Sample records for air sea transect-pacific

  1. Brominated VSLSs in and over the East Pacific During the Halocarbon Air-Sea Transect - Pacific Cruise (HalocAST-P)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Liu, Y.; Yvon-Lewis, S. A.; Hu, L.; Smith, R. W.; Shen, L.; Bianchi, T. S.; Campbell, L.

    2010-12-01

    Brominated very short lived substances (VSLSs), such as bromoform (CHBr3), dibromomethane (CH2Br2), dibromochloromethane (CHClBr2), and dichlorobromomethane (CHBrCl2) can potentially supply a significant amount of inorganic bromine (Bry) to the troposphere and lower stratosphere. Bromine radicals are 50 - 100 times more efficient in depleting ozone (O3) than chlorine radicals; therefore, these compounds are important to the ozone chemistry in the atmosphere. CHBr3, CH2Br2, CHClBr2 and CHBrCl2 are thought to be produced mainly by phytoplankton in the open ocean. During the Halocarbon Air-Sea Transect - Pacific (HalocAST - P) cruise we examined the distributions of halocarbons in the East Pacific Ocean and in the overlying atmosphere. The cruise started from Punta Arenas, Chile on March 29, and finished at Seattle, WA, United States on April 29 2010. Continuous underway measurements of the atmospheric and surface seawater concentrations along with depth profiles of CHBr3, CH2Br2, CHClBr2, CHBrCl2, and a suite of other halogenated compounds were measured over a large cross latitudinal transect. The brominated VSLS measured during this cruise generally exhibit a correlation with chlorophyll a, supporting biogenic production as the predominate source for these compounds in the open ocean. Here, we will be discussing air and seawater concentrations, saturation anomalies, fluxes, and depth profiles for CHBr3, CH2Br2, CHClBr2, and CHBrCl2. Cyanobacteria counts, pigment compositions, nutrient and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in the water column were also measured and serve as useful tools for understanding the biological production of these brominated VSLSs.

  2. Western Pacific Air-Sea Interaction Study (W-PASS), Introduction and Highlights (Invited)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tsuda, A.

    2010-12-01

    Western Pacific Air-Sea Interaction Study (W-PASS), Introduction and Highlights Atsushi Tsuda Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo In the western Pacific (WESTPAC) region, dust originating from Asian and Australian arid regions to the North and South Pacific, biomass burning emissions from the Southeast Asia to sub-tropical Pacific, and other anthropogenic substances are transported regionally and globally to affect cloud and rainfall patterns, air quality, and radiative budgets downwind. Deposition of these compounds into the Asian marginal seas and onto the Pacific Ocean influence surface primary productivity and species composition. In the WESTPAC region, subarctic, subtropical oceans and marginal seas are located relatively narrow latitudinal range and these areas are influenced by the dust and anthropogenic inputs. Moreover, anthropogenic emission areas are located between the arid region and the oceans. The W-PASS (Western Pacific Air-Sea interaction Study) project has been funded for 5 years as a part of SOLAS-Japan activity in the summer of 2006. We aim to resolve air-sea interaction through field observation studies mainly using research vessels and island observatories over the western Pacific. We have carried out 5 cruises to the western North Pacific focusing on air-sea interactions. Also, an intensive marine atmospheric observation including direct atmospheric deposition measurement was accomplished by a dozen W-PASS research groups at the NIES Atmospheric and Aerosol Monitoring Station of Cape Hedo in the northernmost tip of the Okinawa main Island facing the East China Sea in the spring 2008. A few weak Kosa (dust) events, anthropogenic air outflows, typical local air and occupation of marine background air were identified during the campaign period. The W-PASS has four research groups mainly focusing on VOC emissions, air-sea gas exchange processes, biogeochemical responses to dust depositions and its modeling. We also

  3. Operationalizing Air-Sea Battle in the Pacific

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2015-02-01

    Joumall 25 \\/ FEATURE Ballard, Harysch, Cole, & Hall Operationalizing Ait’-Sea Battle in the Pacific tribes and nomadic marauders such as the...communications in general, the former focuses on the digital data links between different platforms. The original CSBA operational con- cept touches on this...very capable fourth-generation fighters; and it has fielded layers of upgraded and double- digit surface-to-air missile systems and antiaircraft

  4. Methanethiol Concentrations and Sea-Air Fluxes in the Subarctic NE Pacific Ocean

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kiene, R. P.; Williams, T. E.; Esson, K.; Tortell, P. D.; Dacey, J. W. H.

    2017-12-01

    Exchange of volatile organic sulfur from the ocean to the atmosphere impacts the global sulfur cycle and the climate system and is thought to occur mainly via the gas dimethylsulfide (DMS). DMS is produced during degradation of the abundant phytoplankton osmolyte dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) but bacteria can also convert dissolved DMSP into the sulfur gas methanethiol (MeSH). MeSH has been difficult to measure in seawater because of its high chemical and biological reactivity and, thus, information on MeSH concentrations, distribution and sea-air fluxes is limited. We measured MeSH in the northeast subarctic Pacific Ocean in July 2016, along transects with strong phytoplankton abundance gradients. Water samples obtained with Niskin bottles were analyzed for MeSH by purge-and-trap gas chromatography. Depth profiles showed that MeSH concentrations were high near the surface and declined with depth. Surface waters (5 m depth) had an average MeSH concentration of 0.75 nM with concentrations reaching up to 3nM. MeSH concentrations were correlated (r = 0.47) with microbial turnover of dissolved DMSP which ranged up to 236 nM per day. MeSH was also correlated with total DMSP (r = 0.93) and dissolved DMS (r = 0.63), supporting the conclusion that DMSP was a major precursor of MeSH. Surface water MeSH:DMS concentration ratios averaged 0.19 and ranged up to 0.50 indicating that MeSH was a significant fraction of the volatile sulfur pool in surface waters. Sea-air fluxes of MeSH averaged 15% of the combined DMS+MeSH flux, therefore MeSH contributed an important fraction of the sulfur emitted to the atmosphere from the subarctic NE Pacific Ocean.

  5. Seasonal Oxygen Supersaturation and Air-Sea Fluxes from Profiling Floats in the Pacific

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bushinsky, S. M.; Emerson, S. R.

    2016-02-01

    The Pacific Ocean is a heterogeneous basin that includes regions of strong CO2 fluxes to and from the atmosphere. The Kuroshio Extension (KE) is a current associated with the largest CO2 flux into the Pacific Ocean, which extends across the Pacific basin between the subarctic and subtropical regions. The relative importance of the biological and physical processes controlling this sink is uncertain. The stoichiometric relationship between O2 and dissolved inorganic carbon during photosynthesis and respiration may allow in situ O2 measurements to help determine the processes driving this large CO2 flux. In this study, we used Argo profiling floats with modified oxygen sensors to estimate O2 fluxes in several areas of the Pacific. In situ air calibrations of these sensors allowed us to accurately measure air-sea O2 differences, which largely control the flux of O2 to and from the atmosphere. In this way, we determine air-sea O2 fluxes from profiling floats, which previously did not measure O2 accurately enough to make these calculations. To characterize different areas within the KE, we separated O2 measurements from floats into 3 regions based on geographical position and temperature-salinity relationships: North KE, Central KE, and South KE. We then used these regions and floats in the Alaska Gyre and subtropical South Pacific gyre to develop seasonal climatologies of ΔO2 and air-sea flux. Mean annual air-sea oxygen fluxes (positive fluxes represent addition of O2 to the ocean) were calculated for the Alaska Gyre of -0.3 mol m-2 yr-1 (2012-2015), for the northern KE, central KE, and southern KE (2013-2015) of 6.8, 10.5, and 0.5 mol m-2 yr-1, respectively, and for the south subtropical Pacific (2014-2015) of 0.6 mol m-2 yr-1. The air-sea flux due to bubbles was greater than 50% of the total flux for winter months and essential for determining the magnitude and, in some cases, direction of the cumulative mean annual flux. Increases in solubility due to wintertime

  6. Surfactant control of air-sea gas exchange from North Sea coastal waters and the Atlantic Meridional Transect

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pereira, R.

    2016-02-01

    Suppression of gas transfer velocity (kw) by surfactants are well established, both in laboratory wind flumes and purposeful oceanic releases. However, the effects on kw of time and space varying concentrations of natural surfactant are inadequately studied. We have developed an automated gas exchange tank for simultaneous high precision measurement of kw in unmodified seawater samples. Here we present data from two studies along a coastal North Sea transect during 2012-2013 and the Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT) 24 from September to November 2014. Measurements of surfactant activity (SA), CDOM absorbance and chlorophyll-a have enabled us to characterize the effects of variable amounts of natural surfactant on kw. North Sea coastal waters range in k660 (kw normalized to the value for CO2 in freshwater at 20oC) was 6.8-24.5 cm hr-1 (n=20), with the ranges of SA, total CDOM absorbance (200-450 nm) and chlorophyll-a measured in the surface microlayer (SML) of our seawater samples were 0.08-0.38 mg l-1 T-X-100, 0.13-4.7 and 0.09-1.54 µg l-1, respectively. The AMT k660 ranged from 7.0-23.9 cm hr-1 (n=22), with SA measured in the SML and subsurface water (SSW) of our seawater samples ranging from 0.15-1.08 mg l-1 T-X-100 and 0.07-0.43 mg l-1 T-X-100, respectively. Importantly, we found 12-45% (North Sea) and 1-43% (AMT) k660 suppression relative to Milli-Q water that relate to seasonal and spatial differences in SA. The North Sea demonstrated notable seasonal influences on k660 suppression that were related to CDOM absorbance and chlorophyll-a. The degree of k660 suppression was highest in summer consistent with k660 control by natural surfactant. The degree of k660 suppression decreased with distance offshore in the North Sea and displayed a strong relationship with SA (r2 = 0.51-0.64, p = 0.02, n = 20). The AMT demonstrated notable differences in k660 suppression between hemispheres and across the Longhurst Provinces but the overall relationship between k660

  7. Wintertime Air-Sea Gas Transfer Rates and Air Injection Fluxes at Station Papa in the NE Pacific

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    McNeil, C.; Steiner, N.; Vagle, S.

    2008-12-01

    In recent studies of air-sea fluxes of N2 and O2 in hurricanes, McNeil and D'Asaro (2007) used a simplified model formulation of air-sea gas flux to estimate simultaneous values of gas transfer rate, KT, and air injection flux, VT. The model assumes air-sea gas fluxes at high to extreme wind speeds can be explained by a combination of two processes: 1) air injection, by complete dissolution of small bubbles drawn down into the ocean boundary layer by turbulent currents, and 2) near-surface equilibration processes, such as occurs within whitecaps. This analysis technique relies on air-sea gas flux estimates for two gases, N2 and O2, to solve for the two model parameters, KT and VT. We present preliminary results of similar analysis of time series data collected during winter storms at Station Papa in the NE Pacific during 2003/2004. The data show a clear increase in KT and VT with increasing NCEP derived wind speeds and acoustically measured bubble penetration depth.

  8. Tropical Intraseasonal Air-Sea Exchanges during the 1997 Pacific Warming

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Sui, C.-H.; Lau, K.-M.; Chou, S.-H.; Wang, Zihou

    1999-01-01

    The Madden Julian Oscillations (MJO) and associated westerly wind (WW) events account for much of the tropical intraseasonal variability (TISV). The TISV has been suggested as an important stochastic forcing that may be one of the underlying causes for the observed irregularities of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Recent observational studies and theories of interannual to interdecadal-scale variability suggest that ENSO may arise from different mechanisms depending on the basic states. The Pacific warming event of 1997, being associated with a period of strong MJO and WW events, serves as a natural experiment for studying the possible role of TISV in triggering an ENSO event. We have performed a combined statistical and composite analysis of surface WW events based on the assimilated surface wind and sea level pressure for the period of 1980-1993, the SSM/I wind for the period of 1988-1997, and OLR. Results indicates that extratropical forcing contribute significantly to the evolution of MJO and establishment of WW events over the Pacific warm pool. Following the major WW events, there appeared an eastward extension of equatorial warm SST anomalies from the western Pacific warm pool. Such tropical-extratropical interaction is particularly clear in the winter of 96-97 that leads to the recent warming event in 1997/98. From the above discussion, our current study on this subject is based on the hypothesis that 1) there is an enhanced air-sea interaction associated with TISV and the northerly surges from the extratropics in the initial phase of the 97/98 warming event, and 2) the relevant mechanisms are functions of the basic state of the coupled system (in terms of SST distribution and atmospheric mean circulation) that varies at the interannual and interdecadal time scale. We are analyzing the space-time structure of the northerly surges, their association with air-sea fluxes and upper ocean responses during the period of September 1996 to June 1997. The

  9. Air-sea exchange of CO2 in the central and western equatorial Pacific in 1990

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ishii, Masao; Yoshikawa Inoue, Hisayuki

    1995-09-01

    Measurements of CO2 in marine boundary air and in surface seawater of the central and western Pacific west of 150°W were made during the period from September to December 1990. The meridional section along 150°W showed pCO2(sea) maximum over 410 µatm between the equator and 3°S due to strong equatorial upwelling. In the equatorial Pacific between 150°W and 179°E, pCO2(sea) decreased gradually toward the west as a result of biological CO2 uptake and surface sea temperature increase. Between 179°E and 170°E, the pCO2(sea) decreased steeply from 400 µatm to 350 µatm along with a decrease of salinity. West of 170°E, where the salinity is low owing to the heavy rainfall, pCO2(sea) was nearly equal to pCO2(air). The distribution of the atmospheric CO2 concentration showed a considerable variability (±3ppm) in the area north of the Intertropical Convergence Zone due to the regional net source-sink strength of the terrestrial biosphere. The net CO2 flux from the sea to the atmosphere in the equatorial region of the central and western Pacific (15°S-10°N, 140°E-150°W) was evaluated from the ΔpCO2 distribution and the several gas transfer coefficients reported so far. It ranged from 0.13 GtC year-1-0.29 GtC year-1. This CO2 outflux is thought to almost disappear during the period of an El Niño event.

  10. Regional Sea Level Changes and Projections over North Pacific Driven by Air-sea interaction and Inter-basin Teleconnections

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Li, X.; Zhu, J.; Xie, S. P.

    2017-12-01

    After the launch of the TOPEX/Poseidon satellite since 1992, a series of regional sea level changes have been observed. The northwestern Pacific is among the most rapid sea-level-rise regions all over the world. The rising peak occurs around 40°N, with the value reaching 15cm in the past two decades. Moreover, when investigating the projection of global sea level changes using CMIP5 rcp simulations, we found that the northwestern Pacific remains one of the most rapid sea-level-rise regions in the 21st century. To investigate the physical dynamics of present and future sea level changes over the Pacific, we performed a series of numerical simulations with a hierarchy of climate models, including earth system model, ocean model, and atmospheric models, with different complexity. Simulation results indicate that this regional sea level change during the past two decades is mainly caused by the shift of the Kuroshio, which is largely driven by the surface wind anomaly associated with an intensified and northward shifted north Pacific sub-tropical high. Further analysis and simulations show that these changes of sub-tropical high can be primarily attributed to the regional SST forcing from the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, and the remote SST forcings from the tropical Atlantic and the Indian Ocean. In the rcp scenario, on the other hand, two processes are crucial. Firstly, the meridional temperature SST gradient drives a northward wind anomaly across the equator, raising the sea level all over the North Pacific. Secondly, the atmospheric circulation changes around the sub-tropical Pacific further increase the sea level of the North Western Pacific. The coastal region around the Northwest Pacific is the most densely populated region around the world, therefore more attention must be paid to the sea level changes over this region, as suggested by our study.

  11. Air-sea interactions during strong winter extratropical storms

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Nelson, Jill; He, Ruoying; Warner, John C.; Bane, John

    2014-01-01

    A high-resolution, regional coupled atmosphere–ocean model is used to investigate strong air–sea interactions during a rapidly developing extratropical cyclone (ETC) off the east coast of the USA. In this two-way coupled system, surface momentum and heat fluxes derived from the Weather Research and Forecasting model and sea surface temperature (SST) from the Regional Ocean Modeling System are exchanged via the Model Coupling Toolkit. Comparisons are made between the modeled and observed wind velocity, sea level pressure, 10 m air temperature, and sea surface temperature time series, as well as a comparison between the model and one glider transect. Vertical profiles of modeled air temperature and winds in the marine atmospheric boundary layer and temperature variations in the upper ocean during a 3-day storm period are examined at various cross-shelf transects along the eastern seaboard. It is found that the air–sea interactions near the Gulf Stream are important for generating and sustaining the ETC. In particular, locally enhanced winds over a warm sea (relative to the land temperature) induce large surface heat fluxes which cool the upper ocean by up to 2 °C, mainly during the cold air outbreak period after the storm passage. Detailed heat budget analyses show the ocean-to-atmosphere heat flux dominates the upper ocean heat content variations. Results clearly show that dynamic air–sea interactions affecting momentum and buoyancy flux exchanges in ETCs need to be resolved accurately in a coupled atmosphere–ocean modeling framework.

  12. Air-sea interaction in the tropical Pacific Ocean

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Allison, L. J.; Steranka, J.; Holub, R. J.; Hansen, J.; Godshall, F. A.; Prabhakara, C.

    1972-01-01

    Charts of 3-month sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean were produced for the period 1949 to 1970. The anomalies along the United States and South American west coasts and in the eastern tropical Pacific appeared to be oscillating in phase during this period. Similarly, the satellite-derived cloudiness for each of four quadrants of the Pacific Ocean (130 deg E to 100 deg W, 30 deg N to 25 deg S) appeared to be oscillating in phase. In addition, a global tropical cloudiness oscillation from 30 deg N to 30 deg S was noted from 1965 to 1970, by using monthly satellite television nephanalyses. The SST anomalies were found to have a good degree of correlation both positive and negative with the following monthly geophysical parameters: (1) satellite-derived cloudiness, (2) strength of the North and South Pacific semipermanent anticyclones, (3) tropical Pacific island rainfall, and (4) Darwin surface pressure. Several strong direct local and crossequatorial relationships were noted. In particular, the high degree of correlation between the tropical island rainfall and the SST anomalies (r = +0.93) permitted the derivation of SST's for the tropical Pacific back to 1905. The close occurrence of cold tropical SST and North Pacific 700-mb positive height anomalies with central United States drought conditions was noted.

  13. Latitudinal transects in the southeastern Pacific Ocean reveal a diverse but patchy distribution of phycotoxins.

    PubMed

    Trefault, N; Krock, B; Delherbe, N; Cembella, A; Vásquez, M

    2011-10-01

    Phycotoxin distribution and abundance was determined during an oceanographic expedition along a latitudinal transect of 27° extent in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, from the fjords of Tierra del Fuego Island to offshore Copiapó in the Atacama region along the Chilean coast. Plankton samples were harvested at regular intervals during the entire cruise and later analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for domoic acid (DA) and lipophilic toxins. Although no evident toxic algal bloom was encountered during this transect, several phycotoxin analogues from distinct toxin groups were detected. These phycotoxins included DA, the pectenotoxins PTX-2, PTX-2sa and PTX-11, dinophystoxin-1 (DTX-1) and gymnodimine (GYM), which is the first report of this latter toxin in the southeast Pacific. A region-specific and rather disjunct distribution of GYM, DA and DTX-1 was observed, whereas PTX-2, PTX-2sa and PTX-11 were more widely distributed over almost the entire transect. This work represents the first assessment of lipophilic toxins through a wide latitudinal transect of the southeastern Pacific, revealing a patchy distribution of several phycotoxins and pointing out the specific geographical distribution of the putative toxigenic organisms. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  14. Land, sea, and air unmanned systems research and development at SPAWAR Systems Center Pacific

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nguyen, Hoa G.; Laird, Robin; Kogut, Greg; Andrews, John; Fletcher, Barbara; Webber, Todd; Arrieta, Rich; Everett, H. R.

    2009-05-01

    The Space and Naval Warfare (SPAWAR) Systems Center Pacific (SSC Pacific) has a long and extensive history in unmanned systems research and development, starting with undersea applications in the 1960s and expanding into ground and air systems in the 1980s. In the ground domain, we are addressing force-protection scenarios using large unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) and fixed sensors, and simultaneously pursuing tactical and explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) operations with small man-portable robots. Technology thrusts include improving robotic intelligence and functionality, autonomous navigation and world modeling in urban environments, extended operational range of small teleoperated UGVs, enhanced human-robot interaction, and incorporation of remotely operated weapon systems. On the sea surface, we are pushing the envelope on dynamic obstacle avoidance while conforming to established nautical rules-of-the-road. In the air, we are addressing cooperative behaviors between UGVs and small vertical-takeoff- and-landing unmanned air vehicles (UAVs). Underwater applications involve very shallow water mine countermeasures, ship hull inspection, oceanographic data collection, and deep ocean access. Specific technology thrusts include fiber-optic communications, adaptive mission controllers, advanced navigation techniques, and concepts of operations (CONOPs) development. This paper provides a review of recent accomplishments and current status of a number of projects in these areas.

  15. Indo-Pacific sea level variability during recent decades

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yamanaka, G.; Tsujino, H.; Nakano, H.; Urakawa, S. L.; Sakamoto, K.

    2016-12-01

    Decadal variability of sea level in the Indo-Pacific region is investigated using a historical OGCM simulation. The OGCM driven by the atmospheric forcing removing long-term trends clearly exhibits decadal sea level variability in the Pacific Ocean, which is associated with eastern tropical Pacific thermal anomalies. During the period of 1977-1987, the sea level anomalies are positive in the eastern equatorial Pacific and show deviations from a north-south symmetric distribution, with strongly negative anomalies in the western tropical South Pacific. During the period of 1996-2006, in contrast, the sea level anomalies are negative in the eastern equatorial Pacific and show a nearly north-south symmetric pattern, with positive anomalies in both hemispheres. Concurrently, sea level anomalies in the south-eastern Indian Ocean vary with those in the western tropical Pacific. These sea level variations are closely related to large-scale wind fields. Indo-Pacific sea level distributions are basically determined by wind anomalies over the equatorial region as well as wind stress curl anomalies over the off-equatorial region.

  16. Probable errors in width distributions of sea ice leads measured along a transect

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Key, J.; Peckham, S.

    1991-01-01

    The degree of error expected in the measurement of widths of sea ice leads along a single transect are examined in a probabilistic sense under assumed orientation and width distributions, where both isotropic and anisotropic lead orientations are examined. Methods are developed for estimating the distribution of 'actual' widths (measured perpendicular to the local lead orientation) knowing the 'apparent' width distribution (measured along the transect), and vice versa. The distribution of errors, defined as the difference between the actual and apparent lead width, can be estimated from the two width distributions, and all moments of this distribution can be determined. The problem is illustrated with Landsat imagery and the procedure is applied to a submarine sonar transect. Results are determined for a range of geometries, and indicate the importance of orientation information if data sampled along a transect are to be used for the description of lead geometries. While the application here is to sea ice leads, the methodology can be applied to measurements of any linear feature.

  17. An Ongoing Shift in Pacific Ocean Sea Level

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cheon, S. H.; Hamlington, B.; Thompson, P. R.; Merrifield, M. A.; Nerem, R. S.; Leben, R. R.; Kim, K. Y.

    2016-12-01

    According to the satellite altimeter data, local sea level trends have shown considerable diversity spatially as well as temporally. In particular, dramatic changes in sea level in the Pacific have been observed throughout the altimeter record, with high trends in the western tropical Pacific (WTP) and comparatively lower trends in the eastern Pacific. In recent years, however, a shift appears to be occurring, with falling trends in the (WTP) and rising trends in the eastern tropical and northeastern Pacific (ETP and NEP). From a planning perspective, it is important to figure out whether these sharp changes are part of a short-term shift or the beginning of a longer-term change in sea level. In this study, we distinguish the origins of the recent shift in Pacific Ocean sea level. Cyclostationary empirical orthogonal function (CSEOF) analysis is applied to separate the properties of the recent sea level change in the Pacific Ocean. From the CSEOF analysis results, we point out two dominant modes of sea level shift in the Pacific Ocean. The first mode is related to the biennial oscillation associated with El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the other is related to lower-frequency variability with a strong signal in the northern Pacific. Considering a relatively high correlation between recent sea level change and the low-frequency mode, we suggest that the low-frequency mode has played a dominant role in the sea level shift in the Pacific Ocean. Using a reconstructed sea level dataset, we examine the variability of this low-frequency mode in the past, and find similar periods of dramatic sea level change in the Pacific. Based on the sea level record of the last five years and according to the analysis, we conclude that in the coming decades, higher sea level trends off the U.S. West Coast should be expected, while reduced trends in the WTP will likely be observed.

  18. The air-sea exchange of mercury in the low latitude Pacific and Atlantic Oceans

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mason, Robert P.; Hammerschmidt, Chad R.; Lamborg, Carl H.; Bowman, Katlin L.; Swarr, Gretchen J.; Shelley, Rachel U.

    2017-04-01

    Air-sea exchange is an important component of the global mercury (Hg) cycle as it mediates the rate of increase in ocean Hg, and therefore the rate of change in levels of methylmercury (MeHg), the most toxic and bioaccumulative form of Hg in seafood and the driver of human health concerns. Gas evasion of elemental Hg (Hg0) from the ocean is an important sink for ocean Hg with previous studies suggesting that evasion is not uniform across ocean basins. To understand further the factors controlling Hg0 evasion, and its relationship to atmospheric Hg deposition, we made measurements of dissolved Hg0 (DHg0) in surface waters, along with measurements of Hg in precipitation and on aerosols, and Hg0 in marine air, during two GEOTRACES cruises; GP16 in the equatorial South Pacific and GA03 in the North Atlantic. We contrast the concentrations and estimated evasion fluxes of Hg0 during these cruises, and the factors influencing this exchange. Concentrations of DHg0 and fluxes were lower during the GP16 cruise than during the GA03 cruise, and likely reflect the lower atmospheric deposition in the South Pacific. An examination of Hg/Al ratios for aerosols from the cruises suggests that they were anthropogenically-enriched relative to crustal material, although to a lesser degree for the South Pacific than the aerosols over the North Atlantic. Both regions appear to be net sources of Hg0 to the atmosphere (evasion>deposition) and the reasons for this are discussed. Overall, the studies reported here provide further clarification on the factors controlling evasion of Hg0 from the ocean surface, and the role of anthropogenic inputs in influencing ocean Hg concentrations.

  19. Diversity of moderate El Niño events evolution: role of air-sea interactions in the eastern tropical Pacific

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Dewitte, Boris; Takahashi, Ken

    2017-12-01

    In this paper we investigate the evolution of moderate El Niño events during their developing phase with the objective to understand why some of them did not evolve as extreme events despite favourable conditions for the non-linear amplification of the Bjerknes feedback (i.e. warm SST in Austral winter in the eastern equatorial Pacific). Among the moderate events, two classes are considered consisting in the Eastern Pacific (EP) El Niño events and Central Pacific (CP) events. We first show that the observed SST variability across moderate El Niño events (i.e. inter-event variability) is largest in the far eastern Pacific (east of 130°W) in the Austral winter prior to their peak, which is associated to either significant warm anomaly (moderate EP El Niño) or an anomaly between weak warm and cold (moderate CP El Niño) as reveals by the EOF analysis of the SST anomaly evolution during the development phase of El Niño across the El Niño years. Singular value decomposition (SVD) analysis of SST and wind stress anomalies across the El Niño years further indicates that the inter-event SST variability is associated with an air-sea mode explaining 31% of the covariance between SST and wind stress. The associated SST pattern consists in SST anomalies developing along the coast of Ecuador in Austral fall and expanding westward as far as 130°W in Austral winter. The associated wind stress pattern features westerlies (easterlies) west of 130°W along the equator peaking around June-August for EP (CP) El Niño events. This air-sea mode is interpreted as resulting from a developing seasonal Bjerknes feedback for EP El Niño events since it is shown to be associated to a Kelvin wave response at its peak phase. However equatorial easterlies east of 130°W emerge in September that counters the growing SST anomalies associated to the air-sea mode. These have been particularly active during both the 1972 and the 2015 El Niño events. It is shown that the easterlies are

  20. Deep-Sea Coral Image Catalog: Northeast Pacific

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Freed, J. C.

    2016-02-01

    In recent years, deep-sea exploration in the Northeast Pacific ocean has been on the rise using submersibles and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), acquiring a plethora of underwater videos and photographs. Analysis of deep-sea fauna revealed by this research has been hampered by the lack of catalogs or guides that allow identification of species in the field. Deep-sea corals are of particular conservation concern, but currently, there are few catalogs which describe and provide detailed information on deep-sea corals from the Northeast Pacific and those that exist are focused on small, specific areas. This project, in collaboration with NOAA's Deep-Sea Coral Ecology Laboratory at the Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research (CCEHBR) and the Southwest Fisheries Science Center (SWFSC), developed pages for a deep-sea coral identification guide that provides photos and information on the visual identification, distributions, and habitats of species found in the Northeast Pacific. Using online databases, photo galleries, and literature, this catalog has been developed to be a living document open to future additions. This project produced 12 entries for the catalog on a variety of different deep-sea corals. The catalog is intended to be used during underwater surveys in the Northeast Pacific, but will also assist in identification of deep-sea coral by-catch by fishing vessels, and for general educational use. These uses will advance NOAA's ability to identify and protect sensitive deep-sea habitats that act as biological hotspots. The catalog is intended to be further developed into an online resource with greater interactive features with links to other resources and featured on NOAA's Deep-Sea Coral Data Portal.

  1. Central Equatorial Pacific Sea Surface Temperatures During the Last Glacial Maximum

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Monteagudo, M. M.; Lynch-Stieglitz, J.; Schmidt, M. W.

    2017-12-01

    The state of the tropical Pacific ocean-atmosphere system during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 19,000-23,000 years BP) remains an area of uncertainty. Spatial patterns of tropical Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) offer insight into atmospheric circulation (i.e. Walker Circulation), however, few records exist for the Central Tropical Pacific (CTP). The few existing glacial CTP SST reconstructions indicate 1-2 °C of warming based on foraminiferal transfer functions (CLIMAP Project Members, 1976). In contrast, evidence from geochemical proxies (Mg/Ca, UK'37, TEX86) show 1-3.5 °C cooling in the eastern and western tropical Pacific (e.g. MARGO Project Members, 2009). In this study we present the first Mg/Ca estimates of glacial CTP SST from a meridional sediment core transect along the Line Islands Ridge (0-7°N, 156-162 °W). We use a time slice approach to establish the magnitude of glacial-interglacial SST change between the LGM (19,000-23,0000 years BP) and the Holocene (0-10,000 years BP) using Mg/Ca in the surface-dwelling foraminifera Globigerinoides ruber. Our results indicate cooling at all latitudes, ranging between 1.2-2.7 °C (Holocene-LGM SST). Northern cores (6.83-2.77 °N) exhibit a smaller glacial-interglacial SST difference than equatorial site 20BB at 1.27 °N. The data generated thus far suggest the glacial meridional SST gradient may have been steeper, possibly as a result of increased zonal winds, equatorial upwelling, or westward expansion of the Eastern Pacific Cold Tongue.

  2. Air-sea exchange and gas-particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons over the northwestern Pacific Ocean: Role of East Asian continental outflow

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wu, Z.; Guo, Z.

    2017-12-01

    We measured 15 parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in atmosphere and water during a research cruise from the East China Sea (ECS) to the northwestern Pacific Ocean (NWP) in the spring of 2015 to investigate the occurrence, air-sea gas exchange, and gas-particle partitioning of PAHs with a particular focus on the influence of East Asian continental outflow. The gaseous PAH composition and identification of sources were consistent with PAHs from the upwind area, indicating that the gaseous PAHs (three- to five-ring PAHs) were influenced by upwind land pollution. In addition, air-sea exchange fluxes of gaseous PAHs were estimated to be -54.2 to 107.4 ng m-2 d-1, and was indicative of variations of land-based PAH inputs. The logarithmic gas-particle partition coefficient (logKp) of PAHs regressed linearly against the logarithmic subcooled liquid vapor pressure, with a slope of -0.25. This was significantly larger than the theoretical value (-1), implying disequilibrium between the gaseous and particulate PAHs over the NWP. The non-equilibrium of PAH gas-particle partitioning was shielded from the volatilization of three-ring gaseous PAHs from seawater and lower soot concentrations in particular when the oceanic air masses prevailed. Modeling PAH absorption into organic matter and adsorption onto soot carbon revealed that the status of PAH gas-particle partitioning deviated more from the modeling Kp for oceanic air masses than those for continental air masses, which coincided with higher volatilization of three-ring PAHs and confirmed the influence of air-sea exchange. Meanwhile, significant linear regressions between logKp and logKoa (logKsa) for PAHs were observed for continental air masses, suggesting the dominant effect of East Asian continental outflow on atmospheric PAHs over the NWP during the sampling campaign.

  3. Deciphering Equatorial Pacific Deep Sea Sediment Transport Regimes by Core-Log-Seismic Integration

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ortiz, E.; Tominaga, M.; Marcantonio, F.

    2017-12-01

    Investigating deep-sea sediment transportation and deposition regimes is a key to accurately understand implications from geological information recorded by pelagic sediments, e.g. climate signals. However, except for physical oceanographic particle trap experiments, geochemical analyses of in situsediments, and theoretical modeling of the relation between the bottom currents and sediment particle flux, it has remained a challenging task to document the movement of deep sea sediments, that takes place over time. We utilized high-resolution, multichannel reflection seismic data from the eastern equatorial Pacific region with drilling and logging results from two Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) sites, the Pacific Equatorial Age Transect (PEAT) 7 (Site U1337) and 8 (Site U1338), to characterize sediment transportation regimes on 18-24 Ma oceanic crust. Site U1337, constructed by a series of distinct abyssal hills and abyssal basins; Site U1338, located 570 km SE from Site U1337 site and constructed by a series of ridges, seamounts, and abyssal hills. These sites are of particular interest due to their proximity to the equatorial productivity zone, areas with high sedimentation rates and preservation of carbonate-bearing sediment that provide invaluable insights on equatorial Pacific ecosystems and carbon cycle. We integrate downhole geophysical logging data as well as geochemistry and physical properties measurements on recovered cores from IODP Sites U1337 and U1338 to comprehensively examine the mobility of deep-sea sediments and sediment diagenesis over times in a quasi-3D manner. We also examine 1100 km of high resolution underway seismic surveys from site survey lines in between PEAT 7 and 8 in order to investigate changes in sediment transportation between both sites. Integrating detailed seismic interpretations, high resolution core data, and 230Th flux measurements we aim to create a detailed chronological sedimentation and sediment diagenesis history

  4. SeaWiFS: North Pacific Storm

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    2002-01-01

    An extratropical storm can be seen swirling over the North Pacific just south of Alaska. This SeaWiFS image was collected yesterday at 23:20 GMT. Credit: Provided by the SeaWiFS Project, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, and ORBIMAGE

  5. Role of sea surface wind stress forcing on transport between Tropical Pacific and Indian Ocean

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhao, Q.

    Using an Indian-Pacific Ocean Circulation Model (IPOM) a simulation study on the Transports of between Tropical Pacific and Indian Ocean such as Indonesian Through flow (ITF) has been done. IPOM covered the area 25°E-70°W, 35°S-60°N. There are 31 levels in the vertical with 22 levels upper 400m in it. The horizontal resolution is 1/3° lat x 1.5° lon between 10°S and 10°N. The coastline and ocean topography of IPOM is prepared from Scripps topography data on 1x1°grid. Forcing IPOM with monthly observational wind stress in 1990-1999 the interannual variation of sea temperature has been reproduced well, not only on El Nino in the Pacific but also on Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). Therefore, the oceanic circulations in the tropical ocean are reasonable. The analyses of the oceanic circulations from the simulations suggest that the transport southward through Makassar Strait is the primary route of thermocline water masses from the North Pacific to the Indonesian sea. The transport westward through Bali-Western Australian Transect (BWAT, at 117.5E) can be thought as the final output of ITF through the archipelago to Indian Ocean. The transport westward through BWAT is in 8-12S above 150m, its core centered near surface 10S, which looks like a jet. The westward velocity is more than 50 cm/s. The transport shows significant seasonal and interannual variations. The maximum is in Jul-Oct, minimum in Jan-Mar. These results are consistent with some observation basically. The correlation analyses indict that the variations of transport westward is related with the southeasterly anomaly in the east tropical Indian ocean. The transport variation lags wind anomaly about 3 months. The correlation coefficient is more than 0.6. The transport is strong during IOD, for example in 1994 and 1997. The variations are also related with the northwesterly anomaly in the center equatorial Pacific and the easterly in the eastern equatorial Pacific. The transport is strong in most ENSO

  6. Measurements and Interpretation of Surface Mixing Ratios of CH4 and CO and δ 13C and δ D of CH4 in Air from Pacific Ocean Transects Between Auckland, New Zealand and Los Angeles, California

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ajie, H. O.; Tyler, S. C.; Gotoh, A. A.; McMillan, A. M.; Rice, A. L.; Lowe, D. C.

    2003-12-01

    We report on measurements of atmospheric CH4 and CO mixing ratios and δ 13C of CH4 from air samples collected every 2.5 to 5° latitude along a transect over the Pacific Ocean using container ships of P&O Nedlloyd (formerly Blue Star) shipping line. Data presented here begins in June 1996 and extends to January 2002. Scientists from the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research in New Zealand and from University of California, Irvine alternate sampling trips so that a transect between Auckland, New Zealand (35° S) and Los Angeles, California (35° N) can be sampled over a period of ˜15 days approximately every four months. Data sets from the two laboratories are intercalibrated through a sample exchange program. The data provide detail on the spatial and seasonal variation of CH4 and CO mixing ratios and stable isotope ratios of CH4 over the Pacific equatorial region, including the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and both northern and southern temperate zones to about 30° latitude, including the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ). Data from 18 transect samplings so far clearly show that δ 13C in the mid latitudes of both hemispheres are ˜6 months out of phase. In June, a minimum in δ 13C CH4 in the southern hemisphere (SH) coincides approximately with the maximum in the northern hemisphere (NH) seasonal cycle. Because the NH is less enriched in 13C than the SH this situation results in a remarkably flat gradient between 30° N and 30° S. In November the opposite situation occurs with the SH mid latitude maximum coinciding with the minimum in the NH cycle, leading to a relatively large gradient of ˜0.5‰ between the hemispheres. We discuss how CH4 and CO mixing ratios are related to the changing positions and strengths of the ITCZ and SPCZ and how this data can be used in multi-dimensional models of atmospheric chemistry and transport to better define CH4 sources and sinks both temporally and spatially.

  7. Air-sea exchange and gas-particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons over the northwestern Pacific Ocean: Role of East Asian continental outflow.

    PubMed

    Wu, Zilan; Lin, Tian; Li, Zhongxia; Jiang, Yuqing; Li, Yuanyuan; Yao, Xiaohong; Gao, Huiwang; Guo, Zhigang

    2017-11-01

    We measured 15 parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in atmosphere and water during a research cruise from the East China Sea (ECS) to the northwestern Pacific Ocean (NWP) in the spring of 2015 to investigate the occurrence, air-sea gas exchange, and gas-particle partitioning of PAHs with a particular focus on the influence of East Asian continental outflow. The gaseous PAH composition and identification of sources were consistent with PAHs from the upwind area, indicating that the gaseous PAHs (three-to five-ring PAHs) were influenced by upwind land pollution. In addition, air-sea exchange fluxes of gaseous PAHs were estimated to be -54.2-107.4 ng m -2 d -1 , and was indicative of variations of land-based PAH inputs. The logarithmic gas-particle partition coefficient (logK p ) of PAHs regressed linearly against the logarithmic subcooled liquid vapor pressure (logP L 0 ), with a slope of -0.25. This was significantly larger than the theoretical value (-1), implying disequilibrium between the gaseous and particulate PAHs over the NWP. The non-equilibrium of PAH gas-particle partitioning was shielded from the volatilization of three-ring gaseous PAHs from seawater and lower soot concentrations in particular when the oceanic air masses prevailed. Modeling PAH absorption into organic matter and adsorption onto soot carbon revealed that the status of PAH gas-particle partitioning deviated more from the modeling K p for oceanic air masses than those for continental air masses, which coincided with higher volatilization of three-ring PAHs and confirmed the influence of air-sea exchange. Meanwhile, significant linear regressions between logK p and logK oa (logK sa ) for PAHs were observed for continental air masses, suggesting the dominant effect of East Asian continental outflow on atmospheric PAHs over the NWP during the sampling campaign. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  8. Motorization of China implies changes in Pacific air chemistry and primary production

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Elliott, Scott; Blake, Donald R.; Duce, Robert A.; Lai, C. Aaron; McCreary, Iain; McNair, Laurie A.; Rowland, F. Sherwood; Russell, Armistead G.; Streit, Gerald E.; Turco, Richard P.

    1997-11-01

    The People's Republic of China, the world's most populous nation, is considering extensive development of its automotive transportation infrastructure. Upper limits to the associated pollution increases can be defined through scenarios with Western style vehicles and vehicle-to-person ratios. Here we construct estimates of fundamental changes to chemistry of the Pacific ocean/atmosphere system through simple budgeting procedures. Regional increases in tropospheric ozone could reach tens of parts per billion. Observations/experiments suggest that enhanced nitrogen oxides will react with sea salt aerosols to yield chlorine atoms in the marine boundary layer. Nitrate deposition onto the open sea surface would support several percent of exported North Pacific carbon production. Transport of biologically active iron to surface waters may follow from increases in mineral dust and acid sulfate aerosols. Altered plankton ecodynamics will feed back into climate processes through sea to air flux of reduced sulfur gases and through carbon dioxide drawdown.

  9. Community structures of actively growing bacteria shift along a north-south transect in the western North Pacific

    PubMed Central

    Taniguchi, Akito; Hamasaki, Koji

    2008-01-01

    Bacterial community structures and their activities in the ocean are tightly coupled with organic matter fluxes and thus control ocean biogeochemical cycles. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), halogenated nucleoside and thymidine analogue, has been recently used to monitor actively growing bacteria (AGB) in natural environments. We labelled DNA of proliferating cells in seawater bacterial assemblages with BrdU and determined community structures of the bacteria that were possible key species in mediating biochemical reactions in the ocean. Surface seawater samples were collected along a north-south transect in the North Pacific in October 2003 and subjected to BrdU magnetic beads immunocapture and PCR-DGGE (BUMP-DGGE) analysis. Change of BrdU-incorporated community structures reflected the change of water masses along a north-south transect from subarctic to subtropical gyres in the North Pacific. We identified 25 bands referred to AGB as BrdU-incorporated phylotypes, belonging to Alphaproteobacteria (5 bands), Betaproteobacteria (1 band), Gammaproteobacteria (4 bands), Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides (CFB) group bacteria (5 bands), Gram-positive bacteria (6 bands), and Cyanobacteria (4 bands). BrdU-incorporated phylotypes belonging to Vibrionales, Alteromonadales and Gram-positive bacteria appeared only at sampling stations in a subtropical gyre, while those belonging to Roseobacter-related bacteria and CFB group bacteria appeared at the stations in both subarctic and subtropical gyres. Our result revealed phylogenetic affiliation of AGB and their dynamic change along with north-south environmental gradients in open oceans. Different species of AGB utilize different amount and kinds of substrates, which can affect the change of organic matter fluxes along transect. PMID:18177366

  10. Boreal Tintinnid Assemblage in the Northwest Pacific and Its Connection with the Japan Sea in Summer 2014.

    PubMed

    Li, Haibo; Xu, Zhiqiang; Zhang, Wuchang; Wang, Shaoqing; Zhang, Guangtao; Xiao, Tian

    2016-01-01

    Tintinnids are planktonic ciliates that play an important role in marine ecosystem. According to their distribution in the world oceans, tintinnid genera were divided into several biogeographical types such as boreal, warm water, austral and neritic. Therefore, the oceanic tintinnid assemblage could be correspondingly divided into boreal assemblage, warm water assemblage and austral assemblage. The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of boreal tintinnid assemblage in the Northwest Pacific and the Arctic, and to identify the connection between boreal tintinnid assemblage and neighboring assemblages. Surface water samples were collected along a transect from the East China Sea to the Chukchi Sea in summer 2014. According to the presence of boreal genera and warm water genera, three tintinnid assemblages (the East China Sea neritic assemblage, the Japan Sea warm water assemblage, and the boreal assemblage) were identified along the transect. The boreal assemblage extended from the Chukchi Sea to the waters north of the Sōya Strait. Densities peaks occurred at stations in the two branches of the Alaska Current and decreased both northward and southward. The densities were <10 ind./dm3 at most stations in Arctic region. The dominant genera (Acanthostomella, Codonellopsis, Parafavella, and Ptychocylis) accounted for 79.07±29.67% (n = 49) of the abundance in the boreal assemblage. The densities of the dominant genera covaried with strongly significant positive correlations. Tintinnids with lorica oral diameter of 22-26 μm and 38-42 μm were dominant and contributed 67.35% and 15.13%, respectively, to the total abundance in the boreal assemblage. The distribution and densities of tintinnids in the study area suggest that the Sōya Strait might be a geographical barrier for tintinnids expansion.

  11. Robustness of observation-based decadal sea level variability in the Indo-Pacific Ocean

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nidheesh, A. G.; Lengaigne, M.; Vialard, J.; Izumo, T.; Unnikrishnan, A. S.; Meyssignac, B.; Hamlington, B.; de Boyer Montegut, C.

    2017-07-01

    We examine the consistency of Indo-Pacific decadal sea level variability in 10 gridded, observation-based sea level products for the 1960-2010 period. Decadal sea level variations are robust in the Pacific, with more than 50% of variance explained by decadal modulation of two flavors of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (classical ENSO and Modoki). Amplitude of decadal sea level variability is weaker in the Indian Ocean than in the Pacific. All data sets indicate a transmission of decadal sea level signals from the western Pacific to the northwest Australian coast through the Indonesian throughflow. The southern tropical Indian Ocean sea level variability is associated with decadal modulations of ENSO in reconstructions but not in reanalyses or in situ data set. The Pacific-independent Indian Ocean decadal sea level variability is not robust but tends to be maximum in the southwestern tropical Indian Ocean. The inconsistency of Indian Ocean decadal variability across the sea level products calls for caution in making definitive conclusions on decadal sea level variability in this basin.

  12. Connections between the tropical Pacific Ocean, Arctic sea ice, and anomalous northeastern Pacific ridging

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Swain, D. L.; Singh, D.; Horton, D. E.; Mankin, J. S.; Ballard, T.; Thomas, L. N.; Diffenbaugh, N. S.

    2016-12-01

    The ongoing and severe drought in California is linked to the multi-year persistence of anomalously strong ridging along the west coast of North America, which has deflected the Pacific storm track north of its climatological mean position. Recent work has shown that that highly amplified and strongly meridional atmospheric flow patterns in this region similar to the "Ridiculously Resilient Ridge" have become more common in recent decades. Previous investigations have suggested multiple possible contributors to this conspicuous atmospheric anomaly—including remote teleconnections to unusual tropical Pacific Ocean warmth and/or reduced Arctic sea ice, internal (natural) atmospheric variability, and anthropogenic forcing due to greenhouse gas emissions. Here, we explore observed relationships between mid-tropospheric atmospheric structure in this region and five hypothesized surface forcings: sea ice extent in the (1) Barents/Kara and (2) Beaufort/Chukchi regions, and sea surface temperatures in the (3) extratropical northeastern Pacific Ocean, (4) western tropical Pacific Ocean, and (5) eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Using a predictive model based upon these observed relationships, we also investigate whether the failure of the powerful 2015-2016 El Niño event to bring above-average precipitation to California could have been predicted based upon these teleconnections.

  13. Sea-to-air flux of dimethyl sulfide in the South and North Pacific Ocean as measured by proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry coupled with the gradient flux technique

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Omori, Yuko; Tanimoto, Hiroshi; Inomata, Satoshi; Ikeda, Kohei; Iwata, Toru; Kameyama, Sohiko; Uematsu, Mitsuo; Gamo, Toshitaka; Ogawa, Hiroshi; Furuya, Ken

    2017-07-01

    Exchange of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) between the surface ocean and the lower atmosphere was examined by using proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry coupled with the gradient flux (PTR-MS/GF) system. We deployed the PTR-MS/GF system and observed vertical gradients of atmospheric DMS just above the sea surface in the subtropical and transitional South Pacific Ocean and the subarctic North Pacific Ocean. In total, we obtained 370 in situ profiles, and of these we used 46 data sets to calculate the sea-to-air flux of DMS. The DMS flux determined was in the range from 1.9 to 31 μmol m-2 d-1 and increased with wind speed and biological activity, in reasonable accordance with previous observations in the open ocean. The gas transfer velocity of DMS derived from the PTR-MS/GF measurements was similar to either that of DMS determined by the eddy covariance technique or that of insoluble gases derived from the dual tracer experiments, depending on the observation sites located in different geographic regions. When atmospheric conditions were strongly stable during the daytime in the subtropical ocean, the PTR-MS/GF observations captured a daytime versus nighttime difference in DMS mixing ratios in the surface air overlying the ocean surface. The difference was mainly due to the sea-to-air DMS emissions and stable atmospheric conditions, thus affecting the gradient of DMS. This indicates that the DMS gradient is strongly controlled by diurnal variations in the vertical structure of the lower atmosphere above the ocean surface.

  14. Sea otters in the northern Pacific Ocean

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Bodkin, James L.; Jameson, Ronald J.; Estes, James A.; LaRoe, Edward T.; Farris, Gaye S.; Puckett, Catherine E.; Doran, Peter D.; Mac, Michael J.

    1995-01-01

    About 250 years ago sea otters (Enhydra lutris) were distributed continuously from central Baja California, north and west along the Pacific Rim to Machatka Peninsula in Russia, and south along the Kuril Island to northern Japan (Kenyon 1969; Fig. 1a). Several hundred thousand sea otters may have occurred in the north Pacific region when commercial hunting began in the 18th century (Riedman and Estes 1990).At least two attributes of the sea otter have influenced humans, likely for as long as they have resided together along the coast of the north Pacific Ocean. First, sea otters rely on a dense fur, among the finest in the world, for insulation in the cold waters of the Pacific Ocean. The demand for sea otter fur led to their near extinction in the 19th century. The fur harvest, begun about 1740 and halted by international treaty in 1911, left surviving colonies, each likely numbering less than a few hundred animals, in California, south-central Alaska, and the Aleutian, Medney, and Kuril Islands (Fig. 1a). These individuals provided the nucleus for the recovery of the species. Today more than 100,000 sea otters occur throughout about 75% of their original range (fig. 1b). Immigration has resulted in near-complete occupation of the Aleutian and Kuril archipelagos and the Alaska peninsula. Successful translocations have resulted in viable populations in southeast Alaska, Washington, and British Columbia. Large amounts of unoccupied habitat remain along the coasts of Russia, Canada, the United States, and Mexico.The second potential source of conflict between sea otters and humans is that sea otters prey on and often limit some benthic invertebrate populations. Because some of these invertebrates are aso used by humans (Estes and VanBlaricom 1985), human perceptions about the effects of sea otter foraging on invertebrates sometimes differ. By limiting populations of herbivorous invertebrates (e.g., sea urchins [Echinoidea]) otters help maintain the integrity of kelp

  15. Cloud transitions: comparison of temporal variation in the southeastern Pacific with the spatial variation in the northeastern Pacific at low latitudes

    DOE PAGES

    Yu, Haiyang; Zhang, Minghua; Lin, Wuyin; ...

    2016-10-14

    The seasonal variation of clouds in the southeastern equatorial Pacific (SEP) is analysed and compared with the spatial variation of clouds in the northeastern Pacific along the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment Cloud System Study/Working Group on Numerical Experimentation (GCSS/WGNE) Pacific Cross-Section Intercomparison (GPCI) transect. A ‘seasonal cloud transition’ – from stratocumulus to shallow cumulus and eventually to deep convection – is found in the SEP from September to April, which is similar to the spatial cloud transition along the GPCI transect from the California coast to the equator. It is shown that this seasonal cloud transition in themore » SEP is associated with increasing sea surface temperature (SST), decreasing lower tropospheric stability and large-scale subsidence, which are all similar to the spatial variation of these fields along the GPCI transect. There was a difference found such that the SEP cloud transition is associated with decreasing surface wind speed and surface latent heat flux, weaker larger-scale upward motion and convective instability, which lead to less deepening of the low clouds and less frequent deep convection than those in the GPCI transect. Finally, the seasonal cloud transition in the SEP provides a test for climate models to simulate the relationships between clouds and large-scale atmospheric fields in a region that features a spurious double inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ) in most models.« less

  16. Cloud transitions: comparison of temporal variation in the southeastern Pacific with the spatial variation in the northeastern Pacific at low latitudes

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Yu, Haiyang; Zhang, Minghua; Lin, Wuyin

    The seasonal variation of clouds in the southeastern equatorial Pacific (SEP) is analysed and compared with the spatial variation of clouds in the northeastern Pacific along the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment Cloud System Study/Working Group on Numerical Experimentation (GCSS/WGNE) Pacific Cross-Section Intercomparison (GPCI) transect. A ‘seasonal cloud transition’ – from stratocumulus to shallow cumulus and eventually to deep convection – is found in the SEP from September to April, which is similar to the spatial cloud transition along the GPCI transect from the California coast to the equator. It is shown that this seasonal cloud transition in themore » SEP is associated with increasing sea surface temperature (SST), decreasing lower tropospheric stability and large-scale subsidence, which are all similar to the spatial variation of these fields along the GPCI transect. There was a difference found such that the SEP cloud transition is associated with decreasing surface wind speed and surface latent heat flux, weaker larger-scale upward motion and convective instability, which lead to less deepening of the low clouds and less frequent deep convection than those in the GPCI transect. Finally, the seasonal cloud transition in the SEP provides a test for climate models to simulate the relationships between clouds and large-scale atmospheric fields in a region that features a spurious double inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ) in most models.« less

  17. Impacts of winter storms on air-sea gas exchange

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhang, Weiqing; Perrie, Will; Vagle, Svein

    2006-07-01

    The objective of this study is to investigate air-sea gas exchange during winter storms, using field measurements from Ocean Station Papa in the Northeast Pacific (50°N, 145°W). We show that increasing gas transfer rates are coincident with increasing winds and deepening depth of bubble penetration, and that this process depends on sea state. Wave-breaking is shown to be an important factor in the gas transfer velocity during the peaks of the storms, increasing the flux rates by up to 20%. Gas transfer rates and concentrations can exhibit asymmetry, reflecting a sudden increase with the onset of a storm, and gradual recovery stages.

  18. Distribution and air-sea exchange of current-use pesticides (CUPs) from East Asia to the high Arctic Ocean.

    PubMed

    Zhong, Guangcai; Xie, Zhiyong; Cai, Minghong; Möller, Axel; Sturm, Renate; Tang, Jianhui; Zhang, Gan; He, Jianfeng; Ebinghaus, Ralf

    2012-01-03

    Surface seawater and marine boundary layer air samples were collected on the ice-breaker R/V Xuelong (Snow Dragon) from the East China Sea to the high Arctic (33.23-84.5° N) in July to September 2010 and have been analyzed for six current-use pesticides (CUPs): trifluralin, endosulfan, chlorothalonil, chlorpyrifos, dacthal, and dicofol. In all oceanic air samples, the six CUPs were detected, showing highest level (>100 pg/m(3)) in the Sea of Japan. Gaseous CUPs basically decreased from East Asia (between 36.6 and 45.1° N) toward Bering and Chukchi Seas. The dissolved CUPs in ocean water ranged widely from air. Trifluralin in seawater was relatively high in the Sea of Japan (35.2° N) and evenly distributed between 36.9 and 72.5° N, but it remained below the detection limit at the highest northern latitudes in Chukchi Sea. In contrast with other CUPs, concentrations of chlorothalonil and dacthal were more abundant in Chukchi Sea and in East Asia. The air-sea gas exchange of CUPs was generally dominated by net deposition. Latitudinal trends of fugacity ratios of α-endosulfan, chlorothalonil, and dacthal showed stronger deposition of these compounds in East Asia than in Chukchi Sea, while trifluralin showed stronger deposition in Chukchi Sea (-455 ± 245 pg/m(2)/day) than in the North Pacific (-241 ± 158 pg/m(2)/day). Air-sea gas exchange of chlorpyrifos varied from net volatilizaiton in East Asia (<40° N) to equilibrium or net deposition in the North Pacific and the Arctic.

  19. Dense Winter Water Mass Formation In The Northwestern Pacific Marginal Seas:

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Talley, L.; Lobanov, V.; Tishchenko, P.; Shcherbina, A.; Rudnick, D.; Salyuk, A.; Sagalaev, S.; Ponomarev, V.; Zhabin, I.

    Two separate winter water mass formation experiments were carried out in the north- western Pacific. The Japan/East Sea (JES) is well-ventilated to the bottom (3500 m depth), and is much better ventilated than the adjacent North Pacific at the same depth and density. Winter data from 1999 and 2000 show that the JES is one of the few sites in the world with deep winter convection, and that convection in the JES has many similarities to convection in the Mediterranean. It was shown previously that deep oxygen in the JES has been declining over many decades, suggesting that ventilation was more vigorous early in the 20th century than in recent decades. Nevertheless, the presence of significant oxygen and chlorofluorocarbons to the JES bottom suggests ongoing ventilation. In winter, 1999, a first late-winter survey of the northern JES included one hydrographic station with evidence of open-ocean convection to about 1100 meters in the cold air outbreak region south of Vladivostok, and weak evidence of brine rejection under ice formation in Peter the Great Bay (shelf near Vladivos- tok). Topography and the presence of a semi-permanent anticyclonic eddy and the subpolar front delineate the convection region, which is in the path of strong northerly winter winds. Persistently colder conditions in winter 2000, including Vladivostok air temperatures colder than any other year since 1976 and SST -2C below normal in the northern Japan Sea, showed widespread convection. Significant bottom water was created through brine rejection in Peter the Great Bay and was found the base of the continental slope south of Vladivostok. Ventilation of North Pacific Intermediate Water occurs in the Okhotsk Sea, through brine rejection during sea ice formation, in polynyas on the northwest shelf. Moored observations on the shelf during winter 1999-2000 showed the creation of dense shelf water at 26.95 sigma_theta and clear evidence of brine rejection through the winter. The 1999 deployment

  20. Decadal sea level variability in the East China Sea linked to the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Moon, Jae-Hong; Song, Y. Tony

    2017-07-01

    In view of coastal community's need for adapting to sea level rise (SLR), understanding and predicting regional variability on decadal to longer time scales still remain a challenging issue in SLR research. Here, we have examined the low-frequency sea level signals in the East China Sea (ECS) from the 50-year hindcast of a non-Boussinesq ocean model in comparison with data sets from altimeters, tide-gauges, and steric sea level produced by in-situ profiles. It is shown that the mean sea levels in the ECS represent significant decadal fluctuations over the past 50 years, with a multi-decadal trend shift since the mid-1980s compared to the preceding 30 years. The decadal fluctuations in sea level are more closely linked to the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO) rather than the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, which reflects the multi-decadal trend shift. A composite analysis indicates that wind patterns associated with the NPGO is shown to control the decadal variability of the western subtropical North Pacific. A positive NPGO corresponds to cyclonic wind stress curl anomaly in the western subtropical regions that results in a higher sea level in the ECS, particularly along the continental shelf, and lower sea levels off the ECS. The reverse occurs in years of negative NPGO.

  1. Sea-Level Trend Uncertainty With Pacific Climatic Variability and Temporally-Correlated Noise

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Royston, Sam; Watson, Christopher S.; Legrésy, Benoît; King, Matt A.; Church, John A.; Bos, Machiel S.

    2018-03-01

    Recent studies have identified climatic drivers of the east-west see-saw of Pacific Ocean satellite altimetry era sea level trends and a number of sea-level trend and acceleration assessments attempt to account for this. We investigate the effect of Pacific climate variability, together with temporally-correlated noise, on linear trend error estimates and determine new time-of-emergence (ToE) estimates across the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Sea-level trend studies often advocate the use of auto-regressive (AR) noise models to adequately assess formal uncertainties, yet sea level often exhibits colored but non-AR(1) noise. Standard error estimates are over- or under-estimated by an AR(1) model for much of the Indo-Pacific sea level. Allowing for PDO and ENSO variability in the trend estimate only reduces standard errors across the tropics and we find noise characteristics are largely unaffected. Of importance for trend and acceleration detection studies, formal error estimates remain on average up to 1.6 times those from an AR(1) model for long-duration tide gauge data. There is an even chance that the observed trend from the satellite altimetry era exceeds the noise in patches of the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans and the south-west and north-east Pacific gyres. By including climate indices in the trend analysis, the time it takes for the observed linear sea-level trend to emerge from the noise reduces by up to 2 decades.

  2. Validation of the Fully-Coupled Air-Sea-Wave COAMPS System

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Smith, T.; Campbell, T. J.; Chen, S.; Gabersek, S.; Tsu, J.; Allard, R. A.

    2017-12-01

    A fully-coupled, air-sea-wave numerical model, COAMPS®, has been developed by the Naval Research Laboratory to further enhance understanding of oceanic, atmospheric, and wave interactions. The fully-coupled air-sea-wave system consists of an atmospheric component with full physics parameterizations, an ocean model, NCOM (Navy Coastal Ocean Model), and two wave components, SWAN (Simulating Waves Nearshore) and WaveWatch III. Air-sea interactions between the atmosphere and ocean components are accomplished through bulk flux formulations of wind stress and sensible and latent heat fluxes. Wave interactions with the ocean include the Stokes' drift, surface radiation stresses, and enhancement of the bottom drag coefficient in shallow water due to the wave orbital velocities at the bottom. In addition, NCOM surface currents are provided to SWAN and WaveWatch III to simulate wave-current interaction. The fully-coupled COAMPS system was executed for several regions at both regional and coastal scales for the entire year of 2015, including the U.S. East Coast, Western Pacific, and Hawaii. Validation of COAMPS® includes observational data comparisons and evaluating operational performance on the High Performance Computing (HPC) system for each of these regions.

  3. Linking a sea level pressure anomaly dipole over North America to the central Pacific El Niño

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ding, Ruiqiang; Li, Jianping; Tseng, Yu-heng; Sun, Cheng; Zheng, Fei

    2017-08-01

    This study demonstrates the close connection between the north-south dipole pattern of sea level pressure anomalies over northeastern North America to the western tropical North Atlantic, referred to as the North American dipole (NAD), and the central Pacific (CP)-type El Niño a year later. In contrast to other ENSO precursors, such as the North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) and Pacific-North America (PNA) pattern, the NAD appears more closely related to the CP-type El Niño than to the eastern Pacific (EP)-type El Niño, indicating that the NAD may serve as a unique precursor for the CP El Niño. The wintertime NAD induces sea surface temperature anomalies in the northern tropical Atlantic (NTA), which subsequently play an important role in developing the CP El Niño-like pattern in the tropical Pacific over the course of the following year. It appears that the NAD influence on CP El Niño involves air-sea interaction over several major basins, including the subtropical/tropical Pacific and the NTA. Additional analysis indicates that the correlation of either the NAD index or the NPO index with the CP El Niño state a year later depends on the status of the other index. When the wintertime NAD index is of the opposite sign to the simultaneous NPO index, the correlation of the NAD or NPO index with the Niño4 index becomes much weaker.

  4. Upper ocean bubble measurements from the NE Pacific and estimates of their role in air-sea gas transfer of the weakly soluble gases nitrogen and oxygen

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Vagle, Svein; McNeil, Craig; Steiner, Nadja

    2010-12-01

    Simultaneous observations of upper-ocean bubble clouds, and dissolved gaseous nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2) from three winter storms are presented and analyzed. The data were collected on the Canadian Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study (C-SOLAS) mooring located near Ocean Station Papa (OSP) at 50°N, 145°W in the NE Pacific during winter of 2003/2004. The bubble field was measured using an upward looking 200 kHz echosounder. Direct estimates of bubble mediated gas fluxes were made using assumed bubble size spectra and the upward looking echosounder data. A one-dimensional biogeochemical model was used to help compare data and various existing models of bubble mediated air-sea gas exchange. The direct bubble flux calculations show an approximate quadratic/cubic dependence on mean bubble penetration depth. After scaling from N2/O2 to carbon dioxide, near surface, nonsupersaturating, air-sea transfer rates, KT, for U10 > 12 m s-1 fall between quadratic and cubic relationships. Estimates of the subsurface bubble induced air injection flux, VT, show an approximate quadratic/cubic dependence on mean bubble penetration depth. Both KT and VT are much higher than those measured during Hurricane Frances over the wind speed range 12 < U10 < 23 m s-1. This result implies that over the open ocean and this wind speed range, older and more developed seas which occur during winter storms are more effective in exchanging gases between the atmosphere and ocean than younger less developed seas which occur during the rapid passage of a hurricane.

  5. Adjustments of a global Finite-Element Sea Ice Ocean Model configuration to improve the general ocean circulation in the North Pacific and its marginal seas.

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Scholz, Patrick; Lohmann, Gerrit

    2017-04-01

    The sub-Arctic oceans like the Sea of Okhotsk, the Bering Sea, the Labrador Sea or the Greenland- Irminger-Norwegian (GIN) Sea react particularly sensitive to global climate changes and have the potential to reversely regulate climate change by CO2 uptake in the other areas of the world. So far, the natural processes in the Arctic and Subarctic system, especially over the Pacific realm, remain poorly understood in terms of numerical modeling. As such, in this study we focus on the North Pacific and its adjacent marginal seas (e.g. the Sea of Okhotsk, the Bering Sea and the Sea of Japan), which have nowadays a significant role in the climate system of the Northwest Pacific by influencing the atmospheric and oceanic circulation as well as the hydrology of the Pacific water masses. The Sea of Okhotsk, in particular, is characterized by a highly dynamical sea-ice coverage, where, in autumn and winter, due to massive sea ice formation and brine rejection, the Sea of Okhotsk Intermediate Water (SOIW) is formed which contributes to the mid-depth (500-1000m) water layer of the North Pacific known as newly formed North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW). By employing a Finite-Element Sea-Ice Ocean Model (FESOM), in a global configuration, but with high resolution over the marginal seas of the Northwest Pacific Ocean ( 7 km), we tested different meshes and forcing improvements to correct the general ocean circulation in the North Pacific realm towards a more realistic pattern. By using different forcing data (e.g. CORE2, ERA-40/interim, CCMP-correction), adapting the mesh resolutions in the tropical and subtropical North Pacific and changing the bathymetry over important inflow straits (e.g. Amukta Passage, Kruzenstern Strait), we show that the better results are obtained (when compared with observational data) via a combination of CCMP corrected COREv2 forcing with increased resolution in the pathway of the Kuroshio Extension Current and Northern Equatorial Current.

  6. Behavior associated with forced copulation of juvenile Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsi) by southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis)

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Harris, Heather S.; Oates, Stori C.; Staedler, Michelle M.; Tinker, M. Tim; Jessup, David A.; Harvey, James T.; Miller, Melissa A.

    2010-01-01

    Nineteen occurrences of interspecific sexual behavior between male southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) and juvenile Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsi) were reported in Monterey Bay, California, between 2000 and 2002. At least three different male sea otters were observed harassing, dragging, guarding, and copulating with harbor seals for up to 7 d postmortem. Carcasses of 15 juvenile harbor seals were recovered, and seven were necropsied in detail by a veterinary pathologist. Necropsy findings from two female sea otters that were recovered dead from male sea otters exhibiting similar behavior are also presented to facilitate a comparison of lesions. The most frequent lesions included superficial skin lacerations; hemorrhage around the nose, eyes, flippers, and perineum; and traumatic corneal erosions or ulcers. The harbor seals sustained severe genital trauma, ranging from vaginal perforation to vagino-cervical transection, and colorectal perforations as a result of penile penetration. One harbor seal developed severe pneumoperitoneum subsequent to vaginal perforation, which was also observed in both female sea otters and has been reported as a postcoital lesion in humans. This study represents the first description of lesions resulting from forced copulation of harbor seals by sea otters and is also the first report of pneu-moperitoneum secondary to forced copulation in a nonhuman animal. Possible explanations for this behavior are discussed in the context of sea otter biology and population demographics.

  7. Geochemistry of soils along a transect from Central Mexico to the Pacific Coast: a pilot study for continental-scale geochemical mapping

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Chiprés, J.A.; de la Calleja,; Tellez, J.I.; Jiménez, F.; Cruz, Carlos; Guerrero, E.G.; Castro, J.; Monroy, M.G.; Salinas, J.C.

    2009-01-01

    The Mexican Geological Survey (SGM), the National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Informatics (INEGI) and the Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi (UASLP) have established a multidisciplinary team with the objective of creating a national program of geochemical mapping of soils in Mexico. This is being done as part of the North American Soil Geochemical Landscapes Project in partnership with the US Geological Survey and the Geological Survey of Canada. As the first step, a pilot study was conducted over a transect that extends from the Mexico–US border near Ciudad Juarez in the north to the Pacific Ocean in the south. This pilot transect was conducted in two phases, and this paper presents results from the first phase, which sampled soils at about a 40-km spacing along a 730-km transect beginning in Central Mexico and ending at the Pacific Coast. Samples were collected from the A and C horizons at each site and 60 elements were analyzed. This pilot study demonstrates that geochemical mapping based on a 40-km spacing is adequate to identify broad-scale geochemical patterns. Geologic influence (i.e., soil parent material) was the most important factor influencing the distribution of elements along the transect, followed by the influence of regional mineralization. The study also showed that influence by human activities over the transect is minimal except possibly in large mining districts. A comparison of element abundance in the A horizon with the environmental soil guidelines in Mexico showed that the natural concentrations of the studied soils were lower than the established threshold for soil restoration with the exception of V and As. The former had a median value (75 mg/kg) approximately equal to the value established in Mexico for soil restoration in agricultural and residential lands (78 mg/kg), and the latter had three values higher than the 22 mg/kg threshold for soil restoration in agricultural and residential lands. These cases demonstrate

  8. Air-Sea Interaction

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Csanady, G. T.

    2001-03-01

    In recent years air-sea interaction has emerged as a subject in its own right, encompassing small-scale and large-scale processes in both air and sea. Air-Sea Interaction: Laws and Mechanisms is a comprehensive account of how the atmosphere and the ocean interact to control the global climate, what physical laws govern this interaction, and its prominent mechanisms. The topics covered range from evaporation in the oceans, to hurricanes, and on to poleward heat transport by the oceans. By developing the subject from basic physical (thermodynamic) principles, the book is accessible to graduate students and research scientists in meteorology, oceanography, and environmental engineering. It will also be of interest to the broader physics community involved in the treatment of transfer laws, and thermodynamics of the atmosphere and ocean.

  9. Intensification of decadal and multi-decadal sea level variability in the western tropical Pacific during recent decades

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Han, Weiqing; Meehl, Gerald A.; Hu, Aixue; Alexander, Michael A.; Yamagata, Toshio; Yuan, Dongliang; Ishii, Masayoshi; Pegion, Philip; Zheng, Jian; Hamlington, Benjamin D.; Quan, Xiao-Wei; Leben, Robert R.

    2014-09-01

    Previous studies have linked the rapid sea level rise (SLR) in the western tropical Pacific (WTP) since the early 1990s to the Pacific decadal climate modes, notably the Pacific Decadal Oscillation in the north Pacific or Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) considering its basin wide signature. Here, the authors investigate the changing patterns of decadal (10-20 years) and multidecadal (>20 years) sea level variability (global mean SLR removed) in the Pacific associated with the IPO, by analyzing satellite and in situ observations, together with reconstructed and reanalysis products, and performing ocean and atmosphere model experiments. Robust intensification is detected for both decadal and multidecadal sea level variability in the WTP since the early 1990s. The IPO intensity, however, did not increase and thus cannot explain the faster SLR. The observed, accelerated WTP SLR results from the combined effects of Indian Ocean and WTP warming and central-eastern tropical Pacific cooling associated with the IPO cold transition. The warm Indian Ocean acts in concert with the warm WTP and cold central-eastern tropical Pacific to drive intensified easterlies and negative Ekman pumping velocity in western-central tropical Pacific, thereby enhancing the western tropical Pacific SLR. On decadal timescales, the intensified sea level variability since the late 1980s or early 1990s results from the "out of phase" relationship of sea surface temperature anomalies between the Indian and central-eastern tropical Pacific since 1985, which produces "in phase" effects on the WTP sea level variability.

  10. Sea level forecasts for Pacific Islands based on Satellite Altimetry

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yoon, H.; Merrifield, M. A.; Thompson, P. R.; Widlansky, M. J.; Marra, J. J.

    2017-12-01

    Coastal flooding at tropical Pacific Islands often occurs when positive sea level anomalies coincide with high tides. To help mitigate this risk, a forecast tool for daily-averaged sea level anomalies is developed that can be added to predicted tides at tropical Pacific Island sites. The forecast takes advantage of the observed westward propagation that sea level anomalies exhibit over a range of time scales. The daily near-real time altimetry gridded data from Archiving, Validation, and Interpretation of Satellite Oceanographic (AVISO) is used to specify upstream sea level at each site, with lead times computed based on mode-one baroclinic Rossby wave speeds. To validate the forecast, hindcasts are compared to tide gauge and nearby AVISO gridded time series. The forecast skills exceed persistence at most stations out to a month or more lead time. The skill is highest at stations where eddy variability is relatively weak. The impacts on the forecasts due to varying propagation speed, decay time, and smoothing of the AVISO data are examined. In addition, the inclusion of forecast winds in a forced wave equation is compared to the freely propagating results. Case studies are presented for seasonally high tide events throughout the Pacific Island region.

  11. Updating Sea Spray Aerosol Emissions in the Community Multiscale Air Quality Model

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gantt, B.; Bash, J. O.; Kelly, J.

    2014-12-01

    Sea spray aerosols (SSA) impact the particle mass concentration and gas-particle partitioning in coastal environments, with implications for human and ecosystem health. In this study, the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model is updated to enhance fine mode SSA emissions, include sea surface temperature (SST) dependency, and revise surf zone emissions. Based on evaluation with several regional and national observational datasets in the continental U.S., the updated emissions generally improve surface concentrations predictions of primary aerosols composed of sea-salt and secondary aerosols affected by sea-salt chemistry in coastal and near-coastal sites. Specifically, the updated emissions lead to better predictions of the magnitude and coastal-to-inland gradient of sodium, chloride, and nitrate concentrations at Bay Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (BRACE) sites near Tampa, FL. Including SST-dependency to the SSA emission parameterization leads to increased sodium concentrations in the southeast U.S. and decreased concentrations along the Pacific coast and northeastern U.S., bringing predictions into closer agreement with observations at most Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) and Chemical Speciation Network (CSN) sites. Model comparison with California Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change (CalNex) observations will also be discussed, with particular focus on the South Coast Air Basin where clean marine air mixes with anthropogenic pollution in a complex environment. These SSA emission updates enable more realistic simulation of chemical processes in coastal environments, both in clean marine air masses and mixtures of clean marine and polluted conditions.

  12. Dueling Deglacial Depth Transects: A Synthesis of Isotope Records from the South Atlantic and Pacific Oceans Provides Insight into Deglacial Ocean Circulation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sikes, E. L.; Allen, K. A.; Lund, D. C.

    2016-12-01

    The end of the last ice age was marked by rapid increases in atmospheric CO2 and changes in ocean circulation and seawater δ13C and Δ14C, suggesting that enhanced ventilation of the deep ocean may have released sequestered CO2 to the atmosphere. Here we compare depth transects of Δ14C and high-resolution Cibicidoides sp. δ13C and δ18O records from the Southwest Pacific and the Southwest Atlantic to gain insight into the changing extent and composition of water masses in the Southern Hemisphere. Our vertical transects document that during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), water mass properties and boundaries in the Southwest Atlantic and Pacific were very different from one another and from their respective modern profiles. The shallow to deep δ13C difference (Δδ13C, 660- 2500 m) in the Pacific was 1.7‰, more than double the Holocene value ( 0.7‰) and a deep watermass boundary was situated above 1600m. LGM Δδ13C in the Atlantic was similar to the Pacific, but the deep geochemical front was situated at 2500 m (as observed previously; e.g. Hoffman and Lund, 2012). At the onset of Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1; 18 - 14.5 ka), changes in the shallow isotope records (< 1500 m) from the two basins differed, indicating independent controls on intermediate water composition/formation in these two ocean basins. During HS1 in the Pacific, rapid δ13C and Δ14C enrichment above 1600 m coincided with δ13C depletion in Atlantic waters between 1500 m and 2500 m. Benthic δ13C below 2500 m in both basins and D14C in the Pacific remained depleted until the Antarctic Cold Reversal (ACR; 14.7 to 12.7 ka). During the ACR, Pacific Δ14C below 1600 m increased while both the Atlantic and Pacific experienced a rapid increase in δ13C and decrease in δ18O below 2500 m. These simultaneous isotopic shifts in the Pacific and Atlantic support the idea of a widespread pulse of deep-water ventilation driven by the resumption of North Atlantic Deep Water formation during the ACR. Overall

  13. Potential regulation on the climatic effect of Tibetan Plateau heating by tropical air-sea coupling in regional models

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wang, Ziqian; Duan, Anmin; Yang, Song

    2018-05-01

    Based on the conventional weather research and forecasting (WRF) model and the air-sea coupled mode WRF-OMLM, we investigate the potential regulation on the climatic effect of Tibetan Plateau (TP) heating by the air-sea coupling over the tropical Indian Ocean and western Pacific. Results indicate that the TP heating significantly enhances the southwesterly monsoon circulation over the northern Indian Ocean and the South Asia subcontinent. The intensified southwesterly wind cools the sea surface mainly through the wind-evaporation-SST (sea surface temperature) feedback. Cold SST anomaly then weakens monsoon convective activity, especially that over the Bay of Bengal, and less water vapor is thus transported into the TP along its southern slope from the tropical oceans. As a result, summer precipitation decreases over the TP, which further weakens the TP local heat source. Finally, the changed TP heating continues to influence the summer monsoon precipitation and atmospheric circulation. To a certain extent, the air-sea coupling over the adjacent oceans may weaken the effect of TP heating on the mean climate in summer. It is also implied that considerations of air-sea interaction are necessary in future simulation studies of the TP heating effect.

  14. Observational analysis of air-sea fluxes and sea water temperature offshore South China Sea

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bi, X.; Huang, J.; Gao, Z.; Liu, Y.

    2017-12-01

    This paper investigates the air-sea fluxes (momentum flux, sensible heat flux and latent heat flux) from eddy covariance method based on data collected at an offshore observation tower in the South China Sea from January 2009 to December 2016 and sea water temperature (SWT) on six different levels based on data collected from November 2011 to June 2013. The depth of water at the tower over the sea averages about 15 m. This study presents the in-situ measurements of continuous air-sea fluxes and SWT at different depths. Seasonal and diurnal variations in air-sea fluxes and SWT on different depths are examined. Results show that air-sea fluxes and all SWT changed seasonally; sea-land breeze circulation appears all the year round. Unlike winters where SWT on different depths are fairly consistent, the difference between sea surface temperature (SST) and sea temperature at 10 m water depth fluctuates dramatically and the maximum value reaches 7 °C during summer.

  15. The vulnerability of Indo-Pacific mangrove forests to sea-level rise

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Lovelock, Catherine E.; Cahoon, Donald R.; Friess, Daniel A.; Guntenspergen, Glenn R.; Krauss, Ken W.; Reef, Ruth; Rogers, Kerrylee; Saunders, Megan L.; Sidik, Frida; Swales, Andrew; Saintilan, Neil; Thuyen, Le Xuan; Triet, Tran

    2015-01-01

    Sea-level rise can threaten the long-term sustainability of coastal communities and valuable ecosystems such as coral reefs, salt marshes and mangroves. Mangrove forests have the capacity to keep pace with sea-level rise and to avoid inundation through vertical accretion of sediments, which allows them to maintain wetland soil elevations suitable for plant growth. The Indo-Pacific region holds most of the world’s mangrove forests, but sediment delivery in this region is declining, owing to anthropogenic activities such as damming of rivers. This decline is of particular concern because the Indo-Pacific region is expected to have variable, but high, rates of future sea-level rise. Here we analyse recent trends in mangrove surface elevation changes across the Indo-Pacific region using data from a network of surface elevation table instruments. We find that sediment availability can enable mangrove forests to maintain rates of soil-surface elevation gain that match or exceed that of sea-level rise, but for 69 per cent of our study sites the current rate of sea-level rise exceeded the soil surface elevation gain. We also present a model based on our field data, which suggests that mangrove forests at sites with low tidal range and low sediment supply could be submerged as early as 2070.

  16. The vulnerability of Indo-Pacific mangrove forests to sea-level rise.

    PubMed

    Lovelock, Catherine E; Cahoon, Donald R; Friess, Daniel A; Guntenspergen, Glenn R; Krauss, Ken W; Reef, Ruth; Rogers, Kerrylee; Saunders, Megan L; Sidik, Frida; Swales, Andrew; Saintilan, Neil; Thuyen, Le Xuan; Triet, Tran

    2015-10-22

    Sea-level rise can threaten the long-term sustainability of coastal communities and valuable ecosystems such as coral reefs, salt marshes and mangroves. Mangrove forests have the capacity to keep pace with sea-level rise and to avoid inundation through vertical accretion of sediments, which allows them to maintain wetland soil elevations suitable for plant growth. The Indo-Pacific region holds most of the world's mangrove forests, but sediment delivery in this region is declining, owing to anthropogenic activities such as damming of rivers. This decline is of particular concern because the Indo-Pacific region is expected to have variable, but high, rates of future sea-level rise. Here we analyse recent trends in mangrove surface elevation changes across the Indo-Pacific region using data from a network of surface elevation table instruments. We find that sediment availability can enable mangrove forests to maintain rates of soil-surface elevation gain that match or exceed that of sea-level rise, but for 69 per cent of our study sites the current rate of sea-level rise exceeded the soil surface elevation gain. We also present a model based on our field data, which suggests that mangrove forests at sites with low tidal range and low sediment supply could be submerged as early as 2070.

  17. Lesions and behavior associated with forced copulation of juvenile Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsi) by southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis)

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Harris, H.S.; Oates, S.C.; Staedler, M.M.; Tinker, M.T.; Jessup, David A.; Harvey, J.T.; Miller, M.A.

    2010-01-01

    Nineteen occurrences of interspecific sexual behavior between male southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) and juvenile Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsi) were reported in Monterey Bay, California, between 2000 and 2002. At least three different male sea otters were observed harassing, dragging, guarding, and copulating with harbor seals for up to 7 d postmortem. Carcasses of 15 juvenile harbor seals were recovered, and seven were necropsied in detail by a veterinary pathologist. Necropsy findings from two female sea otters that were recovered dead from male sea otters exhibiting similar behavior are also presented to facilitate a comparison of lesions. The most frequent lesions included superficial skin lacerations; hemorrhage around the nose, eyes, flippers, and perineum; and traumatic corneal erosions or ulcers. The harbor seals sustained severe genital trauma, ranging from vaginal perforation to vagino-cervical transection, and colorectal perforations as a result of penile penetration. One harbor seal developed severe pneumoperitoneum subsequent to vaginal perforation, which was also observed in both female sea otters and has been reported as a postcoital lesion in humans. This study represents the first description of lesions resulting from forced copulation of harbor seals by sea otters and is also the first report of pneumoperitoneum secondary to forced copulation in a nonhuman animal. Possible explanations for this behavior are discussed in the context of sea otter biology and population demographics.

  18. A line transect model for aerial surveys

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Quang, Pham Xuan; Lanctot, Richard B.

    1991-01-01

    We employ a line transect method to estimate the density of the common and Pacific loon in the Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge from aerial survey data. Line transect methods have the advantage of automatically taking into account “visibility bias” due to detectability difference of animals at different distances from the transect line. However, line transect methods must overcome two difficulties when applied to inaccurate recording of sighting distances due to high travel speeds, so that in fact only a few reliable distance class counts are available. We propose a unimodal detection function that provides an estimate of the effective area lost due to the blind strip, under the assumption that a line of perfect detection exists parallel to the transect line. The unimodal detection function can also be applied when a blind strip is absent, and in certain instances when the maximum probability of detection is less than 100%. A simple bootstrap procedure to estimate standard error is illustrated. Finally, we present results from a small set of Monte Carlo experiments.

  19. Bering Sea Nd isotope records of North Pacific Intermediate Water circulation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rabbat, C.; Knudson, K. P.; Goldstein, S. L.

    2017-12-01

    North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) is the primary water mass associated with Pacific meridional overturning circulation. While the relationship between Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and climate has been extensively studied, a lack of suitable sediment cores has limited past investigations of North Pacific climate and NPIW variability. Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site U1342 (818 m water depth) on Bower's Ridge in the Bering Sea is located at a sensitive depth for detecting changes in NPIW, and it is the only available sub-arctic North Pacific site that offers long, continuous core recovery, relatively high sedimentation rates, excellent foraminifera preservation, and a well-constrained age model over multiple glacial-interglacial cycles. Previous work at Site U1342 from Knudson and Ravelo (2015), using non-quantitative circulation proxies, provides evidence for enhanced NPIW formation during extreme glacials associated with the closure of the Bering Strait and suggest that NPIW was formed locally within the Bering Sea. Our work builds on the potential importance of these results and applies more robust and potentially quantitative circulation proxies to constrain NPIW variability. Here, we present new records of NPIW circulation from Site U1342 based on Nd isotope analyses on fish debris and Fe-Mn encrusted foraminifera, which serve as semi-quantitative "water mass tracers." Weak Bering Sea NPIW formation and ventilation are reflected by relatively lower eNd values indicative of open subarctic North Pacific waters, which are presently predominant, whereas enhanced Bering Sea NPIW formation and ventilation are be reflected by relatively higher eNd values due to the input of Nd from regional volcanic rocks.

  20. Marine Fog over the Western Pacific Marginal Seas Based Upon Ship Observations for 1950 - 2007

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Dorman, C. E.; Koracin, D. R.

    2016-12-01

    An analysis is presented of the marine fog distribution over the western Pacific marginal seas based upon the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS) ship observations taken during 1950-2007. Fog occurrence is reported in routine weather reports that are encoded in an ICOADS ship observation. This includes the marginal seas of Okhotsk Sea, Japan Sea, Yellow Sea and South China Sea which have significant fog occurrences with values much greater than in the surrounding ocean with distinct seasonal trends but different generation mechanisms. The greatest occurrence is 55 % in Jun-Jul-Aug over the Okhotsk Sea followed by 28 % over the Japan Sea. This is seasonally controlled by the sea level pressure gradient moving air over a negative sea surface temperature gradient. During Dec-Jan-Feb, the SLP gradient reverses, moving cold, dry continental air over the Okhotsk and Japan Seas, eliminating any fog. The maximum fog over the Okhotsk Sea is over isolated locations with shallow water. In the Japan Sea, the most frequent fog occurs along the north side of the sea over a narrow shelf with the lowest SST of the entire Sea. In the Yellow Sea, the fog frequency peak is from Dec through May. In Mar-Apr-May the highest value is 18 % which is centered at 33 N 122 W while elevated values extend along the China coast to Taiwan. In Jun-Jul-Aug, highest values are mostly confined to the Yellow Sea. In Dec-Jan-Feb, decreased but significant fog occurrences extend along the entire China coast when the highest value in the Yellow Sea is 5 % and in South China Sea it is 6 %. The only other world marine fog occurrence analysis discovered by us is a US Department of Agriculture Jun-Jul-Aug marine fog frequency chart published in 1938 that does not show any fog in the Okhotsk Sea and misses most of the fog occurrence reported by ships in the Yellow Sea.

  1. Transect across the West Antarctic rift system in the Ross Sea, Antarctica

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Trey, H.; Cooper, A. K.; Pellis, G.; Della, Vedova B.; Cochrane, G.; Brancolini, Giuliano; Makris, J.

    1999-01-01

    In 1994, the ACRUP (Antarctic Crustal Profile) project recorded a 670-km-long geophysical transect across the southern Ross Sea to study the velocity and density structure of the crust and uppermost mantle of the West Antarctic rift system. Ray-trace modeling of P- and S-waves recorded on 47 ocean bottom seismograph (OBS) records, with strong seismic arrivals from airgun shots to distances of up to 120 km, show that crustal velocities and geometries vary significantly along the transect. The three major sedimentary basins (early-rift grabens), the Victoria Land Basin, the Central Trough and the Eastern Basin are underlain by highly extended crust and shallow mantle (minimum depth of about 16 km). Beneath the adjacent basement highs, Coulman High and Central High, Moho deepens, and lies at a depth of 21 and 24 km, respectively. Crustal layers have P-wave velocities that range from 5.8 to 7.0 km/s and S-wave velocities from 3.6 to 4.2 km/s. A distinct reflection (PiP) is observed on numerous OBS from an intra-crustal boundary between the upper and lower crust at a depth of about 10 to 12 km. Local zones of high velocities and inferred high densities are observed and modeled in the crust under the axes of the three major sedimentary basins. These zones, which are also marked by positive gravity anomalies, may be places where mafic dikes and sills pervade the crust. We postulate that there has been differential crustal extension across the West Antarctic rift system, with greatest extension beneath the early-rift grabens. The large amount of crustal stretching below the major rift basins may reflect the existence of deep crustal suture zones which initiated in an early stage of the rifting, defined areas of crustal weakness and thereby enhanced stress focussing followed by intense crustal thinning in these areas. The ACRUP data are consistent with the prior concept that most extension and basin down-faulting occurred in the Ross Sea during late Mesozoic time, with

  2. Role of atmospheric heating over the South China Sea and western Pacific regions in modulating Asian summer climate under the global warming background

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    He, Bian; Yang, Song; Li, Zhenning

    2016-05-01

    The response of monsoon precipitation to global warming, which is one of the most significant climate change signals at the earth's surface, exhibits very distinct regional features, especially over the South China Sea (SCS) and adjacent regions in boreal summer. To understand the possible atmospheric dynamics in these specific regions under the global warming background, changes in atmospheric heating and their possible influences on Asian summer climate are investigated by both observational diagnosis and numerical simulations. Results indicate that heating in the middle troposphere has intensified in the SCS and western Pacific regions in boreal summer, accompanied by increased precipitation, cloud cover, and lower-tropospheric convergence and decreased sea level pressure. Sensitivity experiments show that middle and upper tropospheric heating causes an east-west feedback pattern between SCS and western Pacific and continental South Asia, which strengthens the South Asian High in the upper troposphere and moist convergence in the lower troposphere, consequently forcing a descending motion and adiabatic warming over continental South Asia. When air-sea interaction is considered, the simulation results are overall more similar to observations, and in particular the bias of precipitation over the Indian Ocean simulated by AGCMs has been reduced. The result highlights the important role of air-sea interaction in understanding the changes in Asian climate.

  3. Coral-Derived Western Pacific Tropical Sea Surface Temperatures During the Last Millennium

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chen, Tianran; Cobb, Kim M.; Roff, George; Zhao, Jianxin; Yang, Hongqiang; Hu, Minhang; Zhao, Kuan

    2018-04-01

    Reconstructions of ocean temperatures prior to the industrial era serve to constrain natural climate variability on decadal to centennial timescales, yet relatively few such observations are available from the west Pacific Warm Pool. Here we present multiple coral-based sea surface temperature reconstructions from Yongle Atoll, in the South China Sea over the last 1,250 years (762-2013 Common Era [CE]). Reconstructed coral Sr/Ca-sea surface temperatures indicate that the "Little Ice Age (1711-1817 CE)" period was 0.7°C cooler than the "Medieval Climate Anomaly (913-1132 CE)" and that late 20th century warming of the western Pacific is likely unprecedented over the past millennium. Our findings suggest that the Western Pacific Warm Pool may have expanded (contracted) during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (Little Ice Age), leading to a strengthening (weakening) of the Asian summer monsoon, as recorded in Chinese stalagmites.

  4. Forecasting consequences of changing sea ice availability for Pacific walruses

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Udevitz, Mark S.; Jay, Chadwick V.; Taylor, Rebecca; Fischbach, Anthony S.; Beatty, William S.; Noren, Shawn R.

    2017-01-01

    The accelerating rate of anthropogenic alteration and disturbance of environments has increased the need for forecasting effects of environmental change on fish and wildlife populations. Models linking projections of environmental change with behavioral responses and bioenergetic effects can provide a basis for these forecasts. There is particular interest in forecasting effects of projected reductions in sea ice availability on Pacific walruses (Odobenus rosmarus divergens). Declining extent of summer sea ice in the Chukchi Sea has caused Pacific walruses to increase use of coastal haulouts and decrease use of more productive offshore feeding areas. Such climate-induced changes in distribution and behavior could ultimately affect the status of the population. We developed behavioral models to relate changes in sea ice availability to adult female walrus movements and activity levels, and adapted previously developed bioenergetics models to relate those activity levels to energy requirements and the ability to meet those requirements. We then linked these models to general circulation model projections of future ice availability to forecast autumn body condition for female walruses during mid- and late-century time periods. Our results suggest that as sea ice becomes less available in the Chukchi Sea, female walruses will spend more time in the southwestern region of that sea, less time resting, and less time foraging. Median forecasted autumn body masses were 7–12% lower in future scenarios than during recent times, but posterior distributions broadly overlapped and median forecasted seasonal mass losses (15–34%) were comparable to seasonal mass losses routinely experienced by other pinnipeds. These seasonal reductions in body condition would be unlikely to result in demographic effects, but if walruses were unable to rebuild endogenous reserves while wintering in the Bering Sea, cumulative effects could have implications for reproduction and survival

  5. Biofilm-like properties of the sea surface and predicted effects on air-sea CO2 exchange

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wurl, Oliver; Stolle, Christian; Van Thuoc, Chu; The Thu, Pham; Mari, Xavier

    2016-05-01

    Because the sea surface controls various interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere, it has a profound function for marine biogeochemistry and climate regulation. The sea surface is the gateway for the exchange of climate-relevant gases, heat and particles. Thus, in order to determine how the ocean and the atmosphere interact and respond to environmental changes on a global scale, the characterization and understanding of the sea surface are essential. The uppermost part of the water column is defined as the sea-surface microlayer and experiences strong spatial and temporal dynamics, mainly due to meteorological forcing. Wave-damped areas at the sea surface are caused by the accumulation of surface-active organic material and are defined as slicks. Natural slicks are observed frequently but their biogeochemical properties are poorly understood. In the present study, we found up to 40 times more transparent exopolymer particles (TEP), the foundation of any biofilm, in slicks compared to the underlying bulk water at multiple stations in the North Pacific, South China Sea, and Baltic Sea. We found a significant lower enrichment of TEP (up to 6) in non-slick sea surfaces compared to its underlying bulk water. Moreover, slicks were characterized by a large microbial biomass, another shared feature with conventional biofilms on solid surfaces. Compared to non-slick samples (avg. pairwise similarity of 70%), the community composition of bacteria in slicks was increasingly (avg. pairwise similarity of 45%) different from bulk water communities, indicating that the TEP-matrix creates specific environments for its inhabitants. We, therefore, conclude that slicks can feature biofilm-like properties with the excessive accumulation of particles and microbes. We also assessed the potential distribution and frequency of slick-formation in coastal and oceanic regions, and their effect on air-sea CO2 exchange based on literature data. We estimate that slicks can reduce CO2

  6. Ecosystem dynamics of the Pacific-influenced Northern Bering and Chukchi Seas in the Amerasian Arctic

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Grebmeier, Jacqueline M.; Cooper, Lee W.; Feder, Howard M.; Sirenko, Boris I.

    2006-10-01

    The shallow continental shelves and slope of the Amerasian Arctic are strongly influenced by nutrient-rich Pacific waters advected over the shelves from the northern Bering Sea into the Arctic Ocean. These high-latitude shelf systems are highly productive both as the ice melts and during the open-water period. The duration and extent of seasonal sea ice, seawater temperature and water mass structure are critical controls on water column production, organic carbon cycling and pelagic-benthic coupling. Short food chains and shallow depths are characteristic of high productivity areas in this region, so changes in lower trophic levels can impact higher trophic organisms rapidly, including pelagic- and benthic-feeding marine mammals and seabirds. Subsistence harvesting of many of these animals is locally important for human consumption. The vulnerability of the ecosystem to environmental change is thought to be high, particularly as sea ice extent declines and seawater warms. In this review, we focus on ecosystem dynamics in the northern Bering and Chukchi Seas, with a more limited discussion of the adjoining Pacific-influenced eastern section of the East Siberian Sea and the western section of the Beaufort Sea. Both primary and secondary production are enhanced in specific regions that we discuss here, with the northern Bering and Chukchi Seas sustaining some of the highest water column production and benthic faunal soft-bottom biomass in the world ocean. In addition, these organic carbon-rich Pacific waters are periodically advected into low productivity regions of the nearshore northern Bering, Chukchi and Beaufort Seas off Alaska and sometimes into the East Siberian Sea, all of which have lower productivity on an annual basis. Thus, these near shore areas are intimately tied to nutrients and advected particulate organic carbon from the Pacific influenced Bering Shelf-Anadyr water. Given the short food chains and dependence of many apex predators on sea ice, recent

  7. Midlatitude atmosphere-ocean interaction during El Nino. Part I. The north Pacific ocean

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Alexander, M.A.

    Atmosphere-ocean modeling experiments are used to investigate the formation of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the North Pacific Ocean during fall and winter of the El Nino year. Experiments in which the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM) surface fields are used to force a mixed-layer ocean model in the North Pacific (no air-sea feedback) are compared to simulations in which the CCM and North Pacific Ocean model are coupled. Anomalies in the atmosphere and the North Pacific Ocean during El Nino are obtained from the difference between simulations with and without prescribed warm SST anomalies in the tropical Pacific.more » In both the forced and coupled experiments, the anomaly pattern resembles a composite of the actual SST anomaly field during El Nino: warm SSTs develop along the coast of North America and cold SSTs form in the central Pacific. In the coupled simulations, air-sea interaction results in a 25% to 50% reduction in the magnitude of the SST and mixed-layer depth anomalies, resulting in more realistic SST fields. Coupling also decreases the SST anomaly variance; as a result, the anomaly centers remain statistically significant even though the magnitude of the anomalies is reduced. Three additional sensitivity studies indicate that air-sea feedback and entrainment act to damp SST anomalies while Ekman pumping has a negligible effect on mixed-layer depth and SST anomalies in midatitudes.« less

  8. Distribution and sources of dissolved black carbon in surface waters of the Chukchi Sea, Bering Sea, and the North Pacific Ocean

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nakane, Motohiro; Ajioka, Taku; Yamashita, Youhei

    2017-05-01

    Pyrogenic carbon, also called black carbon (BC), is an important component in the global carbon cycle. BC produced by biomass burning or fossil fuel combustion is transported to oceans by the atmosphere or rivers. However, environmental dynamics (i.e., major sources and sinks) of BC in marine environments have not been well documented. In this study, dissolved BC (DBC) collected from surface waters of the Chukchi Sea, the Bering Sea, and the subarctic and subtropical North Pacific were analyzed using the benzene polycarboxylic acid (BPCA) method. The DBC concentration and the ratio of B5CA and B6CA to all BPCAs (an index of the DBC condensation degree) ranged from 4.8 to 15.5 µg-C L-1 and from 0.20 to 0.43, respectively, in surface waters of the Chukchi/Bering Seas and the North Pacific Ocean. The concentration and condensation degree of DBC in the Chukchi/Bering Seas were higher and more variable than those in the subarctic and subtropical North Pacific, which implies that the major factors controlling DBC distribution were different in these marine provinces. In the Chukchi/Bering Seas, the DBC concentration was negatively correlated to salinity but positively correlated to chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) quantity and total dissolved lignin phenol concentration estimated by CDOM parameters. These correlations indicated that the possible major source of DBC in the Chukchi/Bering Seas was Arctic rivers. However, in the North Pacific, where riverine inputs are negligible for most sampling sites, DBC was possibly derived from the atmosphere. Although spectral slopes of CDOM at 275-295 nm (an index of the photodegradation degree of CDOM) differed widely between the subarctic and subtropical North Pacific, the concentration and condensation degrees of DBC were similar between the subarctic and subtropical North Pacific, which suggests that photodegradation was not the only major factor controlling DBC distribution. Therefore, DBC distributions of the

  9. On the physical air-sea fluxes for climate modeling

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bonekamp, J. G.

    2001-02-01

    comparison reveals some clear differences in the mean drag coefficient. In addition, this study has indicated that progress has been made from the ERA15 to the ERA40 reanalyses by replacing the model parameterization with a constant Charnock parameter with one which depends on the sea state. The second research question is whether comparison of the response of an ocean model with ocean observations can be exploited to assess the quality of air-sea fluxes of the ERA15 reanalysis. To answer this question in a systematic way an inverse modeling approach is adopted using a four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4DVAR) scheme. Firstly, the functioning of the 4DVAR system is demonstrated from identical twin experiments. These experiments reveal that in the equatorial Pacific, a large reduction in wind-stress and upper-ocean temperature misfits can be achieved using an assimilation time window of eight weeks. It is concluded that the usefulness of inverse ocean modeling technique for global surface flux assessment is limited. The main merit of the developed ocean 4DVAR scheme will be to diagnose errors in the ocean analyses of the ocean model. The last research question is: are the ERA15 fluxes useful for the study of regional patterns of climate variability? The climate mode of consideration is the Antarctic Circumpolar Wave. This study stresses the importance to have the right climatological forcing conditions to assess time scales of climate variability and it confirms the usefulness of ERA15 air-sea fluxes as ocean model forcing fields to study climate variability on the interannual time scale.

  10. ENSO related sea surface salinity variability in the equatorial Pacific

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Qu, T.

    2016-12-01

    Recently available satellite and Argo data have shown coherent, large-scale sea surface salinity (SSS) variability in the equatorial Pacific. Based on this variability, several SSS indices of El Nino have been introduced by previous studies. Combining results from an ocean general circulation model with available satellite and in-situ observations, this study investigates the SSS variability and its associated SSS indices in the equatorial Pacific. The ocean's role and in particular the vertical entrainment of subtropical waters in this variability are discussed, which suggests that the SSS variability in the equatorial Pacific may play some active role in ENSO evolution.

  11. The role of the cold Okhotsk Sea in strengthening of the Pacific subtropical high and Baiu precipitation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kawasaki, K.; Tachibana, Y.; Nakamura, T.; Yamazaki, K.; Kodera, K.

    2016-12-01

    It is commonly known that the formation of a stationery precipitation zone in association with the Baiu front is influenced by the existence of the warm Tibetan Plateau. Some GCM studies in which the Tibetan Plateau is removed pointed out that without the Tibetan Plateau, the Baiu front wound not appear. The cold Okhotsk Sea, which is located to the north of Japan, is also important in forming cold air for the Bai front. This study focused on the role of the Okhotsk Sea in the formation of the Baiu front by using an atmospheric GCM. One GCM is executed without the Okhotsk Sea, in which was changed to an eastern part of the Eurasian continent as if the Okhotsk Sea was totally landfilled (land run). The other (sea run) is a control run under the boundary condition of climatic seasonal changes of the SST over the globe. The comparison of the land run with the sea run showed that precipitation over Japan would weaken in the Baiu season without the Okhotsk Sea, indicating that the existence of the Okhotsk Sea has an impact on the increase in precipitation. The precipitation increase in the sea run is directly accounted by the strengthening of southeast wind in association with the strengthening of the subtropical high located over the Pacific Ocean (Fig. 1). The westerly jet, which is located at the northern part of the subtropical high, was also accelerated in the sea run. The subtropical high in association with the accelerated jet was strengthened by meridional atmospheric thermal gradient caused by underlying cold Okhotsk Sea and the warm Pacific Ocean. The strengthened thermal gradient also activated the storm track that extends zonally over the Okhotsk Sea, and the activated storm track further strengthened the jet and subtropical high by wave-mean flow feedback. This feedback loop could further strengthen the Baiu precipitation. In consequence, the Okhotsk plays a significant role in the strengthening the subtropical high and its associated Baiu precipitation.

  12. Assessment of circulation and inter-basin transport in the Salish Sea including Johnstone Strait and Discovery Islands pathways

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Khangaonkar, Tarang; Long, Wen; Xu, Wenwei

    The Salish Sea consisting of Puget Sound and Georgia Basin in U.S and Canadian waters has been the subject of several independent data collection and modeling studies. However, these interconnected basins and their hydrodynamic interactions have not received attention as a contiguous unit. The Strait of Juan de Fuca is the primary pathway through which Pacific Ocean water enters the Salish Sea but the role played by Johnstone Strait and the complex channels northeast of Vancouver Island, connecting the Salish Sea and the Pacific Ocean, on overall Salish Sea circulation has not been characterized. In this paper we present amore » modeling-based assessment of the two-layer circulation and transport through the multiple interconnected sub-basins within the Salish Sea including the effect of exchange via Johnstone Strait and Discovery Islands. The Salish Sea Model previously developed using the finite volume community ocean model (FVCOM) was expanded over the continental shelf for this assessment encircling Vancouver Island, including Discovery Islands, Johnstone Strait, Broughton Archipelago and the associated waterways. A computational technique was developed to allow summation of volume fluxes across arbitrary transects through unstructured finite volume cells. Tidally averaged volume fluxes were computed at multiple transects. The results were used to validate the classic model of Circulation in Embracing Sills for Puget Sound and to provide quantitative estimates of the lateral distribution of tidally averaged transport through the system. Sensitivity tests with and without exchanges through Johnstone Strait demonstrate that it is a pathway for Georgia Basin runoff and Fraser River water to exit the Salish Sea and for Pacific Ocean inflow. However the relative impact of this exchange on circulation and flushing in Puget Sound Basin is small.« less

  13. Enrichment of Extracellular Carbonic Anhydrase in the Sea Surface Microlayer and Its Effect on Air-Sea CO2 Exchange

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mustaffa, N. I. H.; Striebel, M.; Wurl, O.

    2017-12-01

    This paper describes the quantification of extracellular carbonic anhydrase (eCA) concentrations in the sea surface microlayer (SML), the boundary layer between the ocean and the atmosphere of the Indo-West Pacific. We demonstrated that the SML is enriched with eCA by 1.5 ± 0.7 compared to the mixed underlying water. Enrichment remains up to a wind speed of 7 m s-1 (i.e., under typical oceanic conditions). As eCA catalyzes the interconversion of HCO3- and CO2, it has been hypothesized that its enrichment in the SML enhances the air-sea CO2 exchange. We detected concentrations in the range of 0.12 to 0.76 nM, which can enhance the exchange by up to 15% based on the model approach described in the literature.

  14. The potential role of sea spray droplets in facilitating air-sea gas transfer

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Andreas, E. L.; Vlahos, P.; Monahan, E. C.

    2016-05-01

    For over 30 years, air-sea interaction specialists have been evaluating and parameterizing the role of whitecap bubbles in air-sea gas exchange. To our knowledge, no one, however, has studied the mirror image process of whether sea spray droplets can facilitate air-sea gas exchange. We are therefore using theory, data analysis, and numerical modeling to quantify the role of spray on air-sea gas transfer. In this, our first formal work on this subject, we seek the rate-limiting step in spray-mediated gas transfer by evaluating the three time scales that govern the exchange: τ air , which quantifies the rate of transfer between the atmospheric gas reservoir and the surface of the droplet; τ int , which quantifies the exchange rate across the air-droplet interface; and τ aq , which quantifies gas mixing within the aqueous solution droplet.

  15. Cinnarizine for Sea Sickness During a Remote Pacific Ocean Rescue Mission.

    PubMed

    Lyon, Regan F; Rush, Stephen C; Roland, J Thomas; Jethanamest, Daniel; Schwan, Christopher P; Kharon, Chetan U

    2015-01-01

    Motion sickness can be a limiting factor for sea and air missions. We report the experience of a Pararescue (PJ) team on a Pacific Ocean rescue mission in which motion sickness was prevalent. Cinnarizine, an antagonist of H1-histamine receptors, was used to treat affected PJs. We also report findings of a survey of PJs regarding motion sickness. A family of four on a disabled sailboat 900 miles off the coast of Mexico sent out a distress call because their 1-year-old daughter became severely ill with fever and diarrhea. Four PJs were deployed on a C-130, performed a free-fall parachute insertion into the ocean, and boarded the sailboat. All four PJs experienced onset of motion sickness at some point during the early part of the mission and symptoms persisted through the first 24 hours. Three PJs experienced ongoing nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and sensory imbalances. The captain of the sailboat offered the three sick PJs approximately 18mg of cinnarizine two or three times a day with relief of symptoms and improvement on operational effectiveness. A new, anonymous, voluntary survey of Air National Guard PJs and combat rescue officers revealed that 78.4% of Operators have experienced motion sickness at sea. We discuss the current theories on motion sickness, the effect of motion sickness on operational effectiveness, and research on treatment of motion sickness, including the medication cinnarizine. 2015.

  16. Distribution of Arctic and Pacific copepods and their habitat in the northern Bering and Chukchi seas

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sasaki, Hiroko; Matsuno, Kohei; Fujiwara, Amane; Onuka, Misaki; Yamaguchi, Atsushi; Ueno, Hiromichi; Watanuki, Yutaka; Kikuchi, Takashi

    2016-08-01

    The advection of warm Pacific water and the reduction in sea ice in the western Arctic Ocean may influence the abundance and distribution of copepods, a key component of food webs. To quantify the factors affecting the abundance of copepods in the northern Bering and Chukchi seas, we constructed habitat models explaining the spatial patterns of large and small Arctic and Pacific copepods separately. Copepods were sampled using NORPAC (North Pacific Standard) nets. The structures of water masses indexed by principle component analysis scores, satellite-derived timing of sea ice retreat, bottom depth and chlorophyll a concentration were integrated into generalized additive models as explanatory variables. The adequate models for all copepods exhibited clear continuous relationships between the abundance of copepods and the indexed water masses. Large Arctic copepods were abundant at stations where the bottom layer was saline; however they were scarce at stations where warm fresh water formed the upper layer. Small Arctic copepods were abundant at stations where the upper layer was warm and saline and the bottom layer was cold and highly saline. In contrast, Pacific copepods were abundant at stations where the Pacific-origin water mass was predominant (i.e. a warm, saline upper layer and saline and a highly saline bottom layer). All copepod groups showed a positive relationship with early sea ice retreat. Early sea ice retreat has been reported to initiate spring blooms in open water, allowing copepods to utilize more food while maintaining their high activity in warm water without sea ice and cold water. This finding indicates that early sea ice retreat has positive effects on the abundance of all copepod groups in the northern Bering and Chukchi seas, suggesting a change from a pelagic-benthic-type ecosystem to a pelagic-pelagic type.

  17. Interannual Variability of Sea Level in Tropical Pacific during 1993-2014

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhu, X.; Greatbatch, R. J.; Claus, M.

    2016-12-01

    More than 40 years ago, sea level variability in the tropical Pacific was being studied using linear shallow water models driven by observed estimates of the surface wind stress. At that time, the only available sea level data was from the sparse tide gauge record. However, with the advent of satellite data, there has been a revolution in the available data coverage for sea level. Here, a linear model, consisting of the first five baroclinic normal modes, and driven by ERA-Interim monthly wind stress anomalies, is used to investigate interannual variability in tropical Pacific sea level as seen in satellite altimeter data. The model output is fitted to the altimeter data along the equator, in order to derive the vertical profile for the wind forcing, and showing that a signature from modes higher than mode six cannot be extracted from the altimeter data. It is shown that the model has considerable skill at capturing interannual sea level variability both on and off the equator. The correlation between modelled and satellite-derived sea level data exceeds 0.8 over a wide range of longitudes along the equator and readily captures the observed ENSO events. Overall, the combination of the first, second and third and fifth modes can provide a robust estimate of the interannual sea level variability, the second mode being the most dominant. A remarkable feature of both the model and the altimeter data is the presence of a pivot point in the western Pacific on the equator. We show that the westward displacement of the pivot point from the centre of the basin is partly a signature of the recharge/discharge mechanism but is also strongly influenced by the fact that most of the wind stress variance along the equator is found in the western part of the basin. We also show that the Sverdrup transport plays no role in the recharge/discharge mechanism in our model.

  18. Relationship between clouds and sea surface temperatures in the western tropical Pacific

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Arking, Albert; Ziskin, Daniel

    1994-01-01

    Analysis of four years of earth radiation budget, cloud, and sea surface temperature data confirms that cloud parameters change dramatically when and where sea surface temperatures increase above approximately 300K. These results are based upon monthly mean values within 2.5 deg x 2.5 deg grid points over the 'warm pool' region of the western tropical Pacific. The question of whether sea surface temperatures are influenced, in turn, by the radiative effects of these clouds (Ramanathan and Collins) is less clear. Such a feedback, if it exists, is weak. The reason why clouds might have so little influence, despite large changes in their longwave and shortwave radiative effects, might be that the sea surface responds to both the longwave heating and the shortwave cooling effects of clouds, and the two effects nearly cancel. There are strong correlations between the rate of change of sea surface temperature and any of the radiation budget parameters that are highly correlated with the incident solar flux-implying that season and latitude are the critical factors determining sea surface temperatures. With the seasonal or both seasonal and latitudinal variations removed, the rate of change of sea surface temperature shows no correlation with cloud-related parameters in the western tropical Pacific.

  19. REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF SEA-SURFACE-TEMPERATURE PATTERNS FOR THE NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    SEA WATER, *SURFACE TEMPERATURE, *OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA, PACIFIC OCEAN, REGRESSION ANALYSIS , STATISTICAL ANALYSIS, UNDERWATER EQUIPMENT, DETECTION, UNDERWATER COMMUNICATIONS, DISTRIBUTION, THERMAL PROPERTIES, COMPUTERS.

  20. Pacific deep circulation and ventilation controlled by tidal mixing away from the sea bottom.

    PubMed

    Oka, Akira; Niwa, Yoshihiro

    2013-01-01

    Vertical mixing in the ocean is a key driver of the global ocean thermohaline circulation, one of the most important factors controlling past and future climate change. Prior observational and theoretical studies have focused on intense tidal mixing near the sea bottom (near-field mixing). However, ocean general circulation models that employ a parameterization of near-field mixing significantly underestimate the strength of the Pacific thermohaline circulation. Here we demonstrate that tidally induced mixing away from the sea bottom (far-field mixing) is essential in controlling the Pacific thermohaline circulation. Via the addition of far-field mixing to a widely used tidal parameterization, we successfully simulate the Pacific thermohaline circulation. We also propose that far-field mixing is indispensable for explaining the presence of the world ocean's oldest water in the eastern North Pacific Ocean. Our findings suggest that far-field mixing controls ventilation of the deep Pacific Ocean, a process important for ocean carbon and biogeochemical cycles.

  1. Indo-Pacific sea level variability at multidecadal time scales

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Merrifield, M. A.; Thompson, P. R.

    2016-12-01

    Long tide gauge and atmospheric pressure measurements are used to infer multidecadal fluctuations in trade wind forcing and the associated Indo-Pacific sea level response along coastal and equatorial waveguides. The trade wind variations are marked by a weakening beginning with the late 1970s climate shift and a subsequent return to mean conditions since the early 1990s. These fluctuations covary with multidecadal wind changes at mid-latitudes, as measured by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation or the North Pacific indices; however, the mid-latitude multidecadal variations prior to 1970 or noticeably absent in the inferred trade wind record. The different behavior of tropical and mid-latitude winds support the notion that multidecadal climate variations in the Pacific result from a combination of processes and not a single coherent mode spanning the basin. In particular, the two-decade long satellite altimeter record represents a period of apparent connection between the two regions that was not exhibited earlier in the century.

  2. Chemical composition of aerosol, sea fog, and rainwater in the marine boundary layer of the northwestern North Pacific and its marginal seas

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sasakawa, Motoki; Uematsu, Mitsuo

    2002-12-01

    Samples of aerosol, sea fog, and rainwater were collected during a research cruise in the northwestern North Pacific, the Sea of Okhotsk, and the Sea of Japan in the summer of 1998. High concentrations of NO3-, nss-SO42- and NH4+ in aerosol over the Sea of Japan suggest that anthropogenic substances were transported to this region. Although the Sea of Okhotsk was covered with a clean marine air mass, the concentration of nss-SO42- was comparatively high in the aerosol samples. This nss-SO42- is probably of marine biogenic origin. The pH values of fogwater samples were measured to be <3.0 over the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan. The concentrations of NO3- and NH4+ in the fogwater collected over the Sea of Japan were higher than those in the other regions, suggesting that the sea fog scavenged anthropogenic substances. The concentration of nss-SO42- in fogwater over the Sea of Okhotsk was equivalent to that over the Sea of Japan, probably because nss-SO42- and SO2 of marine biogenic origin were scavenged by the sea fog over the Sea of Okhotsk. The pH values of rainwater samples ranged from 6.1 to 7.2 during the cruise, and acidification of the rain was not significant. The concentrations of nss-Ca2+ in the rainwater were higher than those of the fogwater. This suggests that the rain-scavenged continental CaCO3 may have existed above the lower marine boundary layer, where sea fog appeared. Comparisons of the composition of aerosol and fogwater indicated that coarse particles, such as sea salts predominantly act as condensation nuclei of sea fog droplets rather than fine particles such as (NH4)2SO4.

  3. The developmental biogeography of hawksbill sea turtles in the North Pacific.

    PubMed

    Van Houtan, Kyle S; Francke, Devon L; Alessi, Sarah; Jones, T Todd; Martin, Summer L; Kurpita, Lauren; King, Cheryl S; Baird, Robin W

    2016-04-01

    High seas oceanic ecosystems are considered important habitat for juvenile sea turtles, yet much remains cryptic about this important life-history period. Recent progress on climate and fishery impacts in these so-called lost years is promising, but the developmental biogeography of hawksbill sea turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) has not been widely described in the Pacific Ocean. This knowledge gap limits the effectiveness of conservation management for this globally endangered species. We address this with 30 years of stranding observations, 20 years of bycatch records, and recent simulations of natal dispersal trajectories in the Hawaiian Archipelago. We synthesize the analyses of these data in the context of direct empirical observations, anecdotal sightings, and historical commercial harvests from the insular Pacific. We find hawksbills 0-4 years of age, measuring 8-34 cm straight carapace length, are found predominantly in the coastal pelagic waters of Hawaii. Unlike other species, we find no direct evidence of a prolonged presence in oceanic habitats, yet satellite tracks of passive drifters (simulating natal dispersal) and our small sample sizes suggest that an oceanic phase for hawksbills cannot be dismissed. Importantly, despite over 600 million hooks deployed and nearly 6000 turtle interactions, longline fisheries have never recorded a single hawksbill take. We address whether the patterns we observe are due to population size and gear selectivity. Although most sea turtle species demonstrate clear patterns of oceanic development, hawksbills in the North Pacific may by contrast occupy a variety of ecosystems including coastal pelagic waters and shallow reefs in remote atolls. This focuses attention on hazards in these ecosystems - entanglement and ingestion of marine debris - and perhaps away from longline bycatch and decadal climate regimes that affect sea turtle development in oceanic regions.

  4. The Interrelationship Between Temperature Changes in the Free Atmosphere and Sea Surface Temperature Changes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Newell, Reginald E.; Wu, Zhong-Xiang

    1992-03-01

    Fields of sea surface temperature anomalies from the Global Ocean Surface Temperature Atlas (GOSTA) and microwave sounding measurements (MSU) of temperature in the troposphere are examined separately and together for the 1979-1988 period. Global correlation patterns of both sets of fields are investigated at a range of leads and lags up to 6 months and exhibit a wide range of correlation structure. There are regions, such as the tropical eastern Pacific, where sea surface temperature anomalies persist for several months and are associated with local air temperature anomalies; in this particular example, about 0.7°C air temperature change is associated with a 1.0°C sea temperature change. By contrast, some ocean regions and many atmospheric regions, mostly in middle and high latitude, show only local spatial correlations that disappear completely in a month or two. The most persistent and extensive spatial correlation patterns are quite different for the sea and the air. In the sea the "butterfly" pattern of the Pacific is the most important and reverses sign between the eastern equatorial Pacific and the western Pacific and subtropics. In the warm phase the temperature anomalies associated with this pattern are similar to the correlation pattern. For the atmosphere the main correlation pattern is an equatorial belt with no sign changes in the tropics; this pattern is linked to the oceanic El Niño mode. In the warm phase the temperature anomalies show peak values on both sides of the equator in the eastern and central Pacific. Based mainly on the results from the spatial patterns, certain regions are selected for intercomparison of time series. In the tropical eastern Pacific the sea leads the air by about a month while in the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio regions the sequence is reversed.

  5. Distribution of Arctic and Pacific copepods and their habitat in the northern Bering Sea and Chukchi Sea

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sasaki, H.; Matsuno, K.; Fujiwara, A.; Onuka, M.; Yamaguchi, A.; Ueno, H.; Watanuki, Y.; Kikuchi, T.

    2015-11-01

    The advection of warm Pacific water and the reduction of sea-ice extent in the western Arctic Ocean may influence the abundance and distribution of copepods, i.e., a key component in food webs. To understand the factors affecting abundance of copepods in the northern Bering Sea and Chukchi Sea, we constructed habitat models explaining the spatial patterns of the large and small Arctic copepods and the Pacific copepods, separately, using generalized additive models. Copepods were sampled by NORPAC net. Vertical profiles of density, temperature and salinity in the seawater were measured using CTD, and concentration of chlorophyll a in seawater was measured with a fluorometer. The timing of sea-ice retreat was determined using the satellite image. To quantify the structure of water masses, the magnitude of pycnocline and averaged density, temperature and salinity in upper and bottom layers were scored along three axes using principal component analysis (PCA). The structures of water masses indexed by the scores of PCAs were selected as explanatory variables in the best models. Large Arctic copepods were abundant in the water mass with high salinity water in bottom layer or with cold/low salinity water in upper layer and cold/high salinity water in bottom layer, and small Arctic copepods were abundant in the water mass with warm/saline water in upper layer and cold/high salinity water in bottom layers, while Pacific copepods were abundant in the water mass with warm/saline in upper layer and cold/high salinity water in bottom layer. All copepod groups were abundant in areas with deeper depth. Although chlorophyll a in upper and bottom layers were selected as explanatory variables in the best models, apparent trends were not observed. All copepod groups were abundant where the sea-ice retreated at earlier timing. Our study might indicate potential positive effects of the reduction of sea-ice extent on the distribution of all groups of copepods in the Arctic Ocean.

  6. Scavenging processes of marine aerosols by sea fog over the northern North Pacific

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Narita, Y.; Iwamoto, Y.; Yoshida, K.; Kondo, M.; Uematsu, M.

    2007-12-01

    Sea fog appears frequently over the subarctic North Pacific in summertime. Typical advection fog over this region may affect the distribution of natural and anthropogenic substances from lands as well as marine biogenic substances. To clarify the variation of chemical composition in fog water, size distribution of fog droplets and fog scavenging processes, investigation was conducted over the northern North Pacific, where sea fog appears frequently in summer, during the KH-04-3 cruise of R/V Hakuho-maru in 2004. The sea salt composition is governed 65% of total concentration of inorganic ions and the non-sea-salt (nss-) sulfate occupied 10 % in the 90 sea fog water samples. The average size distribution of liquid water content (LWC) of sea fog showed a bimodal pattern with peaks of 7.0 and 27.5 μm in diameter, while its distribution on land fog commonly showed a monomodal pattern. LWC, number concentrations of fog droplets and concentrations of sea salt composition were high at the edge of the fog area, and decreased toward the center of the fog area. The peak of LWC size distribution was shifted from 17.0 μm at the edge to 36.5 μm in the center area. Based on the relationship of chemical compositions between aerosols and fog droplets, nss-SO42- and NH 4 + in sea fog water consisted of 85 % of the coarse mode aerosol and 15 % of the fine mode by ion basis. The fog droplets are expected to deposit with growing of its droplet size with coagulation and adsorbing reactive gases as a function of the distance from the edge of the sea fog area. These results suggest that sea fog over the subarctic North Pacific is an important as a scavenger of natural and anthropogenic substances transported from the Asian continent and its nitrogen flux to the marine environment may stimulate phytoplankton growth.

  7. Phocine Distemper Virus in Northern Sea Otters in the Pacific Ocean, Alaska, USA

    PubMed Central

    Mazet, Jonna A.K.; Gill, Verena A.; Doroff, Angela M.; Burek, Kathy A.; Hammond, John A.

    2009-01-01

    Phocine distemper virus (PDV) has caused 2 epidemics in harbor seals in the Atlantic Ocean but had never been identified in any Pacific Ocean species. We found that northern sea otters in Alaska are infected with PDV, which has created a disease threat to several sympatric and decreasing Pacific marine mammals. PMID:19523293

  8. Connectivity among straits of the northwest Pacific marginal seas

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cho, Yang-Ki; Seo, Gwang-Ho; Choi, Byoung-Ju; Kim, Sangil; Kim, Young-Gyu; Youn, Yong-Hoon; Dever, Edward P.

    2009-06-01

    The connectivity among straits of the northwest Pacific marginal seas is investigated with a primitive-equation ocean circulation model simulated for 10 years from 1994 to 2003. Over the simulation interval the temporal and spatial means and variations of the model sea surface temperature are comparable to those of the satellite sea surface temperature. The model transport through the straits shows good agreement with the available observations and a high seasonality in the Taiwan Strait, the Korea Strait, and the Soya Strait but relatively low seasonality in the Tsugaru Strait. The Kuroshio and Taiwan Warm Current (TWC) are two sources of water flowing through the Korea Strait. The volume transport in the Korea Strait is dominated by the Kuroshio in winter (83%) and by the TWC in summer (66%). Relative to the transport through the Korea Strait, the transport percentages of the Tsugaru Strait connecting to the northwest Pacific Ocean are 79% in winter and 65% in summer. The seasonality of the Korea Strait transport is positively correlated with the cross-strait wind stress. The drifter experiments show that it takes about 4 months for most of the drifters deployed in the Taiwan Strait to enter the Korea Strait and more than 2 months to travel from the Korea Strait to the Tsugaru and Soya straits.

  9. North European Transect

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Korja, Annakaisa; Heikkinen, Pekka J.; Roslov, Yuri; Ivanova, Nina; Verba, Marc; Sakoulina, Tamara

    2010-05-01

    A nearly continuous, 3600 km long, NE-running North European Transect (NET) is combined from the existing deep seismic reflection data sets in the Baltic Sea (BABEL, 1600 km), Northern Finland (FIRE 4-4A, 580 km) and Barents Sea (1-AR, 1440 km;). The reflective image of the deep crust is highly dependent on the thickness of the sedimentary cover. The cover is few hundred meters in the Baltic sea, few tens of meters in the land areas and few kilometers in the Barents Sea area. In the Barents Sea area, the seismic image is dominated by the layered structure of the sedimentary basins and the middle and lower crust are poorly imaged. Therefore the Moho boundary in the Barents Sea has been determined from wide-angle reflections. Geologically the transect covers the transition from Phanerozoic Europe to Precambrian Europe and back to the Phanerozoic Barents Sea Shelf. It displays how Northern Europe grew around Baltica in several tectonic episodes involving the formation and destruction of Columbia/Hudsonland, Rodinia and Pangea supercontinents. The paleo plateboundaries are traversed by subvertical transparent zones suggesting transpressional and trantensional environments. The BABEL lines image how the core of Baltica was formed by sequential accretion of microcontinents and arc terranes at the old continental margin during the Svecofennian Orogeny ~1.9-1.8 Ga .When Baltica joined the Columbia supercontinent, new terranes were added to its southern edge in the Sveocbaltic Orogeny (~1.8 Ga). During the dispersal of the Columbia, the Baltic Sea failed rift was formed, rapakivi granitoids were intruded and sedimentary basins were developed. An extended plate margin structure has been imposed on the Rodinian (Sveconorwegian) and Pangean additions (Variscan-Caledonian). Major crustal thinning takes place along a series of subvertical faults across the Trans-European Suture Zone marking the transition from Phanerozoic to Proterozoic Europe. The FIRE lines in Northen Finland

  10. A Sea-Surface Radiation Data Set for Climate Applications in the Tropical Western Pacific and South China Sea

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Chou, Ming-Dah; Chan, Pui-King; Yan, Michael M.-H.

    2000-01-01

    The sea-surface shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes have been retrieved from the radiances measured by Japan's Geostationary Meteorological Satellite 5. The surface radiation data set covers the domain 40S-40N and 90E-170W. The temporal resolution is 1 day, and the spatial resolution is 0.5 deg x 0.5 deg latitude-longitude. The retrieved surface radiation have been validated with the radiometric measurements at the Atmospheric Radiation Measuring (ARM) site on Manus island in the equatorial western Pacific for a period of 15 months. It has also been validated with the measurements at the radiation site on Dungsha island in the South China Sea during the South China Sea Monsoon Experiment (SCSMEX) Intensive Observing Period (May and June 1998). The data set is used to study the effect of El Nino and East Asian Summer monsoon on the heating of the ocean in the tropical western Pacific and the South China Sea. Interannual variations of clouds associated with El Nino and the East Asian Summer monsoon have a large impact on the radiative heating of the ocean. It has been found that the magnitude of the interannual variation of the seasonal mean surface radiative heating exceeds 40 W/sq m over large areas. Together with the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) shortwave fluxes at top of the atmosphere and the radiative transfer calculations of clear-sky fluxes, this surface radiation data set is also used to study the impact of clouds on the solar heating of the atmosphere. It is found that clouds enhance the atmospheric solar heating by approx. 20 W/sq m in the tropical western Pacific and the South China Sea. This result is important for evaluating the accuracy of solar flux calculations in clear and cloudy atmospheres.

  11. First record of hybridization between green Chelonia mydas and hawksbill Eretmochelys imbricata sea turtles in the Southeast Pacific.

    PubMed

    Kelez, Shaleyla; Velez-Zuazo, Ximena; Pacheco, Aldo S

    2016-01-01

    Hybridization among sea turtle species has been widely reported in the Atlantic Ocean, but their detection in the Pacific Ocean is limited to just two individual hybrid turtles, in the northern hemisphere. Herein, we report, for the first time in the southeast Pacific, the presence of a sea turtle hybrid between the green turtle Chelonia mydas and the hawksbill turtle Eretmochelys imbricata. This juvenile sea turtle was captured in northern Peru (4°13'S; 81°10'W) on the 5(th) of January, 2014. The individual exhibited morphological characteristics of C. mydas such as dark green coloration, single pair of pre-frontal scales, four post-orbital scales, and mandibular median ridge, while the presence of two claws in each frontal flipper, and elongated snout resembled the features of E. imbricata. In addition to morphological evidence, we confirmed the hybrid status of this animal using genetic analysis of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I, which revealed that the hybrid individual resulted from the cross between a female E. imbricata and a male C. mydas. Our report extends the geographical range of occurrence of hybrid sea turtles in the Pacific Ocean, and is a significant observation of interspecific breeding between one of the world's most critically endangered populations of sea turtles, the east Pacific E. imbricata, and a relatively healthy population, the east Pacific C. mydas.

  12. Variability of the gaseous elemental mercury sea-air flux of the Baltic Sea.

    PubMed

    Kuss, Joachim; Schneider, Bernd

    2007-12-01

    The importance of the sea as a sink for atmospheric mercury has been established quantitatively through models based on wet and dry deposition data, but little is known about the release of mercury from sea areas. The concentration of elemental mercury (Hg0) in sea surface water and in the marine atmosphere of the Baltic Sea was measured at high spatial resolution in February, April, July, and November 2006. Wind-speed records and the gas-exchange transfer velocity were then used to calculate Hg0 sea-air fluxes on the basis of Hg0 sea-air concentration differences. Our results show that the spatial resolution of the surface water Hg0 data can be significantly improved by continuous measurements of Hg0 in air equilibrated with water instead of quantitative extraction of Hg0 from seawater samples. A spatial and highly seasonal variability of the Hg0 sea-air flux was thus determined. In winter, the flux was low and changed in direction. In summer, a strong emission flux of up to 150 ng m(-2) day(-1) in the central Baltic Sea was recorded. The total emission of Hg0 from the studied area (235000 km2) was 4300 +/- 1600 kg in 2006 and exceeded deposition estimates.

  13. Role of the Tropical Pacific in recent Antarctic Sea-Ice Trends

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Codron, F.; Bardet, D.; Allouache, C.; Gastineau, G.; Friedman, A. R.; Douville, H.; Voldoire, A.

    2017-12-01

    The recent (up to 2016) trends in Antarctic sea-ice cover - a global increase masking a dipole between the Ross and Bellingshausen-Weddel seas - are still not well understood, and not reproduced by CMIP5 coupled climate models. We here explore the potential role of atmospheric circulation changes around the Amundsen Sea, themselves possibly forced by tropical SSTs, an explanation that has been recently advanced. As a first check on this hypothesis, we compare the atmospheric circulation trends simulated by atmospheric GCMs coupled with an ocean or with imposed SSTs (AMIP experiment from CMIP5); the latter being in theory able to reproduce changes caused by natural SST variability. While coupled models simulate in aggregate trends that project on the SAM structure, strongest in summer, the AMIP simulations add in the winter season a pronounced Amundsen Sea Low signature (and a PNA signature in the northern hemisphere) both consistent with a Niña-like trend in the tropical Pacific. We then use a specific coupled GCM setup, in which surface wind anomalies over the tropical Pacific are strongly nudged towards the observed ones, including their interannual variability, but the model is free to evolve elsewhere. The two GCMs used then simulate a deepening trend in the Amundsen-Sea Low in winter, and are able to reproduce a dipole in sea-ice cover. Further analysis shows that the sea-ice dipole is partially forced by surface heat flux anomalies in early winter - the extent varying with the region and GCM used. The turbulent heat fluxes then act to damp the anomalies in late winter, which may however be maintained by ice-albedo feedbacks.

  14. Bacterial Production and Enzymatic Activities in Deep-Sea Sediments of the Pacific Ocean: Biogeochemical Implications of Different Temperature Constraints

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Danovaro, R.; Corinaldesi, C.; dell'Anno, A.

    2002-12-01

    The deep-sea bed, acting as the ultimate sink for organic material derived from the upper oceans primary production, is now assumed to play a key role in biogeochemical cycling of organic matter on global scale. Early diagenesis of organic matter in marine sediments is dependent upon biological processes (largely mediated by bacterial activity) and by molecular diffusion. Organic matter reaching the sea floor by sedimentation is subjected to complex biogeochemical transformations that make organic matter largely unsuitable for direct utilization by benthic heterotrophs. Extracellular enzymatic activities in the sediment is generally recognized as the key step in the degradation and utilization of organic polymers by bacteria and a key role in biopolymeric carbon mobilization is played by aminopeptidase, alkaline phosphatase and glucosidase activities. In the present study we investigated bacterial density, bacterial C production and exo-enzymatic activities (aminopeptidase, glucosidase and phosphatase activity) in deep-sea sediments of the Pacific Ocean in relation with the biochemical composition of sediment organic matter (proteins, carbohydrates and lipids), in order to gather information on organic matter cycling and diagenesis. Benthic viral abundance was also measured to investigate the potential role of viruses on microbial loop functioning. Sediment samples were collected at eight stations (depth ranging from 2070-3100 m) along two transects located at the opposite side (north and south) of ocean seismic ridge Juan Fernandez (along latitudes 33° 20' - 33° 40'), constituted by the submerged vulcanoes, which connects the Chilean coasts to Rapa Nui Island. Since the northern and southern sides of this ridge apparently displayed small but significant differences in deep-sea temperature (related to the general ocean circulation), this sampling strategy allowed also investigating the role of different temperature constraints on bacterial activity and

  15. Field Observations of Coastal Air-Sea Interaction

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ortiz-Suslow, D. G.; Haus, B. K.; Williams, N. J.; Graber, H. C.

    2016-12-01

    In the nearshore zone wind, waves, and currents generated from different forcing mechanisms converge in shallow water. This can profoundly affect the physical nature of the ocean surface, which can significantly modulate the exchange of momentum, heat, and mass across the air-sea interface. For decades, the focus of air-sea interaction research has been on the open ocean while the shallow water regime has been relatively under-explored. This bears implications for efforts to understand and model various coastal processes, such as mixing, surface transport, and air-sea gas flux. The results from a recent study conducted at the New River Inlet in North Carolina showed that directly measured air-sea flux parameters, such as the atmospheric drag coefficient, are strong functions of space as well as the ambient conditions (i.e. wind speed and direction). The drag is typically used to parameterize the wind stress magnitude. It is generally assumed that the wind direction is the direction of the atmospheric forcing (i.e. wind stress), however significant wind stress steering off of the azimuthal wind direction was observed and was found to be related to the horizontal surface current shear. The authors have just returned from a field campaign carried out within Monterey Bay in California. Surface observations made from two research vessels were complimented by an array of beach and inland flux stations, high-resolution wind forecasts, and satellite image acquisitions. This is a rich data set and several case studies will be analyzed to highlight the importance of various processes for understanding the air-sea fluxes. Preliminary findings show that interactions between the local wind-sea and the shoaling, incident swell can have a profound effect on the wind stress magnitude. The Monterey Bay coastline contains a variety of topographical features and the importance of land-air-sea interactions will also be investigated.

  16. Holocene Sea-Levels from Greenland to Antarctica: A Pole-to-Pole Transect of Sea Level History

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Horton, Benjamin; Peltier, William; Roy, Keven; Ashe, Erica; Shaw, Tim; Engelhart, Simon; Khan, Nicole; Kopp, Robert; Simkins, Lauren; Vacchi, Matteo; Woodroffe, Sarah

    2017-04-01

    The Holocene is the most recent period during which natural temperature variability predominates and, therefore, provides an important paleo perspective for understanding the climate:sea-level relationship prior to anthropogenic modification of the climate system. But our understanding of Holocene sea level is limited by a lack of a standard protocol that incorporates full consideration of vertical and temporal uncertainty for each sea-level index point. We have compiled a Holocene RSL database of 3000 validated sea-level index points from Greenland, North American Atlantic coast, Caribbean, South American Atlantic coast and Antarctica. The databases were collated using a formalized and consistent methodology to facilitate the development and comparison of regional RSL records. The database also includes information relevant to sediment compaction, and modelling of both modern-day and paleotidal ranges. We develop a spatio-temporal empirical hierarchical model to compare regional RSL histories and estimate rates of change. Holocene RSL history from near-field regions (e.g., Antarctica, Greenland and Canada) reveal a complex pattern of RSL fall from a maximum marine limit due to the net effect of eustatic sea-level rise and glacio-isostatic uplift with rates of RSL fall as great as 70 ± 5 m/ka (East Hudson Bay). Intermediate field regions (e.g., North American mid-Atlantic coast) display variable rates of RSL rise from the cumulative effect of eustatic and isostatic factors. Fast rates of RSL rise (up to 10 ± 4m/ka; New Jersey) are found in the early Holocene in regions near the center of forebulge collapse. Far-field RSL records (South American Atlantic coast) exhibit a mid-Holocene highstand, the timing and magnitude of which varies between 8 and 4 ka and <1 and 6 m, respectively. We compare RSL histories with the predictions from two recent models of the Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA) process, namely the ICE-6GC (VM5a) model of Peltier et al. (2015) and the

  17. Rebalancing to the Asia-Pacific Region, and Challenges of Anti-Access/Area Denial & the Air-Sea Battle Strategy

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2013-04-05

    Ahead 27 Conclusion 33 GLOSSARY 36 ENDNOTES 38 BIBLIOGRAPHY 42 FIGURES: Figure 1, Range of PLA Missiles and Strike Aircraft 6 (Combat...radiological agents , mines, guided rockets, mortars and artillery, electronic warfare, and short- range/man portable air defense and anti-armor...Army ( PLA ) would continue to develop substantial military capabilities to challenge the U.S. and its allies in the Asia-Pacific region. The Chinese

  18. Anthropogenic 129I in the North Pacific, Bering and Chukchi Seas, and Arctic Ocean in 2012-2013

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nagai, H.; Hasegawa, A.; Yamagata, T.; Kumamoto, Y.; Nishino, S.; Matsuzaki, H.

    2015-10-01

    Most of anthropogenic 129I in marine environment are due to discharge from the nuclear fuel reprocessing facilities at Sellafield (U.K.) and La Hague (France) for past few decades. The discharge raised 129I concentration in seawaters in the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans to more than 109 atoms L-1, which is two orders of magnitude higher than that in other region. Recently, in March 2011, a large quantity of 129I was released into the western North Pacific due to the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (F1NPP) accident. To evaluate the influence of these events, we have measured 129I concentration in seawaters in the northern North Pacific Ocean, Bering and Chukchi Seas, and Arctic Ocean in 2012-2013. The 129I concentrations were 1.0-1.8 × 107 atoms L-1 in the surface waters in the vicinity of 47°N 150°E-130°W North Pacific Ocean, Bering Sea, and Chukchi Sea (<74°N), which are equal to or lower than the 129I concentration level in surface water in the North Pacific Ocean before the F1NPP accident. The vertical profiles in the North Pacific were almost same as that observed in the western North Pacific before the F1NPP accident. The 129I distribution in seawater in the North Pacific to the Chukchi Sea revealed no significant increase of 129I concentration caused by the F1NPP accident. The 129I concentrations were 13-14 × 107 atoms L-1 in surface waters and 80 × 107 atoms L-1 at depths of 300 and 800 m in the Arctic Ocean.

  19. Reconstructing Tropical Pacific Sea Level Variability for the Period 1961-2002 Using a Linear Multimode Model

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Greatbatch, Richard J.; Zhu, Xiaoting; Claus, Martin

    2018-03-01

    Monthly mean sea level anomalies in the tropical Pacific for the period 1961-2002 are reconstructed using a linear, multimode model driven by monthly mean wind stress anomalies from the NCEP/NCAR and ERA-40 reanalysis products. Overall, the sea level anomalies reconstructed by both wind stress products agree well with the available tide gauge data, although with poor performance at Kanton Island in the western-central equatorial Pacific and reduced amplitude at Christmas Island. The reduced performance is related to model error in locating the pivot point in sea level variability associated with the so-called "tilt" mode. We present evidence that the pivot point was further west during the period 1993-2014 than during the period 1961-2002 and attribute this to a persistent upward trend in the zonal wind stress variance along the equator west of 160° W throughout the period 1961-2014. Experiments driven by the zonal component of the wind stress alone reproduce much of the trend in sea level found in the experiments driven by both components of the wind stress. The experiments show an upward trend in sea level in the eastern tropical Pacific over the period 1961-2002, but with a much stronger upward trend when using the NCEP/NCAR product. We argue that the latter is related to an overly strong eastward trend in zonal wind stress in the eastern-central Pacific that is believed to be a spurious feature of the NCEP/NCAR product.

  20. SEA Semester Undergraduates Research the Ocean's Role in Climate Systems in the Pacific Ocean

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Meyer, A. W.; Becker, M. K.; Grabb, K. C.

    2014-12-01

    Sea Education Association (SEA)'s fully accredited Oceans & Climate SEA Semester program provides upper-level science undergraduates a unique opportunity to explore the ocean's role in the global climate system as they conduct real-world oceanographic research and gain first-hand understanding of and appreciation for the collaborative nature of the scientific research process. Oceans & Climate is an interdisciplinary science and policy semester in which students also explore public policy perspectives to learn how scientific knowledge is used in making climate-related policy. Working first at SEA's shore campus, students collaborate with SEA faculty and other researchers in the local Woods Hole scientific community to design and develop an original research project to be completed at sea. Students then participate as full, working members of the scientific team and sailing crew aboard the 134-foot brigantine SSV Robert C. Seamans; they conduct extensive oceanographic sampling, manage shipboard operations, and complete and present the independent research project they designed onshore. Oceans & Climate SEA Semester Cruise S-250 sailed from San Diego to Tahiti on a 7-week, >4000nm voyage last fall (November-December 2013). This remote open-ocean cruise track traversed subtropical and equatorial regions of the Pacific particularly well suited for a diverse range of climate-focused studies. Furthermore, as SEA has regularly collected scientific data along similar Pacific cruise tracks for more than a decade, students often undertake projects that require time-series analyses. 18 undergraduates from 15 different colleges and universities participated in the S-250 program. Two examples of the many projects completed by S-250 students include a study of the possible relationship between tropical cyclone intensification, driven by warm sea surface temperatures, and the presence of barrier layers; and a study of nutrient cycling in the eastern Pacific, focusing on primary

  1. Observed modes of sea surface temperature variability in the South Pacific region

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Saurral, Ramiro I.; Doblas-Reyes, Francisco J.; García-Serrano, Javier

    2018-02-01

    The South Pacific (SP) region exerts large control on the climate of the Southern Hemisphere at many times scales. This paper identifies the main modes of interannual sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the SP which consist of a tropical-driven mode related to a horseshoe structure of positive/negative SST anomalies within midlatitudes and highly correlated to ENSO and Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) variability, and another mode mostly confined to extratropical latitudes which is characterized by zonal propagation of SST anomalies within the South Pacific Gyre. Both modes are associated with temperature and rainfall anomalies over the continental regions of the Southern Hemisphere. Besides the leading mode which is related to well known warmer/cooler and drier/moister conditions due to its relationship with ENSO and the IPO, an inspection of the extratropical mode indicates that it is associated with distinct patterns of sea level pressure and surface temperature advection. These relationships are used here as plausible and partial explanations to the observed warming trend observed within the Southern Hemisphere during the last decades.

  2. A Sensitivity Analysis of the Impact of Rain on Regional and Global Sea-Air Fluxes of CO2

    PubMed Central

    Shutler, J. D.; Land, P. E.; Woolf, D. K.; Quartly, G. D.

    2016-01-01

    The global oceans are considered a major sink of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Rain is known to alter the physical and chemical conditions at the sea surface, and thus influence the transfer of CO2 between the ocean and atmosphere. It can influence gas exchange through enhanced gas transfer velocity, the direct export of carbon from the atmosphere to the ocean, by altering the sea skin temperature, and through surface layer dilution. However, to date, very few studies quantifying these effects on global net sea-air fluxes exist. Here, we include terms for the enhanced gas transfer velocity and the direct export of carbon in calculations of the global net sea-air fluxes, using a 7-year time series of monthly global climate quality satellite remote sensing observations, model and in-situ data. The use of a non-linear relationship between the effects of rain and wind significantly reduces the estimated impact of rain-induced surface turbulence on the rate of sea-air gas transfer, when compared to a linear relationship. Nevertheless, globally, the rain enhanced gas transfer and rain induced direct export increase the estimated annual oceanic integrated net sink of CO2 by up to 6%. Regionally, the variations can be larger, with rain increasing the estimated annual net sink in the Pacific Ocean by up to 15% and altering monthly net flux by > ± 50%. Based on these analyses, the impacts of rain should be included in the uncertainty analysis of studies that estimate net sea-air fluxes of CO2 as the rain can have a considerable impact, dependent upon the region and timescale. PMID:27673683

  3. 75 FR 69597 - Fisheries of the Exclusive Economic Zone Off Alaska; Pacific Cod in the Bering Sea and Aleutian...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-11-15

    .... 0910131363-0087-02] RIN 0648-XA038 Fisheries of the Exclusive Economic Zone Off Alaska; Pacific Cod in the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands Management Area AGENCY: National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS...: NMFS is prohibiting retention of Pacific cod in the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands Management Area...

  4. Low-frequency western Pacific Ocean sea level and circulation changes due to the connectivity of the Philippine Archipelago

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhuang, Wei; Qiu, Bo; Du, Yan

    2013-12-01

    Interannual-to-decadal sea level and circulation changes associated with the oceanic connectivity around the Philippine Archipelago are studied using satellite altimeter sea surface height (SSH) data and a reduced gravity ocean model. SSHs in the tropical North Pacific, the Sulu Sea and the eastern South China Sea (ESCS) display very similar low-frequency oscillations that are highly correlated with El Niño and Southern Oscillation. Model experiments reveal that these variations are mainly forced by the low-frequency winds over the North Pacific tropical gyre and affected little by the winds over the marginal seas and the North Pacific subtropical gyre. The wind-driven baroclinic Rossby waves impinge on the eastern Philippine coast and excite coastal Kelvin waves, conveying the SSH signals through the Sibutu Passage-Mindoro Strait pathway into the Sulu Sea and the ESCS. Closures of the Luzon Strait, Karimata Strait, and ITF passages have little impacts on the low-frequency sea level changes in the Sulu Sea and the ESCS. The oceanic pathway west of the Philippine Archipelago modulates the western boundary current system in the tropical North Pacific. Opening of this pathway weakens the time-varying amplitudes of the North Equatorial Current bifurcation latitude and Kuroshio transport. Changes of the amplitudes can be explained by the conceptual framework of island rule that allows for baroclinic adjustment. Although it fails to capture the interannual changes in the strongly nonlinear Mindanao Current, the time-dependent island rule is nevertheless helpful in clarifying the role of the archipelago in regulating its multidecadal variations.

  5. Pacific halibut bycatch in Pacific cod fisheries in the Bering Sea: an analysis to evaluate area-time management

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Adlerstein, Sara A.; Trumble, Robert J.

    1998-03-01

    Mortality of discarded Pacific halibut bycatch from Pacific cod fisheries in the Bering Sea leads to significant losses in the halibut setline and in the Pacific cod fisheries. The commercial halibut fishery loses yield because of catch limit reductions to compensate the resource for lost spawning potential and because halibut killed as bycatch will not be available for subsequent harvest, and the cod fisheries may lose harvest if they reach a bycatch mortality limit before reaching allowed catch. In this study, significant differences in Pacific halibut bycatch rates and associated yield losses were found among months and areas of the Bering Sea in the longline and trawl fisheries for Pacific cod in 1990-1992. Bycatch rates were usually highest in late spring and early summer and in areas close to the Unimak Pass. With the exception of 1992, yield loss in the longline fishery was around 1 kg per kg of bycatch mortality, irrespective of where or when bycatch occurred. In the trawl fishery, loss of halibut yield varied from 1 to 4 kg per kg of bycatch mortality. Highest halibut net yield losses per tonne of groundfish harvest usually coincided with highest bycatch rates. When both fisheries operated in one area, trawl bycatch often imposed higher yield losses than longline bycatch, despite lower bycatch rates. Bycatch was affected by the strong 1987 halibut year class. Highest bycatch and yield loss rates occurred in the trawl fishery in 1990 and 1991 when the population was dominated by halibut age-3 and -4, and in the longline fishery in 1992 as fish reached age-5.

  6. Aptian-Albian sea level history from Guyots in the western Pacific

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    RöHl, Ursula; Ogg, James G.

    1996-10-01

    Relative sea level fluctuations are an important control on patterns of sedimentation on continental margins and provide a valuable tool for regional correlations. One of the main objectives of combined Ocean Drilling Program Legs 143 and 144 was drilling the thick carbonate caps of a suite of seamounts, called guyots, scattered over the northwestern Pacific. The array of drowned Cretaceous banks includes four carbonate banks of Aptian-Albian age. These particular carbonate banks display emergent surfaces if regional sea level falls faster than the rate of guyot subsidence, or intervals of condensed parasequences and well-cemented peritidal crypto-algal flats if the rate of sea level fall is slightly less than guyot subsidence. Rapid rises of sea level following these sequence boundaries are recorded as drowning of the emergent horizons or as pronounced deepening of facies. The cored lithologies and downhole geophysical and geochemical logs were used to identify depositional sequences and surfaces of exceptional shallowing or deepening. A combination of biostratigraphic datums, carbon and strontium isotope curves, relative magnitude of surfaces of emergence, relative thicknesses of depositional sequences, sea level events, and counts of upward shallowing cycles or parasequences were used to correlate sequences among the four sites. After compensating for thermal subsidence rates at each guyot, an identical pattern of major Aptian-Albian eustatic sea level events is evident throughout this large portion of the Pacific Ocean. There are approximately 12 Aptian and 12 Albian significant sequence boundaries, of which a third were associated with major episodes of emergence. When these events are compared with Aptian-Albian relative sea level changes observed in European shelf successions, the major sequence boundaries and transgressive surges can be easily correlated, and it appears that both regions also display the same number of minor events. Therefore we can apply

  7. Analysis of near-shore sea surface temperatures in the Northern Pacific

    EPA Science Inventory

    Recent studies report a warming trend in Pacific Ocean temperatures over the last 50 years. However, much less is known about temperature change in the near-coastal environment, which is particularly sensitive to climatic change. In near-shore regions in situ sea surface temper...

  8. 76 FR 68658 - Fisheries of the Exclusive Economic Zone Off Alaska; Pacific Ocean Perch in the Bering Sea...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-11-07

    ... in the Bering Sea Subarea of the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands Management Area AGENCY: National... Pacific ocean perch in the Bering Sea subarea of the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands management area. This... Bering Sea subarea of the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands management area. DATES: Effective 1200 hrs...

  9. Regal phylogeography: Range-wide survey of the marine angelfish Pygoplites diacanthus reveals evolutionary partitions between the Red Sea, Indian Ocean, and Pacific Ocean.

    PubMed

    Coleman, Richard R; Eble, Jeffrey A; DiBattista, Joseph D; Rocha, Luiz A; Randall, John E; Berumen, Michael L; Bowen, Brian W

    2016-07-01

    The regal angelfish (Pygoplites diacanthus; family Pomacanthidae) occurs on reefs from the Red Sea to the central Pacific, with an Indian Ocean/Rea Sea color morph distinct from a Pacific Ocean morph. To assess population differentiation and evaluate the possibility of cryptic evolutionary partitions in this monotypic genus, we surveyed mtDNA cytochrome b and two nuclear introns (S7 and RAG2) in 547 individuals from 15 locations. Phylogeographic analyses revealed four mtDNA lineages (d=0.006-0.015) corresponding to the Pacific Ocean, the Red Sea, and two admixed lineages in the Indian Ocean, a pattern consistent with known biogeographic barriers. Christmas Island in the eastern Indian Ocean had both Indian and Pacific lineages. Both S7 and RAG2 showed strong population-level differentiation between the Red Sea, Indian Ocean, and Pacific Ocean (ΦST=0.066-0.512). The only consistent population sub-structure within these three regions was at the Society Islands (French Polynesia), where surrounding oceanographic conditions may reinforce isolation. Coalescence analyses indicate the Pacific (1.7Ma) as the oldest extant lineage followed by the Red Sea lineage (1.4Ma). Results from a median-joining network suggest radiations of two lineages from the Red Sea that currently occupy the Indian Ocean (0.7-0.9Ma). Persistence of a Red Sea lineage through Pleistocene glacial cycles suggests a long-term refuge in this region. The affiliation of Pacific and Red Sea populations, apparent in cytochrome b and S7 (but equivocal in RAG2) raises the hypothesis that the Indian Ocean was recolonized from the Red Sea, possibly more than once. Assessing the genetic architecture of this widespread monotypic genus reveals cryptic evolutionary diversity that merits subspecific recognition. We recommend P.d. diacanthus and P.d. flavescens for the Pacific and Indian Ocean/Red Sea forms. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  10. Decadal atmosphere-ocean variations in the Pacific

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Trenberth, Kevin E.; Hurrell, James W.

    1994-03-01

    Considerable evidence has emerged of a substantial decade-long change in the north Pacific atmosphere and ocean lasting from about 1976 to 1988. Observed significant changes in the atmospheric circulation throughout the troposphere revealed a deeper and eastward shifted Aleutian low pressure system in the winter half year which advected warmer and moister air along the west coast of North America and into Alaska and colder air over the north Pacific. Consequently, there were increases in temperatures and sea surface temperatures (SSTs) along the west coast of North America and Alaska but decreases in SSTs over the central north Pacific, as well as changes in coastal rainfall and streamflow, and decreases in sea ice in the Bering Sea. Associated changes occurred in the surface wind stress, and, by inference, in the Sverdrup transport in the north Pacific Ocean. Changes in the monthly mean flow were accompanied by a southward shift in the storm tracks and associated synoptic eddy activity and in the surface ocean sensible and latent heat fluxes. In addition to the changes in the physical environment, the deeper Aleutian low increased the nutrient supply as seen through increases in total chlorophyll in the water column, phytoplankton and zooplankton. These changes, along with the altered ocean currents and temperatures, changed the migration patterns and increased the stock of many fish species. A north Pacific (NP) index is defined to measure the decadal variations, and the temporal variability of the index is explored on daily, annual, interannual and decadal time scales. The dominant atmosphere-ocean relation in the north Pacific is one where atmospheric changes lead SSTs by one to two months. However, strong ties are revealed with events in the tropical Pacific, with changes in tropical Pacific SSTs leading SSTs in the north Pacific by three months. Changes in the storm tracks in the north Pacific help to reinforce and maintain the anomalous circulation in the

  11. Variability and change of sea level and its components in the Indo-Pacific region during the altimetry era

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wu, Quran; Zhang, Xuebin; Church, John A.; Hu, Jianyu

    2017-03-01

    Previous studies have shown that regional sea level exhibits interannual and decadal variations associated with the modes of climate variability. A better understanding of those low-frequency sea level variations benefits the detection and attribution of climate change signals. Nonetheless, the contributions of thermosteric, halosteric, and mass sea level components to sea level variability and trend patterns remain unclear. By focusing on signals associated with dominant climate modes in the Indo-Pacific region, we estimate the interannual and decadal fingerprints and trend of each sea level component utilizing a multivariate linear regression of two adjoint-based ocean reanalyses. Sea level interannual, decadal, and trend patterns primarily come from thermosteric sea level (TSSL). Halosteric sea level (HSSL) is of regional importance in the Pacific Ocean on decadal time scale and dominates sea level trends in the northeast subtropical Pacific. The compensation between TSSL and HSSL is identified in their decadal variability and trends. The interannual and decadal variability of temperature generally peak at subsurface around 100 m but that of salinity tend to be surface-intensified. Decadal temperature and salinity signals extend deeper into the ocean in some regions than their interannual equivalents. Mass sea level (MassSL) is critical for the interannual and decadal variability of sea level over shelf seas. Inconsistencies exist in MassSL trend patterns among various estimates. This study highlights regions where multiple processes work together to control sea level variability and change. Further work is required to better understand the interaction of different processes in those regions.

  12. A log-linear model approach to estimation of population size using the line-transect sampling method

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Anderson, D.R.; Burnham, K.P.; Crain, B.R.

    1978-01-01

    The technique of estimating wildlife population size and density using the belt or line-transect sampling method has been used in many past projects, such as the estimation of density of waterfowl nestling sites in marshes, and is being used currently in such areas as the assessment of Pacific porpoise stocks in regions of tuna fishing activity. A mathematical framework for line-transect methodology has only emerged in the last 5 yr. In the present article, we extend this mathematical framework to a line-transect estimator based upon a log-linear model approach.

  13. Recent surface cooling in the Yellow and East China Seas and the associated North Pacific climate regime shift

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kim, Yong Sun; Jang, Chan Joo; Yeh, Sang-Wook

    2018-03-01

    The Yellow and East China Seas (YECS) are widely believed to have experienced robust, basin-scale warming over the last few decades. However, the warming reached a peak in the late 1990s, followed by a significant cooling trend. In this study, we investigated the characteristics of this low-frequency sea surface temperature (SST) variance and its dynamic relationship with large-scale climate variability through cyclostationary orthogonal function analysis for the 1982-2014 period. Both regressed surface winds on the primary mode of the YECS SST and trends in air-sea heat fluxes demonstrate that the intensification of the northerly winds in winter contribute largely to the recent cooling trend by increasing heat loss to the atmosphere. As a localized oceanic response to these winds, the upwind flow seems to bring warm waters and partially counteracts the basin-scale cooling, thus contributing to a weakening of the cooling trend along the central trough of the Yellow Sea. In the context of the large-scale climate variabilities, a strong relationship between the YECS SST variability and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) became weak considerably during the recent cooling period after the late 1990s as the PDO signals appeared to be confined within the eastern basin of the North Pacific in association with the regime shift. In addition to this decoupling of the YECS SST from the PDO, the intensifying Siberian High pressure system likely caused the enhanced northerly winds, leading to the recent cooling trend. These findings highlight relative roles of the PDO and the Siberian High in shaping the YECS SST variance through the changes in the large-scale atmospheric circulation and attendant oceanic advection.

  14. North Pacific Mesoscale Coupled Air-Ocean Simulations Compared with Observations

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Koracin, Darko; Cerovecki, Ivana; Vellore, Ramesh

    2013-04-11

    Executive summary The main objective of the study was to investigate atmospheric and ocean interaction processes in the western Pacific and, in particular, effects of significant ocean heat loss in the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension regions on the lower and upper atmosphere. It is yet to be determined how significant are these processes are on climate scales. The understanding of these processes led us also to development of the methodology of coupling the Weather and Research Forecasting model with the Parallel Ocean Program model for western Pacific regional weather and climate simulations. We tested NCAR-developed research software Coupler 7 formore » coupling of the WRF and POP models and assessed its usability for regional-scale applications. We completed test simulations using the Coupler 7 framework, but implemented a standard WRF model code with options for both one- and two-way mode coupling. This type of coupling will allow us to seamlessly incorporate new WRF updates and versions in the future. We also performed a long-term WRF simulation (15 years) covering the entire North Pacific as well as high-resolution simulations of a case study which included extreme ocean heat losses in the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension regions. Since the extreme ocean heat loss occurs during winter cold air outbreaks (CAO), we simulated and analyzed a case study of a severe CAO event in January 2000 in detail. We found that the ocean heat loss induced by CAOs is amplified by additional advection from mesocyclones forming on the southern part of the Japan Sea. Large scale synoptic patterns with anomalously strong anticyclone over Siberia and Mongolia, deep Aleutian Low, and the Pacific subtropical ridge are a crucial setup for the CAO. It was found that the onset of the CAO is related to the breaking of atmospheric Rossby waves and vertical transport of vorticity that facilitates meridional advection. The study also indicates that intrinsic parameterization of the surface

  15. Teleconnection between sea ice in the Barents Sea in June and the Silk Road, Pacific-Japan and East Asian rainfall patterns in August

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    He, Shengping; Gao, Yongqi; Furevik, Tore; Wang, Huijun; Li, Fei

    2018-01-01

    In contrast to previous studies that have tended to focus on the influence of the total Arctic sea-ice cover on the East Asian summer tripole rainfall pattern, the present study identifies the Barents Sea as the key region where the June sea-ice variability exerts the most significant impacts on the East Asian August tripole rainfall pattern, and explores the teleconnection mechanisms involved. The results reveal that a reduction in June sea ice excites anomalous upward air motion due to strong near-surface thermal forcing, which further triggers a meridional overturning wave-like pattern extending to midlatitudes. Anomalous downward motion therefore forms over the Caspian Sea, which in turn induces zonally oriented overturning circulation along the subtropical jet stream, exhibiting the east-west Rossby wave train known as the Silk Road pattern. It is suggested that the Bonin high, a subtropical anticyclone predominant near South Korea, shows a significant anomaly due to the eastward extension of the Silk Road pattern to East Asia. As a possible descending branch of the Hadley cell, the Bonin high anomaly ultimately triggers a meridional overturning, establishing the Pacific-Japan pattern. This in turn induces an anomalous anticyclone and cyclone pair over East Asia, and a tripole vertical convection anomaly meridionally oriented over East Asia. Consequently, a tripole rainfall anomaly pattern is observed over East Asia. Results from numerical experiments using version 5 of the Community Atmosphere Model support the interpretation of this chain of events.

  16. Teleconnection between Sea Ice in the Barents Sea in June and the Silk Road, Pacific-Japan and East Asian Rainfall Patterns in August

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    He, S.; Gao, Y.; Furevik, T.; Huijun, W.; Li, F.

    2017-12-01

    In contrast to previous studies that have tended to focus on the influence of the total Arctic sea-ice cover on the East Asian summer tripole rainfall pattern, the present study identifies the Barents Sea as the key region where the June sea-ice variability exerts the most significant impacts on the East Asian August tripole rainfall pattern, and explores the teleconnection mechanisms involved. The results reveal that a reduction in June sea ice excites anomalous upward air motion due to strong near-surface thermal forcing, which further triggers a meridional overturning wave-like pattern extending to midlatitudes. Anomalous downward motion therefore forms over the Caspian Sea, which in turn induces zonally oriented overturning circulation along the subtropical jet stream, exhibiting the east-west Rossby wave train known as the Silk Road pattern. It is suggested that the Bonin high, a subtropical anticyclone predominant near South Korea, shows a significant anomaly due to the eastward extension of the Silk Road pattern to East Asia. As a possible descending branch of the Hadley cell, the Bonin high anomaly ultimately triggers a meridional overturning, establishing the Pacific-Japan pattern. This in turn induces an anomalous anticyclone and cyclone pair over East Asia, and a tripole vertical convection anomaly meridionally oriented over East Asia. Consequently, a tripole rainfall anomaly pattern is observed over East Asia. Results from numerical experiments using version 5 of the Community Atmosphere Model support the interpretation of this chain of events.

  17. High-resolution IP25-based reconstruction of sea-ice variability in the western North Pacific and Bering Sea during the past 18,000 years

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Méheust, Marie; Stein, Ruediger; Fahl, Kirsten; Max, Lars; Riethdorf, Jan-Rainer

    2016-04-01

    Due to its strong influence on heat and moisture exchange between the ocean and the atmosphere, sea ice is an essential component of the global climate system. In the context of its alarming decrease in terms of concentration, thickness and duration, understanding the processes controlling sea-ice variability and reconstructing paleo-sea-ice extent in polar regions have become of great interest for the scientific community. In this study, for the first time, IP25, a recently developed biomarker sea-ice proxy, was used for a high-resolution reconstruction of the sea-ice extent and its variability in the western North Pacific and western Bering Sea during the past 18,000 years. To identify mechanisms controlling the sea-ice variability, IP25 data were associated with published sea-surface temperature as well as diatom and biogenic opal data. The results indicate that a seasonal sea-ice cover existed during cold periods (Heinrich Stadial 1 and Younger Dryas), whereas during warmer intervals (Bølling-Allerød and Holocene) reduced sea ice or ice-free conditions prevailed in the study area. The variability in sea-ice extent seems to be linked to climate anomalies and sea-level changes controlling the oceanographic circulation between the subarctic Pacific and the Bering Sea, especially the Alaskan Stream injection though the Aleutian passes.

  18. 78 FR 73110 - Fisheries of the Exclusive Economic Zone Off Alaska; Pacific Ocean Perch in the Bering Sea...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-12-05

    ... in the Bering Sea Subarea of the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands Management Area AGENCY: National... in the Bering Sea subarea of the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands management area. This action is necessary to fully use the 2013 total allowable catch of Pacific ocean perch specified for the Bering Sea...

  19. 75 FR 68726 - Fisheries of the Exclusive Economic Zone Off Alaska; Pacific Ocean Perch in the Bering Sea...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-11-09

    ... in the Bering Sea Subarea of the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands Management Area AGENCY: National... in the Bering Sea subarea of the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands management area. This action is necessary to fully use the 2010 total allowable catch of Pacific ocean perch specified for the Bering Sea...

  20. 77 FR 65838 - Fisheries of the Exclusive Economic Zone Off Alaska; Pacific Ocean Perch in the Bering Sea...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-10-31

    ... in the Bering Sea Subarea of the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands Management Area AGENCY: National... in the Bering Sea subarea of the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands management area. This action is necessary to fully use the 2012 total allowable catch of Pacific ocean perch specified for the Bering Sea...

  1. Habitat filtering of bacterioplankton communities above polymetallic nodule fields and sediments in the Clarion-Clipperton zone of the Pacific Ocean.

    PubMed

    Lindh, Markus V; Maillot, Brianne M; Smith, Craig R; Church, Matthew J

    2018-04-01

    Deep-sea mining of commercially valuable polymetallic nodule fields will generate a seabed sediment plume into the water column. Yet, the response of bacterioplankton communities, critical in regulating energy and matter fluxes in marine ecosystems, to such disturbances is unknown. Metacommunity theory, traditionally used in general ecology for macroorganisms, offers mechanistic understanding on the relative role of spatial differences compared with local environmental conditions (habitat filtering) for community assembly. We examined bacterioplankton metacommunities using 16S rRNA amplicons from the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) in the eastern Pacific Ocean and in global ocean transect samples to determine sensitivity of these assemblages to environmental perturbations. Habitat filtering was the main assembly mechanism of bacterioplankton community composition in the epi- and mesopelagic waters of the CCZ and the Tara Oceans transect. Bathy- and abyssopelagic bacterioplankton assemblages were mainly assembled by undetermined metacommunity types or neutral and dispersal-driven patch-dynamics for the CCZ and the Malaspina transect. Environmental disturbances may alter the structure of upper-ocean microbial assemblages, with potentially even more substantial, yet unknown, impact on deep-sea communities. Predicting such responses in bacterioplankton assemblage dynamics can improve our understanding of microbially-mediated regulation of ecosystem services in the abyssal seabed likely to be exploited by future deep-sea mining operations. © 2018 Society for Applied Microbiology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  2. Historical Sea Level in the South Pacific from Rescued Archives, Geodetic Measurements, and Satellite Altimetry

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Aucan, J.; Merrifield, M. A.; Pouvreau, N.

    2017-10-01

    Automatic sea-level measurements in Nouméa, South Pacific, started in 1957 for the International Geophysical year. Data from this location exist in paper record for the 1957-1967 period, and in two distinct electronic records for the 1967-2005 and 2005-2015 period. In this study, we digitize the early record, and established a link between the two electronic records to create a unique, nearly 60 year-long instrumental sea-level record. This work creates one of the longest instrumental sea-level records in the Pacific Islands. These data are critical for the study of regional and interannual variations of sea level. This new data set is then used to infer rates of vertical movements by comparing it to (1) the entire satellite altimetric record (1993-2013) and (2) a global sea-level reconstruction (1957-2010). These inferred rates show an uplift of 1.3-1.4 mm/year, opposite to the currently accepted values of subsidence found in the geological and geodetic literature, and underlie the importance of systematic geodetic measurements at, over very near tide gauges.

  3. The role of atmospheric internal variability on the prediction skill of interannual North Pacific sea-surface temperatures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Narapusetty, Balachandrudu

    2017-06-01

    The sensitivity of the sea-surface temperature (SST) prediction skill to the atmospheric internal variability (weather noise) in the North Pacific (20∘-60∘N;120∘E-80∘W) on decadal timescales is examined using state-of-the-art Climate Forecasting System model version 2 (CFS) and a variation of CFS in an Interactive Ensemble approach (CFSIE), wherein six copies of atmospheric components with different perturbed initial states of CFS are coupled with the same ocean model by exchanging heat, momentum and fresh water fluxes dynamically at the air-sea interface throughout the model integrations. The CFSIE experiments are designed to reduce weather noise and using a few ten-year long forecasts this study shows that reduction in weather noise leads to lower SST forecast skill. To understand the pathways that cause the reduced SST prediction skill, two twenty-year long forecasts produced with CFS and CFSIE for 1980-2000 are analyzed for the ocean subsurface characteristics that influence SST due to the reduction in weather noise in the North Pacific. The heat budget analysis in the oceanic mixed layer across the North Pacific reveals that weather noise significantly impacts the heat transport in the oceanic mixed layer. In the CFSIE forecasts, the reduced weather noise leads to increased variations in heat content due to shallower mixed layer, diminished heat storage and enhanced horizontal heat advection. The enhancement of the heat advection spans from the active Kuroshio regions of the east coast of Japan to the west coast of continental United States and significantly diffuses the basin-wide SST anomaly (SSTA) contrasts and leads to reduction in the SST prediction skill in decadal forecasts.

  4. Decadal changes in South Pacific sea surface temperatures and the relationship to the Pacific decadal oscillation and upper ocean heat content

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Linsley, Braddock K.; Wu, Henry C.; Dassié, Emilie P.; Schrag, Daniel P.

    2015-04-01

    Decadal changes in Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and upper ocean heat content (OHC) remain poorly understood. We present an annual average composite coral Sr/Ca-derived SST time series extending back to 1791 from Fiji, Tonga, and Rarotonga (FTR) in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) sensitive region of the southwest Pacific. Decadal SST maxima between 1805 and 1830 Common Era (C.E.) indicate unexplained elevated SSTs near the end of the Little Ice Age. The mean period of decadal SST variability in this region has a period near 25 years. Decades of warmer (cooler) FTR SST co-occur with PDO negative (positive) phases since at least ~1930 C.E. and positively correlate with South Pacific OHC (0-700 m). FTR SST is also inversely correlated with decadal changes in equatorial Pacific SST as measured by coral Sr/Ca. Collectively, these results support the fluctuating trade wind-shallow meridional overturning cell mechanism for decadal modulation of Pacific SSTs and OHC.

  5. Sea surface temperature measurements with AIRS

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Aumann, H.

    2003-01-01

    The comparison of global sea surface skin temperature derived from cloud-free AIRS super window channel at 2616 cm-1 (sst2616) with the Real-Time Global Sea Surface Temperature for September 2002 shows surprisingly small standard deviation of 0.44K.

  6. 76 FR 70665 - Fisheries of the Exclusive Economic Zone Off Alaska; Pacific Ocean Perch in the Bering Sea...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-11-15

    ... in the Bering Sea Subarea of the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands Management Area AGENCY: National...-specified reserve to the initial total allowable catch of Pacific ocean perch in the Bering Sea subarea of the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands management area. This action is necessary to allow fishing...

  7. 75 FR 69361 - Fisheries of the Exclusive Economic Zone Off Alaska; Pacific Ocean Perch in the Bering Sea...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-11-12

    ... the Bering Sea Subarea of the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands Management Area AGENCY: National Marine...-specified reserve to the initial total allowable catch of Pacific ocean perch in the Bering Sea subarea of the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands management area. This action is necessary to allow fishing...

  8. Intercomparison of Air-Sea Fluxes in the Bay of Bengal

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Buckley, J.; Weller, R. A.; Farrar, J. T.; Tandon, A.

    2016-02-01

    Heat and momentum exchange between the air and sea in the Bay of Bengal is an important driver of atmospheric convection during the Asian Monsoon. Warm sea surface temperatures resulting from salinity stratified shallow mixed layers trigger widespread showers and thunderstorms. In this study, we compare atmospheric reanalysis flux products to air-sea flux values calculated from shipboard observations from four cruises and an air-sea flux mooring in the Bay of Bengal as part of the Air-Sea Interactions in the Northern Indian Ocean (ASIRI) experiment. Comparisons with months of mooring data show that most long timescale reanalysis error arises from the overestimation of longwave and shortwave radiation. Ship observations and select data from the air-sea flux mooring reveals significant errors on shorter timescales (2-4 weeks) which are greatly influenced by errors in shortwave radiation and latent and sensible heat. During these shorter periods, the reanalyses fail to properly show sharp decreases in air temperature, humidity, and shortwave radiation associated with mesoscale convective systems. Simulations with the Price-Weller-Pinkel (PWP) model show upper ocean mixing and deepening mixed layers during these events that effect the long term upper ocean stratification. Mesoscale convective systems associated with cloudy skies and cold and dry air can reduce net heat into the ocean for minutes to a few days, significantly effecting air-sea heat transfer, upper ocean stratification, and ocean surface temperature and salinity.

  9. Atmospheric concentrations and air-sea exchanges of nonylphenol, tertiary octylphenol and nonylphenol monoethoxylate in the North Sea.

    PubMed

    Xie, Zhiyong; Lakaschus, Soenke; Ebinghaus, Ralf; Caba, Armando; Ruck, Wolfgang

    2006-07-01

    Concentrations of nonylphenol isomers (NP), tertiary octylphenol (t-OP) and nonylphenol monoethoxylate isomers (NP1EO) have been simultaneously determined in the sea water and atmosphere of the North Sea. A decreasing concentration profile appeared following the distance increasing from the coast to the central part of the North Sea. Air-sea exchanges of t-OP and NP were estimated using the two-film resistance model based upon relative air-water concentrations and experimentally derived Henry's law constant. The average of air-sea exchange fluxes was -12+/-6 ng m(-2)day(-1) for t-OP and -39+/-19 ng m(-2)day(-1) for NP, which indicates a net deposition is occurring. These results suggest that the air-sea vapour exchange is an important process that intervenes in the mass balance of alkylphenols in the North Sea.

  10. Paleoclimate reconstruction along the Pole-Equator-Pole transect of the Americas (PEP 1)

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Markgraf, Vera; Baumgartner, T.R.; Bradbury, J.P.; Diaz, Henry F.; Dunbar, R.B.; Luckman, B.H.; Seltzer, G.O.; Swetnam, T.W.; Villalba, R.

    2000-01-01

    Examples are presented of inter-hemispheric comparison of instrumental climate and paleoclimate proxy records from the Americas for different temporal scales. Despite a certain symmetry of seasonal precipitation patterns along the PEP I transect, decadal variability of winter precipitation shows different characteristics in terms of amplitude and frequency in both the last 100 and last 1000 years. Such differences in variability are also seen in a comparison of time series of different El Nino/Southern Oscillation proxy records from North and South America, however, these differences do not appear to affect the spatial correlation with Pacific sea surface temperature patterns. Local and regional differences in response to climate change are even more pronounced for records with lower temporal resolution, and inter-hemispheric synchroneity may or may not be indicative of the same forcing. This aspect is illustrated in an inter-hemispheric comparison of the last 1000 years of glacier variability, and of the full- and lateglacial lake level history.

  11. Enhanced Pacific Ocean Sea Surface Temperature and Its Relation to Typhoon Haiyan

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Comiso, Josefino C.; Perez, Gay Jane P.; Stock, Larry V.

    2015-01-01

    Typhoon Haiyan, which devastated the Visayan Islands in the Philippines on November 8, 2013 was recorded as the strongest typhoon ever-observed using satellite data. Typhoons in the region usually originate from the mid-Pacific region that includes the Warm Pool, which is regarded as the warmest ocean surface region globally. Two study areas were considered: one in the Warm Pool Region and the other in the West Pacific Region near the Philippines. Among the most important factors that affect the strength of a typhoon are sea surface temperature (SST) and water vapor. It is remarkable that in November 2013 the average SST in the Warm Pool Region was the highest observed during the 1981 to 2014 period while that of the West Pacific Region was among the highest as well. Moreover, the increasing trend in SST was around 0.20C per decade in the warm pool region and even higher at 0.23C per decade in the West Pacific region. The yearly minimum SST has also been increasing suggesting that the temperature of the ocean mixed layer is also increasing. Further analysis indicated that water vapor, clouds, winds and sea level pressure for the same period did not reveal strong signals associated with the 2013 event. The SST is shown to be well-correlated with wind strength of historically strong typhoons in the country and the observed trends in SST suggest that extremely destructive typhoons like Haiyan are likely to occur in the future.

  12. West margin of North America - A synthesis of recent seismic transects

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Fuis, G.S.

    1998-01-01

    A comparison of the deep structure along nine recent transects of the west margin of North America shows many important similarities and differences. Common tectonic elements identified in the deep structure along these transects include actively subducting oceanic crust, accreted oceanic/arc (or oceanic-like) lithosphere of Mesozoic through Cenozoic ages. Cenozoic accretionary prisms, Mesozoic accretionary prisms, backstops to the Mesozoic prisms, and undivided lower crust. Not all of these elements are present along all transects. In this study, nine transects, including four crossing subduction zones and five crossing transform faults, are plotted at the same scale and vertical exaggeration (V.E. 1:1), using the above scheme for identifying tectonic elements. The four subduction-zone transects contain actively subducting oceanic crust. Cenozoic accretionary prisms, and bodies of basaltic rocks accreted in the Cenozoic, including remnants of a large, oceanic plateau in the Oregon and Vancouver Island transects. Rocks of age and composition (Eocene basalt) similar to the oceanic plateau are currently subducting in southern Alaska, where they are doubled up on top of Pacific oceanic crust and have apparently created a giant asperity, or impediment to subduction. Most of the subduction-zone transects also contain Mesozoic accretionary prisms, and two of them, Vancouver Island and Alaska, also contain thick, technically underplated bodies of late Mesozoic/early Cenozoic oceanic lithosphere, interpreted as fragments of the extinct Kula plate. In the upper crust, most of the five transform-fault transects (all in California) reflect: (1) tectonic wedging of a Mesozoic accretionary prism into a backstop, which includes Mesozoic/early Cenozoic forearc rocks and Mesozoic ophiolitic/arc basement rocks: and (2) shuffling of the subduction margin of California by strike-slip faulting. In the lower crust, they may reflect migration of the Mendocino triple junction northward

  13. High fungal diversity and abundance recovered in the deep-sea sediments of the Pacific Ocean.

    PubMed

    Xu, Wei; Pang, Ka-Lai; Luo, Zhu-Hua

    2014-11-01

    Knowledge about the presence and ecological significance of bacteria and archaea in the deep-sea environments has been well recognized, but the eukaryotic microorganisms, such as fungi, have rarely been reported. The present study investigated the composition and abundance of fungal community in the deep-sea sediments of the Pacific Ocean. In this study, a total of 1,947 internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of fungal rRNA gene clones were recovered from five sediment samples at the Pacific Ocean (water depths ranging from 5,017 to 6,986 m) using three different PCR primer sets. There were 16, 17, and 15 different operational taxonomic units (OTUs) identified from fungal-universal, Ascomycota-, and Basidiomycota-specific clone libraries, respectively. Majority of the recovered sequences belonged to diverse phylotypes of Ascomycota (25 phylotypes) and Basidiomycota (18 phylotypes). The multiple primer approach totally recovered 27 phylotypes which showed low similarities (≤97 %) with available fungal sequences in the GenBank, suggesting possible new fungal taxa occurring in the deep-sea environments or belonging to taxa not represented in the GenBank. Our results also recovered high fungal LSU rRNA gene copy numbers (3.52 × 10(6) to 5.23 × 10(7)copies/g wet sediment) from the Pacific Ocean sediment samples, suggesting that the fungi might be involved in important ecological functions in the deep-sea environments.

  14. High-speed measurement of an air transect's temperature shift heated by laser beam

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Li, WenYu; Jiang, ZongFu; Xi, Fengjie; Li, Qiang; Xie, Wenke

    2005-02-01

    Laser beam heat the air on the optic path, Beam-deflection optical tomography is a non-intrusive method to measure the 2-dimension temperature distribution in the transect. By means of linear Hartmann Sensor at the rate of 27kHz, the optic path was heated by a 2.7μm HF laser, continuous and high time resolution gradients of optic phase were obtained. the result of analysing and calculation showed the temperament shift in the heated beam path was not higher than 50K when the HF laser power was 9W. The experiment showed that it is a practical non-intrusive temperature shift measurement method for a small area aero-optical medium.

  15. The North Pacific as a Regulator of Summertime Climate Over North America and the Asian Monsoon

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Lau, William K. M.; Wang, H.

    2004-01-01

    The interannual variability of summertime rainfall over the U.S. may be linked to climate anomalies over Pacific and East Asia through teleconnection patterns that may be components of recurring global climate modes in boreal summer (Lau and Weng 2002). In this study, maintenance of the boreal summer teleconnection patterns is investigated. The particular focus is on the potential effects of North Pacific air-sea interaction on climate anomalies over the U.S. Observational data, reanalysis and outputs of a series of NASA NSIPP AGCM and AGCM coupled to NASA GSFC MLO model experiments are used. Statistical analysis of observations and NSIPP AMIP type simulations indicates that, the interannual variability of observed warm season precipitation over the U.S. is related to SST variation in both tropical and North Pacific, whereas the NSIPP AMIP simulated summertime US. precipitation variation mainly reflects impact of ENS0 in tropical Pacific. This implies the potential importance of air-sea interaction in North Pacific in contributing to the interannual variability of observed summer climate over the U.S. The anomalous atmospheric circulation associated with the dominant summertime teleconnection modes in both observations and NSIPP AMIP simulations are further diagnosed, using stationary wave modeling approach. In observations, for the two dominant modes, both anomalous diabatic heating and anomalous transients significantly contribute to the anomalous circulation. The distributions of the anomalous diabatic heating and transient forcing are quadrature configured over North Pacific and North America, so that both forcings act constructively to maintain the teleconnection patterns. The contrast between observations and NSIPP AMIP simulations from stationary wave modeling diagnosis confirms the previous conclusion based on statistical analysis. To better appreciate the role of extra-tropical air-sea interaction in maintaining the summertime teleconnection pattern

  16. The influence of tide on sea surface temperature in the marginal sea of northwest Pacific Ocean

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Huang, Shih-Jen; Tsai, Yun-Chan; Ho, Chung-Ru; Lo, Yao-Tsai; Kuo, Nan-Jung

    2017-10-01

    Tide gauge data provided by the University of Hawaii Sea Level Center and daily sea surface temperature (SST) data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) product are used in this study to analyze the influence of tide on the SST in the seas of Northwestern Pacific. In the marginal region, the climatology SST is lower in the northwestern area than that in the southeastern area. In the coastal region, the SST at spring tide is higher than that at neap tide in winter, but it is lower in other seasons. In the adjacent waters of East China Sea and Yellow Sea, the SST at spring tide is higher than that at neap tide in winter and summer but it is lower in spring and autumn. In the open ocean region, the SST at spring tide is higher than that at neap tide in winter, but it is lower in other seasons. In conclusion, not only the river discharge and topography, but also tides could influence the SST variations, especially in the open ocean region.

  17. Evidence for coral island formation during rising sea level in the central Pacific Ocean

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kench, Paul S.; Owen, Susan D.; Ford, Murray R.

    2014-02-01

    The timing and evolution of Jabat Island, Marshall Islands, was investigated using morphostratigraphic analysis and radiometric dating. Results show the first evidence of island building in the Pacific during latter stages of Holocene sea level rise. A three-phase model of development of Jabat is presented. Initially, rapid accumulation of coarse sediments on Jabat occurred 4800-4000 years B.P. across a reef flat higher than present level, as sea level continued to rise. During the highstand, island margins and particularly the western margin accreted vertically to 2.5-3.0 m above contemporary ridge elevations. This accumulation phase was dominated by sand-size sediments. Phase three involved deposition of gravel ridges on the northern reef, as sea level fell to present position. Jabat has remained geomorphically stable for the past 2000 years. Findings suggest reef platforms may accommodate the oldest reef islands in atoll systems, which may have profound implications for questions of prehistoric migration through Pacific archipelagos.

  18. The Role of Atmospheric Heating over the South China Sea and Western Pacific Regions in Modulating Asian Summer Climate under the Global Warming Background

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    He, B.

    2015-12-01

    Global warming is one of the most significant climate change signals at the earth's surface. However, the responses of monsoon precipitation to global warming show very distinct regional features, especially over the South China Sea (SCS) and surrounding regions during boreal summer. To understand the possible dynamics in these specific regions under the global warming background, the changes in atmospheric latent heating and their possible influences on global climate are investigated by both observational diagnosis and numerical sensitivity simulations. Results indicate that summertime latent heating has intensified in the SCS and western Pacific, accompanied by increased precipitation, cloud cover, lower-tropospheric convergence, and decreased sea level pressure. Sensitivity experiments show that middle and upper tropospheric heating causes an east-west feedback pattern between SCS-western Pacific and South Asia, which strengthens the South Asian High in the upper troposphere and moist convergence in the lower troposphere, consequently forcing a descending motion and adiabatic warming over continental South Asia and leading to a warm and dry climate. When air-sea interaction is considered, the simulation results are overall more similar to observations, and in particular the bias of precipitation over the Indian Ocean simulated by AGCMs has been reduced. The results highlight the important role of latent heating in adjusting the changes in sea surface temperature through atmospheric dynamics.

  19. Results and evaluation of a survey to estimate Pacific walrus population size, 2006

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Speckman, Suzann G.; Chernook, Vladimir I.; Burn, Douglas M.; Udevitz, Mark S.; Kochnev, Anatoly A.; Vasilev, Alexander; Jay, Chadwick V.; Lisovsky, Alexander; Fischbach, Anthony S.; Benter, R. Bradley

    2011-01-01

    In spring 2006, we conducted a collaborative U.S.-Russia survey to estimate abundance of the Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens). The Bering Sea was partitioned into survey blocks, and a systematic random sample of transects within a subset of the blocks was surveyed with airborne thermal scanners using standard strip-transect methodology. Counts of walruses in photographed groups were used to model the relation between thermal signatures and the number of walruses in groups, which was used to estimate the number of walruses in groups that were detected by the scanner but not photographed. We also modeled the probability of thermally detecting various-sized walrus groups to estimate the number of walruses in groups undetected by the scanner. We used data from radio-tagged walruses to adjust on-ice estimates to account for walruses in the water during the survey. The estimated area of available habitat averaged 668,000 km2 and the area of surveyed blocks was 318,204 km2. The number of Pacific walruses within the surveyed area was estimated at 129,000 with 95% confidence limits of 55,000 to 507,000 individuals. This value can be used by managers as a minimum estimate of the total population size.

  20. Predicting East African spring droughts using Pacific and Indian Ocean sea surface temperature indices

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Funk, Christopher C.; Hoell, Andrew; Shukla, Shraddhanand; Blade, Ileana; Liebmann, Brant; Roberts, Jason B.; Robertson, Franklin R.

    2014-01-01

    In southern Ethiopia, Eastern Kenya, and southern Somalia poor boreal spring rains in 1999, 2000, 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2011 contributed to severe food insecurity and high levels of malnutrition. Predicting rainfall deficits in this region on seasonal and decadal time frames can help decision makers support disaster risk reduction while guiding climate-smart adaptation and agricultural development. Building on recent research that links more frequent droughts to a stronger Walker Circulation, warming in the Indo-Pacific warm pool, and an increased western Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) gradient, we explore the dominant modes of East African rainfall variability, links between these modes and sea surface temperatures, and a simple index-based monitoring-prediction system suitable for drought early warning.

  1. Atmospheric organochlorine pollutants and air-sea exchange of hexachlorocyclohexane in the Bering and Chukchi Seas

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Hinckley, D.A.; Bidleman, T.F.; Rice, C.P.

    1991-01-01

    Organochlorine pesticides have been found in Arctic fish, marine mammals, birds, and plankton for some time. The lack of local sources and remoteness of the region imply long-range transport and deposition of contaminants into the Arctic from sources to the south. While on the third Soviet-American Joint Ecological Expedition to the Bering and Chukchi Seas (August 1988), high-volume air samples were taken and analyzed for organochlorine pesticides. Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), hexachlorobenzene, polychlorinated camphenes, and chlordane (listed in order of abundance, highest to lowest) were quantified. The air-sea gas exchange of HCH was estimated at 18 stations during the cruise. Average alpha-HCH concentrations in concurrent atmosphere and surface water samples were 250 pg m-3 and 2.4 ng L-1, respectively, and average gamma-HCH concentrations were 68 pg m-3 in the atmosphere and 0.6 ng L-1 in surface water. Calculations based on experimentally derived Henry's law constants showed that the surface water was undersaturated with respect to the atmosphere at most stations (alpha-HCH, average 79% saturation; gamma-HCH, average 28% saturation). The flux for alpha-HCH ranged from -47 ng m-2 day-1 (sea to air) to 122 ng m-2 d-1 (air to sea) and averaged 25 ng m-2 d-1 air to sea. All fluxes of gamma-HCH were from air to sea, ranged from 17 to 54 ng m-2 d-1, and averaged 31 ng m-2 d-1.

  2. Sea Otter Enhydra lutris

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Bodkin, James L.; Ballachey, Brenda E.

    1997-01-01

    The sea otter, Enhydra lutris, is the largest member of the Mustelidae family and is the only one which lives entirely in marine waters. Sea otters are unique among marine mammals because, unlike whales, dolphins and seals, they do not have a layer of fat or blubber to keep them warm in the cool oceans of the North Pacific. Instead, sea otters depend on dense fur that traps tiny air bubbles to insulate them from the cold water. To stay warm, they also must maintain a very high metabolic rate, requiring the sea otter to eat about 25% of its body weight per day. Sea otters eat mostly invertebrates - clams, crabs, urchins, and mussels - found in shallow coastal waters.

  3. Dynamic Changes of Photosynthetic Picoeukaryotes Composition in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean Revealed by High-Throughput Tag Sequencing of Plastid 16S rRNA Gene

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Choi, D. H.; Noh, J. H.; Selph, K. E.; Lee, C. M.

    2016-02-01

    Photosynthetic picoeukaryotes (PPEs) are major oceanic primary producers. However, the diversity of such communities remains poorly understood, especially in the northwestern (NW) Pacific. We investigated the abundance and diversity of PPEs, and recorded environmental variables, along a transect from the coast to the open Pacific Ocean. High-throughput tag sequencing (using the MiSeq system) revealed the diversity of plastid 16S rRNA genes. The dominant PPEs changed at the class level along the transect. Prymnesiophyceae were the only dominant PPEs in the warm pool of the NW Pacific, but Mamiellophyceae dominated in coastal waters of the East China Sea. Phylogenetically, most Prymnesiophyceae sequences could not be resolved at lower taxonomic levels because no close relatives have been cultured. Within the Mamiellophyceae, the genera Micromonas and Ostreococcus dominated in marginal coastal areas affected by open water, whereas Bathycoccus dominated in the lower euphotic depths of open oligotrophic waters. Cryptophyceae and Phaeocystis (of the Prymnesiophyceae) dominated in areas affected principally by coastal water. We also defined the biogeographical distributions of Chrysophyceae, Prasinophyceae, Bacillariophyceaea, and Pelagophyceae. These distributions were influenced by temperature, salinity, and chlorophyll a and nutrient concentrations.

  4. [Corynosoma hannae Zdzitowiecki, 1984--a parasite of sea leopard from the Pacific sector of Antarctic].

    PubMed

    Striukov, A A; Iurakhno, M V

    2007-01-01

    Specimens of the acanthocephalan Corynosoma hannae Zdzitowiecki, 1984 from the Pacific (Balleni islands) and Atlantic (South Shetland) sectors of Antarctic are compared with those from the Pacific sector of Subantarctic (Auckland and Campbell islands). Probably New Zealand sea lion Phocarctos hookeri (Gray, 1844) is the secondary definitive host for Corynosoma hannae. Description and figures of the specimens examined are provided.

  5. Increase in Export Production in the Marginal Seas of the Northwestern Pacific in Response to Anthropogenic N Input

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lee, K.; Ko, Y. H.; Moon, J. Y.

    2017-12-01

    The relative abundance of nitrate (N) over phosphorus (P) has increased significantly over the period since 1980 in the marginal seas (Yellow, East China and East seas) bordering the northwestern Pacific Ocean, located downstream of the populated and industrialized Asian continent. Analysis of datasets for anthropogenic N input, satellite chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), and seawater nutrient data ( 200,000 data points) reveal that transport of N originating from China has been responsible for enhancements of Chl-a in the marginal seas of the northwestern Pacific Ocean. In particular, the contribution of anthropogenic N to new production in these marginal seas is expected to grow considerably in the coming decades. This anthropogenically driven increase in the N content may potentially lead to a long-term change of these marginal seas from being N-limited to P-limited.

  6. Holocene sea surface temperature and sea ice extent in the Okhotsk and Bering Seas

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Harada, Naomi; Katsuki, Kota; Nakagawa, Mitsuhiro; Matsumoto, Akiko; Seki, Osamu; Addison, Jason A.; Finney, Bruce P.; Sato, Miyako

    2014-01-01

    Accurate prediction of future climate requires an understanding of the mechanisms of the Holocene climate; however, the driving forces, mechanisms, and processes of climate change in the Holocene associated with different time scales remain unclear. We investigated the drivers of Holocene sea surface temperature (SST) and sea ice extent in the North Pacific Ocean, and the Okhotsk and Bering Seas, as inferred from sediment core records, by using the alkenone unsaturation index as a biomarker of SST and abundances of sea ice-related diatoms (F. cylindrus and F. oceanica) as an indicator of sea ice extent to explore controlling mechanisms in the high-latitude Pacific. Temporal changes in alkenone content suggest that alkenone production was relatively high during the middle Holocene in the Okhotsk Sea and the western North Pacific, but highest in the late Holocene in the eastern Bering Sea and the eastern North Pacific. The Holocene variations of alkenone-SSTs at sites near Kamchatka in the Northwest Pacific, as well as in the western and eastern regions of the Bering Sea, and in the eastern North Pacific track the changes of Holocene summer insolation at 50°N, but at other sites in the western North Pacific, in the southern Okhotsk Sea, and the eastern Bering Sea they do not. In addition to insolation, other atmosphere and ocean climate drivers, such as sea ice distribution and changes in the position and activity of the Aleutian Low, may have systematically influenced the timing and magnitude of warming and cooling during the Holocene within the subarctic North Pacific. Periods of high sea ice extent in both the Okhotsk and Bering Seas may correspond to some periods of frequent or strong winter–spring dust storms in the Mongolian Gobi Desert, particularly one centered at ∼4–3 thousand years before present (kyr BP). Variation in storm activity in the Mongolian Gobi Desert region may reflect changes in the strength and positions of the Aleutian Low and Siberian

  7. Persistent organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in air of the North Sea region and air-sea exchange.

    PubMed

    Mai, Carolin; Theobald, Norbert; Hühnerfuss, Heinrich; Lammel, Gerhard

    2016-12-01

    Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were studied to determine occurrence, levels and spatial distribution in the marine atmosphere and surface seawater during cruises in the German Bight and the wider North Sea in spring and summer 2009-2010. In general, the concentrations found in air are similar to, or below, the levels at coastal or near-coastal sites in Europe. Hexachlorobenzene and α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH) were close to phase equilibrium, whereas net atmospheric deposition was observed for γ-HCH. The results suggest that declining trends of HCH in seawater have been continuing for γ-HCH but have somewhat levelled off for α-HCH. Dieldrin displayed a close to phase equilibrium in nearly all the sampling sites, except in the central southwestern part of the North Sea. Here atmospheric deposition dominates the air-sea exchange. This region, close to the English coast, showed remarkably increased surface seawater concentrations. This observation depended neither on riverine input nor on the elevated abundances of dieldrin in the air masses of central England. A net depositional flux of p,p'-DDE into the North Sea was indicated by both its abundance in the marine atmosphere and the changes in metabolite pattern observed in the surface water from the coast towards the open sea. The long-term trends show that the atmospheric concentrations of DDT and its metabolites are not declining. Riverine input is a major source of PCBs in the German Bight and the wider North Sea. Atmospheric deposition of the lower molecular weight PCBs (PCB28 and PCB52) was indicated as a major source for surface seawater pollution.

  8. Summer Sea Ice Motion from the 18 GHz Channel of AMSR-E and the Exchange of Sea Ice between the Pacific and Atlantic Sectors

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Kwok, Ronald

    2008-01-01

    We demonstrate that sea ice motion in summer can be derived reliably from the 18GHz channel of the AMSR-E instrument on the EOS Aqua platform. The improved spatial resolution of this channel with its lower sensitivity to atmospheric moisture seems to have alleviated various issues that have plagued summer motion retrievals from shorter wavelength observations. Two spatial filters improve retrieval quality: one reduces some of the microwave signatures associated with synoptic-scale weather systems and the other removes outliers. Compared with daily buoy drifts, uncertainties in motion are approx.3-4 km/day. Using the daily motion fields, we examine five years of summer ice area exchange between the Pacific and Atlantic sectors of the Arctic Ocean. With the sea-level pressure patterns during the summer of 2006 and 2007 favoring the export of sea ice into the Atlantic Sector, the regional outflow is approx.21% and approx.15% of the total sea ice retreat in the Pacific sector.

  9. The relative contributions of tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures and atmospheric internal variability to the recent global warming hiatus

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Deser, Clara; Guo, Ruixia; Lehner, Flavio

    2017-08-01

    The recent slowdown in global mean surface temperature (GMST) warming during boreal winter is examined from a regional perspective using 10-member initial-condition ensembles with two global coupled climate models in which observed tropical Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies (TPAC SSTAs) and radiative forcings are specified. Both models show considerable diversity in their surface air temperature (SAT) trend patterns across the members, attesting to the importance of internal variability beyond the tropical Pacific that is superimposed upon the response to TPAC SSTA and radiative forcing. Only one model shows a close relationship between the realism of its simulated GMST trends and SAT trend patterns. In this model, Eurasian cooling plays a dominant role in determining the GMST trend amplitude, just as in nature. In the most realistic member, intrinsic atmospheric dynamics and teleconnections forced by TPAC SSTA cause cooling over Eurasia (and North America), and contribute equally to its GMST trend.

  10. Glacial magnetite dissolution in abyssal NW Pacific sediments - evidence for carbon trapping?

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Korff, Lucia; von Dobeneck, Tilo; Frederichs, Thomas; Kasten, Sabine; Kuhn, Gerhard; Gersonde, Rainer; Diekmann, Bernhard

    2016-04-01

    The abyssal North Pacific Ocean's large volume, depth, and terminal position on the deep oceanic conveyor make it a candidate site for deep carbon trapping as postulated by climate theory to explain the massive glacial drawdown of atmospheric CO2. As the major basins of the North Pacific have depths of 5500-6500m, far below the modern and glacial Calcite Compensation Depths (CCD), these abyssal sediments are carbonate-free and therefore not suitable for carbonate-based paleoceanographic proxy reconstructions. Instead, paleo-, rock and environmental magnetic methods are generally well applicable to hololytic abyssal muds and clays. In 2009, the international paleoceanographic research cruise SO 202 INOPEX ('Innovative North Pacific Experiment') of the German RV SONNE collected two ocean-spanning EW sediment core transects of the North Pacific and Bering Sea recovering a total of 50 piston and gravity cores from 45 sites. Out of seven here considered abyssal Northwest Pacific piston cores collected at water depths of 5100 to 5700m with mostly coherent shipboard susceptibility logs, the 20.23m long SO202-39-3, retrieved from 5102 m water depth east of northern Shatsky Rise (38°00.70'N, 164°26.78'E), was rated as the stratigraphically most promising record of the entire core transect and selected for detailed paleo- and environmental magnetic, geochemical and sedimentological investigations. This core was dated by correlating its RPI and Ba/Ti records to well-dated reference records and obviously provides a continuous sequence of the past 940 kyrs. The most striking orck magnetic features are coherent magnetite-depleted zones corresponding to glacial periods. In the interglacial sections, detrital, volcanic and even submicron bacterial magnetite fractions are excellently preserved. These alternating magnetite preservation states seem to reflect dramatic oxygenation changes in the deep North Pacific Ocean and hint at large-scale benthic glacial carbon trapping

  11. Denali Ice Core Record of North Pacific Sea Surface Temperatures and Marine Primary Productivity

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Polashenski, D.; Osterberg, E. C.; Kreutz, K. J.; Winski, D.; Wake, C. P.; Ferris, D. G.; Introne, D.; Campbell, S. W.

    2016-12-01

    Chemical analyses of precipitation preserved in glacial ice cores provide a unique opportunity to study changes in atmospheric circulation patterns and ocean surface conditions through time. In this study, we aim to investigate changes in both the physical and biological parameters of the north-central Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea over the twentieth century using the deuterium excess (d-excess) and methanesulfonic acid (MSA) records from the Mt. Hunter ice cores drilled in Denali National Park, Alaska. These parallel, 208 m-long ice cores were drilled to bedrock during the 2013 field season on the Mt. Hunter plateau (63° N, 151° W, 3,900 m above sea level) by a collaborative research team consisting of members from Dartmouth College and the Universities of Maine and New Hampshire. The cores were sampled on a continuous melter system at Dartmouth College and analyzed for the concentrations major ions (Dionex IC) and trace metals (Element2 ICPMS), and for stable water isotope ratios (Picarro). The depth-age scale has been accurately dated to 400 AD using annual layer counting of several chemical species and further validated using known historical volcanic eruptions and the Cesium-137 spike associated with nuclear weapons testing in 1963. We use HYSPLIT back trajectory modeling to identify likely source areas of moisture and aerosol MSA being transported to the core site. Satellite imagery allows for a direct comparison between chlorophyll a concentrations in these source areas and MSA concentrations in the core record. Preliminary analysis of chlorophyll a and MSA concentrations, both derived almost exclusively from marine biota, suggest that the Mt. Hunter ice cores reflect changes in North Pacific and Bering Sea marine primary productivity. Analysis of the water isotope and MSA data in conjunction with climate reanalysis products shows significant correlations (p<0.05) between d-excess and MSA in the ice record and sea surface temperatures in the Bering Sea and

  12. Measurement of Ice-nucleating Particles over the Western North Pacific, Bering Sea, and Arctic Ocean during a R/V Mirai Cruise in 2016

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Murata, K.; Tobo, Y.; Taketani, F.; Miyakawa, T.; Kanaya, Y.

    2017-12-01

    Measurement of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) was performed using aerosol samples collected during a cruise of R/V Mirai across the western North Pacific, Bering Sea, and Arctic Ocean from August to October, 2016. We used the National Institute of Polar Research Cryogenic Refrigerator Applied to Freezing Test (NIPR-CRAFT) device to examine the immersion freezing efficiency of the collected aerosols in the temperature range of -25°C to 0°C and measured the number concentration of atmospheric INPs. The INP concentrations varied over about three orders of magnitude during the cruise. Over the Arctic Ocean (i.e., >70°N), the INPs were <0.08 L-1. In comparison with the Arctic Ocean, INPs were abundant over the Bering Sea and western North Pacific; 0.03-5.5 L-1 during the first half leg and 0.3-41 L-1 during the returning leg. According to on-board measurement of black carbon concentrations and model simulations, extremely high concentrations of INPs during the returning leg would be attributed to transport of smoke from fires in Siberia. Different INP concentrations during the cruise indicates that INPs in marine air can vary dramatically in response to long-range transport of continental aerosols, such as smoke, in addition to local emissions from the sea surface. The observed concentrations of INPs were reasonably well expressed by power law fits with the number concentration of fluorescent biological aerosol particles simultaneously measured with a Waveband Integrated Bioaerosol Sensor (WIBS-4) during the cruise, which suggests that biological aerosol particles may play a role in determining INP populations in the marine air of this case.

  13. What Maintains the Central North Pacific Genetic Discontinuity in Pacific Herring?

    PubMed Central

    Liu, Ming; Lin, Longshan; Gao, Tianxiang; Yanagimoto, Takashi; Sakurai, Yasunori; Grant, W. Stewart

    2012-01-01

    Pacific herring show an abrupt genetic discontinuity in the central North Pacific that represents secondary contact between refuge populations previously isolated during Pleistocene glaciations. Paradoxically, high levels of gene flow produce genetic homogeneity among ocean-type populations within each group. Here, we surveyed variability in mtDNA control-region sequences (463 bp) and nine microsatellite loci in Pacific herring from sites across the North Pacific to further explore the nature of the genetic discontinuity around the Alaska Peninsula. Consistent with previous studies, little divergence (ΦST  = 0.011) was detected between ocean-type populations of Pacific herring in the North West Pacific, except for a population in the Yellow Sea (ΦST  = 0.065). A moderate reduction in genetic diversity for both mtDNA and microsatellites in the Yellow Sea likely reflects founder effects during the last colonization of this sea. Reciprocal monophyly between divergent mtDNA lineages (ΦST  = 0.391) across the Alaska Peninsula defines the discontinuity across the North Pacific. However, microsatellites did not show a strong break, as eastern Bering Sea (EBS) herring were more closely related to NE Pacific than to NW Pacific herring. This discordance between mtDNA and microsatellites may be due to microsatellite allelic convergence or to sex-biased dispersal across the secondary contact zone. The sharp discontinuity between Pacific herring populations may be maintained by high-density blocking, competitive exclusion or hybrid inferiority. PMID:23300525

  14. Massive deep-sea sulphide ore deposits discovered on the East Pacific Rise

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Francheteau, Jean; Needham, H.D.; Choukroune, P.; Juteau, Tierre; Seguret, M.; Ballard, Richard D.; Fox, P.J.; Normark, William; Carranza, A.; Cordoba, D.; Guerrero, J.; Rangin, C.; Bougault, H.; Cambon, P.; Hekinian, R.

    1979-01-01

    Massive ore-grade zinc, copper and iron sulphide deposits have been found at the axis of the East Pacific Rise. Although their presence on the deep ocean-floor had been predicted there was no supporting observational evidence. The East Pacific Rise deposits represent a modern analogue of Cyprus-type sulphide ores associated with ophiolitic rocks on land. They contain at least 29% zinc metal and 6% metallic copper. Their discovery will provide a new focus for deep-sea exploration, leading to new assessments of the concentration of metals in the upper layers of the oceanic crust. ?? 1979 Nature Publishing Group.

  15. Regulation of CO2 Air Sea Fluxes by Sediments in the North Sea

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Burt, William; Thomas, Helmuth; Hagens, Mathilde; Brenner, Heiko; Pätsch, Johannes; Clargo, Nicola; Salt, Lesley

    2016-04-01

    A multi-tracer approach is applied to assess the impact of boundary fluxes (e.g. benthic input from sediments or lateral inputs from the coastline) on the acid-base buffering capacity, and overall biogeochemistry, of the North Sea. Analyses of both basin-wide observations in the North Sea and transects through tidal basins at the North-Frisian coastline, reveal that surface distributions of the δ13C signature of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) are predominantly controlled by a balance between biological production and respiration. In particular, variability in metabolic DIC throughout stations in the well-mixed southern North Sea indicates the presence of an external carbon source, which is traced to the European continental coastline using naturally-occurring radium isotopes (224Ra and 228Ra). 228Ra is also shown to be a highly effective tracer of North Sea total alkalinity (AT) compared to the more conventional use of salinity. Coastal inputs of metabolic DIC and AT are calculated on a basin-wide scale, and ratios of these inputs suggest denitrification as a primary metabolic pathway for their formation. The AT input paralleling the metabolic DIC release prevents a significant decline in pH as compared to aerobic (i.e. unbuffered) release of metabolic DIC. Finally, long-term pH trends mimic those of riverine nitrate loading, highlighting the importance of coastal AT production via denitrification in regulating pH in the southern North Sea.

  16. Species Profiles: Life Histories and Environmental Requirements of Coastal Fishes and Invertebrates (Pacific Southwest) California Sea Mussel and Bay Mussel

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1988-09-01

    FishesS and Invertebrates (Pacific Southwest) CALIFORNIA SEA MUSSEL AND BAY MUSSEL Cn Coastal Ecology Group *Fish and Wildlife Service Waterways...September 1988 Species Profiles: Life Histories and Environmental Requirements of Coastal Fishes and Invertebrates (Pacific Southwest) CALIFORNIA SEA MUSSEL...AND BAY MUSSEL by William N. Shaw Fred Telonicher Marine Laboratory Humboldt State University Trinidad, CA 95570 Thomas J. Hassler U.S. Fish anu

  17. High-Resolution Mg/Ca Ratios in a Coralline Red Alga as a Proxy for Bering Sea Temperature Variations and Teleconnections

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Halfar, J.; Steffen, H.; Kronz, A.; Steneck, R. S.; Adey, W.; Lebednik, P. A.

    2009-05-01

    We present the first continuous high-resolution record of Mg/Ca variations within an encrusting coralline red alga of the species Clathromorphum nereostratum from Amchitka Island, Aleutian Islands. Mg/Ca ratios of individual growth increments were analyzed by measuring a single point electron microprobe transect yielding a resolution of 15 samples/year on average, generating a continuous record from 1830 to 1967 of algal Mg/Ca variations. Results show that Mg/Ca ratios in the high-Mg calcite skeleton display pronounced annual cyclicity and archive late spring to late fall sea surface temperature (SST) corresponding to the main season of algal growth. Mg/Ca values correlate well to local SST (ERSSTJun-Nov, 1902-1967; r = 0.73 for 5-year mean), as well as to an air temperature record from the same region. Our data correlate well to a shorter Mg/Ca record from a second site, corroborating the ability of the alga to reliably record regional environmental signals. In addition, Mg/Ca ratios relate well to a 29-year stable oxygen isotope time series measured on the same sample, which provides additional support for the use of Mg as a paleotemperature proxy in coralline red algae, that is, unlike stable oxygen isotopes, not influenced by salinity fluctuations. High spatial correlation to large-scale SST variability in the North Pacific is observed, with patterns of strongest correlation following the direction of major oceanographic features (i.e., the signature of the Alaska Current and the Alaskan Stream), which play a key role in the exchange of water masses between the North Pacific and the Bering Sea through Aleutian Island passages. The time series further displays significant teleconnections with the signature of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation in the northeast Pacific and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation.

  18. Distribution Patterns of Microbial Community Structure Along a 7000-Mile Latitudinal Transect from the Mediterranean Sea Across the Atlantic Ocean to the Brazilian Coastal Sea.

    PubMed

    Zhou, Jin; Song, Xiao; Zhang, Chun-Yun; Chen, Guo-Fu; Lao, Yong-Min; Jin, Hui; Cai, Zhong-Hua

    2018-02-14

    A central goal in marine microecology is to understand the ecological factors shaping spatiotemporal microbial patterns and the underlying processes. We hypothesized that abiotic and/or biotic interactions are probably more important for explaining the distribution patterns of marine bacterioplankton than environmental filtering. In this study, surface seawater samples were collected about 7000 miles from the Mediterranean Sea, transecting the North Atlantic Ocean, to the Brazilian marginal sea. In bacterial biosphere, SAR11, SAR86, Rhodobacteraceae, and Rhodospiriaceae were predominant in the Mediterranean Sea; Prochlorococcus was more frequent in Atlantic Ocean; whereas in the Brazilian coastal sea, the main bacterial members were Synechococcus and SAR11. With respect to archaea, Euryarchaeota were predominant in the Atlantic Ocean and Thaumarchaeota in the Mediterranean Sea. With respect to the eukaryotes, Syndiniales, Spumellaria, Cryomonadida, and Chlorodendrales were predominant in the open ocean, while diatoms and microzooplankton were dominant in the coastal sea. Distinct clusters of prokaryotes and eukaryotes displayed clear spatial heterogeneity. Among the environmental parameters measured, temperature and salinity were key factors controlling bacterial and archaeal community structure, respectively, whereas N/P/Si contributed to eukaryotic variation. The relative contribution of environmental parameters to the microbial distribution pattern was 45.2%. Interaction analysis showed that Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, and Flavobacteriia were the keystone taxa within the positive-correlation network, while Thermoplasmata was the main contributor in the negative-correlation network. Our study demonstrated that microbial communities are co-governed by environmental filtering and biotic interactions, which are the main deterministic driving factors modulating the spatiotemporal patterns of marine plankton synergistically at the regional or global

  19. Enumeration of Pacific walrus carcasses on beaches of the Chukchi Sea in Alaska following a mortality event, September 2009

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Fischbach, Anthony S.; Monson, Daniel H.; Jay, C.V.

    2009-01-01

    On September 14, 2009, we encountered substantial numbers of fresh walrus carcasses on the Alaskan shores of the Chukchi Sea near Icy Cape. We enumerated 131 carcasses using geo-referenced strip transect photography and visual counts of solitary carcasses. All appeared to be young animals based on review of aerial photographs and reference to 12 carcasses that we examined on the ground. The events that led to the death of these animals are unknown, but appear to be related to the loss of sea ice over the Chukchi Sea continental shelf. In years prior to this event, other investigators have linked walrus deaths at other Chukchi Sea coastal haulouts to trampling, exhaustion from prolonged exposure to open sea conditions, and separation of calves from their mothers.

  20. Responses by pacific halibut to air exposure: Lack of correspondence among plasma constituents and mortality

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Davis, M.W.; Schreck, C.B.

    2005-01-01

    Age-1 and age-2 Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis were exposed to a range of times in air (0-60 min) and air temperatures (10??C or 16??C) that simulated conditions on deck after capture to test for correspondence among responses in plasma constituents and mortality. Pacific halibut mortality generally did not correspond with cortisol, glucose, sodium, and potassium since the maximum observed plasma concentrations were reached after exposure to 30 min in air, while significant mortality occurred only after exposure to 40 min in air for age-1 fish and 60 min in air for age-2 fish. Predicting mortality in discarded Pacific halibut using these plasma constituents does not appear to be feasible. Lactate concentrations corresponded with mortality in age-1 fish exposed to 16??C and may be useful predictors of discard mortality under a limited set of fishing conditions.

  1. The Air Land Sea Bulletin. Issue No. 2006-2, May 2006

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2006-05-01

    THE AIR LAND SEA BULLETIN Issue No. 2006-2 Air Land Sea Application (ALSA) Center May 2006 IN HOUSE Director’s Comments— Final Thoughts...4 US Air Force Predator UAVs Have Moved Into a More Overt Strike Role [Jane’s Defence Weekly Reprint] ........................6...SUBTITLE The Air Land Sea Bulletin. Issue No. 2006-2, May 2006 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT

  2. Seasonal Storminess in the North Pacific, Bering Sea, and Alaskan Regions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Shippee, N. J.; Atkinson, D. E.; Walsh, J. E.; Partain, J.; Gottschalck, J.; Marra, J.

    2012-12-01

    Annually, extra-tropical cyclones present a high impact natural hazard to the North Pacific, Bering Sea, and Alaskan regions. In these regions, extensive subsistence and commercial fishing, new oil and gas field development, tourism, growing interest in and exploitation of new commercial shipping potential, and increasing military and Coast Guard activity, all represent potential parties impacted by storms in these waters. It is of interest to many parties to begin developing capacity to provide some indication of storm activity at a monthly- to seasonal-outlook (30 to 90 days) timeframe. Using storm track data from NOAA's Climate Prediction Center for the North Pacific and Alaskan region, an experimental seasonal storminess outlook product, using eigen-based methods similar to the operational seasonal temperature and precipitation products currently produced at NOAA CPC, has been created and tested in hindcast mode using predicted states of ENSO, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), the Pacific-North American Pattern (PNA), and the Arctic Oscillation (AO). A sample of the seasonal storminess outlook product will be shown along with a discussion of the utility of individual teleconnection patterns in the generation of the product.

  3. Air-sea heat exchange, an element of the water cycle

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Chahine, M. T.

    1984-01-01

    The distribution and variation of water vapor, clouds and precipitation are examined. Principal driving forces for these distributions are energy exchange and evaporation at the air-sea interface, which are also important elements of air-sea interaction studies. The overall aim of air-sea interaction studies is to quantitatively determine mass, momentum and energy fluxes, with the goal of understanding the mechanisms controlling them. The results of general circulation simulations indicate that the atmosphere in mid-latitudes responds to changes in the oceanic surface conditions in the tropics. This correlation reflects the strong interaction between tropical and mid-latitude conditions caused by the transport of heat and momentum from the tropics. Studies of air-sea exchanges involve a large number of physica, chemical and dynamical processes including heat flux, radiation, sea-surface temperature, precipitation, winds and ocean currents. The fluxes of latent heat are studied and the potential use of satellite data in determining them evaluated. Alternative ways of inferring heat fluxes will be considered.

  4. Decadal Bering Sea seascape change: consequences for Pacific walruses and indigenous hunters.

    PubMed

    Ray, G Carleton; Hufford, Gary L; Overland, James E; Krupnik, Igor; McCormick-Ray, Jerry; Frey, Karen; Labunski, Elizabeth

    2016-01-01

    The most significant factors currently affecting the Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) population are climate change and consequent changes in sea-ice morphology and dynamics. This paper integrates recent physical sea-ice change in the Bering Sea with biological and ecological conditions of walruses in their winter-spring reproductive habitat. Historically, walrus in winter-spring depended on a critical mass of sea-ice habitat to optimize social networking, reproductive fitness, feeding behavior, migration, and energetic efficiency. During 2003-2013, our cross-disciplinary, multiscale analysis from shipboard observations, satellite imagery, and ice-floe tracking, reinforced by information from indigenous subsistence hunters, documented change of sea-ice structure from a plastic continuum to a "mixing bowl" of ice floes moving more independently. This fragmentation of winter habitat preconditions the walrus population toward dispersal mortality and will also negatively affect the availability of resources for indigenous communities. We urge an expanded research and management agenda that integrates walrus natural history and habitat more completely with changing sea-ice morphology and dynamics at multiple scales, while also meeting the needs of local communities.

  5. On the Influence of North Pacific Sea Surface Temperature on the Arctic Winter Climate

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Hurwitz, Margaret M.; Newman, P. A.; Garfinkel, C. I.

    2012-01-01

    Differences between two ensembles of Goddard Earth Observing System Chemistry-Climate Model simulations isolate the impact of North Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs) on the Arctic winter climate. One ensemble of extended winter season forecasts is forced by unusually high SSTs in the North Pacific, while in the second ensemble SSTs in the North Pacific are unusually low. High Low differences are consistent with a weakened Western Pacific atmospheric teleconnection pattern, and in particular, a weakening of the Aleutian low. This relative change in tropospheric circulation inhibits planetary wave propagation into the stratosphere, in turn reducing polar stratospheric temperature in mid- and late winter. The number of winters with sudden stratospheric warmings is approximately tripled in the Low ensemble as compared with the High ensemble. Enhanced North Pacific SSTs, and thus a more stable and persistent Arctic vortex, lead to a relative decrease in lower stratospheric ozone in late winter, affecting the April clear-sky UV index at Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes.

  6. Four centuries of tropical Pacific sea-surface temperature from coral archives

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Emile-Geay, J.; Guillot, D.; Cobb, K. M.; Cole, J. E.; Correge, T.; Tudhope, A. W.; Rajaratnam, B.

    2012-12-01

    Our ability to judge the significance of recent climate change is fundamentally limited by the shortness and sparsity of the instrumental record. It is therefore crucial to extend the latter, particularly in the tropical Pacific where powerful air/sea interactions orchestrate global-scale low-frequency climate variability. Reconstructions of tropical sea-surface temperature (SST) variability have traditionally relied heavily on extratropical proxy records, particularly dendrochronological ones. Such dependence hinders a rigorous examination of the links between tropical SST and continental hydroclimate in the pre-instrumental era. Here we use an expanded network of high-resolution coral proxies and a novel statistical methodology (GraphEM Guillot et al., in revision) to reconstruct tropical Pacific SST back to 1600 C.E solely from annually-banded coral archives. The network and method prove able to capture ˜ 30% of interannual SST variability in the NINO3.4 region, but systematically under-represents El Nino events, especially strong ones, which negatively affect coral physiology at some sites. La Nina events, however, are more faithfully captured. The reconstructed NINO3.4 displays no long-term trend since 1600 C.E, contradicting claims that the twentieth century is anomalous with respect to a long-term baseline (McGregor et al., 2010). Changes in the preponderance of ENSO 'flavors' (Eastern Pacific vs Central Pacific El Nino events) are assessed using the methodology of (Yeh et al., 2009), and suggests that the late twentieth century trend towards increased CP El Nino occurrences is within historic norms, consistent with results employing a multivariate red noise model (Newman et al., 2011). The link to North American droughts is assessed by comparison to the Palmer Drought Severity Index from the North American Drought Atlas v2a (Cook et al., 2004; Cook, 2008): the pattern corresponding to notable droughts in the US southwest is cool tropical Pacific, both

  7. Thermodynamic properties of sea air

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Feistel, R.; Wright, D. G.; Kretzschmar, H.-J.; Hagen, E.; Herrmann, S.; Span, R.

    2010-02-01

    Very accurate thermodynamic potential functions are available for fluid water, ice, seawater and humid air covering wide ranges of temperature and pressure conditions. They permit the consistent computation of all equilibrium properties as, for example, required for coupled atmosphere-ocean models or the analysis of observational or experimental data. With the exception of humid air, these potential functions are already formulated as international standards released by the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS), and have been adopted in 2009 for oceanography by IOC/UNESCO. In this paper, we derive a collection of formulas for important quantities expressed in terms of the thermodynamic potentials, valid for typical phase transitions and composite systems of humid air and water/ice/seawater. Particular attention is given to equilibria between seawater and humid air, referred to as "sea air" here. In a related initiative, these formulas will soon be implemented in a source-code library for easy practical use. The library is primarily aimed at oceanographic applications but will be relevant to air-sea interaction and meteorology as well. The formulas provided are valid for any consistent set of suitable thermodynamic potential functions. Here we adopt potential functions from previous publications in which they are constructed from theoretical laws and empirical data; they are briefly summarized in the appendix. The formulas make use of the full accuracy of these thermodynamic potentials, without additional approximations or empirical coefficients. They are expressed in the temperature scale ITS-90 and the 2008 Reference-Composition Salinity Scale.

  8. Thermodynamic properties of sea air

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Feistel, R.; Kretzschmar, H.-J.; Span, R.; Hagen, E.; Wright, D. G.; Herrmann, S.

    2009-10-01

    Very accurate thermodynamic potential functions are available for fluid water, ice, seawater and humid air covering wide ranges of temperature and pressure conditions. They permit the consistent computation of all equilibrium properties as, for example, required for coupled atmosphere-ocean models or the analysis of observational or experimental data. With the exception of humid air, these potential functions are already formulated as international standards released by the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS), and have been adopted in 2009 for oceanography by IOC/UNESCO. In this paper, we derive a collection of formulas for important quantities expressed in terms of the thermodynamic potentials, valid for typical phase transitions and composite systems of humid air and water/ice/seawater. Particular attention is given to equilibria between seawater and humid air, referred to as ''sea air'' here. In a related initiative, these formulas will soon be implemented in a source-code library for easy practical use. The library is primarily aimed at oceanographic applications but will be relevant to air-sea interaction and meteorology as well. The formulas provided are valid for any consistent set of suitable thermodynamic potential functions. Here we adopt potential functions from previous publications in which they are constructed from theoretical laws and empirical data; they are briefly summarized in the appendix. The formulas make use of the full accuracy of these thermodynamic potentials, without additional approximations or empirical coefficients. They are expressed in the temperature scale ITS-90 and the 2008 Reference-Composition Salinity Scale.

  9. FY2019 Pacific Southwest (Region 9) Tribal Clean Air Act Funding Announcement and Guidance

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    Information about grants to federally-recognized tribes in EPA's Pacific Southwest (Region 9) geographic area for funding tribal air pollution control programs, air quality education and assessment projects, and development of tribal air program capacity.

  10. Refractometry and Extinguishment/Burnback Testing of Pacific Air Forces AFFF

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2006-04-01

    AFRL-ML-TY-TR-2006-4536 REFRACTOMETRY AND EXTINGUISHMENT/ BURNBACK TESTING OF PACIFIC AIR FORCES AFFF Jennifer L. Kalberer...NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON 19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER (Include area code) 31-04-2006 Interim Technical Report 01-08-2005 -- 30-09-2005 Refractometry and...AFRL) performed refractometry and extinguishment/burnback tests on samples of Ansulite and 3M aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) from an overseas air

  11. Overview of the Frontal Air-Sea Interaction Experiment (FASINEX) - A study of air-sea interaction in a region of strong oceanic gradients

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Weller, Robert A.

    1991-01-01

    From 1984 to 1986 the cooperative Frontal Air-Sea Interaction Experiment (FASINEX) was conducted in the subtropical convergence zone southwest of Bermuda. The overall objective of the experiment was to study air-sea interaction on 1- to 100-km horizontal scales in a region of the open ocean characterized by strong horizontal gradients in upper ocean and sea surface properties. Ocean fronts provided both large spatial gradients in sea surface temperature and strong jetlike flows in the upper ocean. The motivation for and detailed objectives of FASINEX are reviewed. Then the components of the field program are summarized. Finally, selected results are presented in order to provide an overview of the outcome of FASINEX.

  12. Adapt or Perish: Aeromedical Evacuation in the Contested Air Space of the Pacific Theater

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2016-08-01

    AE elements and planning assistance to the theater , in intermediate supporting theaters , or in the U.S.”42 Further, AE forces are modular in design ...AIR SPACE OF THE PACIFIC THEATER by Lee O. Knoell, Captain, USAF, MSC A Research Report Submitted to the Faculty In Partial Fulfillment of...Denial (A2/AD) capabilities in the Pacific Theater . This project explores the interrelations between the Air Force Total Force, the AE community, and

  13. Amphibian Engineers in the Southwest Pacific

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2017-03-08

    groups supporting Marine ground combat on small island chains. Such actions dominate the central Pacific. The ideal depiction of combat is Marine...to: first capture Tulagi and Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands, second capture the remainder of the Solomon Islands plus Lae and Salamaua, and...air, sea, and ground operations from New Guinea through the Solomons and into the Marianas. Seizing Rabaul was critical to the allied forces in the

  14. Genetic divergence in nuclear genomes between populations of Fagus crenata along the Japan Sea and Pacific sides of Japan.

    PubMed

    Hiraoka, Koichi; Tomaru, Nobuhiro

    2009-05-01

    Genetic diversity and structure in Fagus crenata were studied by analyzing 14 nuclear microsatellite loci in 23 populations distributed throughout the species' range. Although population differentiation was very low (F (ST) = 0.027; R (ST) = 0.041), both neighbor-joining tree and Bayesian clustering analyses provided clear evidence of genetic divergence between populations along the Japan Sea (Japan Sea lineage) and Pacific (Pacific lineage) sides of Japan, indicating that physical barriers to migration and gene flow, notably the mountain ranges separating the populations along the Japan Sea and Pacific sides, have promoted genetic divergence between these populations. The two lineages of the nuclear genome are generally consistent with those of the chloroplast genome detected in a previous study, with several discrepancies between the two genomes. Within-population genetic diversity was generally very high (average H (E) = 0.839), but decreased in a clinal fashion from southwest to northeast, largely among populations of the Japan Sea lineage. This geographical gradient may have resulted from the late-glacial and postglacial recolonization to the northeast, which led to a loss of within-population genetic diversity due to cumulative founder effects.

  15. Prolonged California aridity linked to climate warming and Pacific sea surface temperature.

    PubMed

    MacDonald, Glen M; Moser, Katrina A; Bloom, Amy M; Potito, Aaron P; Porinchu, David F; Holmquist, James R; Hughes, Julia; Kremenetski, Konstantine V

    2016-09-15

    California has experienced a dry 21(st) century capped by severe drought from 2012 through 2015 prompting questions about hydroclimatic sensitivity to anthropogenic climate change and implications for the future. We address these questions using a Holocene lake sediment record of hydrologic change from the Sierra Nevada Mountains coupled with marine sediment records from the Pacific. These data provide evidence of a persistent relationship between past climate warming, Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) shifts and centennial to millennial episodes of California aridity. The link is most evident during the thermal-maximum of the mid-Holocene (~8 to 3 ka; ka = 1,000 calendar years before present) and during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) (~1 ka to 0.7 ka). In both cases, climate warming corresponded with cooling of the eastern tropical Pacific despite differences in the factors producing increased radiative forcing. The magnitude of prolonged eastern Pacific cooling was modest, similar to observed La Niña excursions of 1(o) to 2 °C. Given differences with current radiative forcing it remains uncertain if the Pacific will react in a similar manner in the 21st century, but should it follow apparent past behavior more intense and prolonged aridity in California would result.

  16. Biweekly Sea Surface Temperature over the South China Sea and its association with the Western North Pacific Summer Monsoon

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Vaid, B. H.

    2017-02-01

    The association of the biweekly intraseasonal (BWI) oscillation in the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) over the South China Sea (SCS) and the Western North Pacific Summer Monsoon is authenticated using version 4 the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Microwave Imager data (SST and rain) and heat fluxes from Ocean Atmosphere Flux project data during 1998-2012. The results suggest that the SCS involves ocean-atmosphere coupling on biweekly timescales. The positive biweekly SST anomalies lead the rain anomalies over the SCS by 3 days, with a significant correlation coefficient ( r = 0.6, at 99 % significance levels) between the SST-rain anomalies. It is evident from lead/lag correlation between biweekly SST and zonal wind shear that warm ocean surface induced by wind shear may contribute to a favorable condition of the convective activity over the SCS. The present study suggests that ocean-to-atmospheric processes induced by the BWI oscillation in the SCS SST results in enhanced sea level pressure and surface shortwave radiation flux during the summer monsoon. Besides, it is observed that the SCS BWI oscillation in the changes of SST causes a feedback in the atmosphere by modifying the atmospheric instability. This suggests that the active/break biweekly cycle of the SST over the SCS is related by sea level pressure, surface heat fluxes and atmospheric instability. The potential findings here indicate that the biweekly SST over the SCS play an important role in the eastward and the southward propagation of the biweekly anomalies in the Western North Pacific.

  17. Trace Element Composition of Phytoplankton Along the US GEOTRACES Pacific Zonal Transect: Comparing Single-Cell SXRF Quotas, Chemical Leaching, and Bulk Particle Digestion

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ohnemus, D.; Rauschenberg, S.; Twining, B. S.

    2014-12-01

    The elemental stoichiometries of phytoplankton are critical ecological and chemical parameters due to biological participation in, if not control over, the marine cycles of many GEOTRACES trace elements and isotopes (TEI). Elemental stoichiometries in euphotic zone protists can be used as end-members in biogeochemical models for bioactive elements (e.g. Fe, Si) and can provide insight into relationships found in the deep ocean and sediments (e.g. Cd:P, Zn:Si) due to broad and organism-specific geochemical links. Though sub-euphotic zone (e.g. hydrothermal, margin-sourced lateral) inputs and processes are also interesting aspects of these cycles, biological incorporation of TEIs in the euphotic zone is, fundamentally, where "the rubber meets the road." Using the 2013 Pacific GEOTRACES super stations and Peruvian coastal transect as ecological waypoints, we present and compare results from three methods for studying trace elemental composition of phytoplankton: single-cell synchrotron x-ray fluorescence (SXRF); weak chemical leaching (acetic acid/hydroxylamine); and total chemical digestion (HNO3/HCl/HF). This combination of techniques allows examination of taxon-specific trends in biotic stoichiometry across the Eastern Pacific and also provides traditional bulk chemical metrics for both biotic and bulk shallow particulate composition.

  18. Early 20th-century Arctic warming intensified by Pacific and Atlantic multidecadal variability

    PubMed Central

    Tokinaga, Hiroki; Xie, Shang-Ping; Mukougawa, Hitoshi

    2017-01-01

    With amplified warming and record sea ice loss, the Arctic is the canary of global warming. The historical Arctic warming is poorly understood, limiting our confidence in model projections. Specifically, Arctic surface air temperature increased rapidly over the early 20th century, at rates comparable to those of recent decades despite much weaker greenhouse gas forcing. Here, we show that the concurrent phase shift of Pacific and Atlantic interdecadal variability modes is the major driver for the rapid early 20th-century Arctic warming. Atmospheric model simulations successfully reproduce the early Arctic warming when the interdecadal variability of sea surface temperature (SST) is properly prescribed. The early 20th-century Arctic warming is associated with positive SST anomalies over the tropical and North Atlantic and a Pacific SST pattern reminiscent of the positive phase of the Pacific decadal oscillation. Atmospheric circulation changes are important for the early 20th-century Arctic warming. The equatorial Pacific warming deepens the Aleutian low, advecting warm air into the North American Arctic. The extratropical North Atlantic and North Pacific SST warming strengthens surface westerly winds over northern Eurasia, intensifying the warming there. Coupled ocean–atmosphere simulations support the constructive intensification of Arctic warming by a concurrent, negative-to-positive phase shift of the Pacific and Atlantic interdecadal modes. Our results aid attributing the historical Arctic warming and thereby constrain the amplified warming projected for this important region. PMID:28559341

  19. Early 20th-century Arctic warming intensified by Pacific and Atlantic multidecadal variability

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tokinaga, Hiroki; Xie, Shang-Ping; Mukougawa, Hitoshi

    2017-06-01

    With amplified warming and record sea ice loss, the Arctic is the canary of global warming. The historical Arctic warming is poorly understood, limiting our confidence in model projections. Specifically, Arctic surface air temperature increased rapidly over the early 20th century, at rates comparable to those of recent decades despite much weaker greenhouse gas forcing. Here, we show that the concurrent phase shift of Pacific and Atlantic interdecadal variability modes is the major driver for the rapid early 20th-century Arctic warming. Atmospheric model simulations successfully reproduce the early Arctic warming when the interdecadal variability of sea surface temperature (SST) is properly prescribed. The early 20th-century Arctic warming is associated with positive SST anomalies over the tropical and North Atlantic and a Pacific SST pattern reminiscent of the positive phase of the Pacific decadal oscillation. Atmospheric circulation changes are important for the early 20th-century Arctic warming. The equatorial Pacific warming deepens the Aleutian low, advecting warm air into the North American Arctic. The extratropical North Atlantic and North Pacific SST warming strengthens surface westerly winds over northern Eurasia, intensifying the warming there. Coupled ocean-atmosphere simulations support the constructive intensification of Arctic warming by a concurrent, negative-to-positive phase shift of the Pacific and Atlantic interdecadal modes. Our results aid attributing the historical Arctic warming and thereby constrain the amplified warming projected for this important region.

  20. Insight into the Pacific Sea Surface Temperature- North American Hydroclimate Connection from an Eastern Tropical North Pacific Coral Record

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sanchez, S. C.; Charles, C. D.; Carriquiry, J. D.

    2015-12-01

    The last few years of record-breaking climate anomalies across North America--a resilient atmospheric ridge and extreme drought over the West Coast, and severe winters across the Midwest and East Coast regions--have been linked to anomalous Pacific sea surface temperatures (Seager et al. 2014, Wang et al. 2014, Hartmann 2015). The synoptic associations prompt important questions on the relation between these unusual phenomena and extreme expressions of known Pacific decadal modes, such as the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO). These questions motivate our pursuit to document multiple realizations of decadal variability in the Pacific-North American region through periods of varied radiative forcing. Here we introduce a 178 year, seasonally resolved Porites coral record from Clarion Island (18N, 115W), the westernmost island of the Revillagigedo Archipelago, a region both highly influenced by NPGO SST and SSS variability and critical for NPGO tropical-extratropical communication via the Seasonal Footprinting Mechanism (Vimont et al. 2003). When coupled with tree ring records from the western United States (Griffin and Anchukaitis 2014, MacDonald and Case 2005) and coral records from the central tropical Pacific (Cobb et al. 2001), the δ18O signal from the Clarion coral offers an extended framework of coherent continental hydroclimate and oceanic variability across the Pacific basin beyond the instrumental record. Over the last 200 years, we find clear commonality in the timing, magnitude and spatial expression of variability (illustrated through the NADA Atlas, Cook et al. 2004) amongst the proxy records. The strong relationship between Northeastern Pacific Clarion and the Central Pacific Palmyra record with the North American hydroclimate records can be viewed within the mechanistic framework of the NPGO; this framework is then explored over the last millennium across intervals of varied radiative forcing.

  1. Insight into the Pacific Sea Surface Temperature- North American Hydroclimate Connection from an Eastern Tropical North Pacific Coral Record

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Svendsen, J. I.; Briner, J. P.; Mangerud, J.; Hughes, A. L. C.; Young, N. E.; Vasskog, K.

    2014-12-01

    The last few years of record-breaking climate anomalies across North America--a resilient atmospheric ridge and extreme drought over the West Coast, and severe winters across the Midwest and East Coast regions--have been linked to anomalous Pacific sea surface temperatures (Seager et al. 2014, Wang et al. 2014, Hartmann 2015). The synoptic associations prompt important questions on the relation between these unusual phenomena and extreme expressions of known Pacific decadal modes, such as the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO). These questions motivate our pursuit to document multiple realizations of decadal variability in the Pacific-North American region through periods of varied radiative forcing. Here we introduce a 178 year, seasonally resolved Porites coral record from Clarion Island (18N, 115W), the westernmost island of the Revillagigedo Archipelago, a region both highly influenced by NPGO SST and SSS variability and critical for NPGO tropical-extratropical communication via the Seasonal Footprinting Mechanism (Vimont et al. 2003). When coupled with tree ring records from the western United States (Griffin and Anchukaitis 2014, MacDonald and Case 2005) and coral records from the central tropical Pacific (Cobb et al. 2001), the δ18O signal from the Clarion coral offers an extended framework of coherent continental hydroclimate and oceanic variability across the Pacific basin beyond the instrumental record. Over the last 200 years, we find clear commonality in the timing, magnitude and spatial expression of variability (illustrated through the NADA Atlas, Cook et al. 2004) amongst the proxy records. The strong relationship between Northeastern Pacific Clarion and the Central Pacific Palmyra record with the North American hydroclimate records can be viewed within the mechanistic framework of the NPGO; this framework is then explored over the last millennium across intervals of varied radiative forcing.

  2. Climatological mean and decadal change in surface ocean pCO 2, and net sea-air CO 2 flux over the global oceans

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Takahashi, Taro; Sutherland, Stewart C.; Wanninkhof, Rik; Sweeney, Colm; Feely, Richard A.; Chipman, David W.; Hales, Burke; Friederich, Gernot; Chavez, Francisco; Sabine, Christopher; Watson, Andrew; Bakker, Dorothee C. E.; Schuster, Ute; Metzl, Nicolas; Yoshikawa-Inoue, Hisayuki; Ishii, Masao; Midorikawa, Takashi; Nojiri, Yukihiro; Körtzinger, Arne; Steinhoff, Tobias; Hoppema, Mario; Olafsson, Jon; Arnarson, Thorarinn S.; Tilbrook, Bronte; Johannessen, Truls; Olsen, Are; Bellerby, Richard; Wong, C. S.; Delille, Bruno; Bates, N. R.; de Baar, Hein J. W.

    2009-04-01

    A climatological mean distribution for the surface water pCO 2 over the global oceans in non-El Niño conditions has been constructed with spatial resolution of 4° (latitude) ×5° (longitude) for a reference year 2000 based upon about 3 million measurements of surface water pCO 2 obtained from 1970 to 2007. The database used for this study is about 3 times larger than the 0.94 million used for our earlier paper [Takahashi et al., 2002. Global sea-air CO 2 flux based on climatological surface ocean pCO 2, and seasonal biological and temperature effects. Deep-Sea Res. II, 49, 1601-1622]. A time-trend analysis using deseasonalized surface water pCO 2 data in portions of the North Atlantic, North and South Pacific and Southern Oceans (which cover about 27% of the global ocean areas) indicates that the surface water pCO 2 over these oceanic areas has increased on average at a mean rate of 1.5 μatm y -1 with basin-specific rates varying between 1.2±0.5 and 2.1±0.4 μatm y -1. A global ocean database for a single reference year 2000 is assembled using this mean rate for correcting observations made in different years to the reference year. The observations made during El Niño periods in the equatorial Pacific and those made in coastal zones are excluded from the database. Seasonal changes in the surface water pCO 2 and the sea-air pCO 2 difference over four climatic zones in the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian and Southern Oceans are presented. Over the Southern Ocean seasonal ice zone, the seasonality is complex. Although it cannot be thoroughly documented due to the limited extent of observations, seasonal changes in pCO 2 are approximated by using the data for under-ice waters during austral winter and those for the marginal ice and ice-free zones. The net air-sea CO 2 flux is estimated using the sea-air pCO 2 difference and the air-sea gas transfer rate that is parameterized as a function of (wind speed) 2 with a scaling factor of 0.26. This is estimated by inverting

  3. Mid-Pliocene equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature reconstruction: a multi-proxy perspective

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Dowsett, Harry J.; Robinson, Marci M.

    2009-01-01

    The Mid-Pliocene is the most recent interval of sustained global warmth, which can be used to examine conditions predicted for the near future. An accurate spatial representation of the low-latitude Mid-Pliocene Pacific surface ocean is necessary to understand past climate change in the light of forecasts of future change. Mid-Pliocene sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies show a strong contrast between the western equatorial Pacific (WEP) and eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP) regardless of proxy (faunal, alkenone and Mg/Ca). All WEP sites show small differences from modern mean annual temperature, but all EEP sites show significant positive deviation from present-day temperatures by as much as 4.4°C. Our reconstruction reflects SSTs similar to modern in the WEP, warmer than modern in the EEP and eastward extension of the WEP warm pool. The east-west equatorial Pacific SST gradient is decreased, but the pole to equator gradient does not change appreciably. We find it improbable that increased greenhouse gases (GHG) alone would cause such a heterogeneous warming and more likely that the cause of Mid-Pliocene warmth is a combination of several forcings including both increased meridional heat transport and increased GHG.

  4. Mid-Pliocene equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature reconstruction: a multi-proxy perspective.

    PubMed

    Dowsett, Harry J; Robinson, Marci M

    2009-01-13

    The Mid-Pliocene is the most recent interval of sustained global warmth, which can be used to examine conditions predicted for the near future. An accurate spatial representation of the low-latitude Mid-Pliocene Pacific surface ocean is necessary to understand past climate change in the light of forecasts of future change. Mid-Pliocene sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies show a strong contrast between the western equatorial Pacific (WEP) and eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP) regardless of proxy (faunal, alkenone and Mg/Ca). All WEP sites show small differences from modern mean annual temperature, but all EEP sites show significant positive deviation from present-day temperatures by as much as 4.4 degrees C. Our reconstruction reflects SSTs similar to modern in the WEP, warmer than modern in the EEP and eastward extension of the WEP warm pool. The east-west equatorial Pacific SST gradient is decreased, but the pole to equator gradient does not change appreciably. We find it improbable that increased greenhouse gases (GHG) alone would cause such a heterogeneous warming and more likely that the cause of Mid-Pliocene warmth is a combination of several forcings including both increased meridional heat transport and increased GHG.

  5. North Pacific decadal variability: insights from a biennial ENSO environment

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Achuthavarier, Deepthi; Schubert, Siegfried D.; Vikhliaev, Yury V.

    2017-08-01

    This study examines the mechanisms of the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) in the NASA GEOS-5 general circulation model (GCM). Similar to several other state-of-the-art GCMs, the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) simulated by the GEOS-5 has a strong biennial periodicity. Since this is a model bias that precludes a strong role of ENSO, it provides a unique environment to assess the other leading mechanisms of North Pacific decadal variability. Despite the biennial ENSO periodicity, the model simulates a realistic PDO pattern in the North Pacific that is resolved as the first empirical orthogonal function (EOF) of winter mean sea surface temperature (SST). The spectrum of the PDO indicates no preferred periodicity. The SST anomalies associated with the PDO, particularly its basin wide structure, are primarily forced by the Aleutian low through Ekman transport. The slow geostrophic transport in association with the meridional adjustment of the subtropical gyre is limited to a narrow region in the Kuroshio-Oyashio extension, north of 40°N. The atmosphere's response to the PDO, while weak, projects onto the North Pacific Oscillation (NPO), a meridional dipole in sea level pressure. Both the lack of preferred periodicity and the weak atmospheric response indicate an air-sea coupled oscillation is an unlikely mechanism in this model. In agreement with recent studies, the NPO is correlated with the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation, which is another leading EOF of North Pacific SST variability. The results emphasize the role of atmospheric variability in the North Pacific SST modes, thereby bringing into question the potential for their predictability.

  6. North Pacific Decadal Variability: Insights from a Biennial ENSO Environment

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Achuthavarier, Deepthi; Schubert, Siegfried D.; Vikhliaev, Yury V.

    2016-01-01

    This study examines the mechanisms of the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) in the NASA GEOS-5 general circulation model (GCM). Similar to several other state-of-the-art GCMs, the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) simulated by the GEOS-5 has a strong biennial periodicity. Since this is a model bias that precludes a strong role of ENSO, it provides a unique environment to assess the other leading mechanisms of North Pacific decadal variability. Despite the biennial ENSO periodicity, the model simulates a realistic PDO pattern in the North Pacific that is resolved as the first empirical orthogonal function (EOF) of winter mean sea surface temperature (SST). The spectrum of the PDO indicates no preferred periodicity. The SST anomalies associated with the PDO, particularly its basin wide structure, are primarily forced by the Aleutian low through Ekman transport. The slow geostrophic transport in association with the meridional adjustment of the subtropical gyre is limited to a narrow region in the Kuroshio-Oyashio extension, north of 40degN. The atmosphere's response to the PDO, while weak, projects onto the North Pacific Oscillation (NPO), a meridional dipole in sea level pressure. Both the lack of preferred periodicity and the weak atmospheric response indicate an air-sea coupled oscillation is an unlikely mechanism in this model. In agreement with recent studies, the NPO is correlated with the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation, which is another leading EOF of North Pacific SST variability. The results emphasize the role of atmospheric variability in the North Pacific SST modes, thereby bringing into question the potential for their predictability.

  7. Nitrous oxide as a function of oxygen and archaeal gene abundance in the North Pacific

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Trimmer, Mark; Chronopoulou, Panagiota-Myrsini; Maanoja, Susanna T.; Upstill-Goddard, Robert C.; Kitidis, Vassilis; Purdy, Kevin J.

    2016-12-01

    Oceanic oxygen minimum zones are strong sources of the potent greenhouse gas N2O but its microbial source is unclear. We characterized an exponential response in N2O production to decreasing oxygen between 1 and 30 μmol O2 l-1 within and below the oxycline using 15NO2-, a relationship that held along a 550 km offshore transect in the North Pacific. Differences in the overall magnitude of N2O production were accounted for by archaeal functional gene abundance. A one-dimensional (1D) model, parameterized with our experimentally derived exponential terms, accurately reproduces N2O profiles in the top 350 m of water column and, together with a strong 45N2O signature indicated neither canonical nor nitrifier-denitrification production while statistical modelling supported production by archaea, possibly via hybrid N2O formation. Further, with just archaeal N2O production, we could balance high-resolution estimates of sea-to-air N2O exchange. Hence, a significant source of N2O, previously described as leakage from bacterial ammonium oxidation, is better described by low-oxygen archaeal production at the oxygen minimum zone's margins.

  8. Biopolymers form a gelatinous microlayer at the air-sea interface when Arctic sea ice melts

    PubMed Central

    Galgani, Luisa; Piontek, Judith; Engel, Anja

    2016-01-01

    The interface layer between ocean and atmosphere is only a couple of micrometers thick but plays a critical role in climate relevant processes, including the air-sea exchange of gas and heat and the emission of primary organic aerosols (POA). Recent findings suggest that low-level cloud formation above the Arctic Ocean may be linked to organic polymers produced by marine microorganisms. Sea ice harbors high amounts of polymeric substances that are produced by cells growing within the sea-ice brine. Here, we report from a research cruise to the central Arctic Ocean in 2012. Our study shows that microbial polymers accumulate at the air-sea interface when the sea ice melts. Proteinaceous compounds represented the major fraction of polymers supporting the formation of a gelatinous interface microlayer and providing a hitherto unrecognized potential source of marine POA. Our study indicates a novel link between sea ice-ocean and atmosphere that may be sensitive to climate change. PMID:27435531

  9. A model for simulating the active dispersal of juvenile sea turtles with a case study on western Pacific leatherback turtles.

    PubMed

    Gaspar, Philippe; Lalire, Maxime

    2017-01-01

    Oceanic currents are known to broadly shape the dispersal of juvenile sea turtles during their pelagic stage. Accordingly, simple passive drift models are widely used to investigate the distribution at sea of various juvenile sea turtle populations. However, evidence is growing that juveniles do not drift purely passively but also display some swimming activity likely directed towards favorable habitats. We therefore present here a novel Sea Turtle Active Movement Model (STAMM) in which juvenile sea turtles actively disperse under the combined effects of oceanic currents and habitat-driven movements. This model applies to all sea turtle species but is calibrated here for leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea). It is first tested in a simulation of the active dispersal of juveniles originating from Jamursba-Medi, a main nesting beach of the western Pacific leatherback population. Dispersal into the North Pacific Ocean is specifically investigated. Simulation results demonstrate that, while oceanic currents broadly shape the dispersal area, modeled habitat-driven movements strongly structure the spatial and temporal distribution of juveniles within this area. In particular, these movements lead juveniles to gather in the North Pacific Transition Zone (NPTZ) and to undertake seasonal north-south migrations. More surprisingly, juveniles in the NPTZ are simulated to swim mostly towards west which considerably slows down their progression towards the American west coast. This increases their residence time, and hence the risk of interactions with fisheries, in the central and eastern part of the North Pacific basin. Simulated habitat-driven movements also strongly reduce the risk of cold-induced mortality. This risk appears to be larger among the juveniles that rapidly circulate into the Kuroshio than among those that first drift into the North Equatorial Counter Current (NECC). This mechanism might induce marked interannual variability in juvenile survival as the

  10. A model for simulating the active dispersal of juvenile sea turtles with a case study on western Pacific leatherback turtles

    PubMed Central

    Lalire, Maxime

    2017-01-01

    Oceanic currents are known to broadly shape the dispersal of juvenile sea turtles during their pelagic stage. Accordingly, simple passive drift models are widely used to investigate the distribution at sea of various juvenile sea turtle populations. However, evidence is growing that juveniles do not drift purely passively but also display some swimming activity likely directed towards favorable habitats. We therefore present here a novel Sea Turtle Active Movement Model (STAMM) in which juvenile sea turtles actively disperse under the combined effects of oceanic currents and habitat-driven movements. This model applies to all sea turtle species but is calibrated here for leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea). It is first tested in a simulation of the active dispersal of juveniles originating from Jamursba-Medi, a main nesting beach of the western Pacific leatherback population. Dispersal into the North Pacific Ocean is specifically investigated. Simulation results demonstrate that, while oceanic currents broadly shape the dispersal area, modeled habitat-driven movements strongly structure the spatial and temporal distribution of juveniles within this area. In particular, these movements lead juveniles to gather in the North Pacific Transition Zone (NPTZ) and to undertake seasonal north-south migrations. More surprisingly, juveniles in the NPTZ are simulated to swim mostly towards west which considerably slows down their progression towards the American west coast. This increases their residence time, and hence the risk of interactions with fisheries, in the central and eastern part of the North Pacific basin. Simulated habitat-driven movements also strongly reduce the risk of cold-induced mortality. This risk appears to be larger among the juveniles that rapidly circulate into the Kuroshio than among those that first drift into the North Equatorial Counter Current (NECC). This mechanism might induce marked interannual variability in juvenile survival as the

  11. Dynamic changes in the composition of photosynthetic picoeukaryotes in the northwestern Pacific Ocean revealed by high-throughput tag sequencing of plastid 16S rRNA genes.

    PubMed

    Choi, Dong H; An, Sung M; Chun, Sungjun; Yang, Eun C; Selph, Karen E; Lee, Charity M; Noh, Jae H

    2016-02-01

    Photosynthetic picoeukaryotes (PPEs) are major oceanic primary producers. However, the diversity of such communities remains poorly understood, especially in the northwestern (NW) Pacific. We investigated the abundance and diversity of PPEs, and recorded environmental variables, along a transect from the coast to the open Pacific Ocean. High-throughput tag sequencing (using the MiSeq system) revealed the diversity of plastid 16S rRNA genes. The dominant PPEs changed at the class level along the transect. Prymnesiophyceae were the only dominant PPEs in the warm pool of the NW Pacific, but Mamiellophyceae dominated in coastal waters of the East China Sea. Phylogenetically, most Prymnesiophyceae sequences could not be resolved at lower taxonomic levels because no close relatives have been cultured. Within the Mamiellophyceae, the genera Micromonas and Ostreococcus dominated in marginal coastal areas affected by open water, whereas Bathycoccus dominated in the lower euphotic depths of oligotrophic open waters. Cryptophyceae and Phaeocystis (of the Prymnesiophyceae) dominated in areas affected principally by coastal water. We also defined the biogeographical distributions of Chrysophyceae, prasinophytes, Bacillariophyceaea and Pelagophyceae. These distributions were influenced by temperature, salinity and chlorophyll a and nutrient concentrations. © FEMS 2015. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

  12. Alternative Fuels Data Center: Sea-Tac and Alaska Air Group Achieve

    Science.gov Websites

    pilot project, Alaska Air Group encountered a few hurdles during the switch to eGSE. One was Sky-High Results with Electric Ground Support Equipment Sea-Tac and Alaska Air Group Achieve Data Center: Sea-Tac and Alaska Air Group Achieve Sky-High Results with Electric Ground Support

  13. The climate response of the Indo-Pacific warm pool to glacial sea level

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Di Nezio, Pedro N.; Timmermann, Axel; Tierney, Jessica E.; Jin, Fei-Fei; Otto-Bliesner, Bette; Rosenbloom, Nan; Mapes, Brian; Neale, Rich; Ivanovic, Ruza F.; Montenegro, Alvaro

    2016-06-01

    Growing climate proxy evidence suggests that changes in sea level are important drivers of tropical climate change on glacial-interglacial timescales. These paleodata suggest that rainfall patterns over the Indo-Pacific warm pool (IPWP) are highly sensitive to the landmass configuration of the Maritime Continent and that lowered sea level contributed to large-scale drying during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, approximately 21,000 years B.P.). Using the Community Earth System Model Version 1.2 (CESM1), we investigate the mechanisms by which lowered sea level influenced the climate of the IPWP during the LGM. The CESM1 simulations show that, in agreement with previous hypotheses, changes in atmospheric circulation are initiated by the exposure of the Sunda and Sahul shelves. Ocean dynamical processes amplify the changes in atmospheric circulation by increasing the east-west sea surface temperature (SST) gradient along the equatorial Indian Ocean. The coupled mechanism driving this response is akin to the Bjerknes feedback and results in a large-scale climatic reorganization over the Indian Ocean with impacts extending from east Africa to the western tropical Pacific. Unlike exposure of the Sunda shelf, exposure of Sahul shelf and the associated changes in surface albedo play a key role because of the positive feedback. This mechanism could explain the pattern of dry (wet) eastern (western) Indian Ocean identified in climate proxies and LGM simulations. However, this response also requires a strengthened SST gradient along the equatorial Indian Ocean, a pattern that is not evident in marine paleoreconstructions. Strategies to resolve this issue are discussed.

  14. Statistical analysis of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation and sea-floor seismicity in the eastern tropical Pacific.

    PubMed

    Guillas, Serge; Day, Simon J; McGuire, B

    2010-05-28

    We present statistical evidence for a temporal link between variations in the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the occurrence of earthquakes on the East Pacific Rise (EPR). We adopt a zero-inflated Poisson regression model to represent the relationship between the number of earthquakes in the Easter microplate on the EPR and ENSO (expressed using the southern oscillation index (SOI) for east Pacific sea-level pressure anomalies) from February 1973 to February 2009. We also examine the relationship between the numbers of earthquakes and sea levels, as retrieved by Topex/Poseidon from October 1992 to July 2002. We observe a significant (95% confidence level) positive influence of SOI on seismicity: positive SOI values trigger more earthquakes over the following 2 to 6 months than negative SOI values. There is a significant negative influence of absolute sea levels on seismicity (at 6 months lag). We propose that increased seismicity is associated with ENSO-driven sea-surface gradients (rising from east to west) in the equatorial Pacific, leading to a reduction in ocean-bottom pressure over the EPR by a few kilopascal. This relationship is opposite to reservoir-triggered seismicity and suggests that EPR fault activity may be triggered by plate flexure associated with the reduced pressure.

  15. Seasonal movements and environmental conditions experienced by Pacific halibut in the Bering Sea, examined by pop-up satellite tags

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Seitz, Andrew C.; Loher, Timothy; Nielsen, Jennifer L.

    2007-01-01

    Currently, Pacific halibut are managed as one population extending from California to the Bering Sea. However, we hypothesize that a spawning subpopulation of Pacific halibut exists in the Bering Sea. In this study, we examined the seasonal migration and depth-specific behavior of Pacific halibut in the Bering Sea, which serve as indicators of possible population structure. We tagged 12 adult halibut in August, 2002 near St. Paul Island with Pop-up Archival Transmitting (PAT) tags. Externally attached to the fish, PAT tags recorded depth, temperature, and ambient light intensity. The PAT tags released from the fish on either 15 February 2003 or 1 May 2003 and transmitted the historical data and location to Argos satellites. Data were recovered from nine tags: one fish was recaptured after 12 days at-liberty, seven tags released from the fi sh and reported to Argos satellites as scheduled, and one tag prematurely released from the fi sh after 42 days and then transmitted to the satellites as scheduled. The tagged fish ranged from 112 to 137 cm FL and were at-liberty from 12 to 258 days. Distance traveled from the release site ranged from 0–513 km. Fish visited a range of depths between 12 and 844 m where temperatures ranged from 1.4–9.4°C. Several halibut moved between International Pacific Halibut Commission regulatory areas during the course of the study, but there was no evidence that any of the halibut moved out of the Bering Sea. While sample size was small, the lack of movement into the Gulf of Alaska during the winter spawning season is consistent with the hypothesis that the Bering Sea supports a locally resident population.

  16. Trans-Pacific Air Pollution and NAAQS Attainment: Domestic and International Policy Options

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Dolsak, N.; Jaegle, L.

    2002-12-01

    Observational data and models of global air pollution increasingly indicate that Asian air pollution caused by fossil fuel burning is transported across the Pacific, thereby affecting local air quality in the United States. This may have policy ramifications for a number of counties in the U.S. struggling to meet the NAAQS. This problem will be exacerbated as the EPA tightens the standards for Ozone and PM. As the new 8-hour, 80 ppb ozone standard and the new PM2.5 standards are implemented, the number of counties considered to be in non-attainment is estimated to double (for ozone) and quadruple (for PM2.5), respectively. State Implementation Plans that rely only on local emission reductions may not be enough to meet the new NAAQS if a considerable proportion of the background concentrations come from Asia or other distant sources. Further, reducing emissions locally may not be the most cost-effective way of meeting the new EPA standards. This presentation will draw on observational data in the western U.S. and global models, such as GEOS-CHEM, to examine the significance of trans-pacific pollution (background pollution as well as episodic impacts) to air quality in the Western United States in their attempts to meet the new NAAQS for Ozone and Particulate Matter. The size of Asian economies, their reliance on fossil fuels, and their rapid industrialization suggests that the importance of trans-pacific air pollution will increase. This presentation will examine policy implications of Asian emissions under three of the IPCC future emission scenarios. We will also identify an array of domestic policies that States and counties in non-attainment areas may consider to reduce the concentrations of ozone and PM. Further, we will examine the potential for reducing local concentrations by devising policy instruments for reducing emissions where they can be reduced at a lower cost. For this work, we will draw on policy experience from regional air pollution in the European

  17. Air pollution and forest health studies along a south-north transect in Poland

    Treesearch

    Stefan Godzik; Jerzy Szdzuj; Tomasz Staszewski; Wlodzimierz Lukasik

    1998-01-01

    Air pollution, bulk deposition and throughfall, soil characteristics, needle chemistry, and forest injury were studied on six permanent plots from the south (Brenna and Salmopol in the Beskidy Mountains) to the north (Gac, the Baltic Sea coastal area) in Poland. The concentrations of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide were the highest at the Katowice location and the...

  18. Impact of Sea Surface Salinity on Coupled Dynamics for the Tropical Indo Pacific

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Busalacchi, A. J.; Hackert, E. C.

    2014-12-01

    In this presentation we assess the impact of in situ and satellite sea surface salinity (SSS) observations on seasonal to interannual variability of tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean dynamics as well as on dynamical ENSO forecasts using a Hybrid Coupled Model (HCM) for 1993-2007 (cf., Hackert et al., 2011) and August 2011 until February 2014 (cf., Hackert et al., 2014). The HCM is composed of a primitive equation ocean model coupled with a SVD-based statistical atmospheric model for the tropical Indo-Pacific region. An Ensemble Reduced Order Kalman Filter (EROKF) is used to assimilate observations to constrain dynamics and thermodynamics for initialization of the HCM. Including SSS generally improves NINO3 sea surface temperature anomaly validation. Assimilating SSS gives significant improvement versus just subsurface temperature for all forecast lead times after 5 months. We find that the positive impact of SSS assimilation is brought about by surface freshening in the western Pacific warm pool that leads to increased barrier layer thickness (BLT) and shallower mixed layer depths. Thus, in the west the net effect of assimilating SSS is to increase stability and reduce mixing, which concentrates the wind impact of ENSO coupling. Specifically, the main benefit of SSS assimilation for 1993-2007 comes from improvement to the Spring Predictability Barrier (SPB) period. In the east, the impact of Aquarius satellite SSS is to induce more cooling in the NINO3 region as a result of being relatively more salty than in situ SSS in the eastern Pacific leading to increased mixing and entrainment. This, in turn, sets up an enhanced west to east SST gradient and intensified Bjerknes coupling. For the 2011-2014 period, consensus coupled model forecasts compiled by the IRI tend to erroneously predict NINO3 warming; SSS assimilation corrects this defect. Finally, we plan to update our analysis and report on the dynamical impact of including Aquarius SSS for the most-recent, ongoing 2014

  19. Tropical Pacific sea surface salinity variability derived from SMOS data: Comparison with in-situ observations.

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ballabrera, Joaquim; Hoareau, Nina; Umbert, Marta; Martínez, Justino; Turiel, Antonio

    2013-04-01

    Prediction of El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and its relation with global climate anomalies, continues to be an important research effort in short-term climate forecasting. This task has become even more challenging as researchers are becoming more and more convinced that there is not a single archetypical El Niño (or La Niña) pattern, but several. During some events (called now Standard or East Pacific), the largest temperature anomalies are located at the eastern part of the Pacific. However, during some of the most recent events, the largest anomalies are restricted to the central part of the Pacific Ocean, and are now called Central Pacific or Modoki (a Japanese word for "almost") events. Although the role of salinity in operational ENSO forecasting was initially neglected (in contrast with temperature, sea level, or surface winds), recent studies have shown that salinity does play a role in the preconditioning of ENSO. Moreover, some researchers suggest that sea surface salinity might play a role (through the modulation of the western Pacific barrier layer) to favor the Standard or the Modoki nature of each event. Sea Surface Salinity maps are being operationally generated from microwave (L-band, 1.4 Ghz) brightness temperature maps. The L-band frequency was chosen because is the optimal one for ocean salinity measurements. However, after three years of satellite data, it has been found that noise in brightness temperatures (due to natural and artificial sources) is larger than expected. Moreover, the retrieval of SSS information requires special care because of the low sensitivity of the brightness temperature to SSS: from 0.2-0.8 K per salinity unit. Despite of all these facts, current accuracy of SS maps ranges from 0.2-0.4, depending on the processing level and the region being considered. We present here our study about the salinity variability in the tropical Pacific Ocean from the 9-day, 0.25 bins salinity maps derived from the SMOS

  20. One new genus and three new species of deep-sea nematodes (Nematoda: Microlaimidae) from the Southwest Pacific Ocean and Ross Sea.

    PubMed

    Leduc, Daniel

    2016-02-11

    New deep-sea nematodes of the family Microlaimidae are described from the Southwest Pacific Ocean and Ross Sea. Microlaimus korari n. sp. is characterised by annulated cuticle with longitudinal bars, round amphideal aperture slightly smaller than the cryptospiral amphideal fovea, spacious and heavily cuticularised buccal cavity with large dorsal tooth and right subventral tooth situated anteriorly relative to left subventral tooth, slender spicules 4.4 cloacal body diameters long, and gubernaculum 1.2 cloacal body diameters long with laterally curved distal end and swollen proximal end. Bolbolaimus tongaensis n. sp. is characterised by annulated cuticle with longitudinal bars, oval amphideal aperture and cryptocircular amphideal fovea situated between cephalic setae and only partially surrounded by cuticle annulations, and short spicules cuticularised along dorsal edge and at proximal end and with swollen portion near proximal end. Maragnopsia n. gen. is characterised by a minute, non-cuticularised mouth cavity without teeth, an elongated posterior pharyngeal bulb more than twice as long as it is wide, a single outstretched testis, and a conico-cylindrical tail 13-16 anal body diameters long. A list of all 83 valid Microlaimus species is provided. The present study provides the first microlaimid species records from deep-sea habitats (> 200 m depth) in the Southwest Pacific and Ross Sea. The presence of M. korari n. sp. on both the continental slope of New Zealand and Ross Sea abyssal plain suggests that this species has a wide geographical and depth distribution. However, molecular analyses will be required to confirm the identity of these two geographically disparate populations.

  1. Analysis of variability of tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Davies, Georgina; Cressie, Noel

    2016-11-01

    Sea surface temperature (SST) in the Pacific Ocean is a key component of many global climate models and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. We shall analyse SST for the period November 1981-December 2014. To study the temporal variability of the ENSO phenomenon, we have selected a subregion of the tropical Pacific Ocean, namely the Niño 3.4 region, as it is thought to be the area where SST anomalies indicate most clearly ENSO's influence on the global atmosphere. SST anomalies, obtained by subtracting the appropriate monthly averages from the data, are the focus of the majority of previous analyses of the Pacific and other oceans' SSTs. Preliminary data analysis showed that not only Niño 3.4 spatial means but also Niño 3.4 spatial variances varied with month of the year. In this article, we conduct an analysis of the raw SST data and introduce diagnostic plots (here, plots of variability vs. central tendency). These plots show strong negative dependence between the spatial standard deviation and the spatial mean. Outliers are present, so we consider robust regression to obtain intercept and slope estimates for the 12 individual months and for all-months-combined. Based on this mean-standard deviation relationship, we define a variance-stabilizing transformation. On the transformed scale, we describe the Niño 3.4 SST time series with a statistical model that is linear, heteroskedastic, and dynamical.

  2. Estimating north pacific summer sea-level pressure back to 1600 using proxy climate records from China and North America

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wu, Xiangding; Lough, J. M.

    1987-03-01

    Sea-level pressure variations over the North Pacific Ocean influence the surface climate conditions of China and western North America. Documentary records of precipitation in China data back to the mid-15th century, and a well-replicated network of tree-ring chronologies from western North America dates to the early 17th century. These proxy climate records are used separately and together to estimate sea-level pressure variations over the North Pacific back to 1600 A.D. The models are calibrated over the period 1899 to 1950 and verified over the independent period, 1951 to 1963. The best estimates, derived from predictors in China and western North America, calibrate 44.7 % of summer sea-level pressure variance. The study demonstrates the potential of combining different proxy data sources to derive estimates of past climate.

  3. Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) resource selection in the northern Bering Sea

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Jay, Chadwick V.; Grebmeier, Jacqueline M.; Fischbach, Anthony S.; McDonald, Trent L.; Cooper, Lee W.; Hornsby, Fawn

    2014-01-01

    The Pacific walrus is a large benthivore with an annual range extending across the continental shelves of the Bering and Chukchi Seas. We used a discrete choice model to estimate site selection by adult radio-tagged walruses relative to the availability of the caloric biomass of benthic infauna and sea ice concentration in a prominent walrus wintering area in the northern Bering Sea (St. Lawrence Island polynya) in 2006, 2008, and 2009. At least 60% of the total caloric biomass of dominant macroinfauna in the study area was composed of members of the bivalve families Nuculidae, Tellinidae, and Nuculanidae. Model estimates indicated walrus site selection was related most strongly to tellinid bivalve caloric biomass distribution and that walruses selected lower ice concentrations from the mostly high ice concentrations that were available to them (quartiles: 76%, 93%, and 99%). Areas with high average predicted walrus site selection generally coincided with areas of high organic carbon input identified in other studies. Projected decreases in sea ice in the St. Lawrence Island polynya and the potential for a concomitant decline of bivalves in the region could result in a northward shift in the wintering grounds of walruses in the northern Bering Sea.

  4. Influence of air-sea coupling on Indian Ocean tropical cyclones

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lengaigne, Matthieu; Neetu, S.; Samson, Guillaume; Vialard, Jérôme; Krishnamohan, K. S.; Masson, Sébastien; Jullien, Swen; Suresh, I.; Menkes, Christophe E.

    2018-02-01

    This paper assesses the impact of air-sea coupling on Indian Ocean tropical cyclones (TCs) by comparing a 20-year long simulation of a ¼° regional coupled ocean-atmosphere model with a twin experiment, where the atmospheric component is forced by sea surface temperature from the coupled simulation. The coupled simulation reproduces the observed spatio-temporal TCs distribution and TC-induced surface cooling reasonably well, but overestimates the number of TCs. Air-sea coupling does not affect the cyclogenesis spatial distribution but reduces the number of TCs by 20% and yields a better-resolved bimodal seasonal distribution in the northern hemisphere. Coupling also affects intensity distribution, inducing a four-fold decrease in the proportion of intense TCs (Cat-2 and stronger). Air-sea coupling damps TCs growth through a reduction of inner-core upward enthalpy fluxes due to the TC-induced cooling. This reduction is particularly large for the most intense TCs of the northern Indian Ocean (up to 250 W m-2), due to higher ambient surface temperatures and larger TC-induced cooling there. The negative feedback of air-sea coupling on strongest TCs is mainly associated with slow-moving storms, which spend more time over the cold wake they induce. Sensitivity experiments using a different convective parameterization yield qualitatively similar results, with a larger ( 65%) reduction in the number of TCs. Because of their relatively coarse resolution (¼°), both set of experiments however fail to reproduce the most intense observed TCs. Further studies with finer resolution models in the Bay of Bengal will be needed to assess the expectedly large impact of air-sea coupling on those intense and deadly TCs.

  5. Surfactant control of air-sea gas exchange across contrasting biogeochemical regimes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pereira, Ryan; Schneider-Zapp, Klaus; Upstill-Goddard, Robert

    2014-05-01

    Air-sea gas exchange is important to the global partitioning of CO2.Exchange fluxes are products of an air-sea gas concentration difference, ΔC, and a gas transfer velocity, kw. The latter is controlled by the rate of turbulent diffusion at the air-sea interface but it cannot be directly measured and has a high uncertainty that is now considered one of the greatest challenges to quantifying net global air-sea CO2 exchange ...(Takahashi et al., 2009). One important control on kw is exerted by sea surface surfactants that arise both naturally from biological processes and through anthropogenic activity. They influence gas exchange in two fundamental ways: as a monolayer physical barrier and through modifying sea surface hydrodynamics and hence turbulent energy transfer. These effects have been demonstrated in the laboratory with artificial surfactants ...(Bock et al., 1999; Goldman et al., 1988) and through purposeful surfactant releases in coastal waters .(.).........().(Brockmann et al., 1982) and in the open ocean (Salter et al., 2011). Suppression of kwin these field experiments was ~5-55%. While changes in both total surfactant concentration and the composition of the natural surfactant pool might be expected to impact kw, the required in-situ studies are lacking. New data collected from the coastal North Sea in 2012-2013 shows significant spatio-temporal variability in the surfactant activity of organic matter within the sea surface microlayer that ranges from 0.07-0.94 mg/L T-X-100 (AC voltammetry). The surfactant activities show a strong winter/summer seasonal bias and general decrease in concentration with increasing distance from the coastline possibly associated with changing terrestrial vs. phytoplankton sources. Gas exchange experiments of this seawater using a novel laboratory tank and gas tracers (CH4 and SF6) demonstrate a 12-45% reduction in kw compared to surfactant-free water. Seasonally there is higher gas exchange suppression in the summer

  6. Simulating Eastern- and Central-Pacific Type ENSO Using a Simple Coupled Model

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fang, Xianghui; Zheng, Fei

    2018-06-01

    Severe biases exist in state-of-the-art general circulation models (GCMs) in capturing realistic central-Pacific (CP) El Niño structures. At the same time, many observational analyses have emphasized that thermocline (TH) feedback and zonal advective (ZA) feedback play dominant roles in the development of eastern-Pacific (EP) and CP El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), respectively. In this work, a simple linear air-sea coupled model, which can accurately depict the strength distribution of the TH and ZA feedbacks in the equatorial Pacific, is used to investigate these two types of El Niño. The results indicate that the model can reproduce the main characteristics of CP ENSO if the TH feedback is switched off and the ZA feedback is retained as the only positive feedback, confirming the dominant role played by ZA feedback in the development of CP ENSO. Further experiments indicate that, through a simple nonlinear control approach, many ENSO characteristics, including the existence of both CP and EP El Niño and the asymmetries between El Niño and La Niña, can be successfully captured using the simple linear air-sea coupled model. These analyses indicate that an accurate depiction of the climatological sea surface temperature distribution and the related ZA feedback, which are the subject of severe biases in GCMs, is very important in simulating a realistic CP El Niño.

  7. Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect and continental evolution involving subduction underplating and synchronous foreland thrusting

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Fuis, G.S.; Moore, Thomas E.; Plafker, G.; Brocher, T.M.; Fisher, M.A.; Mooney, W.D.; Nokleberg, W.J.; Page, R.A.; Beaudoin, B.C.; Christensen, N.I.; Levander, A.R.; Lutter, W.J.; Saltus, R.W.; Ruppert, N.A.

    2008-01-01

    We investigate the crustal structure and tectonic evolution of the North American continent in Alaska, where the continent has grown through magmatism, accretion, and tectonic underplating. In the 1980s and early 1990s, we conducted a geological and geophysical investigation, known as the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT), along a 1350-km-long corridor from the Aleutian Trench to the Arctic coast. The most distinctive crustal structures and the deepest Moho along the transect are located near the Pacific and Arctic margins. Near the Pacific margin, we infer a stack of tectonically underplated oceanic layers interpreted as remnants of the extinct Kula (or Resurrection) plate. Continental Moho just north of this underplated stack is more than 55 km deep. Near the Arctic margin, the Brooks Range is underlain by large-scale duplex structures that overlie a tectonic wedge of North Slope crust and mantle. There, the Moho has been depressed to nearly 50 km depth. In contrast, the Moho of central Alaska is on average 32 km deep. In the Paleogene, tectonic underplating of Kula (or Resurrection) plate fragments overlapped in time with duplexing in the Brooks Range. Possible tectonic models linking these two regions include flat-slab subduction and an orogenic-float model. In the Neogene, the tectonics of the accreting Yakutat terrane have differed across a newly interpreted tear in the subducting Pacific oceanic lithosphere. East of the tear, Pacific oceanic lithosphere subducts steeply and alone beneath the Wrangell volcanoes, because the overlying Yakutat terrane has been left behind as underplated rocks beneath the rising St. Elias Range, in the coastal region. West of the tear, the Yakutat terrane and Pacific oceanic lithosphere subduct together at a gentle angle, and this thickened package inhibits volcanism. ?? 2008 The Geological Society of America.

  8. Mid-Pliocene equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature reconstruction: A multi-proxy perspective

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Dowsett, H.J.; Robinson, M.M.

    2009-01-01

    The Mid-Pliocene is the most recent interval of sustained global warmth, which can be used to examine conditions predicted for the near future. An accurate spatial representation of the low-latitude Mid-Pliocene Pacific surface ocean is necessary to understand past climate change in the light of forecasts of future change. Mid-Pliocene sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies show a strong contrast between the western equatorial Pacific (WEP) and eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP) regardless of proxy (faunal, alkenone and Mg/Ca). All WEP sites show small differences from modern mean annual temperature, but all EEP sites show significant positive deviation from present-day temperatures by as much as 4.4??C. Our reconstruction reflects SSTs similar to modern in the WEP, warmer than modern in the EEP and eastward extension of the WEP warm pool. The east-west equatorial Pacific SST gradient is decreased, but the pole to equator gradient does not change appreciably. We find it improbable that increased greenhouse gases (GHG) alone would cause such a heterogeneous warming and more likely that the cause of Mid-Pliocene warmth is a combination of several forcings including both increased meridional heat transport and increased GHG. ?? 2008 The Royal Society.

  9. The Teleconnection Between Atlantic Sea Surface Temperature and Eastern Pacific Tropical Cyclones

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Patricola, C. M.; Saravanan, R.; Chang, P.

    2016-12-01

    The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a major source of seasonal tropical cyclone (TC) predictability, in both local and remote ocean basins. Unusually warm eastern tropical Pacific sea-surface temperature (SST) during El Niño tends not only to enhance local TC activity in the eastern North Pacific (ENP) but also to suppress Atlantic TCs via well-known teleconnections. Here, we demonstrate that Atlantic SST variability likewise exerts a significant influence on remote TC activity in the eastern Pacific basin using observations and 27 km resolution tropical channel model simulations. Observed and simulated accumulated cyclone energy in the ENP is substantially reduced during the positive phase of the Atlantic Meridional Mode (AMM), which is characterized by warm and cool SST anomalies in the northern and southern tropical Atlantic respectively, and vice versa during the cool AMM phase. We find that the observed anti-correlation in seasonal TC activity between the Atlantic and ENP basins is driven by interannual climate variability in both the tropical Pacific (ENSO) and Atlantic (AMM). The physical mechanisms that drive the teleconnection between Atlantic SST and ENP TC activity will also be presented. This work provides information that can be used to improve seasonal forecasts and future projections of ENP tropical cyclone activity.

  10. Climate change impacts on sea-air fluxes of CO2 in three Arctic seas: a sensitivity study using Earth observation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Land, P. E.; Shutler, J. D.; Cowling, R. D.; Woolf, D. K.; Walker, P.; Findlay, H. S.; Upstill-Goddard, R. C.; Donlon, C. J.

    2013-12-01

    We applied coincident Earth observation data collected during 2008 and 2009 from multiple sensors (RA2, AATSR and MERIS, mounted on the European Space Agency satellite Envisat) to characterise environmental conditions and integrated sea-air fluxes of CO2 in three Arctic seas (Greenland, Barents, Kara). We assessed net CO2 sink sensitivity due to changes in temperature, salinity and sea ice duration arising from future climate scenarios. During the study period the Greenland and Barents seas were net sinks for atmospheric CO2, with integrated sea-air fluxes of -36 ± 14 and -11 ± 5 Tg C yr-1, respectively, and the Kara Sea was a weak net CO2 source with an integrated sea-air flux of +2.2 ± 1.4 Tg C yr-1. The combined integrated CO2 sea-air flux from all three was -45 ± 18 Tg C yr-1. In a sensitivity analysis we varied temperature, salinity and sea ice duration. Variations in temperature and salinity led to modification of the transfer velocity, solubility and partial pressure of CO2 taking into account the resultant variations in alkalinity and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Our results showed that warming had a strong positive effect on the annual integrated sea-air flux of CO2 (i.e. reducing the sink), freshening had a strong negative effect and reduced sea ice duration had a small but measurable positive effect. In the climate change scenario examined, the effects of warming in just over a decade of climate change up to 2020 outweighed the combined effects of freshening and reduced sea ice duration. Collectively these effects gave an integrated sea-air flux change of +4.0 Tg C in the Greenland Sea, +6.0 Tg C in the Barents Sea and +1.7 Tg C in the Kara Sea, reducing the Greenland and Barents sinks by 11% and 53%, respectively, and increasing the weak Kara Sea source by 81%. Overall, the regional integrated flux changed by +11.7 Tg C, which is a 26% reduction in the regional sink. In terms of CO2 sink strength, we conclude that the Barents Sea is the most

  11. Air-sea exchange over Black Sea estimated from high resolution regional climate simulations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Velea, Liliana; Bojariu, Roxana; Cica, Roxana

    2013-04-01

    Black Sea is an important influencing factor for the climate of bordering countries, showing cyclogenetic activity (Trigo et al, 1999) and influencing Mediterranean cyclones passing over. As for other seas, standard observations of the atmosphere are limited in time and space and available observation-based estimations of air-sea exchange terms present quite large ranges of uncertainty. The reanalysis datasets (e.g. ERA produced by ECMWF) provide promising validation estimates of climatic characteristics against the ones in available climatic data (Schrum et al, 2001), while cannot reproduce some local features due to relatively coarse horizontal resolution. Detailed and realistic information on smaller-scale processes are foreseen to be provided by regional climate models, due to continuous improvements of physical parameterizations and numerical solutions and thus affording simulations at high spatial resolution. The aim of the study is to assess the potential of three regional climate models in reproducing known climatological characteristics of air-sea exchange over Black Sea, as well as to explore the added value of the model compared to the input (reanalysis) data. We employ results of long-term (1961-2000) simulations performed within ENSEMBLE project (http://ensemblesrt3.dmi.dk/) using models ETHZ-CLM, CNRM-ALADIN, METO-HadCM, for which the integration domain covers the whole area of interest. The analysis is performed for the entire basin for several variables entering the heat and water budget terms and available as direct output from the models, at seasonal and annual scale. A comparison with independent data (ERA-INTERIM) and findings from other studies (e.g. Schrum et al, 2001) is also presented. References: Schrum, C., Staneva, J., Stanev, E. and Ozsoy, E., 2001: Air-sea exchange in the Black Sea estimated from atmospheric analysis for the period 1979-1993, J. Marine Systems, 31, 3-19 Trigo, I. F., T. D. Davies, and G. R. Bigg (1999): Objective

  12. Measurements of ozone and nonmethane hydrocarbons at Chichi-jima island, a remote island in the western Pacific: long-range transport of polluted air from the Pacific rim region

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kato, Shungo; Pochanart, Pakpong; Kajii, Yoshizumi

    Chichi-jima island is located in the Pacific about 1000 km from the Japanese main island and is an ideal remote observatory from which to assess the long-range transport of polluted air from East Asia. The ozone concentration was measured from August 1997 to August 1998. Owing to the air mass change, the seasonal variation of ozone shows a distinct character: low concentration (about 13 ppbv) for the maritime air mass during the summer, and high concentration (about 40 ppbv) for the continental air mass during the winter. To assess the contribution of the long-range transport of polluted air during winter, nonmethane hydrocarbons were also measured in December 1999. Using backward trajectory analysis, the transport time of the air mass from the source area in the Pacific rim region was calculated for each sample. The concentration of hydrocarbons shows a clear negative correlation against the transport time. This analysis clearly shows the transport of polluted air, emitted in East Asia, to the Pacific during the winter. The plots of suitable hydrocarbon pairs showed that the decrease of hydrocarbon concentrations during winter is mainly caused by the mixing with clean background air.

  13. Exopolymer Particles in the Sea Surface Microlayer (SML) of the Coastal Pacific Ocean

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Thornton, D. C.; Brooks, S. D.; Chen, J.

    2015-12-01

    Exchanges of matter and energy between the ocean and atmosphere occur through the sea surface microlayer (SML). The SML is biogeochemically distinct from the underlying water and overlying atmosphere in terms of physical environment, chemical composition, and biological community. We sampled the Pacific Ocean in coastal waters off the state of Oregon (United States) along a seaward transect out from the mouth of the Columbia River (3 stations) and in deeper waters beyond the shelf break (2 stations) in July 2011. SML samples were collected using the glass plate method and the underlying water was sampled using a peristaltic pump from 1, 5 and 10 m depth. The samples were analyzed for carbohydrates and exopolymer particles. Carbohydrates were significantly enriched in the SML compared with the underlying water. The concentration of polysaccharides was higher than monosaccharides at all depths. We enumerated two classes of exopolymer particles: transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) and Coomassie staining particles (CSP). TEP are composed of acid polysaccharides and CSP are formed from proteins. While TEP have been widely studied, CSP are generally overlooked, despite the biogeochemical significance of proteins. Our data showed that TEP and CSP concentrations were enriched in the SML compared with the underlying waters in most cases. The ubiquitous presence of empty diatom frustules in the samples indicates that the collapse of a diatom bloom was the source of the exopolymers. Further, we conducted image analysis of particle size and abundance, which indicated that TEP and CSP are not the same particles and form distinct populations in the ocean. Our data confirm recent observations indicating that TEP are an important component of the SML. In addition, these data show that CSP are also important components of the SML.

  14. Sea spray contributions to the air-sea fluxes at moderate and hurricane wind speeds

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mueller, J. A.; Veron, F.

    2009-12-01

    At sufficiently high wind speed conditions, the surface of the ocean separates to form a substantial number of sea spray drops, which can account for a significant fraction of the total air-sea surface area and thus make important contributions to the aggregate air-sea momentum, heat and mass fluxes. Although consensus around the qualitative impacts of these drops has been building in recent years, the quantification of their impacts has remained elusive. Ultimately, the spray-mediated fluxes depend on three controlling factors: the number and size of drops formed at the surface, the duration of suspension within the atmospheric marine boundary layer, and the rate of momentum, heat and mass transfer between the drops and the atmosphere. While the latter factor can be estimated from an established, physically-based theory, the estimates for the former two are not well established. Using a recent, physically-based model of the sea spray source function along with the results from Lagrangian stochastic simulations of individual drops, we estimate the aggregate spray-mediated fluxes, finding reasonable agreement with existing models and estimates within the empirical range of wind speed conditions. At high wind speed conditions that are outside the empirical range, however, we find somewhat lower spray-mediated fluxes than previously reported in the literature, raising new questions about the relative air-sea fluxes at high wind speeds as well as the development and sustainment of hurricanes.

  15. Oxygenated volatile organic carbon in the western Pacific convective center: ocean cycling, air-sea gas exchange and atmospheric transport

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Schlundt, Cathleen; Tegtmeier, Susann; Lennartz, Sinikka T.; Bracher, Astrid; Cheah, Wee; Krüger, Kirstin; Quack, Birgit; Marandino, Christa A.

    2017-09-01

    A suite of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs - acetaldehyde, acetone, propanal, butanal and butanone) were measured concurrently in the surface water and atmosphere of the South China Sea and Sulu Sea in November 2011. A strong correlation was observed between all OVOC concentrations in the surface seawater along the entire cruise track, except for acetaldehyde, suggesting similar sources and sinks in the surface ocean. Additionally, several phytoplankton groups, such as haptophytes or pelagophytes, were also correlated to all OVOCs, indicating that phytoplankton may be an important source of marine OVOCs in the South China and Sulu seas. Humic- and protein-like fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) components seemed to be additional precursors for butanone and acetaldehyde. The measurement-inferred OVOC fluxes generally showed an uptake of atmospheric OVOCs by the ocean for all gases, except for butanal. A few important exceptions were found along the Borneo coast, where OVOC fluxes from the ocean to the atmosphere were inferred. The atmospheric OVOC mixing ratios over the northern coast of Borneo were relatively high compared with literature values, suggesting that this coastal region is a local hotspot for atmospheric OVOCs. The calculated amount of OVOCs entrained into the ocean seemed to be an important source of OVOCs to the surface ocean. When the fluxes were out of the ocean, marine OVOCs were found to be enough to control the locally measured OVOC distribution in the atmosphere. Based on our model calculations, at least 0.4 ppb of marine-derived acetone and butanone can reach the upper troposphere, where they may have an important influence on hydrogen oxide radical formation over the western Pacific Ocean.

  16. Spume Drops: Their Potential Role in Air-Sea Gas Exchange

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Monahan, Edward C.; Staniec, Allison; Vlahos, Penny

    2017-12-01

    After summarizing the time scales defining the change of the physical properties of spume and other droplets cast up from the sea surface, the time scales governing drop-atmosphere gas exchange are compared. Following a broad review of the spume drop production functions described in the literature, a subset of these functions is selected via objective criteria, to represent typical, upper bound, and lower bound production functions. Three complementary mechanisms driving spume-atmosphere gas exchange are described, and one is then used to estimate the relative importance, over a broad range of wind speeds, of this spume drop mechanism compared to the conventional, diffusional, sea surface mechanism in air-sea gas exchange. While remaining uncertainties in the wind dependence of the spume drop production flux, and in the immediate sea surface gas flux, preclude a definitive conclusion, the findings of this study strongly suggest that, at high wind speeds (>20 m s-1 for dimethyl sulfide and >30 m s-1 for gases such a carbon dioxide), spume drops do make a significant contribution to air-sea gas exchange.Plain Language SummaryThis paper evaluates the existing spume drop generation functions available to date and selects a reasonable upper, lower and mid range function that are reasonable for use in <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">sea</span> exchange models. Based on these the contribution of spume drops to overall <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">sea</span> gas exchange at different wind speeds is then evaluated to determine the % contribution of spume. Generally below 20ms-1 spume drops contribute <1% of gas exchange but may account for a significant amount of gas exchange at higher wind speeds.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ACP....1610241M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ACP....1610241M"><span>Atmospheric salt deposition in a tropical mountain rainforest at the eastern Andean slopes of south Ecuador - <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> or Atlantic origin?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Makowski Giannoni, Sandro; Trachte, Katja; Rollenbeck, Ruetger; Lehnert, Lukas; Fuchs, Julia; Bendix, Joerg</p> <p>2016-08-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Sea</span> salt (NaCl) has recently been proven to be of the utmost importance for ecosystem functioning in Amazon lowland forests because of its impact on herbivory, litter decomposition and, thus, carbon cycling. <span class="hlt">Sea</span> salt deposition should generally decline as distance from its marine source increases. For the Amazon, a negative east-west gradient of <span class="hlt">sea</span> salt availability is assumed as a consequence of the barrier effect of the Andes Mountains for <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> <span class="hlt">air</span> masses. However, this generalized pattern may not hold for the tropical mountain rainforest in the Andes of southern Ecuador. To analyse <span class="hlt">sea</span> salt availability, we investigated the deposition of sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-), which are good proxies of <span class="hlt">sea</span> spray aerosol. Because of the complexity of the terrain and related cloud and rain formation processes, <span class="hlt">sea</span> salt deposition was analysed from both, rain and occult precipitation (OP) along an altitudinal gradient over a period between 2004 and 2009. To assess the influence of easterly and westerly <span class="hlt">air</span> masses on the deposition of sodium and chloride over southern Ecuador, <span class="hlt">sea</span> salt aerosol concentration data from the Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate (MACC) reanalysis data set and back-trajectory statistical methods were combined. Our results, based on deposition time series, show a clear difference in the temporal variation of sodium and chloride concentration and Na+ / Cl- ratio in relation to height and exposure to winds. At higher elevations, sodium and chloride present a higher seasonality and the Na+ / Cl- ratio is closer to that of <span class="hlt">sea</span> salt. Medium- to long-range <span class="hlt">sea</span> salt transport exhibited a similar seasonality, which shows the link between our measurements at high elevations and the <span class="hlt">sea</span> salt synoptic transport. Although the influence of the easterlies was predominant regarding the atmospheric circulation, the statistical analysis of trajectories and hybrid receptor models revealed a stronger impact of the north equatorial Atlantic, Caribbean</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17874769','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17874769"><span><span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> exchange fluxes of synthetic polycyclic musks in the North <span class="hlt">Sea</span> and the Arctic.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Xie, Zhiyong; Ebinghaus, Ralf; Temme, Christian; Heemken, Olaf; Ruck, Wolfgang</p> <p>2007-08-15</p> <p>Synthetic polycyclic musk fragrances Galaxolide (HHCB) and Tonalide (AHTN) were measured simultaneously in <span class="hlt">air</span> and seawater in the Arctic and the North <span class="hlt">Sea</span> and in the rural <span class="hlt">air</span> of northern Germany. Median concentrations of gas-phase HHCB and AHTN were 4 and 18 pg m(-3) in the Arctic, 28 and 18 pg m(-3) in the North <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, and 71 and 21 pg m(-3) in northern Germany, respectively. Various ratios of HHCB/AHTN implied that HHCB is quickly removed by atmospheric degradation, while AHTN is relatively persistent in the atmosphere. Dissolved concentrations ranged from 12 to 2030 pg L(-1) for HHCB and from below the method detection limit (3 pg L(-1)) to 965 pg L(-1) for AHTN with median values of 59 and 23 pg L(-1), respectively. The medians of volatilization fluxes for HHCB and AHTN were 27.2 and 14.2 ng m(-2) day(-1) and the depositional fluxes were 5.9 and 3.3 ng m(-2) day(-1), respectively, indicating water-to-<span class="hlt">air</span> volatilization is a significant process to eliminate HHCB and AHTN from the North <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. In the Arctic, deposition fluxes dominated the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas exchange of HHCB and AHTN, suggesting atmospheric input controls the levels of HHCB and AHTN in the polar region.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUFM.A23E..04T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUFM.A23E..04T"><span>GCSS/WGNE <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Cross-section Intercomparison: Tropical and Subtropical Cloud Transitions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Teixeira, J.</p> <p>2008-12-01</p> <p>In this presentation I will discuss the role of the GEWEX Cloud Systems Study (GCSS) working groups in paving the way for substantial improvements in cloud parameterization in weather and climate models. The GCSS/WGNE <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Cross-section Intercomparison (GPCI) is an extension of GCSS and is a different type of model evaluation where climate models are analyzed along a <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean <span class="hlt">transect</span> from California to the equator. This approach aims at complementing the more traditional efforts in GCSS by providing a simple framework for the evaluation of models that encompasses several fundamental cloud regimes such as stratocumulus, shallow cumulus and deep cumulus, as well as the transitions between them. Currently twenty four climate and weather prediction models are participating in GPCI. We will present results of the comparison between models and recent satellite data. In particular, we will explore in detail the potential of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (<span class="hlt">AIRS</span>) and CloudSat data for the evaluation of the representation of clouds and convection in climate models.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/marine/zone/hsmz.htm','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/marine/zone/hsmz.htm"><span>U.S. High <span class="hlt">Seas</span> Marine Text Forecasts by Area</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Flooding Tsunamis 406 EPIRB's U.S. <em>High</em> <span class="hlt">Seas</span> Marine Text Forecasts by Area OPC N.Atlantic <em>High</em> <span class="hlt">Seas</span> Forecast NHC N.Atlantic <em>High</em> <span class="hlt">Seas</span> Forecast OPC N.<span class="hlt">Pacific</span> <em>High</em> <span class="hlt">Seas</span> Forecast HFO N.<span class="hlt">Pacific</span> <em>High</em> <span class="hlt">Seas</span> Forecast NHC N.<span class="hlt">Pacific</span> <em>High</em> <span class="hlt">Seas</span> Forecast HFO S.<span class="hlt">Pacific</span> <em>High</em> <span class="hlt">Seas</span> Forecast U.S. <em>High</em> <span class="hlt">Seas</span> Marine Text</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_11 --> <div id="page_12" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="221"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMOS24B..03D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMOS24B..03D"><span>Eddy-induced <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Surface Salinity changes in the tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Delcroix, T. C.; Chaigneau, A.; Soviadan, D.; Boutin, J.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>We analyse the <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Surface Salinity (SSS) signature of westward propagating mesoscale eddies in the tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> by collocating 5 years (2010-2015) of SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) SSS and altimetry-derived <span class="hlt">sea</span> level anomalies. The main characteristics of mesoscale eddies are first identified in SLA maps. Composite analyses in the Central and Eastern ITCZ regions then reveal regionally dependent impacts with opposite SSS anomalies for the cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies. In the Central region (where we have the largest meridional SSS gradient), we found dipole-like SSS changes with maximum anomalies on the leading edge of the eddy. In the Eastern region (where we have the largest near-surface vertical salinity gradient) we found monopole-like SSS changes with maximum anomalies in the eddy centre. These dipole/monopole patterns and the rotational sense of eddies suggest the dominant role of horizontal and vertical advection in the Central and Eastern ITCZ regions, respectively.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA622614','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA622614"><span>Resilient Airmen: <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> <span class="hlt">Air</span> Forces’ Critical Enabler</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2015-02-01</p> <p>VIEWS T he sun never sets on <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> <span class="hlt">Air</span> Forces (PACAF). From Alaska to Antarctica and from California to India, PACAF’s area of re- sponsibility...and defend US interests. This article not only addresses the meaning of resiliency but also-and more importantly-examines why it is critical to...it demonstrates how the RA LOO is part of larger, strategic game plan to inject resiliency into our entire force structure as a means of fulfilling</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4632590','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4632590"><span>Keep up or drown: adjustment of western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> coral reefs to <span class="hlt">sea</span>-level rise in the 21st century</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>van Woesik, R.; Golbuu, Y.; Roff, G.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Since the Mid-Holocene, some 5000 years ago, coral reefs in the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean have been vertically constrained by <span class="hlt">sea</span> level. Contemporary <span class="hlt">sea</span>-level rise is releasing these constraints, providing accommodation space for vertical reef expansion. Here, we show that Porites microatolls, from reef-flat environments in Palau (western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean), are ‘keeping up’ with contemporary <span class="hlt">sea</span>-level rise. Measurements of 570 reef-flat Porites microatolls at 10 locations around Palau revealed recent vertical skeletal extension (78±13 mm) over the last 6–8 years, which is consistent with the timing of the recent increase in <span class="hlt">sea</span> level. We modelled whether microatoll growth rates will potentially ‘keep up’ with predicted <span class="hlt">sea</span>-level rise in the near future, based upon average growth, and assuming a decline in growth for every 1°C increase in temperature. We then compared these estimated extension rates with rates of <span class="hlt">sea</span>-level rise under four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). Our model suggests that under low–mid RCP scenarios, reef-coral growth will keep up with <span class="hlt">sea</span>-level rise, but if greenhouse gas concentrations exceed 670 ppm atmospheric CO2 levels and with +2.2°C <span class="hlt">sea</span>-surface temperature by 2100 (RCP 6.0 W m−2), our predictions indicate that Porites microatolls will be unable to keep up with projected rates of <span class="hlt">sea</span>-level rise in the twenty-first century. PMID:26587277</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRC..122.9209G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRC..122.9209G"><span>Complementary Use of Glider Data, Altimetry, and Model for Exploring Mesoscale Eddies in the Tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Solomon <span class="hlt">Sea</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gourdeau, L.; Verron, J.; Chaigneau, A.; Cravatte, S.; Kessler, W.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Mesoscale activity is an important component of the Solomon <span class="hlt">Sea</span> circulation that interacts with the energetic low-latitude western boundary currents of the South Tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean carrying waters of subtropical origin before joining the equatorial <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. Mixing associated with mesoscale activity could explain water mass transformation observed in the Solomon <span class="hlt">Sea</span> that likely impacts El Niño Southern Oscillation dynamics. This study makes synergetic use of glider data, altimetry, and high-resolution model for exploring mesoscale eddies, especially their vertical structures, and their role on the Solomon <span class="hlt">Sea</span> circulation. The description of individual eddies observed by altimetry and gliders provides the first elements to characterize the 3-D structure of these tropical eddies, and confirms the usefulness of the model to access a more universal view of such eddies. Mesoscale eddies appear to have a vertical extension limited to the Surface Waters (SW) and the Upper Thermocline Water (UTW), i.e., the first 140-150 m depth. Most of the eddies are nonlinear, meaning that eddies can trap and transport water properties. But they weakly interact with the deep New Guinea Coastal Undercurrent that is a key piece of the equatorial circulation. Anticyclonic eddies are particularly efficient to advect salty and warm SW coming from the intrusion of equatorial <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> waters at Solomon Strait, and to impact the characteristics of the New Guinea Coastal Current. Cyclonic eddies are particularly efficient to transport South <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Tropical Water (SPTW) anomalies from the North Vanuatu Jet and to erode by diapycnal mixing the high SPTW salinity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70041495','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70041495"><span>Changes in size and trends of North American <span class="hlt">sea</span> duck populations associated with North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> oceanic regime shifts</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Flint, Paul L.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Broad-scale multi-species declines in populations of North American <span class="hlt">sea</span> ducks for unknown reasons is cause for management concern. Oceanic regime shifts have been associated with rapid changes in ecosystem structure of the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and Bering <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. However, relatively little is known about potential effects of these changes in oceanic conditions on marine bird populations at broad scales. I examined changes in North American breeding populations of <span class="hlt">sea</span> ducks from 1957 to 2011 in relation to potential oceanic regime shifts in the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> in 1977, 1989, and 1998. There was strong support for population-level effects of regime shifts in 1977 and 1989, but little support for an effect of the 1998 shift. The continental-level effects of these regime shifts differed across species groups and time. Based on patterns of <span class="hlt">sea</span> duck population dynamics associated with regime shifts, it is unclear if the mechanism of change relates to survival or reproduction. Results of this analysis support the hypothesis that population size and trends of North American <span class="hlt">sea</span> ducks are strongly influenced by oceanic conditions. The perceived population declines appear to have halted >20 years ago, and populations have been relatively stable or increasing since that time. Given these results, we should reasonably expect dramatic changes in <span class="hlt">sea</span> duck population status and trends with future oceanic regime shifts.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29507330','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29507330"><span>Association between <span class="hlt">sea</span> lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) infestation on Atlantic salmon farms and wild <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> salmon in Muchalat Inlet, Canada.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nekouei, Omid; Vanderstichel, Raphael; Thakur, Krishna; Arriagada, Gabriel; Patanasatienkul, Thitiwan; Whittaker, Patrick; Milligan, Barry; Stewardson, Lance; Revie, Crawford W</p> <p>2018-03-05</p> <p>Growth in salmon aquaculture over the past two decades has raised concerns regarding the potential impacts of the industry on neighboring ecosystems and wild fish productivity. Despite limited evidence, <span class="hlt">sea</span> lice have been identified as a major cause for the decline in some wild <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> salmon populations on the west coast of Canada. We used <span class="hlt">sea</span> lice count and management data from farmed and wild salmon, collected over 10 years (2007-2016) in the Muchalat Inlet region of Canada, to evaluate the association between <span class="hlt">sea</span> lice recorded on salmon farms with the infestation levels on wild out-migrating Chum salmon. Our analyses indicated a significant positive association between the <span class="hlt">sea</span> lice abundance on farms and the likelihood that wild fish would be infested. However, increased abundance of lice on farms was not significantly associated with the levels of infestation observed on the wild salmon. Our results suggest that Atlantic salmon farms may be an important source for the introduction of <span class="hlt">sea</span> lice to wild <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> salmon populations, but that the absence of a dose response relationship indicates that any estimate of farm impact requires more careful evaluation of causal inference than is typically seen in the extant scientific literature.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3781128','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3781128"><span>A Metagenomics <span class="hlt">Transect</span> into the Deepest Point of the Baltic <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Reveals Clear Stratification of Microbial Functional Capacities</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Poole, Anthony M.; Sjöberg, Britt-Marie; Sjöling, Sara</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The Baltic <span class="hlt">Sea</span> is characterized by hyposaline surface waters, hypoxic and anoxic deep waters and sediments. These conditions, which in turn lead to a steep oxygen gradient, are particularly evident at Landsort Deep in the Baltic Proper. Given these substantial differences in environmental parameters at Landsort Deep, we performed a metagenomic census spanning surface to sediment to establish whether the microbial communities at this site are as stratified as the physical environment. We report strong stratification across a depth <span class="hlt">transect</span> for both functional capacity and taxonomic affiliation, with functional capacity corresponding most closely to key environmental parameters of oxygen, salinity and temperature. We report similarities in functional capacity between the hypoxic community and hadal zone communities, underscoring the substantial degree of eutrophication in the Baltic Proper. Reconstruction of the nitrogen cycle at Landsort deep shows potential for syntrophy between archaeal ammonium oxidizers and bacterial denitrification at anoxic depths, while anaerobic ammonium oxidation genes are absent, despite substantial ammonium levels below the chemocline. Our census also reveals enrichment in genetic prerequisites for a copiotrophic lifestyle and resistance mechanisms reflecting adaptation to prevalent eutrophic conditions and the accumulation of environmental pollutants resulting from ongoing anthropogenic pressures in the Baltic <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. PMID:24086414</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27844407','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27844407"><span>Primary non-<span class="hlt">transecting</span> bulbar urethroplasty long-term success rates are similar to <span class="hlt">transecting</span> urethroplasty.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Anderson, Kirk M; Blakely, Stephen A; O'Donnell, Colin I; Nikolavsky, Dmitriy; Flynn, Brian J</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>To review the long-term outcomes of <span class="hlt">transecting</span> versus non-<span class="hlt">transecting</span> urethroplasty to repair bulbar urethral strictures. A retrospective review was conducted of 342 patients who underwent anterior urethroplasty performed by a single surgeon from 2003 to 2014. Patients were excluded from further analysis if there had been prior urethroplasty, stricture location outside the bulbous urethra, or age <18 years. In the <span class="hlt">transecting</span> group, surgical techniques used included excision and primary anastomosis and augmented anastomotic urethroplasty. In the non-<span class="hlt">transecting</span> group, surgical techniques used included non-<span class="hlt">transecting</span> anastomotic urethroplasty and dorsal and/or ventral buccal grafting. The primary endpoint was stricture resolution in <span class="hlt">transecting</span> vs. non-<span class="hlt">transecting</span> bulbar urethroplasty. Success was defined as freedom from secondary procedures including dilation, urethrotomy, or repeat urethroplasty. One hundred and fifty-two patients met inclusion criteria. At a mean follow-up of 65 months (range: 10-138 months), stricture-free recurrence in the <span class="hlt">transecting</span> and non-<span class="hlt">transecting</span> groups was similar, 83% (n = 85/102) and 82% (n = 41/50), respectively (p = 0.84). Surgical technique (p = 0.91), stricture length (p = 0.8), and etiology (p = 0.6) did not affect stricture recurrence rate on multivariate analysis. There was no difference detected in time to stricture recurrence (p = 0.21). In this retrospective series, <span class="hlt">transecting</span> and non-<span class="hlt">transecting</span> primary bulbar urethroplasty resulted in similar long-term stricture resolution rate. Prospective studies are needed to determine what differences may present in outcomes related to sexual function and long-term success.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMOS54A..02G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMOS54A..02G"><span>The Distributed Biological Observatory (DBO): A Change Detection Array in the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Arctic Region</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Grebmeier, J. M.; Moore, S. E.; Cooper, L. W.; Frey, K. E.; Pickart, R. S.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> region of the Arctic Ocean is experiencing major reductions in seasonal <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice extent and increases in <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperatures. One of the key uncertainties in this region is how the marine ecosystem will respond to seasonal shifts in the timing of spring <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice retreat and/or delays in fall <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice formation. Climate changes are likely to result in shifts in species composition and abundance, northward range expansions, and changes in lower trophic level productivity that can directly cascade and affect the life cycles of higher trophic level organisms. The developing Distributed Biological Observatory (DBO) is composed of focused biological and oceanographic sampling at biological "hot spot" sites for lower and higher trophic organisms on a latitudinal S-to-N array. The DBO is being developed by an international consortium of scientists in the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Arctic as a change detection array to systematically track the broad biological response to <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice retreat and associated environmental change. Coordinated ship-based observations over various seasons, together with satellite and mooring data collections at the designated sites, can provide an early detection system for biological and ecosystem response to climate warming. The data documenting the importance of these ecosystem "hotspots" provide a growing marine time-series from the northern Bering <span class="hlt">Sea</span> to Barrow Canyon at the boundary of the Chukchi and Beaufort <span class="hlt">seas</span>. Results from these studies show spatial changes in carbon production and export to the sediments as indicated by infaunal community composition and biomass, shifts in sediment grain size on a S-to-N latitudinal gradient, and range extensions for lower trophic levels and further northward migration of higher trophic organisms, such as gray whales. There is also direct evidence of negative impacts on ice dependent species, such as walrus and polar bears. As a ramp up to a fully operational observatory, hydrographic <span class="hlt">transects</span> and select</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19860034311&hterms=current+feedback&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dcurrent%2Bfeedback','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19860034311&hterms=current+feedback&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dcurrent%2Bfeedback"><span><span class="hlt">Sea</span> surface temperature anomalies, planetary waves, and <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> feedback in the middle latitudes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Frankignoul, C.</p> <p>1985-01-01</p> <p>Current analytical models for large-scale <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interactions in the middle latitudes are reviewed in terms of known <span class="hlt">sea</span>-surface temperature (SST) anomalies. The scales and strength of different atmospheric forcing mechanisms are discussed, along with the damping and feedback processes controlling the evolution of the SST. Difficulties with effective SST modeling are described in terms of the techniques and results of case studies, numerical simulations of mixed-layer variability and statistical modeling. The relationship between SST and diabatic heating anomalies is considered and a linear model is developed for the response of the stationary atmosphere to the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> feedback. The results obtained with linear wave models are compared with the linear model results. Finally, sample data are presented from experiments with general circulation models into which specific SST anomaly data for the middle latitudes were introduced.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989NJSR...23...85A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989NJSR...23...85A"><span>Species composition, distribution and abundance of chaetodontidae along reef <span class="hlt">transects</span> in the Flores <span class="hlt">Sea</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Adrim, Mohammad; Hutomo, Malikusworo</p> <p></p> <p>Observations on chaetodontid fishes were made by applying a visual census technique at 13 coral reef locations in the Flores <span class="hlt">Sea</span> region in October and November 1984. These observations were made along 50 m <span class="hlt">transect</span> lines, parallel to the shore or the reef edge at depths between 3 to 12 m. Twenty-three species of Chaetodontidae were observed, representing three genera: Chaetodon (20 species), Heniochus (2 species) and Forcipiger (1 species). Chaetodon kleini, C. trifasciatus, C. melannotus and C. baronessa proved to be the most abundant species, and among them C. kleini and C. trifasciatus were the most widely distributed ones. Chaetodon semeion and C. mertensi were the rarest species. The greatest number of individuals (77) was counted at station 4.268 near Tanjung Burung, Sumbawa, while the greatest number of species (14) was observed at station 4.257, north of Komodo. The lowest number of individuals (17) was counted at station 4.175 near P. Bahuluang, Salayer, while station 4.251 near Teluk Slawi, Komodo, was inhabited by the smallest numbver of species (2). Numerical classification by using the Bray Curtis dissimilarity index resulted in three groups of entities. The first group was characterized by predomination of C. kleini and the second by predomination of C. melannotus. The third one was a loose group not characterized by any predominant species. The analyses indicated that the similarities of the chaetodontid communities between locations are not related to the distance between them, but rather to habitat conditions. For example predomination of C. melannotus is strongly related to the predomination of soft coral. Compared to other areas of Indonesia, e.g. Bali, Seribu Islands, Batam, Sunda Strait, and Ambon Bay, the Flores <span class="hlt">Sea</span> reefs have a more abundant and more diverse chaetodontid fauna.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4251985','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4251985"><span>Comparative Analysis of Japanese Three-Spined Stickleback Clades Reveals the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean Lineage Has Adapted to Freshwater Environments while the Japan <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Has Not</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Ravinet, Mark; Takeuchi, Naoko; Kume, Manabu; Mori, Seiichi; Kitano, Jun</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Divergent selection and adaptive divergence can increase phenotypic diversification amongst populations and lineages. Yet adaptive divergence between different environments, habitats or niches does not occur in all lineages. For example, the colonization of freshwater environments by ancestral marine species has triggered adaptive radiation and phenotypic diversification in some taxa but not in others. Studying closely related lineages differing in their ability to diversify is an excellent means of understanding the factors promoting and constraining adaptive evolution. A well-known example of the evolution of increased phenotypic diversification following freshwater colonization is the three-spined stickleback. Two closely related stickleback lineages, the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean and the Japan <span class="hlt">Sea</span> occur in Japan. However, Japanese freshwater stickleback populations are derived from the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean lineage only, suggesting the Japan <span class="hlt">Sea</span> lineage is unable to colonize freshwater. Using stable isotope data and trophic morphology, we first show higher rates of phenotypic and ecological diversification between marine and freshwater populations within the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean lineage, confirming adaptive divergence has occurred between the two lineages and within the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean lineage but not in the Japan <span class="hlt">Sea</span> lineage. We further identified consistent divergence in diet and foraging behaviour between marine forms from each lineage, confirming <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean marine sticklebacks, from which all Japanese freshwater populations are derived, are better adapted to freshwater environments than Japan <span class="hlt">Sea</span> sticklebacks. We suggest adaptive divergence between ancestral marine populations may have played a role in constraining phenotypic diversification and adaptive evolution in Japanese sticklebacks. PMID:25460163</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25460163','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25460163"><span>Comparative analysis of Japanese three-spined stickleback clades reveals the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean lineage has adapted to freshwater environments while the Japan <span class="hlt">Sea</span> has not.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ravinet, Mark; Takeuchi, Naoko; Kume, Manabu; Mori, Seiichi; Kitano, Jun</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Divergent selection and adaptive divergence can increase phenotypic diversification amongst populations and lineages. Yet adaptive divergence between different environments, habitats or niches does not occur in all lineages. For example, the colonization of freshwater environments by ancestral marine species has triggered adaptive radiation and phenotypic diversification in some taxa but not in others. Studying closely related lineages differing in their ability to diversify is an excellent means of understanding the factors promoting and constraining adaptive evolution. A well-known example of the evolution of increased phenotypic diversification following freshwater colonization is the three-spined stickleback. Two closely related stickleback lineages, the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean and the Japan <span class="hlt">Sea</span> occur in Japan. However, Japanese freshwater stickleback populations are derived from the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean lineage only, suggesting the Japan <span class="hlt">Sea</span> lineage is unable to colonize freshwater. Using stable isotope data and trophic morphology, we first show higher rates of phenotypic and ecological diversification between marine and freshwater populations within the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean lineage, confirming adaptive divergence has occurred between the two lineages and within the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean lineage but not in the Japan <span class="hlt">Sea</span> lineage. We further identified consistent divergence in diet and foraging behaviour between marine forms from each lineage, confirming <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean marine sticklebacks, from which all Japanese freshwater populations are derived, are better adapted to freshwater environments than Japan <span class="hlt">Sea</span> sticklebacks. We suggest adaptive divergence between ancestral marine populations may have played a role in constraining phenotypic diversification and adaptive evolution in Japanese sticklebacks.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20020044134','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20020044134"><span>Sensitivity of Global <span class="hlt">Sea-Air</span> CO2 Flux to Gas Transfer Algorithms, Climatological Wind Speeds, and Variability of <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Surface Temperature and Salinity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>McClain, Charles R.; Signorini, Sergio</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>Sensitivity analyses of <span class="hlt">sea-air</span> CO2 flux to gas transfer algorithms, climatological wind speeds, <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperatures (SST) and salinity (SSS) were conducted for the global oceans and selected regional domains. Large uncertainties in the global <span class="hlt">sea-air</span> flux estimates are identified due to different gas transfer algorithms, global climatological wind speeds, and seasonal SST and SSS data. The global <span class="hlt">sea-air</span> flux ranges from -0.57 to -2.27 Gt/yr, depending on the combination of gas transfer algorithms and global climatological wind speeds used. Different combinations of SST and SSS global fields resulted in changes as large as 35% on the oceans global <span class="hlt">sea-air</span> flux. An error as small as plus or minus 0.2 in SSS translates into a plus or minus 43% deviation on the mean global CO2 flux. This result emphasizes the need for highly accurate satellite SSS observations for the development of remote sensing <span class="hlt">sea-air</span> flux algorithms.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA282842','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA282842"><span>Oceanic Whitecaps and Associated, Bubble-Mediated, <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> Exchange Processes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>1992-10-01</p> <p>experiments performed in laboratory conditions using <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> Exchange Monitoring System (A-SEMS). EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP In a first look, the <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> Exchange...Model 225, equipped with a Model 519 plug-in module. Other complementary information on A-SEMS along with results from first tests and calibration...between 9.50C and 22.40C within the first 24 hours after transferring the water sample into laboratory conditions. The results show an enhancement of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4708276','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4708276"><span>Non-<span class="hlt">transecting</span> bulbar urethroplasty</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Andrich, Daniela E.; Mundy, Anthony R.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Excision and end-to-end anastomosis (EPA) has been the preferred urethroplasty technique for short bulbar strictures and is associated with an excellent functional outcome. Driven by concerns over the potential morbidity associated with dividing the urethra, therefore compromising spongiosal blood flow, as well as spongiofibrosis being superficial in the majority of non-traumatic bulbar strictures, the non-<span class="hlt">transecting</span> technique for bulbar urethroplasty has been developed with the aim of achieving the same success as EPA without the morbidity associated with <span class="hlt">transection</span>. This manuscript highlights the fundamental principles underlying the ongoing debate—<span class="hlt">transection</span> or non-<span class="hlt">transection</span> of the strictured bulbar urethra? The potential advantages of avoiding dividing the corpus spongiosum of the urethra are discussed. The non-<span class="hlt">transecting</span> anastomotic procedure together with its various modifications are decribed in detail. Our experience with this technique is presented. Non-<span class="hlt">transecting</span> excision of spongiofibrosis with preservation of well vascularised underlying spongiosum provides an excellent alternative to dividing the urethra during urethroplasty for short non-traumatic proximal bulbar strictures. PMID:26816808</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A53E2309Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A53E2309Y"><span>Effects of Northern Hemisphere <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Surface Temperature Changes on the Global <span class="hlt">Air</span> Quality</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yi, K.; Liu, J.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The roles of regional <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature (SST) variability on modulating the climate system and consequently the <span class="hlt">air</span> quality are investigated using the Community Earth System Model (CESM). Idealized, spatially uniform SST anomalies of +/- 1 °C are superimposed onto the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>, North Atlantic, and North Indian Oceans individually. Ignoring the response of natural emissions, our simulations suggest large seasonal and regional variability of surface O3 and PM2.5 concentrations in response to SST anomalies, especially during boreal summers. Increasing the SST by 1 °C in one of the oceans generally decreases the surface O3 concentrations from 1 to 5 ppbv while increases the anthropogenic PM2.5 concentrations from 0.5 to 3 µg m-3. We implement the integrated process rate (IPR) analysis in CESM and find that meteorological transport in response to SST changes is the key process causing <span class="hlt">air</span> pollutant perturbations in most cases. During boreal summers, the increase in tropical SST over different ocean basins enhances deep convection, which significantly increases the <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature over the upper troposphere and trigger large-scale subsidence over nearby and remote regions. These processes tend to increase tropospheric stability and suppress rainfall at lower mid-latitudes. Consequently, it reduces the vertical transport of O3 to the surface while facilitating the accumulation of PM2.5 concentrations over most regions. In addition, this regional SST warming may also considerably suppress intercontinental transport of <span class="hlt">air</span> pollution as confirmed with idealized CO-like tracers. Our findings indicate a robust linkage between basin-scale SST variability and regional <span class="hlt">air</span> quality, which can help local <span class="hlt">air</span> quality management.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017BGeo...14.3207M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017BGeo...14.3207M"><span>Preface: The Oligotrophy to the UlTra-oligotrophy <span class="hlt">PACific</span> Experiment (OUTPACE cruise, 18 February to 3 April 2015)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Moutin, Thierry; Michelangelo Doglioli, Andrea; de Verneil, Alain; Bonnet, Sophie</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>The overall goal of OUTPACE (Oligotrophy to UlTra-oligotrophy <span class="hlt">PACific</span> Experiment) was to obtain a successful representation of the interactions between planktonic organisms and the cycle of biogenic elements in the western tropical South <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean across trophic and N2 fixation gradients. Within the context of climate change, it is necessary to better quantify the ability of the oligotrophic ocean to sequester carbon through biological processes. OUTPACE was organized around three main objectives, which were (1) to perform a zonal characterization of the biogeochemistry and biological diversity of the western tropical South <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> during austral summer conditions, (2) to study the production and fate of organic matter (including carbon export) in three contrasting trophic regimes (increasing oligotrophy) with a particular emphasis on the role of dinitrogen fixation, and (3) to obtain a representation of the main biogeochemical fluxes and dynamics of the planktonic trophic network. The international OUTPACE cruise took place between 18 February and 3 April 2015 aboard the RV L'Atalante and involved 60 scientists (30 onboard). The west-east <span class="hlt">transect</span> covered ˜ 4000 km from the western part of the Melanesian archipelago (New Caledonia) to the western boundary of the South <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> gyre (French Polynesia). Following an adaptive strategy, the <span class="hlt">transect</span> initially designed along the 19° S parallel was adapted along-route to incorporate information coming from satellite measurements of <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature, chlorophyll a concentration, currents, and diazotroph quantification. After providing a general context and describing previous work done in this area, this introductory paper elucidates the objectives of OUTPACE, the implementation plan of the cruise and water mass and climatological characteristics and concludes with a general overview of the other papers that will be published in this special issue.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOS.A24C2588S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOS.A24C2588S"><span>Natural Surfactant Enrichments in the Atlantic Ocean Between 50°N and 50°S: Data from the Atlantic Meridional <span class="hlt">Transect</span>, Oct-Nov 2014</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sabbaghzadeh, B.; Upstill-Goddard, R. C.; Nightingale, P. D.; Beale, R.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>Surfactants that decrease <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas exchange by suppressing the gas transfer velocity (kw) show variable enrichments in the <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface microlayer (SML) relative to the underlying water. This reflects variability in the rates of surfactant production and consumption. Total surfactant activity (SA: equivalent to Triton-X-100, mgL -1) was determined daily between the UK and the Falkland Islands, during cruise 24 of the Atlantic Meridional <span class="hlt">Transect</span> programme (AMT 24). Samples were simultaneously obtained from the SML (Garrett screen), from the ship's underway system (inlet at 7m) and in hydrocasts to 500m. SA analysis was by hanging mercury drop electrode polarography (Metrohm 797 VA Computrace). SA enrichment factors (EF: SML SA / underlying water SA) >1 were observed at most locations, showing the SML to be consistently SA-enriched along the entire cruise <span class="hlt">transect</span>. The persistence of these enrichments up to wind speeds 12m s-¹ support previous conclusions regarding the stability of the SML under high winds. More specifically, SA in the SML was up to four-fold higher in the Atlantic Northern Hemisphere than in the Atlantic Southern Hemisphere. Even so, EF values were not significantly different between the two hemispheres (p >0.05). These various findings have potentially important implications for kw variability across ocean basin scales.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.6198W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.6198W"><span>Modulation of the intraseasonal Indo-western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> convection oscillation to tropical cyclogenesis location and frequency over the Indo-western North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> during boreal extended summer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Qiuyun; Li, Jianping; Li, Yanjie; Zhang, Jingwen</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>The influence of the intraseasonal Indo-western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> convection oscillation (IPCO) on the tropical cyclone (TC) genesis location and frequency over the Indo-western North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> during the boreal extended summer (May-October) is explored in this paper. Observational analysis shows that the impacts of the intraseasonal IPCO on TCs over the Indo-western North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> features in evident "locational phase lock of TC genesis" and distinct differences in TC frequency. In term of the WNP, when the intraseasonal IPCO is positive phase, there tends to be much more TCs, especially in the South China <span class="hlt">Sea</span> (SCS), and more TCs generate in the west of the WNP and lower latitude (around 5°-20°N); vice versa. At the positive intraseasonal IPCO phase, the atmosphere gains heat through both <span class="hlt">sea-air</span> interaction and the latent heat release of cumulus convective condensation, and the anomalous cyclonic circulation weakens the western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> subtropical high (WPSH), these conditions do favor the TC genesis. Moreover, the shrinking WPSH, the enhanced heat transfer from <span class="hlt">sea</span> to <span class="hlt">air</span> at the lower latitude as well as the westward shifts of heating center and anomalous cyclonic circulation lock TC genesis locations in the west of the WNP and lower latitude. The opposite situation occurs at negative phase. As for the North Indian Ocean (NIO), the TC genesis locations at the positive intraseasonal IPCO phase mainly situate in 13°-20°N and distribute closer to Indian Peninsula, particularly in the Arabian <span class="hlt">Sea</span> (ARB), in contrast, the spatial distribution is more dispersed at the negative intraseasonal IPCO phase. However, the total TC frequencies at two intraseasonal IPCO phases are similar. These features come largely from the differences in the area featuring conditions between the northern and southern regions of 13°N in the NIO: at the positive intraseasonal IPCO phase, to the northern region of 13°N, the environmental conditions are similar to the case of the WNP except without the</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_12 --> <div id="page_13" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="241"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFMGC31C..05G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFMGC31C..05G"><span>The Distributed Biological Observatory (DBO)-A Change Detection Array in the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Arctic Sector</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Grebmeier, J. M.; Moore, S. E.; Cooper, L. W.; Frey, K. E.; Pickart, R. S.</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p> latitudinal gradient. Hydrographic <span class="hlt">transects</span> occupied from spring to fall in 2010 and 2011 at two pilot sites in the SE Chukchi <span class="hlt">Sea</span> and Barrow Canyon provide repeat collections of water parameters over the seasons that are unavailable from single cruises. This sampling indicates freshening and warming as <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> seawater transits northward over the spring to fall seasons, with impacts on both plankton and benthic prey bases for larger marine mammals and seabirds. The intent of the DBO is to serve as a change detection array for the identification and consistent monitoring of biophysical responses. This network of spatially explicit DBOs is being organized through the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Arctic Group (PAG), a collaborative network endorsed by the International Arctic Science Committee. Our presentation will provide new information to evaluate the status and developing trends of the marine biological system as it responds to the rapid environmental change.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27219293','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27219293"><span>Bioaccumulation of HCHs and DDTs in organs of <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> salmon (genus Oncorhynchus) from the <span class="hlt">Sea</span> of Okhotsk and the Bering <span class="hlt">Sea</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lukyanova, Olga N; Tsygankov, Vasiliy Yu; Boyarova, Margarita D; Khristoforova, Nadezhda K</p> <p>2016-08-01</p> <p>Concentrations of isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane (α-, β-, γ-HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) were assessed in organs of the pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), chum (Oncorhynchus keta), chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), and sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), caught near the Kuril Islands (the northern-western part of the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean), in the <span class="hlt">Sea</span> of Okhotsk and the Bering <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. Pesticides have been found to accumulate in fish organs in the following: muscles < liver < eggs < male gonads. The highest concentrations in muscles and liver have been recorded from sockeye. Of the DDT group, only DDE has been detected. The average concentration of HCHs + DDE in the muscles of pink, chum, chinook, and sockeye was 141, 125, 1241, 1641 ng/g lipids, respectively; and in the liver, 279, 183, 1305, 3805 ng/g lipids, respectively. The total concentration of HCHs isomers was higher than that of DDE. Average HCHs + DDE concentration in organs of salmon from study area is lower than that in salmon from <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> coast of North America. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21141036','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21141036"><span>Advances in quantifying <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas exchange and environmental forcing.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wanninkhof, Rik; Asher, William E; Ho, David T; Sweeney, Colm; McGillis, Wade R</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>The past decade has seen a substantial amount of research on <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas exchange and its environmental controls. These studies have significantly advanced the understanding of processes that control gas transfer, led to higher quality field measurements, and improved estimates of the flux of climate-relevant gases between the ocean and atmosphere. This review discusses the fundamental principles of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas transfer and recent developments in gas transfer theory, parameterizations, and measurement techniques in the context of the exchange of carbon dioxide. However, much of this discussion is applicable to any sparingly soluble, non-reactive gas. We show how the use of global variables of environmental forcing that have recently become available and gas exchange relationships that incorporate the main forcing factors will lead to improved estimates of global and regional <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas fluxes based on better fundamental physical, chemical, and biological foundations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140013014','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140013014"><span>The Precipitation Response Over the Continental United States to Cold Tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Surface Temperatures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Hailan; Schubert, Siegfried D.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The dominant pattern of annual mean SST variability in the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> (in its cold phase) produces pronounced precipitation deficits over the continental United States (U.S.) throughout the annual cycle. This study investigates the physical and dynamical processes through which the cold <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> pattern affects the U.S. precipitation, particularly the causes for the peak dry impacts in fall, as well as the nature of the differences between the summer and fall responses. Results, based on observations and reanalyses, show that the peak precipitation deficit over the U.S. during fall is primarily due to reduced atmospheric moisture transport from the Gulf of Mexico into the central and eastern U.S., and secondarily due to a reduction in local evaporation from land-atmosphere feedback. The former is associated with a strong and systematic low-level northeasterly flow anomaly over the southeastern U.S. that counteracts the northwest branch of the climatological flow associated with the north Atlantic subtropical high. The above northeasterly anomaly is maintained by both diabatic heating anomalies in the nearby Intra-American <span class="hlt">Seas</span> and diabatic cooling anomalies in the tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. In contrast, the modest summertime precipitation deficit over the U.S. is mainly the result of local land-atmosphere feedback; the rather weak and disorganized atmospheric circulation anomalies over and to the south of the U.S. make little contribution. An evaluation of NSIPP-1 AGCM simulations shows it to be deficient in simulating the warm season tropical convection responses over the Intra-American <span class="hlt">Seas</span> to the cold <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> pattern and thereby the precipitation responses over the U.S., a problem that appears to be common to many AGCMs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=254218&Lab=NHEERL&keyword=experimental+AND+survey&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=254218&Lab=NHEERL&keyword=experimental+AND+survey&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>Potential <span class="hlt">sea</span>-level rise impacts on tidal wetlands in the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Northwest: Declines in productivity and diversity?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Global climate change could alter <span class="hlt">sea</span>-level and salinity dynamics in <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Northwest estuaries. We combined survey and experimental approaches to better understand potential climate change effects on the future of tidal wetland primary producers in the region. Surveys conducte...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012GPC....80..149W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012GPC....80..149W"><span>Climate change impacts on tropical cyclones and extreme <span class="hlt">sea</span> levels in the South <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> — A regional assessment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Walsh, Kevin J. E.; McInnes, Kathleen L.; McBride, John L.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>This paper reviews the current understanding of the effect of climate change on extreme <span class="hlt">sea</span> levels in the South <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> region. This region contains many locations that are vulnerable to extreme <span class="hlt">sea</span> levels in the current climate, and projections indicate that this vulnerability will increase in the future. The recent publication of authoritative statements on the relationship between global warming and global <span class="hlt">sea</span> level rise, tropical cyclones and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation phenomenon has motivated this review. Confident predictions of global mean <span class="hlt">sea</span> level rise are modified by regional differences in the steric (density-related) component of <span class="hlt">sea</span> level rise and changing gravitational interactions between the ocean and the ice sheets which affect the regional distribution of the eustatic (mass-related) contribution to <span class="hlt">sea</span> level rise. The most extreme <span class="hlt">sea</span> levels in this region are generated by tropical cyclones. The intensity of the strongest tropical cyclones is likely to increase, but many climate models project a substantial decrease in tropical cyclone numbers in this region, which may lead to an overall decrease in the total number of intense tropical cyclones. This projection, however, needs to be better quantified using improved high-resolution climate model simulations of tropical cyclones. Future changes in ENSO may lead to large regional variations in tropical cyclone incidence and <span class="hlt">sea</span> level rise, but these impacts are also not well constrained. While storm surges from tropical cyclones give the largest <span class="hlt">sea</span> level extremes in the parts of this region where they occur, other more frequent high <span class="hlt">sea</span> level events can arise from swell generated by distant storms. Changes in wave climate are projected for the tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> due to anthropogenically-forced changes in atmospheric circulation. Future changes in <span class="hlt">sea</span> level extremes will be caused by a combination of changes in mean <span class="hlt">sea</span> level, regional <span class="hlt">sea</span> level trends, tropical cyclone incidence and wave</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014HESSD..11.3111F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014HESSD..11.3111F"><span>Predicting East African spring droughts using <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and Indian Ocean <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature indices</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Funk, C.; Hoell, A.; Shukla, S.; Bladé, I.; Liebmann, B.; Roberts, J. B.; Robertson, F. R.; Husak, G.</p> <p>2014-03-01</p> <p>In southern Ethiopia, Eastern Kenya, and southern Somalia, poor boreal spring rains in 1999, 2000, 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009, and 2011 contributed to severe food insecurity and high levels of malnutrition. Predicting rainfall deficits in this region on seasonal and decadal time frames can help decision makers implement disaster risk reduction measures while guiding climate-smart adaptation and agricultural development. Building on recent research that links more frequent droughts in that region to a stronger Walker Circulation, warming in the Indo-<span class="hlt">Pacific</span> warm pool, and an increased western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature (SST) gradient, we show that the two dominant modes of East African boreal spring rainfall variability are tied, respectively, to western-central <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and central Indian Ocean SST. Variations in these rainfall modes can be predicted using two previously defined SST indices - the West <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Gradient (WPG) and Central Indian Ocean index (CIO), with the WPG and CIO being used, respectively, to predict the first and second rainfall modes. These simple indices can be used in concert with more sophisticated coupled modeling systems and land surface data assimilations to help inform early warning and guide climate outlooks.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/9044','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/9044"><span>Guidelines for evaluating <span class="hlt">air</span> pollution impacts on class I wilderness areas in the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Northwest.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>J. Peterson; D. Schmoldt; D. Peterson; J. Eilers; R. Fisher; R. Bachman</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>Forest Service <span class="hlt">air</span> resource managers in the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Northwest are responsible for protecting class 1 wilderness areas from <span class="hlt">air</span> pollution. To do this, they need scientifically defensible information to determine critical concentrations of <span class="hlt">air</span> pollution having the potential to impact class 1 wilderness values. This report documents the results of a workshop where current...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/315','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/315"><span>Guidelines for evaluating <span class="hlt">air</span> pollution impacts on class I wilderness areas in the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Northwest.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Janice Peterson; Daniel L. Schmoldt; David Peterson; Joseph Eilers; Richard Fisher; Robert Bachman</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>Forest Service <span class="hlt">air</span> resource managers in the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Northwest are responsible for protecting class I wilderness areas from <span class="hlt">air</span> pollution. To do this, they need scientifically defensible information to determine critical concentrations of <span class="hlt">air</span> pollution having the potential to impact class I wilderness values. This report documents the results of a workshop where current...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ClDy...49.1631X','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ClDy...49.1631X"><span>Role of <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature anomalies in the tropical Indo-<span class="hlt">Pacific</span> region in the northeast Asia severe drought in summer 2014: month-to-month perspective</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Xu, Zhiqing; Fan, Ke; Wang, HuiJun</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>The severe drought over northeast Asia in summer 2014 and the contribution to it by <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the tropical Indo-<span class="hlt">Pacific</span> region were investigated from the month-to-month perspective. The severe drought was accompanied by weak lower-level summer monsoon flow and featured an obvious northward movement during summer. The mid-latitude Asian summer (MAS) pattern and East Asia/<span class="hlt">Pacific</span> teleconnection (EAP) pattern, induced by the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) and western North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> summer monsoon (WNPSM) rainfall anomalies respectively, were two main bridges between the SST anomalies in the tropical Indo-<span class="hlt">Pacific</span> region and the severe drought. Warming in the Arabian <span class="hlt">Sea</span> induced reduced rainfall over northeast India and then triggered a negative MAS pattern favoring the severe drought in June 2014. In July 2014, warming in the tropical western North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> led to a strong WNPSM and increased rainfall over the Philippine <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, triggering a positive EAP pattern. The equatorial eastern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and local warming resulted in increased rainfall over the off-equatorial western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and triggered an EAP-like pattern. The EAP pattern and EAP-like pattern contributed to the severe drought in July 2014. A negative Indian Ocean dipole induced an anomalous meridional circulation, and warming in the equatorial eastern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> induced an anomalous zonal circulation, in August 2014. The two anomalous cells led to a weak ISM and WNPSM, triggering the negative MAS and EAP patterns responsible for the severe drought. Two possible reasons for the northward movement of the drought were also proposed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3079632','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3079632"><span>Plio-Pleistocene <span class="hlt">sea</span> level and temperature fluctuations in the northwestern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> promoted speciation in the globally-distributed flathead mullet Mugil cephalus</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Background The study of speciation in the marine realm is challenging because of the apparent absence of physical barriers to dispersal, which are one of the main drivers of genetic diversity. Although phylogeographic studies using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) information often reveal significant genetic heterogeneity within marine species, the evolutionary significance of such diversity is difficult to interpret with these markers. In the northwestern (NW) <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>, several studies have emphasised the potential importance of <span class="hlt">sea</span>-level regression during the most recent glaciations as a driver of genetic diversity in marine species. These studies have failed, however, to determine whether the period of isolation was long enough for divergence to attain speciation. Among these marine species, the cosmopolitan estuarine-dependent fish Mugil cephalus represents an interesting case study. Several divergent allopatric mtDNA lineages have been described in this species worldwide, and three occur in sympatry in the NW <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. Results Ten nuclear microsatellites were surveyed to estimate the level of genetic isolation of these lineages and determine the role of <span class="hlt">sea</span>-level fluctuation in the evolution of NW <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> M. cephalus. Three cryptic species of M. cephalus were identified within this region (NWP1, 2 and 3) using an assignment test on the microsatellite data. Each species corresponds with one of the three mtDNA lineages in the COI phylogenetic tree. NWP3 is the most divergent species, with a distribution range that suggests tropical affinities, while NWP1, with a northward distribution from Taiwan to Russia, is a temperate species. NWP2 is distributed along the warm Kuroshio Current. The divergence of NWP1 from NWP2 dates back to the Pleistocene epoch and probably corresponds to the separation of the Japan and China <span class="hlt">Seas</span> when <span class="hlt">sea</span> levels dropped. Despite their subsequent range expansion since this period of glaciation, no gene flow was observed among these three lineages</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFMPP14B..08H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFMPP14B..08H"><span>Glacial - interglacial changes of northwest <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> stratification, inferred from deep and shallow living radiolarians</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hays, J. D.</p> <p>2009-12-01</p> <p>Shallow (0-200m) and deep (200 to1000m) living radiolarian flux is used to measure past production from within discrete intervals of the ocean’s water column. Deep-living faunas can also be used as proxies for export production, for they remineralize it and respond geographically and temporally to varying export. Few members of the mesopelagic community leave a fossil record, but of those that do, radiolarians are the most abundant and diverse group. In northwest <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> late Pleistocene (glacial) sediments, deep-living radiolarian flux dominates over shallow-living flux, but the reverse is true in Holocene sediments, with the dramatic dominance change occurring across the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary. Changing primary productivity can’t cause these flux changes, for shallow-living faunas have access to the same carbon flux as do deep-living faunas, but rather they signal a major reorganization of the radiolarian fauna within the water column and suggest greater glacial than Holocene carbon export. In the Holocene world-ocean, the only region where deep-living radiolarian flux dominates over shallow-living flux is in the <span class="hlt">Sea</span> of Okhotsk, suggesting environmental similarities between this <span class="hlt">sea</span> and the northwest <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. In winter, cold Siberian <span class="hlt">air</span> chills the upper hundred meters of the <span class="hlt">Sea</span> of Okhotsk, promoting the spread of vast <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice fields. High productivity in a thin (10-15m) summer mixed layer depletes nutrients Between 15 and about 150m exists a layer of cold (-1 to 0 degrees C.) intermediate water, within which radiolarian concentrations are low, but these concentrations increase between 200 and 500m in warmer intermediate water (Nimmergut and Abelmann, 2002). This radiolarian stratification results in greater deep- than shallow-living radiolarian flux to the <span class="hlt">sea</span> floor. A similar water structure in the glacial northwest <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> is the probable cause of similar flux patterns between the glacial northwest <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and Holocene <span class="hlt">Sea</span> of Okhotsk. If so then</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatSR...621251D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatSR...621251D"><span>The Footprint of the Inter-decadal <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Oscillation in Indian Ocean <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Surface Temperatures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dong, Lu; Zhou, Tianjun; Dai, Aiguo; Song, Fengfei; Wu, Bo; Chen, Xiaolong</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>Superimposed on a pronounced warming trend, the Indian Ocean (IO) <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperatures (SSTs) also show considerable decadal variations that can cause regional climate oscillations around the IO. However, the mechanisms of the IO decadal variability remain unclear. Here we perform numerical experiments using a state-of-the-art, fully coupled climate model in which the external forcings with or without the observed SSTs in the tropical eastern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean (TEP) are applied for 1871-2012. Both the observed timing and magnitude of the IO decadal variations are well reproduced in those experiments with the TEP SSTs prescribed to observations. Although the external forcings account for most of the warming trend, the decadal variability in IO SSTs is dominated by internal variability that is induced by the TEP SSTs, especially the Inter-decadal <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Oscillation (IPO). The IPO weakens (enhances) the warming of the external forcings by about 50% over the IO during IPO’s cold (warm) phase, which contributes about 10% to the recent global warming hiatus since 1999. The decadal variability in IO SSTs is modulated by the IPO-induced atmospheric adjustment through changing surface heat fluxes, <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface height and thermocline depth.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26884089','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26884089"><span>The Footprint of the Inter-decadal <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Oscillation in Indian Ocean <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Surface Temperatures.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Dong, Lu; Zhou, Tianjun; Dai, Aiguo; Song, Fengfei; Wu, Bo; Chen, Xiaolong</p> <p>2016-02-17</p> <p>Superimposed on a pronounced warming trend, the Indian Ocean (IO) <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperatures (SSTs) also show considerable decadal variations that can cause regional climate oscillations around the IO. However, the mechanisms of the IO decadal variability remain unclear. Here we perform numerical experiments using a state-of-the-art, fully coupled climate model in which the external forcings with or without the observed SSTs in the tropical eastern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean (TEP) are applied for 1871-2012. Both the observed timing and magnitude of the IO decadal variations are well reproduced in those experiments with the TEP SSTs prescribed to observations. Although the external forcings account for most of the warming trend, the decadal variability in IO SSTs is dominated by internal variability that is induced by the TEP SSTs, especially the Inter-decadal <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Oscillation (IPO). The IPO weakens (enhances) the warming of the external forcings by about 50% over the IO during IPO's cold (warm) phase, which contributes about 10% to the recent global warming hiatus since 1999. The decadal variability in IO SSTs is modulated by the IPO-induced atmospheric adjustment through changing surface heat fluxes, <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface height and thermocline depth.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRC..123.1196M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRC..123.1196M"><span>GPS Vertical Land Motion Corrections to <span class="hlt">Sea</span>-Level Rise Estimates in the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Northwest</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Montillet, J.-P.; Melbourne, T. I.; Szeliga, W. M.</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>We construct coastal <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Northwest profiles of vertical land motion (VLM) known to bias long-term tide-gauge measurements of <span class="hlt">sea</span>-level rise (SLR) and use them to estimate absolute <span class="hlt">sea</span>-level rise with respect to Earth's center of mass. Multidecade GPS measurements at 47 coastal stations along the Cascadia subduction zone show VLM varies regionally but smoothly along the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> coast and inland Puget Sound with rates ranging from + 4.9 to -1.2 mm/yr. Puget Sound VLM is characterized by uniform subsidence at relatively slow rates of -0.1 to -0.3 mm/yr. Uplift rates of 4.5 mm/yr persist along the western Olympic Peninsula of northwestern Washington State and decrease southward becoming nearly 0 mm/yr south of central coastal Washington through Cape Blanco, Oregon. South of Cape Blanco, uplift increases to 1-2 mm/yr, peaks at 4 mm/yr near Crescent City, California, and returns to zero at Cape Mendocino, California. Using various stochastic noise models, we estimate long-term (˜50 -100 yr) relative <span class="hlt">sea</span>-level rise rates at 18 coastal Cascadia tide gauges and correct them for VLM. Uncorrected SLR rates are scattered, ranging between -2 mm/yr and + 5 mm/yr with mean 0.52 ± 1.59 mm/yr, whereas correcting for VLM increases the mean value to 1.99 mm/yr and reduces the uncertainty to ± 1.18 mm/yr, commensurate with, but approximately 17% higher than, twentieth century global mean.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1914493K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1914493K"><span>Multi-linear regression of <span class="hlt">sea</span> level in the south west <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> as a first step towards local <span class="hlt">sea</span> level projections</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kumar, Vandhna; Meyssignac, Benoit; Melet, Angélique; Ganachaud, Alexandre</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Rising <span class="hlt">sea</span> levels are a critical concern in small island nations. The problem is especially serious in the western south <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>, where the total <span class="hlt">sea</span> level rise over the last 60 years is up to 3 times the global average. In this study, we attempt to reconstruct <span class="hlt">sea</span> levels at selected sites in the region (Suva, Lautoka, Noumea - Fiji and New Caledonia) as a mutiple-linear regression of atmospheric and oceanic variables. We focus on interannual-to-decadal scale variability, and lower (including the global mean <span class="hlt">sea</span> level rise) over the 1979-2014 period. <span class="hlt">Sea</span> levels are taken from tide gauge records and the ORAS4 reanalysis dataset, and are expressed as a sum of steric and mass changes as a preliminary step. The key development in our methodology is using leading wind stress curl as a proxy for the thermosteric component. This is based on the knowledge that wind stress curl anomalies can modulate the thermocline depth and resultant <span class="hlt">sea</span> levels via Rossby wave propagation. The analysis is primarily based on correlation between local <span class="hlt">sea</span> level and selected predictors, the dominant one being wind stress curl. In the first step, proxy boxes for wind stress curl are determined via regions of highest correlation. The proportion of <span class="hlt">sea</span> level explained via linear regression is then removed, leaving a residual. This residual is then correlated with other locally acting potential predictors: halosteric <span class="hlt">sea</span> level, the zonal and meridional wind stress components, and <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature. The statistically significant predictors are used in a multi-linear regression function to simulate the observed <span class="hlt">sea</span> level. The method is able to reproduce between 40 to 80% of the variance in observed <span class="hlt">sea</span> level. Based on the skill of the model, it has high potential in <span class="hlt">sea</span> level projection and downscaling studies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSCT11A..06V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSCT11A..06V"><span>Modern Dust Deposition and Dissolved Iron Residence Times in the Eastern Tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vivancos, S. M.; Anderson, R. F.; Pavia, F. J.; Fleisher, M. Q.; Lu, Y.; Zhang, P.; Cheng, H.; Edwards, R. L.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>We use dissolved 230Th and 232Th data along the U.S. GEOTRACES Equatorial <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Zonal <span class="hlt">Transect</span> (EPZT) from Peru to Tahiti to quantify dust input to the region. Dust in the global oceans is a mineral ballast that helps carry organic matter to depth, a reactive particle surface that scavenges trace metals such as Th and Pa from the water column, and through its dissolution dust provides essential micronutrients, such as iron, that stimulate productivity. When integrating Th inventories from the <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface to 500 meters water depth (Hayes et al., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 383 (2013) 16-25), we find that dust fluxes along the EPZT are an order of magnitude lower (0.18-1.61 g/m2/yr) than along the U.S. GEOTRACES Atlantic <span class="hlt">Transect</span> (Mauritania to Bermuda; 3.22 to 10.56 g/m2/yr). Dust fluxes decrease with distance away from the dust source (i.e., the continents). Using an Fe/Th ratio of 2660 g/g for dust and assuming a Fe/Th solubility ratio of 1.0 (Hayes et al., Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 169 (2015) 1-16), we calculate a dissolved iron flux of 12.06 to 109.88 µmol/m2/yr to the EPZT region. Utilizing dissolved iron data along the EPZT (Resing et al., Nature, 523 (2015) 200-203), we calculate a dissolved iron residence time integrated from the <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface to 500 meters water depth of 4 to 11 years.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70034906','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70034906"><span>Dispersal and behavior of <span class="hlt">pacific</span> halibut hippoglossus stenolepis in the bering <span class="hlt">sea</span> and Aleutian islands region</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Seitz, A.C.; Loher, Timothy; Norcross, Brenda L.; Nielsen, J.L.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Currently, it is assumed that eastern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis belong to a single, fully mixed population extending from California through the Bering <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, in which adult halibut disperse randomly throughout their range during their lifetime. However, we hypothesize that hali but dispersal is more complex than currently assumed and is not spatially random. To test this hypo thesis, we studied the seasonal dispersal and behavior of <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> halibut in the Bering <span class="hlt">Sea</span> and Aleutian Islands (BSAI). Pop-up Archival Transmitting tags attached to halibut (82 to 154 cm fork length) during the summer provided no evidence that individuals moved out of the Bering <span class="hlt">Sea</span> and Aleutian Islands region into the Gulf of Alaska during the mid-winter spawning season, supporting the concept that this region contains a separate spawning group of adult halibut. There was evidence for geographically localized groups of halibut along the Aleutian Island chain, as all of the individuals tagged there displayed residency, with their movements possibly impeded by tidal currents in the passes between islands. Mid-winter aggregation areas of halibut are assumed to be spawning grounds, of which 2 were previously unidentified and extend the species' presumed spawning range ~1000 km west and ~600 km north of the nearest documented spawning area. If there are indeed independent spawning groups of <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> halibut in the BSAI, their dynamics may vary sufficiently from those of the Gulf of Alaska, so that specifically accounting for their relative segregation and unique dynamics within the larger population model will be necessary for correctly predicting how these components may respond to fishing pressure and changing environmental conditions.?? Inter-Research 2011.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21689834','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21689834"><span>At-<span class="hlt">sea</span> detection of derelict fishing gear in the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>: an overview.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Morishige, Carey; McElwee, Kris</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>There are numerous known impacts of derelict fishing gear (DFG) to marine ecosystems and safe navigation around the world. To mitigate these impacts, the preemptive detection and removal of DFG at <span class="hlt">sea</span> are being pursued. This special issue focuses on the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean because of historic and ongoing research on DFG in the area, particularly as it relates to the Hawaiian Archipelago. In order to develop an effective detection strategy, information and expertise from three disciplines must be integrated: marine debris, oceanography, and remote sensing technology. Building upon results and discussions during a workshop held in December 2008, this special issue provides both results of original research and review papers, pursuing each discipline as it relates to DFG and outlining a multi-faceted strategy to effectively detect DFG at <span class="hlt">sea</span>. This strategy serves as a roadmap, taking us closer to realizing the goal of detecting and removing DFG at <span class="hlt">sea</span>. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018CSR...152...14Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018CSR...152...14Z"><span><span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> heat flux control on the Yellow <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Cold Water Mass intensity and implications for its prediction</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhu, Junying; Shi, Jie; Guo, Xinyu; Gao, Huiwang; Yao, Xiaohong</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>The Yellow <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Cold Water Mass (YSCWM), which occurs during summer in the central Yellow <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, plays an important role in the hydrodynamic field, nutrient cycle and biological species. Based on water temperature observations during the summer from 1978 to 1998 in the western Yellow <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, five specific YSCWM years were identified, including two strong years (1984 and 1985), two weak years (1989 and 1995) and one normal year (1992). Using a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model, the YSCWM formation processes in these five years were simulated and compared with observations. In general, the YSCWM began forming in spring, matured in summer and gradually disappeared in autumn of every year. The 8 °C isotherm was used to indicate the YSCWM boundary. The modelled YSCWM areas in the two strong years were approximately two times larger than those in the two weak years. Based on the simulations in the weak year of 1995, ten numerical experiments were performed to quantify the key factors influencing the YSCWM intensity by changing the initial water condition in the previous autumn, <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> heat flux, wind, evaporation, precipitation and <span class="hlt">sea</span> level pressure to those in the strong year of 1984, respectively. The results showed that the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> heat flux was the dominant factor influencing the YSCWM intensity, which contributed about 80% of the differences of the YSCWM average water temperature at a depth of 50 m. In addition, the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> heat flux in the previous winter had a determining effect, contributing more than 50% of the differences between the strong and weak YSCWM years. Finally, a simple formula for predicting the YSCWM intensity was established by using the key influencing factors, i.e., the <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature before the cooling season and the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> heat flux during the cooling season from the previous December to the current February. With this formula, instead of a complicated numerical model, we were able to roughly predict the YSCWM intensity for the</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_13 --> <div id="page_14" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="261"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20070023751&hterms=air+asia&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dair%2Basia','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20070023751&hterms=air+asia&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dair%2Basia"><span>High Lapse Rates in <span class="hlt">AIRS</span> Retrieved Temperatures in Cold <span class="hlt">Air</span> Outbreaks</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Fetzer, Eric J.; Kahn, Brian; Olsen, Edward T.; Fishbein, Evan</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (<span class="hlt">AIRS</span>) experiment, on NASA's Aqua spacecraft, uses a combination of infrared and microwave observations to retrieve cloud and surface properties, plus temperature and water vapor profiles comparable to radiosondes throughout the troposphere, for cloud cover up to 70%. The high spectral resolution of <span class="hlt">AIRS</span> provides sensitivity to important information about the near-surface atmosphere and underlying surface. A preliminary analysis of <span class="hlt">AIRS</span> temperature retrievals taken during January 2003 reveals extensive areas of superadiabatic lapse rates in the lowest kilometer of the atmosphere. These areas are found predominantly east of North America over the Gulf Stream, and, off East Asia over the Kuroshio Current. Accompanying the high lapse rates are low <span class="hlt">air</span> temperatures, large <span class="hlt">sea-air</span> temperature differences, and low relative humidities. Imagery from a Visible / Near Infrared instrument on the <span class="hlt">AIRS</span> experiment shows accompanying clouds. These lines of evidence all point to shallow convection in the bottom layer of a cold <span class="hlt">air</span> mass overlying warm water, with overturning driven by heat flow from ocean to atmosphere. An examination of operational radiosondes at six coastal stations in Japan shows <span class="hlt">AIRS</span> to be oversensitive to lower tropospheric lapse rates due to systematically warm near-surface <span class="hlt">air</span> temperatures. The bias in near-surface <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature is seen to be independent of <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature, however. <span class="hlt">AIRS</span> is therefore sensitive to <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> temperature difference, but with a warm atmospheric bias. A regression fit to radiosondes is used to correct <span class="hlt">AIRS</span> near-surface retrieved temperatures, and thereby obtain an estimate of the true atmosphere-ocean thermal contrast in five subtropical regions across the north <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. Moving eastward, we show a systematic shift in this <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> temperature differences toward more isothermal conditions. These results, while preliminary, have implications for our understanding of heat flow from ocean to</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..1512690S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..1512690S"><span>The <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> Interface and Surface Stress under Tropical Cyclones</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Soloviev, Alexander; Lukas, Roger; Donelan, Mark; Ginis, Isaac</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> interaction dramatically changes from moderate to very high wind speed conditions (Donelan et al. 2004). Unresolved physics of the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interface are one of the weakest components in tropical cyclone prediction models. Rapid disruption of the <span class="hlt">air</span>-water interface under very high wind speed conditions was reported in laboratory experiments (Koga 1981) and numerical simulations (Soloviev et al. 2012), which resembled the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability at an interface with very large density difference. Kelly (1965) demonstrated that the KH instability at the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interface can develop through parametric amplification of waves. Farrell and Ioannou (2008) showed that gustiness results in the parametric KH instability of the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interface, while the gusts are due to interacting waves and turbulence. The stochastic forcing enters multiplicatively in this theory and produces an exponential wave growth, augmenting the growth from the Miles (1959) theory as the turbulence level increases. Here we complement this concept by adding the effect of the two-phase environment near the mean interface, which introduces additional viscosity in the system (turning it into a rheological system). The two-phase environment includes <span class="hlt">air</span>-bubbles and re-entering spray (spume), which eliminates a portion of the wind-wave wavenumber spectrum that is responsible for a substantial part of the <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">sea</span> drag coefficient. The previously developed KH-type interfacial parameterization (Soloviev and Lukas 2010) is unified with two versions of the wave growth model. The unified parameterization in both cases exhibits the increase of the drag coefficient with wind speed until approximately 30 m/s. Above this wind speed threshold, the drag coefficient either nearly levels off or even slightly drops (for the wave growth model that accounts for the shear) and then starts again increasing above approximately 65 m/s wind speed. Remarkably, the unified parameterization reveals a local minimum</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.A33G0328S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.A33G0328S"><span>Windblown Dust and <span class="hlt">Air</span> Quality Under a Changing Climate in the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Northwest</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sharratt, B. S.; Tatarko, J.; Abatzoglou, J. T.; Fox, F.; Huggins, D. R.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Wind erosion is a concern for sustainable agriculture and societal health in the US <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Northwest. Indeed, wind erosion continues to cause exceedances of the National Ambient <span class="hlt">Air</span> Quality Standard for PM10 in the region. Can we expect <span class="hlt">air</span> quality to deteriorate or improve as climate changes? Will wind erosion escalate in the future under a warmer and drier climate as forecast for Australia, southern prairies of Canada, northern China, and United States Corn Belt and Colorado Plateau? To answer these questions, we used 18 global climate models, cropping systems simulation model (CropSyst), and the Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS) to simulate the complex interactions among climate, crop production, and wind erosion. These simulations were carried out in eastern Washington where wind erosion of agricultural lands contribute to poor <span class="hlt">air</span> quality in the region. Our results suggest that an increase in temperature and CO2 concentration, coupled with nominal increases in precipitation, will enhance biomass production and reduce soil and PM10 losses by the mid-21st century. This study reveals that climate change may reduce the risk of wind erosion and improve <span class="hlt">air</span> quality in the Inland <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Northwest.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMGC13C0652T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMGC13C0652T"><span>Southern Ocean <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> heat flux, SST spatial anomalies, and implications for multi-decadal upper ocean heat content trends.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tamsitt, V. M.; Talley, L. D.; Mazloff, M. R.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>The Southern Ocean displays a zonal dipole (wavenumber one) pattern in <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature (SST), with a cool zonal anomaly in the Atlantic and Indian sectors and a warm zonal anomaly in the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> sector, associated with the large northward excursion of the Malvinas and southeastward flow of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). To the north of the cool Indian sector is the warm, narrow Agulhas Return Current (ARC). <span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> heat flux is largely the inverse of this SST pattern, with ocean heat gain in the Atlantic/Indian, cooling in the southeastward-flowing ARC, and cooling in the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>, based on adjusted fluxes from the Southern Ocean State Estimate (SOSE), a ⅙° eddy permitting model constrained to all available in situ data. This heat flux pattern is dominated by turbulent heat loss from the ocean (latent and sensible), proportional to perturbations in the difference between SST and surface <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature, which are maintained by ocean advection. Locally in the Indian sector, intense heat loss along the ARC is contrasted by ocean heat gain of 0.11 PW south of the ARC. The IPCC AR5 50 year depth-averaged 0-700 m temperature trend shows surprising similarities in its spatial pattern, with upper ocean warming in the ARC contrasted by cooling to the south. Using diagnosed heat budget terms from the most recent (June 2014) 6-year run of the SOSE we find that surface cooling in the ARC is balanced by heating from south-eastward advection by the current whereas heat gain in the ACC is balanced by cooling due to northward Ekman transport driven by strong westerly winds. These results suggest that spatial patterns in multi-decadal upper ocean temperature trends depend on regional variations in upper ocean dynamics.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ClDy..tmp..769T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ClDy..tmp..769T"><span>Projected <span class="hlt">sea</span> level rise, gyre circulation and water mass formation in the western North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>: CMIP5 inter-model analysis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Terada, Mio; Minobe, Shoshiro</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>Future changes in the dynamic <span class="hlt">sea</span> level (DSL), which is defined as <span class="hlt">sea</span>-level deviation from the global mean <span class="hlt">sea</span> level, is investigated over the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>, by analyzing data from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5. The analysis provides more comprehensive descriptions of DSL responses to the global warming in this region than available from previous studies, by using surface and subsurface data until the year 2300 under middle and high greenhouse-gas emission scenarios. The DSL changes in the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> are characterized by a DSL rise in the western North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> around the Kuroshio Extension (KE), as also reported by previous studies. Subsurface density analysis indicates that DSL rise around the KE is associated with decrease in density of subtropical mode water (STMW) and with northward KE migration, the former (latter) of which is relatively strong between 2000 and 2100 for both RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 (between 2100 and 2300 for RCP8.5). The STMW density decrease is related to large heat uptake to the south and southeast of Japan, while the northward KE migration is associated with the poleward shift of the wind stress field. These features are commonly found in multi-model ensemble means and the relations among representative quantities produced by different climate models.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ClDy...50.4767T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ClDy...50.4767T"><span>Projected <span class="hlt">sea</span> level rise, gyre circulation and water mass formation in the western North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>: CMIP5 inter-model analysis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Terada, Mio; Minobe, Shoshiro</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>Future changes in the dynamic <span class="hlt">sea</span> level (DSL), which is defined as <span class="hlt">sea</span>-level deviation from the global mean <span class="hlt">sea</span> level, is investigated over the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>, by analyzing data from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5. The analysis provides more comprehensive descriptions of DSL responses to the global warming in this region than available from previous studies, by using surface and subsurface data until the year 2300 under middle and high greenhouse-gas emission scenarios. The DSL changes in the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> are characterized by a DSL rise in the western North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> around the Kuroshio Extension (KE), as also reported by previous studies. Subsurface density analysis indicates that DSL rise around the KE is associated with decrease in density of subtropical mode water (STMW) and with northward KE migration, the former (latter) of which is relatively strong between 2000 and 2100 for both RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 (between 2100 and 2300 for RCP8.5). The STMW density decrease is related to large heat uptake to the south and southeast of Japan, while the northward KE migration is associated with the poleward shift of the wind stress field. These features are commonly found in multi-model ensemble means and the relations among representative quantities produced by different climate models.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930000880','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930000880"><span><span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> interaction and remote sensing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Katsaros, Kristina B.; Ataktuerk, Serhad S.</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>The first part of the proposed research was a joint effort between our group and the Applied Physics Laboratory (APL), University of Washington. Our own research goal is to investigate the relation between the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> exchange processes and the <span class="hlt">sea</span> state over the open ocean and to compare these findings with our previous results obtained over a small body of water namely, Lake Washington. The goals of the APL researchers are to study (1) the infrared <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature (SST) signature of breaking waves and surface slicks, and (2) microwave and acoustic scattering from water surface. The task of our group in this joint effort is to conduct measurements of surface fluxes (of momentum, sensible heat, and water vapor) and atmospheric radiation (longwave and shortwave) to achieve our research goal as well as to provide crucial complementary data for the APL studies. The progress of the project is summarized.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AtmEn.172....1F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AtmEn.172....1F"><span>The influence of continental <span class="hlt">air</span> masses on the aerosols and nutrients deposition over the western North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fu, Jiangping; Wang, Bo; Chen, Ying; Ma, Qingwei</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">air</span> masses transported from East Asia have a strong impact on the aerosol properties and deposition in the marine boundary layer of the western North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> (WNP) during winter and spring. We joined a cruise between 17 Mar. and 22 Apr. 2014 and investigated the changes of aerosol composition and size distribution over the remote WNP and marginal <span class="hlt">seas</span>. Although the secondary aerosol species (SO42-, NO3- and NH4+) in remote WNP were influenced significantly by the continental transport, NH4+ concentrations were lower than 2.7 μg m-3 in most sampling days and not correlated with non-<span class="hlt">sea</span>-salt (nss)-SO42- suggesting that the ocean could be a primary source of NH4+. Moderate Cl- depletion (23%) was observed in remote WNP, and the inverse relationship between Cl- depletion percentages and nss-K+ in aerosols suggested that the transport of biomass burning smoke from East Asia might be a vital extra source of Cl-. Both Asian dust and haze events were encountered during the cruise. Asian dust carried large amounts of crustal elements such as Al and Ti to the WNP, and the dusty Fe deposition may double its background concentration in seawater. Differently, a dramatic increase of dry deposition flux of dissolved particulate inorganic nitrogen was observed during the haze event. Our study reveals that the transport of different continental <span class="hlt">air</span> masses may have distinct biogeochemical impacts on the WNP by increasing the fluxes of different nutrient elements and potentially changing the nutrient stoichiometry.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25643634','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25643634"><span>Ostreid herpesvirus OsHV-1 μVar in <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> oysters Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg 1793) of the Wadden <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, a UNESCO world heritage site.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gittenberger, A; Voorbergen-Laarman, M A; Engelsma, M Y</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The Wadden <span class="hlt">Sea</span> is an extensive wetland area, recognized as UNESCO world heritage site of international importance. Since the mid-1990s, the invasive <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> oyster Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg 1793) population in the area has grown exponentially, having a distinct impact on the ecosystem. The recent spread of the emerging oyster pathogen Ostreid herpesvirus OsHV-1 μVar worldwide and specifically in the oyster culture areas in the south of the Netherlands raised the question whether the virus may also be present in the Wadden <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. In the summer of 2012 juvenile <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> oysters were collected from five locations in the Dutch Wadden <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. The virus was shown to be present in three of the five locations by real-time PCR and sequencing. It was concluded that OsHV-1 μVar has settled itself in <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> oyster reefs in the Wadden <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. These results and the recent discoveries of OsHV-1 microvariants in Australia and Korea indicate that OsHV-1 μVar and related variants might be more widespread than can be deduced from current literature. In particular in regions with no commercial oyster culture, similar to the Wadden <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, the virus may go undetected as wild beds with mixed age classes hamper the detection of mortality among juvenile oysters. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017DSRII.140...45O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017DSRII.140...45O"><span>Delineating the boundary and structure of higher trophic level assemblages in the western North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Okuda, Takehiro; Kiyota, Masashi; Yonezaki, Shiroh; Murakami, Chisato; Kato, Yoshiki; Sakai, Mitsuo; Wakabayashi, Toshie; Okazaki, Makoto</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>Understanding the community structure of oceanic higher trophic level (HTL) organisms (e.g., sharks, tunas, salmons, and squids) is fundamental to management of marine resources in a way that ensures their sustainable use and maintains marine ecosystem functionality and biodiversity. We analyzed the spatial structure of HTL assemblages in the western North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean using driftnet survey data collected at latitudes of 35-46 °N along <span class="hlt">transect</span> lines at 144 °E, 155 °E, and 175.5 °E longitude in July and August 2011. We proposed a new dissimilarity metric segmentation procedure (Dissimilarity Segmentation) based on the differences of mean Bray-Curtis dissimilarity indices between two individual driftnet hauls within the same subarea or among different subareas. Dissimilarity Segmentation allowed us to divide the western North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean into three subareas: a northern subarea (>41 °N including 41 °N on the 175.5 °E <span class="hlt">transect</span>), a transition subarea (37-41 °N), and a southern subarea (<37 °N). The HTL biomass in the northern subarea was high, and the species diversity was low; dominant and common species accounted for most of the biomass. The HTL assemblage in the southern subarea was composed of many species that were uncommon or rare; the biomass was lower, and the species diversity was higher than in the northern subarea. In the transition subarea, neon flying squid accounted for most of the biomass, and although the biomass was intermediate, species diversity was highest among the three subareas. Canonical correspondence analysis with oceanic environmental variables, principally chlorophyll a, <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface salinity, and <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface height, as the explanatory variables accounted for 43.6% of the variance of the HTL pelagic species composition. This result suggests that the HTL pelagic community in the western North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> is influenced largely by productivity and oceanic physical structure. These results suggest that an analytical approach based on</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC41A0993T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC41A0993T"><span>Early 20th Century Arctic Warming Intensified by <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and Atlantic Multidecadal Variability</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tokinaga, H.; Xie, S. P.; Mukougawa, H.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>We investigate the influence of <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and Atlantic multidecadal variability on the Arctic temperature, with a particular focus on the early 20th century Arctic warming. Arctic surface <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature increased rapidly over the early 20th century, at rates comparable to those of recent decades despite much weaker greenhouse gas forcing than at present. We find that the concurrent phase shift of <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and Atlantic multidecadal variability is the major driver for the early 20th century Arctic warming. Atmospheric model simulations reproduce the early Arctic warming when the interdecadal variability of <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature (SST) is properly prescribed. The early Arctic warming is associated with the cold-to-warm phase shifts of Atlantic and <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> multidecadal variability modes, a SST pattern reminiscent of the positive phase of the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> decadal and Atlantic multidecadal oscillations. The extratropical North Atlantic and North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> SST warming strengthens surface westerly winds over northern Eurasia, intensifying the warming there. The equatorial <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> warming deepens the Aleutian low, advecting warm <span class="hlt">air</span> to the North American Arctic. Coupled ocean-atmosphere simulations support the constructive intensification of Arctic warming by a concurrent, cold-to-warm phase shift of the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and Atlantic multidecadal variability. Our results aid attributing the historical Arctic warming and thereby constrain the amplified warming projected for this important region.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28001336','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28001336"><span>Decadal shifts in autumn migration timing by <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Arctic beluga whales are related to delayed annual <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice formation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hauser, Donna D W; Laidre, Kristin L; Stafford, Kathleen M; Stern, Harry L; Suydam, Robert S; Richard, Pierre R</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>Migrations are often influenced by seasonal environmental gradients that are increasingly being altered by climate change. The consequences of rapid changes in Arctic <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice have the potential to affect migrations of a number of marine species whose timing is temporally matched to seasonal <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice cover. This topic has not been investigated for <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Arctic beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) that follow matrilineally maintained autumn migrations in the waters around Alaska and Russia. For the sympatric Eastern Chukchi <span class="hlt">Sea</span> ('Chukchi') and Eastern Beaufort <span class="hlt">Sea</span> ('Beaufort') beluga populations, we examined changes in autumn migration timing as related to delayed regional <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice freeze-up since the 1990s, using two independent data sources (satellite telemetry data and passive acoustics) for both populations. We compared dates of migration between 'early' (1993-2002) and 'late' (2004-2012) tagging periods. During the late tagging period, Chukchi belugas had significantly delayed migrations (by 2 to >4 weeks, depending on location) from the Beaufort and Chukchi <span class="hlt">seas</span>. Spatial analyses also revealed that departure from Beaufort <span class="hlt">Sea</span> foraging regions by Chukchi whales was postponed in the late period. Chukchi beluga autumn migration timing occurred significantly later as regional <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice freeze-up timing became later in the Beaufort, Chukchi, and Bering <span class="hlt">seas</span>. In contrast, Beaufort belugas did not shift migration timing between periods, nor was migration timing related to freeze-up timing, other than for southward migration at the Bering Strait. Passive acoustic data from 2008 to 2014 provided independent and supplementary support for delayed migration from the Beaufort <span class="hlt">Sea</span> (4 day yr -1 ) by Chukchi belugas. Here, we report the first phenological study examining beluga whale migrations within the context of their rapidly transforming <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Arctic ecosystem, suggesting flexible responses that may enable their persistence yet also complicate predictions of how</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70155272','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70155272"><span>Indo-<span class="hlt">Pacific</span> <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature influences on failed consecutive rainy seasons over eastern Africa</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Hoell, Andrew; Funk, Christopher C.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Rainfall over eastern Africa (10°S–10°N; 35°E–50°E) is bimodal, with seasonal maxima during the "long rains" of March–April–May (MAM) and the "short rains" of October–November–December (OND). Below average precipitation during consecutive long and short rains seasons over eastern Africa can have devastating long-term impacts on water availability and agriculture. Here, we examine the forcing of drought during consecutive long and short rains seasons over eastern Africa by Indo-<span class="hlt">Pacific</span> <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperatures (SSTs). The forcing of eastern Africa precipitation and circulation by SSTs is tested using ten ensemble simulations of a global weather forecast model forced by 1950–2010 observed global SSTs. Since the 1980s, Indo-<span class="hlt">Pacific</span> SSTs have forced more frequent droughts spanning consecutive long and short rains seasons over eastern Africa. The increased frequency of dry conditions is linked to warming SSTs over the Indo-west <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and to a lesser degree to <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Decadal Variability. During MAM, long-term warming of tropical west <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> SSTs from 1950–2010 has forced statistically significant precipitation reductions over eastern Africa. The warming west <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> SSTs have forced changes in the regional lower tropospheric circulation by weakening the Somali Jet, which has reduced moisture and rainfall over the Horn of Africa. During OND, reductions in precipitation over recent decades are oftentimes overshadowed by strong year-to-year precipitation variability forced by the Indian Ocean Dipole and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JGRC..120..716Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JGRC..120..716Z"><span>Typhoon <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> drag coefficient in coastal regions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhao, Zhong-Kuo; Liu, Chun-Xia; Li, Qi; Dai, Guang-Feng; Song, Qing-Tao; Lv, Wei-Hua</p> <p>2015-02-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> drag during typhoon landfalls is investigated for a 10 m wind speed as high as U10 ≈ 42 m s-1, based on multilevel wind measurements from a coastal tower located in the South China <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. The drag coefficient (CD) plotted against the typhoon wind speed is similar to that of open ocean conditions; however, the CD curve shifts toward a regime of lower winds, and CD increases by a factor of approximately 0.5 relative to the open ocean. Our results indicate that the critical wind speed at which CD peaks is approximately 24 m s-1, which is 5-15 m s-1 lower than that from deep water. Shoaling effects are invoked to explain the findings. Based on our results, the proposed CD formulation, which depends on both water depth and wind speed, is applied to a typhoon forecast model. The forecasts of typhoon track and surface wind speed are improved. Therefore, a water-depth-dependence formulation of CD may be particularly pertinent for parameterizing <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> momentum exchanges over shallow water.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title50-vol13/pdf/CFR-2014-title50-vol13-part679-app5-id489.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title50-vol13/pdf/CFR-2014-title50-vol13-part679-app5-id489.pdf"><span>50 CFR Table 5 to Part 679 - Steller <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Lion Protection Areas <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Cod Fisheries Restrictions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 13 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Steller <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Lion Protection Areas <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Cod Fisheries Restrictions 5 Table 5 to Part 679 Wildlife and Fisheries FISHERY CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT, NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE (CONTINUED) FISHERIES OF THE EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE OFF ALASKA Pt....</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title50-vol13/pdf/CFR-2012-title50-vol13-part679-app5-id459.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title50-vol13/pdf/CFR-2012-title50-vol13-part679-app5-id459.pdf"><span>50 CFR Table 5 to Part 679 - Steller <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Lion Protection Areas <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Cod Fisheries Restrictions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 13 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Steller <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Lion Protection Areas <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Cod Fisheries Restrictions 5 Table 5 to Part 679 Wildlife and Fisheries FISHERY CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT, NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE (CONTINUED) FISHERIES OF THE EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE OFF ALASKA Pt....</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title50-vol13/pdf/CFR-2013-title50-vol13-part679-app5-id488.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title50-vol13/pdf/CFR-2013-title50-vol13-part679-app5-id488.pdf"><span>50 CFR Table 5 to Part 679 - Steller <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Lion Protection Areas <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Cod Fisheries Restrictions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 13 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Steller <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Lion Protection Areas <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Cod Fisheries Restrictions 5 Table 5 to Part 679 Wildlife and Fisheries FISHERY CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT, NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE (CONTINUED) FISHERIES OF THE EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE OFF ALASKA Pt....</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title50-vol9/pdf/CFR-2010-title50-vol9-part679-app5-id491.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title50-vol9/pdf/CFR-2010-title50-vol9-part679-app5-id491.pdf"><span>50 CFR Table 5 to Part 679 - Steller <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Lion Protection Areas <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Cod Fisheries Restrictions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 9 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Steller <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Lion Protection Areas <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Cod Fisheries Restrictions 5 Table 5 to Part 679 Wildlife and Fisheries FISHERY CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT, NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE (CONTINUED) FISHERIES OF THE EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE OFF ALASKA Pt....</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title50-vol11/pdf/CFR-2011-title50-vol11-part679-app5-id456.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title50-vol11/pdf/CFR-2011-title50-vol11-part679-app5-id456.pdf"><span>50 CFR Table 5 to Part 679 - Steller <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Lion Protection Areas <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Cod Fisheries Restrictions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 11 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Steller <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Lion Protection Areas <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Cod Fisheries Restrictions 5 Table 5 to Part 679 Wildlife and Fisheries FISHERY CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT, NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE (CONTINUED) FISHERIES OF THE EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE OFF ALASKA Pt....</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70019758','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70019758"><span>Food of Flesh-footed shearwaters Puffinus carneipes associated with high-<span class="hlt">seas</span> driftnets in the central North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Gould, Patrick J.; Ostrom, Peggy H.; Walker, William</p> <p>1997-01-01</p> <p>We examined digestive tract contents and stable nitrogen isotope ratios in breast muscles of Flesh-footed Shearwaters Puffinus carneipes associated with high-<span class="hlt">seas</span> driftnet fisheries in the central North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean. Small fish, Lanternfish (Myctophidae) and <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Saury Cololabis saira, were the principal prey found in the digestive tracts. Pieces of unidentified fish, possibly <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Pomfret Brama japonica, and shredded squid tissue, mostly Neon Flying Squid Ommastrephes bartrami, in the digestive tracts indicate scavenging at driftnet fishing operations. Although soft-bodied animals such as Velella sp. were rare in the digestive tracts, low stable nitrogen isotope values (δ15N) suggest Flesh-footed Shearwaters feed heavily on such low trophic level animals.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_14 --> <div id="page_15" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="281"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA599038','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA599038"><span>Impact of Typhoons on the Western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean (ITOP) DRI: Numerical Modeling of Ocean Mixed Layer Turbulence and Entrainment at High Winds</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-09-30</p> <p>1 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Impact of Typhoons on the Western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean (ITOP...The measurement and modeling activities include a focus on the impact of surface waves, <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> fluxes and the temperature, salinity and velocity...SUBTITLE Impact of Typhoons on the Western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean (ITOP) DRI: Numerical Modeling of Ocean Mixed Layer Turbulence and Entrainment at High Winds</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70179326','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70179326"><span>Olfactory sensitivity of <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Lampreys to lamprey bile acids</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Robinson, T. Craig; Sorensen, Peter W.; Bayer, Jennifer M.; Seelye, James G.</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Pacific</span> lampreys Lampetra tridentata are in decline throughout much of their historical range in the Columbia River basin. In support of restoration efforts, we tested whether larval and adult lamprey bile acids serve as migratory and spawning pheromones in adult <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> lampreys, as they do in <span class="hlt">sea</span> lampreys Petromyzon marinus. The olfactory sensitivity of adult <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> lampreys to lamprey bile acids was measured by electro-olfactogram recording from the time of their capture in the spring until their spawning in June of the following year. As controls, we tested L-arginine and a non-lamprey bile acid, taurolithocholic acid 3-sulfate (TLS). Migrating adult <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> lampreys were highly sensitive to petromyzonol sulfate (a component of the <span class="hlt">sea</span> lamprey migratory pheromone) and 3-keto petromyzonol sulfate (a component of the <span class="hlt">sea</span> lamprey sex pheromone) when first captured. This sensitivity persisted throughout their long migratory and overwinter holding period before declining to nearly unmeasurable levels by the time of spawning. The absolute magnitudes of adult <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> lamprey responses to lamprey bile acids were smaller than those of the <span class="hlt">sea</span> lamprey, and unlike the <span class="hlt">sea</span> lamprey, the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> lamprey did not appear to detect TLS. No sexual dimorphism was noted in olfactory sensitivity. Thus, <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> lampreys are broadly similar to <span class="hlt">sea</span> lampreys in showing sensitivity to the major lamprey bile acids but apparently differ in having a longer period of sensitivity to those acids. The potential utility of bile acid-like pheromones in the restoration of <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> lampreys warrants their further investigation in this species.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9933166','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9933166"><span>Widespread iron limitation of phytoplankton in the south <span class="hlt">pacific</span> ocean</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Behrenfeld; Kolber</p> <p>1999-02-05</p> <p>Diel fluorescence patterns were discovered in phytoplankton sampled over 7000 kilometers of the South <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean that appear indicative of iron-limiting growth conditions. These patterns were rapidly lost after in situ iron enrichment and were not observed during a 15,000-kilometer <span class="hlt">transect</span> in the Atlantic Ocean where iron concentrations are relatively high. Laboratory studies of marine Synechococcus sp. indicated that the patterns in the South <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> are a unique manifestation of iron limitation on the fluorescence signature of state transitions. Results suggest that primary productivity is iron limited not only throughout the equatorial <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> but also over much of the vast South <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> gyre.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMGC23D1175M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMGC23D1175M"><span><span class="hlt">Sea</span> ice-induced cold <span class="hlt">air</span> advection as a mechanism controlling tundra primary productivity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Macias-Fauria, M.; Karlsen, S. R.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>The recent sharp decline in Arctic <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice extent, concentration, and volume leaves urgent questions regarding its effects on ecological processes. Changes in tundra productivity have been associated with <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice dynamics on the basis that most tundra ecosystems lay close to the <span class="hlt">sea</span>. Although some studies have addressed the potential effect of <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice decline on the primary productivity of terrestrial arctic ecosystems (Bhatt et al., 2010), a clear picture of the mechanisms and patterns linking both processes remains elusive. We hypothesised that <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice might influence tundra productivity through 1) cold <span class="hlt">air</span> advection during the growing season (direct/weather effect) or 2) changes in regional climate induced by changes in <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice (indirect/climate effect). We present a test on the direct/weather effect hypothesis: that is, tundra productivity is coupled with <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice when <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice remains close enough from land vegetation during the growing season for cold <span class="hlt">air</span> advection to limit temperatures locally. We employed weekly MODIS-derived Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (as a proxy for primary productivity) and <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice data at a spatial resolution of 232m for the period 2000-2014 (included), covering the Svalbard Archipelago. Our results suggest that <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice-induced cold <span class="hlt">air</span> advection is a likely mechanism to explain patterns of NDVI trends and heterogeneous spatial dynamics in the Svalbard archipelago. The mechanism offers the potential to explain <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice/tundra productivity dynamics in other Arctic areas.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMPP44C..07R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMPP44C..07R"><span>Multiple nitrogen isotope recorders for surface ocean nitrate utilization in the Subarctic North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and the Bering <span class="hlt">Sea</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ren, H. A.; Anderson, R.; Sigman, D. M.; Studer, A.; Winckler, G.; Haugh, G.; Serno, S.; Gersonde, R.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Sedimentary nitrogen isotopes have been developed as a proxy to reconstruct the degree of nitrate utilization in the polar surface oceans. But its application could be compromised by 1) uncertainties on the biological production, transport, and preservation of the organic material in the sediments, and 2) potential changes in the isotopic composition of the nitrate source, that is remotely controlled by processes in other regions. In this study, we map and compare spatial patterns of three d15N recorders (bulk sedimentary nitrogen, the organic nitrogen within cleaned diatom frustules or diatom-bound N, and within planktonic foraminifera tests or foraminifera-bound N) from multicore surface sediments across the Subarctic North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> (SNP) and the Bering <span class="hlt">Sea</span> between 60°N and 35°N. Diatom-bound d15N varies between 3.5 and 8.5‰. Its spatial variation is reversely correlated with changes in the surface nitrate concentration, and is consistent with the expected d15N change of the export production in a simple nitrate assimilation model. Similar to previous findings, diatom-bound d15N is generally 2 4‰ higher than the modeled d15N value of the export production, likely reflecting a biomass to frustual-bound N difference. However, the greater d15N elevation observed in the eastern open SNP may be best explained by lateral transport of residual surface nitrate enriched in 15N from the western SNP. The d15N of Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (sinistral) is similar to the diatom-bound d15N within 1‰. Bulk sedimentary d15N generally agrees with diatom-bound d15N, but is more variable. It is higher than diatom-bound d15N in the eastern and western <span class="hlt">transect</span> close to the shelf area, likely reflecting a terrigenous source, while exceptionally low d15N values were found on the Bering <span class="hlt">Sea</span> shelf, possibly due to contamination by mineral-associated inorganic N.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70175944','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70175944"><span>Space use of a dominant Arctic vertebrate: Effects of prey, <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice, and land on <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> walrus resource selection</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Beatty, William; Jay, Chadwick V.; Fischbach, Anthony S.; Grebmeier, Jacqueline M.; Taylor, Rebecca L.; Blanchard, Arny L.; Jewett, Stephen C.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Sea</span> ice dominates marine ecosystems in the Arctic, and recent reductions in <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice may alter food webs throughout the region. <span class="hlt">Sea</span> ice loss may also stress <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> walruses (Odobenus rosmarus divergens), which feed on benthic macroinvertebrates in the Bering and Chukchi <span class="hlt">seas</span>. However, no studies have examined the effects of <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice on foraging <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> walrus space use patterns. We tested a series of hypotheses that examined walrus foraging resource selection as a function of proximity to resting substrates and prey biomass. We quantified walrus prey biomass with 17 benthic invertebrate families, which included bivalves, polychaetes, amphipods, tunicates, and sipunculids. We included covariates for distance to <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice and distance to land, and systematically developed a series of candidate models to examine interactions among benthic prey biomass and resting substrates. We ranked candidate models with Bayesian Information Criterion and made inferences on walrus resource selection based on the top-ranked model. Based on the top model, biomass of the bivalve family Tellinidae, distance to ice, distance to land, and the interaction of distances to ice and land all positively influenced walrus foraging resource selection. Standardized model coefficients indicated that distance to ice explained the most variation in walrus foraging resource selection followed by Tellinidae biomass. Distance to land and the interaction of distances to ice and land accounted for similar levels of variation. Tellinidae biomass likely represented an index of overall bivalve biomass, indicating walruses focused foraging in areas with elevated levels of bivalve and tellinid biomass. Our results also emphasize the importance of <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice to walruses. Projected <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice loss will increase the duration of the open water season in the Chukchi <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, altering the spatial distribution of resting sites relative to current foraging areas and possibly affecting the spatial structure of benthic communities.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1253370','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1253370"><span>The footprint of the inter-decadal <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> oscillation in Indian Ocean <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperatures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Dong, Lu; Zhou, Tianjun; Dai, Aiguo</p> <p></p> <p>Superimposed on a pronounced warming trend, the Indian Ocean (IO) <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperatures (SSTs) also show considerable decadal variations that can cause regional climate oscillations around the IO. However, the mechanisms of the IO decadal variability remain unclear. Here we perform numerical experiments using a state-of-the-art, fully coupled climate model in which the external forcings with or without the observed SSTs in the tropical eastern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean (TEP) are applied for 1871–2012. Both the observed timing and magnitude of the IO decadal variations are well reproduced in those experiments with the TEP SSTs prescribed to observations. Although the external forcingsmore » account for most of the warming trend, the decadal variability in IO SSTs is dominated by internal variability that is induced by the TEP SSTs, especially the Inter-decadal <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Oscillation (IPO). The IPO weakens (enhances) the warming of the external forcings by about 50% over the IO during IPO’s cold (warm) phase, which contributes about 10% to the recent global warming hiatus since 1999. As a result, the decadal variability in IO SSTs is modulated by the IPO-induced atmospheric adjustment through changing surface heat fluxes, <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface height and thermocline depth.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1253370-footprint-inter-decadal-pacific-oscillation-indian-ocean-sea-surface-temperatures','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1253370-footprint-inter-decadal-pacific-oscillation-indian-ocean-sea-surface-temperatures"><span>The footprint of the inter-decadal <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> oscillation in Indian Ocean <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperatures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Dong, Lu; Zhou, Tianjun; Dai, Aiguo; ...</p> <p>2016-02-17</p> <p>Superimposed on a pronounced warming trend, the Indian Ocean (IO) <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperatures (SSTs) also show considerable decadal variations that can cause regional climate oscillations around the IO. However, the mechanisms of the IO decadal variability remain unclear. Here we perform numerical experiments using a state-of-the-art, fully coupled climate model in which the external forcings with or without the observed SSTs in the tropical eastern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean (TEP) are applied for 1871–2012. Both the observed timing and magnitude of the IO decadal variations are well reproduced in those experiments with the TEP SSTs prescribed to observations. Although the external forcingsmore » account for most of the warming trend, the decadal variability in IO SSTs is dominated by internal variability that is induced by the TEP SSTs, especially the Inter-decadal <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Oscillation (IPO). The IPO weakens (enhances) the warming of the external forcings by about 50% over the IO during IPO’s cold (warm) phase, which contributes about 10% to the recent global warming hiatus since 1999. As a result, the decadal variability in IO SSTs is modulated by the IPO-induced atmospheric adjustment through changing surface heat fluxes, <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface height and thermocline depth.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170012182','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170012182"><span>Inter-Relationship Between Subtropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Surface Temperature, Arctic <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Ice Concentration, and the North Atlantic Oscillation in Recent Summers and Winters</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lim, Young-Kwon; Cullather, Richard I.; Nowicki, Sophie M.; Kim, Kyu-Myong</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>The inter-relationship between subtropical western-central <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperatures (STWCPSST), <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice concentration in the Beaufort <span class="hlt">Sea</span> (SICBS), and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) are investigated for the last 37 summers and winters (1980-2016). Lag-correlation of the STWCPSST×(-1) in spring with the NAO phase and SICBS in summer increases over the last two decades, reaching r = 0.4-0.5 with significance at 5 percent, while winter has strong correlations in approximately 1985-2005. Observational analysis and the atmospheric general circulation model experiments both suggest that STWCPSST warming acts to increase the Arctic geopotential height and temperature in the following season. This atmospheric response extends to Greenland, providing favorable conditions for developing the negative phase of the NAO. SIC and surface albedo tend to decrease over the Beaufort <span class="hlt">Sea</span> in summer, linked to the positive surface net shortwave flux. Energy balance considering radiative and turbulent fluxes reveal that available energy that can heat surface is larger over the Arctic and Greenland and smaller over the south of Greenland, in response to the STWCPSST warming in spring. XXXX Arctic & Atlantic: Positive upper-level height/T anomaly over the Arctic and Greenland, and a negative anomaly over the central-eastern Atlantic, resembling the (-) phase of the NAO. <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>: The negative height/T anomaly over the mid-latitudes, along with the positive anomaly over the STWCP, where 1degC warming above climatology is prescribed. Discussion: It is likely that the Arctic gets warm and the NAO is in the negative phase in response to the STWCP warming. But, there are other factors (e.g., internal variability) that contribute to determination of the NAO phase: not always the negative phase of the NAO in the event of STWCP warming (e.g.: recent winters and near neutral NAO in 2017 summer).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110022999','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110022999"><span>Improvement of the GEOS-5 AGCM upon Updating the <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> Roughness Parameterization</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Garfinkel, C. I.; Molod, A.; Oman, L. D.; Song, I.-S.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>The impact of an <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> roughness parameterization over the ocean that more closely matches recent observations of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> exchange is examined in the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System, version 5 (GEOS-5) atmospheric general circulation model. Surface wind biases in the GEOS-5 AGCM are decreased by up to 1.2m/s. The new parameterization also has implications aloft as improvements extend into the stratosphere. Many other GCMs (both for operational weather forecasting and climate) use a similar class of parameterization for their <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> roughness scheme. We therefore expect that results from GEOS-5 are relevant to other models as well.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22319635','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22319635"><span>Multiple distant origins for green <span class="hlt">sea</span> turtles aggregating off Gorgona Island in the Colombian eastern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Amorocho, Diego F; Abreu-Grobois, F Alberto; Dutton, Peter H; Reina, Richard D</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Mitochondrial DNA analyses have been useful for resolving maternal lineages and migratory behavior to foraging grounds (FG) in <span class="hlt">sea</span> turtles. However, little is known about source rookeries and haplotype composition of foraging green turtle aggregations in the southeastern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. We used mitochondrial DNA control region sequences to identify the haplotype composition of 55 green turtles, Chelonia mydas, captured in foraging grounds of Gorgona National Park in the Colombian <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. Amplified fragments of the control region (457 bp) revealed the presence of seven haplotypes, with haplotype (h) and nucleotide (π) diversities of h = 0.300±0.080 and π = 0.009±0.005 respectively. The most common haplotype was CMP4 observed in 83% of individuals, followed by CMP22 (5%). The genetic composition of the Gorgona foraging population primarily comprised haplotypes that have been found at eastern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> rookeries including Mexico and the Galapagos, as well as haplotypes of unknown stock origin that likely originated from more distant western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> rookeries. Mixed stock analysis suggests that the Gorgona FG population is comprised mostly of animals from the Galapagos rookery (80%). Lagrangian drifter data showed that movement of turtles along the eastern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> coast and eastward from distant western and central <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> sites was possible through passive drift. Our results highlight the importance of this protected area for conservation management of green turtles recruited from distant sites along the eastern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3271101','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3271101"><span>Multiple Distant Origins for Green <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Turtles Aggregating off Gorgona Island in the Colombian Eastern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Amorocho, Diego F.; Abreu-Grobois, F. Alberto; Dutton, Peter H.; Reina, Richard D.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Mitochondrial DNA analyses have been useful for resolving maternal lineages and migratory behavior to foraging grounds (FG) in <span class="hlt">sea</span> turtles. However, little is known about source rookeries and haplotype composition of foraging green turtle aggregations in the southeastern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. We used mitochondrial DNA control region sequences to identify the haplotype composition of 55 green turtles, Chelonia mydas, captured in foraging grounds of Gorgona National Park in the Colombian <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. Amplified fragments of the control region (457 bp) revealed the presence of seven haplotypes, with haplotype (h) and nucleotide (π) diversities of h = 0.300±0.080 and π = 0.009±0.005 respectively. The most common haplotype was CMP4 observed in 83% of individuals, followed by CMP22 (5%). The genetic composition of the Gorgona foraging population primarily comprised haplotypes that have been found at eastern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> rookeries including Mexico and the Galapagos, as well as haplotypes of unknown stock origin that likely originated from more distant western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> rookeries. Mixed stock analysis suggests that the Gorgona FG population is comprised mostly of animals from the Galapagos rookery (80%). Lagrangian drifter data showed that movement of turtles along the eastern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> coast and eastward from distant western and central <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> sites was possible through passive drift. Our results highlight the importance of this protected area for conservation management of green turtles recruited from distant sites along the eastern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean. PMID:22319635</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..1714679M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..1714679M"><span>Carbon speciation at the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interface during rain</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>McGillis, Wade; Hsueh, Diana; Takeshita, Yui; Donham, Emily; Markowitz, Michele; Turk, Daniela; Martz, Todd; Price, Nicole; Langdon, Chris; Najjar, Raymond; Herrmann, Maria; Sutton, Adrienne; Loose, Brice; Paine, Julia; Zappa, Christopher</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>This investigation demonstrates the surface ocean dilution during rain events on the ocean and quantifies the lowering of surface pCO2 affecting the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> exchange of carbon dioxide. Surface salinity was measured during rain events in Puerto Rico, the Florida Keys, East Coast USA, Panama, and the Palmyra Atoll. End-member analysis is used to determine the subsequent surface ocean carbonate speciation. Surface ocean carbonate chemistry was measured during rain events to verify any approximations made. The physical processes during rain (cold, fresh water intrusion and buoyancy, surface waves and shear, microscale mixing) are described. The role of rain on surface mixing, biogeochemistry, and <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas exchange will be discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999EL.....48..269G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999EL.....48..269G"><span>Quantum rotations in natural methane-clathrates from the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> <span class="hlt">sea</span>-floor</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gutt, C.; Asmussen, B.; Press, W.; Merkl, C.; Casalta, H.; Greinert, J.; Bohrmann, G.; Tse, J. S.; Hüller, A.</p> <p>1999-11-01</p> <p>We report inelastic neutron scattering experiments from natural methane hydrates sampled from the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> <span class="hlt">sea</span>-floor during an expedition of the research ship SONNE. The experiments verify directly the content of methane by measuring the rotational spectrum of the CH4 molecules. The existence of almost free rotational levels excludes off-center positions of the molecules in the cages. In addition we could assign the observed peaks in the energy regime up to 5 meV to rotational excitations only. The observed relative sharp excitations prove a surprisingly good crystallinity of the geological sample. The finite width is attributed to frozen-in hydrogen disorder of the ice cages.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PalOc..28...91R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PalOc..28...91R"><span>Deglacial development of (sub) <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature and salinity in the subarctic northwest <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>: Implications for upper-ocean stratification</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Riethdorf, Jan-Rainer; Max, Lars; Nürnberg, Dirk; Lembke-Jene, Lester; Tiedemann, Ralf</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Based on models and proxy data, it has been proposed that salinity-driven stratification weakened in the subarctic North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> during the last deglaciation, which potentially contributed to the deglacial rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide. We present high-resolution subsurface temperature (TMg/Ca) and subsurface salinity-approximating (δ18Oivc-sw) records across the last 20,000 years from the subarctic North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and its marginal <span class="hlt">seas</span>, derived from combined stable oxygen isotopes and Mg/Ca ratios of the planktonic foraminiferal species Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (sin.). Our results indicate regionally differing changes of subsurface conditions. During the Heinrich Stadial 1 and the Younger Dryas cold phases, our sites were subject to reduced thermal stratification, brine rejection due to <span class="hlt">sea</span>-ice formation, and increased advection of low-salinity water from the Alaskan Stream. In contrast, the Bølling-Allerød warm phase was characterized by strengthened thermal stratification, stronger <span class="hlt">sea</span>-ice melting, and influence of surface waters that were less diluted by the Alaskan Stream. From direct comparison with alkenone-based <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature estimates (SSTUk'37), we suggest deglacial thermocline changes that were closely related to changes in seasonal contrasts and stratification of the mixed layer. The modern upper-ocean conditions seem to have developed only since the early Holocene.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA622600','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA622600"><span>Back to the Future: Integrated <span class="hlt">Air</span> and Missile Defense in the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2015-02-01</p> <p>US assets with those of our allies and partners, we have optimized our defense design, pre- venting the waste of precious interceptors. The <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>...Good Offense: Attack Operations Power projection is, and always will be, th e bread and butter of the US <span class="hlt">Air</span> Force. Only the United States can</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMPP41C2267S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMPP41C2267S"><span>North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Meridional Mode over the Common Era</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sanchez, S. C.; Charles, C. D.; Amaya, D. J.; Miller, A. J.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Meridional Mode (PMM) has been increasingly recognized as an influential mode of variability for channeling extratropical anomalies to the equatorial ocean-atmosphere system. The PMM has been identified as an important precursor for ENSO, a source of much decadal power in the tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>, and is potentially intensifying. It is still unknown why the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Meridional Mode might be intensifying; most arguments center around the changing mean state associated with anthropogenic global warming. There are a number of processes by which the background state could influence the PMM: altering the location of trade winds, the characteristics of stochastic forcing, the sensitivity of latent heat flux to surface wind anomalies, the wind response to SST anomalies, or changing the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) structure. Recent work has found that the PMM is particularly sensitive to ITCZ shifts in intensity and location (using a simple linear coupled model, [Martinez-Villalobos and Vimont 2016]). Over the last millennium the ITCZ has experienced epochs of notable latitudinal shifts to balance the cross equatorial energy transport. Here we investigate how the strength of the PMM may have varied with these shifts in the ITCZ over the Common Era using the CESM-Last Millennium Ensemble (LME). We assess the strength of the PMM pathway by the degree of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> coupling and the amplitude of tropical decadal variability. We expect the ITCZ location and the degree of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> coupling (WES feedback) to play a critical role in determining the effectiveness and intensity of the PMM pathway. We verify our inferences in the LME with coral paleoproxy records from the central tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. Chiefly we target records from the Line Islands (spanning 1°N to 6°N) to infer variations in the location of the ITCZ and the amplitude of decadal variability. This work enables us to discuss the idea of an intensifying PMM in a more historical context.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA03457.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA03457.html"><span><span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Decadal Oscillation Still Rules in <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>; No Niño Anytime Soon</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2001-08-27</p> <p>These data, taken during a 10-day collection cycle ending August 18, 2001, show that above-normal <span class="hlt">sea</span>-surface heights and warmer ocean temperatures still blanket the far-western tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and much of the north and south mid-<span class="hlt">Pacific</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000GBioC..14..917O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000GBioC..14..917O"><span>Anthropogenic CO2 invasion into the northeast <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> based on concurrent δ13CDIC and nutrient profiles from the California Current</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ortiz, J. D.; Mix, A. C.; Wheeler, P. A.; Key, R. M.</p> <p>2000-09-01</p> <p>The stable isotopic signature of dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13CDIC) in the northeast <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean is lower in near-surface waters by ≈1.1‰ relative to values predicted from global oceanic trends of δ13CDIC versus nutrients. A combination of anthropogenic carbon uptake from the atmosphere and thermodynamic, <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas exchange processes in different water mass source areas account for the isotopic depletion. Here we evaluate the efficacy of using a concurrent nutrient-δ13C strategy to separate these two effects, with the goal of improving estimates of anthropogenic carbon uptake over the course of the Industrial Revolution. In depth profiles from the <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface to 2500 m at four stations across the California Current (42°N), nitrate, rather than phosphate, is best correlated to δ13CDIC providing the best choice for this experiment. On the basis of an assumption of no anthropogenic carbon in North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Deep Waters between 1000-2500 m depth (potential densities, σθ ˜ 27.3-27.7), the "anthropogenic— preanthropogenic" carbon isotope shift (Δδ13Ca-p) in near-surface waters of the northeast <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> is inferred to be -0.62 ± 0.17‰, while the thermodynamic <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas exchange signature is estimated at -0.48 ± 0.17‰. Values of Δδ13Ca-p (similar to the regional patterns of Δ14C and Tritium penetration) approach zero for σθ > 26.8, indicating little penetration of anthropogenic carbon into the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Intermediate Water or the upper North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Deep Water. Our results suggest an upper North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> sink of anthropogenic carbon over the past ˜200 years that is ˜40% greater than that estimated for the interval between ˜1970 and ˜1990 by Quay et al., [1992]. Our estimate of the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> inventory of anthropogenic carbon, added to published estimates from the North Atlantic and Indian Ocean, is smaller than model predictions of the total carbon sink, suggesting that a significant portion of anthropogenic carbon enters the deep</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ClDy...49.3851H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ClDy...49.3851H"><span>Effects of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> coupling over the North <span class="hlt">Sea</span> and the Baltic <span class="hlt">Sea</span> on simulated summer precipitation over Central Europe</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ho-Hagemann, Ha Thi Minh; Gröger, Matthias; Rockel, Burkhardt; Zahn, Matthias; Geyer, Beate; Meier, H. E. Markus</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>This study introduces a new approach to investigate the potential effects of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> coupling on simulated precipitation inland over Central Europe. We present an inter-comparison of two regional climate models (RCMs), namely, the COSMO-CLM (hereafter CCLM) and RCA4 models, which are configured for the EURO-CORDEX domain in the coupled and atmosphere-only modes. Two versions of the CCLM model, namely, 4.8 and 5.0, join the inter-comparison being almost two different models while providing pronouncedly different summer precipitation simulations because of many changes in the dynamics and physics of CCLM in version 5.0. The coupling effect on the prominent summer dry bias over Central Europe is analysed using seasonal (JJA) mean statistics for the 30-year period from 1979 to 2009, with a focus on extreme precipitation under specific weather regimes. The weather regimes are compared between the coupled and uncoupled simulations to better understand the mechanism of the coupling effects. The comparisons of the coupled systems with the atmosphere-only models show that coupling clearly reduces the dry bias over Central Europe for CCLM 4.8, which has a large dry summer bias, but not for CCLM 5.0 and RCA4, which have smaller dry biases. This result implies that if the atmosphere-only model already yields reasonable summer precipitation over Central Europe, not much room for improvement exists that can be caused by the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> coupling over the North <span class="hlt">Sea</span> and the Baltic <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. However, if the atmosphere-only model shows a pronounced summer dry bias because of a lack of moisture transport from the <span class="hlt">seas</span> into the region, the considered coupling may create an improved simulation of summer precipitation over Central Europe, such as for CCLM 4.8. For the latter, the benefit of coupling varies over the considered timescales. The precipitation simulations that are generated by the coupled system COSTRICE 4.8 and the atmosphere-only CCLM 4.8 are mostly identical for the summer mean</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_15 --> <div id="page_16" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="301"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28283355','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28283355"><span>Radiocesium in the western subarctic area of the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean, Bering <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, and Arctic Ocean in 2013 and 2014.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kumamoto, Yuichiro; Aoyama, Michio; Hamajima, Yasunori; Nishino, Shigeto; Murata, Akihiko; Kikuchi, Takashi</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>We measured radiocesium ( 134 Cs and 137 Cs) in seawater from the western subarctic area of the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean, Bering <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, and Arctic Ocean in 2013 and 2014. Fukushima-derived 134 Cs in surface seawater was observed in the western subarctic area and Bering <span class="hlt">Sea</span> but not in the Arctic Ocean. Vertical profile of 134 Cs in the Canada Basin of the Arctic Ocean implies that Fukushima-derived 134 Cs intruded into the basin from the Bering <span class="hlt">Sea</span> through subsurface (150m depth) in 2014. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15.8178B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15.8178B"><span>Measured and parameterized energy fluxes estimated for Atlantic <span class="hlt">transects</span> of RV Polarstern</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bumke, Karl; Macke, Andreas; Kalisch, John; Kleta, Henry</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>Even to date energy fluxes over the oceans are difficult to assess. As an example the relative paucity of evaporation observations and the uncertainties of currently employed empirical approaches lead to large uncertainties of evaporation products over the ocean (e.g. Large and Yeager, 2009). Within the frame of OCEANET (Macke et al., 2010) we performed such measurements on Atlantic <span class="hlt">transects</span> between Bremerhaven (Germany) and Cape Town (South Africa) or Punta Arenas (Chile) onboard RV Polarstern during the recent years. The basic measurements of sensible and latent heat fluxes are inertial-dissipation (e.g. Dupuis et al., 1997) flux estimates and measurements of the bulk variables. Turbulence measurements included a sonic anemometer and an infrared hygrometer, both mounted on the crow's nest. Mean meteorological sensors were those of the ship's operational measurement system. The global radiation and the down terrestrial radiation were measured on the OCEANET container placed on the monkey island. At least about 1000 time series of 1 h length were analyzed to derive bulk transfer coefficients for the fluxes of sensible and latent heat. The bulk transfer coefficients were applied to the ship's meteorological data to derive the heat fluxes at the <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface. The reflected solar radiation was estimated from measured global radiation. The up terrestrial radiation was derived from the skin temperature according to the Stefan-Boltzmann law. Parameterized heat fluxes were compared to the widely used COARE-parameterization (Fairall et al., 2003), the agreement is excellent. Measured and parameterized heat and radiation fluxes gave the total energy budget at the <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">sea</span> interface. As expected the mean total flux is positive, but there are also areas, where it is negative, indicating an energy loss of the ocean. It could be shown that the variations in the energy budget are mainly due to insolation and evaporation. A comparison between the mean values of measured and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23687941','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23687941"><span>Early changes in muscle atrophy and muscle fiber type conversion after spinal cord <span class="hlt">transection</span> and peripheral nerve <span class="hlt">transection</span> in rats.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Higashino, Kosaku; Matsuura, Tetsuya; Suganuma, Katsuyoshi; Yukata, Kiminori; Nishisho, Toshihiko; Yasui, Natsuo</p> <p>2013-05-20</p> <p>Spinal cord <span class="hlt">transection</span> and peripheral nerve <span class="hlt">transection</span> cause muscle atrophy and muscle fiber type conversion. It is still unknown how spinal cord <span class="hlt">transection</span> and peripheral nerve <span class="hlt">transection</span> each affect the differentiation of muscle fiber type conversion mechanism and muscle atrophy. The aim of our study was to evaluate the difference of muscle weight change, muscle fiber type conversion, and Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivatior-1α (PGC-1α) expression brought about by spinal cord <span class="hlt">transection</span> and by peripheral nerve <span class="hlt">transection</span>. Twenty-four Wistar rats underwent surgery, the control rats underwent a laminectomy; the spinal cord injury group underwent a spinal cord <span class="hlt">transection</span>; the denervation group underwent a sciatic nerve <span class="hlt">transection</span>. The rats were harvested of the soleus muscle and the TA muscle at 0 week, 1 week and 2 weeks after surgery. Histological examination was assessed using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and immunofluorescent staing. Western blot was performed with 3 groups. Both sciatic nerve <span class="hlt">transection</span> and spinal cord <span class="hlt">transection</span> caused muscle atrophy with the effect being more severe after sciatic nerve <span class="hlt">transection</span>. Spinal cord <span class="hlt">transection</span> caused a reduction in the expression of both sMHC protein and PGC-1α protein in the soleus muscle. On the other hand, sciatic nerve <span class="hlt">transection</span> produced an increase in expression of sMHC protein and PGC-1α protein in the soleus muscle. The results of the expression of PGC-1α were expected in other words muscle atrophy after sciatic nerve <span class="hlt">transection</span> is less than after spinal cord <span class="hlt">transection</span>, however muscle atrophy after sciatic nerve <span class="hlt">transection</span> was more severe than after spinal cord <span class="hlt">transection</span>. In the conclusion, spinal cord <span class="hlt">transection</span> diminished the expression of sMHC protein and PGC-1α protein in the soleus muscle. On the other hand, sciatic nerve <span class="hlt">transection</span> enhanced the expression of sMHC protein and PGC-1α protein in the soleus muscle.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014OcScD..11.1895G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014OcScD..11.1895G"><span>Deriving a <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface climatology of CO2 fugacity in support of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas flux studies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Goddijn-Murphy, L. M.; Woolf, D. K.; Land, P. E.; Shutler, J. D.; Donlon, C.</p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>Climatologies, or long-term averages, of essential climate variables are useful for evaluating models and providing a baseline for studying anomalies. The Surface Ocean Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Atlas (SOCAT) has made millions of global underway <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface measurements of CO2 publicly available, all in a uniform format and presented as fugacity, fCO2. fCO2 is highly sensitive to temperature and the measurements are only valid for the instantaneous <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature (SST) that is measured concurrent with the in-water CO2 measurement. To create a climatology of fCO2 data suitable for calculating <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 fluxes it is therefore desirable to calculate fCO2 valid for climate quality SST. This paper presents a method for creating such a climatology. We recomputed SOCAT's fCO2 values for their respective measurement month and year using climate quality SST data from satellite Earth observation and then extrapolated the resulting fCO2 values to reference year 2010. The data were then spatially interpolated onto a 1° × 1° grid of the global oceans to produce 12 monthly fCO2 distributions for 2010. The partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) is also provided for those who prefer to use pCO2. The CO2 concentration difference between ocean and atmosphere is the thermodynamic driving force of the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 flux, and hence the presented fCO2 distributions can be used in <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas flux calculations together with climatologies of other climate variables.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.A51I0180L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.A51I0180L"><span>Aerosol Properties over the Eastern North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> based on Measurements from the MAGIC Field Campaign</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lewis, E. R.; Senum, G.; Springston, S. R.; Kuang, C.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>The MAGIC field campaign, funded and operated by the ARM (Atmospheric Radiation Measurement) Climate Research Facility of the US Department of Energy, occurred between September 2012 and October, 2013 aboard the Horizon Lines cargo container ship Spirit making regular trips between Los Angeles, CA and Honolulu, HI. Along this route, which lies very near the GPCI (GCSS <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Cross-section Intercomparison) <span class="hlt">transect</span>, the predominant cloud regime changes from stratocumulus near the California coast to trade-wind cumulus near Hawaii. The transition between these two regimes is poorly understood and not accurately represented in models. The goal of MAGIC was to acquire statistic of this transition and thus improve its representation in models by making repeated <span class="hlt">transects</span> through this region and measuring properties of clouds and precipitation, aerosols, radiation, and atmospheric structure. To achieve these goals, the Second ARM Mobile Facility (AMF2) was deployed on the Horizon Spirit as it ran its regular route between Los Angeles and Honolulu. AMF2 consists of three 20-foot <span class="hlt">Sea</span>Tainers and includes three radars and other instruments to measure properties of clouds and precipitation; the Aerosol Observing System (AOS), which has a suite of instruments to measure properties of aerosols; and other instruments to measure radiation, meteorological quantities, and <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature. Two technicians accompanied the AMF2, and scientists rode the ship as observers. MAGIC made nearly 20 round trips between Los Angeles and Honolulu (and thus nearly 40 excursions through the stratocumulus-to-cumulus transition) and spent 200 days at <span class="hlt">sea</span>, collecting an unprecedented data set. Aerosol properties measured with the AOS include number concentration and size distribution, CCN activity, hygroscopic growth, and light-scattering and absorption. Additionally, more than one hundred filter samples were collected. Aerosol properties and their spatial and temporal behavior are discussed</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29089835','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29089835"><span>A new species of deep-<span class="hlt">sea</span> sponge-associated shrimp from the North-West <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> (Decapoda, Stenopodidea, Spongicolidae).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Xu, Peng; Zhou, Yadong; Wang, Chunsheng</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>A new species of the deep-<span class="hlt">sea</span> spongicolid genus Spongicoloides Hansen, 1908 is described and illustrated based on material from the northwestern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. Spongicoloides weijiaensis sp. n. was found inside a hexactinellid sponge, Euplectella sp., sampled by the Chinese manned submersible "Jiaolong" at depths of 2279 m near the Weijia Guyot, in the Magellan Seamount Chain. The new species can be distinguished from all congeneric species by several morphological features, involving gill formula, spination of the carapace, antennal scale, third pereiopod, telson and uropod, posteroventral teeth of the pleura, and dactyli of the fourth and fifth pereiopods. An identification key to the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> species of Spongicoloides is provided.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26213676','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26213676"><span>Salinity fronts in the tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kao, Hsun-Ying; Lagerloef, Gary S E</p> <p>2015-02-01</p> <p>This study delineates the salinity fronts (SF) across the tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>, and describes their variability and regional dynamical significance using Aquarius satellite observations. From the monthly maps of the SF, we find that the SF in the tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> are (1) usually observed around the boundaries of the fresh pool under the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), (2) stronger in boreal autumn than in other seasons, and (3) usually stronger in the eastern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> than in the western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. The relationship between the SF and the precipitation and the surface velocity are also discussed. We further present detailed analysis of the SF in three key tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> regions. Extending zonally around the ITCZ, where the temperature is nearly homogeneous, we find the strong SF of 1.2 psu from 7° to 11°N to be the main contributor of the horizontal density difference of 0.8 kg/m 3 . In the eastern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>, we observe a southward extension of the SF in the boreal spring that could be driven by both precipitation and horizontal advection. In the western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>, the importance of these newly resolved SF associated with the western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> warm/fresh pool and El Niño southern oscillations are also discussed in the context of prior literature. The main conclusions of this study are that (a) Aquarius satellite salinity measurements reveal the heretofore unknown proliferation, structure, and variability of surface salinity fronts, and that (b) the fine-scale structures of the SF in the tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> yield important new information on the regional <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interaction and the upper ocean dynamics.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27798700','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27798700"><span>Genetic Population Structure of the Coral Reef <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Star Linckia laevigata in the Western Indian Ocean and Indo-West <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Otwoma, Levy Michael; Kochzius, Marc</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The coral reef <span class="hlt">sea</span> star Linckia laevigata is common on shallow water coral reefs of the Indo-West <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. Its large geographic distribution and comprehensive data from previous studies makes it suitable to examine genetic differentiation and connectivity over large geographical scales. Based on partial sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene this study investigates the genetic population structure and connectivity of L. laevigata in the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) and compares it to previous studies in the Indo-Malay-Philippines Archipelago (IMPA). A total of 138 samples were collected from nine locations in the WIO. AMOVA revealed a low but significant ΦST-value of 0.024 for the WIO populations. In the hierarchical AMOVA, the following grouping rejected the hypothesis of panmixia: (1) Kenya (Watamu, Mombasa, Diani) and Tanzanian Island populations (Misali and Jambiani) and (2) the rest of the WIO sites (mainland Tanzania and Madagascar; ΦCT = 0.03). The genetic population structure was stronger and more significant (ΦST = 0.13) in the comparative analysis of WIO and IMPA populations. Three clades were identified in the haplotype network. The strong genetic differentiation (ΦCT = 0.199, P < 0.001) suggests that Indo-West <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> populations of L. laevigata can be grouped into four biogeographic regions: (1) WIO (2) Eastern Indian Ocean (3) IMPA and (4) Western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. The findings of this study support the existence of a genetic break in the Indo-West <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> consistent with the effect of lowered <span class="hlt">sea</span> level during the Pleistocene, which limited gene flow between the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and Indian Ocean.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5087890','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5087890"><span>Genetic Population Structure of the Coral Reef <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Star Linckia laevigata in the Western Indian Ocean and Indo-West <span class="hlt">Pacific</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kochzius, Marc</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The coral reef <span class="hlt">sea</span> star Linckia laevigata is common on shallow water coral reefs of the Indo-West <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. Its large geographic distribution and comprehensive data from previous studies makes it suitable to examine genetic differentiation and connectivity over large geographical scales. Based on partial sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene this study investigates the genetic population structure and connectivity of L. laevigata in the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) and compares it to previous studies in the Indo-Malay-Philippines Archipelago (IMPA). A total of 138 samples were collected from nine locations in the WIO. AMOVA revealed a low but significant ΦST-value of 0.024 for the WIO populations. In the hierarchical AMOVA, the following grouping rejected the hypothesis of panmixia: (1) Kenya (Watamu, Mombasa, Diani) and Tanzanian Island populations (Misali and Jambiani) and (2) the rest of the WIO sites (mainland Tanzania and Madagascar; ΦCT = 0.03). The genetic population structure was stronger and more significant (ΦST = 0.13) in the comparative analysis of WIO and IMPA populations. Three clades were identified in the haplotype network. The strong genetic differentiation (ΦCT = 0.199, P < 0.001) suggests that Indo-West <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> populations of L. laevigata can be grouped into four biogeographic regions: (1) WIO (2) Eastern Indian Ocean (3) IMPA and (4) Western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. The findings of this study support the existence of a genetic break in the Indo-West <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> consistent with the effect of lowered <span class="hlt">sea</span> level during the Pleistocene, which limited gene flow between the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and Indian Ocean. PMID:27798700</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011NatGe...4..535K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011NatGe...4..535K"><span>Deep-<span class="hlt">sea</span> mud in the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean as a potential resource for rare-earth elements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kato, Yasuhiro; Fujinaga, Koichiro; Nakamura, Kentaro; Takaya, Yutaro; Kitamura, Kenichi; Ohta, Junichiro; Toda, Ryuichi; Nakashima, Takuya; Iwamori, Hikaru</p> <p>2011-08-01</p> <p>World demand for rare-earth elements and the metal yttrium--which are crucial for novel electronic equipment and green-energy technologies--is increasing rapidly. Several types of seafloor sediment harbour high concentrations of these elements. However, seafloor sediments have not been regarded as a rare-earth element and yttrium resource, because data on the spatial distribution of these deposits are insufficient. Here, we report measurements of the elemental composition of over 2,000 seafloor sediments, sampled at depth intervals of around one metre, at 78 sites that cover a large part of the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean. We show that deep-<span class="hlt">sea</span> mud contains high concentrations of rare-earth elements and yttrium at numerous sites throughout the eastern South and central North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. We estimate that an area of just one square kilometre, surrounding one of the sampling sites, could provide one-fifth of the current annual world consumption of these elements. Uptake of rare-earth elements and yttrium by mineral phases such as hydrothermal iron-oxyhydroxides and phillipsite seems to be responsible for their high concentration. We show that rare-earth elements and yttrium are readily recovered from the mud by simple acid leaching, and suggest that deep-<span class="hlt">sea</span> mud constitutes a highly promising huge resource for these elements.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AdAtS..31.1305L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AdAtS..31.1305L"><span>Numerical experiments on the impact of spring north <span class="hlt">pacific</span> SSTA on NPO and unusually cool summers in Northeast China</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lian, Yi; Zhao, Bin; Shen, Baizhu; Li, Shangfeng; Liu, Gang</p> <p>2014-11-01</p> <p>A set of numerical experiments designed to analyze the oceanic forcing in spring show that the combined forcing of cold (warm) El Niño (La Niña) phases in the Niño4 region and <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) in the westerly drifts region would result in abnormally enhanced NorthEast Cold Vortex (NECV) activities in early summer. In spring, the central equatorial <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> El Niño phase and westerly drift SSTA forcing would lead to the retreat of non-adiabatic waves, inducing elliptic low-frequency anomalies of tropical <span class="hlt">air</span> flows. This would enhance the anomalous cyclone-anticyclone-cyclone-anticyclone low-frequency wave train that propagates from the tropics to the extratropics and further to the mid-high latitudes, constituting a major physical mechanism that contributes to the early summer circulation anomalies in the subtropics and in the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> mid-high latitudes. The central equatorial <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> La Niña forcing in the spring would, on the one hand, induce teleconnection anomalies of high pressure from the <span class="hlt">Sea</span> of Okhotsk to the <span class="hlt">Sea</span> of Japan in early summer, and on the other hand indirectly trigger a positive low-frequency East Asia-<span class="hlt">Pacific</span> teleconnection (EAP) wave train in the lower troposphere.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020039007&hterms=syed&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3DN%2Bsyed','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020039007&hterms=syed&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3DN%2Bsyed"><span>Large-Scale <span class="hlt">Air</span> Mass Characteristics Observed Over the Remote Tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean During March-April 1999: Results from PEM-Tropics B Field Experiment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Browell, Edward V.; Fenn, Marta A.; Butler, Carolyn F.; Grant, William B.; Ismail, Syed; Ferrare, Richard A.; Kooi, Susan A.; Brackett, Vincent G.; Clayton, Marian B.; Avery, Melody A.</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>Eighteen long-range flights over the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean between 38 S to 20 N and 166 E to 90 W were made by the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the NASA <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Exploratory Mission (PEM) Tropics B conducted from March 6 to April 18, 1999. Two lidar systems were flown on the DC-8 to remotely measure vertical profiles of ozone (O3), water vapor (H2O), aerosols, and clouds from near the surface to the upper troposphere along their flight track. In situ measurements of a wide range of gases and aerosols were made on the DC-8 for comprehensive characterization of the <span class="hlt">air</span> and for correlation with the lidar remote measurements. The transition from northeasterly flow of Northern Hemispheric (NH) <span class="hlt">air</span> on the northern side of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) to generally easterly flow of Southern Hemispheric (SH) <span class="hlt">air</span> south of the ITCZ was accompanied by a significant decrease in O3, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and aerosols and an increase in H2O. Trajectory analyses indicate that <span class="hlt">air</span> north of the ITCZ came from Asia and/or the United States, while the <span class="hlt">air</span> south of the ITCZ had a long residence time over the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>, perhaps originating over South America several weeks earlier. <span class="hlt">Air</span> south of the South <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Convergence Zone (SPCZ) came rapidly from the west originating over Australia or Africa. This <span class="hlt">air</span> had enhanced O3 and aerosols and an associated decrease in H2O. Average latitudinal and longitudinal distributions of O3 and H2O were constructed from the remote and in situ O3 and H2O data, and these distributions are compared with results from PEM-Tropics A conducted in August-October 1996. During PEM-Tropics B, low O3 <span class="hlt">air</span> was found in the SH across the entire <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Basin at low latitudes. This was in strong contrast to the photochemically enhanced O3 levels found across the central and eastern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> low latitudes during PEM-Tropics A. Nine <span class="hlt">air</span> mass types were identified for PEM-Tropics B based on their O3, aerosols, clouds, and potential vorticity characteristics. The</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/ca1549.photos.014253p/','SCIGOV-HHH'); return false;" href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/ca1549.photos.014253p/"><span>Photocopy of aerial photograph, <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> <span class="hlt">Air</span> Industries, Flight 123V, June ...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/">Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Photocopy of aerial photograph, <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> <span class="hlt">Air</span> Industries, Flight 123V, June 29, 1960 (University of California, Santa Barbara, Map and Imagery Collection) PORTION OF IRVINE RANCH SHOWING SITE CA-2275-A IN LOWER LEFT QUADRANT AND SITE CA-2275-B IN UPPER RIGHT QUADRANT (see separate photograph index for 2275-B) - Irvine Ranch Agricultural Headquarters, Carillo Tenant House, Southwest of Intersection of San Diego & Santa Ana Freeways, Irvine, Orange County, CA</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28334669','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28334669"><span>Distribution and <span class="hlt">sea-to-air</span> flux of isoprene in the East China <span class="hlt">Sea</span> and the South Yellow <span class="hlt">Sea</span> during summer.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Li, Jian-Long; Zhang, Hong-Hai; Yang, Gui-Peng</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>Spatial distribution and <span class="hlt">sea-to-air</span> flux of isoprene in the East China <span class="hlt">Sea</span> and the South Yellow <span class="hlt">Sea</span> in July 2013 were investigated. This study is the first to report the concentrations of isoprene in the China marginal <span class="hlt">seas</span>. Isoprene concentrations in the surface seawater during summer ranged from 32.46 to 173.5 pM, with an average of 83.62 ± 29.22 pM. Distribution of isoprene in the study area was influenced by the diluted water from the Yangtze River, which stimulated higher in-situ phytoplankton production of isoprene rather than direct freshwater input. Variations in isoprene concentrations were found to be diurnal, with high values observed during daytime. A significant correlation was observed between isoprene and chlorophyll a in the study area. Relatively higher isoprene concentrations were recorded at stations where the phytoplankton biomass was dominated by Chaetoceros, Skeletonema, Pennate-nitzschia, and Thalassiosira. Positive correlation was observed between isoprene and methyl iodide. In addition, <span class="hlt">sea-to-air</span> fluxes of isoprene approximately ranged from 22.17 nmol m -2  d -1 -537.2 nmol m -2  d -1 , with an average of 161.5 ± 133.3 nmol m -2  d -1 . These results indicate that the coastal and shelf areas may be important sources of atmospheric isoprene. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014GPC...116...76G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014GPC...116...76G"><span>The response of the Okhotsk <span class="hlt">Sea</span> environment to the orbital-millennium global climate changes during the Last Glacial Maximum, deglaciation and Holocene</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gorbarenko, Sergey A.; Artemova, Antonina V.; Goldberg, Evgeniy L.; Vasilenko, Yuriy P.</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>Reconstruction of regional climate and the Okhotsk <span class="hlt">Sea</span> (OS) environment for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), deglaciation and Holocene was performed on the basis of high-resolution records of ice rafted debris (IRD), СаСО3, opal, total organic carbon (TOС), biogenic Ba (Ba_bio) and redox sensitive element (Mn, Mo) content, and diatom and pollen results of four cores that form a north-southern <span class="hlt">transect</span>. Age models of the studied cores were earlier established by AMS 14C data, oxygen-isotope chronostratigraphy and tephrochronology. According to received results, since 25 ka the regional climate and OS environmental conditions have changed synchronously with LGM condition, cold Heinrich event 1, Bølling-Allerød (BA) warming, Younger Dryas (YD) cooling and Pre-Boreal (PB) warming recorded in the Greenland ice core, North Atlantic sediment, and China cave stalagmites. Calculation of IRD MAR in sediment of north-south <span class="hlt">transect</span> cores indicates an increase of <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice formation several times in the glacial OS as compared to the Late Holocene. Accompanying ice formation, increased brine rejection and the larger potential density of surface water at the north shelf due to a drop of glacial East Asia summer monsoon precipitation and Amur River run off, led to strong enhancement of the role of the OS in glacial North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Intermediate Water (NPIW) formation. The remarkable increase in OS productivity during BA and PB warming was probably related with significant reorganisation of the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> deep water ventilation and nutrient input into the NPIW and OS Intermediate Water (OSIW). Seven Holocene OS millennial cold events based on the elevated values of the detrended IRD stack record over the IRD broad trend in the sediments of the studied cores have occurred synchronously with cold events recorded in the North Atlantic, Greenland ice cores and China cave stalagmites after 9 ka. Diatom production in the OS was mostly controlled by <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice cover changes and surface</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26942608','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26942608"><span>Environmental Drivers of Benthic Flux Variation and Ecosystem Functioning in Salish <span class="hlt">Sea</span> and Northeast <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Sediments.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Belley, Rénald; Snelgrove, Paul V R; Archambault, Philippe; Juniper, S Kim</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The upwelling of deep waters from the oxygen minimum zone in the Northeast <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> from the continental slope to the shelf and into the Salish <span class="hlt">Sea</span> during spring and summer offers a unique opportunity to study ecosystem functioning in the form of benthic fluxes along natural gradients. Using the ROV ROPOS we collected sediment cores from 10 sites in May and July 2011, and September 2013 to perform shipboard incubations and flux measurements. Specifically, we measured benthic fluxes of oxygen and nutrients to evaluate potential environmental drivers of benthic flux variation and ecosystem functioning along natural gradients of temperature and bottom water dissolved oxygen concentrations. The range of temperature and dissolved oxygen encountered across our study sites allowed us to apply a suite of multivariate analyses rarely used in flux studies to identify bottom water temperature as the primary environmental driver of benthic flux variation and organic matter remineralization. Redundancy analysis revealed that bottom water characteristics (temperature and dissolved oxygen), quality of organic matter (chl a:phaeo and C:N ratios) and sediment characteristics (mean grain size and porosity) explained 51.5% of benthic flux variation. Multivariate analyses identified significant spatial and temporal variation in benthic fluxes, demonstrating key differences between the Northeast <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and Salish <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. Moreover, Northeast <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> slope fluxes were generally lower than shelf fluxes. Spatial and temporal variation in benthic fluxes in the Salish <span class="hlt">Sea</span> were driven primarily by differences in temperature and quality of organic matter on the seafloor following phytoplankton blooms. These results demonstrate the utility of multivariate approaches in differentiating among potential drivers of seafloor ecosystem functioning, and indicate that current and future predictive models of organic matter remineralization and ecosystem functioning of soft-muddy shelf and slope seafloor</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70197720','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70197720"><span>U.S. <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> coastal wetland resilience and vulnerability to <span class="hlt">sea</span>-level rise</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Thorne, Karen M.; MacDonald, Glen M.; Guntenspergen, Glenn R.; Ambrose, Richard F.; Buffington, Kevin J.; Dugger, Bruce D.; Freeman, Chase; Janousek, Christopher; Brown, Lauren N.; Rosencranz, Jordan A.; Homquist, James; Smol, John P.; Hargan, Kathryn; Takekawa, John Y.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>We used a first-of-its-kind comprehensive scenario approach to evaluate both the vertical and horizontal response of tidal wetlands to projected changes in the rate of <span class="hlt">sea</span>-level rise (SLR) across 14 estuaries along the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> coast of the continental United States. Throughout the U.S. <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> region, we found that tidal wetlands are highly vulnerable to end-of-century submergence, with resulting extensive loss of habitat. Using higher-range SLR scenarios, all high and middle marsh habitats were lost, with 83% of current tidal wetlands transitioning to unvegetated habitats by 2110. The wetland area lost was greater in California and Oregon (100%) but still severe in Washington, with 68% submerged by the end of the century. The only wetland habitat remaining at the end of the century was low marsh under higher-range SLR rates. Tidal wetland loss was also likely under more conservative SLR scenarios, including loss of 95% of high marsh and 60% of middle marsh habitats by the end of the century. Horizontal migration of most wetlands was constrained by coastal development or steep topography, with just two wetland sites having sufficient upland space for migration and the possibility for nearly 1:1 replacement, making SLR threats particularly high in this region and generally undocumented. With low vertical accretion rates and little upland migration space, <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> coast tidal wetlands are at imminent risk of submergence with projected rates of rapid SLR.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5834000','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5834000"><span>U.S. <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> coastal wetland resilience and vulnerability to <span class="hlt">sea</span>-level rise</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Thorne, Karen; MacDonald, Glen; Guntenspergen, Glenn; Ambrose, Richard; Buffington, Kevin; Dugger, Bruce; Freeman, Chase; Janousek, Christopher; Brown, Lauren; Rosencranz, Jordan; Holmquist, James; Smol, John; Hargan, Kathryn; Takekawa, John</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>We used a first-of-its-kind comprehensive scenario approach to evaluate both the vertical and horizontal response of tidal wetlands to projected changes in the rate of <span class="hlt">sea</span>-level rise (SLR) across 14 estuaries along the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> coast of the continental United States. Throughout the U.S. <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> region, we found that tidal wetlands are highly vulnerable to end-of-century submergence, with resulting extensive loss of habitat. Using higher-range SLR scenarios, all high and middle marsh habitats were lost, with 83% of current tidal wetlands transitioning to unvegetated habitats by 2110. The wetland area lost was greater in California and Oregon (100%) but still severe in Washington, with 68% submerged by the end of the century. The only wetland habitat remaining at the end of the century was low marsh under higher-range SLR rates. Tidal wetland loss was also likely under more conservative SLR scenarios, including loss of 95% of high marsh and 60% of middle marsh habitats by the end of the century. Horizontal migration of most wetlands was constrained by coastal development or steep topography, with just two wetland sites having sufficient upland space for migration and the possibility for nearly 1:1 replacement, making SLR threats particularly high in this region and generally undocumented. With low vertical accretion rates and little upland migration space, <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> coast tidal wetlands are at imminent risk of submergence with projected rates of rapid SLR. PMID:29507876</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GBioC..31..901E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GBioC..31..901E"><span>Impacts of ENSO on <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> oxygen exchange: Observations and mechanisms</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Eddebbar, Yassir A.; Long, Matthew C.; Resplandy, Laure; Rödenbeck, Christian; Rodgers, Keith B.; Manizza, Manfredi; Keeling, Ralph F.</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>Models and observations of atmospheric potential oxygen (APO ≃ O2 + 1.1 * CO2) are used to investigate the influence of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> O2 exchange. An atmospheric transport inversion of APO data from the Scripps flask network shows significant interannual variability in tropical APO fluxes that is positively correlated with the Niño3.4 index, indicating anomalous ocean outgassing of APO during El Niño. Hindcast simulations of the Community Earth System Model (CESM) and the Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace model show similar APO sensitivity to ENSO, differing from the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory model, which shows an opposite APO response. In all models, O2 accounts for most APO flux variations. Detailed analysis in CESM shows that the O2 response is driven primarily by ENSO modulation of the source and rate of equatorial upwelling, which moderates the intensity of O2 uptake due to vertical transport of low-O2 waters. These upwelling changes dominate over counteracting effects of biological productivity and thermally driven O2 exchange. During El Niño, shallower and weaker upwelling leads to anomalous O2 outgassing, whereas deeper and intensified upwelling during La Niña drives enhanced O2 uptake. This response is strongly localized along the central and eastern equatorial <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>, leading to an equatorial zonal dipole in atmospheric anomalies of APO. This dipole is further intensified by ENSO-related changes in winds, reconciling apparently conflicting APO observations in the tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. These findings suggest a substantial and complex response of the oceanic O2 cycle to climate variability that is significantly (>50%) underestimated in magnitude by ocean models.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017DSRII.144..125Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017DSRII.144..125Y"><span>Abundance, biomass and caloric content of Chukchi <span class="hlt">Sea</span> bivalves and association with <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) relative density and distribution in the northeastern Chukchi <span class="hlt">Sea</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Young, Jordann K.; Black, Bryan A.; Clarke, Janet T.; Schonberg, Susan V.; Dunton, Kenneth H.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>The northeastern Chukchi <span class="hlt">Sea</span> is a shallow subarctic shelf ecosystem that supports a substantial benthic infaunal community of which bivalves are a major component. We assessed the patterns in population abundance, biomass, and caloric content of ten dominant bivalve taxa in relation to the distribution of the upper trophic level consumer <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens). Bivalves were collected over four cruises in the northeastern Chukchi <span class="hlt">Sea</span> (2009, 2010, 2012, 2013). Our samples were largely dominated by calorie-dense, deposit-feeding species, including Macoma spp., Ennucula tenuis, Nuculana spp. and Yoldia spp. Weight-frequency distributions were strongly right-skewed for most taxa, though some showed evidence of a bimodal distribution. Caloric densities as measured through bomb calorimetry significantly differed among taxa (ANOVA F = 32.57, df = 9, p-value<0.001), and whole animal wet weight was found to be a reliable predictor of whole animal caloric content. Bivalve populations and peak caloric densities were centered on and to the southeast of Hanna Shoal, which coincided with peak <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> walrus relative density (walruses per km surveyed) from July through October. Significant differences in mean caloric values were found between areas with and without walruses present (student's t-test, t=-2.9088, df = 252.24, p-value = 0.003952), as well as between areas with low and high walrus relative densities in the pooled annual dataset and in each individual month except October (ANOVA, p-value<0.05). The high-calorie deposit feeders that dominate these bivalve communities preferentially consume food sources, such as <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice algae, that are likely to be affected by shifting <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice dynamics. As such, continued warming has the potential to alter bivalve communities in the northeastern Chukchi <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, which may have profound implications for upper trophic levels.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_16 --> <div id="page_17" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="321"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29371648','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29371648"><span>Re-initiation of bottom water formation in the East <span class="hlt">Sea</span> (Japan <span class="hlt">Sea</span>) in a warming world.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yoon, Seung-Tae; Chang, Kyung-Il; Nam, SungHyun; Rho, TaeKeun; Kang, Dong-Jin; Lee, Tongsup; Park, Kyung-Ae; Lobanov, Vyacheslav; Kaplunenko, Dmitry; Tishchenko, Pavel; Kim, Kyung-Ryul</p> <p>2018-01-25</p> <p>The East <span class="hlt">Sea</span> (Japan <span class="hlt">Sea</span>), a small marginal <span class="hlt">sea</span> in the northwestern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>, is ventilated deeply down to the bottom and sensitive to changing surface conditions. Addressing the response of this marginal <span class="hlt">sea</span> to the hydrological cycle and atmospheric forcing would be helpful for better understanding present and future environmental changes in oceans at the global and regional scales. Here, we present an analysis of observations revealing a slowdown of the long-term deepening in water boundaries associated with changes of water formation rate. Our results indicate that bottom (central) water formation has been enhanced (reduced) with more (less) oxygen supply to the bottom (central) layer since the 2000s. This paper presents a new projection that allows a three-layered deep structure, which retains bottom water, at least until 2040, contrasting previous results. This projection considers recent increase of slope convections mainly due to the salt supply via <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> freshwater exchange and <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice formation and decrease of open-ocean convections evidenced by reduced mixed layer depth in the northern East <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, resulting in more bottom water and less central water formations. Such vigorous changes in water formation and ventilation provide certain implications on future climate changes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29507286','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29507286"><span><span class="hlt">Sea</span> ice dynamics across the Mid-Pleistocene transition in the Bering <span class="hlt">Sea</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Detlef, H; Belt, S T; Sosdian, S M; Smik, L; Lear, C H; Hall, I R; Cabedo-Sanz, P; Husum, K; Kender, S</p> <p>2018-03-05</p> <p><span class="hlt">Sea</span> ice and associated feedback mechanisms play an important role for both long- and short-term climate change. Our ability to predict future <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice extent, however, hinges on a greater understanding of past <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice dynamics. Here we investigate <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice changes in the eastern Bering <span class="hlt">Sea</span> prior to, across, and after the Mid-Pleistocene transition (MPT). The <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice record, based on the Arctic <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice biomarker IP 25 and related open water proxies from the International Ocean Discovery Program Site U1343, shows a substantial increase in <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice extent across the MPT. The occurrence of late-glacial/deglacial <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice maxima are consistent with <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice/land ice hysteresis and land-glacier retreat via the temperature-precipitation feedback. We also identify interactions of <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice with phytoplankton growth and ocean circulation patterns, which have important implications for glacial North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Intermediate Water formation and potentially North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> abyssal carbon storage.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014HESS...18.4965F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014HESS...18.4965F"><span>Predicting East African spring droughts using <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and Indian Ocean <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature indices</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Funk, C.; Hoell, A.; Shukla, S.; Bladé, I.; Liebmann, B.; Roberts, J. B.; Robertson, F. R.; Husak, G.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>In eastern East Africa (the southern Ethiopia, eastern Kenya and southern Somalia region), poor boreal spring (long wet season) rains in 1999, 2000, 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009, and 2011 contributed to severe food insecurity and high levels of malnutrition. Predicting rainfall deficits in this region on seasonal and decadal time frames can help decision makers implement disaster risk reduction measures while guiding climate-smart adaptation and agricultural development. Building on recent research that links more frequent East African droughts to a stronger Walker circulation, resulting from warming in the Indo-<span class="hlt">Pacific</span> warm pool and an increased east-to-west <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature (SST) gradient in the western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>, we show that the two dominant modes of East African boreal spring rainfall variability are tied to SST fluctuations in the western central <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and central Indian Ocean, respectively. Variations in these two rainfall modes can thus be predicted using two SST indices - the western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> gradient (WPG) and central Indian Ocean index (CIO), with our statistical forecasts exhibiting reasonable cross-validated skill (rcv ≈ 0.6). In contrast, the current generation of coupled forecast models show no skill during the long rains. Our SST indices also appear to capture most of the major recent drought events such as 2000, 2009 and 2011. Predictions based on these simple indices can be used to support regional forecasting efforts and land surface data assimilations to help inform early warning and guide climate outlooks.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhDT........17O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhDT........17O"><span>Observations and Modeling of Turbulent <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> Coupling in Coastal and Strongly Forced Condition</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ortiz-Suslow, David G.</p> <p></p> <p>The turbulent fluxes of momentum, mass, and energy across the ocean-atmosphere boundary are fundamental to our understanding of a myriad of geophysical processes, such as wind-wave generation, oceanic circulation, and <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas transfer. In order to better understand these fluxes, empirical relationships were developed to quantify the interfacial exchange rates in terms of easily observed parameters (e.g., wind speed). However, mounting evidence suggests that these empirical formulae are only valid over the relatively narrow parametric space, i.e. open ocean conditions in light to moderate winds. Several near-surface processes have been observed to cause significant variance in the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> fluxes not predicted by the conventional functions, such as a heterogeneous surfaces, swell waves, and wave breaking. Further study is needed to fully characterize how these types of processes can modulate the interfacial exchange; in order to achieve this, a broad investigation into <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> coupling was undertaken. The primary focus of this work was to use a combination of field and laboratory observations and numerical modeling, in regimes where conventional theories would be expected to breakdown, namely: the nearshore and in very high winds. These seemingly disparate environments represent the marine atmospheric boundary layer at its physical limit. In the nearshore, the convergence of land, <span class="hlt">air</span>, and <span class="hlt">sea</span> in a depth-limited domain marks the transition from a marine to a terrestrial boundary layer. Under extreme winds, the physical nature of the boundary layer remains unknown as an intermediate substrate layer, <span class="hlt">sea</span> spray, develops between the atmosphere and ocean surface. At these ends of the MABL physical spectrum, direct measurements of the near-surface processes were made and directly related to local sources of variance. Our results suggest that the conventional treatment of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> fluxes in terms of empirical relationships developed from a relatively narrow set of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRD..12212892H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRD..12212892H"><span>Concentration and Viability of Airborne Bacteria Over the Kuroshio Extension Region in the Northwestern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean: Data From Three Cruises</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hu, Wei; Murata, Kotaro; Fukuyama, Shinichiro; Kawai, Yoshimi; Oka, Eitarou; Uematsu, Mitsuo; Zhang, Daizhou</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Airborne bacteria have been shown to act as condensation and ice nuclei in mixed-phase clouds and are consequently hypothesized to have significant effects on atmospheric processes and even the global climate. However, few data are available regarding their concentration and variation in the <span class="hlt">air</span> over the open ocean. Aerosol samples were collected during three cruises in the early summers of 2013, 2014, and 2016 over the Kuroshio Extension region of the northwest <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean. The concentrations of viable and nonviable bacterial cells in the marine surface <span class="hlt">air</span> were quantified using epifluorescence enumeration with the LIVE/DEAD BacLight stain. The concentrations of total bacteria varied between 1.0 × 104 and 2.5 × 105 cells m-3 and averaged 5.2 × 104, 1.0 × 105, and 7.5 × 104 cells m-3 in the three respective cruises. The viabilities, i.e., the ratios of the concentration of viable bacterial cells to that of total bacterial cells, ranged from 80% to 100% (average 93%), and the respective means were 93%, 89%, and 96% in the cruises. The total bacterial concentration had a close correlation with the wind speed near the <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface, and the bacterial viability correlated negatively with the <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature, <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature, and concentration of coarse particles (size > 1 μm). The deposition and <span class="hlt">sea</span> spray fluxes of bacteria were roughly estimated as hundreds of cells m-2 s-1 on average. The limited data on bacterial concentration and viability from the three cruises indicate the rapid <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> exchange of bacteria over the Kuroshio Extension region of the northwest <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GMD.....8.3733G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GMD.....8.3733G"><span>Updating <span class="hlt">sea</span> spray aerosol emissions in the Community Multiscale <span class="hlt">Air</span> Quality (CMAQ) model version 5.0.2</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gantt, B.; Kelly, J. T.; Bash, J. O.</p> <p>2015-11-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Sea</span> spray aerosols (SSAs) impact the particle mass concentration and gas-particle partitioning in coastal environments, with implications for human and ecosystem health. Model evaluations of SSA emissions have mainly focused on the global scale, but regional-scale evaluations are also important due to the localized impact of SSAs on atmospheric chemistry near the coast. In this study, SSA emissions in the Community Multiscale <span class="hlt">Air</span> Quality (CMAQ) model were updated to enhance the fine-mode size distribution, include <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature (SST) dependency, and reduce surf-enhanced emissions. Predictions from the updated CMAQ model and those of the previous release version, CMAQv5.0.2, were evaluated using several coastal and national observational data sets in the continental US. The updated emissions generally reduced model underestimates of sodium, chloride, and nitrate surface concentrations for coastal sites in the Bay Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (BRACE) near Tampa, Florida. Including SST dependency to the SSA emission parameterization led to increased sodium concentrations in the southeastern US and decreased concentrations along parts of the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> coast and northeastern US. The influence of sodium on the gas-particle partitioning of nitrate resulted in higher nitrate particle concentrations in many coastal urban areas due to increased condensation of nitric acid in the updated simulations, potentially affecting the predicted nitrogen deposition in sensitive ecosystems. Application of the updated SSA emissions to the California Research at the Nexus of <span class="hlt">Air</span> Quality and Climate Change (CalNex) study period resulted in a modest improvement in the predicted surface concentration of sodium and nitrate at several central and southern California coastal sites. This update of SSA emissions enabled a more realistic simulation of the atmospheric chemistry in coastal environments where marine <span class="hlt">air</span> mixes with urban pollution.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA00429.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA00429.html"><span>Hurricane Isabel, <span class="hlt">AIRS</span> Infrared and <span class="hlt">Sea</span>Winds Scatterometer Data Combined</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2003-09-20</p> <p>These two images show Hurricane Isabel as viewed by <span class="hlt">AIRS</span> and <span class="hlt">Sea</span>Winds scatterometers on NASA ADEOS-2 and QuikScat satellites in September, 2003. <span class="hlt">AIRS</span> data are used to create global three-dimensional maps of temperature, humidity and clouds, while scatterometers measure surface wind speed and direction. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00429</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA11710.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA11710.html"><span>Oscillation Rules as the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Cools</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2008-12-13</p> <p>The latest image of <span class="hlt">sea</span>-surface height measurements from NASA U.S./French Jason-1 oceanography satellite shows the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean remains locked in a strong, cool phase of the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Decadal Oscillation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JGRD..117.4307B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JGRD..117.4307B"><span>Shipboard measurements and modeling of the distribution of CH4 and 13CH4 in the western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bromley, T.; Allan, W.; Martin, R.; Mikaloff Fletcher, S. E.; Lowe, D. C.; Struthers, H.; Moss, R.</p> <p>2012-02-01</p> <p>We present observations of methane (CH4) mixing ratio and 13C/12C isotopic ratios in CH4 (δ13C) data from a collaborative shipboard project using bulk carrier ships sailing between Nelson, New Zealand, and Osaka, Japan, in the western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean. Measurements of the CH4 mixing ratio and δ13C in CH4were obtained from large clean-<span class="hlt">air</span> samples collected in each 2.5° to 5° of latitude between 30°S and 30°N on eight voyages from 2004 to 2007. The data show large variations in CH4 mixing ratio in the tropical western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>, and data analysis suggests that these large variations are related to the positions and strengths of the South <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Convergence Zone and the Intertropical Convergence Zone, with variability in the sources playing a much smaller role. These measurements are compared with results from a modified version of the Unified Model (UMeth) general circulation model along two <span class="hlt">transects</span>, one similar to the ship <span class="hlt">transects</span> and another 18.75° to the east. Although UMeth was run to a steady state with the same sources and sinks each year, the gradient structures varied considerably from year to year, supporting our conclusion that variability in transport is a major driver for the observed variations in CH4. Simulations forced with an idealized representation of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) suggest that a large component of the observed variability in latitudinal gradients of CH4 and its δ13C arises from intrinsic variability in the climate system that does not occur on ENSO time scales.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5646664','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5646664"><span>A new species of deep-<span class="hlt">sea</span> sponge-associated shrimp from the North-West <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> (Decapoda, Stenopodidea, Spongicolidae)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Xu, Peng; Zhou, Yadong; Wang, Chunsheng</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Abstract A new species of the deep-<span class="hlt">sea</span> spongicolid genus Spongicoloides Hansen, 1908 is described and illustrated based on material from the northwestern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. Spongicoloides weijiaensis sp. n. was found inside a hexactinellid sponge, Euplectella sp., sampled by the Chinese manned submersible “Jiaolong” at depths of 2279 m near the Weijia Guyot, in the Magellan Seamount Chain. The new species can be distinguished from all congeneric species by several morphological features, involving gill formula, spination of the carapace, antennal scale, third pereiopod, telson and uropod, posteroventral teeth of the pleura, and dactyli of the fourth and fifth pereiopods. An identification key to the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> species of Spongicoloides is provided. PMID:29089835</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFMOS41B..05D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFMOS41B..05D"><span>Gliders Measure Western Boundary Current Transport from the South <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> to the Equator</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Davis, R. E.; Kessler, W. S.; Sherman, J. T.</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>Since 2007, the Consortium on the Ocean's Role in Climate (CORC) has used repeated glider <span class="hlt">transects</span> across the southern Solomon <span class="hlt">Sea</span> to measure the previously nearly unsampled mass and heat transport from the South <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> to the equatorial zone. Mean transport is dominated by the New Guinea Coastal Undercurrent (NGCUC). This low-latitude western boundary current is a major element of the shallow meridional overturning circulation, returning water from the subtropical South <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> to the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) where it upwells. We find the mean NGCUC to be a jet less than 100 km wide, centered near 300 m depth, with equatorward velocities reaching 35 cm/s and salinity anomalies on isopycnals up to 0.05. Weaker poleward flow is found near the surface in the eastern basin. Equatorward transport above 700 m is typically 20 Sv, but nearly vanished during two La Niñas and reached 25 Sv during an El Niño. Within these events the seasonal cycle cannot yet be defined. Transport variability is strongest outside the boundary current and appears to consist of two independently moving layers with a boundary near 250 m. ENSO variability is predominantly in the upper layer. The relation of Solomon <span class="hlt">Sea</span> mass and heat transport with ENSO indicators will be discussed The ability to initiate and maintain measurements that support such quantitative analyses with a small effort in a remote site far from research institutions demonstrates that gliders can be a productive part of the global ocean observing system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA00556&hterms=warm&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3Dwarm','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA00556&hterms=warm&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3Dwarm"><span>Warm Ocean Temperatures Blanket the Far-Western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>These data, taken during a 10-day collection cycle ending March 9, 2001, show that above-normal <span class="hlt">sea</span>-surface heights and warmer ocean temperatures(indicated by the red and white areas) still blanket the far-western tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and much of the north (and south) mid-<span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. Red areas are about 10centimeters (4 inches) above normal; white areas show the <span class="hlt">sea</span>-surface height is between 14 and 32 centimeters (6 to 13 inches) above normal.<p/>This build-up of heat dominating the Western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> was first noted by TOPEX/Poseidon oceanographers more than two years ago and has outlasted the El Nino and La Nina events of the past few years. See: http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/elnino/990127.html . This warmth contrasts with the Bering <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, Gulf of Alaska and tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> where lower-than-normal <span class="hlt">sea</span> levels and cool ocean temperatures continue (indicated by blue areas). The blue areas are between 5 and 13centimeters (2 and 5 inches) below normal, whereas the purple areas range from 14 to 18 centimeters (6 to 7 inches) below normal. Actually, the near-equatorial ocean cooled through the fall of 2000 and into mid-winter and continues almost La Nina-like.<p/>Looking at the entire <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> basin, the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Decadal Oscillation's warm horseshoe and cool wedge pattern still dominates this <span class="hlt">sea</span>-level height image. Most recent National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) <span class="hlt">sea</span>-surface temperature data also clearly illustrate the persistence of this basin-wide pattern. They are available at http://psbsgi1.nesdis.noaa.gov:8080/PSB/EPS/SST/climo.html<p/>The U.S.-French TOPEX/Poseidon mission is managed by JPL for NASA's Earth Science Enterprise, Washington, D.C. JPL is a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. For more information on the TOPEX/Poseidon project, see: http://topex-www.jpl.nasa.gov</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ClDy..tmp..919P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ClDy..tmp..919P"><span>What drove the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and North America climate anomalies in winter 2014/15?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Peng, Peitao; Kumar, Arun; Hu, Zeng-Zhen</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>In late 2014 and early 2015, the canonical atmospheric response to the El Niño and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event was not observed in the central and eastern equatorial <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>, although Niño3.4 index exceeded the threshold for a weak El Niño. In an effort to understand why it was so, this study deconvoluted the observed 2014/15 December-January-February (DJF) mean <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature (SST), precipitation and 200 hPa stream function anomalies into the leading patterns related to the principal components of DJF SST variability. It is noted that the anomalies of these variables were primarily determined by the patterns related to two SST modes: one is the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> mode (NPM), and the other the ENSO mode. The NPM was responsible for the apparent lack of coupled <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> relationship in the central equatorial <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and the east-west structure of the circulation anomalies over North America, while the ENSO mode linked to SSTs in the central and eastern equatorial <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> as well as the circulation in the central equatorial <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. Further, the ENSO signal in DJF 2014/15 likely evolved from the NPM pattern in winter 2013/14. Its full development, however, was impeded by the easterly anomalies in the central equatorial <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> that was associated with negative SST anomalies in the southeastern subtropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. In addition, the analyses also indicates that the SST anomalies in the Niño3.4 region alone were not adequate for capturing the coupling of oceanic and atmospheric anomalies in the tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>, due to the fact that this index cannot distinguish whether the SST anomaly in the Niño3.4 region is associated with the ENSO mode or NPM, or both.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-10-27/pdf/2011-27848.pdf','FEDREG'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-10-27/pdf/2011-27848.pdf"><span>76 FR 66655 - Fisheries of the Exclusive Economic Zone Off Alaska; <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Cod and Octopus in the Bering <span class="hlt">Sea</span>...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR">Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-10-27</p> <p>... Octopus in the Bering <span class="hlt">Sea</span> and Aleutian Islands Management Area AGENCY: National Marine Fisheries Service... catch of octopus by vessels using pot gear to fish for <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> cod the BSAI. DATES: Effective 1200 hrs... and management measures prevent overfishing. The 2011 octopus overfishing level in the BSAI is 528...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeoRL..44.8520N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeoRL..44.8520N"><span>Are we near the predictability limit of tropical Indo-<span class="hlt">Pacific</span> <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperatures?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Newman, Matthew; Sardeshmukh, Prashant D.</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>The predictability of seasonal anomalies worldwide rests largely on the predictability of tropical <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature (SST) anomalies. Tropical forecast skill is also a key metric of climate models. We find, however, that despite extensive model development, the tropical SST forecast skill of the operational North American Multi-Model Ensemble (NMME) of eight coupled atmosphere-ocean models remains close both regionally and temporally to that of a vastly simpler linear inverse model (LIM) derived from observed covariances of SST, <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface height, and wind fields. The LIM clearly captures the essence of the predictable SST dynamics. The NMME and LIM skills also closely track and are only slightly lower than the potential skill estimated using the LIM's forecast signal-to-noise ratios. This suggests that the scope for further skill improvement is small in most regions, except in the western equatorial <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> where the NMME skill is currently much lower than the LIM skill.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A44C..08M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A44C..08M"><span>The Role of <span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> Coupling in the Response of Climate Extremes to Aerosols</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mahajan, S.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> interactions dominate the climate of surrounding regions and thus also modulate the climate response to local and remote aerosol forcings. To clearly isolate the role of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> coupling in the climate response to aerosols, we conduct experiments with a full complexity atmosphere model that is coupled to a series of ocean models progressively increasing in complexity. The ocean models range from a data ocean model with prescribed SSTs, to a slab ocean model that only allows thermodynamic interactions, to a full dynamic ocean model. In a preliminary study, we have conducted single forcing experiments with black carbon aerosols in an atmosphere GCM coupled to a data ocean model and a slab ocean model. We find that while black carbon aerosols can intensify mean and extreme summer monsoonal precipitation over the Indian sub-continent, <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> coupling can dramatically modulate this response. Black carbon aerosols in the vicinity of the Arabian <span class="hlt">Sea</span> result in an increase of <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperatures there in the slab ocean model, which intensify the low-level Somali Jet. The associated increase in moisture transport into Western India enhances the mean as well as extreme precipitation. In prescribed SST experiments, where SSTs are not allowed to respond BC aerosols, the response is muted. We will present results from a hierarchy of GCM simulations that investigate the role of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> coupling in the climate response to aerosols in more detail.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.A43C0283L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.A43C0283L"><span><span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> Exchange of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs) and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in the Mediterranean <span class="hlt">Sea</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lammel, G. P.; Heil, A.; Kukucka, P.; Meixner, F. X.; Mulder, M. D.; Prybilova, P.; Prokes, R.; Rusina, T. S.; Song, G. Z.; Vrana, B.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>The marine atmospheric environment is a receptor for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) which are advected from sources on land, primary, such as biomass burning by-products (PAHs, dioxins), and secondary, such as volatilization from contaminated soils (PCBs, pesticides). Primary sources do not exist in the marine environment, except for PAHs (ship engines) but following previous atmospheric deposition, the <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface may turn to a secondary source by reversal of diffusive <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> mass exchange. No monitoring is in place. We studied the vertical fluxes of a wide range of primary and secondary emitted POPs based on measurements in <span class="hlt">air</span> and surface seawater at a remote coastal site in the eastern Mediterranean (2012). To this end, silicon rubbers were used as passive water samplers, vertical concentration gradients were determined in <span class="hlt">air</span> and fluxes were quantified based on Eddy covariance. Diffusive <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> exchange fluxes of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and semivolatile PAHs were found close to phase equilibrium, except one PAH, retene, a wood burning tracer, was found seasonally net-volatilisational. Some PCBs, p,p'-DDE, penta- and hexachlorobenzene (PeCB, HCB) were mostly net-depositional, while PBDEs were net-volatilizational. Fluxes determined at a a remote coastal site ranged -33 - +2.4 µg m-2 d-1 for PAHs and -4.0 - +0.3 µg m-2 d-1for halogenated compounds (< 0 means net-deposition, > 0 means net-volatilization). It is concluded that nowadays in open <span class="hlt">seas</span> more pollutants are undergoing reversal of the direction of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> exchange. Recgional fire activity records in combination with box model simulations suggest that deposition of retene during summer is followed by a reversal of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> exchange. The seawater surface as secondary source of pollution should be assessed based on flux measurements across seasons and over longer time periods.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19790015445','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19790015445"><span>Estimation of mean <span class="hlt">sea</span> surfaces in the north Atlantic, the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and the Indian Ocean using GEOS-3 altimeter data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Marsh, J. G.; Martin, T. V.; Mccarthy, J. J.; Chovitz, P. S.</p> <p>1979-01-01</p> <p>The mean surfaces of several regions of the world's oceans were estimated using GEOS-3 altimeter data. The northwest Atlantic, the northeast <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> off the coast of California, the Indian Ocean, the southwest <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>, and the Phillipine <span class="hlt">Sea</span> are included. These surfaces have been oriented with respect to a common earth center-of-mass system by constraining the separate solutions to conform to precisely determined laser reference control orbits. The same reference orbits were used for all regions assuring continuity of the separate solutions. Radial accuracies of the control orbits were in the order of one meter. The altimeter measured <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface height crossover differences were minimized by the adjustment of tilt and bias parameters for each pass with the exception of laser reference control passes. The tilt and bias adjustments removed long wavelength errors which were primarily due to orbit error. Ocean tides were evaluated. The resolution of the estimated <span class="hlt">sea</span> surfaces varied from 0.25 degrees off the east coast of the United States to about 2 degrees in part of the Indian Ocean near Australia. The rms crossover discrepancy after adjustment varied from 30 cm to 70 cm depending upon geographic location. Comparisons of the altimeter derived mean <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface in the North Atlantic with the 5 feet x 5 feet GEM-8 detailed gravimetric geoid indicated a relative consistency of better than a meter.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSAH33A..03U','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSAH33A..03U"><span>Distribution of Nitrogen Compounds in Marine Aerosol and Their Deposition Over the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Uematsu, M.; Narita, Y.; Sun, S. Y.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>Nutrient supply to the ocean surface layer is an important factor controlling the marine ecosystem. The major paths of supplies of nutrients have been considered as those from nutrient-rich deep waters and riverine input, which is mostly taken up near the estuary region, but the nutrients transported through the atmosphere recognize to be important for the open ocean, where the nutrients are limiting primary productivity. Because of rapid economic development surrounding the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean, anthropogenic NOx emissions increased by 2-3 times during the past decades. This rapid increase of NOx emission causes a large amount of N deposition mostly in the form of nitrate and ammonium over ocean surfaces, and strongly impacts their marine ecosystems. Especially, biological N2 fixation, riverine input and atmospheric deposition contribute to support "new production" and affect CO2 <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> exchange. The concentration of nitrogen compounds in marine aerosol has been measured on the island stations and onboard of research vessels in the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean over a few decades. The temporal and spatial atmospheric distribution of water-soluble particulate nitrogen compounds is summarized in this study. As the transport of anthropogenic nitrogen compounds from land, high concentration is revealed over the marginal <span class="hlt">seas</span> in the western North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. Most of nitrate exists in the coarse aerosol associated with <span class="hlt">sea</span>-salt particle while ammonium exists in the fine particle and showing a good relationship with non-<span class="hlt">sea</span>-salt sulfate. This different particle size affects to estimate the deposition flux of nitrogen compounds to the ocean surface. Over the high primary productive areas such as the equatorial <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and the Southern Ocean, ammonia is released into the atmosphere and transported to other area. By wet and dry deposition, ammonium is removed to the ocean surface and modified the distribution of nitrogen compounds in the surface waters.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26975003','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26975003"><span><span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> exchange of gaseous mercury in the East China <span class="hlt">Sea</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wang, Chunjie; Ci, Zhijia; Wang, Zhangwei; Zhang, Xiaoshan</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>Two oceanographic cruises were carried out in the East China <span class="hlt">Sea</span> (ECS) during the summer and fall of 2013. The main objectives of this study are to identify the spatial-temporal distributions of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) in <span class="hlt">air</span> and dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) in surface seawater, and then to estimate the Hg(0) flux. The GEM concentration was lower in summer (1.61 ± 0.32 ng m(-3)) than in fall (2.20 ± 0.58 ng m(-3)). The back-trajectory analysis revealed that the <span class="hlt">air</span> masses with high GEM levels during fall largely originated from the land, while the <span class="hlt">air</span> masses with low GEM levels during summer primarily originated from ocean. The spatial distribution patterns of total Hg (THg), fluorescence, and turbidity were consistent with the pattern of DGM with high levels in the nearshore area and low levels in the open <span class="hlt">sea</span>. Additionally, the levels of percentage of DGM to THg (%DGM) were higher in the open <span class="hlt">sea</span> than in the nearshore area, which was consistent with the previous studies. The THg concentration in fall was higher (1.47 ± 0.51 ng l(-1)) than those of other open oceans. The DGM concentration (60.1 ± 17.6 pg l(-1)) and Hg(0) flux (4.6 ± 3.6 ng m(-2) h(-1)) in summer were higher than those in fall (DGM: 49.6 ± 12.5 pg l(-1) and Hg(0) flux: 3.6 ± 2.8 ng m(-2) h(-1)). The emission flux of Hg(0) from the ECS was estimated to be 27.6 tons yr(-1), accounting for ∼0.98% of the global Hg oceanic evasion though the ECS only accounts for ∼0.21% of global ocean area, indicating that the ECS plays an important role in the oceanic Hg cycle. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_17 --> <div id="page_18" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="341"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.B51B0037M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.B51B0037M"><span>Exploring the Biotic Pump Hypothesis along Non-linear <span class="hlt">Transects</span> in Tropical South America</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Molina, R.; Bettin, D. M.; Salazar, J. F.; Villegas, J. C.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Forests might actively transport atmospheric moisture from the oceans, according to the biotic pump of atmospheric moisture (BiPAM) hypothesis. The BiPAM hypothesis appears to be supported by the fact that precipitation drops exponentially with distance from ocean along non-forested land <span class="hlt">transects</span>, but not on their forested counterparts. Yet researchers have discussed the difficulty in defining proper <span class="hlt">transects</span> for BiPAM studies. Previous studies calculate precipitation gradients either along linear <span class="hlt">transects</span> maximizing distance to the ocean, or along polylines following specific atmospheric pathways (e.g., aerial rivers). In this study we analyzed precipitation gradients along curvilinear streamlines of wind in tropical South America. Wind streamlines were computed using long-term quarterly averages of meridional and zonal wind components from the ERA-Interim and NCEP/NCAR reanalyses. Total precipitation along streamlines was obtained from four data sources: TRMM, UDEL, ERA-Interim, and NCEP/NCAR. Precipitation on land versus distance from the ocean was analyzed along selected streamlines for each data source. As predicted by BiPAM, precipitation gradients did not decrease exponentially along streamlines in the vicinity of the Amazon forest, but dropped rapidly as distance from the forest increased. Remarkably, precipitation along streamlines in some areas outside the Amazon forest did not decrease exponentially either. This was possibly owing to convergence of moisture conveyed by low level jets (LLJs) in those areas (e.g., streamlines driven by the Caribbean and CHOCO jets on the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> coast of Colombia). Significantly, BiPAM held true even along long <span class="hlt">transects</span> displaying strong sinuosity. In fact, the general conclusions of previous studies remain valid. Yet effects of LLJs on precipitation gradients need to be thoroughly considered in future BiPAM studies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20000038141&hterms=models+linear&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dmodels%2Blinear','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20000038141&hterms=models+linear&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dmodels%2Blinear"><span>Comparison of TOPEX/Poseidon <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Level and Linear Model Results forced by Various Wind Products for the Tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hackert, Eric C.; Busalacchi, Antonio J.</p> <p>1997-01-01</p> <p>The goal of this paper is to compare TOPEX/Posaidon (T/P) <span class="hlt">sea</span> level with <span class="hlt">sea</span> level results from linear ocean model experiments forced by several different wind products for the tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. During the period of this study (October 1992 - October 1995), available wind products include satellite winds from the ERS-1 scatterometer product of [HALP 97] and the passive microwave analysis of SSMI winds produced using the variational analysis method (VAM) of [ATLA 91]. In addition, atmospheric GCM winds from the NCEP reanalysis [KALN 96], ECMWF analysis [ECMW94], and the Goddard EOS-1 (GEOS-1) reanalysis experiment [SCHU 93] are available for comparison. The observed ship wind analysis of FSU [STRI 92] is also included in this study. The linear model of [CANE 84] is used as a transfer function to test the quality of each of these wind products for the tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. The various wind products are judged by comparing the wind-forced model <span class="hlt">sea</span> level results against the T/P <span class="hlt">sea</span> level anomalies. Correlation and RMS difference maps show how well each wind product does in reproducing the T/P <span class="hlt">sea</span> level signal. These results are summarized in a table showing area average correlations and RMS differences. The large-scale low-frequency temporal signal is reproduced by all of the wind products, However, significant differences exist in both amplitude and phase on regional scales. In general, the model results forced by satellite winds do a better job reproducing the T/P signal (i.e. have a higher average correlation and lower RMS difference) than the results forced by atmospheric model winds.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19990009531','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19990009531"><span><span class="hlt">Sea</span>WiFS Postlaunch Technical Report Series. Volume 2; AMT-5 Cruise Report</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hooker, Stanford B. (Editor); Firestone, Elaine R. (Editor); Aiken, James; Cummings, Denise G.; Gibb, Stuart W.; Rees, Nigel W.; Woodd-Walker, Rachel; Woodward, E. Malcolm S.; Woolfenden, James; Berthon, Jean-Francois; <a style="text-decoration: none; " href="javascript:void(0); " onClick="displayelement('author_19990009531'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_19990009531_show'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_19990009531_hide'); "> <img style="display:inline; width:12px; height:12px; " src="images/arrow-up.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_19990009531_show"> <img style="width:12px; height:12px; display:none; " src="images/arrow-down.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_19990009531_hide"></p> <p>1998-01-01</p> <p>This report documents the scientific activities on board the Royal Research Ship (RRS) James Clark Ross (JCR) during the fifth Atlantic Meridional <span class="hlt">Transect</span> (AMT-5), 14 September to 17 October 1997. There are three objectives of the AMT Program. The first is to derive an improved understanding of the links between biogeochemical processes, biogenic gas exchange, <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interactions, and the effects on, and responses of, oceanic ecosystems to climate change. The second is to investigate the functional roles of biological particles and processes that influence ocean color in ecosystem dynamics. The Program relates directly to algorithm development and the validation of remotely-sensed observations of ocean color. Because the <span class="hlt">Sea</span>-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (<span class="hlt">Sea</span>WiFS) instrument achieved operational status during the cruise (on 18 September), AMT-5 was designated the <span class="hlt">Sea</span>WiFS Atlantic Characterization Experiment (<span class="hlt">Sea</span>ACE) and was the only major research cruise involved in the validation of <span class="hlt">Sea</span>WiFS data during the first 100 days of operations. The third objective involved the near-real time reporting of in situ light and pigment observations to the <span class="hlt">Sea</span>WiFS Project, so the performance of the satellite sensor could be determined.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988GeoRL..15...44K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988GeoRL..15...44K"><span>Chernobyl radioactivity found in mid-water sediment interceptors in the N. <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and Bering <span class="hlt">Sea</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kusakabe, M.; Ku, T.-L.; Harada, K.; Taguchi, K.; Tsunogai, S.</p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>Fission-product nuclides 134Cs, 137Cs and 103Ru originated from the Chernobyl accident have been detected in sediment traps deployed at mid-water depths ranging from 110 to 780 m in the N. <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and the Bering <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. The detected radioactivities, originally associated with fine airborne particles, have apparently been incorporated into much larger aggregates of predominantly biogenic material formed in the surface ocean, and transferred downward through the water column with velocities of the order of 100 m/day.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ACP....17.2593T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ACP....17.2593T"><span>Impacts of the July 2012 Siberian fire plume on <span class="hlt">air</span> quality in the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Northwest</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Teakles, Andrew D.; So, Rita; Ainslie, Bruce; Nissen, Robert; Schiller, Corinne; Vingarzan, Roxanne; McKendry, Ian; Macdonald, Anne Marie; Jaffe, Daniel A.; Bertram, Allan K.; Strawbridge, Kevin B.; Leaitch, W. Richard; Hanna, Sarah; Toom, Desiree; Baik, Jonathan; Huang, Lin</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>Biomass burning emissions emit a significant amount of trace gases and aerosols and can affect atmospheric chemistry and radiative forcing for hundreds or thousands of kilometres downwind. They can also contribute to exceedances of <span class="hlt">air</span> quality standards and have negative impacts on human health. We present a case study of an intense wildfire plume from Siberia that affected the <span class="hlt">air</span> quality across the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Northwest on 6-10 July 2012. Using satellite measurements (MODIS True Colour RGB imagery and MODIS AOD), we track the wildfire smoke plume from its origin in Siberia to the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Northwest where subsidence ahead of a subtropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> High made the plume settle over the region. The normalized enhancement ratios of O3 and PM1 relative to CO of 0.26 and 0.08 are consistent with a plume aged 6-10 days. The aerosol mass in the plume was mainly submicron in diameter (PM1 / PM2.5 = 0.96) and the part of the plume sampled at the Whistler High Elevation Monitoring Site (2182 m a.s.l.) was 88 % organic material. Stable atmospheric conditions along the coast limited the initial entrainment of the plume and caused local anthropogenic emissions to build up. A synthesis of <span class="hlt">air</span> quality from the regional surface monitoring networks describes changes in ambient O3 and PM2.5 during the event and contrasts them to baseline <span class="hlt">air</span> quality estimates from the AURAMS chemical transport model without wildfire emissions. Overall, the smoke plume contributed significantly to the exceedances in O3 and PM2.5 <span class="hlt">air</span> quality standards and objectives that occurred at several communities in the region during the event. Peak enhancements in 8 h O3 of 34-44 ppbv and 24 h PM2.5 of 10-32 µg m-3 were attributed to the effects of the smoke plume across the Interior of British Columbia and at the Whistler Peak High Elevation Site. Lesser enhancements of 10-12 ppbv for 8 h O3 and of 4-9 µg m-3 for 24 h PM2.5 occurred across coastal British Columbia and Washington State. The findings suggest that the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018QSRv..179..123P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018QSRv..179..123P"><span>Synoptic conditions of fine-particle transport to the last interglacial Red <span class="hlt">Sea</span>-Dead <span class="hlt">Sea</span> from Nd-Sr compositions of sediment cores</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Palchan, Daniel; Stein, Mordechai; Goldstein, Steven L.; Almogi-Labin, Ahuva; Tirosh, Ofir; Erel, Yigal</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>The sediments deposited at the depocenter of the Dead <span class="hlt">Sea</span> comprise high-resolution archive of hydrological changes in the lake's watershed and record the desert dust transport to the region. This paper reconstructs the dust transport to the region during the termination of glacial Marine Isotope Stage 6 (MIS 6; ∼135-129 ka) and the last interglacial peak period (MIS5e, ∼129-116 ka). We use chemical and Nd and Sr isotope compositions of fine detritus material recovered from sediment core drilled at the deepest floor of the Dead <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. The data is integrated with data achieved from cores drilled at the floor of the Red <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, thus, forming a Red <span class="hlt">Sea</span>-Dead <span class="hlt">Sea</span> <span class="hlt">transect</span> extending from the desert belt to the Mediterranean climate zone. The Dead <span class="hlt">Sea</span> accumulated flood sediments derived from three regional surface cover types: settled desert dust, mountain loess-soils and loess-soils filling valleys in the Dead <span class="hlt">Sea</span> watershed termed here "Valley Loess". The Valley Loess shows a distinct 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.7081 ± 1, inherited from dissolved detrital calcites that originate from dried waterbodies in the Sahara and are transported with the dust to the entire <span class="hlt">transect</span>. Our hydro-climate and synoptic conditions reconstruction illustrates the following history: During glacial period MIS6, Mediterranean cyclones governed the transport of Saharan dust and rains to the Dead <span class="hlt">Sea</span> watershed, driving the development of both mountain soils and Valley Loess. Then, at Heinrich event 11, dry western winds blew Saharan dust over the entire Red <span class="hlt">Sea</span> - Dead <span class="hlt">Sea</span> <span class="hlt">transect</span> marking latitudinal expansion of the desert belt. Later, when global <span class="hlt">sea</span>-level rose, the Dead <span class="hlt">Sea</span> watershed went through extreme aridity, the lake retreated, depositing salt and accumulating fine detritus of the Valley Loess. During peak interglacial MIS 5e, enhanced flooding activity flushed the mountain soils and fine detritus from all around the Dead <span class="hlt">Sea</span> and Red <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, marking a significant "contraction" of the desert belt</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010QSRv...29.1228H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010QSRv...29.1228H"><span>Intermediate and deep water mass distribution in the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> during the Last Glacial Maximum inferred from oxygen and carbon stable isotopes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Herguera, J. C.; Herbert, T.; Kashgarian, M.; Charles, C.</p> <p>2010-05-01</p> <p>Intermediate ocean circulation changes during the last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> have been linked with Northern Hemisphere climate through <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interactions, although the extent and the source of the variability of the processes forcing these changes are still not well resolved. The ventilated volumes and ages in the upper wind driven layer are related to the wind stress curl and surface buoyancy fluxes at mid to high latitudes in the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. In contrast, the deeper thermohaline layers are more effectively ventilated by direct atmosphere-<span class="hlt">sea</span> exchange during convective formation of Subantarctic Mode Waters (SAMW) and Antarctic Intermediate Waters (AAIW) in the Southern Ocean, the precursors of <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Intermediate Waters (PIW) in the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. Results reported here show a fundamental change in the carbon isotopic gradient between intermediate and deep waters during the LGM in the eastern North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> indicating a deepening of nutrient and carbon rich waters. These observations suggest changes in the source and nature of intermediate waters of Southern Ocean origin that feed PIW and enhanced ventilation processes in the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>, further affecting paleoproductivity and export patters in this basin. Furthermore, oxygen isotopic results indicate these changes may have been accomplished in part by changes in circulation affecting the intermediate depths during the LGM.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1614514V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1614514V"><span>CLIVAR-GSOP/GODAE Ocean Synthesis Inter-Comparison of Global <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> Fluxes From Ocean and Coupled Reanalyses</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Valdivieso, Maria</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>The GODAE OceanView and CLIVAR-GSOP ocean synthesis program has been assessing the degree of consistency between global <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> flux data sets obtained from ocean or coupled reanalyses (Valdivieso et al., 2014). So far, fifteen global <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> heat flux products obtained from ocean or coupled reanalyses have been examined: seven are from low-resolution ocean reanalyses (BOM PEODAS, ECMWF ORAS4, JMA/MRI MOVEG2, JMA/MRI MOVECORE, Hamburg Univ. GECCO2, JPL ECCOv4, and NCEP GODAS), five are from eddy-permitting ocean reanalyses developed as part of the EU GMES MyOcean program (Mercator GLORYS2v1, Reading Univ. UR025.3, UR025.4, UKMO Glo<span class="hlt">Sea</span>5, and CMCC C-GLORS), and the remaining three are couple reanalyses based on coupled climate models (JMA/MRI MOVE-C, GFDL ECDA and NCEP CFSR). The global heat closure in the products over the period 1993-2009 spanned by all data sets is presented in comparison with observational and atmospheric reanalysis estimates. Then, global maps of ensemble spread in the seasonal cycle, and of the Signal to Noise Ratio of interannual flux variability over the 17-yr common period are shown to illustrate the consistency between the products. We have also studied regional variability in the products, particularly at the OceanSITES project locations (such as, for instance, the TAO/TRITON and PIRATA arrays in the Tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and Atlantic, respectively). Comparisons are being made with other products such as OAFlux latent and sensible heat fluxes (Yu et al., 2008) combined with ISCCP satellite-based radiation (Zhang et al., 2004), the ship-based NOC2.0 product (Berry and Kent, 2009), the Large and Yeager (2009) hybrid flux dataset CORE.2, and two atmospheric reanalysis products, the ECMWF ERA-Interim reanalysis (referred to as ERAi, Dee et al., 2011) and the NCEP/DOE reanalysis R2 (referred to as NCEP-R2, Kanamitsu et al., 2002). Preliminary comparisons with the observational flux products from OceanSITES are also underway. References Berry, D</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRC..123.1502K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRC..123.1502K"><span>Reconstruction of Local <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Levels at South West <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Islands—A Multiple Linear Regression Approach (1988-2014)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kumar, V.; Melet, A.; Meyssignac, B.; Ganachaud, A.; Kessler, W. S.; Singh, A.; Aucan, J.</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>Rising <span class="hlt">sea</span> levels are a critical concern in small island nations. The problem is especially serious in the western south <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>, where the total <span class="hlt">sea</span> level rise over the last 60 years has been up to 3 times the global average. In this study, we aim at reconstructing <span class="hlt">sea</span> levels at selected sites in the region (Suva, Lautoka—Fiji, and Nouméa—New Caledonia) as a multilinear regression (MLR) of atmospheric and oceanic variables. We focus on <span class="hlt">sea</span> level variability at interannual-to-interdecadal time scales, and trend over the 1988-2014 period. Local <span class="hlt">sea</span> levels are first expressed as a sum of steric and mass changes. Then a dynamical approach is used based on wind stress curl as a proxy for the thermosteric component, as wind stress curl anomalies can modulate the thermocline depth and resultant <span class="hlt">sea</span> levels via Rossby wave propagation. Statistically significant predictors among wind stress curl, halosteric <span class="hlt">sea</span> level, zonal/meridional wind stress components, and <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature are used to construct a MLR model simulating local <span class="hlt">sea</span> levels. Although we are focusing on the local scale, the global mean <span class="hlt">sea</span> level needs to be adjusted for. Our reconstructions provide insights on key drivers of <span class="hlt">sea</span> level variability at the selected sites, showing that while local dynamics and the global signal modulate <span class="hlt">sea</span> level to a given extent, most of the variance is driven by regional factors. On average, the MLR model is able to reproduce 82% of the variance in island <span class="hlt">sea</span> level, and could be used to derive local <span class="hlt">sea</span> level projections via downscaling of climate models.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15.7728S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15.7728S"><span>Velocity model of the crust and upper mantle at the southern margin of the East European Craton (Azov <span class="hlt">Sea</span>-Crimea-Black <span class="hlt">Sea</span> area), DOBRE-2 & DOBRE'99 <span class="hlt">transect</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Starostenko, Vitaly; Janik, Tomasz; Stephenson, Randell; Gryn, Dmytro; Tolkunov, Anatoliy; Czuba, Wojciech; Środa, Piotr; Sydorenko, Grigoriy; Lysynchuk, Dmytro; Omelchenko, Victor; Grad, Marek; Guterch, Aleksander; Kolomiyets, Katerina; Thybo, Hans; Dannowski, Anke; Flűh, Ernst R.; Legostaeva, Olga</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>The southern part of the eastern European continental landmass consists mainly of a thick platform of Vendian and younger sediments overlying Precambrian basement, part of the East European Craton (EEC). The Scythian Platform (SP) lies between the EEC and the (mainly Alpine) deformed belt running from Dobrudja (Romania) to Crimea (Ukraine) and the Greater Caucasus (Russia), along the northern margin of the Black <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. Hard constraints on the Palaeozoic history on the SP are very sparse and little is known of its crustal structure in this area. The poster presents the seismic results of a multidisciplinary project that fills some of this gap. The project is called DOBRE-2 (as it forms a prolongation of the successful DOBRE project executed in 1999-2001). The main objectives of DOBRE-2 were to elucidate the deep-seated structure of the lithosphere and geodynamic setting of the shelf zones of the Azov and Black <span class="hlt">seas</span> and the Crimean peninsula and to study the deep controls on the structure of basement and sedimentary cover. DOBRE-2 traverses a number of major faults and suture zones separating the EEC from the SP, the Crimean Mountains, and the Black <span class="hlt">Sea</span> depression. Significant hydrocarbon reserves occur in the basins traversed by DOBRE-2. Deep seismic reflection profiling (30 second, Vibroseis) has been completed on a 100-km segment of the profile on the Azov massif (part of the Ukrainian Shield) as well as a 47-km segment in Crimea. These are complemented by refraction profiling on the shelf zones of the Azov (~53 km) and Black (~160 km) <span class="hlt">seas</span> and coincident near-vertical (CDP) in the Black <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, using a combination of onshore seismograph stations, ocean-bottom seismometers, onshore explosive energy sources (6 shot points), as well as ship-borne seismic acquisition. We present a 2-D seismic velocity model (Vp in the crust, depth to the Moho and depth to the intracrustal reflectors) along (~780 km) the DOBRE-2 & DOBRE'99 <span class="hlt">transect</span>. Our model extends the model published</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.B41A1923B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.B41A1923B"><span>Humidification of the Arctic: Effects of more open ocean water on land temperatures and tundra productivity along continental and maritime bioclimate <span class="hlt">transects</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bhatt, U. S.; Walker, D. A.; Raynolds, M. K.; Epstein, H. E.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Amplified Arctic warming linked to declining <span class="hlt">sea</span>-ice extent led to generally enhanced productivity of the tundra biome during the period 1982-2008. After about 2002, coinciding with a recent precipitous decline in <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice, large areas of the Arctic began showing reversals of previous positive productivity trends. To better understand these recent vegetation productivity declines and whether they are associated with differences in a general humidification of portions of the Arctic, we focus analysis on two <span class="hlt">transects</span> with ground information: the more continental North America Arctic <span class="hlt">Transect</span> (NAAT) and the more maritime Eurasia Arctic <span class="hlt">Transect</span> (EAT). We compare ground information with satellite-derived trends in open water, summer terrestrial temperatures, and vegetation greenness and changes in continentality of the two <span class="hlt">transects</span>, as indicated by the differences in the annual maximum and minimum mean monthly temperatures. Areas adjacent to perennial <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice along in the northern parts of the NAAT exhibit climates with positive trends in summer warmth, but negative greening trends, possibly due to soil drying. Southern parts of the NAAT in the vicinity of more open water show positive greenness trends. Along the EAT, cooling midsummer conditions and reduced greenness appear to be caused by cloudier conditions, and possibly later snow melt during the period of maximum potential photosynthesis. Ground-based environmental and vegetation data indicate that biomass, particularly moss biomass is much greater along the more maritime EAT, indicating a buffering effect of the vegetation that will act to damp productivity as humidification of the Arctic proceeds. This multi-scale analysis is one step in the direction of understanding the drivers of tundra vegetation productivity in the Arctic.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950031271&hterms=coriolis+effect&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dcoriolis%2Beffect','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950031271&hterms=coriolis+effect&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dcoriolis%2Beffect"><span><span class="hlt">Sea</span> breezes and advective effects in southwest James Bay</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Mckendry, Ian; Roulet, Nigel</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>Observations from a <span class="hlt">transect</span> extending 100 km inland during the Northern Wetlands Study (NOWES) in 1990 show that the <span class="hlt">sea</span> breeze develops on approximately 25% of days during summer and may penetrate up to 100 km inland on occasions. The <span class="hlt">sea</span> breeze exhibits a marked diurnal clockwise rotation as a result of the Coriolis effect along the unobstructed coastline. The marine advective effect is shown to depend on gradient wind direction. With northwesterly upper level flow the <span class="hlt">sea</span> breeze tends to be northeasterly in direction and is associated with decreased temperatures and vapor pressure deficits (VPD). With southwesterly upper level flow the <span class="hlt">sea</span> breeze tends to have a southeasterly direction and less effect on temperatures and VPD. This is attributed to shorter residence times of <span class="hlt">air</span> parcels over water. For two cases, Colorado State University mesoscale model simulations show good agreement with surface wind observations and suggest that under northwesterly gradient flow, Bowen ratios are increased in the onshore flow along western James Bay, while during southwesterly gradient flow these effects are negligible. These results have implications for the interpretation of local climate, ecology, and hydrology as well as land-based and airborne turbulent flux measurements made during NOWES.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28462990','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28462990"><span>Widespread Anthropogenic Nitrogen in Northwestern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean Sediment.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kim, Haryun; Lee, Kitack; Lim, Dhong-Il; Nam, Seung-Il; Kim, Tae-Wook; Yang, Jin-Yu T; Ko, Young Ho; Shin, Kyung-Hoon; Lee, Eunil</p> <p>2017-06-06</p> <p>Sediment samples from the East China and Yellow <span class="hlt">seas</span> collected adjacent to continental China were found to have lower δ 15 N values (expressed as δ 15 N = [ 15 N: 14 N sample / 15 N: 14 N <span class="hlt">air</span> - 1] × 1000‰; the sediment 15 N: 14 N ratio relative to the <span class="hlt">air</span> nitrogen 15 N: 14 N ratio). In contrast, the Arctic sediments from the Chukchi <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, the sampling region furthest from China, showed higher δ 15 N values (2-3‰ higher than those representing the East China and the Yellow <span class="hlt">sea</span> sediments). Across the sites sampled, the levels of sediment δ 15 N increased with increasing distance from China, which is broadly consistent with the decreasing influence of anthropogenic nitrogen (N ANTH ) resulting from fossil fuel combustion and fertilizer use. We concluded that, of several processes, the input of N ANTH appears to be emerging as a new driver of change in the sediment δ 15 N value in marginal <span class="hlt">seas</span> adjacent to China. The present results indicate that the effect of N ANTH has extended beyond the ocean water column into the deep sedimentary environment, presumably via biological assimilation of N ANTH followed by deposition. Further, the findings indicate that N ANTH is taking over from the conventional paradigm of nitrate flux from nitrate-rich deep water as the primary driver of biological export production in this region of the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6619612-midlatitude-atmosphere-ocean-interaction-during-el-nino-part-ii-northern-hemisphere-atmosphere','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6619612-midlatitude-atmosphere-ocean-interaction-during-el-nino-part-ii-northern-hemisphere-atmosphere"><span>Midlatitude atmosphere-ocean interaction during El Nino. Part II. The northern hemisphere atmosphere</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Alexander, M.A.</p> <p></p> <p>The influence of midlatitude <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interaction on the atmospheric anomalies associated with El Nino is investigated by coupling the Community Climate Model to a mixed-layer ocean model in the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. Prescribed El Nino conditions, warm <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperatures (SST) in the tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>, cause a southward displacement and strengthening of the Aleutian Low. This results in enhanced (reduced) advection of cold Asian <span class="hlt">air</span> over the west-central (northwest) <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and northward advection of warm <span class="hlt">air</span> over the eastern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. Allowing <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> feedback in the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> slightly modified the El Nino-induced near-surface wind, <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature, and precipitation anomalies. The anomalousmore » cyclonic circulation over the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> is more concentric and shifted slightly to the east in the coupled simulations. <span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> feedback also damped the <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature anomalies over most of the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and reduced the precipitation rate above the cold SST anomaly that develops in the central <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. The simulated North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> SST anomalies and the resulting Northern Hemisphere atmospheric anomalies are roughly one-third as large as those related to the prescribed El Nino conditions in a composite of five cases. The composite geopotential height anomalies associated with changes in the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> SSTs have an equivalent barotropic structure and range from -65 m to 50 m at the 200-mb level. Including <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> feedback in the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> tended to damp the atmospheric anomalies caused by the prescribed El Nino conditions in the tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. As a result, the zonally elongated geopotential height anomalies over the West <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> are reduced and shifted to the east. However, the atmospheric changes associated with the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> SST anomalies vary widely among the five cases.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1339881-changes-sea-salt-emissions-enhance-enso-variability','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1339881-changes-sea-salt-emissions-enhance-enso-variability"><span>Changes in <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Salt Emissions Enhance ENSO Variability</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Yang, Yang; Russell, Lynn M.; Lou, Sijia</p> <p></p> <p>Two 150-year pre-industrial simulations with and without interactive <span class="hlt">sea</span> salt emissions from the Community Earth System Model (CESM) are performed to quantify the interactions between <span class="hlt">sea</span> salt emissions and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Variations in <span class="hlt">sea</span> salt emissions over the tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean are affected by changing wind speed associated with ENSO variability. ENSO-induced interannual variations in <span class="hlt">sea</span> salt emissions result in decreasing (increasing) aerosol optical depth (AOD) by 0.03 over the equatorial central-eastern (western) <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean during El Niño events compared to those during La Niña events. These changes in AOD further increase (decrease) radiative fluxes into the atmospheremore » by +0.2 W m -2 (-0.4 W m -2) over the tropical eastern (western) <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. Thereby, <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature increases (decreases) by 0.2–0.4 K over the tropical eastern (western) <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean during El Niño compared to La Niña events and enhances ENSO variability by 10%. The increase in ENSO amplitude is a result of systematic heating (cooling) during the warm (cold) phase, of ENSO in the eastern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. Interannual variations in <span class="hlt">sea</span> salt emissions then produce the anomalous ascent (subsidence) over the equatorial eastern (western) <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> between El Niño and La Niña events, which is a result of heating anomalies. Due to variations in <span class="hlt">sea</span> salt emissions, the convective precipitation is enhanced by 0.6–1.2 mm day -1 over the tropical central-eastern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean and weakened by 0.9–1.5 mm day -1 over the Maritime Continent during El Niño compared to La Niña events, enhancing the precipitation variability over the tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFMOS54A..01S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFMOS54A..01S"><span>Deglacial 'ping-pong' between East Asian Monsoon, North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Meridional Overturning Circulation, and sediment dynamics along the deep northern South China <span class="hlt">Sea</span> margin</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sarnthein, M.</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>On the basis of marine and speleothem paleoclimate records it is widely accepted that the East Asian summer monsoon was strongly reduced during Heinrich stadial 1 (HS-1) such as during preceding stadials. Accordingly, Eastern Asia suffered from severe aridity from 17.4 - 14.7 ka, when all great Asian rivers from the Mekong in the south up to the Amur in the north almost ceased flowing into the Western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. Today, the modern freshwater input of these rivers sums up to approx. 0.165 Sverdrups (in addition to the river discharge from Canada and Alaska), a flow possibly similar to the meltwater outbreaks that induced Atlantic Heinrich stadials. The East Asian freshwater feeds the Kuroshio/Oyashio Currents which act as "rain gutter" and finally discharge the freshwater up to the subarctic North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> (sensu Emile-Geay, et al., 2003). Indeed, the great reduction in both the fluvial freshwater discharge and the direct monsoon precipitation over the N.W. <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> during HS-1 matched a significant rise in <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface salinity in the subarctic North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. Most important, it was precisely coeval with a thousand-year long pulse of North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> deep-water convection down to >3600 m water depth. This event obviously reflects a direct response to the great reduction in East Asian monsoon precipitation and is inferred from a major reduction of planktic reservoir ages from 1150 to 300 yr in the northwest <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and in particular, from an abrupt reduction of benthic ventilation ages by 1500 yr and a prominent minimum in bottom water alkalinity inferred from minimum delta11B, that suggests intensive vertical downmixing. The ventilated North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> deep waters, in turn, probably formed a western boundary current per analogy to that along the modern West Atlantic margin and finally entered the South China <span class="hlt">Sea</span> with a lag of centuries. Today the track of the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> inflow can be traced along the northern margin of the South China <span class="hlt">Sea</span> near 2000 m water depth by means of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA617029','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA617029"><span>Radar Remote Sensing of Ice and <span class="hlt">Sea</span> State and <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> Interaction in the Marginal Ice Zone</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-09-30</p> <p>1 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Radar Remote Sensing of Ice and <span class="hlt">Sea</span> State and <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span>...Interaction in the Marginal Ice Zone Hans C. Graber RSMAS – Department of Ocean Sciences Center for Southeastern Tropical Advanced Remote Sensing...scattering and attenuation process of ocean waves interacting with ice . A nautical X-band radar on a vessel dedicated to science would be used to follow the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1123/ofr20151123.pdf','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1123/ofr20151123.pdf"><span>User’s guide to the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Pelagic Seabird Database 2.0</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Drew, Gary S.; Piatt, John F.; Renner, Martin</p> <p>2015-07-13</p> <p>The North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Pelagic Seabird Database (NPPSD) was created in 2005 to consolidate data on the oceanic distribution of marine bird species in the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. Most of these data were collected on surveys by counting species within defined areas and at known locations (that is, on strip <span class="hlt">transects</span>). The NPPSD also contains observations of other bird species and marine mammals. The original NPPSD combined data from 465 surveys conducted between 1973 and 2002, primarily in waters adjacent to Alaska. These surveys included 61,195 sample <span class="hlt">transects</span> with location, environment, and metadata information, and the data were organized in a flat-file format. In developing NPPSD 2.0, our goals were to add new datasets, to make significant improvements to database functionality and to provide the database online. NPPSD 2.0 includes data from a broader geographic range within the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>, including new observations made offshore of the Russian Federation, Japan, Korea, British Columbia (Canada), Oregon, and California. These data were imported into a relational database, proofed, and structured in a common format. NPPSD 2.0 contains 351,674 samples (<span class="hlt">transects</span>) collected between 1973 and 2012, representing a total sampled area of 270,259 square kilometers, and extends the time series of samples in some areas—notably the Bering Sea—to four decades. It contains observations of 16,988,138 birds and 235,545 marine mammals and is available on the NPPSD Web site. Supplementary materials include an updated set of standardized taxonomic codes, reference maps that show the spatial and temporal distribution of the survey efforts and a downloadable query tool.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.micropress.org/stratigraphy/','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="http://www.micropress.org/stratigraphy/"><span>Mid-Piacenzian <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature record from ODP Site 1115 in the western equatorial <span class="hlt">Pacific</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Stoll, Danielle</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Planktic foraminifer assemblages and alkenone unsaturation ratios have been analyzed for the mid-Piacen-zian (3.3 to 2.9 Ma) section of Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1115B, located in the western equatorial <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> off the coast of New Guinea. Cold and warm season <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature (SST) estimates were determined using a modern analog technique. ODP Site 1115 is located just south of the transition between the planktic foraminifer tropical and subtropical faunal provinces and approximates the southern boundary of the western equatorial <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> (WEP) warm pool. Comparison of the faunal and alkenone SST estimates (presented here) with an existing nannofossil climate proxy shows similar trends. Results of this analysis show increased seasonal variability during the middle of the sampled section (3.22 to 3.10 Ma), suggesting a possible northward migration of both the subtropical faunal province and the southern boundary of the WEP warm pool.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.6290W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.6290W"><span>Relationship between the intraseasonal IPCO and tropical cyclogenesis over the Indo-western North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> during summertime</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Qiuyun; Li, Jianping; Li, Yanjie; Zhang, Jingwen</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>The influence of the intraseasonal Indo-western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> convection oscillation (IPCO) on the tropical cyclone (TC) genesis location and frequency over the Indo-western North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> during the summertime (MaytOctober) is explored in this paper. Observational analysis shows that the impacts of the intraseasonal IPCO on TCs over the Indo-western North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> features in evident "locational phase lock of TC genesis" and distinct differences in TC frequency. In term of the WNP, when the intraseasonal IPCO is positive phase, there tends to be much more TCs, especially in the South China <span class="hlt">Sea</span> (SCS), and more TCs generate in the west of the WNP and lower latitude (around 5°-20°N); vice versa. At the positive intraseasonal IPCO phase, the atmosphere gains heat through both <span class="hlt">sea-air</span> interaction and the latent heat release of cumulus convective condensation, and the anomalous cyclonic circulation weakens the western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> subtropical high (WPSH), these conditions do favor the TC genesis. Moreover, the shrinking WPSH, the enhanced heat transfer from <span class="hlt">sea</span> to <span class="hlt">air</span> at the lower latitude as well as the westward shifts of heating center and anomalous cyclonic circulation lock TC genesis locations in the west of the WNP and lower latitude. The opposite situation occurs at negative phase. As for the North Indian Ocean (NIO), the TC genesis locations at the positive intraseasonal IPCO phase mainly situate in 13°-20°N and distribute closer to Indian Peninsula, particularly in the Arabian <span class="hlt">Sea</span> (ARB), in contrast, the spatial distribution is more dispersed at the negative intraseasonal IPCO phase. However, the total TC frequencies at two intraseasonal IPCO phases are similar. These features come largely from the differences in the area featuring conditions between the northern and southern regions of 13°N in the NIO: at the positive intraseasonal IPCO phase, to the northern region of 13°N, the environmental conditions are similar to the case of the WNP except without the WPSH</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_18 --> <div id="page_19" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="361"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1811365W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1811365W"><span>Impacts of South East Biomass Burning on local <span class="hlt">air</span> quality in South China <span class="hlt">Sea</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wai-man Yeung, Irene; Fat Lam, Yun; Eniolu Morakinyo, Tobi</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Biomass burning is a significant source of carbon monoxide and particulate matter, which is not only contribute to the local <span class="hlt">air</span> pollution, but also regional <span class="hlt">air</span> pollution. This study investigated the impacts of biomass burning emissions from Southeast Asia (<span class="hlt">SEA</span>) as well as its contribution to the local <span class="hlt">air</span> pollution in East and South China <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, including Hong Kong and Taiwan. Three years (2012 - 2014) of the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian-Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) with particles dispersion analyses using NCEP (Final) Operational Global Analysis data (FNL) data (2012 - 2014) were analyzed to track down all possible long-range transport from <span class="hlt">SEA</span> with a sinking motion that worsened the surface <span class="hlt">air</span> quality (tropospheric downwash from the free troposphere). The major sources of <span class="hlt">SEA</span> biomass burning emissions were first identified using high fire emissions from the Global Fire Emission Database (GFED), followed by the HYSPLIT backward trajectory dispersion modeling analysis. The analyses were compared with the local observation data from Tai Mo Shan (1,000 msl) and Tap Mun (60 msl) in Hong Kong, as well as the data from Lulin mountain (2,600 msl) in Taiwan, to assess the possible impacts of <span class="hlt">SEA</span> biomass burning on local <span class="hlt">air</span> quality. The correlation between long-range transport events from the particles dispersion results and locally observed <span class="hlt">air</span> quality data indicated that the background concentrations of ozone, PM2.5 and PM10 at the surface stations were enhanced by 12 μg/m3, 4 μg/m3 and 7 μg/m3, respectively, while the long-range transport contributed to enhancements of 4 μg/m3, 4 μg/m3 and 8 μg/m3 for O3, PM2.5 and PM10, respectively at the lower free atmosphere.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22536842','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22536842"><span>Re-creating missing population baselines for <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> reef sharks.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nadon, Marc O; Baum, Julia K; Williams, Ivor D; McPherson, Jana M; Zgliczynski, Brian J; Richards, Benjamin L; Schroeder, Robert E; Brainard, Russell E</p> <p>2012-06-01</p> <p>Sharks and other large predators are scarce on most coral reefs, but studies of their historical ecology provide qualitative evidence that predators were once numerous in these ecosystems. Quantifying density of sharks in the absence of humans (baseline) is, however, hindered by a paucity of pertinent time-series data. Recently researchers have used underwater visual surveys, primarily of limited spatial extent or nonstandard design, to infer negative associations between reef shark abundance and human populations. We analyzed data from 1607 towed-diver surveys (>1 ha <span class="hlt">transects</span> surveyed by observers towed behind a boat) conducted at 46 reefs in the central-western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean, reefs that included some of the world's most pristine coral reefs. Estimates of shark density from towed-diver surveys were substantially lower (<10%) than published estimates from surveys along small <span class="hlt">transects</span> (<0.02 ha), which is not consistent with inverted biomass pyramids (predator biomass greater than prey biomass) reported by other researchers for pristine reefs. We examined the relation between the density of reef sharks observed in towed-diver surveys and human population in models that accounted for the influence of oceanic primary productivity, <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature, reef area, and reef physical complexity. We used these models to estimate the density of sharks in the absence of humans. Densities of gray reef sharks (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos), whitetip reef sharks (Triaenodon obesus), and the group "all reef sharks" increased substantially as human population decreased and as primary productivity and minimum <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature (or reef area, which was highly correlated with temperature) increased. Simulated baseline densities of reef sharks under the absence of humans were 1.1-2.4/ha for the main Hawaiian Islands, 1.2-2.4/ha for inhabited islands of American Samoa, and 0.9-2.1/ha for inhabited islands in the Mariana Archipelago, which suggests that density of reef sharks</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E%26PSL.492....1Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E%26PSL.492....1Y"><span>Cenozoic lithospheric deformation in Northeast Asia and the rapidly-aging <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Plate</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yang, Ting; Moresi, Louis; Zhao, Dapeng; Sandiford, Dan; Whittaker, Joanne</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>Northeast Asia underwent widespread rifting and magmatic events during the Cenozoic. The geodynamic origins of these tectonic events are often linked to <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> plate subduction beneath Northeast Asia. However, the Japan <span class="hlt">Sea</span> did not open until the late Oligocene, tens of millions of years after <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Plate subduction initiation in the Paleocene. Moreover, it is still not clear why the Baikal Rift Zone extension rate increased significantly after the late Miocene, while the Japan <span class="hlt">Sea</span> opening ceased at the same time. Geodynamic models suggest these enigmatic events are related to the rapidly-aging <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Plate at the trench after Izanagi-<span class="hlt">Pacific</span> spreading ridge subduction. Subduction of the young <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Plate delayed the Japan <span class="hlt">Sea</span> opening during the Eocene while advection of the old <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Plate towards the trench increases seafloor age rapidly, allowing the Japan <span class="hlt">Sea</span> to open after the early Miocene. The Japan <span class="hlt">Sea</span> opening promotes fast trench retreat and slab stagnation, with subduction-induced wedge zone convection gradually increasing its extent during this process. The active rifting center associated with wedge zone convection upwelling also shifts inland-ward during slab stagnation, preventing further Japan <span class="hlt">Sea</span> spreading while promoting the Baikal Rift Zone extension. Our geodynamic model provides a good explanation for the temporal-spatial patterns of the Cenozoic tectonic and magmatic events in Northeast Asia.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1911226C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1911226C"><span>Global warming and tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature: Why models and observations do not agree</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Coats, Sloan; Karnauskas, Kristopher</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>The pattern of <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature (SST) in the tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean provides an important control on global climate, necessitating an understanding of how this pattern will change in response to anthropogenic radiative forcing. State-of-the-art climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) overwhelmingly project a decrease in the tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> zonal SST gradient over the coming century. This decrease is, in part, a response of the ocean to a weakening Walker circulation in the CMIP5 models, a consequence of the mass and energy balances of the hydrologic cycle identified by Held and Soden (2006). CMIP5 models, however, are not able to reproduce the observed increase in the zonal SST gradient between 1900-2013 C.E., which we argue to be robust using advanced statistical techniques and new observational datasets. While this increase is suggestive of the ocean dynamical thermostat mechanism of Clement et al. (1996), we provide evidence that a strengthening Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) also contributes to eastern equatorial <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> cooling. Importantly, the strengthening EUC is a response of the ocean to a weakening Walker circulation and thus can help to reconcile the range of opposing theories and observations of anthropogenic climate change in the tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean. Because of a newly identified bias in their simulation of equatorial coupled atmosphere-ocean dynamics, however, CMIP5 models do not capture the magnitude of the response of the EUC to anthropogenic radiative forcing. Consequently, they project a continuation of the opposite to what has been observed in the real world, with potentially serious consequences for projected climate impacts that are influenced by the tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.A44E..01F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.A44E..01F"><span>Biogeochemical linkage between atmosphere and ocean in the eastern equatorial <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean: Results from the EqPOS research cruise</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Furutani, H.; Inai, Y.; Aoki, S.; Honda, H.; Omori, Y.; Tanimoto, H.; Iwata, T.; Ueda, S.; Miura, K.; Uematsu, M.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>Eastern equatorial <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean is a unique oceanic region from several biogeochemical points of view. It is a remote open ocean with relatively high marine biological activity, which would result in limited influence of human activity but enhanced effect of marine natural processes on atmospheric composition. It is also characterized as high nutrient low chlorophyll (HNLC) ocean, in which availability of trace metals such as iron and zinc limits marine primary production and thus atmospheric deposition of these trace elements to the ocean surface is expected to play an important role in regulating marine primary production and defining unique microbial community. High <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature in the region generates strong vertical <span class="hlt">air</span> convection which efficiently brings tropospheric atmospheric composition into stratosphere. In this unique eastern equatorial <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean, EqPOS (Equatorial <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean and Stratospheric/Tropospheric Atmospheric Study) research cruise was organized as a part of SOLAS Japan activity to understand biogeochemical ocean-atmospheric interaction in the region. Coordinated atmospheric, oceanic, and marine biological observations including sampling/characterization of thin <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interfacial layer (<span class="hlt">sea</span> surface microlayer: SML) and launching large stratospheric <span class="hlt">air</span> sampling balloons were carried out on-board R/V Hakuho Maru starting from 29 January for 39 days. Biogeochemically important trace/long-lived gases such as CO2, dimethyl sulfide (DMS), and some volatile organic carbons (VOCs) both in the atmosphere and seawater were continuously monitored and their <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> fluxes were also observed using gradient and eddy-covariance techniques. Atmospheric gas measurement of CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, CO, H2, Ar and isotopic composition of selected gases were further extended to stratospheric <span class="hlt">air</span> by balloon-born sampling in addition to a vertical profiling of O3, CO2, and H2O with sounding sondes. Physical and chemical properties of marine</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170000762','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170000762"><span>Identifying Stratospheric <span class="hlt">Air</span> Intrusions and Associated Hurricane-Force Wind Events over the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Malloy, Kelsey; Folmer, Michael J.; Phillips, Joseph; Sienkiewicz, Joseph M.; Berndt, Emily</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Motivation: Ocean data is sparse: reliance on satellite imagery for marine forecasting; Ocean Prediction Center (OPC) –“mariner’s weather lifeline”. Responsible for: <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>, Atlantic, <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Alaska surface analyses –24, 48, 96 hrs.; Wind & wave analyses –24, 48, 96 hrs.; Issue warnings, make decisions, Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite –R Series (now GOES-16), Compared to the old GOES: 3 times spectral resolution, 4 times spatial resolution, 5 times faster coverage; Comparable to Japanese Meteorological Agency’s Himawari-8, used a lot throughout this research. Research Question: How can integrating satellite data imagery and derived products help forecasters improve prognosis of rapid cyclogenesis and hurricane-force wind events? Phase I –Identifying stratospheric <span class="hlt">air</span> intrusions: Water Vapor –6.2, 6.9, 7.3 micron channels; Airmass RGB Product; <span class="hlt">AIRS</span>, IASI, NUCAPS total column ozone and ozone anomaly; ASCAT (A/B) and AMSR-2 wind data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.C31B0741W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.C31B0741W"><span><span class="hlt">Sea</span> Ice Evolution in the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Arctic by Selected CMIP5 Models: the Present and the Future</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, M.; Yang, Q.; Overland, J. E.; Stabeno, P. J.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>With fast declining of <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice cover in the Arctic, the timing of <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice break-up and freeze-up is an urgent economic, social and scientific issue. Based on daily <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice concentration data we assess three parameters: the dates of <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice break-up and freeze-up and the annual <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice duration in the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Arctic. The <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice duration is shrinking, with the largest trend during the past decade (1990-2015); this declining trend will continue based on CMIP5 model projections. The seven CMIP5 models used in current study are able to simulate all three parameters well when compared with observations. Comparisons made at eight Chukchi <span class="hlt">Sea</span> mooring sites and the eight Distributed Biological Observatory (DBO) boxes show consistent results as well. The 30-year averaged trend for annual <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice duration is projected to be -0.68 days/year to -1.2 days/year for 2015-2044. This is equivalent 20 to 36 days reduction in the annual <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice duration. A similar magnitude of the negative trend is also found at all eight DBO boxes. The reduction in annual <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice duration will include both earlier break-up dates and later freeze-up date. However, models project that a later freeze-up contributes more than early break-up to the overall shortening of annual <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice duration. Around the Bering Strait future changes are the smallest, with less than 20-days change in duration during next 30 years. Upto 60 days reduction of the <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice duration is projected for the decade of 2030-2044 in the East Siberia, the Chukchi and the Beaufort <span class="hlt">Seas</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015CG.....77...77D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015CG.....77...77D"><span>Spatio-temporal visualization of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 flux and carbon budget using volume rendering</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Du, Zhenhong; Fang, Lei; Bai, Yan; Zhang, Feng; Liu, Renyi</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>This paper presents a novel visualization method to show the spatio-temporal dynamics of carbon sinks and sources, and carbon fluxes in the ocean carbon cycle. The <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> carbon budget and its process of accumulation are demonstrated in the spatial dimension, while the distribution pattern and variation of CO2 flux are expressed by color changes. In this way, we unite spatial and temporal characteristics of satellite data through visualization. A GPU-based direct volume rendering technique using half-angle slicing is adopted to dynamically visualize the released or absorbed CO2 gas with shadow effects. A data model is designed to generate four-dimensional (4D) data from satellite-derived <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 flux products, and an out-of-core scheduling strategy is also proposed for on-the-fly rendering of time series of satellite data. The presented 4D visualization method is implemented on graphics cards with vertex, geometry and fragment shaders. It provides a visually realistic simulation and user interaction for real-time rendering. This approach has been integrated into the Information System of Ocean Satellite Monitoring for <span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> CO2 Flux (IssCO2) for the research and assessment of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 flux in the China <span class="hlt">Seas</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFM.A54A..05M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFM.A54A..05M"><span>Gulf of Mexico <span class="hlt">Air/Sea</span> Interaction: Measurements and Initial Data Characterization</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>MacDonald, C.; Huang, C. H.; Roberts, P. T.; Bariteau, L.; Fairall, C. W.; Gibson, W.; Ray, A.</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>Corporate, government, and university researchers collaborated to develop an atmospheric boundary layer environmental observations program on an offshore platform in the Gulf of Mexico. The primary goals of this project were to provide data to (1) improve our understanding of boundary layer processes and <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interaction over the Gulf of Mexico; (2) improve regional-scale meteorological and <span class="hlt">air</span> quality modeling; and (3) provide a framework for advanced offshore measurements to support future needs such as emergency response, exploration and lease decisions, wind energy research and development, and meteorological and <span class="hlt">air</span> quality forecasting. In October 2010, meteorological and oceanographic sensors were deployed for an extended period (approximately 12 months) on a Chevron service platform (ST 52B, 90.5W, 29N) to collect boundary layer and <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface data sufficient to support these objectives. This project has significant importance given the large industrial presence in the Gulf, sizeable regional population nearby, and the recognized need for precise and timely pollutant forecasts. Observations from this project include surface meteorology; sodar marine boundary layer winds; microwave radiometer profiles of temperature, relative humidity, and liquid water; ceilometer cloud base heights; water temperature and current profiles; <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature; wave height statistics; downwelling solar and infrared radiation; and <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> turbulent momentum and heat fluxes. This project resulted in the collection of an unprecedented set of boundary layer measurements over the Gulf of Mexico that capture the range of meteorological and oceanographic interactions and processes that occur over an entire year. This presentation will provide insight into the logistical and scientific issues associated with the deployment and operations of unique measurements in offshore areas and provide results from an initial data analysis of boundary layer processes over the Gulf of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16.2784W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16.2784W"><span>Sustained Observations of <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> Fluxes and <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> Interaction at the Stratus Ocean Reference Station</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Weller, Robert</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>Since October 2000, a well-instrumented surface mooring has been maintained some 1,500 km west of the coast of northern Chile, roughly in the location of the climatological maximum in marine stratus clouds. Statistically significant increases in wind stress and decreases in annual net <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> heat flux and in latent heat flux have been observed. If the increased oceanic heat loss continues, the region will within the next decade change from one of net annual heat gain by the ocean to one of neat annual heat loss. Already, annual evaporation of about 1.5 m of <span class="hlt">sea</span> water a year acts to make the warm, salty surface layer more dense. Of interest is examining whether or not increased oceanic heat loss has the potential to change the structure of the upper ocean and potentially remove the shallow warm, salty mixed layer that now buffers the atmosphere from the interior ocean. Insights into how that warm, shallow layer is formed and maintained come from looking at oceanic response to the atmosphere at diurnal tie scales. Restratification each spring and summer is found to depend upon the occurrence of events in which the trade winds decay, allowing diurnal warming in the near-surface ocean to occur, and when the winds return resulting in a net upward step in <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature. This process is proving hard to accurately model.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Natur.441...73V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Natur.441...73V"><span>Weakening of tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> atmospheric circulation due to anthropogenic forcing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vecchi, Gabriel A.; Soden, Brian J.; Wittenberg, Andrew T.; Held, Isaac M.; Leetmaa, Ants; Harrison, Matthew J.</p> <p>2006-05-01</p> <p>Since the mid-nineteenth century the Earth's surface has warmed, and models indicate that human activities have caused part of the warming by altering the radiative balance of the atmosphere. Simple theories suggest that global warming will reduce the strength of the mean tropical atmospheric circulation. An important aspect of this tropical circulation is a large-scale zonal (east-west) overturning of <span class="hlt">air</span> across the equatorial <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean-driven by convection to the west and subsidence to the east-known as the Walker circulation. Here we explore changes in tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> circulation since the mid-nineteenth century using observations and a suite of global climate model experiments. Observed Indo-<span class="hlt">Pacific</span> <span class="hlt">sea</span> level pressure reveals a weakening of the Walker circulation. The size of this trend is consistent with theoretical predictions, is accurately reproduced by climate model simulations and, within the climate models, is largely due to anthropogenic forcing. The climate model indicates that the weakened surface winds have altered the thermal structure and circulation of the tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean. These results support model projections of further weakening of tropical atmospheric circulation during the twenty-first century.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140006601','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140006601"><span>Arctic <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Ice Freeboard from Icebridge Acquisitions in 2009: Estimates and Comparisons with ICEsat</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Kwok, R.; Cunningham, Glenn F.; Manizade, S. S.; Krabill, W. B.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>During the spring of 2009, the Airborne Topographic Mapper (ATM) system on the IceBridge mission acquired cross-basin surveys of surface elevations of Arctic <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice. In this paper, the total freeboard derived from four 2000 km <span class="hlt">transects</span> are examined and compared with those from the 2009 ICESat campaign. Total freeboard, the sum of the snow and ice freeboards, is the elevation of the <span class="hlt">air</span>-snow interface above the local <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface. Prior to freeboard retrieval, signal dependent range biases are corrected. With data from a near co-incident outbound and return track on 21 April, we show that our estimates of the freeboard are repeatable to within 4 cm but dependent locally on the density and quality of <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface references. Overall difference between the ATM and ICESat freeboards for the four <span class="hlt">transects</span> is 0.7 (8.5) cm (quantity in bracket is standard deviation), with a correlation of 0.78 between the data sets of one hundred seventy-eight 50 km averages. This establishes a level of confidence in the use of ATM freeboards to provide regional samplings that are consistent with ICESat. In early April, mean freeboards are 41 cm and 55 cm over first year and multiyear <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice (MYI), respectively. Regionally, the lowest mean ice freeboard (28 cm) is seen on 5 April where the flight track sampled the large expanse of seasonal ice in the western Arctic. The highest mean freeboard (71 cm) is seen in the multiyear ice just west of Ellesmere Island from 21 April. The relatively large unmodeled variability of the residual <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface resolved by ATM elevations is discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013DSRII..96...13W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013DSRII..96...13W"><span>The distribution and diversity of <span class="hlt">sea</span> cucumbers in the coral reefs of the South China <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, Sulu <span class="hlt">Sea</span> and Sulawesi <span class="hlt">Sea</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Woo, Sau Pinn; Yasin, Zulfigar; Ismail, Siti Hasmah; Tan, Shau Hwai</p> <p>2013-11-01</p> <p>A study on the distribution and diversity of <span class="hlt">sea</span> cucumbers in the coral reefs of the South China <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, Sulu <span class="hlt">Sea</span> and Sulawesi <span class="hlt">Sea</span> was carried out in July 2009. The survey was done using wandering <span class="hlt">transect</span> underwater with SCUBA. Twelve species of <span class="hlt">sea</span> cucumber were found from four different families and nine genera. The most dominant family was Holothuriidae (five species), followed by Stichopodidae (three species), Synaptidae (three species) and Cucumariidae with only one species. The most dominant species found around the island was Pearsonothuria graffei, which can be found abundantly on substrate of dead corals in a wide range of depth (6-15 m). The Sulawesi <span class="hlt">Sea</span> showed a higher diversity of <span class="hlt">sea</span> cucumber with seven different species compared to the South China <span class="hlt">Sea</span> with only six different species and Sulu <span class="hlt">Sea</span> with only two species. Ordination by multidimensional scaling of Bray-Curtis similarities clustered the sampling locations to three main clusters with two outgroups. Previous studies done indicated a higher diversity of <span class="hlt">sea</span> cucumber as compared to this study. This can be indication that the population and diversity of <span class="hlt">sea</span> cucumbers in the reef is under threat.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeCoA.204..120J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeCoA.204..120J"><span>A biomarker perspective on dust, productivity, and <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature in the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> sector of the Southern Ocean</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jaeschke, Andrea; Wengler, Marc; Hefter, Jens; Ronge, Thomas A.; Geibert, Walter; Mollenhauer, Gesine; Gersonde, Rainer; Lamy, Frank</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>In this study, we present a new multiproxy data set of terrigenous input, marine productivity and <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature (SST) from 52 surface sediment samples collected along E-W <span class="hlt">transects</span> in the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> sector of the Southern Ocean. Allochthonous terrigenous input was characterized by the distribution of plant wax n-alkanes and soil-derived branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (brGDGTs). 230Th-normalized burial of both compound groups were highest close to the potential sources in Australia and New Zealand and are strongly related to lithogenic contents (232Th), indicating common sources and transport. Detection of both long-chain n-alkanes and brGDGTs at the most remote sites in the open ocean strongly suggests a primarily eolian transport mechanism to at least 110°W, i.e. by prevailing westerly winds. Two independent organic SST proxies were used, the U37K‧ based on alkenones, and the TEX86 based on isoprenoid GDGTs. Both, U37K‧ and TEX86 indices show robust relationships with temperature over a temperature range between 0.5 and 20 °C, likely implying different seasonal and regional imprints on the temperature signal. Alkenone-based temperature estimates best reflect modern summer SST in the study area when using the polar calibration of Sikes et al. (1997). In contrast, TEX86-derived temperatures may reflect a subsurface signal rather than surface. 230Th-normalized burial of alkenones is highest close to the Subtropical Front and is positively related to the deposition of lithogenic material throughout the study area. In contrast, highest isoGDGT burial south of the Antarctic Polar Front may be largely controlled by diatom blooms, and thus high opal fluxes during austral summer.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70017646','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70017646"><span>Uranium-Series Ages of Marine Terrace Corals from the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Coast of North America and Implications for Last-Interglacial <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Level History</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Muhs, D.R.; Kennedy, G.L.; Rockwell, T.K.</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>Few of the marine terraces along the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> coast of North America have been dated using uranium-series techniques. Ten terrace sequences from southern Oregon to southern Baja California Sur have yielded fossil corals in quantities suitable for U-series dating by alpha spectrometry. U-series-dated terraces representing the ???80,000 yr <span class="hlt">sea</span>-level high stand are identified in five areas (Bandon, Oregon; Point Arena, San Nicolas Island, and Point Loma, California; and Punta Banda, Baja California); terraces representing the ???125,000 yr <span class="hlt">sea</span>-level high stand are identified in eight areas (Cayucos, San Luis Obispo Bay, San Nicolas Island, San Clemente Island, and Point Loma, California; Punta Bands and Isla Guadalupe, Baja California; and Cabo Pulmo, Baja California Sur). On San Nicolas Island, Point Loma, and Punta Bands, both the ???80,000 and the ???125,000 yr terraces are dated. Terraces that may represent the ???105,000 <span class="hlt">sea</span>-level high stand are rarely preserved and none has yielded corals for U-series dating. Similarity of coral ages from midlatitude, erosional marine terraces with coral ages from emergent, constructional reefs on tropical coastlines suggests a common forcing mechanism, namely glacioeustatically controlled fluctuations in <span class="hlt">sea</span> level superimposed on steady tectonic uplift. The low marine terrace dated at ???125,000 yr on Isla Guadalupe, Baja California, presumed to be tectonically stable, supports evidence from other localities for a +6-m <span class="hlt">sea</span> level at that time. Data from the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Coast and a compilation of data from other coasts indicate that <span class="hlt">sea</span> levels at ???80,000 and ???105,000 yr may have been closer to present <span class="hlt">sea</span> level (within a few meters) than previous studies have suggested.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70180860','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70180860"><span>Polar bear aerial survey in the eastern Chukchi <span class="hlt">Sea</span>: A pilot study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Evans, Thomas J.; Fischbach, Anthony S.; Schliebe, Scott L.; Manly, Bryan; Kalxdorff, Susanne B.; York, Geoff S.</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>Alaska has two polar bear populations: the Southern Beaufort <span class="hlt">Sea</span> population, shared with Canada, and the Chukchi/Bering <span class="hlt">Seas</span> population, shared with Russia. Currently a reliable population estimate for the Chukchi/Bering <span class="hlt">Seas</span> population does not exist. Land-based aerial and mark-recapture population surveys may not be possible in the Chukchi <span class="hlt">Sea</span> because variable ice conditions, the limited range of helicopters, extremely large polar bear home ranges, and severe weather conditions may limit access to remote areas. Thus line-<span class="hlt">transect</span> aerial surveys from icebreakers may be the best available tool to monitor this polar bear stock. In August 2000, a line-<span class="hlt">transect</span> survey was conducted in the eastern Chukchi <span class="hlt">Sea</span> and western Beaufort <span class="hlt">Sea</span> from helicopters based on a U.S. Coast Guard icebreaker under the "Ship of Opportunity" program. The objectives of this pilot study were to estimate polar bear density in the eastern Chukchi and western Beaufort <span class="hlt">Seas</span> and to assess the logistical feasibility of using ship-based aerial surveys to develop polar bear population estimates. Twenty-nine polar bears in 25 groups were sighted on 94 <span class="hlt">transects</span> (8257 km). The density of bears was estimated as 1 bear per 147 km² (CV = 38%). Additional aerial surveys in late fall, using dedicated icebreakers, would be required to achieve the number of sightings, survey effort, coverage, and precision needed for more effective monitoring of population trends in the Chukchi <span class="hlt">Sea</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GBioC..30..534H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GBioC..30..534H"><span>Longitudinal distributions of dicarboxylic acids, ω-oxoacids, pyruvic acid, α-dicarbonyls, and fatty acids in the marine aerosols from the central <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> including equatorial upwelling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hoque, Mir Md. Mozammal; Kawamura, Kimitaka</p> <p>2016-03-01</p> <p>Remote marine aerosol samples (total suspended particles) were collected during a cruise in the central <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> from Japan to Mexico (1°59'N-35°N and 171°54'E-90°58'W). The aerosol samples were analyzed for dicarboxylic acids (C2-C11), ω-oxoacids, pyruvic acid, α-dicarbonyls, and fatty acids as well as organic and elemental carbon, water-soluble organic carbon, and total nitrogen (WSTN). During the study, diacids were the most abundant compound class followed by fatty acids, ω-oxoacids, and α-dicarbonyls. Molecular compositions of diacids showed a predominance of oxalic (C2) acid followed by malonic (C3) and succinic (C4) acids. Oxalic acid comprises 74% of total diacids. This result suggests that photochemical production of oxalic acid is significant over the central <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. Spatial distributions of diacids, ω-oxoacids, pyruvic acid, α-dicarbonyls, and fatty acids together with total carbon and WSTN showed higher abundances in the eastern equatorial <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> where the upwelling of high-nutrient waters followed by high biological productivity is common, indicating that their in situ production is important in the warmer central <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> through photochemical oxidation from their gaseous and particulate precursors. This study demonstrates that there is a strong linkage in biogeochemical cycles of carbon in the <span class="hlt">sea-air</span> interface via ocean upwelling, phytoplankton productivity, <span class="hlt">sea-to-air</span> emissions of organic matter, and formation of secondary organic aerosols in the eastern equatorial <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.A53K..06S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.A53K..06S"><span>Effects of southeastern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature on the double-ITCZ bias in NCAR CESM1</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Song, F.; Zhang, G. J.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The double-intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) is a long-standing bias in the coupled general circulation models (CGCMs). The warm biases in southeastern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> (SEP) <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature (SST) are also evident in many CGCMs. In this study, the role of SEP SST in the double-ITCZ is investigated by prescribing the observed SEP SST in the Community Earth System Model version 1 (CESM1). Both the double-ITCZ and dry equator problems are significantly improved with SEP SST prescribed. The colder SST over the SEP increases the southeasterly winds extending outside the prescribed SST region, cooling the ocean there via increased evaporation. The enhanced descending motion over the SEP strengthens the Walker circulation, so the low-level wind convergence in the tropical western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> is increased. The reduced wind speed leads to warmer SST and stronger convection there. The stronger convection in turn leads to more cloud and reduces the incoming solar radiation, cooling the SST. These competing effects between radiative heat flux and latent heat flux make the atmospheric heat flux secondary to the ocean dynamics in the western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> warming. The increased easterly winds over the equatorial <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> enhance upwelling and shoal the thermocline over the eastern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. This Bjerknes feedback plays an important role in the improvement of dry equator. The changes of surface wind and wind curl also lead to weaker South Equatorial Countercurrent and stronger South Equatorial Current, preventing the warm water from expanding eastward, thereby improving both the double-ITCZ and dry equator.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA16787.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA16787.html"><span><span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Locked in La Nada Limbo</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-02-07</p> <p>The latest image of <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface heights in the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean from NASA Jason-2 satellite shows that the equatorial <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean is now in its 10th month of being locked in what some call a neutral, or La Nada state.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ClDy..tmp..920L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ClDy..tmp..920L"><span>Impact of chlorophyll bias on the tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> mean climate in an earth system model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lim, Hyung-Gyu; Park, Jong-Yeon; Kug, Jong-Seong</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Climate modeling groups nowadays develop earth system models (ESMs) by incorporating biogeochemical processes in their climate models. The ESMs, however, often show substantial bias in simulated marine biogeochemistry which can potentially introduce an undesirable bias in physical ocean fields through biogeophysical interactions. This study examines how and how much the chlorophyll bias in a state-of-the-art ESM affects the mean and seasonal cycle of tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> <span class="hlt">sea</span>-surface temperature (SST). The ESM used in the present study shows a sizeable positive bias in the simulated tropical chlorophyll. We found that the correction of the chlorophyll bias can reduce the ESM's intrinsic cold SST mean bias in the equatorial <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. The biologically-induced cold SST bias is strongly affected by seasonally-dependent <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> coupling strength. In addition, the correction of chlorophyll bias can improve the annual cycle of SST by up to 25%. This result suggests a possible modeling approach in understanding the two-way interactions between physical and chlorophyll biases by biogeophysical effects.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_19 --> <div id="page_20" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="381"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.B41E0121B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.B41E0121B"><span>Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter across a Marine Distributed Biological Observatory in the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Arctic Region</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Berman, S. L.; Frey, K. E.; Shake, K. L.; Cooper, L. W.; Grebmeier, J. M.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays an important role in marine ecosystems as both a carbon source for the microbial food web (and thus a source of CO2 to the atmosphere) and as a light inhibitor in marine environments. The presence of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM; the optically active portion of total DOM) can have significant controlling effects on transmittance of sunlight through the water column and therefore on primary production as well as the heat balance of the upper ocean. However, CDOM is also susceptible to photochemical degradation, which decreases the flux of solar radiation that is absorbed. Knowledge of the current spatial and temporal distribution of CDOM in marine environments is thus critical for understanding how ongoing and future changes in climate may impact these biological, biogeochemical, and physical processes. We describe the quantity and quality of CDOM along five key productive <span class="hlt">transects</span> across a developing Distributed Biological Observatory (DBO) in the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Arctic region. The samples were collected onboard the CCGS Sir Wilfred Laurier in July 2013 and 2014. Monitoring of the variability of CDOM along <span class="hlt">transects</span> of high productivity can provide important insights into biological and biogeochemical cycling across the region. Our analyses include overall concentrations of CDOM, as well as proxy information such as molecular weight, lability, and source (i.e., autochthonous vs. allochthonous) of organic matter. We utilize these field observations to compare with satellite-derived CDOM concentrations determined from the Aqua MODIS satellite platform, which ultimately provides a spatially and temporally continuous synoptic view of CDOM concentrations throughout the region. Examining the current relationships among CDOM, <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice variability, biological productivity, and biogeochemical cycling in the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Arctic region will likely provide key insights for how ecosystems throughout the region will respond in future</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-GSFC_20171208_Archive_e000837.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-GSFC_20171208_Archive_e000837.html"><span><span class="hlt">Sea</span> ice around Ostrov Sakhalin, eastern Russia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2017-12-08</p> <p>Located off the east coast of Russia, the <span class="hlt">Sea</span> of Okhotsk stretches down to 45 degrees North latitude, and <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice forms regularly in the basin. In fact, it is the lowest latitude for seasonal <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice formation in the world. On January 4, 2015, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra satellite captured this true-color image of the ice-covered <span class="hlt">Sea</span> of Okhotsk. Every winter, winds from East Siberia, frigid <span class="hlt">air</span> temperatures, and a large amount of freshwater flowing out from rivers promote the formation of <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice in the region. Much of the freshwater comes from the Amur River, one of the ten longest rivers in the world. From year to year, variations in temperature and wind speed can cause large fluctuations in <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice extent. The <span class="hlt">sea</span> spans more than 1,500,000 square kilometers (600,000 square miles), and ice cover can spread across 50 to 90 percent of it at its annual peak. On average, that ice persists for 180 days. According to research published in 2014, the region's <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice has been decreasing over a 34-year period. Annual ice production in the <span class="hlt">Sea</span> of Okhotsk dropped by more than 11 percent from 1974 to 2008. The researchers suggest that this decline has, at least in part, "led to weakening of the overturning in the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>." Water with less <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice is fresher, less dense, and unable to sink and circulate as well as salty, dense water. A weakened circulation in the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> has implications for the supply of nutrients, such as iron, that affect biological productivity. Credit: NASA/GSFC/Jeff Schmaltz/MODIS Land Rapid Response Team NASA image use policy. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center enables NASA’s mission through four scientific endeavors: Earth Science, Heliophysics, Solar System Exploration, and Astrophysics. Goddard plays a leading role in NASA’s accomplishments by contributing compelling scientific knowledge to advance the Agency’s mission. Follow us on Twitter Like us on Facebook Find us on Instagram</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19920016738','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19920016738"><span>NASA Wallops Flight Facility <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> Interaction Research Facility</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Long, Steven R.</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>This publication serves as an introduction to the <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> Interaction Research Facility at NASA/GSFC/Wallops Flight Facility. The purpose of this publication is to provide background information on the research facility itself, including capabilities, available instrumentation, the types of experiments already done, ongoing experiments, and future plans.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29184119','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29184119"><span>Rare earth element geochemistry characteristics of seawater and porewater from deep <span class="hlt">sea</span> in western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Deng, Yinan; Ren, Jiangbo; Guo, Qingjun; Cao, Jun; Wang, Haifeng; Liu, Chenhui</p> <p>2017-11-28</p> <p>Deep-<span class="hlt">sea</span> sediments contain high concentrations of rare earth element (REE) which have been regarded as a huge potential resource. Understanding the marine REE cycle is important to reveal the mechanism of REE enrichment. In order to determine the geochemistry characteristics and migration processes of REE, seawater, porewater and sediment samples were systematically collected from the western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> for REE analysis. The results show a relatively flat REE pattern and the HREE (Heavy REE) enrichment in surface and deep seawater respectively. The HREE enrichment distribution patterns, low concentrations of Mn and Fe and negative Ce anomaly occur in the porewater, and high Mn/Al ratios and low U concentrations were observed in sediment, indicating oxic condition. LREE (Light REE) and MREE (Middle REE) enrichment in upper layer and depletion of MREE in deeper layer were shown in porewater profile. This study suggests that porewater flux in the western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> basin is a minor source of REEs to seawater, and abundant REEs are enriched in sediments, which is mainly caused by the extensive oxic condition, low sedimentation rate and strong adsorption capacity of sediments. Hence, the removal of REEs of porewater may result in widespread REE-rich sediments in the western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> basin.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhDT........83H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhDT........83H"><span>The impact of land and <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface variations on the Delaware <span class="hlt">sea</span> breeze at local scales</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hughes, Christopher P.</p> <p></p> <p>-buttons) were placed along 1-km <span class="hlt">transects</span> oriented perpendicular to the coastline where each sensor recorded temperatures at five-minute intervals. This novel approach allows for detailed characterization of the <span class="hlt">sea</span> breeze front development over the immediate coastline not seen in previous studies. These observations provide evidence of significant variability in frontal propagation (advancing, stalling, and retrograding) within the first kilometer of the coast. Results from this observational study indicate that the land surface has the largest effect on the frontal location when the synoptic winds have a strong offshore component, which forces the <span class="hlt">sea</span> breeze front to move slowly through the region. When this happens, the frequency of occurrence and <span class="hlt">sea</span> breeze frontal speed decreases consistently across the first 500 m of Rehoboth Beach, after which, the differences become insignificant. At Cape Henlopen the decrease in intensity across the <span class="hlt">transect</span> is much less evident and the reduction in frequency does not occur until after the front is 500 m from the coast. Under these conditions at Rehoboth Beach, the near surface <span class="hlt">air</span> behind the front warms due to the land surface which, along with the large surface friction component of the urbanized land surface, causes the front to slow as it traverses the region. Observation and modeling results suggest that the influence of variations in the land and <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface on the <span class="hlt">sea</span> breeze circulation is complex and highly dependent on the regional synoptic wind regime. This result inspired the development of a <span class="hlt">sea</span> breeze prediction algorithm using a generalized linear regression model which, incorporated real-time synoptic conditions to forecast the likelihood of a <span class="hlt">sea</span> breeze front passing through a coastal station. The forecast skill increases through the morning hours after sunrise. The inland synoptic wind direction is the most influential variable utilized by the algorithm. Such a model could be enhanced to forecast local temperature with</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRD..122.7664L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRD..122.7664L"><span>Atmospheric deposition and <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas exchange fluxes of DDT and HCH in the Yangtze River Estuary, East China <span class="hlt">Sea</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Li, Zhongxia; Lin, Tian; Li, Yuanyuan; Jiang, Yuqing; Guo, Zhigang</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>The Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) is strongly influenced by the Yangtze River and lies on the pathway of the East Asian Monsoon. This study examined atmospheric deposition and <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas exchange fluxes of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) to determine whether the YRE is a sink or source of selected pesticides at the <span class="hlt">air</span>-water interface under the influences of river input and atmospheric transport. The <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas exchange of DDT was characterized by net volatilization with a marked difference in its fluxes between summer (140 ng/m2/d) and the other three seasons (12 ng/m2/d), possibly due to the high surface seawater temperatures and larger riverine input in summer. However, there was no obvious seasonal variation in the atmospheric HCH deposition, and the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas exchange reached equilibrium because of low HCH levels in the <span class="hlt">air</span> and seawater after the long-term banning of HCH and the degradation. The gas exchange flux of HCH was comparable to the dry and wet deposition fluxes at the <span class="hlt">air</span>-water interface. This suggests that the influences from the Yangtze River input and East Asian continental outflow on the fate of HCH in the YRE were limited. The gas exchange flux of DDT was about fivefold higher than the total dry and wet deposition fluxes. DDT residues in agricultural soil transported by enhanced riverine runoff were responsible for sustaining such a high net volatilization in summer. Moreover, our results indicated that there were fresh sources of DDT from the local environment to sustain net volatilization throughout the year.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JCli...18..160R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JCli...18..160R"><span>The Aleutian Low and Winter Climatic Conditions in the Bering <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. Part I: Classification</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rodionov, S. N.; Overland, J. E.; Bond, N. A.</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>The Aleutian low is examined as a primary determinant of surface <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature (SAT) variability in the Bering <span class="hlt">Sea</span> during the winter (December-January-February-March (DJFM)) months. The Classification and Regression Tree (CART) method is used to classify five types of atmospheric circulation for anomalously warm months (W1-W5) and cold months (C1-C5). For the Bering <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, changes in the position of the Aleutian low are shown to be more important than changes in its central pressure. The first two types, W1 and C1, account for 51% of the "warm" and 37% of the "cold" months. The W1-type pattern is characterized by the anomalously deep Aleutian low shifted west and north of its mean position. In this situation, an increased cyclonic activity occurs in the western Bering <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. The C1-type pattern represents a split Aleutian low with one center in the northwestern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and the other in the Gulf of Alaska. The relative frequency of the W1 to C1 types of atmospheric circulation varies on decadal time scales, which helps to explain the predominance of fluctuations on these time scales in the weather of the Bering <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. Previous work has noted the prominence of multidecadal variability in the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. The present study finds multidecadal variations in frequencies of the W3 and C3 patterns, both of which are characterized by increased cyclonic activity south of 51°N. In general, the CART method is found to be a suitable means for characterizing the wintertime atmospheric circulation of the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> in terms of its impact on the Bering <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. The results show that similar pressure anomaly patterns for the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> as a whole can actually result in different conditions for the Bering <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, and that similar weather conditions in the Bering <span class="hlt">Sea</span> can arise from decidedly different large-scale pressure patterns.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160013232','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160013232"><span>US Navy Submarine <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Trial of the NASA <span class="hlt">Air</span> Quality Monitor</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Limero, Thomas; Wallace, William T.; Manney, Joshua A.; Mudgett, Paul D.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>For the past four years, the <span class="hlt">Air</span> Quality Monitor (AQM) has been the operational instrument for measuring trace volatile organic compounds on the International Space Station (ISS). The key components of the AQM are the inlet preconcentrator, the gas chromatograph (GC), and the differential mobility spectrometer. Most importantly, the AQM operates at atmospheric pressure and uses <span class="hlt">air</span> as the GC carrier gas, which translates into a small reliable instrument. Onboard ISS there are two AQMs, with different GC columns that detect and quantify 22 compounds. The AQM data contributes valuable information to the assessment of <span class="hlt">air</span> quality aboard ISS for each crew increment. The U.S. Navy is looking to update its submarine <span class="hlt">air</span> monitoring suite of instruments, and the success of the AQM on ISS has led to a jointly planned submarine <span class="hlt">sea</span> trial of a NASA AQM. In addition to the AQM, the Navy is also interested in the Multi-Gas Monitor (MGM), which was successfully flown on ISS as a technology demonstration to measure major constituent gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and ammonia). A separate paper will present the MGM <span class="hlt">sea</span> trial results. A prototype AQM, which is virtually identical to the operational AQM, has been readied for the <span class="hlt">sea</span> trial. Only one AQM will be deployed during the <span class="hlt">sea</span> trial, but it is sufficient to detect the compounds of interest to the Navy for the purposes of this trial. A significant benefit of the AQM is that runs can be scripted for pre-determined intervals and no crew intervention is required. The data from the <span class="hlt">sea</span> trial will be compared to archival samples collected prior to and during the trial period. This paper will give a brief overview of the AQM technology and protocols for the submarine trial. After a quick review of the AQM preparation, the main focus of the paper will be on the results of the submarine trial. Of particular interest will be the comparison of the contaminants found in the ISS and submarine atmospheres, as both represent</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=ocean+AND+climate+AND+changes&id=ED555498','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=ocean+AND+climate+AND+changes&id=ED555498"><span>An Institutional Case Study of Colleges and Universities Associated with <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Grant in the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Region of the United States</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Herrmann, Adelheid C.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine fishery degree programs at colleges and universities associated with the <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Grant program in the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> region of the United States and to describe how each addresses protecting, rebuilding, and maintaining healthy oceans. Methodology: The study was a qualitative institutional case study that…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.S51A2767A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.S51A2767A"><span>Nuclear Bombs and Coral: Guam Coral Core Reveals Operation-Specific Radiocarbon Signals from the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Proving Grounds</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Andrews, A. H.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Radiocarbon (14C) analyses on a coral core extracted from the western Central <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> (Guam) has revealed a series of early peaks in the marine bomb 14C record. The typical marine bomb 14C signal, one that is phase lagged and attenuated relative to atmospheric bomb 14C, is present in the coral core and is consistent with other North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> records. However, 14C levels that are well above what can be explained by <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> diffusion alone punctuate this pattern. This anomaly has been demonstrated to a limited extent in other coral cores of the Indo-<span class="hlt">Pacific</span> region, but is unmatched relative to the magnitude and temporal resolution recorded in the Guam coral core. Other records have shown an early Δ14C rise on the order of 40-50‰ above pre-bomb levels, with a subsequent decline before continuing the gradual Δ14C rise that is indicative of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> diffusion of 14CO2. The Guam coral Δ14C record provided three strong pulses in 1954-55, 1956-57, and 1958-59 that are superimposed on the pre-bomb to initial Δ14C rise from atmospheric bomb 14C. Each of these peaks can be directly linked to testing of thermonuclear devices in the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Proving Grounds at Eniwetok and Bikini Atoll of the Marshall Islands. The measurable lag in reaching Guam can be tied to ocean surface currents and can be traced to other regional Δ14C records from corals, providing a transport timeline to places as distant as the Indonesian throughflow, Okinawa and Palmyra.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ClDy..tmp...68C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ClDy..tmp...68C"><span>Linear and nonlinear winter atmospheric responses to extreme phases of low frequency <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature variability</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cao, Dandan; Wu, Qigang; Hu, Aixue; Yao, Yonghong; Liu, Shizuo; Schroeder, Steven R.; Yang, Fucheng</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>This study examines Northern Hemisphere winter (DJFM) atmospheric responses to opposite strong phases of interdecadal (low frequency, LF) <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature (SST) forcing, which resembles El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on a longer time scale, in observations and GFDL and CAM4 model simulations. Over the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>-North America (PNA) sector, linear observed responses of 500-hPa height (Z500) anomalies resemble the PNA teleconnection pattern, but show a PNA-like nonlinear response because of a westward Z500 shift in the negative (LF-) relative to the positive LF (LF+) phase. Significant extratropical linear responses include a North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)-like Z500 anomaly, a dipole-like Z500 anomaly over northern Eurasia associated with warming over mid-high latitude Eurasia, and a Southern Annular anomaly pattern associated with warming in southern land areas. Significant nonlinear Z500 responses also include a NAO-like anomaly pattern. Models forced by LF+ and LF- SST anomalies reproduce many aspects of observed linear and nonlinear responses over the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>-North America sector, and linear responses over southern land, but not in the North Atlantic-European sector and Eurasia. Both models simulate PNA-like linear responses in the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>-North America region similar to observed, but show larger PNA-like LF+ responses, resulting in a PNA nonlinear response. The nonlinear PNA responses result from both nonlinear western tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> rainfall changes and extratropical transient eddy feedbacks. With LF tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> forcing only (LFTP+ and LFTP-, climatological SST elsewhere), CAM4 simulates a significant NAO response to LFTP-, including a linear negative and nonlinear positive NAO response.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28132774','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28132774"><span>Distribution and <span class="hlt">sea-to-air</span> fluxes of volatile halocarbons in the Bohai <span class="hlt">Sea</span> and North Yellow <span class="hlt">Sea</span> during spring.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>He, Zhen; Liu, Qiu-Lin; Zhang, Ying-Jie; Yang, Gui-Peng</p> <p>2017-04-15</p> <p>Concentrations of volatile halocarbons (VHCs), such as CHBr 2 Cl, CHBr 3 , C 2 HCl 3 , and C 2 Cl 4 , in the Bohai <span class="hlt">Sea</span> (BS) and North Yellow <span class="hlt">Sea</span> (NYS) were measured during the spring of 2014. The VHC concentrations varied widely and decreased with distance from the coast in the investigated area, with low values observed in the open <span class="hlt">sea</span>. Depth profiles of the VHCs were characterized by the highest concentration generally found in the upper water column. The distributions of the VHCs in the BS and NYS were clearly influenced by the combined effects of biological production, anthropogenic activities, and riverine input. The <span class="hlt">sea-to-air</span> fluxes of CHBr 2 Cl, CHBr 3 , C 2 HCl 3 , and C 2 Cl 4 in the study area were estimated to be 47.17, 56.63, 162.56, and 104.37nmolm -2 d -1 , respectively, indicating that the investigated area may be a source of atmospheric CHBr 2 Cl, CHBr 3 , C 2 HCl 3 , and C 2 Cl 4 in spring. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.A43C0273S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.A43C0273S"><span>Development of a Seasonal Extratropical Cyclone Activity Outlook for the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>, Bering <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, and Alaskan Regions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shippee, N. J.; Atkinson, D. E.; Walsh, J. E.; Partain, J.; Gottschalck, J.; Marra, J. J.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Storm activity (i.e. 'storminess') and associated forecasting skill in the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>, Bering <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, and Alaska is relatively well understood on a daily to weekly scale, however, two important elements are missing from current capacity. First, there is no way to predict storm activity at the monthly to seasonal time frame. Second, storm activity is characterized in terms that best serve weather specialists, and which are often not very informative for different sectors of the public. Increasing the utility of forecasts for end users requires consultation with these groups, and can include expressing storm activity in terms of, for example, strong-wind return intervals or ship hull strength. These types of forecasts can provide valuable information for use in community planning, resource allocation, or potential risk assessment. A preliminary study of seasonal storminess predictability in the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and Alaska regions has shown that a key factor related to the annual variation of seasonal storminess is the strength of the Aleutian Low as measured using indices such as the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Index (NPI) or Aleutian Low Pressure Index (ALPI). Use of Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis to identify patterns in storminess variability indicates that the primary mode of annual variation is found to be best explained by the variation in the strength of the Aleutian Low. NPI and the first component of storm activity for the entire region are found to be are highly correlated (R = 0.83). This result is supported by the works of others such as Rodionov et al. (2007), who note the impact of the strength of the Aleutian Low on storm track and speed. Additionally, the phase of the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Decadal Oscillation (PDO), along with NPI, have been shown to be highly correlated with annual variance in the seasonal storminess for the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and Alaska. Additional skill has been identified when the phase of the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is explicitly considered</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A23F2429Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A23F2429Z"><span>Role of North Indian Ocean <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> Interaction in Summer Monsoon Intraseasonal Oscillation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, L.; Han, W.; Li, Y.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> coupling processes over the North Indian Ocean associated with Indian summer monsoon intraseasonal oscillation (MISO) are analyzed. Observations show that MISO convection anomalies affect underlying <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature (SST) through changes in surface shortwave radiation (via cloud cover change) and surface latent heat flux (associated with surface wind speed change). In turn, SST anomalies determine the changing rate of MISO precipitation (dP/dt): warm (cold) SST anomalies cause increasing (decreasing) precipitation rate through increasing (decreasing) surface convergence. <span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> interaction gives rise to a quadrature relationship between MISO precipitation and SST anomalies. A local <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> coupling model (LACM) is established based on these observed physical processes, which is a damped oscillatory system with no external forcing. The period of LACM is proportional to the square root of mean state mixed layer depth , assuming other physical parameters remain unchanged. Hence, LACM predicts a relatively short (long) MISO period over the North Indian Ocean during the May-June monsoon developing (July-August mature) phase when is shallow (deep). This result is consistent with observed MISO statistics. An oscillatory external forcing of a typical 30-day period is added to LACM, representing intraseasonal oscillations originated from the equatorial Indian Ocean and propagate into the North Indian Ocean. The period of LACM is then determined by both the inherent period associated with local <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> coupling and the period of external forcing. It is found that resonance occurs when , amplifying the MISO in situ. This result explains the larger MISO amplitude during the monsoon developing phase compared to the mature phase, which is associated with seasonal cycle of . LACM, however, fails to predict the observed small MISO amplitude during the September-October monsoon decaying phase, when is also shallow. This deficiency might be associated with the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFMGC51F1065F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFMGC51F1065F"><span>Trends in <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Ice Cover, <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Surface Temperature, and Chlorophyll Biomass Across a Marine Distributed Biological Observatory in the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Arctic Region</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Frey, K. E.; Grebmeier, J. M.; Cooper, L. W.; Wood, C.; Panday, P. K.</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>The northern Bering and Chukchi <span class="hlt">Seas</span> in the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Arctic Region (PAR) are among the most productive marine ecosystems in the world and act as important carbon sinks, particularly during May and June when seasonal <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice-associated phytoplankton blooms occur throughout the region. Recent dramatic shifts in seasonal <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice cover across the PAR should have profound consequences for this seasonal phytoplankton production as well as the intimately linked higher trophic levels. In order to investigate ecosystem responses to these observed recent shifts in <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice cover, the development of a prototype Distributed Biological Observatory (DBO) is now underway in the PAR. The DBO is being developed as an internationally-coordinated change detection array that allows for consistent sampling and monitoring at five spatially explicit biologically productive locations across a latitudinal gradient: (1) DBO-SLP (south of St. Lawrence Island (SLI)), (2) DBO-NBS (north of SLI), (3) DBO-SCS (southern Chukchi <span class="hlt">Sea</span>), (4) DBO-CCS (central Chukchi <span class="hlt">Sea</span>), and (5) DBO-BCA (Barrow Canyon Arc). Standardized measurements at many of the DBO sites were made by multiple research cruises during the 2010 and 2011 pilot years, and will be expanded with the development of the DBO in coming years. In order to provide longer-term context for the changes occurring across the PAR, we utilize multi-sensor satellite data to investigate recent trends in <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice cover, chlorophyll biomass, and <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperatures for each of the five DBO sites, as well as a sixth long-term observational site in the Bering Strait. Satellite observations show that over the past three decades, trends in <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice cover in the PAR have been heterogeneous, with significant declines in the Chukchi <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, slight declines in the Bering Strait region, but increases in the northern Bering <span class="hlt">Sea</span> south of SLI. Declines in the persistence of seasonal <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice cover in the Chukchi <span class="hlt">Sea</span> and Bering Strait region are due to both earlier <span class="hlt">sea</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.A11E0101M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.A11E0101M"><span>Vertical Eddy Diffusivity as a Control Parameter in the Tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Martinez Avellaneda, N.; Cornuelle, B.; Mazloff, M. R.; Stammer, D.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>Ocean models suffer from errors in the treatment of turbulent sub-grid scale motions causing mixing and energy dissipation. Unrealistic small-scale features in models can have large-scale consequences, such as biases in the upper ocean temperature, a symptom of poorly-simulated upwelling, currents and <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interactions. This is of special importance in the tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean, which is home to energetic <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interactions that affect global climate. It has been shown in a number of studies that the simulated ENSO variability is highly dependent on the state of the ocean (e.g.: background mixing). Moreover, the magnitude of the vertical numerical diffusion is of primary importance in properly reproducing the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> equatorial thermocline. Yet, it is a common practice to use spatially uniform mixing parameters in ocean simulations. This work is part of a NASA-funded project to estimate the space-varying ocean mixing coefficients in an eddy-permitting model of the tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. The usefulness of assimilation techniques in estimating mixing parameters has been previously explored (e.g.: Stammer, 2005, Ferreira et al., 2005). The authors also demonstrated that the spatial structure of the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) could be improved by adjusting wind-stress and surface buoyancy flux within their error bounds. In our work, we address the important question of whether adjusting mixing parameterizations can bring about similar improvements. To that end, an eddy-permitting state estimate for the tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> is developed using the MIT general circulation model and its adjoint where the vertical diffusivity is set as a control parameter. Complementary adjoint-based sensitivity results show strong sensitivities of the Tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> thermocline (thickness and location) and the EUC transport to the vertical diffusivity in the tropics. Argo, CTD, XBT and mooring in-situ data, as well as TMI SST and altimetry observations are assimilated in order to reduce</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002JCli...15..586S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002JCli...15..586S"><span>Anatomy of North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Decadal Variability.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Schneider, Niklas; Miller, Arthur J.; Pierce, David W.</p> <p>2002-03-01</p> <p>A systematic analysis of North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> decadal variability in a full-physics coupled ocean-atmosphere model is executed. The model is an updated and improved version of the coupled model studied by Latif and Barnett. Evidence is sought for determining the details of the mechanism responsible for the enhanced variance of some variables at 20-30-yr timescales. The possible mechanisms include a midlatitude gyre ocean-atmosphere feedback loop, stochastic forcing, remote forcing, or sampling error.Decadal variability in the model is expressed most prominently in anomalies of upper-ocean streamfunction, <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature (SST), and latent surface heat flux in the Kuroshio-Oyashio extension (KOE) region off Japan. The decadal signal off Japan is initiated by changes in strength and position of the Aleutian low. The atmospheric perturbations excite SST anomalies in the central and eastern North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> (with opposing signs and canonical structure). The atmospheric perturbations also change the Ekman pumping over the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>, which excites equivalent barotropic Rossby waves that carry thermocline depth perturbations toward the west. This gyre adjustment results in a shift in the border between subtropical and subpolar gyres after about five years. This process consequently excites SST anomalies (bearing the same sign as the central North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>) in the KOE region. The SST anomalies are generated by subsurface temperature anomalies that are brought to the surface during winter by deep mixing and are damped by <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> winter heat exchange (primarily latent heat flux). This forcing of the atmosphere by the ocean in the KOE region is associated with changes of winter precipitation over the northwestern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean. The polarity of SST and Ekman pumping is such that warm central and cool eastern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> anomalies are associated with a deep thermocline, a poleward shift of the border between subtropical and subpolar gyres, and warm SST anomalies and an increase of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24116529','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24116529"><span>The North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Acoustic Laboratory deep-water acoustic propagation experiments in the Philippine <span class="hlt">Sea</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Worcester, Peter F; Dzieciuch, Matthew A; Mercer, James A; Andrew, Rex K; Dushaw, Brian D; Baggeroer, Arthur B; Heaney, Kevin D; D'Spain, Gerald L; Colosi, John A; Stephen, Ralph A; Kemp, John N; Howe, Bruce M; Van Uffelen, Lora J; Wage, Kathleen E</p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>A series of experiments conducted in the Philippine <span class="hlt">Sea</span> during 2009-2011 investigated deep-water acoustic propagation and ambient noise in this oceanographically and geologically complex region: (i) the 2009 North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Acoustic Laboratory (NPAL) Pilot Study/Engineering Test, (ii) the 2010-2011 NPAL Philippine <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Experiment, and (iii) the Ocean Bottom Seismometer Augmentation of the 2010-2011 NPAL Philippine <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Experiment. The experimental goals included (a) understanding the impacts of fronts, eddies, and internal tides on acoustic propagation, (b) determining whether acoustic methods, together with other measurements and ocean modeling, can yield estimates of the time-evolving ocean state useful for making improved acoustic predictions, (c) improving our understanding of the physics of scattering by internal waves and spice, (d) characterizing the depth dependence and temporal variability of ambient noise, and (e) understanding the relationship between the acoustic field in the water column and the seismic field in the seafloor. In these experiments, moored and ship-suspended low-frequency acoustic sources transmitted to a newly developed distributed vertical line array receiver capable of spanning the water column in the deep ocean. The acoustic transmissions and ambient noise were also recorded by a towed hydrophone array, by acoustic Seagliders, and by ocean bottom seismometers.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18087598','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18087598"><span>Meeting report: threats to human health and environmental sustainability in the <span class="hlt">pacific</span> basin.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Arnold, Robert G; Carpenter, David O; Kirk, Donald; Koh, David; Armour, Margaret-Ann; Cebrian, Mariano; Cifuentes, Luis; Khwaja, Mahmood; Ling, Bo; Makalinao, Irma; Paz-Y-Miño, César; Peralta, Genandrialine; Prasad, Rajendra; Singh, Kirpal; Sly, Peter; Tohyama, Chiharu; Woodward, Alistair; Zheng, Baoshan; Maiden, Todd</p> <p>2007-12-01</p> <p>The coastal zone of the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Rim is home for about one-third of the world's population. Disproportionate growth of Far Eastern economies has produced a disproportionate share of related environmental difficulties. As the region searches for acceptable compromises between growth and environmental quality, its influence on global environmental health is certain to increase. Consequences of global environmental change such as habitat alteration, storms, and <span class="hlt">sea</span> level rise will be particularly acute among <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Rim nations. Adverse health effects from arsenic exposure in <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Rim nations have been used to justify drinking water standards in the United States and elsewhere. As global manufacturing in the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Rim increases, the centroid of global <span class="hlt">air</span> quality and waste management issues will shift further toward Far Eastern nations. The Eleventh International Conference of the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Basin Consortium (PBC) was held in September 2005 in Honolulu, Hawaii. The purpose of the conference was to bring together individuals to discuss regional challenges to sustainable growth. The historic emphasis of the conference on hazardous wastes in relation to human health makes the PBC an ideal forum for discussing technical aspects of sustainable economic growth in the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> region. That role is reflected in the 2005 PBC conference themes, which included management of arsenic in potable waters, <span class="hlt">air</span> quality, climate change, pesticides, mercury, and electronics industry waste-each with emphasis on relationships to human health. Arsenic management exemplifies the manner in which the PBC can focus interdisciplinary discussion in a single technical area. The conference program provided talks on arsenic toxicology, treatment technologies, management of arsenic-bearing residuals from water treatment, and the probable societal costs and benefits of arsenic management.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSPO34D3105A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSPO34D3105A"><span>Variability of Equatorward Transport in the Tropical Southwestern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Alberty, M. S.; Sprintall, J.; MacKinnon, J. A.; Cravatte, S. E.; Ganachaud, A. S.; Germineaud, C.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>Situated in the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> warm pool, the Solomon <span class="hlt">Sea</span> is a semi-enclosed <span class="hlt">sea</span> containing a system of low latitude Western boundary currents that serve as the primary source water for the Equatorial Undercurrent. The variability of equatorward heat and volume transport through the Solomon <span class="hlt">Sea</span> has the capability to modulate regional and basin-scale climate processes, yet there are few and synoptic observations of these fluxes. Here we present the mean and variability of heat and volume transport out of the Solomon <span class="hlt">Sea</span> observed during the MoorSPICE experiment. MoorSPICE is the Solomon <span class="hlt">Sea</span> mooring-based observational component of the Southwest <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean Circulation and Climate Experiment (SPICE), an international research project working to observe and improve our understanding of the southwest <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean circulation and climate. Arrays of moorings were deployed in the outflow channels of the Solomon <span class="hlt">Sea</span> for July 2012 until March 2014 to resolve the temperature and velocity fields in each strait. In particular we will discuss the phasing of the observed transport variability for each channel compared to that of the satellite-observed monsoonal wind forcing and annual cycle of the mesoscale eddy field.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_20 --> <div id="page_21" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="401"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA05071.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA05071.html"><span><span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Dictates Droughts and Drenchings</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2004-01-30</p> <p>The latest remote sensing data from NASA's Jason satellite show that the equatorial <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface levels are higher, indicating warmer <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperatures in the central and west <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean. This pattern has the appearance of La Niña rather than El Niño. This contrasts with the Bering <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, Gulf of Alaska and U.S. West Coast where lower-than-normal <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface levels and cool ocean temperatures continue (indicated by blue and purple areas). The image above is a global map of <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface height, accurate to within 30 millimeters. The image represents data collected and composited over a 10-day period, ending on Jan 23, 2004. The height of the water relates to the temperature of the water. As the ocean warms, its level rises; and as it cools, its level falls. Yellow and red areas indicate where the waters are relatively warmer and have expanded above <span class="hlt">sea</span> level, green indicates near normal <span class="hlt">sea</span> level, and blue and purple areas show where the waters are relatively colder and the surface is lower than <span class="hlt">sea</span> level. The blue areas are between 5 and 13 centimeters (2 and 5 inches) below normal, whereas the purple areas range from 14 to 18 centimeters (6 to 7 inches) below normal. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA05071</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20180000955&hterms=drought+california&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3Ddrought%2Bcalifornia','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20180000955&hterms=drought+california&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3Ddrought%2Bcalifornia"><span>Remote Linkages to Anomalous Winter Atmospheric Ridging over the Northeastern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Swain, Daniel L.; Singh, Deepti; Horton, Daniel E.; Mankin, Justin S.; Ballard, Tristan C.; Diffenbaugh, Noah S.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Severe drought in California between 2013 and 2016 has been linked to the multiyear persistence of anomalously high atmospheric pressure over the northeastern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean, which deflected the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> storm track northward and suppressed regional precipitation during California's winter 'rainy season.' Multiple hypotheses have emerged regarding why this high pressure ridge near the west coast of North America was so resilient-including unusual <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature patterns in the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean, reductions in Arctic <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice, random atmospheric variability, or some combination thereof. Here we explore relationships between previously documented atmospheric conditions over the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and several potential remote oceanic and cryospheric influences using both observational data and a large ensemble of climate model simulations. Our results suggest that persistent wintertime atmospheric ridging similar to that implicated in California's 2013-2016 drought can at least partially be linked to unusual <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperatures, and that <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean conditions may offer some degree of cool-season foresight in this region despite the presence of substantial internal variability.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRD..12212194S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRD..12212194S"><span>Remote Linkages to Anomalous Winter Atmospheric Ridging Over the Northeastern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Swain, Daniel L.; Singh, Deepti; Horton, Daniel E.; Mankin, Justin S.; Ballard, Tristan C.; Diffenbaugh, Noah S.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Severe drought in California between 2013 and 2016 has been linked to the multiyear persistence of anomalously high atmospheric pressure over the northeastern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean, which deflected the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> storm track northward and suppressed regional precipitation during California's winter "rainy season." Multiple hypotheses have emerged regarding why this high pressure ridge near the west coast of North America was so resilient—including unusual <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature patterns in the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean, reductions in Arctic <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice, random atmospheric variability, or some combination thereof. Here we explore relationships between previously documented atmospheric conditions over the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and several potential remote oceanic and cryospheric influences using both observational data and a large ensemble of climate model simulations. Our results suggest that persistent wintertime atmospheric ridging similar to that implicated in California's 2013-2016 drought can at least partially be linked to unusual <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperatures and that <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean conditions may offer some degree of cool-season foresight in this region despite the presence of substantial internal variability.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFM.U33A0028H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFM.U33A0028H"><span>Intraseasonal Cold <span class="hlt">Air</span> Outbreak over East Asia and the preceding atmospheric condition over the Barents-Kara <span class="hlt">Sea</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hori, M. E.; Inoue, J.</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>Frequent occurrence of cold <span class="hlt">air</span> outbreak is a dominant feature of the East Asian winter monsoon. A contributing factor for the this cold <span class="hlt">air</span> outbreak is the role of stationary Rossby waves over the Eurasian continent which intensifies the surface Siberian High and the accompanying cold <span class="hlt">air</span> outflow. Reduced <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice and increase in turbulence heat flux is hypothesized as a source of such stationary waves (Honda et al. 2009). In particular, the winter of 2009/2010 saw a strong correlation of high pressure anomaly over the Barents/Kara <span class="hlt">sea</span> and the following cold <span class="hlt">air</span> buildup over the Eurasian continent and its advection towards East Asia (Hori et al. 2011). The lag correlation of surface temperature over Japan and the 850hPa geopotential height shows a cyclonic anomaly appearing over the Barents/Kara <span class="hlt">sea</span> which creates a cold <span class="hlt">air</span> advection over the Eurasian continent. The pressure anomaly subsequently shifted westward to mature into a blocking high which created a wave- train pattern downstream advecting the cold <span class="hlt">air</span> buildup eastward toward East Asia and Japan (Fig1). We further examine this mechanism for other years including the 2005/2006, 2010/2011 winter and other winters with extreme cold <span class="hlt">air</span> outbreaks. Overall, the existence of an anticyclonic anomaly over the Barents/Kara <span class="hlt">sea</span> correlated well with the seasonal dominance of cold <span class="hlt">air</span> over the Eurasian continent thereby creating a contrast of a warm Arctic and cold Eurasian continent.In the intraseasonal timescale, the existence of this anticyclone corresponds to a persisting atmospheric blocking in the high latitudes. In the presentation, we address the underlying chain of events leading up to a strong cold <span class="hlt">air</span> outbreak over East Asia from an atmosphere - <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice - land surafce interaction point of view for paritular cold winter years.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.U11A..06W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.U11A..06W"><span>Albedo of bare ice near the Trans-Antarctic Mountains to represent <span class="hlt">sea</span>-glaciers on the tropical ocean of Snowball Earth</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Warren, S. G.; Dadic, R.; Mullen, P.; Schneebeli, M.; Brandt, R. E.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>The albedos of snow and ice surfaces are, because of their positive feedback, crucial to the initiation, maintenance, and termination of a snowball event, as well as for determining the ice thickness on the ocean. Despite the name, Snowball Earth would not have been entirely snow-covered. As on modern Earth, evaporation would exceed precipitation over much of the tropical ocean. After a transient period with <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice, the dominant ice type would probably be <span class="hlt">sea</span>-glaciers flowing in from higher latitude. As they flowed equatorward into the tropical region of net sublimation, their surface snow and subsurface firn would sublimate away, exposing bare glacier ice to the atmosphere and to solar radiation. This ice would be freshwater (meteoric) ice, which originated from snow and firn, so it would contain numerous <span class="hlt">air</span> bubbles, which determine the albedo. The modern surrogate for this type of ice (glacier ice exposed by sublimation, which has never experienced melting), are the bare-ice surfaces of the Antarctic Ice Sheet near the Trans-Antarctic Mountains. These areas have been well mapped because of their importance in the search for meteorites. A <span class="hlt">transect</span> across an icefield can sample ice of different ages that has traveled to different depths en route to the sublimation front. On a 6-km <span class="hlt">transect</span> from snow to ice near the Allan Hills, spectral albedo was measured and 1-m core samples were collected. This short <span class="hlt">transect</span> is meant to represent a north-south <span class="hlt">transect</span> across many degrees of latitude on the snowball ocean. Surfaces on the <span class="hlt">transect</span> transitioned through the sequence: new snow - old snow - firn - young white ice - old blue ice. The <span class="hlt">transect</span> from snow to ice showed a systematic progression of decreasing albedo at all wavelengths, as well as decreasing specific surface area (SSA; ratio of <span class="hlt">air</span>-ice interface area to ice mass) and increasing density. The measured spectral albedos are integrated over wavelength and weighted by the spectral solar flux to obtain</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15761691','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15761691"><span>Phylogenetic analysis of Archaea in the deep-<span class="hlt">sea</span> sediments of west <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Warm Pool.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wang, Peng; Xiao, Xiang; Wang, Fengping</p> <p>2005-06-01</p> <p>Archaea are known to play important roles in carbon cycling in marine sediments. The main compositions of archaeal community in five deep-<span class="hlt">sea</span> sediment samples collected from west <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Warm Pool area (WP-0, WP-1, WP-2, WP-3, WP-4), and in five sediment layers (1 cm-, 3 cm-, 6 cm-, 10 cm-, 12 cm- layer) of the 12 cm sediment core of WP-0 were checked and compared by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and 16 S rRNA gene sequencing. It was revealed that all the deep-<span class="hlt">sea</span> sediment samples checked contained members of non-thermophilic marine group I crenarchaeota as the predominant archaeal group. To further detect groups of archaea possibly relating with C1 metabolism, PCR amplification was carried out using primers targeting methane-oxidizing archaea. Although no methane-oxidizing archaea was detected, a group of novel archaea (named as WPA) was instead identified from all these five WP samples by clone analysis. They could be placed in the euryarchaeota kingdom, separated into two distinct groups, the main group was peripherally related with methanogens, the other group related with Thermoplasma. The vertical distributions of WPA, archaea and bacteria along the WP-0 sediment column were determined by quantitative-PCR. It was found that bacteria dominated at all depths, the numbers of bacteria were 10-10(4) times more than those of archaea. The proportion of archaea versus bacteria had a depth related increasing tendency, it was lowest at the first layer (0.01%), reached highest at the 12 cm- layer (10%). WPA only constituted a small proportion of the archaeal community (0.05% to 5%) of west <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Warm Pool sediment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..1210133Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..1210133Z"><span><span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> fluxes of momentum and mass in the presence of wind waves</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zülicke, Christoph</p> <p>2010-05-01</p> <p>An <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interaction model (ASIM) is developed including the effect of wind waves on momentum and mass transfer. This includes the derivation of profiles of dissipation rate, flow speed and concentration from a certain height to a certain depth. Simplified assumptions on the turbulent closure, skin - bulk matching and the spectral wave model allow for an analytic treatment. Particular emphasis was put on the inclusion of primary (gravity) waves and secondary (capillary-gravity) waves. The model was tuned to match wall-flow theory and data on wave height and slope. Growing waves reduce the <span class="hlt">air</span>-side turbulent stress and lead to an increasing drag coefficient. In the <span class="hlt">sea</span>, breaking waves inject turbulent kinetic energy and accelerate the transfer. Cross-reference with data on wave-related momentum and energy flux, dissipation rate and transfer velocity was sufficient. The evaluation of ASIM allowed for the analytical calculation of bulk formulae for the wind-dependent gas transfer velocity including information on the <span class="hlt">air</span>-side momentum transfer (drag coefficient) and the <span class="hlt">sea</span>-side gas transfer (Dalton number). The following regimes have been identified: the smooth waveless regime with a transfer velocity proportional to (wind) × (diffusion)2-3, the primary wave regime with a wind speed dependence proportional to (wind)1-4 × (diffusion)1-2-(waveage)1-4 and the secondary wave regime including a more-than-linear wind speed dependence like (wind)15-8 × (diffusion)1-2 × (waveage)5-8. These findings complete the current understanding of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interaction for medium winds between 2 and 20 m s^-1.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1075/pdf/ofr2014-1075.pdf','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1075/pdf/ofr2014-1075.pdf"><span>The <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Islands Climate Science Center five-year science agenda, 2014-2018</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Helweg, David; Nash, Sarah A.B.; Polhemus, Dan A.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>From the heights of Mauna Kea on Hawaiʻi Island to the depths of the Mariana Trench, from densely populated cities to sparse rural indigenous communities and uninhabited sandy atolls, the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> region encompasses diverse associations of peoples and places that are directly affected by changes to the atmosphere, ocean, and land. The peoples of the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> are among the first to observe and experience the effects of global climatic changes. Because the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> region is predominantly composed of vast ocean expanses punctuated only by small, isolated emergent islands and atolls, marine processes are critical factors in the region’s climate systems, and their impacts occur here to a greater degree than in continental regions. Rates of <span class="hlt">sea</span>-level rise in the region during the modern altimetry period exceed the global rate, with the highest increases occurring in the western North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> (Cazenave and Llovel, 2010; Nerem and others, 2010; Timmermann and others, 2010). The ocean has also warmed during this period. Since the 1970s, <span class="hlt">sea</span>-surface temperature has increased at a rate of 0.13 to 0.41 °F (0.07 to 0.23 °C) per decade, depending on the location (Keener and others, 2012a). Ocean chemistry has changed during this period as well, with surface pH having dropped by 0.1 pH units (Feely and others, 2009; Doney and others, 2012). Over the past century, <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature has increased throughout the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> region. In Hawaiʻi, average temperatures increased by 0.08 °F per decade during the period 1919 to 2006, and in recent years, the rate of increase has been accelerating, particularly at high elevations (Giambelluca and others, 2008). In the western North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>, temperatures also increased over the past 60 years (Lander and Guard, 2003; Lander, 2004; Lander and Khosrowpanah, 2004; Kruk and others, 2013), with a concurrent warming trend in the central South <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> since the 1950s (Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO, 2011).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ClDy...50.1881K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ClDy...50.1881K"><span>Interannual tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature anomalies teleconnection to Northern Hemisphere atmosphere in November</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>King, Martin P.; Herceg-Bulić, Ivana; Kucharski, Fred; Keenlyside, Noel</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>We investigate the Northern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation anomalies associated to the <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature (SST) anomalies that are related to the eastern-<span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and central-<span class="hlt">Pacific</span> El Nino-Southern Oscillations in the late autumn (November). This research is motivated by the need for improving understanding of the autumn climate conditions which can impact on winter climate, as well as the relative lack of study on the boreal autumn climate processes compared to winter. Using reanalysis and SST datasets available from the late nineteenth century through the recent years, we found that there are two major atmospheric responses; one is a hemispheric-wide wave number-4 pattern, another has a more annular pattern. Both of these project on the East Atlantic pattern (southward-shifted North Atlantic Oscillation) in the Atlantic sector. Which of the patterns is active is suggested to depend on the background mean flow, with the annular anomaly active in the most recent decades, while the wave-4 pattern in the decades before. This switch is associated with a change of correlation sign in the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. We discuss the robustness of this finding. The ability of two atmospheric general circulation models (ICTP-AGCM and ECHAM-AGCM) to reproduce the teleconnections is also examined. Evidence provided shows that the wave-4 pattern and the East Atlantic pattern signals can be reproduced by the models, while the shift from this to an annular response for the recent years is not found conclusively.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/37657','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/37657"><span>Sampling coarse woody debris along spoked <span class="hlt">transects</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Paul C. Van Deusen; Jeffery H. Gove</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Line <span class="hlt">transects</span> are commonly used for sampling coarse woody debris (CWD). The USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis programme uses a variant of this method that involves sampling for CWD along <span class="hlt">transects</span> that radiate from the centre of a circular plot-like spokes on a wheel. A new approach for analysis of data collected with spoked <span class="hlt">transects</span> is developed....</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70025826','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70025826"><span>HPLC and ELISA analyses of larval bile acids from <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and western brook lampreys</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Yun, S.-S.; Scott, A.P.; Bayer, J.M.; Seelye, J.G.; Close, D.A.; Li, W.</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>Comparative studies were performed on two native lamprey species, <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) and western brook lamprey (Lampetra richardsoni) from the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> coast along with <span class="hlt">sea</span> lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) from the Great Lakes, to investigate their bile acid production and release. HPLC and ELISA analyses of the gall bladders and liver extract revealed that the major bile acid compound from <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and western brook larval lampreys was petromyzonol sulfate (PZS), previously identified as a migratory pheromone in larval <span class="hlt">sea</span> lamprey. An ELISA for PZS has been developed in a working range of 20pg-10ng per well. The tissue concentrations of PZS in gall bladder were 127.40, 145.86, and 276.96??g/g body mass in <span class="hlt">sea</span> lamprey, <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> lamprey, and western brook lamprey, respectively. Releasing rates for PZS in the three species were measured using ELISA to find that western brook and <span class="hlt">sea</span> lamprey released PZS 20 times higher than <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> lamprey did. Further studies are required to determine whether PZS is a chemical cue in <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and western brook lampreys. ?? 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PrOce.158...65K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PrOce.158...65K"><span>Surface ocean carbon dioxide during the Atlantic Meridional <span class="hlt">Transect</span> (1995-2013); evidence of ocean acidification</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kitidis, Vassilis; Brown, Ian; Hardman-Mountford, Nicholas; Lefèvre, Nathalie</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Here we present more than 21,000 observations of carbon dioxide fugacity in <span class="hlt">air</span> and seawater (fCO2) along the Atlantic Meridional <span class="hlt">Transect</span> (AMT) programme for the period 1995-2013. Our dataset consists of 11 southbound and 2 northbound cruises in boreal autumn and spring respectively. Our paper is primarily focused on change in the surface-ocean carbonate system during southbound cruises. We used observed fCO2 and total alkalinity (TA), derived from salinity and temperature, to estimate dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and pH (total scale). Using this approach, estimated pH was consistent with spectrophotometric measurements carried out on 3 of our cruises. The AMT cruises <span class="hlt">transect</span> a range of biogeographic provinces where surface Chlorophyll-α spans two orders of magnitude (mesotrophic high latitudes to oligotrophic subtropical gyres). We found that surface Chlorophyll-α was negatively correlated with fCO2, but that the deep chlorophyll maximum was not a controlling variable for fCO2. Our data show clear evidence of ocean acidification across 100° of latitude in the Atlantic Ocean. Over the period 1995-2013 we estimated annual rates of change in: (a) <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature of 0.01 ± 0.05 °C, (b) seawater fCO2 of 1.44 ± 0.84 μatm, (c) DIC of 0.87 ± 1.02 μmol per kg and (d) pH of -0.0013 ± 0.0009 units. Monte Carlo simulations propagating the respective analytical uncertainties showed that the latter were < 5% of the observed trends. Seawater fCO2 increased at the same rate as atmospheric CO2.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JMS...175...15D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JMS...175...15D"><span>Carbon fixation in sediments of Sino-<span class="hlt">Pacific</span> <span class="hlt">seas</span>-differential contributions of bacterial and archaeal domains</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Das, Anindita; Cao, Wenrui; Zhang, Hongjie; Saren, Gaowa; Jiang, Mingyu; Yu, Xinke</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Oceanic stretches experiencing perpetual darkness and extreme limitation of utilizable organic matter often rely on chemosynthetic carbon (C)-fixation. However, C-fixation is not limited to carbon-deplete environments alone but might also occur in varying degrees in carbon-replete locales depending on the nature and concentration of utilizable carbon, electron donors and acceptors. Quantification of microbial C-fixation and relative contribution of domains bacteria and archaea are therefore crucial. The present experiment estimates the differential rates of C-fixation by archaea and bacteria along with the effects of different electron donors. Four Sino-<span class="hlt">Pacific</span> marine sediments from Bashi strait (Western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Warm Pool), East China <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, South China <span class="hlt">Sea</span> and Okinawa Trough were examined. Total microbial C-uptake was estimated by doping of aqueous NaH14CO3. Total bacterial C-uptake was measured by blocking archaeal metabolism using inhibitor GC7. Archaeal contribution was estimated by subtracting total bacterial from total microbial C-uptake. Effect of electron donor addition was analyzed by spiking with ammonium, sulfide, and reduced metals. Results suggested that C-fixation in marine sediments was not the function of archaea alone, which was in contrast to results from several recent publications. C-fixing bacteria are also equally active. Often in spite of great effort of one domain to fix carbon, the system does not become net C-fixing due to equal and opposite C-releasing activity of the other domain. Thus a C-releasing bacterial or archaeal community can become C-fixing with the change of nature and concentration of electron donors.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ClDy...49.3787P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ClDy...49.3787P"><span>Interannual variability of western North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> SST anomalies and its impact on North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and North America</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Park, Jae-Heung; An, Soon-Il; Kug, Jong-Seong</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>In this study, the interannual variability of <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature (SST) and its atmospheric teleconnection over the western North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> (WNP) toward the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>/North America during boreal winter are investigated. First, we defined the WNP mode as the first empirical orthogonal function (EOF) mode of SST anomalies over the WNP region (100-165°E, 0-35°N), of which the principle component time-series are significantly correlated with several well-known climate modes such as the warm pool mode which is the second EOF mode of the tropical to North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> SST anomalies, North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> oscillation (NPO), North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> gyre oscillation (NPGO), and central <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> (CP)-El Niño at 95% confidence level, but not correlated with the eastern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> (EP)-El Niño. The warm phase of the WNP mode (<span class="hlt">sea</span> surface warming) is initiated by anomalous southerly winds through reduction of wind speed with the background of northerly mean winds over the WNP during boreal winter, i.e., reduced evaporative cooling. Meanwhile, the atmospheric response to the SST warming pattern and its diabatic heating further enhance the southerly wind anomaly, referred to the wind-evaporation-SST (WES) feedback. Thus, the WNP mode is developed and maintained through winter until spring, when the northerly mean wind disappears. Furthermore, it is also known that anomalous upper-level divergence associated with WNP mode leads to the NPO-like structure over the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and the east-west pressure contrast pattern over the North America through Rossby wave propagation, impacting the climate over the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and North America.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24898296','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24898296"><span>The relationship between <span class="hlt">air</span> pollution, fossil fuel energy consumption, and water resources in the panel of selected Asia-<span class="hlt">Pacific</span> countries.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Rafindadi, Abdulkadir Abdulrashid; Yusof, Zarinah; Zaman, Khalid; Kyophilavong, Phouphet; Akhmat, Ghulam</p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>The objective of the study is to examine the relationship between <span class="hlt">air</span> pollution, fossil fuel energy consumption, water resources, and natural resource rents in the panel of selected Asia-<span class="hlt">Pacific</span> countries, over a period of 1975-2012. The study includes number of variables in the model for robust analysis. The results of cross-sectional analysis show that there is a significant relationship between <span class="hlt">air</span> pollution, energy consumption, and water productivity in the individual countries of Asia-<span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. However, the results of each country vary according to the time invariant shocks. For this purpose, the study employed the panel least square technique which includes the panel least square regression, panel fixed effect regression, and panel two-stage least square regression. In general, all the panel tests indicate that there is a significant and positive relationship between <span class="hlt">air</span> pollution, energy consumption, and water resources in the region. The fossil fuel energy consumption has a major dominating impact on the changes in the <span class="hlt">air</span> pollution in the region.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22352508','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22352508"><span>Tracking of <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> walruses in the Chukchi <span class="hlt">Sea</span> using a single hydrophone.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mouy, Xavier; Hannay, David; Zykov, Mikhail; Martin, Bruce</p> <p>2012-02-01</p> <p>The vocal repertoire of <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> walruses includes underwater sound pulses referred to as knocks and bell-like calls. An extended acoustic monitoring program was performed in summer 2007 over a large region of the eastern Chukchi <span class="hlt">Sea</span> using autonomous seabed-mounted acoustic recorders. Walrus knocks were identified in many of the recordings and most of these sounds included multiple bottom and surface reflected signals. This paper investigates the use of a localization technique based on relative multipath arrival times (RMATs) for potential behavior studies. First, knocks are detected using a semi-automated kurtosis-based algorithm. Then RMATs are matched to values predicted by a ray-tracing model. Walrus tracks with vertical and horizontal movements were obtained. The tracks included repeated dives between 4.0 m and 15.5 m depth and a deep dive to the <span class="hlt">sea</span> bottom (53 m). Depths at which bell-like sounds are produced, average knock production rate and source levels estimates of the knocks were determined. Bell sounds were produced at all depths throughout the dives. Average knock production rates varied from 59 to 75 knocks/min. Average source level of the knocks was estimated to 177.6 ± 7.5 dB re 1 μPa peak @ 1 m. © 2012 Acoustical Society of America</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA609213','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA609213"><span>Environmental Assessment. Beddown of a C-5M Super Galaxy Formal Training Unit, Dover <span class="hlt">Air</span> Force Base</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-03-01</p> <p>Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, or the Philippine Islands; and • Native Hawaiian and Other <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Islanders – A person having origins in any of the... Native Hawaiian and Other <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Islander alone or in combination 0 0 0 0 Some other race alone or in combination 2.0 1.3 1.6 1.0 Hispanic or...aquatic habitat is not present at the Dover <span class="hlt">Air</span> Force Base. Federally Listed Fish. Marine Mammals and <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Turtles : None of these species occur at the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMOS51A2016W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMOS51A2016W"><span>Climatology and variability of SST frontal activity in Eastern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean over the past decade</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Y.; Yuan, Y.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Distribution of <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature (SST) fronts are derived from high-resolution MODIS dataset in Eastern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean from 2003 to 2015. Daily distribution of frontal activities shows detailed feature and movement of front and the discontinuity of the track of front cause by cloud coverage. Monthly frontal probability is calculated to investigate corresponding climatology and variability. Frontal probability is generally higher along the coast and decreasing offshore. The frontal activity could extend few hundreds of kilometers near the major capes and central <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean. SST gradient associated with front is changing over different latitude with stronger gradient near the mid-latitude and under major topographic effects near tropics. Corresponding results from empirical orthogonal functions (EOF) shows major variability of SST front is found in mid-latitude and central <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean. The temporal variability captures a strong interannual and annual variability in those regions, while Intraannual variability are found more important at small scale near major capes and topographic features. The frontal variability is highly impacted by wind stress, upwelling, <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interaction, current, topography, eddy activity, El Nino along with other factors. And front plays an importance role in influencing the distribution of nutrients, the activity of fisheries and the development of ecosystems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AGUFM.V23B0600G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AGUFM.V23B0600G"><span>Seafloor Eruptions Offer a Teachable Moment to Help <span class="hlt">SEAS</span> Students Understand Important Geological and Ecological Processes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Goehring, L.; Williams, C. S.</p> <p>2006-12-01</p> <p>In education parlance, a teachable moment is an opportunity that arises when students are engaged and primed to learn, typically in response to some memorable event. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, even natural disasters, if meaningful to the student, often serve to catalyze intense learning. Recent eruptions at the East <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Rise offer a potential teachable moment for students and teachers involved with <span class="hlt">SEAS</span>, a Ridge 2000 education outreach program. <span class="hlt">SEAS</span> uses a combination of web-facilitated and teacher-directed activities to make the remote deep-<span class="hlt">sea</span> environment and the process of science relevant and meaningful. <span class="hlt">SEAS</span> is a web-based, inquiry-oriented education program for middle and high school students. It features the science associated with Ridge 2000 research. Since 2003, <span class="hlt">SEAS</span> has focused on the integrated study site at the East <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Rise (EPR) to help students understand geological and ecological processes at mid-ocean ridges and hydrothermal vents. <span class="hlt">SEAS</span> students study EPR bathymetry maps, images of lava formations, photomosaics of diffuse flow communities, succession in the Bio-Geo <span class="hlt">Transect</span>, as well as current research conducted during spring cruises. In the Classroom to <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Lab, students make direct comparisons between shallow-water mussels and vent mussels (from the EPR) to understand differences in feeding strategies. The recent eruptions and loss of seafloor fauna at this site offer the Ridge 2000 program the opportunity to help students better understand the ephemeral and episodic nature of ridge environments, as well as the realities and processes of science (particularly field science). In January 2007, the <span class="hlt">SEAS</span> program will again sail with a Ridge 2000 research team, and will work with scientists to report findings through the <span class="hlt">SEAS</span> website. The eruptions at the EPR covered much of the study site, and scientists' instruments and experiments, in fresh lava. We intend to highlight the recency and effect of the eruptions, using the students</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOS.A24A2561T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOS.A24A2561T"><span>Impact of Ocean Surface Waves on <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> Momentum Flux</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tamura, H.; Drennan, W. M.; Collins, C. O., III; Graber, H. C.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>In this study, we investigated the structure of turbulent <span class="hlt">air</span> flow over ocean waves. Observations of wind and waves were retrieved by <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interaction spar (ASIS) buoys during the shoaling waves experiment (SHOWEX) in Duck, NC in 1999. It is shown that the turbulent velocity spectra and co-spectra for pure wind <span class="hlt">sea</span> conditions follow the universal forms estimated by Miyake et al [1970]. In the presence of strong swells, the wave boundary layer was extended and the universal spectral scaling of u'w' broke down [Drennan et al, 1999]. On the other hand, the use of the peak wave frequency (fp) to reproduce the "universal spectra" succeeded at explaining the spectral structure of turbulent flow field. The u'w' co-spectra become negative near the fp, which suggests the upward momentum transport (i.e., negative wind stress) induced by ocean waves. Finally, we propose three turbulent flow structures for different wind-wave regimes.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_21 --> <div id="page_22" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="421"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19970036015','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19970036015"><span>Research in Observations of Oceanic <span class="hlt">Air/Sea</span> Interaction</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Long, David G.; Arnold, David V.</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>The primary purpose of this research has been: (1) to develop an innovative research radar scatterometer system capable of directly measuring both the radar backscatter and the small-scale and large-scale ocean wave field simultaneously and (2) deploy this instrument to collect data to support studies of <span class="hlt">air/sea</span> interaction. The instrument has been successfully completed and deployed. The system deployment lasted for six months during 1995. Results to date suggest that the data is remarkably useful in <span class="hlt">air/sea</span> interaction studies. While the data analysis is continuing, two journal and fifteen conference papers have been published. Six papers are currently in review with two additional journal papers scheduled for publication. Three Master's theses on this research have been completed. A Ph.D. student is currently finalizing his dissertation which should be completed by the end of the calendar year. We have received additional 'mainstream' funding from the NASA oceans branch to continue data analysis and instrument operations. We are actively pursuing results from the data expect additional publications to follow. This final report briefly describes the instrument system we developed and results to-date from the deployment. Additional detail is contained in the attached papers selected from the bibliography.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A14C..03J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A14C..03J"><span><span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> Interaction in the Somali Current Region</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jensen, T. G.; Rydbeck, A.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The western Indian Ocean is an area of high eddy-kinetic energy generated by local wind-stress curl, instability of boundary currents as well as Rossby waves from the west coast of India and the equatorial wave guide as they reflect off the African coast. The presence of meso-scale eddies and coastal upwelling during the Southwest Monsoon affects the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interaction on those scales. The U.S. Navy's Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS) is used to understand and quantify the surface flux, effects on surface waves and the role of <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Surface Temperature anomalies on ocean-atmosphere coupling in that area. The COAMPS atmosphere model component with 9 km resolution is fully coupled to the Navy Coastal Ocean Model (NCOM) with 3.5 km resolution and the Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN) wave model with 10 km resolution. Data assimilation using a 3D-variational approach is included in hindcast runs performed daily since June 1, 2015. An interesting result is that a westward jet associated with downwelling equatorial Rossy waves initiated the reversal from the southward Somali Current found during the northeast monsoon to a northward flow in March 2016 more than a month before the beginning of the southwest monsoon. It is also found that warm SST anomalies in the Somali Current eddies, locally increase surface wind speed due to an increase in the atmospheric boundary layer height. This results in an increase in significant wave height and also an increase in heat flux to the atmosphere. Cold SST anomalies over upwelling filaments have the opposite impacts on <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> fluxes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AtmEn.178...31J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AtmEn.178...31J"><span>Seasonal atmospheric deposition and <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons over the Yangtze River Estuary, East China <span class="hlt">Sea</span>: Implications for source-sink processes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jiang, Yuqing; Lin, Tian; Wu, Zilan; Li, Yuanyuan; Li, Zhongxia; Guo, Zhigang; Yao, Xiaohong</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>In this work, <span class="hlt">air</span> samples and surface seawater samples covering four seasons from March 2014 to January 2015 were collected from a background receptor site in the YRE to explore the seasonal fluxes of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas exchange and dry and wet deposition of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their source-sink processes at the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interface. The average dry and wet deposition fluxes of 15 PAHs were estimated as 879 ± 1393 ng m-2 d-1 and 755 ± 545 ng m-2 d-1, respectively. Gaseous PAH release from seawater to the atmosphere averaged 3114 ± 1999 ng m-2 d-1 in a year round. The <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas exchange of PAHs was the dominant process at the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interface in the YRE as the magnitude of volatilization flux of PAHs exceeded that of total dry and wet deposition. The gas PAH exchange flux was dominated by three-ring PAHs, with the highest value in summer and lowest in winter, indicating a marked seasonal variation owing to differences in Henry's law constants associated with temperature, as well as wind speed and gaseous-dissolved gradient among seasons. Based on the simplified mass balance estimation, a net 11 tons y-1 of PAHs (mainly three-ring PAHs) were volatilized from seawater to the atmosphere in a ∼20,000 km2 area in the YRE. Other than the year-round Yangtze River input and ocean ship emissions, the selective release of low-molecular-weight PAHs from bottom sediments in winter due to resuspension triggered by the East Asian winter monsoon is another potential source of PAHs. This work suggests that the source-sink processes of PAHs at the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interface in the YRE play a crucial role in regional cycling of PAHs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PolSc..10..323Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PolSc..10..323Y"><span>Mapping of the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 flux in the Arctic Ocean and its adjacent <span class="hlt">seas</span>: Basin-wide distribution and seasonal to interannual variability</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yasunaka, Sayaka; Murata, Akihiko; Watanabe, Eiji; Chierici, Melissa; Fransson, Agneta; van Heuven, Steven; Hoppema, Mario; Ishii, Masao; Johannessen, Truls; Kosugi, Naohiro; Lauvset, Siv K.; Mathis, Jeremy T.; Nishino, Shigeto; Omar, Abdirahman M.; Olsen, Are; Sasano, Daisuke; Takahashi, Taro; Wanninkhof, Rik</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>We produced 204 monthly maps of the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 flux in the Arctic north of 60°N, including the Arctic Ocean and its adjacent <span class="hlt">seas</span>, from January 1997 to December 2013 by using a self-organizing map technique. The partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in surface water data were obtained by shipboard underway measurements or calculated from alkalinity and total inorganic carbon of surface water samples. Subsequently, we investigated the basin-wide distribution and seasonal to interannual variability of the CO2 fluxes. The 17-year annual mean CO2 flux shows that all areas of the Arctic Ocean and its adjacent <span class="hlt">seas</span> were net CO2 sinks. The estimated annual CO2 uptake by the Arctic Ocean was 180 TgC yr-1. The CO2 influx was strongest in winter in the Greenland/Norwegian <span class="hlt">Seas</span> (>15 mmol m-2 day-1) and the Barents <span class="hlt">Sea</span> (>12 mmol m-2 day-1) because of strong winds, and strongest in summer in the Chukchi <span class="hlt">Sea</span> (∼10 mmol m-2 day-1) because of the <span class="hlt">sea</span>-ice retreat. In recent years, the CO2 uptake has increased in the Greenland/Norwegian <span class="hlt">Sea</span> and decreased in the southern Barents <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, owing to increased and decreased <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> pCO2 differences, respectively.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15264519','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15264519"><span>Mollusks of Manuel Antonio National Park, <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Costa Rica.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Willis, S; Cortés, J</p> <p>2001-12-01</p> <p>The mollusks in Manuel Antonio National Park on the central section of the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> coast of Costa Rica were studied along thirty-six <span class="hlt">transects</span> done perpendicular to the shore, and by random sampling of subtidal environments, beaches and mangrove forest. Seventy-four species of mollusks belonging to three classes and 40 families were found: 63 gastropods, 9 bivalves and 2 chitons, during this study in 1995. Of these, 16 species were found only as empty shells (11) or inhabited by hermit crabs (5). Forty-eight species were found at only one locality. Half the species were found at one site, Puerto Escondido. The most diverse habitat was the low rocky intertidal zone. Nodilittorina modesta was present in 34 <span class="hlt">transects</span> and Nerita scabricosta in 30. Nodilittorina aspera had the highest density of mollusks in the <span class="hlt">transects</span>. Only four <span class="hlt">transects</span> did not clustered into the four main groups. The species composition of one cluster of <span class="hlt">transects</span> is associated with a boulder substrate, while another cluster of <span class="hlt">transects</span> associates with site. Two clusters were not associated to any of the factors recorded. Some species were present in previous studies but absent in 1995, while others were absent in the previous studies but found in 1995. For example, Siphonaria gigas was present in 1995 in many <span class="hlt">transects</span> with a relatively high density, but absent in 1962, probably due to human predation before the establishment of the park. Including this study, a total of 97 species of mollusks in three classes and 45 families have been reported from Manuel Antonio National Park. Sixty-nine species are new reports for the area: 53 gastropods, 14 bivalves and 2 chitons. There are probably more species of mollusks at Manuel Antonio National Park, than the 97 reported here, because some areas have not been adequately sampled (e.g., deep environments) and many micro-mollusks could not be identified.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26156374','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26156374"><span>Basin-scale transport of hydrothermal dissolved metals across the South <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Resing, Joseph A; Sedwick, Peter N; German, Christopher R; Jenkins, William J; Moffett, James W; Sohst, Bettina M; Tagliabue, Alessandro</p> <p>2015-07-09</p> <p>Hydrothermal venting along mid-ocean ridges exerts an important control on the chemical composition of <span class="hlt">sea</span> water by serving as a major source or sink for a number of trace elements in the ocean. Of these, iron has received considerable attention because of its role as an essential and often limiting nutrient for primary production in regions of the ocean that are of critical importance for the global carbon cycle. It has been thought that most of the dissolved iron discharged by hydrothermal vents is lost from solution close to ridge-axis sources and is thus of limited importance for ocean biogeochemistry. This long-standing view is challenged by recent studies which suggest that stabilization of hydrothermal dissolved iron may facilitate its long-range oceanic transport. Such transport has been subsequently inferred from spatially limited oceanographic observations. Here we report data from the US GEOTRACES Eastern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Zonal <span class="hlt">Transect</span> (EPZT) that demonstrate lateral transport of hydrothermal dissolved iron, manganese, and aluminium from the southern East <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Rise (SEPR) several thousand kilometres westward across the South <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean. Dissolved iron exhibits nearly conservative (that is, no loss from solution during transport and mixing) behaviour in this hydrothermal plume, implying a greater longevity in the deep ocean than previously assumed. Based on our observations, we estimate a global hydrothermal dissolved iron input of three to four gigamoles per year to the ocean interior, which is more than fourfold higher than previous estimates. Complementary simulations with a global-scale ocean biogeochemical model suggest that the observed transport of hydrothermal dissolved iron requires some means of physicochemical stabilization and indicate that hydrothermally derived iron sustains a large fraction of Southern Ocean export production.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20060032599&hterms=indo+pacific&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dindo%2Bpacific','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20060032599&hterms=indo+pacific&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dindo%2Bpacific"><span>Indo-<span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Oceanic Connection and ENSO Events Observed and Simulated with a <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean-Atmosphere Model Forced Over 1980-1998</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Perigaud, C.; Florenchie, P.</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>In situ and satellite <span class="hlt">sea</span> level data sets over 1980-1998 are used to estimate the interannual variations of the geostrophic zonal transport across the opening of the Northwestern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> boundary into the Celebes <span class="hlt">sea</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPS...356..389O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPS...356..389O"><span>Separator electrode assembly (<span class="hlt">SEA</span>) with 3-dimensional bioanode and removable <span class="hlt">air</span>-cathode boosts microbial fuel cell performance</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Oliot, M.; Etcheverry, L.; Mosdale, A.; Basseguy, R.; Délia, M.-L.; Bergel, A.</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>Separator electrode assemblies (<span class="hlt">SEAs</span>) were designed by associating a microbial anode with an <span class="hlt">air</span>-cathode on each side of three different kinds of separator: plastic grid, J-cloth and baking paper. The <span class="hlt">SEA</span> was designed to allow the <span class="hlt">air</span>-cathode be removed and replaced without disturbing the bioanode. Power densities up to 6.4 W m-2 were produced by the Grid-<span class="hlt">SEAs</span> (on average 5.9 ± 0.5 W m-2) while JCloth-<span class="hlt">SEAs</span> and Paper-<span class="hlt">SEAs</span> produced 4.8 ± 0.3 and 1.8 ± 0.1 W m-2, respectively. Power densities decreased with time mainly because of fast deterioration of the cathode kinetics. They always increased again when the <span class="hlt">air</span>-cathodes were replaced by new ones; the Grid-<span class="hlt">SEAs</span> were thus boosted above 4 W m-2 after 7 weeks of operation. The theoretical analysis of <span class="hlt">SEA</span> functioning suggested that the high performance of the Grid-<span class="hlt">SEAs</span> was due to the combination of several virtuous phenomena: the efficient pH balance thanks to free diffusion through the large-mesh grid, the likely mitigation of oxygen crossover thanks to the 3-dimensional structure of the bioanode and the possibility of overcoming cathode fouling by replacing it during MFC operation. Finally, the microbial community of all bioanodes showed stringent selection of Proteiniphilum acetatigenes in proportion with the performance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AtmRe.196...62S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AtmRe.196...62S"><span>Intense <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> exchanges and heavy orographic precipitation over Italy: The role of Adriatic <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature uncertainty</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Stocchi, Paolo; Davolio, Silvio</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Strong and persistent low-level winds blowing over the Adriatic basin are often associated with intense precipitation events over Italy. Typically, in case of moist southeasterly wind (Sirocco), rainfall affects northeastern Italy and the Alpine chain, while with cold northeasterly currents (Bora) precipitations are localized along the eastern slopes of the Apennines and central Italy coastal areas. These events are favoured by intense <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interactions and it is reasonable to hypothesize that the Adriatic <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature (SST) can affect the amount and location of precipitation. High-resolution simulations of different Bora and Sirocco events leading to severe precipitation are performed using a convection-permitting model (MOLOCH). Sensitivity experiments varying the SST initialization field are performed with the aim of evaluating the impact of SST uncertainty on precipitation forecasts, which is a relevant topic for operational weather predictions, especially at local scales. Moreover, diagnostic tools to compute water vapour fluxes across the Italian coast and atmospheric water budget over the Adriatic <span class="hlt">Sea</span> have been developed and applied in order to characterize the <span class="hlt">air</span> mass that feeds the precipitating systems. Finally, the investigation of the processes through which the SST influences location and intensity of heavy precipitation allows to gain a better understanding on mechanisms conducive to severe weather in the Mediterranean area and in the Adriatic basin in particular. Results show that the effect of the Adriatic SST (uncertainty) on precipitation is complex and can vary considerably among different events. For both Bora and Sirocco events, SST does not influence markedly the atmospheric water budget or the degree of moistening of <span class="hlt">air</span> that flows over the Adriatic <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. SST mainly affects the stability of the atmospheric boundary layer, thus influencing the flow dynamics and the orographic flow regime, and in turn, the precipitation pattern.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28238183','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28238183"><span>Associations between trace elements and clinical health parameters in the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> loggerhead <span class="hlt">sea</span> turtle (Caretta caretta) from Baja California Sur, Mexico.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ley-Quiñónez, César Paúl; Rossi-Lafferriere, Natalia Alejandra; Espinoza-Carreon, Teresa Leticia; Hart, Catherine Edwina; Peckham, Sherwood Hoyt; Aguirre, Alfredo Alonso; Zavala-Norzagaray, Alan Alfredo</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>This study investigated selected trace elements toxicity in <span class="hlt">sea</span> turtles Caretta caretta population from Baja California Sur (BCS), Mexico, by analyzing associations among Zn, Se, Cu, As, Cd, Ni, Mn, Pb, and Hg with various biochemical parameters (packed cell volume, leukocytes, and selected blood parameters), and whether their concentrations could have an impact on the health status of <span class="hlt">sea</span> turtles. Blood samples from 22 loggerhead (C. caretta) <span class="hlt">sea</span> turtles from BCS, Mexico, were collected for trace elements on biochemistry parameter analyses. Significant associations among trace element levels and the biochemistry parameters were found: Cd vs ALP (R 2  = 0.874, p ˂ 0.001), As vs ALP (R 2  = 0.656, p ˂ 0.001), Mn vs ALP (R 2  = 0.834, p ˂ 0.001), and Ni vs LDH (R 2  = 0.587, p ˂ 0.001). This study is the first report of the biochemical parameters of the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> loggerhead <span class="hlt">sea</span> turtle (C. caretta) from Baja California Sur, Mexico, and it is the first to observe several associations with toxic and essential trace elements. Our study reinforces the usefulness of blood for the monitoring of the levels of contaminating elements and the results suggest that, based on the associations with health clinical parameters, high levels of Cd and As could be representing a risk to the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> loggerhead population health.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70156811','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70156811"><span>Expanding biological data standards development processes for US IOOS: visual line <span class="hlt">transect</span> observing community for mammal, bird, and turtle data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Fornwall, M.; Gisiner, R.; Simmons, S. E.; Moustahfid, Hassan; Canonico, G.; Halpin, P.; Goldstein, P.; Fitch, R.; Weise, M.; Cyr, N.; Palka, D.; Price, J.; Collins, D.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>The US Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) has recently adopted standards for biological core variables in collaboration with the US Geological Survey/Ocean Biogeographic Information System (USGS/OBIS-USA) and other federal and non-federal partners. In this Community White Paper (CWP) we provide a process to bring into IOOS a rich new source of biological observing data, visual line <span class="hlt">transect</span> surveys, and to establish quality data standards for visual line <span class="hlt">transect</span> observations, an important source of at-<span class="hlt">sea</span> bird, turtle and marine mammal observation data. The processes developed through this exercise will be useful for other similar biogeographic observing efforts, such as passive acoustic point and line <span class="hlt">transect</span> observations, tagged animal data, and mark-recapture (photo-identification) methods. Furthermore, we suggest that the processes developed through this exercise will serve as a catalyst for broadening involvement by the larger marine biological data community within the goals and processes of IOOS.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA628532','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA628532"><span><span class="hlt">Air/Sea</span> Transfer of Gases and Aerosols</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2003-09-30</p> <p>of tubing from the boom at the western end of the pier. The boom housed the inlet and a Campbell CSAT sonic anemometer, which measured three...with the return flow from breaking waves onshore. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 U10 (m/s) k 6 00 (c m /h r ) this study wanninkof...ultimately result in improved algorithms relating the state of the <span class="hlt">air/sea</span> interface to remotely sensed properties. REFERENCES Bandy, A, R ., D</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140013024','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140013024"><span>Contrasting Effects of Central <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and Eastern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> El Nino on Stratospheric Water Vapor</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Garfinkel, Chaim I.; Hurwitz, Margaret M.; Oman, Luke D.; Waugh, Darryn W.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Targeted experiments with a comprehensive chemistry-climate model are used to demonstrate that seasonality and the location of the peak warming of <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperatures dictate the response of stratospheric water vapor to El Nino. In spring, El Nino events in which <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature anomalies peak in the eastern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> lead to a warming at the tropopause above the warm pool region, and subsequently to more stratospheric water vapor (consistent with previous work). However, in fall and in early winter, and also during El Nino events in which the <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature anomaly is found mainly in the central <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>, the response is qualitatively different: temperature changes in the warm pool region are nonuniform and less water vapor enters the stratosphere. The difference in water vapor in the lower stratosphere between the two variants of El Nino approaches 0.3 ppmv, while the difference between the winter and spring responses exceeds 0.5 ppmv.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeoRL..44.7919Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeoRL..44.7919Z"><span>A decadal tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> condition unfavorable to central <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> El Niño</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhong, Wenxiu; Zheng, Xiao-Tong; Cai, Wenju</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>The frequency of central <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> (CP) El Niño events displays strong decadal variability but the associated dynamics are unclear. The Interdecadal <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Oscillation (IPO) and the tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> decadal variability (TPDV) are two dominant modes of tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> decadal variability that can interact with high-frequency activities. Using a 500 year control integration from the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Earth System Model, we find that the difference in mean state between the low-frequency and high-frequency CP El Niño periods is similar to the decadal background condition concurrently contributed by a negative IPO and a positive TPDV. This decadal state features strengthened trade winds west of the International Date Line and anomalous cool <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperatures across the central tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. As such, positive zonal advection feedback is difficult to be generated over the central to western tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> during the CP El Niño developing season, resulting in the low CP El Niño frequency.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17379807','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17379807"><span>Bottom-up determination of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> momentum exchange under a major tropical cyclone.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jarosz, Ewa; Mitchell, Douglas A; Wang, David W; Teague, William J</p> <p>2007-03-23</p> <p>As a result of increasing frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones, an accurate forecasting of cyclone evolution and ocean response is becoming even more important to reduce threats to lives and property in coastal regions. To improve predictions, accurate evaluation of the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> momentum exchange is required. Using current observations recorded during a major tropical cyclone, we have estimated this momentum transfer from the ocean side of the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interface, and we discuss it in terms of the drag coefficient. For winds between 20 and 48 meters per second, this coefficient initially increases and peaks at winds of about 32 meters per second before decreasing.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSHE54A1554N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSHE54A1554N"><span>Seasonal to Mesoscale Variability of Water Masses in Barrow Canyon,Chukchi <span class="hlt">Sea</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nobre, C.; Pickart, R. S.; Moore, K.; Ashjian, C. J.; Arrigo, K. R.; Grebmeier, J. M.; Vagle, S.; Itoh, M.; Berchok, C.; Stabeno, P. J.; Kikuchi, T.; Cooper, L. W.; Hartwell, I.; He, J.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>Barrow Canyon is one of the primary conduits by which <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>-origin water exits the Chukchi <span class="hlt">Sea</span> into the Canada Basin. As such, it is an ideal location to monitor the different water masses through the year. At the same time, the canyon is an energetic environment where mixing and entrainment can occur, modifying the <span class="hlt">pacific</span>-origin waters. As part of the Distributed Biological Observatory (DBO) program, a <span class="hlt">transect</span> across the canyon was occupied 24 times between 2010-2013 by international ships of opportunity passing through the region during summer and early-fall. Here we present results from an analysis of these sections to determine the seasonal evolution of the water masses and to investigate the nature of the mesoscale variability. The mean state shows the clear presence of six water masses present at various times through the summer. The seasonal evolution of these summer water masses is characterized both in depth space and in temperature-salinity (T-S) space. Clear patterns emerge, including the arrival of Alaskan coastal water and its modification in early-fall. The primary mesoscale variability is associated with wind-driven upwelling events which occur predominantly in September. The atmospheric forcing of these events is investigated as is the oceanic response.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1389374','SCIGOV-DOEDE'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1389374"><span>Atmospheric Methane Mixing Ratios--The NOAA/CMDL Global Cooperative <span class="hlt">Air</span> Sampling Network\\, 1983-1993</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/dataexplorer">DOE Data Explorer</a></p> <p>Dlugokencky, E. J. [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado (USA); Lang, P. M. [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado (USA); Masarie, K. A. [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado (USA); Steele, L. P. [Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Aspendale, Victoria, Australia</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>This data base presents atmospheric methane (CH4) mixing ratios from flask <span class="hlt">air</span> samples collected over the period 1983-1993 by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory's (NOAA/CMDL's) global cooperative <span class="hlt">air</span> sampling network. <span class="hlt">Air</span> samples were collected approximately once per week at 44 fixed sites (37 of which were still active at the end of 1993). Samples were also collected at 5 degree latitude intervals along shipboard cruise tracks in the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean between North America and New Zealand (or Australia) and at 3 degree latitude intervals along cruise tracks in the South China <span class="hlt">Sea</span> between Singapore and Hong Kong. The shipboard measurements were made approximately every 3 weeks per latitude zone by each of two ships in the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean and approximately once every week per latitude zone in the South China <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. All samples were analyzed for CH4 at the NOAA/CMDL laboratory in Boulder, Colorado, by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection, and each aliquot was referenced to the NOAA/CMDL methane standard scale. In addition to providing the complete set of atmospheric CH4 measurements from flask <span class="hlt">air</span> samples collected at the NOAA/CMDL network sites, this data base also includes files which list monthly mean mixing ratios derived from the individual flask <span class="hlt">air</span> measurements. These monthly summary data are available for 35 of the fixed sites and 21 of the shipboard sampling sites.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMPP43A2060S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMPP43A2060S"><span>Collapse of the <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface stability during the Miocene to Quartenary in the Western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean, indicated by Discoaster abundance and Coccolith size change</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sato, T.; Pratiwi, S. D.; Farida, M.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>We describe in detail the middle Miocene to Pleistocene paleoceanography of the Western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean based on calcareous nannofossils. Abundantly occurrence of discoasters, which indicates the stable <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface stratification and the development of thermo- and nutri-cline, are found in the interval from NN2 to NN4 zones of the early Miocene. The relative abundance of discoaster is decreased in the NN4-5 zone and it changed to very rare above NN10 (B in Fig.1). These characteristics are found in both Sites 805 and 782. Focusing to the mean size of Reticulofenestra species, it decreased at NN4-5 zone (A in Fig 2), and lower part of NN11 (B in Fig. 2). The presence of larger size Reticulofenestra species also show the oligotrophic conditions of <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface with thermocline. On the basis of these results, the collapse of the stability of the <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface stratification in the Western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean progressed throughout the Miocene to Quaternary. As the results, nutrient conditions of <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface in these area were changed in steps from oligotrophic to eutrophic conditions at NN4-5 and lower part of NN11 (A and B in Fig. 2). These datum related to collapse of <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface conditions, is cleary correlated to the timing of the end of Mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum (A) and the intensify of the Asian Monsoon (B; Fig. 2).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23460892','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23460892"><span>Variability in the correlation between Asian dust storms and chlorophyll a concentration from the North to Equatorial <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tan, Sai-Chun; Yao, Xiaohong; Gao, Hui-Wang; Shi, Guang-Yu; Yue, Xu</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>A long-term record of Asian dust storms showed seven high-occurrence-frequency centers in China. The intrusion of Asian dust into the downwind <span class="hlt">seas</span>, including the China <span class="hlt">seas</span>, the <span class="hlt">Sea</span> of Japan, the subarctic North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>, the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> subtropical gyre, and the western and eastern Equatorial <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>, has been shown to add nutrients to ocean ecosystems and enhance their biological activities. To explore the relationship between the transported dust from various sources to the six <span class="hlt">seas</span> and oceanic biological activities with different nutrient conditions, the correlation between monthly chlorophyll a concentration in each <span class="hlt">sea</span> and monthly dust storm occurrence frequencies reaching the <span class="hlt">sea</span> during 1997-2007 was examined in this study. No correlations were observed between dust and chlorophyll a concentration in the <50 m China <span class="hlt">seas</span> because atmospheric deposition is commonly believed to exert less impact on coastal <span class="hlt">seas</span>. Significant correlations existed between dust sources and many <span class="hlt">sea</span> areas, suggesting a link between dust and chlorophyll a concentration in those <span class="hlt">seas</span>. However, the correlation coefficients were highly variable. In general, the correlation coefficients (0.54-0.63) for the <span class="hlt">Sea</span> of Japan were highest, except for that between the subarctic <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and the Taklimakan Desert, where it was as high as 0.7. For the >50 m China <span class="hlt">seas</span> and the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> subtropical gyre, the correlation coefficients were in the range 0.32-0.57. The correlation coefficients for the western and eastern Equatorial <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> were relatively low (<0.36). These correlation coefficients were further interpreted in terms of the geographical distributions of dust sources, the transport pathways, the dust deposition, the nutrient conditions of oceans, and the probability of dust storms reaching the <span class="hlt">seas</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3988149','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3988149"><span>Value, Market Preferences and Trade of Beche-De-Mer from <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Island <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Cucumbers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Purcell, Steven W.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Market preferences of natural resources contribute to shape their exploitation and production. Beche-de-mer, the product after gutting, cooking, salting and drying <span class="hlt">sea</span> cucumbers, is exported worldwide to Asian dried seafood markets. A better understanding of the trade, value and market preferences of <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> island beche-de-mer could identify critical postharvest processing techniques and management strategies for fisheries and aquaculture. Data were collected on export prices and trade of beche-de-mer from Kiribati, Fiji, Tonga and New Caledonia, and the selling prices, respective sizes and organoleptic properties of the products in stores in China. Export prices varied considerably within and among the four countries and low-value species were the most exported by volume. Most of the beche-de-mer from the four <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> islands is exported to Hong Kong, where quality products are sold and others are distributed to mainland China. Prices of the beche-de-mer in Chinese stores varied up to ten-fold and were mostly influenced by species, body size and, to a lesser extent, physical damage to the products. Market prices across species (averaging US$15–385 kg−1) appear to have mostly increased six- to twelve-fold over the past decade. The data allude that fisheries for Holothuria scabra, H. lessoni, H. fuscogilva, H. whitmaei and Thelenota ananas should be most carefully managed because they were the highest-value species and under greatest demand. The relationships between size of beche-de-mer and sale price were species specific and highly varied. This study also highlights the need for better regulations and/or enforcement of minimum size limits in <span class="hlt">sea</span> cucumber fisheries, which can help to maximise economic benefits of wild stocks. PMID:24736374</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_22 --> <div id="page_23" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="441"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24736374','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24736374"><span>Value, market preferences and trade of Beche-de-mer from <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Island <span class="hlt">sea</span> cucumbers.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Purcell, Steven W</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Market preferences of natural resources contribute to shape their exploitation and production. Beche-de-mer, the product after gutting, cooking, salting and drying <span class="hlt">sea</span> cucumbers, is exported worldwide to Asian dried seafood markets. A better understanding of the trade, value and market preferences of <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> island beche-de-mer could identify critical postharvest processing techniques and management strategies for fisheries and aquaculture. Data were collected on export prices and trade of beche-de-mer from Kiribati, Fiji, Tonga and New Caledonia, and the selling prices, respective sizes and organoleptic properties of the products in stores in China. Export prices varied considerably within and among the four countries and low-value species were the most exported by volume. Most of the beche-de-mer from the four <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> islands is exported to Hong Kong, where quality products are sold and others are distributed to mainland China. Prices of the beche-de-mer in Chinese stores varied up to ten-fold and were mostly influenced by species, body size and, to a lesser extent, physical damage to the products. Market prices across species (averaging US$15-385 kg-1) appear to have mostly increased six- to twelve-fold over the past decade. The data allude that fisheries for Holothuria scabra, H. lessoni, H. fuscogilva, H. whitmaei and Thelenota ananas should be most carefully managed because they were the highest-value species and under greatest demand. The relationships between size of beche-de-mer and sale price were species specific and highly varied. This study also highlights the need for better regulations and/or enforcement of minimum size limits in <span class="hlt">sea</span> cucumber fisheries, which can help to maximise economic benefits of wild stocks.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMOS21B1971J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMOS21B1971J"><span>High-resolution modeling of local <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interaction within the Marine Continent using COAMPS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jensen, T. G.; Chen, S.; Flatau, M. K.; Smith, T.; Rydbeck, A.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The Maritime Continent (MC) is a region of intense deep atmospheric convection that serves as an important source of forcing for the Hadley and Walker circulations. The convective activity in the MC region spans multiple scales from local mesoscales to regional scales, and impacts equatorial wave propagation, coupled <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interaction and intra seasonal oscillations. The complex distribution of islands, shallow <span class="hlt">seas</span> with fairly small heat storage and deep <span class="hlt">seas</span> with large heat capacity is challenging to model. Diurnal convection over land-<span class="hlt">sea</span> is part of a land-<span class="hlt">sea</span> breeze system on a small scale, and is highly influenced by large variations in orography over land and marginal <span class="hlt">seas</span>. Daytime solar insolation, run-off from the Archipelago and nighttime rainfall tends to stabilize the water column, while mixing by tidal currents and locally forced winds promote vertical mixing. The runoff from land and rivers and high net precipitation result in fresh water lenses that enhance vertical stability in the water column and help maintain high SST. We use the fully coupled atmosphere-ocean-wave version of the Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS) developed at NRL with resolution of a few kilometers to investigate the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interaction associated with the land-<span class="hlt">sea</span> breeze system in the MC under active and inactive phases of the Madden-Julian Oscillation. The high resolution enables simulation of strong SST gradients associated with local upwelling in deeper waters and strong salinity gradients near rivers and from heavy precipitation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA591722','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA591722"><span>Impact of Typhoons on the Western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean (ITOP) DRI:Numerical Modeling of Ocean Mixed Layer Turbulence and Entrainment at High Winds</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-09-23</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Impact of Typhoons on the Western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean (ITOP) DRI...measurement and modeling activities include a focus on the impact of surface waves, <span class="hlt">air</span>- <span class="hlt">sea</span> fluxes and the temperature, salinity and velocity structure...moment closure (SMC) to represent the impact of Langmuir turbulence. WORK COMPLETED Encouraged by good quantitative comparisons between LES</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMOS51A2030S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMOS51A2030S"><span>Geochemistry of Dissolved Trace Metals in the Waters of Bahia Magdalena, Baja California Sur, <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Coast, Mexico</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Suresh Babu, S.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Forty two samples were acquired from the surface and bottom water profiles along 5 <span class="hlt">transects</span> spread over Bahia Magdalena lagoon, Baja California Sur to assess the behavior of trace metals in a high influenced upwelling region on the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> coast. To elaborate the fate of metals, also the physico-chemical parameters (pH, temperature, salinity, conductivity, dissolved oxygen). Determination of the concentrations of trace metals (Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu, Co, Pb, Ni, Zn, Cd As, Hg) were measured using Atomic absorption spectrometry. The results demonstrated high values of As, Ni and Co which is attributed to the local geology and phosphate deposits. Low values of Fe and Mn are attested to the oxic conditions of the lagoon which are responsible for the oxidation of Fe and Mn. The region witnesses raised temperatures (28.92ºC) and salinities of 35.2 PSU for its arid climatic conditions and high rates of evaporation. In general, the region presented minor quantities of dissolved trace metals due to dispersion and high intense interaction with the open <span class="hlt">sea</span>. The results were also compared with other studies to understand the enrichment pattern in this side of the <span class="hlt">pacific</span> coast which experiences various geothermal activities and upwelling phenomenon.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4105538','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4105538"><span>Ocean-Scale Patterns in Community Respiration Rates along Continuous <span class="hlt">Transects</span> across the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Wilson, Jesse M.; Severson, Rodney; Beman, J. Michael</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Community respiration (CR) of organic material to carbon dioxide plays a fundamental role in ecosystems and ocean biogeochemical cycles, as it dictates the amount of production available to higher trophic levels and for export to the deep ocean. Yet how CR varies across large oceanographic gradients is not well-known: CR is measured infrequently and cannot be easily sensed from space. We used continuous oxygen measurements collected by autonomous gliders to quantify surface CR rates across the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean. CR rates were calculated from changes in apparent oxygen utilization and six different estimates of oxygen flux based on wind speed. CR showed substantial spatial variation: rates were lowest in ocean gyres (mean of 6.93 mmol m−3 d−1±8.0 mmol m−3 d−1 standard deviation in the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Subtropical Gyre) and were more rapid and more variable near the equator (8.69 mmol m−3 d−1±7.32 mmol m−3 d−1 between 10°N and 10°S) and near shore (e.g., 5.62 mmol m−3 d−1±45.6 mmol m−3 d−1 between the coast of California and 124°W, and 17.0 mmol m−3 d−1±13.9 mmol m−3 d−1 between 156°E and the Australian coast). We examined how CR varied with coincident measurements of temperature, turbidity, and chlorophyll concentrations (a proxy for phytoplankton biomass), and found that CR was weakly related to different explanatory variables across the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>, but more strongly related to particular variables in different biogeographical areas. Our results indicate that CR is not a simple linear function of chlorophyll or temperature, and that at the scale of the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>, the coupling between primary production, ocean warming, and CR is complex and variable. We suggest that this stems from substantial spatial variation in CR captured by high-resolution autonomous measurements. PMID:25048960</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25048960','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25048960"><span>Ocean-scale patterns in community respiration rates along continuous <span class="hlt">transects</span> across the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wilson, Jesse M; Severson, Rodney; Beman, J Michael</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Community respiration (CR) of organic material to carbon dioxide plays a fundamental role in ecosystems and ocean biogeochemical cycles, as it dictates the amount of production available to higher trophic levels and for export to the deep ocean. Yet how CR varies across large oceanographic gradients is not well-known: CR is measured infrequently and cannot be easily sensed from space. We used continuous oxygen measurements collected by autonomous gliders to quantify surface CR rates across the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean. CR rates were calculated from changes in apparent oxygen utilization and six different estimates of oxygen flux based on wind speed. CR showed substantial spatial variation: rates were lowest in ocean gyres (mean of 6.93 mmol m(-3) d(-1)±8.0 mmol m(-3) d(-1) standard deviation in the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Subtropical Gyre) and were more rapid and more variable near the equator (8.69 mmol m(-3) d(-1)±7.32 mmol m(-3) d(-1) between 10°N and 10°S) and near shore (e.g., 5.62 mmol m(-3) d(-1)±45.6 mmol m(-3) d(-1) between the coast of California and 124°W, and 17.0 mmol m(-3) d(-1)±13.9 mmol m(-3) d(-1) between 156°E and the Australian coast). We examined how CR varied with coincident measurements of temperature, turbidity, and chlorophyll concentrations (a proxy for phytoplankton biomass), and found that CR was weakly related to different explanatory variables across the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>, but more strongly related to particular variables in different biogeographical areas. Our results indicate that CR is not a simple linear function of chlorophyll or temperature, and that at the scale of the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>, the coupling between primary production, ocean warming, and CR is complex and variable. We suggest that this stems from substantial spatial variation in CR captured by high-resolution autonomous measurements.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018BGeo...15.3107B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018BGeo...15.3107B"><span>Aphotic N2 fixation along an oligotrophic to ultraoligotrophic <span class="hlt">transect</span> in the western tropical South <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Benavides, Mar; Shoemaker, Katyanne M.; Moisander, Pia H.; Niggemann, Jutta; Dittmar, Thorsten; Duhamel, Solange; Grosso, Olivier; Pujo-Pay, Mireille; Hélias-Nunige, Sandra; Fumenia, Alain; Bonnet, Sophie</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>The western tropical South <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> (WTSP) Ocean has been recognized as a global hot spot of dinitrogen (N2) fixation. Here, as in other marine environments across the oceans, N2 fixation studies have focused on the sunlit layer. However, studies have confirmed the importance of aphotic N2 fixation activity, although until now only one had been performed in the WTSP. In order to increase our knowledge of aphotic N2 fixation in the WTSP, we measured N2 fixation rates and identified diazotrophic phylotypes in the mesopelagic layer along a <span class="hlt">transect</span> spanning from New Caledonia to French Polynesia. Because non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs presumably need external dissolved organic matter (DOM) sources for their nutrition, we also identified DOM compounds using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICRMS) with the aim of searching for relationships between the composition of DOM and non-cyanobacterial N2 fixation in the aphotic ocean. N2 fixation rates were low (average 0.63 ± 0.07 nmol N L-1 d-1) but consistently detected across all depths and stations, representing ˜ 6-88 % of photic N2 fixation. N2 fixation rates were not significantly correlated with DOM compounds. The analysis of nifH gene amplicons revealed a wide diversity of non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs, mostly matching clusters 1 and 3. Interestingly, a distinct phylotype from the major nifH subcluster 1G dominated at 650 dbar, coinciding with the oxygenated Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW). This consistent pattern suggests that the distribution of aphotic diazotroph communities is to some extent controlled by water mass structure. While the data available are still too scarce to elucidate the distribution and controls of mesopelagic non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs in the WTSP, their prevalence in the mesopelagic layer and the consistent detection of active N2 fixation activity at all depths sampled during our study suggest that aphotic N2 fixation may contribute significantly to fixed</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.crcpress.com/Marine-Mammal-Survey-and-Assessment-Methods/Laake-Robertson-Amstrup/p/book/9789058090430','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://www.crcpress.com/Marine-Mammal-Survey-and-Assessment-Methods/Laake-Robertson-Amstrup/p/book/9789058090430"><span>An aerial survey method to estimate <span class="hlt">sea</span> otter abundance</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Bodkin, James L.; Udevitz, Mark S.; Garner, Gerald W.; Amstrup, Steven C.; Laake, Jeffrey L.; Manly, Bryan F.J.; McDonald, Lyman L.; Robertson, Donna G.</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Sea</span> otters (Enhydra lutris) occur in shallow coastal habitats and can be highly visible on the <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface. They generally rest in groups and their detection depends on factors that include <span class="hlt">sea</span> conditions, viewing platform, observer technique and skill, distance, habitat and group size. While visible on the surface, they are difficult to see while diving and may dive in response to an approaching survey platform. We developed and tested an aerial survey method that uses intensive searches within portions of strip <span class="hlt">transects</span> to adjust for availability and sightability biases. Correction factors are estimated independently for each survey and observer. In tests of our method using shore-based observers, we estimated detection probabilities of 0.52-0.72 in standard strip-<span class="hlt">transects</span> and 0.96 in intensive searches. We used the survey method in Prince William Sound, Alaska to estimate a <span class="hlt">sea</span> otter population size of 9,092 (SE = 1422). The new method represents an improvement over various aspects of previous methods, but additional development and testing will be required prior to its broad application.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA00556.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA00556.html"><span>Warm Ocean Temperatures Blanket the Far-Western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2001-03-28</p> <p>Data taken during a 10-day collection cycle ending March 9, 2001, show that above-normal <span class="hlt">sea</span>-surface heights and warmer ocean temp. red and white areas still blanket the far-western tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and much of the north and south mid-<span class="hlt">Pacific</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018BGeo...15.2309C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018BGeo...15.2309C"><span>Mercury distribution and transport in the North Atlantic Ocean along the GEOTRACES-GA01 <span class="hlt">transect</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cossa, Daniel; Heimbürger, Lars-Eric; Pérez, Fiz F.; García-Ibáñez, Maribel I.; Sonke, Jeroen E.; Planquette, Hélène; Lherminier, Pascale; Boutorh, Julia; Cheize, Marie; Lukas Menzel Barraqueta, Jan; Shelley, Rachel; Sarthou, Géraldine</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>We report here the results of total mercury (HgT) determinations along the 2014 G<span style="" class="text smallcaps">eotraces Geovide cruise (GA01 <span class="hlt">transect</span>) in the North Atlantic Ocean (NA) from Lisbon (Portugal) to the coast of Labrador (Canada). HgT concentrations in unfiltered samples (HgTUNF) were log-normally distributed and ranged between 0.16 and 1.54 pmol L-1, with a geometric mean of 0.51 pmol L-1 for the 535 samples analysed. The dissolved fraction (< 0.45 µm) of HgT (HgTF), determined on 141 samples, averaged 78 % of the HgTUNF for the entire data set, 84 % for open seawaters (below 100 m) and 91 % if the Labrador <span class="hlt">Sea</span> data are excluded, where the primary production was high (with a winter convection down to 1400 m). HgTUNF concentrations increased eastwards and with depth from Greenland to Europe and from subsurface to bottom waters. The HgTUNF concentrations were similarly low in the subpolar gyre waters ( ˜ 0.45 pmol L-1), whereas they exceeded 0.60 pmol L-1 in the subtropical gyre waters. The HgTUNF distribution mirrored that of dissolved oxygen concentration, with highest concentration levels associated with oxygen-depleted zones. The relationship between HgTF and the apparent oxygen utilization confirms the nutrient-like behaviour of Hg in the NA. An extended optimum multiparameter analysis allowed us to characterize HgTUNF concentrations in the different source water types (SWTs) present along the <span class="hlt">transect</span>. The distribution pattern of HgTUNF, modelled by the mixing of SWTs, show Hg enrichment in Mediterranean waters and North East Atlantic Deep Water and low concentrations in young waters formed in the subpolar gyre and Nordic <span class="hlt">seas</span>. The change in anthropogenic Hg concentrations in the Labrador <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Water during its eastward journey suggests a continuous decrease in Hg content in this water mass over the last decades. Calculation of the water transport driven by the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation across the Portugal</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.B33J..02G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.B33J..02G"><span>Asian dust transportation and fertilizing the coastal and open ocean in the Northern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> (Invited)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gao, H.; Xiaohong Yao, Jinhui Shi, Jianhua Qi</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>Dust storm carries a large amount of aerosol particles, sweeps continents and exports to oceans. When these aerosol particles deposit in ocean, which provides abundant nutrients such as nitrogen and iron for ocean ecosystem, increases the primary production and induces algae bloom. Asian dust storm generates at a high latitude and a high elevation and is obvious a hemispheric scale phenomenon. Dust sources in East Asia are one of the major dust sources on the earth which contribute to 5%-40% of the global dust release. The regions affected by the Asian dust storm include not only China and Mongolia but also the downwind Korea, Japan, the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean, the west coast of America, even the subarctic region and Europe. The Asian dust storm is obviously a hemispheric scale phenomenon, which has more important impact on the ecosystem in the western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. Asian dust is unique not only in morphology, soil texture, and dust storm activities, but also mixing and capturing anthropogenic <span class="hlt">air</span> pollutants on the transport pathway. Deposition of Asian dust substantially affects surface biological productivity. To improve understandings of Asian dust and its effect on ocean ecosystem from the coastal <span class="hlt">sea</span> to open ocean, ADOES (Asian Dust and Ocean EcoSystem) was proposed under the frame of international SOLAS (Surface Ocean-Lower Atmosphere Study). A series of studies were performed in high- nutrient low-chlorophyll (HNLC), low-nutrient low-chlorophyll (LNLC) and eutrophication coastal regions of the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean. These studies provided evidence of biotic response to natural iron fertilization caused by Asian dust particles in the subarctic North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and showed that dust storm episodes were significant in the initiation of spring blooms in the East China <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. On-board incubations on the cruise in a LNLC region of the western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> at the southeast of Japan showed different responses of ocean ecosystem to nitrogen and dust fertilization. Correlation of the Asian dust</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23636599','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23636599"><span>Neutral poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in <span class="hlt">air</span> and seawater of the North <span class="hlt">Sea</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Xie, Zhiyong; Zhao, Zhen; Möller, Axel; Wolschke, Hendrik; Ahrens, Lutz; Sturm, Renate; Ebinghaus, Ralf</p> <p>2013-11-01</p> <p>Concentrations of neutral poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), such as fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), perfluoroalkane sulfonamides (FASAs), perfluoroalkane sufonamidoethanols (FASEs), and fluorotelomer acrylates (FTACs), have been simultaneously determined in surface seawater and the atmosphere of the North <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. Seawater and <span class="hlt">air</span> samples were taken aboard the German research vessel Heincke on the cruise 303 from 15 to 24 May 2009. The concentrations of FTOHs, FASAs, FASEs, and FTACs in the dissolved phase were 2.6-74, <0.1-19, <0.1-63, and <1.0-9.0 pg L(-1), respectively. The highest concentrations were determined in the estuary of the Weser and Elbe rivers and a decreasing concentration profile appeared with increasing distance from the coast toward the central part of the North <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. Gaseous FTOHs, FASAs, FASEs, and FTACs were in the range of 36-126, 3.1-26, 3.7-19, and 0.8-5.6 pg m(-3), which were consistent with the concentrations determined in 2007 in the North <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, and approximately five times lower than those reported for an urban area of Northern Germany. These results suggested continuous continental emissions of neutral PFASs followed by transport toward the marine environment. <span class="hlt">Air</span>-seawater gas exchanges of neutral PFASs were estimated using fugacity ratios and the two-film resistance model based upon paired <span class="hlt">air</span>-seawater concentrations and estimated Henry's law constant values. Volatilization dominated for all neutral PFASs in the North <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. The <span class="hlt">air</span>-seawater gas exchange fluxes were in the range of 2.5×10(3)-3.6×10(5) pg m(-2) for FTOHs, 1.8×10(2)-1.0×10(5) pg m(-2) for FASAs, 1.1×10(2)-3.0×10(5) pg m(-2) for FASEs and 6.3×10(2)-2.0×10(4) pg m(-2) for FTACs, respectively. These results suggest that the <span class="hlt">air</span>-seawater gas exchange is an important process that intervenes in the transport and fate for neutral PFASs in the marine environment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PhDT........19R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PhDT........19R"><span>Interannual-to-decadal <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interactions in the tropical Atlantic region</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ruiz-Barradas, Alfredo</p> <p>2001-09-01</p> <p>The present research identifies modes of atmosphere-ocean interaction in the tropical Atlantic region and the mechanisms by which <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interactions influence the regional climate. Novelties of the present work are (1)the use of relevant ocean and atmosphere variables important to identity coupled variability in the system. (2)The use of new data sets, including realistic diabatic heating. (3)The study of interactions between ocean and atmosphere relevant at interannual-to-decadal time scales. Two tropical modes of variability are identified during the period 1958-1993, the Atlantic Niño mode and the Interhemispheric mode. Those modes have defined structures in both ocean and atmosphere. Anomalous <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperatures and winds are associated to anomalous placement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). They develop maximum amplitude during boreal summer and spring, respectively. The anomalous positioning of the ITCZ produces anomalous precipitation in some places like Nordeste, Brazil and the Caribbean region. Through the use of a diagnostic primitive equation model, it is found that the most important terms controlling local anomalous surface winds over the ocean are boundary layer temperature gradients and diabatic heating anomalies at low levels (below 780 mb). The latter is of particular importance in the deep tropics in producing the anomalous meridional response to the surface circulation. Simulated latent heat anomalies indicate that a thermodynamic feedback establishes positive feedbacks at both sides of the equator and west of 20°W in the deep tropics and a negative feedback in front of the north west coast of Africa for the Interhemispheric mode. This thermodynamic feedback only establishes negative feedbacks for the Atlantic Niño mode. Transients establish some connection between the tropical Atlantic and other basins. Interhemispheric gradients of surface temperature in the tropical Atlantic influence winds in the midlatitude North</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001JGR...106..879A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001JGR...106..879A"><span>Remote forcing at the Last Glacial Maximum in the Tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Andreasen, Dyke H.; Ravelo, A. Christina; Broccoli, Anthony J.</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>We present results of a Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) wind stress sensitivity experiment using a high-resolution ocean general circulation model of the tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean. LGM wind stress, used to drive the ocean model, was generated using an atmospheric general circulation model simulation forced by LGM boundary conditions as part of the Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP) [Broccoli, 2000]. LGM wind stress anomalies were large in the western half of the basin, yet there was a significant hydrographic response in the eastern half. This ocean model experiment hind casts changes that are in close agreement with paleoceanographic data from the entire region, even without the explicit modeling of the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interactions. Data and model both predict that the annual average thermocline tilt across the basin was enhanced. Data and model are consistent with a stronger equatorial undercurrent which shoaled to the west of where it does today, and stronger advection of water from the Peru Current into the east equatorial <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and across the equator. Paleoproductivity and <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature (SST) data are interpreted in light of the modeling results, indicating that paleoproductivity changes were related to wind-forced dynamical changes resulting from LGM boundary conditions, while SST changes were related to independent, possibly radiative, forcing. Overall, our results imply that much of the dynamic response of the tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> during the LGM can be explained by wind field changes resulting from global LGM boundary conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AtmEn.147..166K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AtmEn.147..166K"><span>Springtime trans-<span class="hlt">Pacific</span> transport of Asian pollutants characterized by the Western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> (WP) pattern</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Koo, Ja-Ho; Kim, Jaemin; Kim, Jhoon; Lee, Hanlim; Noh, Young Min; Lee, Yun Gon</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Springtime trans-<span class="hlt">Pacific</span> transport of Asian <span class="hlt">air</span> pollutants has been investigated in many ways to figure out its mechanism. Based on the Western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> (WP) pattern, one of climate variabilities in the Northern Hemisphere known to be associated with the pattern of atmospheric circulation over the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean, in this study, we characterize the pattern of springtime trans-<span class="hlt">Pacific</span> transport using long-term satellite measurements and reanalysis datasets. A positive WP pattern is characterized by intensification of the dipole structure between the northern Aleutian Low and the southern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> High over the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. The TOMS/OMI Aerosol Index (AI) and MOPITT CO show the enhancement of Asian pollutant transport across the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> during periods of positive WP pattern, particularly between 40 and 50°N. This enhancement is confirmed by high correlations of WP index with AI and CO between 40 and 50°N. To evaluate the influence of the WP pattern, we examine several cases of trans-<span class="hlt">Pacific</span> transport reported in previous research. Interestingly, most trans-<span class="hlt">Pacific</span> transport cases are associated with the positive WP pattern. During the period of negative WP pattern, reinforced cyclonic wave breaking is consistently found over the western North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>, which obstructs zonal advection across the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. However, some cases show the trans-<span class="hlt">Pacific</span> transport of CO in the period of negative WP pattern, implying that the WP pattern is more influential on the transport of particles mostly emitted near ∼40°N. This study reveals that the WP pattern can be utilized to diagnose the strength of <span class="hlt">air</span> pollutant transport from East Asia to North America.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017OcMod.120...27F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017OcMod.120...27F"><span>Kinetic energy flux budget across <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interface</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fan, Yalin; Hwang, Paul</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The kinetic energy (KE) fluxes into subsurface currents (EFc) is an important boundary condition for ocean circulation models. Traditionally, numerical models assume the KE flux from wind (EFair) is identical to EFc, that is, no net KE is gained (or lost) by surface waves. This assumption, however, is invalid when the surface wave field is not fully developed, and acquires KE when it grows in space or time. In this study, numerical experiments are performed to investigate the KE flux budget across the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interface under both uniform and idealized tropical cyclone (TC) winds. The wave fields are simulated using the WAVEWATCH III model under different wind forcing. The difference between EFair and EFc is estimated using an <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> KE budget model. To address the uncertainty of these estimates resides in the variation of source functions, two source function packages are used for this study: the ST4 source package (Ardhuin et al, 2010), and the ST6 source package (Babanin, 2011). The modeled EFc is significantly reduced relative to EFair under growing <span class="hlt">seas</span> for both the uniform and TC experiments. The reduction can be as large as 20%, and the variation of this ratio is highly dependent on the choice of source function for the wave model. Normalized EFc are found to be consistent with analytical expressions by Hwang and Sletten (2008) and Hwang and Walsh (2016) and field observations by Terray et al. (1996) and Drennan et al. (1996), while the scatters are more widely in the TC cases due to the complexity of the associated wave field. The waves may even give up KE to subsurface currents in the left rear quadrant of fast moving storms. Our results also suggest that the normalized KE fluxes may depend on both wave age and friction velocity (u*).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981JOM....33h..37K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981JOM....33h..37K"><span>Selective Extraction of Metals from <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Nodules with Dissolved Sulfur Dioxide</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Khalafalla, Sanaa E.; Pahlman, John E.</p> <p>1981-08-01</p> <p>How to tritrate a rock? … The following article illustrates the possibility of titrating a metallic constituent in a mineral with a selective reagent to an endpoint of near complete metal extraction. A very rapid and efficient—almost instantaneous and quantitative—method has been devised to differentially leach manganese, nickel, and cobalt to the exclusion of copper and iron from deep-<span class="hlt">sea</span> nodules.1 In this method, a given weight of raw <span class="hlt">sea</span> nodules ground to -200 mesh in an aqueous slurry is contacted for 10 min at room temperature and ambient pressure with a specified quantity of SO2. An independent leaching parameter R has been defined as the ratio of the number of moles of SO2 in the leaching solution to the weight of <span class="hlt">sea</span> nodules. Variation of metal extraction with R generates sigmoidal curves characteristic of the metals extracted. A threshold value of R is required to initiate the leaching of a given metal from the mixed oxides. Once this threshold is reached, the metal recovery can rise above 95% in less than 10 minutes. For increasing value of R the extractability of various metals from <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> <span class="hlt">sea</span> nodules by SO2 follows the order: Mn > Ni > Co ≫ Fe, Al, Cu. Disparity in the R values permits a variety of selective leaching systems and metal separations simply by changing the quantity of SO2 in the contacting solution. Success in this leaching system depends on comminuting the nodules to less than 100 mesh. Above this critical size, leaching is slowed due to the inaccessibility of the inner particle reacting groups to the SO2 leaching agent, resulting in lower and nonselective extractions of preferred metal values. Leaching with HCl solutions of the same pH level as dissolved SO2 yielded mixed, slow, and incomplete metal extractions. This finding rules out any interpretation based on hydrogen ion from the ionization of sulfurous acid as the leaching agent. The leaching curves observed in the new system resemble the complexometric titration curves of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016DSRII.134..235A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016DSRII.134..235A"><span>Effects of warm and cold climate conditions on capelin (Mallotus villosus) and <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> herring (Clupea pallasii) in the eastern Bering <span class="hlt">Sea</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Andrews, Alexander G.; Strasburger, Wesley W.; Farley, Edward V.; Murphy, James M.; Coyle, Kenneth O.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Climate warming has impacted the southern extent of <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice in the eastern Bering <span class="hlt">Sea</span> (EBS) ecosystem, leading to many changes in ocean conditions and food webs there. We explore how these changes have affected two key forage fish species, capelin (Mallotus villosus) and <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> herring (Clupea pallasii), examining the effects of climate change on this commercially important ecosystem in the EBS. Catch per unit effort (CPUE) data from surface trawls, size, and diet of capelin and <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> herring were collected during a series of warm and cold years by fisheries oceanographic surveys conducted from mid-August to early October 2003 through 2011. Overall, mean CPUE for both species was higher in the northeastern Bering <span class="hlt">Sea</span> [NEBS; capelin=1.2 kg/km2 (warm) and 40.0 kg/km2 (cold); herring=141.1 kg/km2 (warm) and 132.4 kg/km2 (cold)] relative to the southeastern Bering <span class="hlt">Sea</span> [SEBS; capelin=0.2 kg/km2 (warm) and 5.8 kg/km2 (cold); herring=15.8 kg/km2 (warm) and 24.5 kg/km2 (cold)], irrespective of temperature conditions. Capelin mean CPUE was significantly lower during warm years than during cold years [p<0.001; 0.6 kg/km2 (warm), 19.0 kg/km2 (cold)]. <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> herring mean CPUE was less variable between warm and cold years [p<0.001; 63.8 kg/km2 (warm), 66.2 kg/km2 (cold)], but was still significantly less during warm years than cold. Capelin and herring lengths remained relatively constant between climate periods. Capelin lengths were similar among oceanographic domains [104 mm (South Inner domain), 112 mm (South Middle domain), 107 mm (North Inner domain), and 104 mm (North Middle domain)], while herring were larger in domains further offshore [123 mm (South Inner domain), 232 mm (South Middle domain), 260 mm (South Outer domain), 129 mm (North Inner domain), and 198 mm (North Middle domain)]. Diets for both species were significantly different between climate periods. Large crustacean prey comprised a higher proportion of the diets in most regions during cold years. Age-0</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ECSS..176....1M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ECSS..176....1M"><span>Temporal variability of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 exchange in a low-emission estuary</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mørk, Eva Thorborg; Sejr, Mikael Kristian; Stæhr, Peter Anton; Sørensen, Lise Lotte</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>There is the need for further study of whether global estimates of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 exchange in estuarine systems capture the relevant temporal variability and, as such, the temporal variability of bulk parameterized and directly measured CO2 fluxes was investigated in the Danish estuary, Roskilde Fjord. The <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 fluxes showed large temporal variability across seasons and between days and that more than 30% of the net CO2 emission in 2013 was a result of two large fall and winter storms. The diurnal variability of ΔpCO2 was up to 400 during summer changing the estuary from a source to a sink of CO2 within the day. Across seasons the system was suggested to change from a sink of atmospheric CO2 during spring to near neutral during summer and later to a source of atmospheric CO2 during fall. Results indicated that Roskilde Fjord was an annual low-emission estuary, with an estimated bulk parameterized release of 3.9 ± 8.7 mol CO2 m-2 y-1 during 2012-2013. It was suggested that the production-respiration balance leading to the low annual emission in Roskilde Fjord, was caused by the shallow depth, long residence time and high water quality in the estuary. In the data analysis the eddy covariance CO2 flux samples were filtered according to the H2Osbnd CO2 cross-sensitivity assessment suggested by Landwehr et al. (2014). This filtering reduced episodes of contradicting directions between measured and bulk parameterized <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 exchanges and changed the net <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 exchange from an uptake to a release. The CO2 gas transfer velocity was calculated from directly measured CO2 fluxes and ΔpCO2 and agreed to previous observations and parameterizations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA571737','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA571737"><span>APL - North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Acoustic Laboratory</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-09-01</p> <p>including marine mammals ) measurements in the NE <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean. The Laboratory consists of the legacy SOSUS hydrophone receiver network in the...exposure in the marine environment. Philippine <span class="hlt">Sea</span>- Ambient noise levels measured during the 2010-2011 Philippine <span class="hlt">Sea</span> experiment on the Scripps...sound speed perturbations and the characteristics of the ambient acoustic noise field. Scattering and diffraction resulting from internal waves and</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_23 --> <div id="page_24" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="461"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26931659','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26931659"><span><span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> exchange of gaseous mercury in the tropical coast (Luhuitou fringing reef) of the South China <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, the Hainan Island, China.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ci, Zhijia; Zhang, Xiaoshan; Wang, Zhangwei</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> exchange of gaseous mercury (mainly Hg(0)) in the tropical ocean is an important part of the global Hg biogeochemical cycle, but the related investigations are limited. In this study, we simultaneously measured Hg(0) concentrations in surface waters and overlaying <span class="hlt">air</span> in the tropical coast (Luhuitou fringing reef) of the South China <span class="hlt">Sea</span> (SCS), Hainan Island, China, for 13 days on January-February 2015. The purpose of this study was to explore the temporal variation of Hg(0) concentrations in <span class="hlt">air</span> and surface waters, estimate the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> Hg(0) flux, and reveal their influencing factors in the tropical coastal environment. The mean concentrations (±SD) of Hg(0) in <span class="hlt">air</span> and total Hg (THg) in waters were 2.34 ± 0.26 ng m(-3) and 1.40 ± 0.48 ng L(-1), respectively. Both Hg(0) concentrations in waters (53.7 ± 18.8 pg L(-1)) and Hg(0)/THg ratios (3.8 %) in this study were significantly higher than those of the open water of the SCS in winter. Hg(0) in waters usually exhibited a clear diurnal variation with increased concentrations in daytime and decreased concentrations in nighttime, especially in cloudless days with low wind speed. Linear regression analysis suggested that Hg(0) concentrations in waters were positively and significantly correlated to the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (R (2) = 0.42, p < 0.001). Surface waters were always supersaturated with Hg(0) compared to <span class="hlt">air</span> (the degree of saturation, 2.46 to 13.87), indicating that the surface water was one of the atmospheric Hg(0) sources. The <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> Hg(0) fluxes were estimated to be 1.73 ± 1.25 ng m(-2) h(-1) with a large range between 0.01 and 6.06 ng m(-2) h(-1). The high variation of Hg(0) fluxes was mainly attributed to the greatly temporal variation of wind speed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JAMES..10..550H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JAMES..10..550H"><span>The Impact of <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> Interactions on the Representation of Tropical Precipitation Extremes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hirons, L. C.; Klingaman, N. P.; Woolnough, S. J.</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>The impacts of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interactions on the representation of tropical precipitation extremes are investigated using an atmosphere-ocean-mixed-layer coupled model. The coupled model is compared to two atmosphere-only simulations driven by the coupled-model <span class="hlt">sea</span>-surface temperatures (SSTs): one with 31 day running means (31 d), the other with a repeating mean annual cycle. This allows separation of the effects of interannual SST variability from those of coupled feedbacks on shorter timescales. Crucially, all simulations have a consistent mean state with very small SST biases against present-day climatology. 31d overestimates the frequency, intensity, and persistence of extreme tropical precipitation relative to the coupled model, likely due to excessive SST-forced precipitation variability. This implies that atmosphere-only attribution and time-slice experiments may overestimate the strength and duration of precipitation extremes. In the coupled model, <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> feedbacks damp extreme precipitation, through negative local thermodynamic feedbacks between convection, surface fluxes, and SST.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.G21B0804F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.G21B0804F"><span>Continental Evolution Involving Subduction Underplating and Synchronous Foreland Thrusting: Evidence from the Trans-Alaska Crustal <span class="hlt">Transect</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fuis, G. S.; Moore, T. E.; Plafker, G.; Brocher, T. M.; Fisher, M. A.; Mooney, W. D.; Nokleberg, W. J.; Page, R. A.; Beaudoin, B. C.; Christensen, N. I.; Levander, A.; Lutter, W. J.; Saltus, R. W.; Ruppert, N. A.</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>We investigated the crustal structure and tectonic evolution of the North American continent in Alaska, where the continent has grown through magmatism, accretion, and tectonic underplating. In the 1980’s and early 1990’s, we conducted a geological and geophysical investigation, known as the Trans-Alaska Crustal <span class="hlt">Transect</span> (TACT), along a 1350-km-long corridor from the Aleutian Trench to the Arctic coast. The most distinctive crustal structures and the deepest Moho along the <span class="hlt">transect</span> are located near the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and Arctic margins. Near the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> margin, we infer a stack of tectonically underplated oceanic layers interpreted to be remnants of the extinct Kula (or Resurrection) Plate. Continental Moho just north of this underplated stack is more than 55 km deep. Near the Arctic margin, the Brooks Range is underlain by north-vergent, crustal-scale duplexes that overlie a ramp on autochthonous North Slope crust. There, Moho has been depressed to nearly 50-km depth. In contrast, the Moho of central Alaska is on average 32 km deep. In the Paleogene, tectonic underplating of Kula- (or Resurrection-) Plate fragments overlapped in time with duplexing in the Brooks Range. Possible tectonic models linking these two widely separated regions include “flat-slab” subduction and an “orogenic-float” model. In the Neogene, the collision of the Yakutat terrane (YAK), in southern Alaska, correlates with renewed compression in northeast Alaska and northwest Canada, in a fashion somewhat similar to the tectonics in the Paleogene. The Yakutat terrane, riding atop the subducting <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> oceanic lithosphere (POL), spans a newly interpreted tear in the POL. East of the tear, POL is interpreted to subduct steeply and alone beneath the Wrangell arc volcanoes because the overlying YAK has been left behind as tectonically underplated rocks beneath the rising St. Elias Range in the coastal region. West of the tear, the YAK and POL are interpreted to subduct together at a gentle</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3584023','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3584023"><span>Variability in the Correlation between Asian Dust Storms and Chlorophyll a Concentration from the North to Equatorial <span class="hlt">Pacific</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Tan, Sai-Chun; Yao, Xiaohong; Gao, Hui-Wang; Shi, Guang-Yu; Yue, Xu</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>A long-term record of Asian dust storms showed seven high-occurrence-frequency centers in China. The intrusion of Asian dust into the downwind <span class="hlt">seas</span>, including the China <span class="hlt">seas</span>, the <span class="hlt">Sea</span> of Japan, the subarctic North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>, the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> subtropical gyre, and the western and eastern Equatorial <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>, has been shown to add nutrients to ocean ecosystems and enhance their biological activities. To explore the relationship between the transported dust from various sources to the six <span class="hlt">seas</span> and oceanic biological activities with different nutrient conditions, the correlation between monthly chlorophyll a concentration in each <span class="hlt">sea</span> and monthly dust storm occurrence frequencies reaching the <span class="hlt">sea</span> during 1997–2007 was examined in this study. No correlations were observed between dust and chlorophyll a concentration in the <50 m China <span class="hlt">seas</span> because atmospheric deposition is commonly believed to exert less impact on coastal <span class="hlt">seas</span>. Significant correlations existed between dust sources and many <span class="hlt">sea</span> areas, suggesting a link between dust and chlorophyll a concentration in those <span class="hlt">seas</span>. However, the correlation coefficients were highly variable. In general, the correlation coefficients (0.54–0.63) for the <span class="hlt">Sea</span> of Japan were highest, except for that between the subarctic <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and the Taklimakan Desert, where it was as high as 0.7. For the >50 m China <span class="hlt">seas</span> and the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> subtropical gyre, the correlation coefficients were in the range 0.32–0.57. The correlation coefficients for the western and eastern Equatorial <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> were relatively low (<0.36). These correlation coefficients were further interpreted in terms of the geographical distributions of dust sources, the transport pathways, the dust deposition, the nutrient conditions of oceans, and the probability of dust storms reaching the <span class="hlt">seas</span>. PMID:23460892</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=water+AND+politics&pg=5&id=ED235091','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=water+AND+politics&pg=5&id=ED235091"><span>The Future of the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Basin: A Keynote Address.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Cleveland, Harlan</p> <p></p> <p>People of the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Basin must decide how to manage the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean commons, who does what in a changing industrial structure, and how to adapt to the new technological revolution. Although the United Nations' Law of the <span class="hlt">Sea</span> moved into national jurisdiction many of the ocean resources of the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Region, there is one new major…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/34963','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/34963"><span>Patterns of change in climate and <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> salmon production</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Nathan J. Mantua</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>For much of the 20th century a clear north-south inverse production pattern for <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> salmon had a time dynamic that closely followed that of the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Decadal Oscillation (PDO), which is the dominant pattern of North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature variability. Total Alaska salmon production was high during warm regimes of the PDO, and total Alaska salmon...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1917313L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1917313L"><span>Internal tides in the Solomon <span class="hlt">Sea</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lionel, Tchilibou Michel; Gourdeau, Lionel; Djath, Bugshin; Lyard, Florent; Allain, Damien; Koch Larrouy, Ariane; Yoga Nogroho, Dwi; Morrow, Rosemary</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>In the south west <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>, the Solomon <span class="hlt">Sea</span> lies on the pathway of the Low Latitudes Western Boundary Currents (LLWBCs) that connect the subtropics to the equator. The Solomon <span class="hlt">Sea</span> have a particular interest in a climatic context, since they are a critical pathway for ENSO and its low frequency modulation. The western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> is a place of energetic internal tides generated over its complex bottom topographic features. In the Indonesian Archipelago, they are particularly active in defining the properties of the waters that move from the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> to the Indian Ocean. The salinity maximum at the thermocline level, which is characteristic of the South <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Tropical Waters (SPTW) flowing within the LLWBCs and feeding the Equatorial UnderCurrent, is largely eroded within the Solomon <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. Different mechanisms could explain such salt erosion including current/bathymetry interactions, internal tides, and eddy activity. The motivation of this study is to investigate the potential role of internal tides for such water mass transformation. Results from a 1/36° resolution regional model including explicit tides are presented. As a first step, the generation and propagation of internal tides in the Solomon <span class="hlt">Sea</span> are determined, and the conversion rate from barotropic to baroclinic energy is estimated.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeoRL..42.9869K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeoRL..42.9869K"><span>Enhanced subarctic <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> stratification and nutrient utilization during glacials over the last 1.2 Myr</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Knudson, Karla P.; Ravelo, Ana Christina</p> <p>2015-11-01</p> <p>The relationship between climate, biological productivity, and nutrient flux is of considerable interest in the subarctic <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>, which represents an important high-nitrate, low-chlorophyll region. While previous studies suggest that changes in iron supply and/or physical ocean stratification could hypothetically explain orbital-scale fluctuations in subarctic <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> nutrient utilization and productivity, previous records of nutrient utilization are too short to evaluate these relationships over many glacial-interglacial cycles. We present new, high-resolution records of sedimentary δ15N, which offer the first opportunity to evaluate systematic, orbital-scale variations in subarctic <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> nitrate utilization from 1.2 Ma. Nitrate utilization was enhanced during all glacials, varied with orbital-scale periodicity since the mid-Pleistocene transition, was strongly correlated with enhanced aeolian dust and low atmospheric CO2, but was not correlated with productivity. These results suggest that glacial stratification, rather than iron fertilization, systematically exerted an important regional control on nutrient utilization and <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> carbon flux.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27229101','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27229101"><span>Measure of pancreas <span class="hlt">transection</span> and postoperative pancreatic fistula.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Takahashi, Shinichiro; Gotohda, Naoto; Kato, Yuichiro; Konishi, Masaru</p> <p>2016-05-15</p> <p>In pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), a standard protocol for pancreas <span class="hlt">transection</span> has not been established although the method of pancreas <span class="hlt">transection</span> might be involved in the occurrence of postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF). This study aimed to compare whether pancreas <span class="hlt">transection</span> by ultrasonically activated shears (UAS) or that by scalpel contributed more to POPF development. A prospective database of 171 patients who underwent PD for periampullary tumor at National Cancer Center Hospital East between January 2010 and June 2013 was reviewed. Among the 171 patients, 93 patients with soft pancreas were specifically included in this study. Surgical results and background were compared between patients with pancreas <span class="hlt">transection</span> by UAS and scalpel to evaluate the effectiveness of UAS on reducing POPF. Body mass index, main pancreatic duct diameter, or other clinicopathologic factors that have been reported as predictive factors for POPF were not significantly different between the two groups. The incidence of all grades of POPF and that of grade B were significantly lower in the scalpel group (52%, 4%) than in the UAS group (74%, 42%). Postoperative complications ≥ grade III were also significantly fewer in the scalpel group. Scalpel <span class="hlt">transection</span> was less associated with POPF than UAS <span class="hlt">transection</span> in patients who underwent PD for soft pancreas. The method of pancreas <span class="hlt">transection</span> plays an important role in the prevention of clinical POPF. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70190285','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70190285"><span>Persistent organic pollutants in fat of three species of <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> pelagic longline caught <span class="hlt">sea</span> turtles: Accumulation in relation to ingested plastic marine debris</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Clukey, Katharine; Lepczyk, Christopher A.; Balazs, George H.; Work, Thierry M.; Li, Qing X.; Bachman, Melanie J.; Lynch, Jennifer M.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>In addition to eating contaminated prey, <span class="hlt">sea</span> turtles may be exposed to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from ingesting plastic debris that has absorbed these chemicals. Given the limited knowledge about POPs in pelagic <span class="hlt">sea</span> turtles and how plastic ingestion influences POP exposure, our objectives were to: 1) provide baseline contaminant levels of three species of pelagic <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> <span class="hlt">sea</span> turtles; and 2) assess trends of contaminant levels in relation to species, sex, length, body condition and capture location. In addition, we hypothesized that if ingesting plastic is a significant source of POP exposure, then the amount of ingested plastic may be correlated to POP concentrations accumulated in fat. To address our objectives we compared POP concentrations in fat samples to previously described amounts of ingested plastic from the same turtles. Fat samples from 25 <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> pelagic <span class="hlt">sea</span> turtles [2 loggerhead (Caretta caretta), 6 green (Chelonia mydas) and 17 olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) turtles] were analyzed for 81 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 20 organochlorine pesticides, and 35 brominated flame-retardants. The olive ridley and loggerhead turtles had higher ΣDDTs (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and metabolites) than ΣPCBs, at a ratio similar to biota measured in the South China <span class="hlt">Sea</span> and southern California. Green turtles had a ratio close to 1:1. These pelagic turtles had lower POP levels than previously reported in nearshore turtles. POP concentrations were unrelated to the amounts of ingested plastic in olive ridleys, suggesting that their exposure to POPs is mainly through prey. In green turtles, concentrations of ΣPCBs were positively correlated with the number of plastic pieces ingested, but these findings were confounded by covariance with body condition index (BCI). Green turtles with a higher BCI had eaten more plastic and also had higher POPs. Taken together, our findings suggest that <span class="hlt">sea</span> turtles accumulate most POPs through their prey rather</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3471124','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3471124"><span>Consequences of Neurite <span class="hlt">Transection</span> In Vitro</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Cengiz, Nurettin; Erdoğan, Ender; Him, Aydın; Oğuz, Elif Kaval</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Abstract In order to quantify degenerative and regenerative changes and analyze the contribution of multiple factors to the outcome after neurite <span class="hlt">transection</span>, we cultured adult mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons, and with a precise laser beam, we <span class="hlt">transected</span> the nerve fibers they extended. Cell preparations were continuously visualized for 24 h with time-lapse microscopy. More distal cuts caused a more elongated field of degeneration, while thicker neurites degenerated faster than thinner ones. <span class="hlt">Transected</span> neurites degenerated more if the uncut neurites of the same neuron simultaneously degenerated. If any of these uncut processes regenerated, the <span class="hlt">transected</span> neurites underwent less degeneration. Regeneration of neurites was limited to distal cuts. Unipolar neurons had shorter regeneration than multipolar ones. Branching slowed the regenerative process, while simultaneous degeneration of uncut neurites increased it. Proximal lesions, small neuronal size, and extensive and rapid neurite degeneration were predictive of death of an injured neuron, which typically displayed necrotic rather than apoptotic form. In conclusion, this in vitro model proved useful in unmasking many new aspects and correlates of mechanically-induced neurite injury. PMID:20121423</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14...78K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14...78K"><span>Enhancing seasonal climate prediction capacity for the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> countries</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kuleshov, Y.; Jones, D.; Hendon, H.; Charles, A.; Cottrill, A.; Lim, E.-P.; Langford, S.; de Wit, R.; Shelton, K.</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>Seasonal and inter-annual climate variability is a major factor in determining the vulnerability of many <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Island Countries to climate change and there is need to improve weekly to seasonal range climate prediction capabilities beyond what is currently available from statistical models. In the seasonal climate prediction project under the Australian Government's <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Adaptation Strategy Assistance Program (PASAP), we describe a comprehensive project to strengthen the climate prediction capacities in National Meteorological Services in 14 <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Island Countries and East Timor. The intent is particularly to reduce the vulnerability of current services to a changing climate, and improve the overall level of information available assist with managing climate variability. Statistical models cannot account for aspects of climate variability and change that are not represented in the historical record. In contrast, dynamical physics-based models implicitly include the effects of a changing climate whatever its character or cause and can predict outcomes not seen previously. The transition from a statistical to a dynamical prediction system provides more valuable and applicable climate information to a wide range of climate sensitive sectors throughout the countries of the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> region. In this project, we have developed seasonal climate outlooks which are based upon the current dynamical model POAMA (Predictive Ocean-Atmosphere Model for Australia) seasonal forecast system. At present, meteorological services of the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Island Countries largely employ statistical models for seasonal outlooks. Outcomes of the PASAP project enhanced capabilities of the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Island Countries in seasonal prediction providing National Meteorological Services with an additional tool to analyse meteorological variables such as <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperatures, <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature, pressure and rainfall using POAMA outputs and prepare more accurate seasonal climate outlooks.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA02403.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA02403.html"><span>TOPEX/El Niño Watch - <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean Conditions are Split: Cold in East, Hot in West, July 27, 1999</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>1999-08-23</p> <p>The North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean continues to run hot and cold, with abnormally low <span class="hlt">sea</span> levels and cool waters in the northeastern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> contrasting with unusually high <span class="hlt">sea</span> levels and warm waters in the northwestern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JGRD..119.1073Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JGRD..119.1073Z"><span>Selected current-use and historic-use pesticides in <span class="hlt">air</span> and seawater of the Bohai and Yellow <span class="hlt">Seas</span>, China</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhong, Guangcai; Tang, Jianhui; Xie, Zhiyong; Möller, Axel; Zhao, Zhen; Sturm, Renate; Chen, Yingjun; Tian, Chongguo; Pan, Xiaohui; Qin, Wei; Zhang, Gan; Ebinghaus, Ralf</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Consumption of pesticides in China has increased rapidly in recent years; however, occurrence and fate of current-use pesticides (CUPs) in China coastal waters are poorly understood. Globally banned pesticides, so-called historic-use pesticides (HUPs), are still commonly observed in the environment. In this work, <span class="hlt">air</span> and surface seawater samples taken from the Bohai and Yellow <span class="hlt">Seas</span> in May 2012 were analyzed for CUPs including trifluralin, quintozene, chlorothalonil, dicofol, chlorpyrifos, and dacthal, as well as HUPs (hexachlorobenzene (HCB), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), and endosulfan). CUP profile in both <span class="hlt">air</span> and seawater samples generally reflected their consumption patterns in China. HUPs in the <span class="hlt">air</span> and seawater samples were in comparable levels as those of CUPs with high concentrations. α-Endosulfan, dicofol, and chlorothalonil showed strong net deposition likely resulting from their intensive use in recent years, while CUPs with low consumption amount (quintozene and dacthal) were close to equilibrium at most samplings sites. Another CUP with high usage amout (i.e., chlorpyrifos) underwent volatilization possibly due to its longer half-life in seawater than that in <span class="hlt">air</span>. α-HCH and γ-HCH were close to equilibrium in the Bohai <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, but mainly underwent net deposition in the Yellow <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. The net deposition of α-HCH could be attributed to polluted <span class="hlt">air</span> pulses from the East China identified by <span class="hlt">air</span> mass back trajectories. β-HCH showed net volatilization in the Bohai <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, which was driven by its relative enrichment in seawater. HCB either slightly favored net volatilization or was close to equilibrium in the Bohai and Yellow <span class="hlt">Seas</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PhDT........80W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PhDT........80W"><span>On the formation of a conservation hotspot for juvenile North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> loggerhead <span class="hlt">sea</span> turtles (Caretta caretta)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wingfield, Dana K.</p> <p>2009-12-01</p> <p>This research examined the incorporation of highly productive regions within the marine system. I combined historical conservation literature, remotely sensed oceanography, ship based surveys, satellite tagged animals, and statistical models to explore an integrated approach to the identification of key oceanic regions that require incorporation into current marine conservation strategies. In my first chapter, I undertook a literature review of the term "hotspot", one of the most common ways by which scientists ascribe conservation prioritization in the marine and terrestrial systems. My results showed that marine literature has identified important areas of biodiversity and productivity (i.e. high primary production that results in trophic linkages and species aggregations) are in need of protection from human threats. However, current non-governmental organizations focus primarily on biodiversity, thus missing important areas of productivity for marine conservation. In my second chapter, I demonstrated how remotely sensed oceanography, ship-based surveys, and satellite tagged animals can help to identify the formation of such a "productivity hotspot". Specifically, I examined the connection between physical forcing (surface winds and vertical Ekman upwelling), <span class="hlt">sea</span>-surface temperature, primary production (chlorophyll-a concentrations), retentive features of fronts and dynamic height, and prey abundance (red crabs) in the spatial and temporal concentration of the critically endangered North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> juvenile loggerhead <span class="hlt">sea</span> turtle (Caretta caretta) within its foraging habitat off the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> coast of Baja California. Finally, in my third chapter, I identified habitat selection of loggerheads to better understand the species preference within suitable habitat. I sampled several environmental variables (depth, <span class="hlt">sea</span>-surface temperature, and chlorophyll- a) within 'preferred' versus 'avoided' turtle habitat. Results from a generalized additive model showed the statistical</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFMPP22B..06R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFMPP22B..06R"><span>Preliminary data from IODP Site U1338 of the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Equatorial Age <span class="hlt">Transect</span> (PEAT IODP Expedition 320/321): a study on the interaction between paleoenvironment and evolution of selected calcareous nannofossil taxa</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Raffi, I.; Ciummelli, M.; Backman, J.; Iodp Expedition 320/321 Shipboard Scientific Party</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>A continuous Cenozoic sediment record of the paleoequatorial <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> ocean was recovered during IODP Expedition 320/321 (March-June 2009). The <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Equatorial Age <span class="hlt">Transect</span> (PEAT) includes eight sites (U1331 to U1338), cored above the paleo-position of the equator at successive crustal ages on the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> plate, with records from the sediment surface to basement, with basalt aged between 53 to 18 Ma. The present study is focused on IODP Site 1338 that collected a 3-18 Ma segment of the PEAT equatorial megasplice. Although the target equatorial interval of Site 1338 was the middle and late Miocene, ~415 m of a complete sedimentary succession from Pleistocene to lower Miocene was recovered. Sediments are nannofossil ooze and chalk with varying concentrations (often relatively high abundances) of biosiliceous components, and show decimeter to meter lithological cycles that possibly reflect changes in production, dissolution, photic zone paleoecology. Ongoing analysis on nannofossil assemblages and selected taxa are providing distribution and abundance data that, combined with geochemical proxies, will unravel the biotic response to different climatic and oceanographic conditions. Biometric analysis and quantitative abundance analysis are used for providing a clear taxonomy of an important Neogene component of the nannofossil assemblages, the genus Discoaster, and for delineating in detail the evolutionary trends within the taxon. Moreover, we will try to relate the evolutionary signal observed in Discoaster lineage to the environmental evolution, namely to significant events such as the carbonate crash (Vincent and Berger, 1985; Lyle, et al., in prep.), the fluctuation and shallowing of the Calcite Compensation Depth (CCD) (Lyle, 2003), and deposition of diatom enriched intervals (Kemp and Baldauf, 1993).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMOS44A..01M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMOS44A..01M"><span>Developments in Airborne Oceanography and <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> Interaction</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Melville, W. K.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>, just as aircraft carriers "project force". Now we can measure winds, waves, temperatures, currents, radiative transfer, images and <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> fluxes from aircraft over the ocean.I will review some of the history of airborne oceanography and present examples of how it can extend our knowledge and understanding of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interaction.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.9538W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.9538W"><span>Small scale variability of snow properties on Antarctic <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wever, Nander; Leonard, Katherine; Paul, Stephan; Jacobi, Hans-Werner; Proksch, Martin; Lehning, Michael</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Snow on <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice plays an important role in <span class="hlt">air-ice-sea</span> interactions, as snow accumulation may for example increase the albedo. Snow is also able to smooth the ice surface, thereby reducing the surface roughness, while at the same time it may generate new roughness elements by interactions with the wind. Snow density is a key property in many processes, for example by influencing the thermal conductivity of the snow layer, radiative transfer inside the snow as well as the effects of aerodynamic forcing on the snowpack. By comparing snow density and grain size from snow pits and snow micro penetrometer (SMP) measurements, highly resolved density and grain size profiles were acquired during two subsequent cruises of the RV Polarstern in the Weddell <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, Antarctica, between June and October 2013. During the first cruise, SMP measurements were done along two approximately 40 m <span class="hlt">transects</span> with a horizontal resolution of approximately 30 cm. During the second cruise, one <span class="hlt">transect</span> was made with approximately 7.5 m resolution over a distance of 500 m. Average snow densities are about 300 kg/m3, but the analysis also reveals a high spatial variability in snow density on <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice in both horizontal and vertical direction, ranging from roughly 180 to 360 kg/m3. This variability is expressed by coherent snow structures over several meters. On the first cruise, the measurements were accompanied by terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) on an area of 50x50 m2. The comparison with the TLS data indicates that the spatial variability is exhibiting similar spatial patterns as deviations in surface topology. This suggests a strong influence from surface processes, for example wind, on the temporal development of density or grain size profiles. The fundamental relationship between variations in snow properties, surface roughness and changes therein as investigated in this study is interpreted with respect to large-scale ice movement and the mass balance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cjfas-2014-0476#.Vnmeik3oumu','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cjfas-2014-0476#.Vnmeik3oumu"><span>Mercury in <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis):bioaccumulation and trans-<span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean migration</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Colman, John A.; Nogueira, Jacob I.; Pancorbo, Oscar C.; Batdorf, Carol A.; Block, Barbara A.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Pacific</span> bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) have the largest home range of any tuna species and are well known for the capacity to make transoceanic migrations. We report the measurement of mercury (Hg) concentrations in wild <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> bluefin tuna (PBFT), the first reported with known size-of-fish and capture location. The results indicate juvenile PBFT that are recently arrived in the California Current from the western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean have significantly higher Hg concentrations in white muscle (0.51 ug/g wet mass, wm) than PBFT of longer California Current residency (0.41 ug/g wm). These new arrivals are also higher in Hg concentration than PBFT in farm pens (0.43 ug/g wm) that were captured on arrival in the California Current and raised in pens on locally derived feed. Analysis by direct Hg analyzer and attention to Hg by tissue type and location on the fish allowed precise comparisons of mercury among wild and captive fish populations. Analysis of migration and nearshore residency, determined through extensive archival tagging, bioaccumulation models, trophic investigations, and potential coastal sources of methylmercury, indicates Hg bioaccumulation is likely greater for PBFT juvenile habitats in the western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean (East China <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, Yellow <span class="hlt">Sea</span>) than in the eastern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean (California Current). Differential bioaccumulation may be a trophic effect or reflect methylmercury availability, with potential sources for coastal China (large hypoxic continental shelf receiving discharge of three large rivers, and island-arc volcanism) different from those for coastal Baja California (small continental shelf, no large rivers, spreading-center volcanism).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24706809','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24706809"><span>Climate change, pink salmon, and the nexus between bottom-up and top-down forcing in the subarctic <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean and Bering <span class="hlt">Sea</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Springer, Alan M; van Vliet, Gus B</p> <p>2014-05-06</p> <p>Climate change in the last century was associated with spectacular growth of many wild <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> salmon stocks in the North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean and Bering <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, apparently through bottom-up forcing linking meteorology to ocean physics, water temperature, and plankton production. One species in particular, pink salmon, became so numerous by the 1990s that they began to dominate other species of salmon for prey resources and to exert top-down control in the open ocean ecosystem. Information from long-term monitoring of seabirds in the Aleutian Islands and Bering <span class="hlt">Sea</span> reveals that the sphere of influence of pink salmon is much larger than previously known. Seabirds, pink salmon, other species of salmon, and by extension other higher-order predators, are tightly linked ecologically and must be included in international management and conservation policies for sustaining all species that compete for common, finite resource pools. These data further emphasize that the unique 2-y cycle in abundance of pink salmon drives interannual shifts between two alternate states of a complex marine ecosystem.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_24 --> <div id="page_25" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="481"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA04878.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA04878.html"><span>A Mostly Quiet <span class="hlt">Pacific</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2003-11-18</p> <p>Some climate forecast models indicate there is an above average chance that there could be a weak to borderline El Niño by the end of November 2003. However, the trade winds, blowing from east to west across the equatorial <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean, remain strong. Thus, there remains some uncertainty among climate scientists as to whether the warm temperature anomaly will form again this year. The latest remote sensing data from NASA's Jason satellite show near normal conditions across the equatorial <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. There are currently no visible signs in <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface height of an impending El Niño. This equatorial quiet contrasts with the Bering <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, Gulf of Alaska and U.S. West Coast where lower-than-normal <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface levels and cool ocean temperatures continue (indicated by blue and purple areas). The image above is a global map of <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface height, accurate to within 30 millimeters. The image represents data collected and composited over a 10-day period, ending on Nov. 3, 2003. The height of the water relates to the temperature of the water. As the ocean warms, its level rises; and as it cools, its level falls. Yellow and red areas indicate where the waters are relatively warmer and have expanded above <span class="hlt">sea</span> level, green indicates near normal <span class="hlt">sea</span> level, and blue and purple areas show where the waters are relatively colder and the surface is lower than <span class="hlt">sea</span> level. The blue areas are between 5 and 13 centimeters (2 and 5 inches) below normal, whereas the purple areas range from 14 to 18 centimeters (6 to 7 inches) below normal. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA04878</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GBioC..31..961W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GBioC..31..961W"><span>The impact of changing wind speeds on gas transfer and its effect on global <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 fluxes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wanninkhof, R.; Triñanes, J.</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>An increase in global wind speeds over time is affecting the global uptake of CO2 by the ocean. We determine the impact of changing winds on gas transfer and CO2 uptake by using the recently updated, global high-resolution, cross-calibrated multiplatform wind product (CCMP-V2) and a fixed monthly pCO2 climatology. In particular, we assess global changes in the context of regional wind speed changes that are attributed to large-scale climate reorganizations. The impact of wind on global CO2 gas fluxes as determined by the bulk formula is dependent on several factors, including the functionality of the gas exchange-wind speed relationship and the regional and seasonal differences in the <span class="hlt">air</span>-water partial pressure of CO2 gradient (ΔpCO2). The latter also controls the direction of the flux. Fluxes out of the ocean are influenced more by changes in the low-to-intermediate wind speed range, while ingassing is impacted more by changes in higher winds because of the regional correlations between wind and ΔpCO2. Gas exchange-wind speed parameterizations with a quadratic and third-order polynomial dependency on wind, each of which meets global constraints, are compared. The changes in <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 fluxes resulting from wind speed trends are greatest in the equatorial <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and cause a 0.03-0.04 Pg C decade-1 increase in outgassing over the 27 year time span. This leads to a small overall decrease of 0.00 to 0.02 Pg C decade-1 in global net CO2 uptake, contrary to expectations that increasing winds increase net CO2 uptake.<abstract type="synopsis"><title type="main">Plain Language SummaryThe effects of changing winds are isolated from the total change in trends in global <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 fluxes over the last 27 years. The overall effect of increasing winds over time has a smaller impact than expected as the impact in regions of outgassing is greater than for the regions acting as a CO2 sink.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ACP....18.4277W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ACP....18.4277W"><span>Ozone pollution around a coastal region of South China <span class="hlt">Sea</span>: interaction between marine and continental <span class="hlt">air</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Hao; Lyu, Xiaopu; Guo, Hai; Wang, Yu; Zou, Shichun; Ling, Zhenhao; Wang, Xinming; Jiang, Fei; Zeren, Yangzong; Pan, Wenzhuo; Huang, Xiaobo; Shen, Jin</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Marine atmosphere is usually considered to be a clean environment, but this study indicates that the near-coast waters of the South China <span class="hlt">Sea</span> (SCS) suffer from even worse <span class="hlt">air</span> quality than coastal cities. The analyses were based on concurrent field measurements of target <span class="hlt">air</span> pollutants and meteorological parameters conducted at a suburban site (Tung Chung, TC) and a nearby marine site (Wan Shan, WS) from August to November 2013. The observations showed that the levels of primary <span class="hlt">air</span> pollutants were significantly lower at WS than those at TC, while the ozone (O3) value was greater at WS. Higher O3 levels at WS were attributed to the weaker NO titration and higher O3 production rate because of stronger oxidative capacity of the atmosphere. However, O3 episodes were concurrently observed at both sites under certain meteorological conditions, such as tropical cyclones, continental anticyclones and <span class="hlt">sea</span>-land breezes (SLBs). Driven by these synoptic systems and mesoscale recirculations, the interaction between continental and marine <span class="hlt">air</span> masses profoundly changed the atmospheric composition and subsequently influenced the formation and redistribution of O3 in the coastal areas. When continental <span class="hlt">air</span> intruded into marine atmosphere, the O3 pollution was magnified over the SCS, and the elevated O3 ( > 100 ppbv) could overspread the <span class="hlt">sea</span> boundary layer ˜ 8 times the area of Hong Kong. In some cases, the exaggerated O3 pollution over the SCS was recirculated to the coastal inshore by <span class="hlt">sea</span> breeze, leading to aggravated O3 pollution in coastal cities. The findings are applicable to similar mesoscale environments around the world where the maritime atmosphere is potentially influenced by severe continental <span class="hlt">air</span> pollution.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ClDy...50...83B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ClDy...50...83B"><span>Greenland coastal <span class="hlt">air</span> temperatures linked to Baffin Bay and Greenland <span class="hlt">Sea</span> ice conditions during autumn through regional blocking patterns</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ballinger, Thomas J.; Hanna, Edward; Hall, Richard J.; Miller, Jeffrey; Ribergaard, Mads H.; Høyer, Jacob L.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Variations in <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice freeze onset and regional <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperatures (SSTs) in Baffin Bay and Greenland <span class="hlt">Sea</span> are linked to autumn surface <span class="hlt">air</span> temperatures (SATs) around coastal Greenland through 500 hPa blocking patterns, 1979-2014. We find strong, statistically significant correlations between Baffin Bay freeze onset and SSTs and SATs across the western and southernmost coastal areas, while weaker and fewer significant correlations are found between eastern SATs, SSTs, and freeze periods observed in the neighboring Greenland <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. Autumn Greenland Blocking Index values and the incidence of meridional circulation patterns have increased over the modern <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice monitoring era. Increased anticyclonic blocking patterns promote poleward transport of warm <span class="hlt">air</span> from lower latitudes and local warm <span class="hlt">air</span> advection onshore from ocean-atmosphere sensible heat exchange through ice-free or thin ice-covered <span class="hlt">seas</span> bordering the coastal stations. Temperature composites by years of extreme late freeze conditions, occurring since 2006 in Baffin Bay, reveal positive monthly SAT departures that often exceed 1 standard deviation from the 1981-2010 climate normal over coastal areas that exhibit a similar spatial pattern as the peak correlations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007DSRI...54.1273V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007DSRI...54.1273V"><span>Compositional and fluorescence characteristics of the giant diatom Ethmodiscus along a 3000 km <span class="hlt">transect</span> (28°N) in the central North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> gyre</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Villareal, Tracy A.; McKay, R. M. L.; Al-Rshaidat, M. M. D.; Boyanapalli, R.; Sherrell, R. M.</p> <p>2007-08-01</p> <p>The giant diatom Ethmodiscus was examined along an east-west <span class="hlt">transect</span> at 28-30°N during 2002 and 2003 to determine if abundance, chemical composition or physiological status of this largest of diatoms varied on the scale of 100's-1000's of km in North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> gyre. Abundance ranged from <0.1->2.0 cells m -3 and supported the notion of an abundance mosaic reported previously. However, there was only minimal support for the relationship between abundance and nutrient concentration at 125 m reported previously. Cellular chlorophyll varied little along the <span class="hlt">transect</span> (7.3-10.9 ng chl cell -1) except at the westernmost station. Cellular N and P quotas co-varied 3-4.5 fold (mean=50.8±3.7 and 3.7±0.8 nmol N and P cell -1) and yielded N:P ratios that closely clustered around the Redfield ratio (average=14.6±1.1). Only low levels of chlorophyll-normalized alkaline phosphatase (APase) activity were observed (0.4-2.5 nmol P μg chl -1 h -1) with APase activity lower than that in either the bulk water, or co-occurring Trichodesmium spp. and Pyrocystis noctiluca. The active fluorescence parameter Fv: Fm, a property sensitive to Fe stress, was uniformly high at all stations (average=0.73±0.04 for 2003, and 0.69±0.05 for 2002), indicating sufficient Fe for optimum photosynthetic competence. These results contrasted sharply with results from Rhizosolenia mats reported along the same <span class="hlt">transect</span> where there was a significant decline westward in Fv: Fm. Both ferredoxin (Fd) and flavodoxin accumulated in cells of Ethmodiscus, resulting in Fd Index values of<0.6. Iron cell quotas ranged from 0.7-5.1 pmol Fe cell -1. When normalized to cytoplasmic volume, the Fe μm -3 was comparable to that of Escherichia coli. We note that the disproportionate contribution of the vacuole (with its high organic content) to total volume typical of large diatoms is a potentially significant source of error in Fe:C ratios and suggest that Fe should be normalized to cytoplasmic volume whenever possible</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26907101','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26907101"><span>Deep-<span class="hlt">sea</span> whale fall fauna from the Atlantic resembles that of the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sumida, Paulo Y G; Alfaro-Lucas, Joan M; Shimabukuro, Mauricio; Kitazato, Hiroshi; Perez, Jose A A; Soares-Gomes, Abilio; Toyofuku, Takashi; Lima, Andre O S; Ara, Koichi; Fujiwara, Yoshihiro</p> <p>2016-02-24</p> <p>Whale carcasses create remarkable habitats in the deep-<span class="hlt">sea</span> by producing concentrated sources of organic matter for a food-deprived biota as well as places of evolutionary novelty and biodiversity. Although many of the faunal patterns on whale falls have already been described, the biogeography of these communities is still poorly known especially from basins other than the NE <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean. The present work describes the community composition of the deepest natural whale carcass described to date found at 4204 m depth on Southwest Atlantic Ocean with manned submersible Shinkai 6500. This is the first record of a natural whale fall in the deep Atlantic Ocean. The skeleton belonged to an Antarctic Minke whale composed of only nine caudal vertebrae, whose degradation state suggests it was on the bottom for 5-10 years. The fauna consisted mainly of galatheid crabs, a new species of the snail Rubyspira and polychaete worms, including a new Osedax species. Most of the 41 species found in the carcass are new to science, with several genera shared with NE <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> whale falls and vent and seep ecosystems. This similarity suggests the whale-fall fauna is widespread and has dispersed in a stepping stone fashion, deeply influencing its evolutionary history.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatSR...622139S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatSR...622139S"><span>Deep-<span class="hlt">sea</span> whale fall fauna from the Atlantic resembles that of the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sumida, Paulo Y. G.; Alfaro-Lucas, Joan M.; Shimabukuro, Mauricio; Kitazato, Hiroshi; Perez, Jose A. A.; Soares-Gomes, Abilio; Toyofuku, Takashi; Lima, Andre O. S.; Ara, Koichi; Fujiwara, Yoshihiro</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>Whale carcasses create remarkable habitats in the deep-<span class="hlt">sea</span> by producing concentrated sources of organic matter for a food-deprived biota as well as places of evolutionary novelty and biodiversity. Although many of the faunal patterns on whale falls have already been described, the biogeography of these communities is still poorly known especially from basins other than the NE <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean. The present work describes the community composition of the deepest natural whale carcass described to date found at 4204 m depth on Southwest Atlantic Ocean with manned submersible Shinkai 6500. This is the first record of a natural whale fall in the deep Atlantic Ocean. The skeleton belonged to an Antarctic Minke whale composed of only nine caudal vertebrae, whose degradation state suggests it was on the bottom for 5-10 years. The fauna consisted mainly of galatheid crabs, a new species of the snail Rubyspira and polychaete worms, including a new Osedax species. Most of the 41 species found in the carcass are new to science, with several genera shared with NE <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> whale falls and vent and seep ecosystems. This similarity suggests the whale-fall fauna is widespread and has dispersed in a stepping stone fashion, deeply influencing its evolutionary history.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6480013-radiochemical-determination-strontium-cesium-waters-pacific-ocean-its-neighboring-seas','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6480013-radiochemical-determination-strontium-cesium-waters-pacific-ocean-its-neighboring-seas"><span>Radiochemical determination of strontium-90 and cesium-137 in waters of the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean and its neighboring <span class="hlt">seas</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Borisenko, G.S.; Kandinskii, P.A.; Gedeonov, L.I.</p> <p>1987-03-01</p> <p>Depending on the salinity of the water, two versions of strontium-90 and cesium-137 concentration from water samples are presented. Cesium-137 was concentrated by precipitating sparingly soluble mixed hexacyanoferrates (II), and strontium-90 by precipitating carbonates together with calcium. A scheme has been given for radiochemical analysis of the concentrates. Strontium-90 and cesium-137 contents in the waters of the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean and its neighboring <span class="hlt">seas</span> have been determined by the radiochemical method described. The levels of radionuclide content in the water and atmospheric precipitations have been shown to be inter-related. Strontium-90 and cesium-137 contents in the surface water of the northwestern Pacificmore » were found to be much lower in 1980 than in the early seventies. The area of technogenic radioactive pollution was found to persist in the region of the Columbia mouth into the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhDT.......366M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhDT.......366M"><span>Understanding Climate Change and <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Level: A Case Study of Middle School Student Comprehension and An Evaluation of Tide Gauges off the Panama Canal in the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean and Caribbean <span class="hlt">Sea</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Millan-Otoya, Juan C.</p> <p></p> <p>The present study had two main objectives. The first was to determine the degree of understanding of climate change, <span class="hlt">sea</span> level and <span class="hlt">sea</span> level rise among middle school students. Combining open-ended questions with likert-scaled questions, we identified student conceptions on these topics in 86 students from 7th and 8th grades during 2012 and 2013 before and after implementing a Curriculum Unit (CU). Additional information was obtained by adding drawings to the open-ended questions during the second year to gauge how student conceptions varied from a verbal and a visual perspective. Misconceptions were identified both pre- and post-CU among all the topics taught. Students commonly used climate and climate change as synonyms, <span class="hlt">sea</span> level was often defined as water depth, and several students failed to understand the complexities that determine changes in <span class="hlt">sea</span> level due to wind, tides, and changes in <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature. In general, 8th grade students demonstrated a better understanding of these topics, as reflected in fewer apparent misconceptions after the CU. No previous study had reported such improvement. This showed the value of implementing short lessons. Using Piaget's theories on cognitive development, the differences between 7th and 8th grade students reflect a transition to a more mature level which allowed students to comprehend more complex concepts that included multiple variables. The second objective was to determine if the frequency of <span class="hlt">sea</span> level maxima not associated with tides over the last 100 years increased in two tide gauges located on the two extremes of the Panama canal, i.e. Balboa in the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean and Cristobal in the Caribbean <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. These records were compared to time series of regional <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature, wind speed, atmospheric pressure, and El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), to determine if these played a role as physical drivers of <span class="hlt">sea</span> level at either location. Neither record showed an increase in the frequency of <span class="hlt">sea</span> level</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PrOce.121...98S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PrOce.121...98S"><span>Variations of heat transport in the northwestern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> marginal <span class="hlt">seas</span> inferred from high-resolution reanalysis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Seo, Gwang-Ho; Cho, Yang-Ki; Choi, Byoung-Ju</p> <p>2014-02-01</p> <p>High-resolution reanalysis of heat transport in the northwestern <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> marginal <span class="hlt">seas</span> was conducted for the period January 1980-December 2009 using ensemble Kalman filter. An ocean circulation model with a grid of 0.1 × 0.1° horizontal resolution and 20 vertical levels was used. Atmospheric forcing data from daily European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts were used in the ocean model. The assimilated data for the reanalysis were based on available observations of hydrographic profiles, including field surveys and Argo float and satellite-observed <span class="hlt">sea</span>-surface temperature data. This study focused on mean and temporal variations in oceanic heat transport within the major straits among the marginal <span class="hlt">seas</span> over 30 years. The mean heat transport in the Korea/Tsushima Strait and onshore transport across the shelf break in the East China <span class="hlt">Sea</span> (ECS), Taiwan Strait, Tsugaru Strait, and Soya Strait were 182, 123, 82, 100, and 34 × 1012 W, respectively. The long-term trends in heat transport through the Korea/Tsushima Strait and Tsugaru Strait and onshore transport across the shelf break of the ECS were increasing, whereas the trend in heat transport through the Taiwan Strait was decreasing. There was little long-term change in heat transport in the Soya Strait. These long-term changes in heat transport through the Korea/Tsushima Strait, across the shelf of the ECS, and through the Taiwan Strait may be related to increased northeasterly wind stress in the ECS, which drives Ekman transport onto the shelf across the shelf break.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMOS23B1405F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMOS23B1405F"><span>Utilizing the NASA and NOAA Joint Ocean Surface Topography Mission to Assess Patterns and Trends in <span class="hlt">Sea</span>-Surface Height in the U.S. Affiliated <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Islands</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fitzgerald, S. S.; Walker, K. A.; Courtright, A. B.; Young, I. J.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The United States Affiliated <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Islands (USAPI) are home to a population of low-lying coral atolls which are extremely vulnerable to <span class="hlt">sea</span> level rise. Coastal infrastructure like groundwater reservoirs, harbor operations, and sewage systems, as well as natural coastal features such as reefs and beach ecosystems, are most vulnerable during inundation events. These <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Islanders face increasing hazards as coastal flooding infiltrates freshwater resources and may even lead to displacement. The two main components of inundation include tidal fluctuations and <span class="hlt">sea</span> level anomalies; however, low-lying atolls are also vulnerable to the additional influence of waves. This study created a climatology of significant wave height in the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), and incorporated this dataset with tides and <span class="hlt">sea</span> level anomalies to create a novel approach to assessing inundation flood risk in the RMI. The risk metric was applied to the RMI as a study site with the goal of assessing wider-scale applicability across the rest of the USAPI. The inclusion of wave height and wave direction as a crucial component of the risk metric will better inform USAPI coastal-managers for future inundation events and disaster preparedness. In addition to the risk metric, a wave-rose atlas was created for decision-makers in the RMI. This study highlights the often-overlooked region of the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> and demonstrates the application of the risk metric to specific examples in the RMI.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.1966Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.1966Z"><span>Rare Central <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> El Niño Events Caused by Interdecadal Tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Variability</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhong, Wenxiu; Zheng, Xiaotong; Cai, Wenju</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>The frequency of Central <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> (CP) El Niño events displays strong decadal-variability but the associated dynamics is still not clear. The Inter-decadal <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Oscillation (IPO) and the Tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Decadal Variability (TPDV) are two dominant modes of the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> low-frequency variability that can modify high-frequency behaviors. Using a 500-year control integration of Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Earth System Model simulation, we find that the mean state, determined by the two independent modes of tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> decadal variability, strongly affects CP El Niño frequency and the associated developing processes. A positive TPDV features a shallow thermocline and cool <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) across the central-to-western tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>, and a negative IPO features cool SSTAs and strong trade winds along the equatorial <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. The combination of a positive TPDV and a negative IPO generates a decadal mean state, in which the climatological zonal temperature gradient is reduced, equatorward and westward current anomalies are harder to be generated over the central-to-western tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>, resulting in the lack of CP El Niño.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16.1485G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16.1485G"><span>Extreme <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> surface turbulent fluxes in mid latitudes - estimation, origins and mechanisms</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gulev, Sergey; Natalia, Tilinina</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p> provide locally high winds and <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> temperature gradients. For this purpose we linked characteristics of cyclone activity over the midlatitudinal oceans with the extreme surface turbulent heat fluxes. Cyclone tracks and parameters of cyclone life cycle (deepening rates, propagation velocities, life time and clustering) were derived from the same reanalyses using state of the art numerical tracking algorithm. The main questions addressed in this study are (i) through which mechanisms extreme surface fluxes are associated with cyclone activity? and (ii) which types of cyclones are responsible for forming extreme turbulent fluxes? Our analysis shows that extreme surface fluxes are typically associated not with cyclones themselves but rather with cyclone-anticyclone interaction zones. This implies that North Atlantic and North <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> series of intense cyclones do not result in the anomalous surface fluxes. Alternatively, extreme fluxes are most frequently associated with blocking situations, particularly with the intensification of the Siberian and North American Anticyclones providing cold-<span class="hlt">air</span> outbreaks over WBC regions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMOS43C..03S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMOS43C..03S"><span>The impact of multi-decadal sub-surface circulation changes on <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface chlorophyll patterns in the tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Schollaert Uz, S.; Busalacchi, A. J.; Smith, T. M.; Evans, M. N.; Brown, C.; Hackert, E. C.; Wang, X.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> is a region of strong forcing where physical oceanography primarily controls biological variability over the seasonal to interannual time scales observed since dedicated ocean color satellite remote sensing began in 1997. To quantify how multi-decadal, climate-scale changes impact marine biological dynamics, we used the correlation with <span class="hlt">sea</span>-surface temperature and height to reconstruct a 50-year time series of surface chlorophyll concentrations. The reconstruction demonstrates greatest skill away from the coast and within 10o of the equator where chlorophyll variance is greatest and primarily associated with El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) dynamics and secondarily associated with decadal variability. We observe significant basin-wide differences between east and central <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> events when the El Niño events are strong: chlorophyll increases with La Niña and decreases with El Niño, with larger declines east of 180o for remotely-forced east <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> events and west of 180o for locally-forced central <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> events. Chlorophyll variations also reflect the physical dynamics of <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> decadal variability with small but significant differences between cool and warm eras: consistent with advection variability west of 180o and likely driven by subsurface changes in the nutricline depth between 110-140oW. Comparisons with output from a fully-coupled biogeochemical model support the hypothesis that this anomalous region is controlled by lower frequency changes in subsurface circulation patterns that transport nutrients to the surface. Basin-wide chlorophyll distributions exhibiting spatial heterogeneity in response to multi-decadal climate forcing imply similar long-term changes in phytoplankton productivity, with implications for the marine food web and the ocean's role as a carbon sink.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170007396','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170007396"><span>Preparation of the NASA <span class="hlt">Air</span> Quality Monitor for a U.S. Navy Submarine <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Trial</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Limero, Thomas; Wallace, William T.; Manney, Joshua A.; Smith, Matthew J.; O'Connor, Sara Jane; Mudgett, Paul D.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>For the past 4 years, the <span class="hlt">Air</span> Quality Monitor (AQM) has been the operational instrument for measuring trace volatile organic compounds on the International Space Station (ISS). The key components of the AQM are the inlet preconcentrator, the gas chromatograph (GC), and the differential mobility spectrometer. Onboard the ISS are two AQMs with different GC columns that detect and quantify 22 compounds. The AQM data contributes valuable information to the assessment of <span class="hlt">air</span> quality aboard ISS for each crew increment. The US Navy is looking to update its submarine <span class="hlt">air</span> monitoring suite of instruments and the success of the AQM on ISS has led to a jointly planned submarine <span class="hlt">sea</span> trial of a NASA AQM. In addition to the AQM, the Navy is also interested in the Multi-Gas Monitor (MGM), which measures major constituent gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and ammonia). A separate paper will present the MGM <span class="hlt">sea</span> trial preparation and the analysis of most recent ISS data. A prototype AQM, which is virtually identical to the operational AQM, has been readied for the <span class="hlt">sea</span> trial. Only one AQM will be deployed during the <span class="hlt">sea</span> trial, but this is sufficient for NASA purposes and to detect the compounds of interest to the US Navy for this trial. The data from the <span class="hlt">sea</span> trial will be compared to data from archival samples collected before, during, and after the trial period. This paper will start with a brief history of past collaborations between NASA and the U.S. and U.K. navies for trials of <span class="hlt">air</span> monitoring equipment. An overview of the AQM technology and protocols for the submarine trial will be presented. The majority of the presentation will focus on the AQM preparation and a summary of available data from the trial.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JGRC..121.7326Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JGRC..121.7326Z"><span>A modulating effect of Tropical Instability Wave (TIW)-induced surface wind feedback in a hybrid coupled model of the tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Rong-Hua</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>Tropical Instability Waves (TIWs) and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are two <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> coupling phenomena that are prominent in the tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>, occurring at vastly different space-time scales. It has been challenging to adequately represent both of these processes within a large-scale coupled climate model, which has led to a poor understanding of the interactions between TIW-induced feedback and ENSO. In this study, a novel modeling system was developed that allows representation of TIW-scale <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> coupling and its interaction with ENSO. Satellite data were first used to derive an empirical model for TIW-induced <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface wind stress perturbations (τTIW). The model was then embedded in a basin-wide hybrid-coupled model (HCM) of the tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span>. Because τTIW were internally determined from TIW-scale <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperatures (SSTTIW) simulated in the ocean model, the wind-SST coupling at TIW scales was interactively represented within the large-scale coupled model. Because the τTIW-SSTTIW coupling part of the model can be turned on or off in the HCM simulations, the related TIW wind feedback effects can be isolated and examined in a straightforward way. Then, the TIW-scale wind feedback effects on the large-scale mean ocean state and interannual variability in the tropical <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> were investigated based on this embedded system. The interactively represented TIW-scale wind forcing exerted an asymmetric influence on SSTs in the HCM, characterized by a mean-state cooling and by a positive feedback on interannual variability, acting to enhance ENSO amplitude. Roughly speaking, the feedback tends to increase interannual SST variability by approximately 9%. Additionally, there is a tendency for TIW wind to have an effect on the phase transition during ENSO evolution, with slightly shortened interannual oscillation periods. Additional sensitivity experiments were performed to elucidate the details of TIW wind effects on SST evolution during ENSO</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1816132B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1816132B"><span>Joint influence of the Indo-<span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Warm Pool and Northern Arabian <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Temperatures on the Indian Summer Monsoon in a Global Climate Model Simulation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Befort, Daniel J.; Leckebusch, Gregor C.; Cubasch, Ulrich</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Proxy-based studies confirmed that the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) shows large variations during the Holocene. These changes might be explained by changes in orbital conditions and solar insolation but are also thought to be associated to changes in oceanic conditions, e.g. over the Indo-<span class="hlt">Pacific</span>-Warm-Pool region. However, due to the nature of these (proxy-based) analyses no conclusion about atmospheric circulation changes during dry and wet epochs are possible. Here, a fully-coupled global climate simulation (AOGCM) covering the past 6000 years is analysed regarding ISM variability. Several dry and wet epochs are found, the most striking around 2ka BP (dry) and 1.7ka BP (wet). As only orbital parameters change during integration, we expect these "shorter-term" changes to be associated with changes in oceanic conditions. During 1.7ka BP the <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperatures (SST) over the Northern Arabian <span class="hlt">Sea</span> (NARAB) are significantly warmer compared to 2ka BP, whereas cooler conditions are found over the western <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> Ocean. Additionally, significant differences are found over large parts of the North Atlantic. To explain in how far these different ocean basins are responsible for anomalous conditions during 1.7ka BP, several sensitivity experiments with changed SST/SIC conditions are carried out. It is found that neither the SST's in the <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> nor in the Indian Ocean are able to reproduce the anomalous rainfall and atmospheric circulation patterns during 1.7ka on its own. Instead, anomalous dry conditions during 2ka BP and wet conditions during 1.7ka BP are associated with a shift of the Indo-<span class="hlt">Pacific</span>-Warm-Pool (IPWP) and simultaneous anomalous <span class="hlt">sea</span>-surface temperatures over the NARAB region. Eventually, it is tested in how far this hypothesis holds true for other dry and wet events in the AOGCM data during the whole 6000 years. In general, a shift of the IPWP without anomalous SST conditions over the NARAB region (and vice versa) is not sufficient to cause long</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A43G2559J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A43G2559J"><span>Seasonal atmospheric deposition and <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gaseous exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons over the Yangtze River Estuary, East China <span class="hlt">Sea</span>: Implication for the source-sink processes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jiang, Y.; Guo, Z.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>As the home of the largest port in the world, the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) in the East China <span class="hlt">Sea</span> (ECS) is adjacent to the largest economic zone in China with more than 10% of Chinese population and provides one-fifth of national GDP. The YRE is under the path of contaminated East Asian continental outflow. These make the YRE unique for the pollutant biogeochemical cycling in the world. In this work, 94 pairs of <span class="hlt">air</span> samples and 20 surface seawater samples covering four seasons were collected from a remote receptor site in the YRE from March 2014 to January 2015, in order to explore the seasonal fluxes of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gaseous exchange and atmospheric dry and wet deposition of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their source-sink processes at the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interface. The average dry and wet deposition fluxes of 15 PAHs were estimated as 879 ± 1393 ng m-2 d-1 and 755 ± 545 ng m-2 d-1, respectively. The gaseous PAHs were released from seawater to atmosphere during the whole year with an average of 3039 ± 2030 ng m-2 d-1. The gaseous exchange of PAHs was referred as the dominant process at the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interface in the YRE as the magnitude of volatilization flux of PAHs exceeded that of the total dry and wet deposition. The gaseous PAH exchange flux was dominated by 3-ring PAHs, with the highest value in summer while lowest in winter, depicting a strong seasonal variation due to temperature, wind speed and <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> concentration gradient difference among seasons. Based on the simplified mass balance estimation, net 9.6 tons/y of PAHs was volatilized from seawater to atmosphere with an area of approximately 20000 km2 in the YRE. Apart from Yangtze River input and ocean ship emissions in the entire year, the selective release of low molecular weight PAHs from sediments in winter due to re-suspension triggered by the East Asian winter monsoon could be another possible source for dissolved PAHs. This work suggests that the source-sink processes of PAHs at <span class="hlt">air-sea</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19820015568','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19820015568"><span>Size distribution of oceanic <span class="hlt">air</span> bubbles entrained in <span class="hlt">sea</span>-water by wave-breaking</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Resch, F.; Avellan, F.</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>The size of oceanic <span class="hlt">air</span> bubbles produced by whitecaps and wave-breaking is determined. The production of liquid aerosols at the <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface is predicted. These liquid aerosols are at the origin of most of the particulate materials exchanged between the ocean and the atmosphere. A prototype was designed and built using an optical technique based on the principle of light scattering at an angle of ninety degrees from the incident light beam. The output voltage is a direct function of the bubble diameter. Calibration of the probe was carried out within a range of 300 microns to 1.2 mm. Bubbles produced by wave-breaking in a large <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interaction simulating facility. Experimental results are given in the form of size spectrum.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.H21G1125F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.H21G1125F"><span>Hindcasting 2000 years of <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> <span class="hlt">sea</span> and land surface temperature changes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Friedel, M. J.</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>Studies of climate variability often rely on surface temperature change anomalies. Here regional <span class="hlt">Pacific</span> <span class="hlt">sea</span> and land surface temperature data were extended from a century to millennial scale using a type of unsupervised artificial neural network. In this approach, the imputation of annual climate fields was done based on the nonlinear and self-organized relations among modern (1897-2003) <span class="hlt">sea</span> and land temperature and paleo-proxy (0-2000) land-based Palmer Drought Severity Index data vectors. Stochastic crossvalidation (using median values from 30 Monte Carlo trials) of the model revealed that predictions of temperature change over the regions of 00N30N, 30N60N, 60N-90N, and 60S-60N latitude were globally unbiased and highly correlated (Spearman Rho > 0.94) with the modern observations. The prediction uncertainty was characterized as nonlinear with minor (<5%) local bias attributed to unaccounted for measurement uncertainty. Quantile modeling of the reconstructed temperature change data revealed interruptions in the long-term climate record by short-term changes that coincided with the so-called Medieval Warm Period (~900 to ~1250) and Little Ice Age (~1400 to ~1850). These interruptions were present at all latitudes but the structure shifted toward lower magnitudes as the region moved toward the equator. In all cases, the maximum temperature change was slightly greater than during the Medieval Warm Period. These findings demonstrated that the El Niño Southern Oscillation operated over a continuum of temporal and spatial scales. These findings have broad economic, political, and social implications with respect to developing water resource policies.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_25 --> <div class="footer-extlink text-muted" style="margin-bottom:1rem; text-align:center;">Some links on this page may take you to non-federal websites. 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