manner to the RF <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. The parallel plate portion of the apparatus includes a magnetic filter with static magnetic field structure that aids the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of ECR zones in the two <span class="hlt">plasma</span> regions, and also assists in the RF <span class="hlt">plasma</span> also operating at electron cyclotron resonance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5017678','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5017678"><span>Coupled microwave ECR and radio-frequency <span class="hlt">plasma</span> source for <span class="hlt">plasma</span> processing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Tsai, C.C.; Haselton, H.H.</p> <p>1994-03-08</p> <p>In a dual <span class="hlt">plasma</span> device, the first <span class="hlt">plasma</span> is a microwave discharge having its own means of <span class="hlt">plasma</span> initiation and control. The microwave discharge operates at electron cyclotron resonance (ECR), and generates a uniform <span class="hlt">plasma</span> over a large area of about 1000 cm[sup 2] at low pressures below 0.1 mtorr. The ECR microwave <span class="hlt">plasma</span> initiates the second <span class="hlt">plasma</span>, a radio frequency (RF) <span class="hlt">plasma</span> maintained between parallel plates. The ECR microwave <span class="hlt">plasma</span> acts as a source of charged particles, supplying copious amounts of a desired charged excited species in uniform manner to the RF <span class="hlt">plasma</span>. The parallel plate portion of the apparatus includes a magnetic filter with static magnetic field structure that aids the <span class="hlt">formation</span> of ECR zones in the two <span class="hlt">plasma</span> regions, and also assists in the RF <span class="hlt">plasma</span> also operating at electron cyclotron resonance. 4 figures.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29413862','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29413862"><span>In vitro antimicrobial effects and mechanisms of direct current <span class="hlt">air</span>-liquid discharge <span class="hlt">plasma</span> on planktonic Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in liquids.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Xu, Zimu; Cheng, Cheng; Shen, Jie; Lan, Yan; Hu, Shuheng; Han, Wei; Chu, Paul K</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>The direct inactivation effects of an atmospheric pressure direct current (DC) <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> against planktonic Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) in aqueous solution are investigated in vitro. Upon <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment, extensively analyses on cell culturability, metabolic capacity, membrane integrity, surface morphology, cellular proteins, nucleic acids and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) for both bacterial species were carried out and significant antimicrobial effects observed. Compared with the cellular culturability, a sub-lethal viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state was induced while more S. aureus entered this state than E. coli. Damaged bacterial outer structures were observed and the total concentrations of cellular protein and nucleic acid decreased for both bacteria after <span class="hlt">plasma</span> treatment. The <span class="hlt">plasma</span>-induced aqueous reactive species (RS) and intracellular ROS might produce detrimental effects to the bacteria, while S. aureus was less susceptible to the discharge after a 20-min exposure compared to E. coli. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22315426','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22315426"><span><span class="hlt">Formation</span> and release of arrestin domain-containing protein 1-mediated microvesicles (ARMMs) at <span class="hlt">plasma</span> membrane by recruitment of TSG101 protein.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nabhan, Joseph F; Hu, Ruoxi; Oh, Raymond S; Cohen, Stanley N; Lu, Quan</p> <p>2012-03-13</p> <p>Mammalian cells are capable of delivering multiple types of membrane capsules extracellularly. The limiting membrane of late endosomes can fuse with the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> membrane, leading to the extracellular release of multivesicular bodies (MVBs), initially contained within the endosomes, as exosomes. Budding viruses exploit the TSG101 protein and endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery used for MVB <span class="hlt">formation</span> to mediate the egress of viral particles from host cells. Here we report the discovery of a virus-independent cellular process that generates microvesicles that are distinct from exosomes and which, like budding viruses, are produced by direct <span class="hlt">plasma</span> membrane budding. Such budding is driven by a specific interaction of TSG101 with a tetrapeptide PSAP motif of an accessory protein, arrestin domain-containing protein 1 (ARRDC1), which we show is localized to the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> membrane through its arrestin domain. This interaction results in relocation of TSG101 from endosomes to the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> membrane and mediates the release of microvesicles that contain TSG101, ARRDC1, and other cellular proteins. Unlike exosomes, which are derived from MVBs, ARRDC1-mediated microvesicles (ARMMs) lack known late endosomal markers. ARMMs <span class="hlt">formation</span> requires VPS4 ATPase and is enhanced by the E3 ligase WWP2, which interacts with and ubiquitinates ARRDC1. ARRDC1 protein discharged into ARMMs was observed in co-cultured cells, suggesting a role for ARMMs in intercellular communication. Our findings reveal an intrinsic cellular mechanism that results in direct budding of microvesicles from the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> membrane, providing a formal paradigm for the evolutionary recruitment of ESCRT proteins in the release of budding viruses.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PSST...24f5020L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PSST...24f5020L"><span>A uniform laminar <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">plasma</span> plume with large volume excited by an alternating current voltage</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Li, Xuechen; Bao, Wenting; Chu, Jingdi; Zhang, Panpan; Jia, Pengying</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Using a <span class="hlt">plasma</span> jet composed of two needle electrodes, a laminar <span class="hlt">plasma</span> plume with large volume is generated in <span class="hlt">air</span> through an alternating current voltage excitation. Based on high-speed photography, a train of filaments is observed to propagate periodically away from their birth place along the gas flow. The laminar plume is in fact a temporal superposition of the arched filament train. The filament consists of a negative glow near the real time cathode, a positive column near the real time anode, and a Faraday dark space between them. It has been found that the propagation velocity of the filament increases with increasing the gas flow rate. Furthermore, the filament lifetime tends to follow a normal distribution (Gaussian distribution). The most probable lifetime decreases with increasing the gas flow rate or decreasing the averaged peak voltage. Results also indicate that the real time peak current decreases and the real time peak voltage increases with the propagation of the filament along the gas flow. The voltage-current curve indicates that, in every discharge cycle, the filament evolves from a Townsend discharge to a glow one and then the discharge quenches. Characteristic regions including a negative glow, a Faraday dark space, and a positive column can be discerned from the discharge filament. Furthermore, the <span class="hlt">plasma</span> parameters such as the electron density, the vibrational temperature and the gas temperature are investigated based on the optical spectrum emitted from the laminar plume.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ChPhB..25b4703K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ChPhB..25b4703K"><span>Wind tunnel experiments on flow separation control of an Unmanned <span class="hlt">Air</span> Vehicle by nanosecond discharge <span class="hlt">plasma</span> aerodynamic actuation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kang, Chen; Hua, Liang</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Plasma</span> flow control (PFC) is a new kind of active flow control technology, which can improve the aerodynamic performances of aircrafts remarkably. The flow separation control of an unmanned <span class="hlt">air</span> vehicle (UAV) by nanosecond discharge <span class="hlt">plasma</span> aerodynamic actuation (NDPAA) is investigated experimentally in this paper. Experimental results show that the applied voltages for both the nanosecond discharge and the millisecond discharge are nearly the same, but the current for nanosecond discharge (30 A) is much bigger than that for millisecond discharge (0.1 A). The flow field induced by the NDPAA is similar to a shock wave upward, and has a maximal velocity of less than 0.5 m/s. Fast heating effect for nanosecond discharge induces shock waves in the quiescent <span class="hlt">air</span>. The lasting time of the shock waves is about 80 μs and its spread velocity is nearly 380 m/s. By using the NDPAA, the flow separation on the suction side of the UAV can be totally suppressed and the critical stall angle of attack increases from 20° to 27° with a maximal lift coefficient increment of 11.24%. The flow separation can be suppressed when the discharge voltage is larger than the threshold value, and the optimum operation frequency for the NDPAA is the one which makes the Strouhal number equal one. The NDPAA is more effective than the millisecond discharge <span class="hlt">plasma</span> aerodynamic actuation (MDPAA) in boundary layer flow control. The main mechanism for nanosecond discharge is shock effect. Shock effect is more effective in flow control than momentum effect in high speed flow control. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61503302, 51207169, and 51276197), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 2014M562446), and the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province, China (Grant No. 2015JM1001).</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_25 --> <div class="footer-extlink text-muted" style="margin-bottom:1rem; text-align:center;">Some links on this page may take you to non-federal websites. 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