The Impact of Fiscal Redistributive Policies on the Supply of Labor: Five Essays in Economic Theory and Program Design.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kesselman, Jonathan Rhys

Static and dynamic incentive effects of the following fiscal transfer forms are examined: income subsidy (negative income tax), wage subsidy, categorical income subsidy (work requirement), and overtime wage subsidy. Budgetary costs, aggregate labor-market impacts, and welfare effects are analyzed. A program for categorically combining wage and…

Using Medicaid/SCHIP to insure working families: the Massachusetts experience.

PubMed

Mitchell, Janet B; Osber, Deborah S

2002-01-01

Massachusetts was the first State to implement a premium subsidy program for employer-sponsored health insurance, using both Medicaid and State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) funding. The Insurance Partnership (IP) provides subsidies directly to small employers, and the Premium Assistance Program provides subsidies to their low-income employees. Approximately 3,500 small firms currently participate, most of them offering health insurance coverage for the first time. Approximately 10,000 adults and children are covered through the program, the majority of whom had been uninsured prior to enrolling. Massachusetts' successful experience with premium subsidies offers important lessons for other States wishing to implement similar programs.

A Preliminary Evaluation of Federal Dental Manpower Subsidy Program. Health Manpower Policy Discussion Paper Series, No. A5.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Feldstein, Paul J.

This paper suggests an approach and an analysis of the impact that federal manpower programs have had on dentistry. The main beneficiaries under health manpower subsidy programs are indicated and some policy alternatives suggested. Emphasis is placed on federal subsidies for increasing the supply of dentists including students' financial…

The Federal Work-Study Program: Impacts on Academic Outcomes and Employment. Policy Brief

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Center for Analysis of Postsecondary Education and Employment, 2015

2015-01-01

Student employment subsidies are one of the largest types of employment subsidies and one of the oldest forms of student aid. The Federal Work-Study program (FWS) is the largest student employment subsidy program; since 1964, it has provided about $1 billion per year to cover 75 percent of wages for student employees, who typically work on campus…

5 CFR 792.217 - Are part-time Federal employees eligible for the child care subsidy program?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Are part-time Federal employees eligible... the Child Care Subsidy Program Legislation and to Whom Does It Apply? § 792.217 Are part-time Federal employees eligible for the child care subsidy program? Federal employees who work part-time are eligible for...

Child Care Subsidy and Program Quality Revisited

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Antle, Becky F.; Frey, Andy; Barbee, Anita; Frey, Shannon; Grisham-Brown, Jennifer; Cox, Megan

2008-01-01

Research Findings: Previous research has documented conflicting results on the relationship between program quality and the percentage of children receiving subsidized child care (subsidy density) in early childhood centers. This research examined the relationship between subsidy density and the quality of infant and preschool classrooms in child…

Contracts, Vouchers, and Child Care Subsidy Stability: A Preliminary Look at Associations between Subsidy Payment Mechanism and Stability of Subsidy Receipt

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Holod, Aleksandra; Johnson, Anna D.; Martin, Anne; Gardner, Margo; Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne

2012-01-01

Background: The federal child care subsidy program, funded through the Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF), is the nation's largest public investment in early child care. However, little is known about whether and how subsidy payment mechanisms relate to the stability of subsidy receipt or the stability of children's care arrangements.…

78 FR 65970 - Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries Exporting Softwood Lumber and Softwood Lumber Products to...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-04

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries... Commerce. SUMMARY: The Department of Commerce (Department) seeks public comment on any subsidies, including..., International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, 14th Street and Constitution Avenue NW...

42 CFR 423.800 - Administration of subsidy program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 42 Public Health 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Administration of subsidy program. 423.800 Section 423.800 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN... track the application of the subsidies under this subpart to be applied to the out-of-pocket threshold...

75 FR 68328 - Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries Exporting Softwood Lumber and Softwood Lumber Products to...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-05

..., provided by certain countries exporting softwood lumber or softwood lumber products to the United States... lumber products to the United States, we are soliciting public comment only on subsidies provided by... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries...

5 CFR 792.207 - When does the child care subsidy program law become effective and how may agencies take advantage...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false When does the child care subsidy program law become effective and how may agencies take advantage of this law? 792.207 Section 792.207... When does the child care subsidy program law become effective and how may agencies take advantage of...

76 FR 2346 - Quarterly Update to Annual Listing of Foreign Government Subsidies on Articles of Cheese Subject...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-13

... DUTY Gross \\1\\ Subsidy Net \\2\\ Subsidy Country Program(s) ($/lb) ($/lb) 27 European Union Member States \\3\\........ European Union Restitution... $0.00 $0.00 Payments Canada Export Assistance on......... 0... states of the European Union are: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia...

5 CFR 792.216 - Are Federal employees with children who are enrolled in summer programs and part-time programs...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... are enrolled in summer programs and part-time programs eligible for the child care subsidy program... summer programs and part-time programs eligible for the child care subsidy program? Federal employees... enrolled in daytime summer programs and part-time programs such as before and after school programs are...

5 CFR 792.216 - Are Federal employees with children who are enrolled in summer programs and part-time programs...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... are enrolled in summer programs and part-time programs eligible for the child care subsidy program... summer programs and part-time programs eligible for the child care subsidy program? Federal employees... enrolled in daytime summer programs and part-time programs such as before and after school programs are...

5 CFR 792.216 - Are Federal employees with children who are enrolled in summer programs and part-time programs...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... are enrolled in summer programs and part-time programs eligible for the child care subsidy program... summer programs and part-time programs eligible for the child care subsidy program? Federal employees... enrolled in daytime summer programs and part-time programs such as before and after school programs are...

Milwaukee County User-Side Subsidy Program : A Case Study

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1982-09-01

Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, instituted a user-side subsidy program in June 1978 for handicapped users of taxi and chair-car services. The program is funded entirely by county and state contributions. A distinctive feature of the program is that, unl...

User-Side Subsidy Programs for Special Needs Transportation : A Planning Handbook

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1983-06-01

This handbook, first of a series, provides guidance for designing and implementing a user-side subsidy program. The book is divided into two parts--Program Planning and Program Implementation. The Planning section covers six areas--Goals and Objectiv...

42 CFR 423.886 - Retiree drug subsidy amounts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 42 Public Health 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Retiree drug subsidy amounts. 423.886 Section 423... (CONTINUED) MEDICARE PROGRAM (CONTINUED) VOLUNTARY MEDICARE PRESCRIPTION DRUG BENEFIT Payments to Sponsors of Retiree Prescription Drug Plans § 423.886 Retiree drug subsidy amounts. (a) Amount of subsidy payment. (1...

42 CFR 423.886 - Retiree drug subsidy amounts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 42 Public Health 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Retiree drug subsidy amounts. 423.886 Section 423... (CONTINUED) MEDICARE PROGRAM (CONTINUED) VOLUNTARY MEDICARE PRESCRIPTION DRUG BENEFIT Payments to Sponsors of Retiree Prescription Drug Plans § 423.886 Retiree drug subsidy amounts. (a) Amount of subsidy payment. (1...

42 CFR 423.886 - Retiree drug subsidy amounts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 42 Public Health 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Retiree drug subsidy amounts. 423.886 Section 423... (CONTINUED) MEDICARE PROGRAM (CONTINUED) VOLUNTARY MEDICARE PRESCRIPTION DRUG BENEFIT Payments to Sponsors of Retiree Prescription Drug Plans § 423.886 Retiree drug subsidy amounts. (a) Amount of subsidy payment. (1...

42 CFR 423.886 - Retiree drug subsidy amounts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 42 Public Health 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Retiree drug subsidy amounts. 423.886 Section 423... (CONTINUED) MEDICARE PROGRAM VOLUNTARY MEDICARE PRESCRIPTION DRUG BENEFIT Payments to Sponsors of Retiree Prescription Drug Plans § 423.886 Retiree drug subsidy amounts. (a) Amount of subsidy payment. (1) For each...

Food subsidy programs and the health and nutritional status of disadvantaged families in high income countries: a systematic review

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

Background Less healthy diets are common in high income countries, although proportionally higher in those of low socio-economic status. Food subsidy programs are one strategy to promote healthy nutrition and to reduce socio-economic inequalities in health. This review summarises the evidence for the health and nutritional impacts of food subsidy programs among disadvantaged families from high income countries. Methods Relevant studies reporting dietary intake or health outcomes were identified through systematic searching of electronic databases. Cochrane Public Health Group guidelines informed study selection and interpretation. A narrative synthesis was undertaken due to the limited number of studies and heterogeneity of study design and outcomes. Results Fourteen studies were included, with most reporting on the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children in the USA. Food subsidy program participants, mostly pregnant or postnatal women, were shown to have 10–20% increased intake of targeted foods or nutrients. Evidence for the effectiveness of these programs for men or children was lacking. The main health outcome observed was a small but clinically relevant increase in mean birthweight (23–29g) in the two higher quality WIC studies. Conclusions Limited high quality evidence of the impacts of food subsidy programs on the health and nutrition of adults and children in high income countries was identified. The improved intake of targeted nutrients and foods, such as fruit and vegetables, could potentially reduce the rate of non-communicable diseases in adults, if the changes in diet are sustained. Associated improvements in perinatal outcomes were limited and most evident in women who smoked during pregnancy. Thus, food subsidy programs for pregnant women and children should aim to focus on improving nutritional status in the longer term. Further prospective studies and economic analyses are needed to confirm the health benefits and justify the investment in food subsidy programs. PMID:23256601

Food subsidy programs and the health and nutritional status of disadvantaged families in high income countries: a systematic review.

PubMed

Black, Andrew P; Brimblecombe, Julie; Eyles, Helen; Morris, Peter; Vally, Hassan; O Dea, Kerin

2012-12-21

Less healthy diets are common in high income countries, although proportionally higher in those of low socio-economic status. Food subsidy programs are one strategy to promote healthy nutrition and to reduce socio-economic inequalities in health. This review summarises the evidence for the health and nutritional impacts of food subsidy programs among disadvantaged families from high income countries. Relevant studies reporting dietary intake or health outcomes were identified through systematic searching of electronic databases. Cochrane Public Health Group guidelines informed study selection and interpretation. A narrative synthesis was undertaken due to the limited number of studies and heterogeneity of study design and outcomes. Fourteen studies were included, with most reporting on the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children in the USA. Food subsidy program participants, mostly pregnant or postnatal women, were shown to have 10-20% increased intake of targeted foods or nutrients. Evidence for the effectiveness of these programs for men or children was lacking. The main health outcome observed was a small but clinically relevant increase in mean birthweight (23-29g) in the two higher quality WIC studies. Limited high quality evidence of the impacts of food subsidy programs on the health and nutrition of adults and children in high income countries was identified. The improved intake of targeted nutrients and foods, such as fruit and vegetables, could potentially reduce the rate of non-communicable diseases in adults, if the changes in diet are sustained. Associated improvements in perinatal outcomes were limited and most evident in women who smoked during pregnancy. Thus, food subsidy programs for pregnant women and children should aim to focus on improving nutritional status in the longer term. Further prospective studies and economic analyses are needed to confirm the health benefits and justify the investment in food subsidy programs.

42 CFR 423.800 - Administration of subsidy program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Administration of subsidy program. 423.800 Section 423.800 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICARE PROGRAM VOLUNTARY MEDICARE PRESCRIPTION DRUG BENEFIT Premiums and Cost...

User-Side Subsidies for Taxis and Buses in Montgomery, Alabama

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1983-02-01

The Montgomery User-Side Subsidy Demonstration began operation in August 1977. This was one of four demonstrations of the user-side subsidy concept conducted under the UMTA Service and Management Demonstration Program, and involved the provision of r...

Preserving Neighborhood Opportunity: Where Federal Housing Subsidies Expire.

PubMed

Lens, Michael C; Reina, Vincent

2016-01-01

Rent burdens are increasing in U.S. metropolitan areas while subsidies on privately owned, publicly subsidized rental units are expiring. As a result, some of the few remaining affordable units in opportunity neighborhoods are at risk of being converted to market rate. Policy makers face a decision about whether to devote their efforts and scarce resources toward developing new affordable housing, recapitalizing existing subsidized housing, and/or preserving properties with expiring subsidies. There are several reasons to preserve these subsidies, one being that properties may be located in neighborhoods with greater opportunity. In this article, we use several sources of data at the census tract level to learn how subsidy expirations affect neighborhood opportunity for low-income households. Our analysis presents several key findings. First, we find that units that left the project-based Section 8 program were - on average - in lower opportunity neighborhoods, but these neighborhoods were improving. In addition, properties due to expiry from the Section 8 program between 2011 and 2020 are in higher opportunity neighborhoods than any other subsidy program. On the contrary, new Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) units were developed in tracts similar to those where LIHTC units are currently active, which tend to be lower opportunity neighborhoods.

47 CFR 76.1206 - Equipment sale or lease charge subsidy prohibition.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Equipment sale or lease charge subsidy prohibition. 76.1206 Section 76.1206 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED) BROADCAST... Devices § 76.1206 Equipment sale or lease charge subsidy prohibition. Multichannel video programming...

Sports Subsidies Soar. Commentary

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Toma, J. Douglas

2010-01-01

Doug Lederman's article, "Sports Subsidies Soar," discusses the issue on institutional subsidies for sports program. His article invites an obvious question: why are so many universities willing to subsidize athletics through either a direct transfer of institutional funds, assessing a dedicated student fee, or a combination of these? This…

Medicare Part D: Are Insurers Gaming the Low Income Subsidy Design?

PubMed

Decarolis, Francesco

2015-04-01

This paper shows how in Medicare Part D insurers' gaming of the subsidy paid to low-income enrollees distorts premiums and raises the program cost. Using plan-level data from the first five years of the program, I find multiple instances of pricing strategy distortions for the largest insurers. Instrumental variable estimates indicate that the changes in a concentration index measuring the manipulability of the subsidy can explain a large share of the premium growth observed between 2006 and 2011. Removing this distortion could reduce the cost of the program without worsening consumer welfare.

Canada's northern food subsidy Nutrition North Canada: a comprehensive program evaluation.

PubMed

Galloway, Tracey

2017-01-01

Nutrition North Canada (NNC) is a retail subsidy program implemented in 2012 and designed to reduce the cost of nutritious food for residents living in Canada's remote, northern communities. The present study evaluates the extent to which NNC provides access to perishable, nutritious food for residents of remote northern communities. Program documents, including fiscal and food cost reports for the period 2011-2015, retailer compliance reports, audits of the program, and the program's performance measurement strategy are examined for evidence that the subsidy is meeting its objectives in a manner both comprehensive and equitable across regions and communities. NNC lacks price caps or other means of ensuring food is affordable and equitably priced in communities. Gaps in food cost reporting constrain the program's accountability. From 2011-15, no adjustments were made to community eligibility, subsidy rates, or the list of eligible foods in response to information provided by community members, critics, the Auditor General of Canada, and the program's own Advisory Board. Measures to increase program accountability, such as increasing subsidy information on point-of-sale receipts, make NNC more visible but do nothing to address underlying accountability issues Conclusions: The current structure and regulatory framework of NNC are insufficient to ensure the program meets its goal. Both the volume and cost of nutritious food delivered to communities is highly variable and dependent on factors such as retailers' pricing practices, over which the program has no control. It may be necessary to consider alternative forms of policy in order to produce sustainable improvements to food security in remote, northern communities.

On the Making of Perfect and Beautiful Social Programs

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Baer, William C.

1975-01-01

A comparison of the workings of the homeowner deduction provisions in the federal income tax, an indirect housing subsidy program, with the more direct housing programs administered by HUD (Department of Housing and Urban Development) demonstrated that the latter generally bare badly by contrast. The homeowner indirect subsidies are an example of…

The Strategic Exercise of Options Using Government Subsidies: An Analysis of Production Subsidies for the Ground Source Heat Pump

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lin, Sheng-Hau; Li, Jia-Hsun; Hsu, Chih-Chen; Hsieh, Jing-Chzi; Liao, Pin-Chao

2018-04-01

This study utilizes consolidation investment theory to incorporate with business strategies and government subsidy to develop a strategic exercise of options model. This empirical investigation examines the ground source heat pump (GSHP) government subsidy program, which is part of China’s 12th Five Year Plan. The developed model is applied to explain the behaviours of business investment with regard to strategic investment timing, option values, and the influence of government subsidies in duopolistic real-world investment decisions. The results indicate that subsidy policy can reduce the differences of investment timing among GSHP investors and has clearly evidenced the positive benefit–cost ratio of government subsidy, which facilitates China’s GSHP industry development.

Child Care Subsidies and School Readiness in Kindergarten

PubMed Central

Johnson, Anna D; Martin, Anne; Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne

2013-01-01

The federal child care subsidy program represents one of the government’s largest investments in early care and education. Using data from the nationally representative Early Childhood Longitudinal Study – Birth Cohort (ECLS-B), this paper examines associations, among subsidy-eligible families, between child care subsidy receipt when children are 4 years old and a range of school readiness outcomes in kindergarten (sample n ≈ 1,400). Findings suggest that subsidy receipt in preschool is not directly linked to subsequent reading or social-emotional skills. However, subsidy receipt predicted lower math scores among children attending community-based centers. Supplementary analyses revealed that subsidies predicted greater use of center care, but this association did not appear to affect school readiness. PMID:23461769

Adverse selection and price sensitivity when low-income people have subsidies to purchase health insurance in the private market.

PubMed

Swartz, K; Garnick, D W

2000-01-01

Policymakers interested in subsidizing low-income people's purchase of private insurance face two major questions: will such subsidies lead to adverse selection, and how large do the subsidies have to be to induce large numbers of eligible people to purchase the insurance? This study examines New Jersey's short-lived experience with a premium subsidy program, Health Access New Jersey (Access Program). The program was for people in families with incomes below 250% of the poverty level who were not eligible for health insurance provided by an employer, or Medicaid or Medicare, and who wished to purchase policies in the state's individual health insurance market, the Individual Health Coverage Program. Surveying a random sample of Access Program policyholders, we compared their demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, as well as their health status, to those of other New Jersey residents who had family incomes below 250% of the poverty level to determine whether there was any evidence of adverse selection among the people who enrolled in the Access Program. The people who enrolled were not in worse health than uninsured people with incomes below 250% of the poverty level, but they were quite price sensitive. Most enrollees had incomes within the low end of the income eligibility distribution, reflecting the structure of rapidly declining subsidies as income increased.

47 CFR 76.1206 - Equipment sale or lease charge subsidy prohibition.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Equipment sale or lease charge subsidy... Devices § 76.1206 Equipment sale or lease charge subsidy prohibition. Multichannel video programming... subscribers, shall adhere to the standards reflected therein relating to rates for equipment and installation...

42 CFR 423.780 - Premium subsidy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...) MEDICARE PROGRAM VOLUNTARY MEDICARE PRESCRIPTION DRUG BENEFIT Premiums and Cost-Sharing Subsidies for Low... 42 Public Health 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Premium subsidy. 423.780 Section 423.780 Public...-service plans or 1876 cost plans) in a PDP region in the reference month. (ii) Premium amounts. The...

Preserving Neighborhood Opportunity: Where Federal Housing Subsidies Expire

PubMed Central

Lens, Michael C.; Reina, Vincent

2017-01-01

Rent burdens are increasing in U.S. metropolitan areas while subsidies on privately owned, publicly subsidized rental units are expiring. As a result, some of the few remaining affordable units in opportunity neighborhoods are at risk of being converted to market rate. Policy makers face a decision about whether to devote their efforts and scarce resources toward developing new affordable housing, recapitalizing existing subsidized housing, and/or preserving properties with expiring subsidies. There are several reasons to preserve these subsidies, one being that properties may be located in neighborhoods with greater opportunity. In this article, we use several sources of data at the census tract level to learn how subsidy expirations affect neighborhood opportunity for low-income households. Our analysis presents several key findings. First, we find that units that left the project-based Section 8 program were – on average – in lower opportunity neighborhoods, but these neighborhoods were improving. In addition, properties due to expiry from the Section 8 program between 2011 and 2020 are in higher opportunity neighborhoods than any other subsidy program. On the contrary, new Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) units were developed in tracts similar to those where LIHTC units are currently active, which tend to be lower opportunity neighborhoods. PMID:28553063

20 CFR 30.609 - Is a settlement or judgment received as a result of allegations of medical malpractice in...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... result of allegations of medical malpractice in treating an illness covered by EEOICPA a recovery that... PROGRAMS, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR ENERGY EMPLOYEES OCCUPATIONAL ILLNESS COMPENSATION PROGRAM ACT OF 2000 CLAIMS FOR COMPENSATION UNDER THE ENERGY EMPLOYEES OCCUPATIONAL ILLNESS COMPENSATION PROGRAM ACT OF 2000, AS...

20 CFR 30.609 - Is a settlement or judgment received as a result of allegations of medical malpractice in...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... result of allegations of medical malpractice in treating an illness covered by EEOICPA a recovery that... PROGRAMS, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR ENERGY EMPLOYEES OCCUPATIONAL ILLNESS COMPENSATION PROGRAM ACT OF 2000 CLAIMS FOR COMPENSATION UNDER THE ENERGY EMPLOYEES OCCUPATIONAL ILLNESS COMPENSATION PROGRAM ACT OF 2000, AS...

20 CFR 30.609 - Is a settlement or judgment received as a result of allegations of medical malpractice in...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... result of allegations of medical malpractice in treating an illness covered by EEOICPA a recovery that... PROGRAMS, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR ENERGY EMPLOYEES OCCUPATIONAL ILLNESS COMPENSATION PROGRAM ACT OF 2000 CLAIMS FOR COMPENSATION UNDER THE ENERGY EMPLOYEES OCCUPATIONAL ILLNESS COMPENSATION PROGRAM ACT OF 2000, AS...

20 CFR 30.609 - Is a settlement or judgment received as a result of allegations of medical malpractice in...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... result of allegations of medical malpractice in treating an illness covered by EEOICPA a recovery that... PROGRAMS, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR ENERGY EMPLOYEES OCCUPATIONAL ILLNESS COMPENSATION PROGRAM ACT OF 2000 CLAIMS FOR COMPENSATION UNDER THE ENERGY EMPLOYEES OCCUPATIONAL ILLNESS COMPENSATION PROGRAM ACT OF 2000, AS...

20 CFR 30.609 - Is a settlement or judgment received as a result of allegations of medical malpractice in...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... result of allegations of medical malpractice in treating an illness covered by EEOICPA a recovery that... PROGRAMS, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR ENERGY EMPLOYEES OCCUPATIONAL ILLNESS COMPENSATION PROGRAM ACT OF 2000 CLAIMS FOR COMPENSATION UNDER THE ENERGY EMPLOYEES OCCUPATIONAL ILLNESS COMPENSATION PROGRAM ACT OF 2000, AS...

Avoided electricity subsidy payments can finance substantial appliance efficiency incentive programs: Case study of Mexico

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Leventis, Greg; Gopal, Anand; Rue du Can, Stephane de la

Numerous countries use taxpayer funds to subsidize residential electricity for a variety of socioeconomic objectives. These subsidies lower the value of energy efficiency to the consumer while raising it for the government. Further, while it would be especially helpful to have stringent Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS) for appliances and buildings in this environment, they are hard to strengthen without imposing a cost on ratepayers. In this secondbest world, where the presence of subsidies limits the government’s ability to strengthen standards, we find that avoided subsidies are a readily available source of financing for energy efficiency incentive programs. Here, wemore » introduce the LBNL Energy Efficiency Revenue Analysis (LEERA) model to estimate the appliance efficiency improvements that can be achieved in Mexico by the revenue neutral financing of incentive programs from avoided subsidy payments. LEERA uses the detailed techno-economic analysis developed by LBNL for the Super-efficient Equipment and Appliance Deployment (SEAD) Initiative to calculate the incremental costs of appliance efficiency improvements. We analyze Mexico’s tariff structures and the long-run marginal cost of supply to calculate the marginal savings for the government from appliance efficiency. We find that avoided subsidy payments alone can finance incentive programs that cover the full incremental cost of refrigerators that are 27% more efficient and TVs that are 32% more efficient than baseline models. We find less substantial market transformation potential for room ACs primarily because AC energy savings occur at less subsidized tariffs.« less

42 CFR 423.782 - Cost-sharing subsidy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Cost-sharing subsidy. 423.782 Section 423.782... (CONTINUED) MEDICARE PROGRAM VOLUNTARY MEDICARE PRESCRIPTION DRUG BENEFIT Premiums and Cost-Sharing Subsidies... cents. (c) When the out-of-pocket cost for a covered Part D drug under a Part D sponsor's plan benefit...

Reassessment of the NRC`s program for protecting allegers against retaliation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1994-01-01

On July 6, 1993, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission`s (NRC`s) Executive Director for Operations established a review team to reassess the NRC`s program for protecting allegers against retaliation. The team evaluated the current system, and solicited comments from various NRC offices, other Federal agencies, licensees, former allegers, and the public. This report is subject to agency review. The report summarizes current processes and gives an overview of current problems. It discusses: (1) ways in which licensees can promote a quality-conscious work environment, in which all employees feel free to raise concerns without fear of retaliation; (2) ways to improve the NRC`smore » overall handling of allegations; (3) the NRC`s involvement in the Department of Labor process; (4) related NRC enforcement practices; and (5) methods other than investigation and enforcement that may be useful in treating allegations of potential or actual discrimination. Recommendations are given in each area.« less

Using stated preference methods to design cost-effective subsidy programs to induce technology adoption: an application to a stove program in southern Chile.

PubMed

Gómez, Walter; Salgado, Hugo; Vásquez, Felipe; Chávez, Carlos

2014-01-01

We study the design of an economic incentive based program - a subsidy - to induce adoption of more efficient technology in a pollution reduction program in southern Chile. Stated preferences methods, contingent valuation (CV), and choice experiment (CE) are used to estimate the probability of adoption and the willingness to share the cost of a new technology by a household. The cost-effectiveness property of different subsidy schemes is explored numerically for different regulatory objectives. Our results suggest that households are willing to participate in voluntary programs and to contribute by paying a share of the cost of adopting more efficient technologies. We find that attributes of the existing and the new technology, beyond the price, are relevant determinant factors of the participation decision and payment. Limited access to credit markets for low income families can be a major barrier for an effective implementation of these types of programs. Variations in the design of the subsidy and on the regulator's objective and constraints can have significant impact on the level and the cost of reduction of aggregate emissions achieved. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

77 FR 66584 - Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries Exporting Softwood Lumber and Softwood Lumber Products to...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-11-06

..., provided by certain countries exporting softwood lumber or softwood lumber products to the United States... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries Exporting Softwood Lumber and Softwood Lumber Products to the United States; Request for Comment AGENCY...

75 FR 22743 - Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries Exporting Softwood Lumber and Softwood Lumber Products to...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-30

..., provided by certain countries exporting softwood lumber or softwood lumber products to the United States... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries Exporting Softwood Lumber and Softwood Lumber Products to the United States; Request for Comment AGENCY...

76 FR 23991 - Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries Exporting Softwood Lumber and Softwood Lumber Products to...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-29

..., provided by certain countries exporting softwood lumber or softwood lumber products to the United States... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries Exporting Softwood Lumber and Softwood Lumber Products to the United States; Request for Comment AGENCY...

Taxation and Its Effect Upon Public and Private Health Insurance and Medical Demand

PubMed Central

Greenspan, Nancy T.; Vogel, Ronald J.

1980-01-01

Multiple tax subsidies are available to many buyers and sellers of health insurance. These subsidies have the potential of creating excess demand for health insurance, which in turn can create excess demand for health services. A review of the literature on the effects of the tax subsidies on the price of health care shows that these subsidies, by raising prices in the medical sector, constrain the Medicare and Medicaid programs' ability to provide access to care for their beneficiaries. PMID:10309222

The Impact of Child Care Subsidy Use on Child Care Quality

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ryan, Rebecca M.; Johnson, Anna; Rigby, Elizabeth; Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne

2011-01-01

In 2008, the federal government allotted $7 billion in child care subsidies to low-income families through the state-administered Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF), now the government's largest child care program (US DHHS, 2008). Although subsidies reduce costs for families and facilitate parental employment, it is unclear how they impact the…

Canada’s northern food subsidy Nutrition North Canada: a comprehensive program evaluation

PubMed Central

Galloway, Tracey

2017-01-01

ABSTRACT Background: Nutrition North Canada (NNC) is a retail subsidy program implemented in 2012 and designed to reduce the cost of nutritious food for residents living in Canada’s remote, northern communities. The present study evaluates the extent to which NNC provides access to perishable, nutritious food for residents of remote northern communities. Design: Program documents, including fiscal and food cost reports for the period 2011–2015, retailer compliance reports, audits of the program, and the program’s performance measurement strategy are examined for evidence that the subsidy is meeting its objectives in a manner both comprehensive and equitable across regions and communities. Results: NNC lacks price caps or other means of ensuring food is affordable and equitably priced in communities. Gaps in food cost reporting constrain the program’s accountability. From 2011–15, no adjustments were made to community eligibility, subsidy rates, or the list of eligible foods in response to information provided by community members, critics, the Auditor General of Canada, and the program’s own Advisory Board. Measures to increase program accountability, such as increasing subsidy information on point-of-sale receipts, make NNC more visible but do nothing to address underlying accountability issues Conclusions: The current structure and regulatory framework of NNC are insufficient to ensure the program meets its goal. Both the volume and cost of nutritious food delivered to communities is highly variable and dependent on factors such as retailers’ pricing practices, over which the program has no control. It may be necessary to consider alternative forms of policy in order to produce sustainable improvements to food security in remote, northern communities. PMID:28151097

24 CFR 266.10 - Allocations of assistance and credit subsidy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... AND OTHER AUTHORITIES HOUSING FINANCE AGENCY RISK-SHARING PROGRAM FOR INSURED AFFORDABLE MULTIFAMILY PROJECT LOANS General Provisions § 266.10 Allocations of assistance and credit subsidy. (a) Notice of...

TDM Status Report: Transportation Allowances

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1992-08-01

The status report discusses the following travel allowance programs that provide subsidies to employees in one form or another: transit fare allowances or subsidies; vanpool fare allowances; parking allowances or free parking; and general travel allo...

The 2015 Long-Term Budget Outlook

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-06-17

and an increasing number of recipients of exchange subsidies and Medicaid benefits attributable to the Affordable Care Act would push up spending...for Social Security and the government’s major health care programs—Medicare, Medicaid , the Children’s Health Insurance Program, and subsidies for...number of recipients of exchange subsidies and Medicaid benefits attributable to the Affordable Care Act.  The government’s net outlays for

Choices for Whom? The Rhetoric and Reality of the Direct Subsidy Scheme in Hong Kong (1988-2006)

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tse, Thomas Kwan-choi

2008-01-01

School choice programs have proliferated around the world since the 1980s. Following this international trend, the Direct Subsidy Scheme (DSS) was launched in 1991 to revitalize Hong Kong's private school sector. DSS schools receive a similar subsidy per student to that received by aided schools, but they may charge fees and have greater control…

Stability of Subsidy Participation and Continuity of Care in the Child Care Assistance Program in Minnesota. Minnesota Child Care Choices Research Brief Series. Publication #2014-55

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Davis, Elizabeth E.; Krafft, Caroline; Tout, Kathryn

2014-01-01

The Minnesota Child Care Assistance Program (CCAP) provides subsidies to help low-income families pay for child care while parents are working, looking for work, or attending school. The program can help make quality child care affordable and is intended both to support employment for low-income families and to support the development and…

Parent Experiences with State Child Care Subsidy Systems and Their Perceptions of Choice and Quality in Care Selected

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Raikes, Helen; Torquati, Julia; Wang, Cixin; Shjegstad, Brinn

2012-01-01

Research Findings: This study investigated parents' experiences using Child Care and Development Fund and other state-dispersed child care subsidies, reasons for choosing their current child care program, and perceptions of the quality of child care received from their current program. A telephone survey of 659 parents receiving child care…

Notification: Review of EPA’s Transit Subsidy Program

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Project #OA-FY15-0080, January 30, 2015. The Office of Inspector General (OIG) for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) plans to begin preliminary research on EPA’s current transit subsidy practices, policies and procedures.

20 CFR 418.3610 - Is there administrative or judicial review for administrative actions that are not initial...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

...' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION MEDICARE SUBSIDIES Medicare Part D Subsidies Determinations and the... these sections. For example, changes in your prescription drug program or voluntary disenrollment in the...

Lessons from a pilot program to induce stove replacements in Chile: design, implementation and evaluation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gómez, Walter; Chávez, Carlos; Salgado, Hugo; Vásquez, Felipe

2017-11-01

We present the design, implementation, and evaluation of a subsidy program to introduce cleaner and more efficient household wood combustion technologies. The program was conducted in the city of Temuco, one of the most polluted cities in southern Chile, as a pilot study to design a new national stove replacement initiative for pollution control. In this city, around 90% of the total emissions of suspended particulate matter is caused by households burning wood. We created a simulated market in which households could choose among different combustion technologies with an assigned subsidy. The subsidy was a relevant factor in the decision to participate, and the inability to secure credit was a significant constraint for the participation of low-income households. Due to several practical difficulties and challenges associated with the implementation of large-scale programs that encourage technological innovation at the household level, it is strongly advisable to start with a small-scale pilot that can provide useful insights into the final design of a fuller, larger-scale program.

DO CONSUMER PRICE SUBSIDIES REALLY IMPROVE NUTRITION?*

PubMed Central

Jensen, Robert T.; Miller, Nolan H.

2010-01-01

Many developing countries use food-price subsidies or controls to improve nutrition. However, subsidizing goods on which households spend a high proportion of their budget can create large wealth effects. Consumers may then substitute towards foods with higher non-nutritional attributes (e.g., taste), but lower nutritional content per unit of currency, weakening or perhaps even reversing the subsidy’s intended impact. We analyze data from a randomized program of large price subsidies for poor households in two provinces of China and find no evidence that the subsidies improved nutrition. In fact, it may have had a negative impact for some households. (JEL I38; O12; Q18) PMID:22505779

Report: Investigation of Allegations Concerning Environmental Justice Issues in EPA Region 4

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Report #10-N-0145, June 14, 2010. The OIG undertook a detailed review of the allegations to determine whether the OIG had investigative jurisdiction in terms of EPA contracts, assistance agreements, programs, or personnel involvement.

Price subsidies and the market for mosquito nets in developing countries: A study of Tanzania's discount voucher scheme.

PubMed

Gingrich, Chris D; Hanson, Kara; Marchant, Tanya; Mulligan, Jo-Ann; Mponda, Hadji

2011-07-01

This study uses a partial equilibrium simulation model to explore how price subsidies for insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs) affect households' purchases of ITNs. The model describes the ITN market in a typical developing country and is applied to the situation in Tanzania, where the Tanzania National Voucher Scheme (TNVS) provides a targeted subsidy to vulnerable population groups by means of a discount voucher. The data for this study come from a nationally-representative household survey completed July-August 2006 covering over 4300 households in 21 districts. The simulation results show the impact of the voucher program on ITN coverage among target households, namely those that experienced the birth of a child. More specifically, the share of target households purchasing an ITN increased from 18 to 62 percent because of the discount voucher. The model also suggests that the voucher program could cause the retail ITN price to rise due to an overall increase in demand. As a result, ITN purchases by households without a voucher may actually decline. The simulation model suggests that additional increases toward the stated goal of 80 percent ITN coverage for pregnant women and children could best be achieved through a combination of "catch up" mass distribution programs and expanding the target group for the voucher program to cover additional households. The model can be employed in other countries considering use of a targeted price subsidy for ITNs, and could be adapted to assess the impact of subsidies for other public health commodities. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Demand for pneumococcal vaccination under subsidy program for the elderly in Japan.

PubMed

Kondo, Masahide; Yamamura, Mariko; Hoshi, Shu-Ling; Okubo, Ichiro

2012-09-12

Vaccination programs often organize subsidies and public relations in order to obtain high uptake rates and coverage. However, effects of subsidies and public relations have not been studied well in the literature. In this study, the demand function of pneumococcal vaccination among the elderly in Japan is estimated, incorporating effects of public relations and subsidy. Using a data from a questionnaire survey sent to municipalities, the varying and constant elasticity models were applied to estimate the demand function. The response variable is the uptake rate. Explanatory variables are: subsidy supported shot price, operating years of the program, target population size for vaccination, shot location intensity, income and various public relations tools. The best model is selected by c-AIC, and varying and constant price elasticities are calculated from estimation results. The vaccine uptake rate and the shot price have a negative relation. From the results of varying price elasticity, the demand for vaccination is elastic at municipalities with a shot price higher than 3,708 JPY (35.7 USD). Effects of public relations on the uptake rate are not found. It can be suggested that municipalities with a shot price higher than 3,708 JPY (35.7 USD) could subsidize more and reduce price to increase the demand for vaccination. Effects of public relations are not confirmed in this study, probably due to measurement errors of variables used for public relations, and studies at micro level exploring individual's response to public relations would be required.

42 CFR 423.886 - Retiree drug subsidy amounts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Retiree drug subsidy amounts. 423.886 Section 423.886 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICARE PROGRAM VOLUNTARY MEDICARE PRESCRIPTION DRUG BENEFIT Payments to Sponsors of Retiree...

24 CFR 990.235 - PHAs that will experience a subsidy increase.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... URBAN DEVELOPMENT THE PUBLIC HOUSING OPERATING FUND PROGRAM Transition Policy and Transition Funding... the difference between the two funding levels in the first year following implementation of the...) For example, a PHA's subsidy increased from $900,000 under the formula in effect prior to...

24 CFR 990.235 - PHAs that will experience a subsidy increase.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... URBAN DEVELOPMENT THE PUBLIC HOUSING OPERATING FUND PROGRAM Transition Policy and Transition Funding... the difference between the two funding levels in the first year following implementation of the...) For example, a PHA's subsidy increased from $900,000 under the formula in effect prior to...

24 CFR 990.235 - PHAs that will experience a subsidy increase.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... URBAN DEVELOPMENT THE PUBLIC HOUSING OPERATING FUND PROGRAM Transition Policy and Transition Funding... the difference between the two funding levels in the first year following implementation of the...) For example, a PHA's subsidy increased from $900,000 under the formula in effect prior to...

75 FR 32495 - Operating Fund Subsidies Allocation Formula

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-08

... DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT [Docket No. FR-5376-N-49] Operating Fund Subsidies... establishes an Operating Fund for the purpose of making assistance available to public housing agencies (PHAs) which assistance is determined using a formula approach under the Operating Fund Program. PHAs compute...

The Congress Should Control Federal Credit Programs to Promote Economic Stabilization.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-10-21

economic stability since 1960. The current rate of direct and guaranteed loan flows will exceed $70 billion annually in fiscal 1981. Recently, the Congress and the Administration have proposed a credit budget to limit the rapid growth of Federal credit. GAO demonstrates in this report that the best point of program control is the amount of the interest rate subsidy. Controlling subsidy levels rather than program activity levels would allocate credit efficiently and would, at the same time, lead to Federal credit flows that would contribute to the economic stabilization

Report: Alleged Misuse of Tribal Clean Water Act Section 106 Funds in EPA Region 8

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Report #12-P-0453, May 4, 2012. On the first allegation, we found that Region 8 funded tribal Section 106 programs based on the region’s review of tribal work plans and did not inappropriately withhold funds.

75 FR 39561 - Administrative Guidelines; Subsidy Layering Reviews for Proposed Section 8 Project-Based Voucher...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-09

... review process. The operational support analysis will consider the debt coverage ratio (DCR) and the... performing subsidy layering reviews for project-based voucher HAP contracts for new construction and... construction and rehabilitated housing under the project-based voucher program where the applicable State or...

Improving access to malaria medicine through private-sector subsidies in seven African countries.

PubMed

Tougher, Sarah; Mann, Andrea G; Ye, Yazoume; Kourgueni, Idrissa A; Thomson, Rebecca; Amuasi, John H; Ren, Ruilin; Willey, Barbara A; Ansong, Daniel; Bruxvoort, Katia; Diap, Graciela; Festo, Charles; Johanes, Boniface; Kalolella, Admirabilis; Mallam, Oumarou; Mberu, Blessing; Ndiaye, Salif; Nguah, Samual Blay; Seydou, Moctar; Taylor, Mark; Wamukoya, Marilyn; Arnold, Fred; Hanson, Kara; Goodman, Catherine

2014-09-01

Improving access to quality-assured artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs) is an important component of malaria control in low- and middle-income countries. In 2010 the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria launched the Affordable Medicines Facility--malaria (AMFm) program in seven African countries. The goal of the program was to decrease malaria morbidity and delay drug resistance by increasing the use of ACTs, primarily through subsidies intended to reduce costs. We collected data on price and retail markups on antimalarial medicines from 19,625 private for-profit retail outlets before and 6-15 months after the program's implementation. We found that in six of the AMFm pilot programs, prices for quality-assured ACTs decreased by US$1.28-$4.34, and absolute retail markups on these therapies decreased by US$0.31-$1.03. Prices and markups on other classes of antimalarials also changed during the evaluation period, but not to the same extent. In all but two of the pilot programs, we found evidence that prices could fall further without suppliers' losing money. Thus, concerns may be warranted that wholesalers and retailers are capturing subsidies instead of passing them on to consumers. These findings demonstrate that supranational subsidies can dramatically reduce retail prices of health commodities and that recommended retail prices communicated to a wide audience may be an effective mechanism for controlling the market power of private-sector antimalarial retailers and wholesalers. Project HOPE—The People-to-People Health Foundation, Inc.

Agricultural subsidies and the American obesity epidemic.

PubMed

Franck, Caroline; Grandi, Sonia M; Eisenberg, Mark J

2013-09-01

Government-issued agricultural subsidies are worsening obesity trends in America. Current agricultural policy remains largely uninformed by public health discourse. Although findings suggest that eliminating all subsidies would have a mild impact on the prevalence of obesity, a revision of commodity programs could have a measurable public health impact on a population scale, over time. Policy reforms will be important determinants of the future of obesity in America, primarily through indemnity program revisions, and the allocation of increasing amounts of resources to sustainable agriculture. Public health intervention will be required at the policy level to promote healthy behavioral changes in consumers. The 2013 Farm Bill will be the key mechanism to induce such policy change in the near future. Copyright © 2013 American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The Impact of Child Care Subsidy Use on Child Care Quality

PubMed Central

Ryan, Rebecca M.; Johnson, Anna; Rigby, Elizabeth; Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne

2010-01-01

In 2008, the federal government allotted $7 billion in child care subsidies to low-income families through the state-administered Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF), now the government’s largest child care program (US DHHS, 2008). Although subsidies reduce costs for families and facilitate parental employment, it is unclear how they impact the quality of care families purchase. This study investigates the impact of government subsidization on parents’ selection of child care quality using multivariate regression and propensity score matching approaches to account for differential selection into subsidy receipt and care arrangements. Data were drawn from the Child Care Supplement to the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (CCS-FFCWS), conducted in 2002 and 2003 in 14 of the 20 FFCWS cities when focal children were 3 years old (N = 456). Our results indicate that families who used subsidies chose higher quality care than comparable mothers who did not use subsidies, but only because subsidy recipients were more likely to use center-based care. Subgroup analyses revealed that families using subsidies purchased higher-quality home-based care but lower-quality center-based care than comparable non-recipients. Findings suggest that child care subsidies may serve as more than a work support for low-income families by enhancing the quality of nonmaternal care children experience but that this effect is largely attributable to recipients’ using formal child care arrangements (versus kith and kin care) more often than non-recipients. PMID:21874092

Do infertile women and government staff differ in the evaluation of infertility-related Web sites?

PubMed

Takabayashi, Chikako; Shimada, Keiko

2011-01-01

To investigate the evaluation of local government Web sites carrying information on infertility by infertile women and by government staff. In particular, the study investigated whether the women and staff differed with respect to the information they rate as important and their self-reported satisfaction with the Web sites. Cross-sectional descriptive study. Sixty-two local government staff members, of whom 46 were public health nurses managing subsidy programs for infertility treatment in the Hokuriku region of Japan, and 84 infertile women attending local clinics. We measured the level of satisfaction with the local government Web sites and perceptions about the importance of each type of content. Data were descriptively analyzed, as well as by factor analysis and multiple regression analysis. Local government Web sites were analyzed with respect to information about the treatment, details of the subsidy program, psychological support, and procedures for making a subsidy application. The women rated information on the treatment and details of the subsidy programs as important. There was no difference of satisfaction with the Web sites between the infertile women and the staff. Local government staff need to provide reliable data for women who are seeking information on infertility treatment. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Demand for pneumococcal vaccination under subsidy program for the elderly in Japan

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

Background Vaccination programs often organize subsidies and public relations in order to obtain high uptake rates and coverage. However, effects of subsidies and public relations have not been studied well in the literature. In this study, the demand function of pneumococcal vaccination among the elderly in Japan is estimated, incorporating effects of public relations and subsidy. Methods Using a data from a questionnaire survey sent to municipalities, the varying and constant elasticity models were applied to estimate the demand function. The response variable is the uptake rate. Explanatory variables are: subsidy supported shot price, operating years of the program, target population size for vaccination, shot location intensity, income and various public relations tools. The best model is selected by c-AIC, and varying and constant price elasticities are calculated from estimation results. Results The vaccine uptake rate and the shot price have a negative relation. From the results of varying price elasticity, the demand for vaccination is elastic at municipalities with a shot price higher than 3,708 JPY (35.7 USD). Effects of public relations on the uptake rate are not found. Conclusions It can be suggested that municipalities with a shot price higher than 3,708 JPY (35.7 USD) could subsidize more and reduce price to increase the demand for vaccination. Effects of public relations are not confirmed in this study, probably due to measurement errors of variables used for public relations, and studies at micro level exploring individual’s response to public relations would be required. PMID:22970727

77 FR 2446 - Amendments to Regulations Regarding Eligibility for a Medicare Prescription Drug Subsidy

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-01-18

... Administration. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: This final rule adopts, without change, the interim final rule with... incorporated changes to the Medicare prescription drug coverage low-income subsidy (Extra Help) program made by..., 2011. We also revised our regulations to incorporate changes made by the Medicare Improvements for...

Maximizing Basic Education Subsidy in Pennsylvania Public School Districts by Accounting for Children in Educational Settings

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McCook, Byron Alexander

2009-01-01

Pennsylvania public school districts are largely funded through basic education subsidy for providing educational services for resident students and non-resident students who are placed in residential programs within the school district boundaries. Non-resident placements occur through, but are not limited to, adjudication proceedings, foster home…

76 FR 55084 - Announcement of Funding Awards for the Section 202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly Program...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-06

... Subsidy: $490,500 Number of Units: 42 McHenry, IL Luth Social Service of Illinois Capital Advance: $9,487... Jamestown, ND Lutheran Social Services Housing, Incorporated Capital Advance: $2,951,000 Three-year Rental... Inc Co-Sponsor: Wiregrass Foundation Capital Advance: $4,007,200 Three-year Rental Subsidy: $354,600...

Lessons from sexual and reproductive health voucher program design and function: a comprehensive review.

PubMed

Grainger, Corinne; Gorter, Anna; Okal, Jerry; Bellows, Ben

2014-04-29

Developing countries face challenges in financing healthcare; often the poor do not receive the most basic services. The past decade has seen a sharp increase in the number of voucher programs, which target output-based subsidies for specific services to poor and underserved groups. The dearth of literature that examines lessons learned risks the wheel being endlessly reinvented. This paper examines commonalities and differences in voucher design and implementation, highlighting lessons learned for the design of new voucher programmes. The methodology comprised: discussion among key experts to develop inclusion/exclusion criteria; up-dating the literature database used by the DFID systematic review of voucher programs; and networking with key contacts to identify new programs and obtain additional program documents. We identified 40 programs for review and extracted a dataset of more than 120 program characteristics for detailed analysis. All programs aimed to increase utilisation of healthcare, particularly maternal health services, overwhelmingly among low-income populations. The majority contract(ed) private providers, or public and private providers, and all facilitate(d) access to services that are well defined, time-limited and reflect the country's stated health priorities. All voucher programs incorporate a governing body, management agency, contracted providers and target population, and all share the same incentive structure: the transfer of subsidies from consumers to service providers, resulting in a strong effect on both consumer and provider behaviour. Vouchers deliver subsidies to individuals, who in the absence of the subsidy would likely not have sought care, and in all programs a positive behavioural response is observed, with providers investing voucher revenue to attract more clients. A large majority of programs studied used targeting mechanisms. While many programs remain too small to address national-level need among the poor, large programs are being developed at a rate of one every two years, with further programs in the pipeline. The importance of addressing inequalities in access to basic services is recognized as an important component in the drive to achieve universal health coverage; vouchers are increasingly acknowledged as a promising targeting mechanism in this context, particularly where social health insurance is not yet feasible.

Lessons from sexual and reproductive health voucher program design and function: a comprehensive review

PubMed Central

2014-01-01

Background Developing countries face challenges in financing healthcare; often the poor do not receive the most basic services. The past decade has seen a sharp increase in the number of voucher programs, which target output-based subsidies for specific services to poor and underserved groups. The dearth of literature that examines lessons learned risks the wheel being endlessly reinvented. This paper examines commonalities and differences in voucher design and implementation, highlighting lessons learned for the design of new voucher programmes. Methodology The methodology comprised: discussion among key experts to develop inclusion/exclusion criteria; up-dating the literature database used by the DFID systematic review of voucher programs; and networking with key contacts to identify new programs and obtain additional program documents. We identified 40 programs for review and extracted a dataset of more than 120 program characteristics for detailed analysis. Results All programs aimed to increase utilisation of healthcare, particularly maternal health services, overwhelmingly among low-income populations. The majority contract(ed) private providers, or public and private providers, and all facilitate(d) access to services that are well defined, time-limited and reflect the country’s stated health priorities. All voucher programs incorporate a governing body, management agency, contracted providers and target population, and all share the same incentive structure: the transfer of subsidies from consumers to service providers, resulting in a strong effect on both consumer and provider behaviour. Vouchers deliver subsidies to individuals, who in the absence of the subsidy would likely not have sought care, and in all programs a positive behavioural response is observed, with providers investing voucher revenue to attract more clients. A large majority of programs studied used targeting mechanisms. Conclusions While many programs remain too small to address national-level need among the poor, large programs are being developed at a rate of one every two years, with further programs in the pipeline. The importance of addressing inequalities in access to basic services is recognized as an important component in the drive to achieve universal health coverage; vouchers are increasingly acknowledged as a promising targeting mechanism in this context, particularly where social health insurance is not yet feasible. PMID:24779653

The relationship between housing subsidies and supportive housing on neighborhood distress and housing satisfaction: does drug use make a difference?

PubMed

Dickson-Gomez, Julia; McAuliffe, Timothy; Obidoa, Chinekwu; Quinn, Katherine; Weeks, Margaret

2016-05-27

Since the 1970s, the dominant model for U.S. federal housing policy has shifted from unit-based programs to tenant-based vouchers and certificates. Because housing vouchers allow recipients to move to apartments and neighborhoods of their choice, such programs were designed to improve the ability of poor families to move into neighborhoods with less concentrated poverty. However, little research has examined whether housing voucher recipients live in less distressed neighborhoods than those without housing vouchers. There is much reason to believe that drug users may not be able to access or keep federal housing subsidies due to difficulties drug users, many of whom may have criminal histories and poor credit records, may have in obtaining free market rental housing. In response to these difficulties, permanent supportive housing was designed for those who are chronically homeless with one or more disabling condition, including substance use disorders. Little research has examined whether residents of permanent supportive housing units live in more or less economically distressed neighborhoods compared to low-income renters. This paper uses survey data from 337 low-income residents of Hartford, CT and geospatial analysis to determine whether low-income residents who receive housing subsidies and supportive housing live in neighborhoods with less concentrated poverty than those who do not. We also examine the relationships between receiving housing subsidies or supportive housing and housing satisfaction. Finally, we look at the moderating effects of drug use and race on level of neighborhood distress and housing satisfaction. Results show that low-income residents who receive housing subsidies or supportive housing were not more or less likely to live in neighborhoods with high levels of distress, although Black residents with housing subsidies lived in more distressed neighborhoods. Regarding housing satisfaction, those with housing subsidies perceived significantly more choice in where they were living while those in supportive housing perceived less choice. In addition, those with rental subsidies or supportive housing reported living closer to needed services, unless they also reported heavy drug use. Housing subsidies and supportive housing have little impact on the level of neighborhood distress in which recipients live, but some effects on housing satisfaction.

The Impact of Family Policy Expenditure on Fertility in Western Europe

PubMed Central

KALWIJ, ADRIAAN

2010-01-01

This article analyzes the impact on fertility of changes in national expenditure for family allowances, maternity- and parental-leave benefits, and childcare subsidies. To do so, I estimate a model for the timing of births using individual-level data from 16 western European countries, supplemented with data on national social expenditure for different family policy programs. The latter allow approximation of the subsidies that households with children receive from such programs. The results show that increased expenditure on family policy programs that help women to combine family and employment— and thus reduce the opportunity cost of children—generates positive fertility responses. PMID:20608108

The Tangled World of Teacher Debt: Clashing Rules and Uncertain Benefits for Federal Student-Loan Subsidies

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Delisle, Jason; Holt, Alexander

2017-01-01

The world of student loans and debt forgiveness for teachers is a patchwork of overlapping programs, contradictory regulations, and expensive subsidies that date back to Dwight D. Eisenhower's signing of the National Defense Education Act of 1958. The 60-year experiment in using federal loan dollars to encourage students to become teachers could…

Cutting through Complexity: Using Behavioral Science to Improve Indiana's Child Care Subsidy Program. OPRE Report 2016-03

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dechausay, Nadine; Anzelone, Caitlin

2016-01-01

This report describes a collaboration between the Indiana Office of Early Childhood and Out-of-School Learning (OECOSL) and the Behavioral Interventions to Advance Self-Sufficiency (BIAS) team. The OECOSL is the lead agency responsible for administering the state's Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF), which provides child care subsidies to…

The Vermont Survey of Employer Receptivity to Wage Subsidy Programs in the Private Sector.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cashman, John R.; Mattson, Robert E.

The Vermont study details employer responses to a two-phase survey designed to gauge employer receptivity to the use of wage subsidies in the private sector. The "mail survey" obtained from a sample of 1,084 employers (of whom 71% responded) elicited responses to a limited number of questions, while the "face-to-face survey"…

An Optimization Model for Expired Drug Recycling Logistics Networks and Government Subsidy Policy Design Based on Tri-level Programming

PubMed Central

Huang, Hui; Li, Yuyu; Huang, Bo; Pi, Xing

2015-01-01

In order to recycle and dispose of all people’s expired drugs, the government should design a subsidy policy to stimulate users to return their expired drugs, and drug-stores should take the responsibility of recycling expired drugs, in other words, to be recycling stations. For this purpose it is necessary for the government to select the right recycling stations and treatment stations to optimize the expired drug recycling logistics network and minimize the total costs of recycling and disposal. This paper establishes a tri-level programming model to study how the government can optimize an expired drug recycling logistics network and the appropriate subsidy policies. Furthermore, a Hybrid Genetic Simulated Annealing Algorithm (HGSAA) is proposed to search for the optimal solution of the model. An experiment is discussed to illustrate the good quality of the recycling logistics network and government subsides obtained by the HGSAA. The HGSAA is proven to have the ability to converge on the global optimal solution, and to act as an effective algorithm for solving the optimization problem of expired drug recycling logistics network and government subsidies. PMID:26184252

An Optimization Model for Expired Drug Recycling Logistics Networks and Government Subsidy Policy Design Based on Tri-level Programming.

PubMed

Huang, Hui; Li, Yuyu; Huang, Bo; Pi, Xing

2015-07-09

In order to recycle and dispose of all people's expired drugs, the government should design a subsidy policy to stimulate users to return their expired drugs, and drug-stores should take the responsibility of recycling expired drugs, in other words, to be recycling stations. For this purpose it is necessary for the government to select the right recycling stations and treatment stations to optimize the expired drug recycling logistics network and minimize the total costs of recycling and disposal. This paper establishes a tri-level programming model to study how the government can optimize an expired drug recycling logistics network and the appropriate subsidy policies. Furthermore, a Hybrid Genetic Simulated Annealing Algorithm (HGSAA) is proposed to search for the optimal solution of the model. An experiment is discussed to illustrate the good quality of the recycling logistics network and government subsides obtained by the HGSAA. The HGSAA is proven to have the ability to converge on the global optimal solution, and to act as an effective algorithm for solving the optimization problem of expired drug recycling logistics network and government subsidies.

Progress in Energy Storage Technologies: Models and Methods for Policy Analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Matteson, Schuyler W.

Climate change and other sustainability challenges have led to the development of new technologies that increase energy efficiency and reduce the utilization of finite resources. To promote the adoption of technologies with social benefits, governments often enact policies that provide financial incentives at the point of purchase. In their current form, these subsidies have the potential to increase the diffusion of emerging technologies; however, accounting for technological progress can improve program success while decreasing net public investment. This research develops novel methods using experience curves for the development of more efficient subsidy policies. By providing case studies in the field of automotive energy storage technologies, this dissertation also applies the methods to show the impacts of incorporating technological progress into energy policies. Specific findings include learning-dependent tapering subsidies for electric vehicles based on the lithium-ion battery experience curve, the effects of residual learning rates in lead-acid batteries on emerging technology cost competitiveness, and a cascading diffusion assessment of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle subsidy programs. Notably, the results show that considering learning rates in policy development can save billions of dollars in public funds, while also lending insight into the decision of whether or not to subsidize a given technology.

Secretary Marshall's Employment Strategies

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stevenson, Gloria

1977-01-01

A review of proposed employment strategies and priorities of Ray Marshall, Secretary of Labor, with regard to training programs, governmental subsidy programs, apprenticeships, private sector jobs, etc. (WL)

Analyzing the efficiency of small and medium-sized enterprises of a national technology innovation research and development program.

PubMed

Park, Sungmin

2014-01-01

This study analyzes the efficiency of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) of a national technology innovation research and development (R&D) program. In particular, an empirical analysis is presented that aims to answer the following question: "Is there a difference in the efficiency between R&D collaboration types and between government R&D subsidy sizes?" Methodologically, the efficiency of a government-sponsored R&D project (i.e., GSP) is measured by Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), and a nonparametric analysis of variance method, the Kruskal-Wallis (KW) test is adopted to see if the efficiency differences between R&D collaboration types and between government R&D subsidy sizes are statistically significant. This study's major findings are as follows. First, contrary to our hypothesis, when we controlled the influence of government R&D subsidy size, there was no statistically significant difference in the efficiency between R&D collaboration types. However, the R&D collaboration type, "SME-University-Laboratory" Joint-Venture was superior to the others, achieving the largest median and the smallest interquartile range of DEA efficiency scores. Second, the differences in the efficiency were statistically significant between government R&D subsidy sizes, and the phenomenon of diseconomies of scale was identified on the whole. As the government R&D subsidy size increases, the central measures of DEA efficiency scores were reduced, but the dispersion measures rather tended to get larger.

47 CFR 76.1302 - Carriage agreement proceedings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... proceedings. (a) Complaints. Any video programming vendor or multichannel video programming distributor... required. Any aggrieved video programming vendor or multichannel video programming distributor intending to... programming distributor that it intends to file a complaint with the Commission based on actions alleged to...

Taxi Scrip Program in Seattle, Washington

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1982-09-01

The Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle (Metro) took over a taxi user-side subsidy program from the City of Seattle in December 1978, which was based on the sale of discounted taxicab scrip. Metro expanded the program, raised the discount, and condu...

Home for now: A mixed-methods evaluation of a short-term housing support program for homeless families.

PubMed

Meschede, Tatjana; Chaganti, Sara

2015-10-01

The use of short-term rental subsidy vouchers offers a new approach to addressing the housing needs of families facing homelessness. In Massachusetts, the Family Home pilot program placed homeless families in housing instead of shelter, providing two years of rental subsidy plus support services with the goal of enabling families to maintain market rate housing. This mixed-method case study complements staff and participant interview data with participant survey and administrative data to evaluate the implementation and short-term outcomes of Family Home in one region. Data point to improved family well-being in housing but also persistent barriers to achieving longer-term housing and economic stability. Of the families who had exited the program at the end of the study, one quarter were able to retain their housing at market rate, only 9% returned to shelter, and one in five moved in with families/friends. Lack of affordable housing in a high rental cost region and jobs that pay living wages were among the major reasons that families struggled to maintain housing. This research points to the need for integrating supportive services from the program's start, including targeted workforce development, to plan for the end of the short-term rental subsidy. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

An evaluation of Teaching-Family (Achievement Place) group homes for juvenile offenders.

PubMed

Kirigin, K A; Braukmann, C J; Atwater, J D; Wolf, M M

1982-01-01

Juvenile crime is a serious problem for which treatment approach has been found to be reliably effective. This outcome evaluation assessed during and posttreatment effectiveness of Teaching-Family group home treatment programs for juvenile offenders. The evaluation included the original Achievement Place program, which was the prototype for the development of the Teaching-Family treatment approach, 12 replications of Achievement Place, and 9 comparison group home programs. Primary dependent measures were retrieved from court and police files and included number of alleged offenses, percentage of youths involved in those alleged offenses, and percentage of youths institutionalized. Other dependent measures were subjective ratings of effectiveness obtained from the program consumers, including the group home residents. The results showed difference during treatment favoring the Teaching-Family programs on rate of alleged criminal offenses, percentage of youths involved in those offenses, and consumer ratings of the programs. The consumer ratings provided by the youths and their school teachers were found to be inversely and significantly correlated with the reduction of criminal offenses during treatment. There were no significant differences during treatment on measures of noncriminal offenses (e.g., truancy, runaway, and curfew violations). In the posttreatment year, none of the differences between the groups was significant on any of the outcome measures. The results are discussed in terms of measurement and design issues in the evaluation of delinquency treatment programs and in relation to the evaluation; of Teaching-Family group homes by Richard Jones and his colleagues.

An evaluation of Teaching-Family (Achievement Place) group homes for juvenile offenders.

PubMed Central

Kirigin, K A; Braukmann, C J; Atwater, J D; Wolf, M M

1982-01-01

Juvenile crime is a serious problem for which treatment approach has been found to be reliably effective. This outcome evaluation assessed during and posttreatment effectiveness of Teaching-Family group home treatment programs for juvenile offenders. The evaluation included the original Achievement Place program, which was the prototype for the development of the Teaching-Family treatment approach, 12 replications of Achievement Place, and 9 comparison group home programs. Primary dependent measures were retrieved from court and police files and included number of alleged offenses, percentage of youths involved in those alleged offenses, and percentage of youths institutionalized. Other dependent measures were subjective ratings of effectiveness obtained from the program consumers, including the group home residents. The results showed difference during treatment favoring the Teaching-Family programs on rate of alleged criminal offenses, percentage of youths involved in those offenses, and consumer ratings of the programs. The consumer ratings provided by the youths and their school teachers were found to be inversely and significantly correlated with the reduction of criminal offenses during treatment. There were no significant differences during treatment on measures of noncriminal offenses (e.g., truancy, runaway, and curfew violations). In the posttreatment year, none of the differences between the groups was significant on any of the outcome measures. The results are discussed in terms of measurement and design issues in the evaluation of delinquency treatment programs and in relation to the evaluation; of Teaching-Family group homes by Richard Jones and his colleagues. PMID:7096223

The National Council of Churches' Alleged Leftist Bias: To What Degree Did Two Major Media Set the Agenda for Debate on the Issue?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gentry, Richard H.

In January 1983, the American public read or saw hard-hitting allegations of leftist bias by the National Council of Churches (NCC) in the largest circulation magazine, "Reader's Digest," and on the top-rated television program, "60 Minutes." A study examined the extent to which the media set the agenda for debate on this…

The influence of maternal health literacy and child's age on participation in social welfare programs.

PubMed

Pati, Susmita; Siewert, Elizabeth; Wong, Angie T; Bhatt, Suraj K; Calixte, Rose E; Cnaan, Avital

2014-07-01

The objective of this study is to determine the influence of maternal health literacy and child's age on participation in social welfare programs benefiting children. In a longitudinal prospective cohort study of 560 Medicaid-eligible mother-infant dyads recruited in Philadelphia, maternal health literacy was assessed using the test of functional health literacy in adults (short version). Participation in social welfare programs [Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF), Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), child care subsidy, and public housing] was self-reported at child's birth, and at the 6, 12, 18, 24 month follow-up interviews. Generalized estimating equations quantified the strength of maternal health literacy as an estimator of program participation. The mothers were primarily African-Americans (83%), single (87%), with multiple children (62%). Nearly 24% of the mothers had inadequate or marginal health literacy. Children whose mothers had inadequate health literacy were less likely to receive child care subsidy (adjusted OR = 0.54, 95% CI 0.34-0.85) than children whose mothers had adequate health literacy. Health literacy was not a significant predictor for TANF, SNAP, WIC or housing assistance. The predicted probability for participation in all programs decreased from birth to 24 months. Most notably, predicted WIC participation declined rapidly after age one. During the first 24 months, mothers with inadequate health literacy could benefit from simplified or facilitated child care subsidy application processes. Targeted outreach and enrollment efforts conducted by social welfare programs need to take into account the changing needs of families as children age.

[The tortilla subsidy in Mexico: a nutritional or economic program?].

PubMed

Shamah Levy, Teresa; Avila Curiel, Abelardo; Cuevas Nasu, Lucía; Chávez Villasana, Adolfo; Avila Arcos, Marco Antonio; Fernández Mendoza, Carlota

2003-03-01

To evaluate the impact of the tortilla subsidy on the family food consumption, on its economy and on the nutritional condition of women and under five children, from three marginal zones, with the purpose of focus nutritional interventions. Fifty families were randomly selected in each one of three similar low income sectors of the Oaxaca city. One received subsidy, other has never received it and the third received it five years ago but not at present. Anthropometry was performed in all women of reproductive age and children under five years old. In the first BMI was the indicator used and in children weight for age with two standard deviations was the cut-off point. The tortilla represents between 13.6% to 20% of the family expenditure. Anyhow the energy, protein and some nutrient consumption was higher. The malnutrition index was better in the subsidy community as 12.0% of under five children were low weight for age against 19.2% in the other two communities. The tortilla family expenditure represents 45% of their income and the subsidy reduces it 9%, surely this help a better nutrient consumption and improves the nutritional condition of the poor and marginated urban sectors of the society.

A simple change to the Medicare Part D low-income subsidy program could save $5 billion.

PubMed

Zhang, Yuting; Zhou, Chao; Baik, Seo Hyon

2014-06-01

Medicare Part D provides a subsidy to beneficiaries with incomes below 150 percent of the federal poverty level. Enrollees with the low-income subsidy accounted for 75 percent of the $60 billion in total federal Part D spending in 2013. The government randomly assigns any new beneficiary who automatically qualifies for the subsidy, or who successfully applies for it without indicating a preferred plan, to a stand-alone Part D plan whose premium is equal to or below the average premium for the basic Part D benefit in the region. We used an intelligent reassignment algorithm and 2008-09 Part D drug use and spending data to match enrollees to available plans according to their medication needs. We found that such a reassignment approach could have saved the federal government over $5 billion in 2009, for mean government savings of $710 (median: $368) per enrollee with a low-income subsidy. Implementing that simple change to reassign beneficiaries would have also lowered the proportion of prescriptions that required utilization review from 29 percent to 20 percent, and the proportion of prescriptions with quantity limits from 27 percent to 19 percent. Project HOPE—The People-to-People Health Foundation, Inc.

Special Report on "Allegations of Conflict of Interest Regarding Licensing of PROTECT by Argonne National Laboratory"

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

None

2009-08-01

In February 2009, the Office of Inspector General received a letter from Congressman Mark Steven Kirk of Illinois, which included constituent allegations that an exclusive technology licensing agreement by Argonne National Laboratory was tainted by inadequate competition, conflicts of interest, and other improprieties. The technology in question was for the Program for Response Options and Technology Enhancements for Chemical/Biological Terrorism, commonly referred to as PROTECT. Because of the importance of the Department of Energy's technology transfer program, especially as implementation of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act matures, we reviewed selected aspects of the licensing process for PROTECT to determinemore » whether the allegations had merit. In summary, under the facts developed during our review, it was understandable that interested parties concluded that there was a conflict of interest in this matter and that Argonne may have provided the successful licensee with an unfair advantage. In part, this was consistent with aspects of the complaint from Congressman Kirk's constituent.« less

77 FR 5193 - Retrospective Review Under E.O. 13563: Shipping-Removal of Obsolete Regulations

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-02

... Program, which replaced the Operating-Differential Subsidy (ODS) Program. Therefore, the regulations pertaining to the ODS Program and the Construction-Differential (CDS) Program are no longer in use. In... regulations 46 CFR parts 251, 252, 276, 280, 281,282, and 283. The regulations related to the ODS Program are...

The economics of gasoline subsidy cost reduction policy: Case study of Indonesia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Akimaya, Muhammad I.

A gasoline subsidy distorts the gasoline market with the resulting inefficiencies and takes substantial revenues that arguably could be spent elsewhere with a better impact on economic growth. Governments with such subsidies are aware of their cost yet face difficulties in removing the policy because of strong resistance from the public. This thesis discusses in three essays the problem faced by the government in removing the gasoline subsidy and provides an alternative policy in reducing the subsidy cost applied to the case of Indonesia. In the first essay, we examine the decision-making process from the government's perspective that has an objective of generating savings to fund other programs while maintaining political power, and the influence that the general population has over the decision. Despite the immense literature on political power, there has yet to be any research that mathematically models the decision-making process of a government with influences from the general population. Under the benchmark scenario, the equilibrium strategy is to keep the subsidy intact. However, the results are found to be very sensitive to the magnitude of the shift in political power as well as the preferences of both the government and the people. In the second essay, we estimate the cross-price elasticity of regular gasoline with respect to premium gasoline price. The importance of such knowledge is to accurately determine the impact of fuel pricing policy that tends to have different rates of tax or subsidy depending on the grade of gasoline. Using data on the Mexican gasoline market, regular gasoline demand is estimated with an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. Endogeneity of the price and structural break are also investigated. The cross-price elasticities between regular and premium gasoline is found to be -0.895, which confirms high substitutability among gasoline with different grades. In the third essay, we look at the unique case of Indonesia that only provides a subsidy for regular gasoline and in turn proposes an alternative policy that introduces a subsidy for premium gasoline at a lower rate to reduce the overall gasoline subsidy cost. There has yet to be any research that simulates price controls for gasoline with different grades. Simulations based on the calibrated demand are performed and the results confirm the existence of potential savings that are largely determined by the cross-price elasticities between regular and premium gasoline. The benchmark scenario, based on a recent study of substitutability between gasoline by grades, results in an 11.5% reduction in subsidy cost of around 950 million USD with a subsidy rate of Rp 2,254/liter. Furthermore, the optimal rate of subsidy for premium gasoline results in a reduction of inefficiency as consumers' welfare increase by 6.8 trillion rupiahs (or 560 million USD).

20 CFR 418.3005 - Purpose and administration of the program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Purpose and administration of the program. 418.3005 Section 418.3005 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION MEDICARE SUBSIDIES... and Human Services has responsibility for administration of the Medicare program, including the new...

The influence of maternal health literacy and child’s age on participation in social welfare programs

PubMed Central

Pati, Susmita; Siewert, Elizabeth; Wong, Angie T.; Bhatt, Suraj K.; Calixte, Rose E.; Cnaan, Avital

2013-01-01

Objective To determine the influence of maternal health literacy and child’s age on participation in social welfare programs benefiting children. Methods In a longitudinal prospective cohort study of 560 Medicaid-eligible mother-infant dyads recruited in Philadelphia, maternal health literacy was assessed using the Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (short version). Participation in social welfare programs (Temporary Assistance to Needy Families [TANF], Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program [SNAP], Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children [WIC], child care subsidy, and public housing) was self-reported at child’s birth, and at the 6, 12, 18, 24 month follow-up interviews. Generalized estimating equations quantified the strength of maternal health literacy as an estimator of program participation. Results The mothers were primarily African-Americans (83%), single (87%), with multiple children (62%). Nearly 24% of the mothers had inadequate or marginal health literacy. Children whose mothers had inadequate health literacy were less likely to receive child care subsidy (adjusted OR= 0.54, 95% CI: 0.34–0.85) than children whose mothers had adequate health literacy. Health literacy was not a significant predictor for TANF, SNAP, WIC or housing assistance. The predicted probability for participation in all programs decreased from birth to 24 months. Most notably, predicted WIC participation declined rapidly after age one. Conclusions During the first 24 months, mothers with inadequate health literacy could benefit from simplified or facilitated child care subsidy application processes. Targeted outreach and enrollment efforts conducted by social welfare programs need to take into account the changing needs of families as children age. PMID:23990157

The external costs of a sedentary life-style.

PubMed Central

Keeler, E B; Manning, W G; Newhouse, J P; Sloss, E M; Wasserman, J

1989-01-01

Using data from the National Health Interview Survey and the RAND Health Insurance Experiment, we estimated the external costs (costs borne by others) of a sedentary life-style. External costs stem from additional payments received by sedentary individuals from collectively financed programs such as health insurance, sick-leave coverage, disability insurance, and group life insurance. Those with sedentary life-styles incur higher medical costs, but their life expectancy at age 20 is 10 months less so they collect less public and private pensions. The pension costs come late in life, as do some of the medical costs, and so the estimate of the external cost is sensitive to the discount rate used. At a 5 percent rate of discount, the lifetime subsidy from others to those with a sedentary life style is $1,900. Our estimate of the subsidy is also sensitive to the assumed effect of exercise on mortality. The subsidy is a rationale for public support of recreational facilities such as parks and swimming pools and employer support of programs to increase exercise. PMID:2502036

How do Housing Subsidies Improve Quality of Life Among Homeless Adults? A Mediation Analysis.

PubMed

O'Connell, Maria; Sint, Kyaw; Rosenheck, Robert

2018-03-01

Supported housing, combining rent subsidies with intensive case management, is associated with improvements in quality of life of homeless adults, but factors mediating their impact on quality of life have not been studied. Twelve-month outcome data from a randomized trial of the Housing and Urban Development- Veterans Affairs Supported Housing program (HUD-VASH) showed that access to a housing rent subsidy plus intensive case management (ICM) was associated with greater improvement in subjective quality of life than ICM alone. Multiple mediation analyses were applied to identify variables that significantly mediated the relationship between receipt of housing voucher and improvements in quality of life. Significant mediating covariates were those whose 95% bias-corrected confidence intervals, when added to the model predicting improvement in quality of life, did not overlap zero. Increases in the number of days housed, size of social network, and availability of emotional support appear to mediate improvement in quality of life and account for 71% of the benefit attributable to having a rent subsidy. Improvement in subjective quality of life though housing subsidies is mediated by gains in both material and psychosocial factors. Mediating factors deserve special attention in supported housing services. © Society for Community Research and Action 2018.

Military Recruiting: Army National Guard Needs to Continue Monitoring, Collect Better Data, and Assess Incentives Programs

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-11-01

Study Recruiters are often referred to as the “face” of the ARNG. In the past, there have been allegations of recruiter misconduct and misuse of...face” of their respective military component. and any type of recruiter misconduct could have significant implications for DOD. In the past, there...have been allegations of recruiter misconduct with applicants resulting in negative perceptions about military service. This makes it important for

Conditional Cash Transfer against Child Labor: Indonesia Program Keluarga Harapan

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lee, Kye Woo; Hwang, Miae

2016-01-01

This study aims to analyze whether subsidies provided by the Indonesian conditional cash transfer against child labor program (Program Keluarga Harapan: PKH) were sufficient for children to stop working and go back to schooling. Ex-post evaluations of the program found that it did not improve children's enrollment rate and reduce child labor…

Evaluation Policy on Assistance Program Bidikmisi Higher Education in Private Kopertis Region XII

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wasahua, Tahir; Koesmaryono, Yonny; Sailah, Illah

2018-01-01

One of the governments' policy through Directoral General of Learning and Student Affair, Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education in improving the access for new students namely the bidikmisi program. Program bidikmisi is a tuition fee subsidy program allocated to selected new students who possess excellent academic capability yet…

Subsidy Estimates for Guaranteed and Direct Student Loans. A CBO Paper

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Humphrey, Justin

2005-01-01

The federal government assists students and their parents in meeting the costs of postsecondary education through two student loan programs, the Federal Family Education Loan Program and the William D. Ford Direct Loan Program. Although the two programs provide similar benefits to borrowers, their structures and operations differ greatly. As a…

25 CFR 103.2 - Who does the Program help?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Who does the Program help? 103.2 Section 103.2 Indians... INTEREST SUBSIDY General Provisions § 103.2 Who does the Program help? The purpose of the Program is to... direct function of the Program is to help lenders reduce excessive risks on loans they make. That...

25 CFR 103.2 - Who does the Program help?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Who does the Program help? 103.2 Section 103.2 Indians... INTEREST SUBSIDY General Provisions § 103.2 Who does the Program help? The purpose of the Program is to... direct function of the Program is to help lenders reduce excessive risks on loans they make. That...

Next steps for federal child care policy.

PubMed

Greenberg, Mark

2007-01-01

In Mark Greenberg's view, a national child care strategy should pursue four goals. Every parent who needs child care to get or keep work should be able to afford care without having to leave children in unhealthy or dangerous environments; all families should be able to place their children in settings that foster education and healthy development; parental choice should be respected; and a set of good choices should be available. Attaining these goals, says Greenberg, requires revamping both federal child care subsidy programs and federal tax policy related to child care. Today subsidies are principally provided through a block grant structure in which states must restrict eligibility, access, or the extent of assistance because both federal and state funds are limited. Tax policy principally involves a modest nonrefundable credit that provides little or no assistance to poor and low-income families. Greenberg would replace the block grant with a federal guarantee of assistance for all families with incomes under 200 percent of poverty that need child care to enter or sustain employment. States would administer the federal assistance program under a federal-state matching formula with the federal government paying most of the cost. States would develop and implement plans to improve the quality of child care, coordinate child care with other early education programs, and ensure that child care payment rates are sufficient to allow families to obtain care that fosters healthy child development. Greenberg would also make the federal dependent care tax credit refundable, with the credit set at 50 percent of covered child care costs for the lowest-income families and gradually phasing down to 20 percent as family income increases. The combined subsidy and tax changes would lead to a better-coordinated system of child care subsidies that would assure substantial financial help to families below 200 percent of poverty, while tax-based help would ensure continued, albeit significantly reduced, assistance for families with higher incomes. Greenberg indicates that the tax credit expansions are estimated to cost about $5 billion a year, and the subsidy and quality expansions would cost about $18 billion a year.

Alleged sexual abuse at a day care center: impact on parents.

PubMed

Dyb, Grete; Holen, Are; Steinberg, Alan M; Rodriguez, Ned; Pynoos, Robert S

2003-08-01

This report describes the cascade of stressful events and secondary life changes experienced by parents in a case of alleged sexual abuse at a day care program. The study evaluated parents' Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms and general psychological responses to the stressful events 4 years after the alleged abuse, and explored predictive factors of parental distress. A total of 39 parents were interviewed about stressful events, life changes, and social support. Current distress reactions, psychological wellbeing, and locus of control were assessed with a battery of standardized measures. Hearing about the sexual abuse, testifying in court, hearing the verdict, and being exposed in media reports were all rated by the parents as distressing events. The majority of the parents experienced secondary life changes after the alleged sexual abuse. Four years after the alleged sexual abuse, one-third of the parents reported a high level of PTSD Intrusive symptoms and one-fourth reported a high level of PTSD Avoidance symptoms. There was a significant positive correlation between a measure of psychological wellbeing and PTSD. Secondary life changes and locus of control significantly predicted PTSD. This study demonstrates that the alleged sexual abuse of children in day care and the resulting events in the legal system and the media constitute significant and chronic stressors in the lives of the children's parents. These findings underscore the need to expand the focus of trauma-related sequelae from the child victim to their parents and family.

Ending SNAP subsidies for sugar-sweetened beverages could reduce obesity and type 2 diabetes.

PubMed

Basu, Sanjay; Seligman, Hilary Kessler; Gardner, Christopher; Bhattacharya, Jay

2014-06-01

To reduce obesity and type 2 diabetes rates, lawmakers have proposed modifying Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits to encourage healthier food choices. We examined the impact of two proposed policies: a ban on using SNAP dollars to buy sugar-sweetened beverages; and a subsidy in which for every SNAP dollar spent on fruit and vegetables, thirty cents is credited back to participants' SNAP benefit cards. We used nationally representative data and models describing obesity, type 2 diabetes, and determinants of food consumption among a sample of over 19,000 SNAP participants. We found that a ban on SNAP purchases of sugar-sweetened beverages would be expected to significantly reduce obesity prevalence and type 2 diabetes incidence, particularly among adults ages 18-65 and some racial and ethnic minorities. The subsidy policy would not be expected to have a significant effect on obesity and type 2 diabetes, given available data. Such a subsidy could, however, more than double the proportion of SNAP participants who meet federal vegetable and fruit consumption guidelines. Project HOPE—The People-to-People Health Foundation, Inc.

Alleged Health Effects of Electric or Magnetic Fields: Additional Misconceptions in the Literature

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-01-01

investigation of mortality in men who were clarification of a few points. I did not mention the animal employed in an electromagnetic pulse (EMP) test ...and employment ing the alleged link between EMFs and cancer is based on an in the EMP test program" questionable. In addition, there is examination of...control studies can result in an overes- would be published close to the time when mine citing it timate of relative risk [Diamond and Lilienfeld

FAA's alleged unsatisfactory coordination and improper fund control of occupational safety and health programs

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1997-01-27

This report responds to a complaint received by the Office of Inspector : General (OIG), Department of Transportation, concerning unsatisfactory program coordination and budget control activities between the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Off...

75 FR 42766 - National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP); Assistance to Private Sector Property Insurers...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-22

... Financial Assistance/ Subsidy Arrangement (Arrangement) to notify private insurance companies (Companies... private insurance companies participating under the current FY2010 Arrangement. Any private insurance...] National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP); Assistance to Private Sector Property Insurers, Availability of...

12 CFR 268.710 - Compliance procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... RULES REGARDING EQUAL OPPORTUNITY Prohibition Against Discrimination in Board Programs and Activities Because of Physical or Mental Disability § 268.710 Compliance procedures. (a) Applicability. Except as..., applies to all allegations of discrimination on the basis of a disability in programs or activities...

12 CFR 268.710 - Compliance procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... RULES REGARDING EQUAL OPPORTUNITY Prohibition Against Discrimination in Board Programs and Activities Because of Physical or Mental Disability § 268.710 Compliance procedures. (a) Applicability. Except as..., applies to all allegations of discrimination on the basis of a disability in programs or activities...

19 CFR 351.510 - Indirect taxes and import charges (other than export programs).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 3 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Indirect taxes and import charges (other than export programs). 351.510 Section 351.510 Customs Duties INTERNATIONAL TRADE ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT... Subsidies § 351.510 Indirect taxes and import charges (other than export programs). (a) Benefit—(1...

Characteristics, Views Held of Agricultural Extension Activities, and Communication Behavior of Hsien Extension Supervisors in Taiwan.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hong, Pi-Feng

Government agencies in Taiwan have carried out agricultural extension programs since 1910, with the assistance of Farmers' Associations. Programs have been expanded since 1953, and now include both general extension (subsidy programs) and educational extension. Comparison of personal characteristics of hsien (county) Farmers' Association…

Forensic Interviews for Child Sexual Abuse Allegations: An Investigation into the Effects of Animal-Assisted Intervention on Stress Biomarkers.

PubMed

Krause-Parello, Cheryl A; Gulick, Elsie E

2015-01-01

The use of therapy animals during forensic interviews for child sexual abuse allegations is a recommendation by the Therapy Animals Supporting Kids Program to help ease children's discomfort during the forensic interview process. Based on this recommendation, this study incorporated a certified therapy canine into the forensic interview process for child sexual abuse allegations. This study investigated changes in salivary cortisol, immunoglobulin A, blood pressure, and heart rate as a result of forensic interview phenomenon (e.g., outcry) incorporating animal-assisted intervention versus a control condition in children (N = 42) interviewed for alleged child sexual abuse. The results supported significantly greater heart rate values for the control group (n = 23) who experienced sexual contact and/or indecency than the experience of aggravated sexual assault compared to no difference in HR for the intervention group (n = 19). The results suggest that the presence of the canine in the forensic interview may have acted as a buffer or safeguard for the children when disclosing details of sexual abuse. In the intervention group, children's HR was lower at the start of the forensic interview compared to the control group. Finding an effect of having a certified handler-canine team available during the forensic interview on physiological measures of stress has real-world value for children, child welfare personnel, and clinical therapists. It is suggested that animal-assisted intervention be expanded to children facing other types of trauma and to treatment programs for child survivors of sexual abuse.

Breaking down barriers to eye care for Indigenous people: a new scheme for delivery of eye care in Victoria.

PubMed

Napper, Genevieve; Fricke, Tim; Anjou, Mitchell D; Jackson, A Jonathan

2015-09-01

This report describes the implementation of and outcomes from a new spectacle subsidy scheme and de-centralised care options for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Victoria, Australia. The Victorian Aboriginal Spectacle Subsidy Scheme (VASSS) commenced in 2010, as an additional subsidy to the long-established Victorian Eyecare Service (VES). The Victorian Aboriginal Spectacle Subsidy Scheme aimed to improve access to and uptake of affordable spectacles and eye examinations by Indigenous Victorians. The scheme is overseen by a committee convened by the Victorian Government's Department of Health and Human Services and includes eye-health stakeholders from the Aboriginal community and government, not-for-profit, university and Aboriginal communities. Key features of the Victorian Aboriginal Spectacle Subsidy Scheme include reduced and certain patient co-payments of $10, expanded spectacle frame range, broadened eligibility and community participation in service design and implementation. We describe the services implemented by the Australian College of Optometry (ACO) in Victoria and their impact on access to eye-care services. In 2014, optometric services were available at 36 service sites across Victoria, including 21 Aboriginal Health Services (AHS) sites. Patient services have increased from 400 services per year in 2009, to 1,800 services provided in 2014. During the first three years of the Victorian Aboriginal Spectacle Subsidy Scheme program (2010 to 2013), 4,200 pairs of glasses (1,400 pairs per year) were provided. Further funding to 2016/17 will lift the number of glasses to be delivered to 6,600 pairs (1,650 per year). This compares to population projected needs of 2,400 pairs per year. Overcoming the barriers to using eye-care services by Indigenous people can be difficult and resource intensive; however the Victorian Aboriginal Spectacle Subsidy Scheme provides an example of positive outcomes achieved through carefully designed and targeted approaches that engender sector and stakeholder support. Sustained support for the Victorian Aboriginal Spectacle Subsidy Scheme at a level that meets population needs is an ongoing challenge. © 2015 The Authors. Clinical and Experimental Optometry © 2015 Optometry Australia.

78 FR 19745 - Privacy Act of 1974; Privacy Act System of Records

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-02

... address, badge number, monthly commuting cost, email address, years of government service, grade, personal..., rideshare, or other transit program applications, status or participation reports of individuals... Subsidy Program Lead, Logistics Management Division, Location 4, as set forth in Appendix A. NOTIFICATION...

76 FR 45281 - National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP); Assistance to Private Sector Property Insurers...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-28

... Financial Assistance/ Subsidy Arrangement (Arrangement) to notify private insurance companies (Companies... materials and submission instructions, to all private insurance companies participating under the current FY2011 Arrangement. Any private insurance company not currently participating in the WYO Program but...

19 CFR 351.526 - Program-wide changes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... Customs Duties INTERNATIONAL TRADE ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE ANTIDUMPING AND COUNTERVAILING... preliminary determination, the foreign government in question enacts a change to the program that reduces the amount of the subsidy to a de minimis level. In a final determination, the Secretary would issue an...

19 CFR 351.526 - Program-wide changes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... Customs Duties INTERNATIONAL TRADE ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE ANTIDUMPING AND COUNTERVAILING... preliminary determination, the foreign government in question enacts a change to the program that reduces the amount of the subsidy to a de minimis level. In a final determination, the Secretary would issue an...

19 CFR 351.526 - Program-wide changes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... Customs Duties INTERNATIONAL TRADE ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE ANTIDUMPING AND COUNTERVAILING... preliminary determination, the foreign government in question enacts a change to the program that reduces the amount of the subsidy to a de minimis level. In a final determination, the Secretary would issue an...

Advancing research on animal-transported subsidies by integrating animal movement and ecosystem modelling.

PubMed

Earl, Julia E; Zollner, Patrick A

2017-09-01

Connections between ecosystems via animals (active subsidies) support ecosystem services and contribute to numerous ecological effects. Thus, the ability to predict the spatial distribution of active subsidies would be useful for ecology and conservation. Previous work modelling active subsidies focused on implicit space or static distributions, which treat passive and active subsidies similarly. Active subsidies are fundamentally different from passive subsidies, because animals can respond to the process of subsidy deposition and ecosystem changes caused by subsidy deposition. We propose addressing this disparity by integrating animal movement and ecosystem ecology to advance active subsidy investigations, make more accurate predictions of subsidy spatial distributions, and enable a mechanistic understanding of subsidy spatial distributions. We review selected quantitative techniques that could be used to accomplish integration and lead to novel insights. The ultimate objective for these types of studies is predictions of subsidy spatial distributions from characteristics of the subsidy and the movement strategy employed by animals that transport subsidies. These advances will be critical in informing the management of ecosystem services, species conservation and ecosystem degradation related to active subsidies. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Animal Ecology © 2017 British Ecological Society.

Subsidies and the Demand for Individual Health Insurance in California

PubMed Central

Susan Marquis, M; Buntin, Melinda Beeuwkes; Escarce, José J; Kapur, Kanika; Yegian, Jill M

2004-01-01

Objective To estimate the effect of changes in premiums for individual insurance on decisions to purchase individual insurance and how this price response varies among subgroups of the population. Data Source Survey responses from the Current Population Survey (), the Survey of Income and Program Participation (), the National Health Interview Survey (), and data about premiums and plans offered in the individual insurance market in California, 1996–2001. Study Design A logit model was used to estimate the decisions to purchase individual insurance by families without access to group insurance. This was modeled as a function of premiums, controlling for family characteristics and other characteristics of the market. A multinomial model was used to estimate the choice between group coverage, individual coverage, and remaining uninsured for workers offered group coverage as a function of premiums for individual insurance and out-of-pocket costs of group coverage. Principal Findings The elasticity of demand for individual insurance by those without access to group insurance is about −.2 to −.4, as has been found in earlier studies. However, there are substantial differences in price responses among subgroups with low-income, young, and self-employed families showing the greatest response. Among workers offered group insurance, a decrease in individual premiums has very small effects on the choice to purchase individual coverage versus group coverage. Conclusions Subsidy programs may make insurance more affordable for some families, but even sizeable subsidies are unlikely to solve the problem of the uninsured. We do not find evidence that subsidies to individual insurance will produce an unraveling of the employer-based health insurance system. PMID:15333122

Commercial aviation : programs and options for providing air service to small communities : testimony before the Subcommittee on Aviation, Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, U.S. House of Representatives

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2007-04-25

Congress established two key programs to help support air service to small communities the Essential Air Service (EAS) providing about $100 million in subsidies per year and the Small Community Air Service Development Program (SCASDP) that provide...

Change in Oregon Maternity Care Workforce after Malpractice Premium Subsidy Implementation

PubMed Central

Smits, Ariel K; King, Valerie J; Rdesinski, Rebecca E; Dodson, Lisa G; Saultz, John W

2009-01-01

Objectives (1) To determine the proportion of maternity care providers who continue to deliver babies in Oregon; (2) to determine the important factors relating to the decision to discontinue maternity care services; and (3) to examine how the rural liability subsidy is affecting rural maternity care providers' ability to provide maternity care services. Study Design We surveyed all obstetrical care providers in Oregon in 2002 and 2006. Survey data, supplemented with state administrative data, were analyzed for changes in provision of maternity care, reasons for stopping maternity care, and effect of the malpractice premium subsidy on practice. Principal Findings Only 36.6% of responding clinicians qualified to deliver babies were actually providing maternity care in Oregon in 2006, significantly lower than the proportion (47.8%) found in 2002. Cost of malpractice premiums remains the most frequently cited reason for stopping maternity care, followed by lifestyle issues. Receipt of the malpractice subsidy was not associated with continuing any maternity services. Conclusions Oregon continues to lose maternity care providers. A state program subsidizing the liability premiums of rural maternity care providers does not appear effective at keeping rural providers delivering babies. Other policies to encourage continuation of maternity care need to be considered. PMID:19500166

Income dynamics and the Affordable Care Act.

PubMed

Shore-Sheppard, Lara D

2014-12-01

To examine the sources of family income dynamics leading to movement into and out of Medicaid expansion and subsidy eligibility under the Affordable Care Act. Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP): 1996, 2001, 2004, 2008 panels. Considering four broad subsidy eligibility categories for monthly Modified Adjusted Gross Income (MAGI) (<138 percent of the Federal Poverty Level [FPL], 138-250 percent FPL, 250-400 percent FPL, and >400 percent FPL), I use duration analysis to examine determinants of movements between categories over the course of a year. Using detailed monthly data, I determine the members of tax-filing units and calculate an approximation of MAGI at the monthly level. The analysis sample is adults ages 22-64 years. Incomes are highly variable within a year, particularly at the lower end of the income distribution. Employment transitions, including transitions not involving a period of nonemployment, and family structure changes strongly predict sufficient income volatility to trigger a change in subsidy category. Income volatility arising from employment and family structure changes is likely to trigger changes in subsidy eligibility within the year, but the sources and effects of the volatility differ substantially depending on the individual's position in the income distribution. © Health Research and Educational Trust.

Using Spatial Subsidies to Account for Telecoupling in the Ecosystem Services of Transboundary Migratory Species in North America

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lopez-Hoffman, L.; Semmens, D. J.; Diffendorfer, J.; Thogmartin, W.

2016-12-01

In complex coupled natural-human systems, drivers of change in one location can have profound effects on human well-being in distant locations, often across international borders. While the conceptual framework of telecoupling describes these interactions across space, the ability to quantify feedbacks between ecosystem change in one area and societal benefits in other areas requires quantitative analytical approaches. We use a new approach—spatial subsidies—to operationalize the concept of telecoupling by measuring the degree to which a migratory species' ability to provide services in one location depends on habitat in another location. Spatial subsidies can be use identify critical features of telecoupled systems such as sending and receiving areas and to measure the strength of coupling between areas. We present spatial subsidies analyses for the telecoupled natural-human systems of three North American migratory species: Monarch butterflies, Mexican free-tailed bats and Northern Pintails (a dabbling duck). Spatial subsidies and the telecoupling conceptual framework have potential to be the foundation for new policies related to migratory species, such as the strategic direction of Duck Stamp revenues and the development of similar programs for other migratory species.

34 CFR 105.41 - Compliance procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Regulations of the Offices of the Department of Education OFFICE FOR CIVIL RIGHTS, DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION ENFORCEMENT OF NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF HANDICAP IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED BY THE... section, this section applies to all allegations of discrimination on the basis of handicap in programs...

34 CFR 105.41 - Compliance procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Regulations of the Offices of the Department of Education OFFICE FOR CIVIL RIGHTS, DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION ENFORCEMENT OF NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF HANDICAP IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED BY THE... section, this section applies to all allegations of discrimination on the basis of handicap in programs...

45 CFR 158.605 - Responses to allegations of noncompliance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... the violation. (c) Evidence documenting the development and implementation of internal policies and... Section 158.605 Public Welfare DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES REQUIREMENTS RELATING TO HEALTH... policies and procedures may include or consist of a voluntary compliance program. Any such program should...

19 CFR 351.510 - Indirect taxes and import charges (other than export programs).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... OF COMMERCE ANTIDUMPING AND COUNTERVAILING DUTIES Identification and Measurement of Countervailable Subsidies § 351.510 Indirect taxes and import charges (other than export programs). (a) Benefit—(1... the full or partial exemption or remission of an indirect tax or an import charge, a benefit exists to...

Satellite Communities: Proposal for a New Housing Program

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Weissbourd, Bernard

1972-01-01

Proposes that the Federal Government should embark on a land-acquisition program for new satellite communities; that antidiscrimination laws should be enforced by lending authorities and savings and loan associations; that existing subsidies for housing should be redirected toward low-income families; and that the government should provide funds…

12 CFR 268.710 - Compliance procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... (CONTINUED) RULES REGARDING EQUAL OPPORTUNITY Prohibition Against Discrimination in Board Programs and... this part, applies to all allegations of discrimination on the basis of a disability in programs or... discrimination in employment on the basis of a disability in accordance with subparts A through G of this part...

10 CFR 1.33 - Office of Enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... NRC requirements; (b) Manages major enforcement action; (c) Assesses the effectiveness and uniformity of Regional enforcement actions; and (d) Manages the NRC allegation program. [70 FR 69422, Nov. 16...

10 CFR 1.33 - Office of Enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... NRC requirements; (b) Manages major enforcement action; (c) Assesses the effectiveness and uniformity of Regional enforcement actions; and (d) Manages the NRC allegation program. [70 FR 69422, Nov. 16...

10 CFR 1.33 - Office of Enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... NRC requirements; (b) Manages major enforcement action; (c) Assesses the effectiveness and uniformity of Regional enforcement actions; and (d) Manages the NRC allegation program. [70 FR 69422, Nov. 16...

10 CFR 1.33 - Office of Enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... NRC requirements; (b) Manages major enforcement action; (c) Assesses the effectiveness and uniformity of Regional enforcement actions; and (d) Manages the NRC allegation program. [70 FR 69422, Nov. 16...

10 CFR 1.33 - Office of Enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... NRC requirements; (b) Manages major enforcement action; (c) Assesses the effectiveness and uniformity of Regional enforcement actions; and (d) Manages the NRC allegation program. [70 FR 69422, Nov. 16...

45 CFR 303.4 - Establishment of support obligations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... (CHILD SUPPORT ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM), ADMINISTRATION FOR CHILDREN AND FAMILIES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND.... (d) Within 90 calendar days of locating the alleged father or noncustodial parent, regardless of...

Education, HIV, and Early Fertility: Experimental Evidence from Kenya

PubMed Central

Duflo, Esther; Dupas, Pascaline

2015-01-01

A seven-year randomized evaluation suggests education subsidies reduce adolescent girls’ dropout, pregnancy, and marriage but not sexually transmitted infection (STI). The government’s HIV curriculum, which stresses abstinence until marriage, does not reduce pregnancy or STI. Both programs combined reduce STI more, but cut dropout and pregnancy less, than education subsidies alone. These results are inconsistent with a model of schooling and sexual behavior in which both pregnancy and STI are determined by one factor (unprotected sex), but consistent with a two-factor model in which choices between committed and casual relationships also affect these outcomes. PMID:26523067

Education, HIV, and Early Fertility: Experimental Evidence from Kenya.

PubMed

Duflo, Esther; Dupas, Pascaline; Kremer, Michael

2015-09-01

A seven-year randomized evaluation suggests education subsidies reduce adolescent girls' dropout, pregnancy, and marriage but not sexually transmitted infection (STI). The government's HIV curriculum, which stresses abstinence until marriage, does not reduce pregnancy or STI. Both programs combined reduce STI more, but cut dropout and pregnancy less, than education subsidies alone. These results are inconsistent with a model of schooling and sexual behavior in which both pregnancy and STI are determined by one factor (unprotected sex), but consistent with a two-factor model in which choices between committed and casual relationships also affect these outcomes.

Alaskan Natives and Other Minorities in the Special Education Programs of Four Alaskan School Districts.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pilla, Thomas V.

This report provides information on the percentages of Native Alaskans and other minorities in the special education programs of four Alaskan school districts. It was prompted by a civil rights complaint by parents in the Juneau School District alleging that Native Alaskans were overrepresented in special education programs. The complaint was…

Costs and regional impacts of restoration thinning programs on the national forests in eastern Oregon.

Treesearch

Darius M. Adams; Gregory S. Latta

2005-01-01

An intertemporal spatial equilibrium model of the eastern Oregon softwood log market was employed to estimate the market and economic welfare impacts of restoration thinning programs established on national forests in the region. Programs treated only lands with sawtimber thinning volume and varied by the extent of public subsidies for costs, the types of costs that...

49 CFR 1.67 - Delegations to Maritime Subsidy Board.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Delegations to Maritime Subsidy Board. 1.67... POWERS AND DUTIES Delegations § 1.67 Delegations to Maritime Subsidy Board. (a) The Maritime Subsidy..., by the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary of the Maritime Subsidy Board. (b) The Maritime Subsidy...

25 CFR 103.20 - What is interest subsidy?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false What is interest subsidy? 103.20 Section 103.20 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES LOAN GUARANTY, INSURANCE, AND INTEREST SUBSIDY Interest Subsidy § 103.20 What is interest subsidy? Interest subsidy is a payment BIA...

25 CFR 103.20 - What is interest subsidy?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false What is interest subsidy? 103.20 Section 103.20 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES LOAN GUARANTY, INSURANCE, AND INTEREST SUBSIDY Interest Subsidy § 103.20 What is interest subsidy? Interest subsidy is a payment BIA...

10 Rules for Avoiding Conflicts of Interest

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Franke, Anne H.; Eisenberg, Meyer

2007-01-01

Government investigations into alleged conflicts of interest in student-aid programs continue and now have widened to include study-abroad programs. It seems as if almost every day the news contains reports concerning possible questionable practices by colleges and universities. In this article, the authors discuss current scandals and possible…

25 CFR 103.10 - What lenders are eligible under the Program?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... GUARANTY, INSURANCE, AND INTEREST SUBSIDY How a Lender Obtains a Loan Guaranty or Insurance Coverage § 103... in accordance with reasonable and prudent industry standards; and (3) Otherwise reasonably acceptable...

76 FR 38448 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Proposed Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-30

... Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act (MMA) of 2003 established the Medicare Part D program for... individuals. The MMA also mandated the provision of subsidies for those individuals who qualify for the...

Implications of health reform for retiree health benefits.

PubMed

Fronstin, Paul

2010-01-01

This Issue Brief examines how current health reform legislation being debated in Congress will impact the future of retiree health benefits. In general, the proposals' provisions will have a mixed impact on retiree health benefits: In the short term, the reinsurance provisions would help shore up early retiree coverage and Medicare Part D coverage would become more valuable to retirees. In the longer term, insurance reform combined with new subsidies for individuals enrolling for coverage through insurance exchanges, the maintenance-of-effort provision affecting early retiree benefits, increases to the cost of providing drug benefits to retirees, and enhanced Medicare Part D coverage, would all create significant incentives for employers to drop coverage for early retirees and drug coverage for Medicare-eligible retirees. REINSURANCE PROGRAM FOR EARLY RETIREES: Proposed legislation includes a provision to create a temporary reinsurance program for employers providing health benefits to retirees over age 55 and not yet eligible for Medicare. Given the temporary nature of the program, it is intended to provide employers an incentive to maintain benefits until the health insurance exchange is fully operational. At that point, employers will have less incentive to provide health benefits to early retirees, and retirees will have less need for former employers to maintain a program. MEDICARE DRUG BENEFITS: The House-passed bill would initially reduce the coverage gap (the so-called "doughnut hole") for individuals in the Medicare Part D program by $500 and eliminate it altogether by 2019. The bill currently before the Senate would also reduce the coverage gap by $500, but does not call for eliminating it. Both would also provide a 50 percent discount to brand-name drug coverage in the coverage gap. These provisions increase the value of the Medicare Part D drug program to Medicare-eligible beneficiaries relative to drug benefits provided by employers. TAX TREATMENT OF EMPLOYER SUBSIDIES UNDER MMA: The Medicare Modernization Act provides subsidies to employers that continue to offer prescription drug coverage through a retiree health benefits program. This subsidy is currently not counted as taxable income to the employer receiving it. Both the House and Senate bills would effectively repeal this tax exclusion. This would have two effects: The real cost of providing retiree health benefits to Medicare-eligible retirees would increase, and an employer's FAS 106 liability would increase immediately. The increase in the cost of retiree drug benefits will cause employers to re-evaluate the subsidy, compared with other available options. Moving retirees to Medicare Part D may become even more attractive to employers if the coverage gap is reduced and/or eliminated. POSTRETIREMENT BENEFIT CHANGES: With some exceptions, the House-passed legislation would prohibit employers from changing the benefits offered to retirees and their beneficiaries once a person has retired. This provision could have a number of different effects: More employers may move toward capping their contributions; employers that want to maintain retiree health benefits may react by cutting the health benefits of active workers; employers may eliminate retiree health benefits altogether to avoid being locked into providing a permanent benefit; or they may drop benefits if they think there is no need to provide them.

20 CFR 418.3501 - What could cause us to increase or reduce your subsidy or terminate your subsidy eligibility?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION MEDICARE SUBSIDIES Medicare Part D Subsidies Adjustments and Terminations...? (a) Certain changes in your circumstances could cause us to increase or reduce your subsidy or terminate your subsidy eligibility. These changes include (but are not limited to) changes to: (1) Your...

20 CFR 418.3501 - What could cause us to increase or reduce your subsidy or terminate your subsidy eligibility?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION MEDICARE SUBSIDIES Medicare Part D Subsidies Adjustments and Terminations...? (a) Certain changes in your circumstances could cause us to increase or reduce your subsidy or terminate your subsidy eligibility. These changes include (but are not limited to) changes to: (1) Your...

Subsidising patient dispensing fees: the cost of injecting equity into the opioid pharmacotherapy maintenance system.

PubMed

Chalmers, Jenny; Ritter, Alison

2012-11-01

Australian pharmacotherapy maintenance programs incur costs to patients. These dispensing fees represent a financial burden to patients and are inconsistent with Australian health-care principles. No previous work has examined the current costs nor the future predicted costs if government subsidised dispensing fees. A system dynamics model, which simulated the flow of patients into and out of methadone maintenance treatment, was developed. Costs were imputed from existing research data. The approach enabled simulation of possible behavioural responses to a fee subsidy (such as higher retention) and new estimates of costs were derived under such scenarios. Current modelled costs (AUS$11.73m per month) were largely borne by state/territory government (43%), with patients bearing one-third (33%) of the total costs and the Commonwealth one-quarter (24%). Assuming no behavioural changes associated with fee subsidies, the cost of subsidising the dispensing fees of Australian methadone patients would be $3.9m per month. If retention were improved as a result of fee subsidy, treatment numbers would increase and the model estimates an additional cost of $0.8m per month. If this was coupled with greater numbers entering treatment, the costs would increase by a further $0.4m per month. In total, full fee subsidy with modelled behavioural changes would increase per annum government expenditure by $81.8m to $175.8m. If government provided dispensing fee relief for methadone maintenance patients, it would be a costly exercise. However, these additional costs are offset by the social and health gains achieved from the methadone maintenance program. © 2012 Australasian Professional Society on Alcohol and other Drugs.

Subsidies and the demand for individual health insurance in California.

PubMed

Marquis, M Susan; Buntin, Melinda Beeuwkes; Escarce, José J; Kapur, Kanika; Yegian, Jill M

2004-10-01

To estimate the effect of changes in premiums for individual insurance on decisions to purchase individual insurance and how this price response varies among subgroups of the population. Survey responses from the Current Population Survey (http://www.bls.census.gov/cps/cpsmain.htm), the Survey of Income and Program Participation (http://www.sipp.census.gov/sipp), the National Health Interview Survey (http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm), and data about premiums and plans offered in the individual insurance market in California, 1996-2001. A logit model was used to estimate the decisions to purchase individual insurance by families without access to group insurance. This was modeled as a function of premiums, controlling for family characteristics and other characteristics of the market. A multinomial model was used to estimate the choice between group coverage, individual coverage, and remaining uninsured for workers offered group coverage as a function of premiums for individual insurance and out-of-pocket costs of group coverage. The elasticity of demand for individual insurance by those without access to group insurance is about -.2 to -.4, as has been found in earlier studies. However, there are substantial differences in price responses among subgroups with low-income, young, and self-employed families showing the greatest response. Among workers offered group insurance, a decrease in individual premiums has very small effects on the choice to purchase individual coverage versus group coverage. Subsidy programs may make insurance more affordable for some families, but even sizeable subsidies are unlikely to solve the problem of the uninsured. We do not find evidence that subsidies to individual insurance will produce an unraveling of the employer-based health insurance system.

5 CFR 792.209 - What is the definition of child care subsidy program?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false What is the definition of child care... (CONTINUED) CIVIL SERVICE REGULATIONS (CONTINUED) FEDERAL EMPLOYEES' HEALTH AND COUNSELING PROGRAMS Agency Use of Appropriated Funds for Child Care Costs for Lower Income Employees-What Is the Child Care...

5 CFR 792.209 - What is the definition of child care subsidy program?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false What is the definition of child care... (CONTINUED) CIVIL SERVICE REGULATIONS (CONTINUED) FEDERAL EMPLOYEES' HEALTH AND COUNSELING PROGRAMS Agency Use of Appropriated Funds for Child Care Costs for Lower Income Employees-What Is the Child Care...

5 CFR 792.209 - What is the definition of child care subsidy program?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false What is the definition of child care... (CONTINUED) CIVIL SERVICE REGULATIONS (CONTINUED) FEDERAL EMPLOYEES' HEALTH AND COUNSELING PROGRAMS Agency Use of Appropriated Funds for Child Care Costs for Lower Income Employees-What Is the Child Care...

Outlook for Education Financing: What Does the Future Hold?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Biklen, Stephen C.

1996-01-01

It is argued that rising costs and declining federal student loan programs highlight the key role of the in-school interest subsidy in educational finance. Six possible scenarios are outlined, each differentially balancing indirect/direct lending and government/private involvement. Professionals are urged to find a program that serves students, is…

5 CFR 792.200 - What are the benefits of the child care subsidy program law?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... (CONTINUED) CIVIL SERVICE REGULATIONS (CONTINUED) FEDERAL EMPLOYEES' HEALTH AND COUNSELING PROGRAMS Agency... at Federal child care centers, non-Federal child care centers, and in family child care homes for... 5 Administrative Personnel 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false What are the benefits of the child care...

Evaluation of Child Care Subsidy Strategies: Massachusetts Family Child Care Study

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Collins, Ann; Goodson, Barbara; Luallen, Jeremy; Fountain, Alyssa Rulf; Checkoway, Amy

2010-01-01

This report presents findings from the Massachusetts Family Child Care study, a two-year evaluation of the impacts of an early childhood education program on providers and children in family child care. The program--"LearningGames"--is designed to train caregivers to stimulate children's cognitive, language, and social-emotional…

Land degradation, government subsidy, and smallholders' conservation decision: the case of the loess plateau in China.

PubMed

Shi, Min-Jun; Chen, Kevin

2004-12-01

Land degradation is one of the severe environmental problems in China. In order to combat land degradation, a soil conservation program was introduced since 2000 to reduce soil erosion by converting slope-cultivated land into forestry and pasture. This paper represents the first systematic attempt to investigate the impact of the soil conservation program on land degradation in the loess plateau. The results indicate that the soil conservation program to convert slope fields into forest or pasture is an effective way to combat soil erosion. However, a subsidy that is higher than profit of land use activity of slope fields before their conversion into forest and pasture is needed to encourage farmers to join the conservation program. A policy measure to encourage and assist farmers to develop sedentary livestock by using crops produced from fields as well as fodder and forage grass from the converted slope fields might contribute to combat soil erosion. Increase in off-farm job opportunities may encourage households to reduce cultivation in slope fields. That implies a policy measure to encourage rural urbanization might contribute to combat soil erosion.

Income Dynamics and the Affordable Care Act

PubMed Central

Shore-Sheppard, Lara D

2014-01-01

Objective To examine the sources of family income dynamics leading to movement into and out of Medicaid expansion and subsidy eligibility under the Affordable Care Act. Data Source Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP): 1996, 2001, 2004, 2008 panels. Study Design Considering four broad subsidy eligibility categories for monthly Modified Adjusted Gross Income (MAGI) (<138 percent of the Federal Poverty Level [FPL], 138–250 percent FPL, 250–400 percent FPL, and >400 percent FPL), I use duration analysis to examine determinants of movements between categories over the course of a year. Data Collection/Extraction Using detailed monthly data, I determine the members of tax-filing units and calculate an approximation of MAGI at the monthly level. The analysis sample is adults ages 22–64 years. Principal Findings Incomes are highly variable within a year, particularly at the lower end of the income distribution. Employment transitions, including transitions not involving a period of nonemployment, and family structure changes strongly predict sufficient income volatility to trigger a change in subsidy category. Conclusions Income volatility arising from employment and family structure changes is likely to trigger changes in subsidy eligibility within the year, but the sources and effects of the volatility differ substantially depending on the individual's position in the income distribution. PMID:25327987

The costs and benefits of reforestation in Liping County, Guizhou Province, China.

PubMed

Zhou, S; Yin, Y; Xu, W; Ji, Z; Caldwell, I; Ren, J

2007-11-01

Reducing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is becoming a pressing issue for the global community. Afforestation and reforestation are promoted worldwide as an effective means of sequestering carbon. For its national interest and global concerns, China has made great efforts to protect its existing forests and develop programs of afforestation and reforestation. Based on two surveys recently conducted in Liping County, Guizhou province, this paper investigates the economic changes associated with the implementation of the "Grain For Green" policy. Based on the analytical framework of benefit cost analysis, this paper concludes that the implementation of the reforestation of sloping agricultural land policy would not be possible if there were no government subsidies for the peasants. The short term economic returns of land and labour from forestation are substantially lower than those generated from grain or cash crop production on the steep slope lands. The government subsidies provide great economic incentives for peasants to take part in the project. The subsidies in fact have elevated peasant income in rural Liping. The estimated potential economic returns of plantations over the long run indicate that the removal of the government financial subsidies would not create an economic crisis for the peasants if the current market conditions continue.

78 FR 45946 - 60-Day Notice of Proposed Information Collection: Owner Certification With HUD's Tenant...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-30

... eligible applicants may be given priority over others, and prohibit racial discrimination in conjunction... and gender composition of subsidy program beneficiaries. This information is essential to maintain a...

Uruguay's military physicians. Cogs in a system of state terror.

PubMed

Bloche, M G

The military junta that ruled Uruguay until March 1985 was engaged in a systematic program of clandestine detention and torture of political detainees. Bloche went to Uruguay in December 1985 on behalf of the American Association for the Advancement of Science to investigate claims that physicians collaborated in this program. He reports on the extent to which evidence supported allegations that physicians engaged in performing clinical examinations on detainees that yielded information used for planning torture, prepared pathological reports that covered up acts of brutality, failed to provide adequate medical assistance, designed a prison regimen to harm inmates' mental health, and abused neuroleptic drugs. He concludes that, although evidence regarding some of the allegations was inconclusive, the investigation proved overall that clinicians played a significant role in the Uruguayan apparatus of physical and psychological torture.

Market impacts of a multiyear mechanical fuel treatment program in the U.S.

Treesearch

Jeffrey P. Prestemon; Karen L. Abt; Robert J. Jr. Huggett

2008-01-01

We describe a two-stage model of global log and chip markets that evaluates the spatial and temporal economic effects of government- subsidized fire-related mechanical fuel treatment programs in the U.S.West and South. The first stage is a goal program that allocates subsidies according to fire risk and location priorities, given a budget and a feasible, market-...

Impacts of the Doha Round framework agreements on dairy policies.

PubMed

Suzuki, N; Kaiser, H M

2005-05-01

Dairy is highly regulated in many countries for several reasons. Perishability, seasonal imbalances, and inelastic supply and demand for milk can cause inherent market instability. Milk buyers typically have had more market power than dairy farmers. Comparative production advantages in some countries have led to regulations and policies to protect local dairy farmers by maintaining domestic prices higher than world prices. A worldwide consensus on reduction of border measures for protecting dairy products is unlikely, and dairy will probably be an exception in ongoing World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations. Under the Doha Round framework agreements, countries may name some products such as dairy as "sensitive," thereby excluding them from further reforms. However, new Doha Round framework agreements depart from the current WTO rule and call for product-specific spending caps. Such caps will greatly affect the dairy sector because dairy accounts for much of the aggregate measure of support (AMS) in several countries, including the United States and Canada. Also, the amounts of dairy AMS in several countries may be recalculated relative to an international reference price. In addition, all export subsidies are targeted for elimination in the Doha Round, including export credit programs and state trading enterprises, which will limit options for disposing of surplus dairy products in foreign markets. Currently, with higher domestic prices, measures for cutting or disposing of surpluses have been used in many countries. Supply control, which is not regulated by WTO rules, remains as an option. Although explicit export subsidies are restricted by WTO rules, many countries use esoteric measures to promote dairy exports. If countries agree to eliminate "consumer financed" export subsidies using a theoretical definition and measurements proposed herein as Export Subsidy Equivalents (ESE), dairy exports in many countries may be affected. Although domestic supports and export subsidies will be reduced in the Doha Round, possible exclusion of "sensitive" products from tariff reduction will help some countries' dairy sectors survive after those final agreements. A key concern for those countries will be the simultaneous restriction of surplus-disposing measures. With fewer marketing options for surpluses, countries that continue border protection and high internal prices will likely be forced to use domestic supply control programs in the future.

One state's response to the malpractice insurance crisis: North Carolina's Rural Obstetrical Care Incentive Program.

PubMed Central

Taylor, D H; Ricketts, T C; Berman, J L; Kolimaga, J T

1992-01-01

In the period 1985-89, there was a severe drop in obstetrical services in rural areas of North Carolina, partly because of rising malpractice insurance rates. The State government responded with the Rural Obstetrical Care Incentive (ROCI) Program that provides a malpractice insurance subsidy of up to $6,500 per participating physician per year. Enacted into law in 1988, the ROCI Program was expanded in 1991, making certified nurse midwives eligible to receive subsidies of up to $3,000 per year. To participate, practitioners must provide obstetrical care to all women, regardless of their ability to pay for services. Total funding for the program has increased from $240,000 to $840,000, in spite of extreme budgetary constraints faced by the State. The program and how its implementation has maintained or increased access to obstetrical care in participating counties are described on the basis of site visits to local health departments in participating counties and data from the North Carolina Division of Maternal and Child Health. The program is of significance to policy makers nationwide as both a response to rising malpractice insurance rates and reduced access to obstetrical care in rural areas, and as an innovative, nontraditional State program in which the locus of decision making is at the county level. PMID:1410232

Support for infertility treatment in Japan: differences in perceptions between female clients and staff.

PubMed

Takabayashi, Chikako; Shimada, Keiko

2010-03-01

The aim of this study was to clarify the perceptions of both infertile women accessing support services from local governments related to infertility treatment and the public servants providing that assistance. This cross-sectional descriptive study surveyed 62 local government staff members who managed medical expense subsidy programs for infertility treatment in the Hokuriku region of Japan and 84 infertile women attending the clinics. We measured the levels of satisfaction regarding the support services from local governments and the perceptions of the importance of each type of support. The data were analyzed descriptively and included factor analysis and multiple regression analysis. Local governments' support services were analyzed by using four factors: providing information, education and consultation, improving existing services, and improving access. Both the women and the staff endorsed the importance of information provision, the easing of restrictions on subsidies for infertility treatment, reconsideration of the application procedures, and improvement of the publicizing of the available subsidies.

Do individuals respond to cost-sharing subsidies in their selections of marketplace health insurance plans?

PubMed

DeLeire, Thomas; Chappel, Andre; Finegold, Kenneth; Gee, Emily

2017-12-01

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) provides assistance to low-income consumers through both premium subsidies and cost-sharing reductions (CSRs). Low-income consumers' lack of health insurance literacy or information regarding CSRs may lead them to not take-up CSR benefits for which they are eligible. We use administrative data from 2014 to 2016 on roughly 22 million health insurance plan choices of low-income individuals enrolled in ACA Marketplace coverage to assess whether they behave in a manner consistent with being aware of the availability of CSRs. We take advantage of discontinuous changes in the schedule of CSR benefits to show that consumers are highly sensitive to the value of CSRs when selecting insurance plans and that a very low percentage select dominated plans. These findings suggest that CSR subsidies are salient to consumers and that the program is well designed to account for any lack of health insurance literacy among the low-income population it serves. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Energy conservation, energy efficiency and energy savings regulatory hypotheses - taxation, subsidies and underlying economics

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Trumpy, T.

1995-12-01

More efficient use of energy resources can be promoted by various regulatory means, i.e., taxation, subsidies, and pricing. Various incentives can be provided by income and revenue tax breaks-deductible energy audit fees, energy saving investment credits, breaks for energy saving entrepreneurs, and energy savings accounts run through utility accounts. Value added and excise taxes can also be adjusted to reward energy saving investments and energy saving entrepreneurial activity. Incentives can be provided in the form of cash refunds, including trade-in-and-scrap programs and reimbursements or subsidies on audit costs and liability insurance. Pricing incentives include lower rates for less energy use,more » prepayment of deposit related to peak load use, electronically dispatched multiple tariffs, savings credits based on prior peak use, and subsidized {open_quotes}leasing{close_quotes} of more efficient appliances and lights. Credits, with an emphasis on pooling small loans, and 5-year energy savings contracts are also discussed.« less

The Demand For, and Impact Of, Youth Internships: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment in Yemen. Policy Research Working Paper 7463

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McKenzie, David; Assaf, Nabila; Cusolito, Ana Paula

2015-01-01

This paper evaluates a youth internship program in the Republic of Yemen that provided firms with a 50 percent subsidy to hire recent graduates of universities and vocational schools. The first round of the program took place in 2014 and required both firms and youth to apply for the program. The paper examines the demand for such a program, and…

Impacts of subsidy policies on vaccination decisions in contact networks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Hai-Feng; Wu, Zhi-Xi; Xu, Xiao-Ke; Small, Michael; Wang, Lin; Wang, Bing-Hong

2013-07-01

To motivate more people to participate in vaccination campaigns, various subsidy policies are often supplied by government and the health sectors. However, these external incentives may also alter the vaccination decisions of the broader public, and hence the choice of incentive needs to be carefully considered. Since human behavior and the networking-constrained interactions among individuals significantly impact the evolution of an epidemic, here we consider the voluntary vaccination on human contact networks. To this end, two categories of typical subsidy policies are considered: (1) under the free subsidy policy, the total amount of subsidy is distributed to a certain fraction of individual and who are vaccinated without personal cost, and (2) under the partial-offset subsidy policy, each vaccinated person is offset by a certain amount of subsidy. A vaccination decision model based on evolutionary game theory is established to study the effects of these different subsidy policies on disease control. Simulations suggest that, because the partial-offset subsidy policy encourages more people to take vaccination, its performance is significantly better than that of the free subsidy policy. However, an interesting phenomenon emerges in the partial-offset scenario: with limited amount of total subsidy, a moderate subsidy rate for each vaccinated individual can guarantee the group-optimal vaccination, leading to the maximal social benefits, while such an optimal phenomenon is not evident for the free subsidy scenario.

Modernizing Medicare's Benefit Design and Low-Income Subsidies to Ensure Access and Affordability.

PubMed

Schoen, Cathy; Davis, Karen; Buttorff, Christine; Andersen, Martin

2015-07-01

Insurance coverage through the traditional Medicare program is complex, fragmented, and incomplete. Beneficiaries must purchase supplemental private insurance to fill in the gaps. While impoverished beneficiaries may receive supplemental coverage through Medicaid and subsidies for prescription drugs, help is limited for people with incomes above the poverty level. This patchwork quilt leads to confusion for beneficiaries and high administrative costs, while also undermining coverage and care coordination. Most important, Medicare's benefits fail to limit out-of-pocket costs or ensure adequate financial protection, especially for beneficiaries with low incomes and serious health problems. This brief, part of a series about Medicare's past, present, and future, presents options for an integrated benefit for enrollees in traditional Medicare. The new benefit would not only reduce cost burdens but also could potentially strengthen the Medicare program and enhance its role in stimulating and supporting innovations throughout the health care delivery system.

24 CFR 7.39 - Negotiated grievance, MSPB appeal and administrative grievance procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... PROGRAMS Equal Employment Opportunity Without Regard to Race, Color Religion, Sex, National Origin, Age... alleging discrimination on basis of race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age or reprisal because of...

24 CFR 7.39 - Negotiated grievance, MSPB appeal and administrative grievance procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... PROGRAMS Equal Employment Opportunity Without Regard to Race, Color Religion, Sex, National Origin, Age... alleging discrimination on basis of race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age or reprisal because of...

24 CFR 7.39 - Negotiated grievance, MSPB appeal and administrative grievance procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... PROGRAMS Equal Employment Opportunity Without Regard to Race, Color Religion, Sex, National Origin, Age... alleging discrimination on basis of race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age or reprisal because of...

24 CFR 7.39 - Negotiated grievance, MSPB appeal and administrative grievance procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... PROGRAMS Equal Employment Opportunity Without Regard to Race, Color Religion, Sex, National Origin, Age... alleging discrimination on basis of race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age or reprisal because of...

24 CFR 7.39 - Negotiated grievance, MSPB appeal and administrative grievance procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... PROGRAMS Equal Employment Opportunity Without Regard to Race, Color Religion, Sex, National Origin, Age... alleging discrimination on basis of race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age or reprisal because of...

E-Rate to Support Wireless E-Mail, Internet Calling

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Trotter, Andrew

2006-01-01

This article deals with federal E-rate program's support of school leaders' Blackberry habit. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has cleared the way to allow money from the $2.25 billion program of subsidies for school technology to apply to e-mail service for mobile, wireless devices, such as the BlackBerry, which are increasingly…

76 FR 59711 - Notice of Submission of Proposed Information Collection to OMB Housing Choice Voucher Program...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-27

... review, as required by the Paperwork Reduction Act. The Department is soliciting public comments on the... households, at a total subsidy cost of $18.2 billion per year. The HCV program is administered federally by..., and regional housing agencies, known collectively as public housing agencies (PHAs). Funding for the...

Economic impacts on irrigated agriculture of water conservation programs in drought

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ward, Frank A.

2014-01-01

This study analyzes vulnerability, impacts, and adaptability by irrigation to drought.It accounts for economic incentives affecting choices on irrigation technology, crop mix, and water sources.When surface water supplies fall, farmers increase pumping, even when pumping raises production costs.Conservation program subsidies raise the value of food production but can increase crop water depletions.

The Hefty Penalty on Marriage Facing Many Households with Children

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Carasso, Adam; Steuerle, C. Eugene

2005-01-01

Over the past seventy years Congress has enacted dozens of tax and transfer programs, giving little if any attention to the marriage subsidies and penalties that they inadvertently impose. Although the programs affect both rich and poor Americans, the penalties fall most heavily on low- or moderate-income households with children. In this article,…

The Impact of Internet Subsidies in Public Schools. NBER Working Paper Series.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Goolsbee, Austan; Guryan, Jonathan

As part of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, the U.S. government began subsidizing Internet and telecommunications access in classrooms and libraries through a tax on long-distance services (the E-Rate Program). This paper analyzes the impact of this program on public schools' technology adoption during 1996-2000, examining data on technology…

Are We at the Crossroads for Wisconsin Child Care? Policies in Conflict

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wisconsin Council on Children and Families, 2016

2016-01-01

This report examines the conflicting public policies in child care and their implications. The policy analysis tracks the history of two major child care programs, the Wisconsin Shares child care subsidy program and the YoungStar Quality Rating and Improvement System. While YoungStar shows promising trends in improving the quality of early care…

Michigan's Family Support and Family Subsidy Programs. Remarks for the New Jersey Council of Executive-ARC.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Arneaud, Susan

"Family support" describes the philosophy of the Michigan Public Mental Health System. Family Support is also the name of a Michigan program that provides the supports that parents of children with developmental disabilities need to keep their families together. Services include respite care, client services management, parent and…

Moving the Goal Posts: The Shift from Child Care Supply to Child Care Quality

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dickman, Anneliese; Kovach, Melissa; Smith, Annemarie; Henken, Rob

2010-01-01

As policymakers in Madison redesign the state's child care subsidy program--known as Wisconsin Shares--it is important to understand the original vision for the program. This report investigates the development and implementation of Wisconsin Shares and its linkages to the state's landmark W-2 welfare reform initiative. In particular, the authors…

An Investigation of the Conceptual and Qualitative Impact of Employment Tax Credits.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fethke, Gary C.; And Others

The study reported here provides a theoretical and empirical framework for the analysis of employment tax credit policy (a government subsidy or business tax credit to firms who maintain or expand their use of labor). Various programs are examined from the standpoint of structure and implications. The programs are selective employment incentive;…

Outcome-Based Practice: Disclosure Rates of Child Sexual Abuse Comparing Allegation Blind and Allegation Informed Structured Interviews.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cantlon, Julie; And Others

1996-01-01

This study evaluated the use of "allegation blind" interviews (in which interviewers did not know the specific allegation involved) with children (n=1535) suspected of being victims of child sexual abuse. The "allegation blind" interview technique yielded a statistically higher disclosure rate than the "allegation informed" interviews. (Author/DB)

A Low-Subsidy Problem in Public Higher Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fethke, Gary

2011-01-01

With an exogenous public subsidy and a break-even restriction on university net revenue, tuition discrimination supports a quasi-efficient departure from marginal-cost pricing. In contrast, when the legislature and university interact in their subsidy and tuition decisions, the public subsidy becomes endogenous. With an endogenous public subsidy,…

20 CFR 418.3115 - What events will make you ineligible for a subsidy?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false What events will make you ineligible for a subsidy? 418.3115 Section 418.3115 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION MEDICARE SUBSIDIES Medicare Part D Subsidies Eligibility for A Medicare Prescription Drug Subsidy § 418.3115 What events will...

20 CFR 418.3115 - What events will make you ineligible for a subsidy?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false What events will make you ineligible for a subsidy? 418.3115 Section 418.3115 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION MEDICARE SUBSIDIES Medicare Part D Subsidies Eligibility for A Medicare Prescription Drug Subsidy § 418.3115 What events will...

20 CFR 418.3115 - What events will make you ineligible for a subsidy?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false What events will make you ineligible for a subsidy? 418.3115 Section 418.3115 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION MEDICARE SUBSIDIES Medicare Part D Subsidies Eligibility for A Medicare Prescription Drug Subsidy § 418.3115 What events will...

20 CFR 418.3123 - When is a change in your subsidy effective?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false When is a change in your subsidy effective? 418.3123 Section 418.3123 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION MEDICARE SUBSIDIES Medicare Part D Subsidies Eligibility for A Medicare Prescription Drug Subsidy § 418.3123 When is a change...

77 FR 13150 - Notice of Lodging of Third Amendment to Consent Decree Under the Clean Air Act

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-05

... adopt facility-wide enhanced benzene waste monitoring and fugitive emission control programs..., $98,500, and $21,000 to resolve alleged Benzene Waste Operations NESHAP (``BWON'') violations at its...

Piloting the global subsidy: the impact of subsidized artemisinin-based combination therapies distributed through private drug shops in rural Tanzania.

PubMed

Sabot, Oliver J; Mwita, Alex; Cohen, Justin M; Ipuge, Yahya; Gordon, Megumi; Bishop, David; Odhiambo, Moses; Ward, Lorrayne; Goodman, Catherine

2009-09-02

WHO estimates that only 3% of fever patients use recommended artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), partly reflecting their high prices in the retail sector from where many patients seek treatment. To overcome this challenge, a global ACT subsidy has been proposed. We tested this proposal through a pilot program in rural Tanzania. Three districts were assigned to serve either as a control or to receive the subsidy plus a package of supporting interventions. From October 2007, ACTs were sold at a 90% subsidy through the normal private supply chain to intervention district drug shops. Data were collected at baseline and during intervention using interviews with drug shop customers, retail audits, mystery shoppers, and audits of public and NGO facilities. The proportion of consumers in the intervention districts purchasing ACTs rose from 1% at baseline to 44.2% one year later (p<0.001), and was significantly higher among consumers purchasing for children under 5 than for adults (p = 0.005). No change in ACT usage was observed in the control district. Consumers paid a mean price of $0.58 for ACTs, which did not differ significantly from the price paid for sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine, the most common alternative. Drug shops in population centers were significantly more likely to stock ACTs than those in more remote areas (p<0.001). A subsidy introduced at the top of the private sector supply chain can significantly increase usage of ACTs and reduce their retail price to the level of common monotherapies. Additional interventions may be needed to ensure access to ACTs in remote areas and for poorer individuals who appear to seek treatment at drug shops less frequently. Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN39125414.

Piloting the Global Subsidy: The Impact of Subsidized Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapies Distributed through Private Drug Shops in Rural Tanzania

PubMed Central

Sabot, Oliver J.; Mwita, Alex; Cohen, Justin M.; Ipuge, Yahya; Gordon, Megumi; Bishop, David; Odhiambo, Moses; Ward, Lorrayne; Goodman, Catherine

2009-01-01

Background WHO estimates that only 3% of fever patients use recommended artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), partly reflecting their high prices in the retail sector from where many patients seek treatment. To overcome this challenge, a global ACT subsidy has been proposed. We tested this proposal through a pilot program in rural Tanzania. Methods/Principal Findings Three districts were assigned to serve either as a control or to receive the subsidy plus a package of supporting interventions. From October 2007, ACTs were sold at a 90% subsidy through the normal private supply chain to intervention district drug shops. Data were collected at baseline and during intervention using interviews with drug shop customers, retail audits, mystery shoppers, and audits of public and NGO facilities. The proportion of consumers in the intervention districts purchasing ACTs rose from 1% at baseline to 44.2% one year later (p<0.001), and was significantly higher among consumers purchasing for children under 5 than for adults (p = 0.005). No change in ACT usage was observed in the control district. Consumers paid a mean price of $0.58 for ACTs, which did not differ significantly from the price paid for sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine, the most common alternative. Drug shops in population centers were significantly more likely to stock ACTs than those in more remote areas (p<0.001). Conclusions A subsidy introduced at the top of the private sector supply chain can significantly increase usage of ACTs and reduce their retail price to the level of common monotherapies. Additional interventions may be needed to ensure access to ACTs in remote areas and for poorer individuals who appear to seek treatment at drug shops less frequently. Trial Registration Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN39125414. PMID:19724644

Childcare Subsidies and the Transition from Welfare to Work

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Danziger, Sandra K.; Ananat, Elizabeth Oltmans; Browning, Kimberly G.

2004-01-01

We address how childcare subsidies help in the welfare-to-work transition relative to other factors. We examine how the policy operates, whether childcare problems differ by subsidy receipt, and the effect of subsidy on work. Data are from a random sample panel study of welfare recipients after 1996. Findings show that subsidy receipt reduces…

20 CFR 418.3215 - Who may file your application for a subsidy?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... Medicare Part D Subsidies Filing of Application § 418.3215 Who may file your application for a subsidy? You or your personal representative (as defined in 42 CFR 423.772) may complete and file your subsidy... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Who may file your application for a subsidy...

20 CFR 418.3215 - Who may file your application for a subsidy?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... Medicare Part D Subsidies Filing of Application § 418.3215 Who may file your application for a subsidy? You or your personal representative (as defined in 42 CFR 423.772) may complete and file your subsidy... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Who may file your application for a subsidy...

Statewide program to promote institutional delivery in Gujarat, India: who participates and the degree of financial subsidy provided by the Chiranjeevi Yojana program.

PubMed

Sidney, Kristi; Iyer, Veena; Vora, Kranti; Mavalankar, Dileep; De Costa, Ayesha

2016-01-27

The Chiranjeevi Yojana (CY) is a large public-private partnership program in Gujarat, India, under which the state pays private sector obstetricians to provide childbirth services to poor and tribal women. The CY was initiated statewide in 2007 because of the limited ability of the public health sector to provide emergency obstetric care and high out-of-pocket expenditures in the private sector (where most qualified obstetricians work), creating financial access barriers for poor women. Despite a million beneficiaries, there have been few reports studying CY, particularly the proportion of vulnerable women being covered, the expenditures they incur in connection with childbirth, and the level of subsidy provided to beneficiaries by the program. Cross-sectional facility based the survey of participants in three districts of Gujarat in 2012-2013. Women were interviewed to elicit sociodemographic characteristics, out-of-pocket expenditures, and CY program details. Descriptive statistics, chi square, and a multivariable logistic regression were performed. Of the 901 women surveyed in 129 facilities, 150 (16 %) were CY beneficiaries; 336 and 415 delivered in government and private facilities, respectively. Only 36 (24 %) of the 150 CY beneficiaries received a completely cashless delivery. Median out-of-pocket for vaginal/cesarean delivery among CY beneficiaries was $7/$71. The median degree of subsidy for women in CY who delivered vaginally/cesarean was 85/71 % compared to out-of-pocket expenditure of $44/$208 for vaginal/cesarean delivery paid by non-program beneficiaries in the private health sector. CY beneficiaries experienced a substantially subsidized childbirth compared to women who delivered in non-accredited private facilities. However, despite the government's efforts at increasing access to delivery services for poor women in the private sector, uptake was low and very few women experienced a cashless delivery. While the long-term focus remains on strengthening the public sector's ability to provide emergency obstetric care, the CY program is a potential means by which the state can ensure its poor mothers have access to necessary care if uptake is increased.

From Hot Wheels to Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Evolution of the Definition of Program Length Commercials on Children's Television.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Colby, Pamela A.

From 1969 to 1993 the definition of program length commercials has not been consistent. The FCC's first involvement with program length commercials was in 1969 when "Hot Wheels," a cartoon based on Mattel Corporation's Hot Wheels cars, was alleged to be nothing more than a 30 minute commercial. The FCC made no formal ruling but did…

Commercial aviation : programs and options for the federal approach to providing and improving air service to small communities : testimony before the Subcommittee on Aviation, Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation, U.S. Senate

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2006-09-14

The EAS program guarantees that communities that were served by air carriers before deregulation continue to receive a certain level of scheduled air service, under certain conditions. A growing number of communities are receiving subsidies under thi...

The Benefits and Costs of the Section 8 Housing Subsidy Program: A Framework and Estimates of First-Year Effects

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Carlson, Deven; Haveman, Robert; Kaplan, Thomas; Wolfe, Barbara

2011-01-01

This paper provides estimates for a comprehensive set of social benefits and costs associated with the federal Housing Choice Voucher (Section 8) program. The impact categories for which we provide empirical estimates include the value of the voucher to recipients; additional services and public benefits induced by voucher receipt; improvements in…

An Interactive Microcomputer Program for Teaching the Impacts of Alternative Policy Sets in the Market for a Single Commodity.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Li, Elton; Stoecker, Arthur

1995-01-01

Describes a computer software program where students define alternative policy sets and compare their effects on the welfare of consumers, producers, and the public sector. Policy sets may be a single tax or quota or a mix of taxes, subsidies, and/or price supports implemented in the marketing chain. (MJP)

Essential air service : changes in subsidy levels, air carrier costs, and passenger traffic

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2000-04-01

Overall, DOT applied relevant statutory authority when determining which communities would receive air service subsidized by the EAS program. Under this authority, communities may receive subsidized air service if they were initially eligible for Ess...

The Money Investment in People

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wilkinson, Roderick

1975-01-01

The long-term cost savings in keeping a plant really safe are very high indeed; so are those in cafeteria subsidies or apprenticeship programs. The author calls for a long-sighted view of personnel welfare expenditures as an investment in people. (Author/AJ)

To amend the Workforce Investment Act of 1998 to establish a technical school training subsidy program.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Barrow, John [D-GA-12

2010-06-24

House - 09/13/2010 Referred to the Subcommittee on Higher Education, Lifelong Learning, and Competitiveness. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

User-Side Subsidies for the Elderly and Handicapped in Lawrence, Massachusetts

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1984-06-01

Funding provided by the Service and Methods Demonstration (SMD) Program of the U.S. Department of Transportation, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, was used to subsidize the bus, taxicab, and wheelchair lift-equipped van travel of elderly and...

75 FR 4838 - Renewal of Agency Information Collection for Loan Guaranty, Insurance, and Interest Subsidy Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-29

... OMB Control Number 1076-0020, which expires April 30, 2010. The information collection allows IEED to... able to do so. III. Data OMB Control Number: 1076-0020. Title: Loan Guaranty, Insurance, and Interest...

U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences 1940-2015: 75 years of Science and Innovation

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-09-01

allegedly designed to im- prove human performance (such as neurolinguistic programming , para- psychology techniques, and super learning programs ), Gen...Integration program today. 5 Diversity and Integration of the Force From the 1970s through today, ARI has been central in providing the Army with...the 1980s, ARI worked with TRADOC and USAREC to establish and enhance the Army’s recruitment program , including develop- ing recruiter training

Allegations of children's involvement in ritual sexual abuse: clinical experience of 20 cases.

PubMed

Weir, I K; Wheatcroft, M S

1995-04-01

Twenty cases were evaluated in which allegations had been made of children being involved in ritual sexual abuse (RSA). A selection of case histories are presented together with a summary of the salient points in the other cases. Using a standard format developed for assessing the validity of allegations in sexual abuse cases, it was concluded that false allegations of ritual sexual abuse occurred in three-quarters of the cases and true allegations only in one-quarter. This high rate of false allegations is unlike the author's clinical experience in other cases of child sexual abuse where the rate of false allegations is much lower and similar to other published series. Reasons for the high rate of false allegations are discussed.

76 FR 38359 - Quarterly Update to Annual Listing of Foreign Government Subsidies on Articles of Cheese Subject...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-30

... Foreign Government Subsidies on Articles of Cheese Subject to an In-Quota Rate of Duty AGENCY: Import... subsidy with respect to any article of cheese subject to an in-quota rate of duty, as defined in section... subsidies. We hereby provide the Department's quarterly update of subsidies on articles of cheese that were...

75 FR 35769 - Quarterly Update to Annual Listing of Foreign Government Subsidies on Articles of Cheese Subject...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-23

... Foreign Government Subsidies on Articles of Cheese Subject to an In-Quota Rate of Duty AGENCY: Import... subsidy with respect to any article of cheese subject to an in-quota rate of duty, as defined in section... subsidies. We hereby provide the Department's quarterly update of subsidies on articles of cheese that were...

Do nutrition programs make a difference? The case of Brazil.

PubMed

Musgrove, P

1990-01-01

Four Brazilian food and nutrition programs operating during some part of 1974-86 are evaluated for their effectiveness in curing or preventing infant and child malnutrition, including low birth weight when pregnant women were beneficiaries. Two programs distributed free food to identified clients: traditional commercial foods in one case and specially formulated supplements in the other. The other two programs subsidized four or more basic foodstuffs: one experiment quantitatively restricted a subsidy to identified families, and the other was unrestricted and open to all families patronizing certain shops. The programs were more effective at curing than at preventing malnutrition, and more effective at increasing weight than height. Many beneficiaries, even when initially underweight, showed no change, and some deteriorated despite the food transfer. Results were better after than during the first year of life, when deterioration is most likely. Donation programs including medical and educational components proved more effective than pure subsidies, showing that while poverty may be the chief cause of malnutrition, the problem should be seen as poor health rather than simply low food consumption. Evaluation also shows that programs were inefficient in transferring benefits, and that clients were deterred from participating by the costs of obtaining the food and its poor quality and small volume. Longer participation improved results, but more frequent participation in a given interval did not necessarily do so.

The economic cost of fuel price subsidies in Ghana

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ofori, Roland Oduro

I adapt the Harberger formula for deadweight loss to develop approximations for the deadweight loss created by multiple fuel price subsidies. I also estimate the own-price, cross-price, and income elasticities of demand for gasoline and diesel in Africa. I use data on fuel prices and sales in combination with my formulas and elasticity estimates to calculate the deadweight loss of fuel price subsidies in Ghana from 2009 to 2014. I show that the average efficiency cost of the gasoline and diesel price subsidies in Ghana is 0.8% of fuel price subsidy transfers. This result stresses the futility of basing subsidy reforms on economic efficiency losses, which are relatively small due to very inelastic energy demand, and the need for such reforms to be motivated by the poor-targeting of subsidies to low-income households and the impact of subsidies on government debt-financing.

10 CFR 733.5 - Allegations received by DOE.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Allegations received by DOE. 733.5 Section 733.5 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ALLEGATIONS OF RESEARCH MISCONDUCT § 733.5 Allegations received by DOE. If DOE receives directly a written allegation of research misconduct with regard to research under a DOE contract or...

10 CFR 733.5 - Allegations received by DOE.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Allegations received by DOE. 733.5 Section 733.5 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ALLEGATIONS OF RESEARCH MISCONDUCT § 733.5 Allegations received by DOE. If DOE receives directly a written allegation of research misconduct with regard to research under a DOE contract or...

10 CFR 733.5 - Allegations received by DOE.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Allegations received by DOE. 733.5 Section 733.5 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ALLEGATIONS OF RESEARCH MISCONDUCT § 733.5 Allegations received by DOE. If DOE receives directly a written allegation of research misconduct with regard to research under a DOE contract or...

10 CFR 733.5 - Allegations received by DOE.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Allegations received by DOE. 733.5 Section 733.5 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ALLEGATIONS OF RESEARCH MISCONDUCT § 733.5 Allegations received by DOE. If DOE receives directly a written allegation of research misconduct with regard to research under a DOE contract or...

10 CFR 733.5 - Allegations received by DOE.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Allegations received by DOE. 733.5 Section 733.5 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ALLEGATIONS OF RESEARCH MISCONDUCT § 733.5 Allegations received by DOE. If DOE receives directly a written allegation of research misconduct with regard to research under a DOE contract or...

[Impacts of cross-habitat resource subsidies on ecosystems: A review.

PubMed

Zhang, Yi Xin; Xiang, Hong Yong

2017-02-01

The flux of matter, energy and nutrients across ecosystems, i.e., resource subsidy, is a fundamental attribute of ecosystems, as well as one of basic research questions in ecology. Common subsidies include leaf litter and terrestrial insects that fall into waters, the adults of aquatic insects, spawning salmon. The allocthonous input of resource subsidy can influence individual organisms, populations, communities, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, such as enhancing individual growth, increasing species abundance and diversity, affecting community structure, enhancing secondary productivity, influencing food-chain length and food web. Due to increased human impacts on environments, especially at aspects of land use, climate change and invasive species, the influence of anthropogenic disturbance on cross-ecosystem resource subsidies will be intensified at both spacial and temporary scales, so that ecosystems will face severer threats. Accordingly, future ecological researches in this field should emphasize the following aspects: impacts of single and multiple stressors on subsidies and ecosystems, implementation of dynamic resource subsidies on ecosystem restoration and management, the dark sides of subsidy relating with pollutants, and basic ecological research on cross-ecosystem resource subsidy in tropics and sub-tropics, as well in China.

45 CFR 1173.605 - Award.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES GOVERNMENTWIDE REQUIREMENTS FOR DRUG-FREE WORKPLACE (FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE... form of money or property in lieu of money. (2) A block grant or a grant in an entitlement program... money. (2) Loans. (3) Loan guarantees. (4) Interest subsidies. (5) Insurance. (6) Direct appropriations...

ENERGY PRODUCTION AND RESIDENTIAL HEATING: TAXATION, SUBSIDIES, AND COMPARATIVE COSTS

EPA Science Inventory

This analysis is in support of the Ohio River Basin Energy Study (ORBES), a multidisciplinary policy research program supported by the Environmental Protection Agency. It examines the effect of economic incentives on public and private decisions affecting energy production and us...

29 CFR 1960.40 - Establishment committee duties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... reports of hazardous conditions, safety and health program deficiencies, and allegations of reprisal; (9... members of record are not satisfied with an agency's response to a report of hazardous working conditions. ... Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION...

20 CFR 667.270 - What safeguards are there to ensure that participants in Workforce Investment Act employment and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... displacement, such as a reduction in the hours of non-overtime work, wages, or employment benefits) any... and program participants alleging displacement may file a complaint under the applicable grievance...

Federal Financial Interventions and Subsidies in Energy Markets 2007

EIA Publications

2008-01-01

This report responds to a request from Senator Lamar Alexander of Tennessee that the Energy Information Administration update its 1999 to 2000 work on federal energy subsidies, including any additions or deletions of federal subsidies based on Administration or Congressional action since 2000, and providing an estimate of the size of each current subsidy. Subsidies directed to electricity production are estimated on the basis of generation by fuel.

Incentive Policy Options for Product Remanufacturing: Subsidizing Donations or Resales?

PubMed

Zhu, Xiaodong; Wang, Zhe; Wang, Yue; Li, Bangyi

2017-12-01

Remanufactured products offer better environmental benefits, and governments encourage manufacturers to remanufacture through various subsidy policies. This practice has shown that, in addition to product sales, remanufactured product can also achieve its value through social donation. Based on the remanufactured product value realization approaches, governments provide two kinds of incentive policies, which are remanufactured product sales subsidies and remanufactured product donation subsidies. This paper constructs a two-stage Stackelberg game model including a government and a manufacturer under two different policies, which can be solved by backward induction. By comparing the optimal decision of the two policies, our results show that, compared with the remanufacturing sales subsidy, donation subsidy weakens the cannibalization of remanufactured products for new products and increases the quantity of new products. It reduces the sales quantity of remanufactured products, but increases their total quantity. Under certain conditions of low subsidy, the manufacturer adopting sales subsidy provides better economic and environmental benefits. Under certain conditions of high subsidy, the manufacturer adopting donation subsidy offers better economic and environmental benefits. When untreated product environmental impact is large enough, donation subsidy policy has a better social welfare. Otherwise, the choice of social welfare of these two different policies depends on the social impact of remanufactured product donated.

Incentive Policy Options for Product Remanufacturing: Subsidizing Donations or Resales?

PubMed Central

Zhu, Xiaodong; Wang, Yue; Li, Bangyi

2017-01-01

Remanufactured products offer better environmental benefits, and governments encourage manufacturers to remanufacture through various subsidy policies. This practice has shown that, in addition to product sales, remanufactured product can also achieve its value through social donation. Based on the remanufactured product value realization approaches, governments provide two kinds of incentive policies, which are remanufactured product sales subsidies and remanufactured product donation subsidies. This paper constructs a two-stage Stackelberg game model including a government and a manufacturer under two different policies, which can be solved by backward induction. By comparing the optimal decision of the two policies, our results show that, compared with the remanufacturing sales subsidy, donation subsidy weakens the cannibalization of remanufactured products for new products and increases the quantity of new products. It reduces the sales quantity of remanufactured products, but increases their total quantity. Under certain conditions of low subsidy, the manufacturer adopting sales subsidy provides better economic and environmental benefits. Under certain conditions of high subsidy, the manufacturer adopting donation subsidy offers better economic and environmental benefits. When untreated product environmental impact is large enough, donation subsidy policy has a better social welfare. Otherwise, the choice of social welfare of these two different policies depends on the social impact of remanufactured product donated. PMID:29194411

Evaluation of Military Criminal Investigative Organizations’ Child Sexual Assault Investigations

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-09-09

allegations. DoD and Service Family Advocacy Program ( FAP ) policies prescribe structure, participation, and 1 The MCIOs include the U.S. Army Criminal...Advocacy Program ( FAP ),” August 23, 2004, refers to the multidisciplinary teams as case review committees and they are made up of: designated individuals...domestic abuse involving persons. . . through public awareness, education, and family support programs provided by the FAP , and through standardized FAP

Effects of reduced cost-sharing on children's health: Evidence from Japan.

PubMed

Takaku, Reo

2016-02-01

Although childhood health status is widely recognized as an important determinant for future achievement and health, there are few studies on the impact of patient cost-sharing on children's health. This paper investigates whether reduced cost-sharing leads to an improvement of health status among preschool and school-age children in Japan, exploiting regional disparities in expansions of municipality-level subsidy programs for out-of-pocket expenditure. With the eligibility for this subsidy program, known as the Medical Subsidy for Children and Infants (MSCI), the coinsurance rate generally decreases from 30% or 20% to zero for outpatient health care services and drug prescriptions. In order to uncover the impact of this program, I conducted an original survey of all municipalities in Japan to understand the time-series evolution of the eligible age for the MSCI in October 2013 (weighted response rate = 75%), and the probability of being eligible for the MSCI was then calculated by the age, prefecture of residence, and year. These probabilities were matched to children's health data from the Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions from 1995 to 2010. The results show that eligibility for the MSCI improves subjective measures of health status among preschool children (n = 115,019). However, I find no such improvement among school-age children (n = 133,855). In addition, MSCI eligibility does not reduce hospitalization among either preschool or school-age children. Taken together, this study finds no discernible effects on health among school-age children, suggesting recent rapid expansions of the MSCI for this age group have not been associated with the improvement of health status. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

School Subsidies for the Poor: Evaluating the Mexican Progresa Poverty Program. Center Discussion Paper.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schultz, T. Paul

In rural Mexico, the Progresa program provided educational grants to poor mothers of children enrolled in grades 3-9 and attending 85 percent of the school days. Payments were increased at the higher grades, a premium was paid for girls enrolled in grades 7-9, and every 6 months the grants were adjusted upward to compensate for inflation. The…

An Analysis of the Monetary Benefits and Costs of Higher Education in New Jersey in 1975-1976.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

New Jersey State Commission on Financing Postsecondary Education, Trenton.

The equitability of current New Jersey State programs supporting higher education is the primary focus of this study. Taxpayer equity is defined as the distribution of higher education costs on the basis of ability to pay and commensurate with the distribution of higher education subsidies. The net effect of all state programs on each income group…

Annual NASSGP/NCHELP Research Conference on Student Financial Aid Research (4th, St. Louis, Missouri, June 3-5, 1987). The Proceedings, Volume 2.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

New York State Higher Education Services Corp., Albany.

The following papers from the National Association of State Scholarship and Grant Programs/National Council of Higher Education Loan Programs conference on student aid are provided: (1) "The Equity of Higher Education Subsidies" (John B. Lee); (2) "The Economics and Financing of Higher Education: The Tension between Quality and…

Child Care: Narrow Subsidy Programs Create Problems for Mothers Trying To Work. Testimony before the Subcommittee on Early Childhood, Youth, and Families, Committee on Economic and Educational Opportunities, House of Representatives.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ross, Jane L.

This testimony examines the role that affordable child care plays in helping unemployed mothers enter and remain in the workforce, focusing on how current federal programs create service gaps for low-income mothers attempting to work. These are issues needing consideration as consolidation of these programs is weighed as a means of closing these…

Medicare Part D: successes and continuing challenges. Impact of Medicare Part D on Massachusetts health programs and beneficiaries.

PubMed

Thomas, Cindy Parks; Sussman, Jeffrey

2007-05-30

On January 1, 2006, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) implemented the Medicare Drug Benefit, or "Medicare Part D." The program offers prescription drug coverage for the one million Medicare beneficiaries in Massachusetts. Part D affects Massachusetts state health programs and beneficiaries in a number of ways. The program: (1) provides prescription drug insurance, including catastrophic coverage, through a choice of private prescription drug plans (PDPs) or integrated Medicare Advantage (MA-PD) health plans; (2) shifts prescription drug coverage for dual-eligible Medicare / Medicaid beneficiaries from Medicaid to Medicare Part D drug plans; (3) requires a maintenance-of-effort, or "clawback" payments from states to CMS designed to capture a portion of states' Medicaid savings to help finance the benefit; (4) offers additional help for premiums and cost sharing to low income beneficiaries through the Low Income Subsidy (LIS); and (5) provides a subsidy to employer groups that maintain their own prescription drug coverage for retired beneficiaries. This paper summarizes the activities involved in implementing Medicare Part D, the impact it has had on Massachusetts health programs, and the experiences of beneficiaries and others conducting outreach and enrollment. The data are drawn from interviews with officials and documents provided by state health programs, CMS and the Social Security Administration, and representatives of provider and advocacy groups involved in the enrollment and ongoing support of Medicare beneficiaries.

Effects of asymmetric medical insurance subsidy on hospitals competition under non-price regulation.

PubMed

Wang, Chan; Nie, Pu-Yan

2016-11-15

Poor medical care and high fees are two major problems in the world health care system. As a result, health care insurance system reform is a major issue in developing countries, such as China. Governments should take the effect of health care insurance system reform on the competition of hospitals into account when they practice a reform. This article aims to capture the influences of asymmetric medical insurance subsidy and the importance of medical quality to patients on hospitals competition under non-price regulation. We establish a three-stage duopoly model with quantity and quality competition. In the model, qualitative difference and asymmetric medical insurance subsidy among hospitals are considered. The government decides subsidy (or reimbursement) ratios in the first stage. Hospitals choose the quality in the second stage and then support the quantity in the third stage. We obtain our conclusions by mathematical model analyses and all the results are achieved by backward induction. The importance of medical quality to patients has stronger influence on the small hospital, while subsidy has greater effect on the large hospital. Meanwhile, the importance of medical quality to patients strengthens competition, but subsidy effect weakens it. Besides, subsidy ratios difference affects the relationship between subsidy and hospital competition. Furthermore, we capture the optimal reimbursement ratio based on social welfare maximization. More importantly, this paper finds that the higher management efficiency of the medical insurance investment funds is, the higher the best subsidy ratio is. This paper states that subsidy is a two-edged sword. On one hand, subsidy stimulates medical demand. On the other hand, subsidy raises price and inhibits hospital competition. Therefore, government must set an appropriate subsidy ratio difference between large and small hospitals to maximize the total social welfare. For a developing country with limited medical resources and great difference in hospitals such as China, adjusting the reimbursement ratios between different level hospitals and increasing medical quality are two reasonable methods for the sustainable development of its health system.

Analysis of the effectiveness of fertilizer subsidy policy and its effect on rice production in Karanganyar Regency

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mulyadiana, A. T.; Marwanti, S.; Rahayu, W.

2018-03-01

The research aims to know the factors which affecting rice production, and to know the effectiveness of fertilizer subsidy policy on rice production in Karanganyar Regency. The fertilizer subsidy policy was based on four indicators of fertilizer subsidy namely exact price, exact place, exact time, and exact quantity. Data was analyzed using descriptive quantitative and qualitative and multiple linear regression. The result of research showed that fertilizer subsidy policy in Karanganyar Regency evaluated from four indicators was not effective because the distribution of fertilizer subsidy to farmers still experience some mistakes. The result of regression analysis showed that production factors such as land area, use of urea fertilizer, use of NPK fertilizer, and effectiveness of fertilizer subsidy policy had positive correlation and significant influence on rice production, while labor utilization and use of seeds factors had no significant effect on rice production in Karanganyar Regency. This means that if the fertilizer subsidy policy is more effective, rice production is also increased.

42 CFR 423.773 - Requirements for eligibility.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Requirements for eligibility. 423.773 Section 423.773 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICARE PROGRAM VOLUNTARY MEDICARE PRESCRIPTION DRUG BENEFIT Premiums and Cost-Sharing Subsidies...

19 CFR 351.513 - Worker-related subsidies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... Customs Duties INTERNATIONAL TRADE ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE ANTIDUMPING AND COUNTERVAILING...) Benefit. In the case of a program that provides assistance to workers, a benefit exists to the extent that... benefit. In the case of assistance provided to workers, the Secretary normally will consider the benefit...

22 CFR 312.605 - Award.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... PEACE CORPS GOVERNMENTWIDE REQUIREMENTS FOR DRUG-FREE WORKPLACE (FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE) Definitions § 312... form of money or property in lieu of money. (2) A block grant or a grant in an entitlement program... instead of money. (2) Loans. (3) Loan guarantees. (4) Interest subsidies. (5) Insurance. (6) Direct...

22 CFR 312.605 - Award.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... Relations PEACE CORPS GOVERNMENTWIDE REQUIREMENTS FOR DRUG-FREE WORKPLACE (FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE) Definitions... form of money or property in lieu of money. (2) A block grant or a grant in an entitlement program... instead of money. (2) Loans. (3) Loan guarantees. (4) Interest subsidies. (5) Insurance. (6) Direct...

22 CFR 312.605 - Award.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... PEACE CORPS GOVERNMENTWIDE REQUIREMENTS FOR DRUG-FREE WORKPLACE (FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE) Definitions § 312... form of money or property in lieu of money. (2) A block grant or a grant in an entitlement program... instead of money. (2) Loans. (3) Loan guarantees. (4) Interest subsidies. (5) Insurance. (6) Direct...

22 CFR 312.605 - Award.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... PEACE CORPS GOVERNMENTWIDE REQUIREMENTS FOR DRUG-FREE WORKPLACE (FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE) Definitions § 312... form of money or property in lieu of money. (2) A block grant or a grant in an entitlement program... instead of money. (2) Loans. (3) Loan guarantees. (4) Interest subsidies. (5) Insurance. (6) Direct...

22 CFR 312.605 - Award.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... PEACE CORPS GOVERNMENTWIDE REQUIREMENTS FOR DRUG-FREE WORKPLACE (FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE) Definitions § 312... form of money or property in lieu of money. (2) A block grant or a grant in an entitlement program... instead of money. (2) Loans. (3) Loan guarantees. (4) Interest subsidies. (5) Insurance. (6) Direct...

Evaluation of five years of GM funding for public information and education programs.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2009-10-01

On March 7, 1995, an agreement was reached between General Motors (GM) and NHTSA to settle an investigation into alleged fires in GM pickup trucks. The agreement avoided litigation and offered an opportunity for meaningful cooperation between governm...

12 CFR 352.10 - Compliance procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF DISABILITY § 352.10 Compliance procedures. (a) Applicability. Paragraph (b) of... disability discrimination in FDIC programs or activities and denial of technology access. (b) Employment complaints. The FDIC shall process complaints alleging employment discrimination on the basis of disability...

7 CFR 1145.3 - Enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... and Orders; Milk), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE DAIRY FORWARD PRICING PROGRAM Enforcement § 1145.3 Enforcement. A handler may not require participation in a forward pricing contract as a condition of the... complaints made by producers or cooperative associations alleging coercion by handlers to enter into forward...

The Effects of Subsidies and Mandates : A Dynamic Model of the Ethanol Industry

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2017-11-01

This paper analyzes the effects of government subsidies and the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) on the U.S. ethanol industry. We first develop a stylized theory model of subsidies in which we examine which types of subsidies are more cost-effective for...

Analysing oil-production subsidies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Steenblik, Ronald

2017-11-01

Understanding how subsidies affect fossil-fuel investment returns and production is crucial to commencing new reforms. New analysis on the impact of subsidies on US crude-oil producers finds that, at recent oil prices of around US50 per barrel, tax preferences and other subsidies push nearly half of new oil investments into profitability.

Are Public Subsidies to Higher Education Regressive?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Johnson, William R.

2006-01-01

This article estimates the dollar amount of public higher education subsidies received by U.S. youth and examines the distribution of subsidies and the taxes that finance them across parental and student income levels. Although youths from high-income families obtain more benefit from higher education subsidies, high-income households pay…

76 FR 60134 - Agency Information Collection (Child Care Subsidy) Activity Under OMB Review

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-28

... Care Subsidy) Activity Under OMB Review AGENCY: Human Resources and Administration, Department of....gov . Please refer to ``OMB Control No. 2900-0717.'' SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Titles a. Child Care Subsidy Application Form, VA Form 0730a. b. Child Care Provider Information (For the Child Care Subsidy...

42 CFR 423.904 - Eligibility determinations for low-income subsidies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Eligibility determinations for low-income subsidies... Eligibility determinations for low-income subsidies. (a) General rule. The State agency must make eligibility determinations and redeterminations for low-income premium and cost-sharing subsidies in accordance with subpart...

Education as a Tool for Peace? The King Abdullah Scholarship Program and Perceptions of Saudi Arabia and UAE Post 9/11

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hilal, Kholoud T.; Denman, Brian D.

2013-01-01

Since 9/11, Saudi Arabia has made significant attempts to change its public image because of its alleged association with global terrorism. Given its charitable interests in promoting education as a tool for peace within the Arab region, it has established the King Abdullah Scholarship Program (KASP), considered to be the most heavily endowed…

An Analysis of Arizona Individual Income Tax-Credit Scholarship Recipients' Family Income, 2009-10 School Year. Program on Education Policy and Governance Working Paper. PEPG 10-18

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Murray, Vicki E.

2010-01-01

In 2009, the "East Valley Tribune and the Arizona Republic" alleged that Arizona's individual income tax-credit scholarship program disproportionately serves privileged students from higher-income families over those from lower-income backgrounds. Yet neither paper collected the student-level, scholarship recipient family income data…

Abuses in Federal Student Grant Programs. Hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Third Congress, First Session (October 27-28, 1993).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Congress of the U.S., Washington, DC. Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs.

It appears that many of the problems plaguing the Federal Student Aid Programs are also undermining the Pell Grant program, not so much from dishonesty on the part of students, but by dishonesty on the part of schools. This document presents testimony and prepared statements concerning the allegations of fraud, abuse, and mismanagement in the…

24 CFR 135.11 - Other laws governing training, employment, and contracting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... preference in the evaluation of bids or proposals. (2) Flexible Subsidy Program. Multifamily project... practices it selects provide preference to section 3 business concerns. (b) Procurement standards for other... statute that expressly encourages a geographic preference in the evaluation of bids or proposals. (c...

42 CFR 423.771 - Basis and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Basis and scope. 423.771 Section 423.771 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICARE PROGRAM VOLUNTARY MEDICARE PRESCRIPTION DRUG BENEFIT Premiums and Cost-Sharing Subsidies for Low...

42 CFR 423.772 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... PROGRAM VOLUNTARY MEDICARE PRESCRIPTION DRUG BENEFIT Premiums and Cost-Sharing Subsidies for Low-Income... 42 Public Health 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Definitions. 423.772 Section 423.772 Public Health... revision required by that section. Full-benefit dual eligible individual means an individual who, for any...

24 CFR 990.225 - Transition determination.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... DEVELOPMENT THE PUBLIC HOUSING OPERATING FUND PROGRAM Transition Policy and Transition Funding § 990.225 Transition determination. The determination of the amount and period of the transition funding shall be based... effect prior to implementation of the formula set forth in this part. The difference in subsidy levels...

24 CFR 990.225 - Transition determination.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... DEVELOPMENT THE PUBLIC HOUSING OPERATING FUND PROGRAM Transition Policy and Transition Funding § 990.225 Transition determination. The determination of the amount and period of the transition funding shall be based... effect prior to implementation of the formula set forth in this part. The difference in subsidy levels...

24 CFR 990.225 - Transition determination.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... DEVELOPMENT THE PUBLIC HOUSING OPERATING FUND PROGRAM Transition Policy and Transition Funding § 990.225 Transition determination. The determination of the amount and period of the transition funding shall be based... effect prior to implementation of the formula set forth in this part. The difference in subsidy levels...

41 CFR 105-74.605 - Award.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...-GOVERNMENTWIDE REQUIREMENTS FOR DRUG-FREE WORKPLACE (FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE) Definitions § 105-74.605 Award. Award... form of money or property in lieu of money. (2) A block grant or a grant in an entitlement program... money. (2) Loans. (3) Loan guarantees. (4) Interest subsidies. (5) Insurance. (6) Direct appropriations...

41 CFR 105-74.605 - Award.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

...-GOVERNMENTWIDE REQUIREMENTS FOR DRUG-FREE WORKPLACE (FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE) Definitions § 105-74.605 Award. Award... form of money or property in lieu of money. (2) A block grant or a grant in an entitlement program... money. (2) Loans. (3) Loan guarantees. (4) Interest subsidies. (5) Insurance. (6) Direct appropriations...

41 CFR 105-74.605 - Award.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...-GOVERNMENTWIDE REQUIREMENTS FOR DRUG-FREE WORKPLACE (FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE) Definitions § 105-74.605 Award. Award... form of money or property in lieu of money. (2) A block grant or a grant in an entitlement program... money. (2) Loans. (3) Loan guarantees. (4) Interest subsidies. (5) Insurance. (6) Direct appropriations...

41 CFR 105-74.605 - Award.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

...-GOVERNMENTWIDE REQUIREMENTS FOR DRUG-FREE WORKPLACE (FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE) Definitions § 105-74.605 Award. Award... form of money or property in lieu of money. (2) A block grant or a grant in an entitlement program... money. (2) Loans. (3) Loan guarantees. (4) Interest subsidies. (5) Insurance. (6) Direct appropriations...

41 CFR 105-74.605 - Award.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

...-GOVERNMENTWIDE REQUIREMENTS FOR DRUG-FREE WORKPLACE (FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE) Definitions § 105-74.605 Award. Award... form of money or property in lieu of money. (2) A block grant or a grant in an entitlement program... money. (2) Loans. (3) Loan guarantees. (4) Interest subsidies. (5) Insurance. (6) Direct appropriations...

Procurement Practices for the Composite Armored Vehicle and Composite Affordability Initiative Programs

DTIC Science & Technology

1999-10-26

The audit objective was to determine whether violations of procurement regulations occurred regarding procurement of selected components of the Army...Crusader vehicle and the Joint Strike Fighter aircraft. However, during the audit , we determined that the allegations involved the Army Composite

28 CFR 42.731 - Complaints.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... PROCEDURES Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Age in Federally Assisted Programs or Activities; Implementation of the Age Discrimination Act of 1975 Compliance Procedures § 42.731 Complaints. (a) General. This... complainant first learned of the alleged violation, and is signed by the complainant). (3) When a complaint is...

28 CFR 42.731 - Complaints.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... PROCEDURES Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Age in Federally Assisted Programs or Activities; Implementation of the Age Discrimination Act of 1975 Compliance Procedures § 42.731 Complaints. (a) General. This... complainant first learned of the alleged violation, and is signed by the complainant). (3) When a complaint is...

40 CFR 174.71 - Submission of information regarding adverse effects.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... any information regarding adverse effects on human health or the environment alleged to have been... information. (b) Adverse effects on human health or the environment for purposes of plant-incorporated... (CONTINUED) PESTICIDE PROGRAMS PROCEDURES AND REQUIREMENTS FOR PLANT-INCORPORATED PROTECTANTS Monitoring and...

40 CFR 174.71 - Submission of information regarding adverse effects.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... any information regarding adverse effects on human health or the environment alleged to have been... information. (b) Adverse effects on human health or the environment for purposes of plant-incorporated... (CONTINUED) PESTICIDE PROGRAMS PROCEDURES AND REQUIREMENTS FOR PLANT-INCORPORATED PROTECTANTS Monitoring and...

40 CFR 174.71 - Submission of information regarding adverse effects.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... any information regarding adverse effects on human health or the environment alleged to have been... information. (b) Adverse effects on human health or the environment for purposes of plant-incorporated... (CONTINUED) PESTICIDE PROGRAMS PROCEDURES AND REQUIREMENTS FOR PLANT-INCORPORATED PROTECTANTS Monitoring and...

40 CFR 174.71 - Submission of information regarding adverse effects.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... any information regarding adverse effects on human health or the environment alleged to have been... information. (b) Adverse effects on human health or the environment for purposes of plant-incorporated... (CONTINUED) PESTICIDE PROGRAMS PROCEDURES AND REQUIREMENTS FOR PLANT-INCORPORATED PROTECTANTS Monitoring and...

40 CFR 174.71 - Submission of information regarding adverse effects.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... any information regarding adverse effects on human health or the environment alleged to have been... information. (b) Adverse effects on human health or the environment for purposes of plant-incorporated... (CONTINUED) PESTICIDE PROGRAMS PROCEDURES AND REQUIREMENTS FOR PLANT-INCORPORATED PROTECTANTS Monitoring and...

6 CFR 15.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... specific learning disabilities. The term physical or mental impairment includes, but is not limited to... DISABILITY IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY § 15.3 Definitions. For... disabilities shall also identify (where possible) the alleged victims of discrimination. (c) Facility means all...

Part D employer retiree drug subsidy: inception, implementation and issues.

PubMed

Costello, Ann

2010-01-01

The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 provided a subsidy to employers that offered a retiree health prescription coverage benefit actuarially equivalent to Medicare Part D. This article reviews the development of the subsidy, the support by the federal government and the issues that have arisen. It also presents analysis of data from a set of companies that offered retiree health in 2006 and 2007. The data show widespread acceptance of the subsidy and continuance of prescription coverage; however, companies that did not take the subsidy were more likely to be smaller and in less robust financial health. Analysis of a subset of the companies shows the magnitude of the benefits paid yearly and the accounting liability caused by retiree health relative to the size of the subsidy. The author concludes that the potential success or failure of the federal subsidy in preserving retiree health benefits will not be known for years. Nevertheless, with the elimination of the deductibility of the subsidy in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), employers surely will reexamine their offer of prescription coverage to retirees.

Large repayments of premium subsidies may be owed to the IRS if family income changes are not promptly reported.

PubMed

Jacobs, Ken; Graham-Squire, Dave; Gould, Elise; Roby, Dylan

2013-09-01

Subsidies for health insurance premiums under the Affordable Care Act are refundable tax credits. They can be taken when taxes are filed or in advance, as reductions in monthly premiums that must be reconciled at tax filing. Recipients who take subsidies in advance will receive tax refunds if their subsidies were too small but will have to make repayments if their subsidies were too high. We analyzed predicted repayments and refunds for people receiving subsidies, using California as a case study. We found that many families could owe large repayments to the Internal Revenue Service at their next tax filing. If income changes were reported and credits adjusted in a timely manner throughout the tax year, the number of filers owing repayments would be reduced by 7-41 percent and the median size of repayments reduced by as much as 61 percent (depending on the level of changes reported and the method used to adjust the subsidy amounts). We recommend that the health insurance exchanges mandated by the Affordable Care Act educate consumers about how the subsidies work and the need to promptly report income changes. We also recommend that they provide tools and assistance to determine the amount of subsidies that enrollees should take in advance.

Bioeconomic analysis of child-targeted subsidies for artemisinin combination therapies: a cost-effectiveness analysis

PubMed Central

Klein, Eili Y.; Smith, David L.; Cohen, Justin M.; Laxminarayan, Ramanan

2015-01-01

The Affordable Medicines Facility for malaria (AMFm) was conceived as a global market-based mechanism to increase access to effective malaria treatment and prolong effectiveness of artemisinin. Although results from a pilot implementation suggested that the subsidy was effective in increasing access to high-quality artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs), the Global Fund has converted AMFm into a country-driven mechanism whereby individual countries could choose to fund the subsidy from within their country envelopes. Because the initial costs of the subsidy in the pilot countries was higher than expected, countries are also exploring alternatives to a universal subsidy, such as subsidizing only child doses. We examined the incremental cost-effectiveness of a child-targeted policy using an age-structured bioeconomic model of malaria from the provider perspective. Because the vast majority of malaria deaths occur in children, targeting children could potentially improve the cost-effectiveness of the subsidy, though it would avert significantly fewer deaths. However, the benefits of a child-targeted subsidy (i.e. deaths averted) are eroded as leakage (i.e. older individuals taking young child-targeted doses) increases, with few of the benefits of a universal subsidy gained (i.e. reductions in overall prevalence). Although potentially more cost-effective, a child-targeted subsidy must contain measures to reduce the possibility of leakage. PMID:25994293

Green roof adoption in atlanta, georgia: the effects of building characteristics and subsidies on net private, public, and social benefits.

PubMed

Mullen, Jeffrey D; Lamsal, Madhur; Colson, Greg

2013-10-01

This research draws on and expands previous studies that have quantified the costs and benefits associated with conventional roofs versus green roofs. Using parameters from those studies to define alternative scenarios, we estimate from a private, public, and social perspective the costs and benefits of installing and maintaining an extensive green roof in Atlanta, GA. Results indicate net private benefits are a decreasing function of roof size and vary considerably across scenarios. In contrast, net public benefits are highly stable across scenarios, ranging from $32.49 to $32.90 m(-2). In addition, we evaluate two alternative subsidy regimes: (i) a general subsidy provided to every building that adopts a green roof and (ii) a targeted subsidy provided only to buildings for which net private benefits are negative but net public benefits are positive. In 6 of the 12 general subsidy scenarios the optimal public policy is not to offer a subsidy; in 5 scenarios the optimal subsidy rate is between $20 and $27 m(-2); and in 1 scenario the optimal rate is $5 m(-2). The optimal rate with a targeted subsidy is between $20 and $27 m(-2) in 11 scenarios and no subsidy is optimal in the twelfth. In most scenarios, a significant portion of net public benefits are generated by buildings for which net private benefits are positive. This suggests a policy focused on information dissemination and technical assistance may be more cost-effective than direct subsidy payments.

Quantity and quality: unifying food web and ecosystem perspectives on the role of resource subsidies in freshwaters.

PubMed

Marcarelli, Amy M; Baxter, Colden V; Mineau, Madeleine M; Hall, Robert O

2011-06-01

Although the study of resource subsidies has emerged as a key topic in both ecosystem and food web ecology, the dialogue over their role has been limited by separate approaches that emphasize either subsidy quantity or quality. Considering quantity and quality together may provide a simple, but previously unexplored, framework for identifying the mechanisms that govern the importance of subsidies for recipient food webs and ecosystems. Using a literature review of > 90 studies of open-water metabolism in lakes and streams, we show that high-flux, low-quality subsidies can drive freshwater ecosystem dynamics. Because most of these ecosystems are net heterotrophic, allochthonous inputs must subsidize respiration. Second, using a literature review of subsidy quality and use, we demonstrate that animals select for high-quality food resources in proportions greater than would be predicted based on food quantity, and regardless of allochthonous or autochthonous origin. This finding suggests that low-flux, high-quality subsidies may be selected for by animals, and in turn may disproportionately affect food web and ecosystem processes (e.g., animal production, trophic energy or organic matter flow, trophic cascades). We then synthesize and review approaches that evaluate the role of subsidies and explicitly merge ecosystem and food web perspectives by placing food web measurements in the context of ecosystem budgets, by comparing trophic and ecosystem production and fluxes, and by constructing flow food webs. These tools can and should be used to address future questions about subsidies, such as the relative importance of subsidies to different trophic levels and how subsidies may maintain or disrupt ecosystem stability and food web interactions.

Do stage-specific functional responses of consumers dampen the effects of subsidies on trophic cascades in streams?

PubMed

Sato, Takuya; Watanabe, Katsutoshi

2014-07-01

Resource subsidies often weaken trophic cascades in recipient communities via consumers' functional response to the subsidies. Consumer populations are commonly stage-structured and may respond to the subsidies differently among the stages yet less is known about how this might impact the subsidy effects on the strength of trophic cascades in recipient systems. We show here, using a large-scale field experiment, that the stage structure of a recipient consumer would dampen the effects of terrestrial invertebrate subsidies on the strength of trophic cascade in streams. When a high input rate of the terrestrial invertebrates was available, both large and small fish stages switched their diet to the terrestrial subsidy, which weakened the trophic cascade in streams. However, when the input rate of the terrestrial invertebrates was at a moderate level, the terrestrial subsidy did not weaken the trophic cascade. This discrepancy was likely due to small fish stages being competitively excluded from feeding on the subsidy by larger stages of fish and primarily foraging on benthic invertebrates under the moderate input level. Although previous studies using single fish stages have clearly demonstrated that the terrestrial invertebrate input equivalent to our moderate input rate weakened the trophic cascade in streams, this subsidy effect might be overestimated given small fish stage may not switch their diet to the subsidy under competition with large fish stage. Given the ubiquity of consumer stage structure and interaction among consumer stages, the effects we saw might be widespread in nature, requiring future studies that explicitly involve consumer's stage structure into community ecology. © 2013 The Authors. Journal of Animal Ecology © 2013 British Ecological Society.

42 CFR 93.402 - ORI allegation assessments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... RESEARCH MISCONDUCT Responsibilities of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Research Misconduct Issues § 93.402 ORI allegation assessments. (a) When ORI receives an allegation of research misconduct directly or becomes aware of an allegation or apparent instance of research misconduct, it may...

Fortifying baladi bread in Egypt: reaching more than 50 million people through the subsidy program.

PubMed

Elhakim, Nadine; Laillou, Arnaud; El Nakeeb, Anwar; Yacoub, Rukia; Shehata, Magdy

2012-12-01

Micronutrient deficiencies, especially iron-deficiency anemia, are a public health problem in Egypt, where anemia rates almost doubled in the years from 2000 to 2005. In 2008, the Government of Egypt began implementation of a 5-year national program to fortify with iron and folic acid the wheat flour used in baking subsidized baladi bread, the staple food consumed by a majority of low- income groups. To project the achievements of this national Wheat Flour Fortification Program. This paper describes the program, estimates the production of fortified flour and consumption of fortified bread, and identifies program challenges and sustainability issues. Through the national Wheat Flour Fortification Program, ferrous sulfate and folic acid are now added to all wheat flour produced under the national Food Subsidy Program. Up to 50 million Egyptians nationwide are now consuming quality-assured fortified baladi bread on a daily basis. In 2011, 6.5 million MT of fortified wheat flour was produced by 143 participating public- and private-sector mills. Political changes in Egypt in 2011 did not seem to affect the program; the new leadership in the Ministry of Supply and Internal Trade remains committed to fortification of wheat flour. The daily intake of approximately 12 mg of iron and 600 microg of folic acid through the consumption of baladi bread suggests that the impact of the program on the prevention and reduction of iron and folate deficiencies among the Egyptian population could be significant; the results of an end-line survey are pending.

Residential energy conservation measures: a penny saved is a penny earned

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Finklea, E.A.; Treiber, M.P.

The authors are not suggesting that conservation alone will end our dependence on foreign oil. The focus is on basic household energy-conservation measures because they are technically simple, inexpensive, and available compared to more advanced energy-efficiency technologies (e.g., architectural designs and passive solar devices), or to alternative production technologies (e.g., photovoltaics and synthetic fuels). The social, institutional, and economic obstacles to implementing these basic measures are analyzed, and suggestions offered for overcoming these obstacles. During the Carter Administration, Congress enacted four laws to encourage the installation of household energy conservation measures. The laws provide: (1) tax credits for energy conservationmore » expenditures; (2) conservation investment subsidies for low income homeowners; and require: (3) natural gas and electric utilities to implement residential energy conservation programs for their customers; and (4) the federal government to provide loan subsidies for household energy-conservation investments through a conservation bank. The potential effectiveness of these federal programs are analyzed. President Reagan's advisers have indicated that the new administration will place greater emphasis on energy production and less emphasis on conservation. Consequently, the effectiveness of these programs may depend on the priority given them by the Reagan administration.« less

76 FR 8767 - Agency Information Collection Activities: e-Allegations Submission

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-15

... Activities: e-Allegations Submission AGENCY: U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Department of Homeland... (OMB) for review and approval in accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act: e- Allegations Submission.... Title: e-Allegations Submission. OMB Number: 1651-0131. Abstract: In the interest of detecting trade...

Federal Financial Interventions and Subsidies in Energy Markets 1999: Primary Energy

EIA Publications

1999-01-01

The analysis in this report was undertaken at the request of the Office of Policy, U.S. Department of Energy. In its request, the Office of Policy asked the Energy Information Administration (EIA) to update the 1992 EIA report on Federal energy subsidies, including any additions or deletions of Federal subsidies based on Administration and Congressional action since the 1992 report was written, and to provide an estimate of the size of each current subsidy. Subsidies to be included are those through which a government or public body provides a financial benefit.

Federal Financial Interventions and Subsidies in Energy Markets 1999: Energy Transformation and End Use

EIA Publications

2008-01-01

This is the second report prepared in response to a two-part request from the Office of Policy, U.S. Department of Energy, to provide an estimate of U.S. Federal energy subsidies. In its request, the Office of Policy asked the Energy Information Administration (EIA) to update a 1992 EIA report on Federal energy subsidies, including any additions or deletions of Federal subsidies based on Administration and Congressional action since the 1992 report was written, and to provide an estimate of the size of each current subsidy.

Using Private Demand Studies to Calculate Socially Optimal Vaccine Subsidies in Developing Countries

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cook, Joseph; Jeuland, Marc; Maskery, Brian; Lauria, Donald; Dipika, Sur; Clemens, John; Whittington, Dale

2009-01-01

Although it is well known that vaccines against many infectious diseases confer positive economic externalities via indirect protection, analysts have typically ignored possible herd protection effects in policy analyses of vaccination programs. Despite a growing literature on the economic theory of vaccine externalities and several innovative…

76 FR 64313 - Multilayered Wood Flooring From the People's Republic of China: Final Affirmative Countervailing...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-18

... Countervailing Duty Operations, from Susan H. Kuhbach, Office Director AD/CVD Operations, Office 1... provision of electricity for less than adequate remuneration, and 2) the countervailable subsidy rates for... Other Programs Comment 4 Provision of Electricity for Less Than Adequate Remuneration Comment 5...

24 CFR 990.230 - PHAs that will experience a subsidy reduction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... URBAN DEVELOPMENT THE PUBLIC HOUSING OPERATING FUND PROGRAM Transition Policy and Transition Funding... percent of the difference between the two funding levels in the first year of implementation of the formula contained in this part; (2) 24 percent of the difference between the two funding levels in the...

49 CFR 260.15 - Credit risk premium.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Credit risk premium. 260.15 Section 260.15... REHABILITATION AND IMPROVEMENT FINANCING PROGRAM Overview § 260.15 Credit risk premium. (a) Where available... pay to the Administrator a Credit Risk Premium adequate to cover that portion of the subsidy cost not...

Improving Outcomes from Your Planning Process during Turbulent Times

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kahn, Jay V.

2011-01-01

The retreat of state funding for higher education and other factors has increased competition and program duplication among campuses. Subsidies of in-state student tuition has shrunk; the perception of public good investments has transformed into students paying their educational costs, for what is considered private good, by borrowing against…

An Overview of the Results on Consumption, Health, and Social Behavior

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Baumol, William J.

1974-01-01

The consumption effects, health, social activities, and family size of families eligible for or receiving subsidies such as negative income tax (Graduated Work Incentive Experiment-New Jersey, Pennsylvania) did not change significantly; however, the support program apparently produced an improvement in housing standards and an increase in home…

7 CFR 762.150 - Interest assistance program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... assistance the lender's cash flow budget for the guaranteed applicant must reflect the need for interest assistance and the ability to cash flow with the subsidy. Interest assistance is available only on new... significant changes in the borrower's cash flow budget are anticipated after the initial 12 months, then the...

7 CFR 762.150 - Interest assistance program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... assistance the lender's cash flow budget for the guaranteed applicant must reflect the need for interest assistance and the ability to cash flow with the subsidy. Interest assistance is available only on new... significant changes in the borrower's cash flow budget are anticipated after the initial 12 months, then the...

7 CFR 762.150 - Interest assistance program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... assistance the lender's cash flow budget for the guaranteed applicant must reflect the need for interest assistance and the ability to cash flow with the subsidy. Interest assistance is available only on new... significant changes in the borrower's cash flow budget are anticipated after the initial 12 months, then the...

7 CFR 762.150 - Interest assistance program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... assistance the lender's cash flow budget for the guaranteed applicant must reflect the need for interest assistance and the ability to cash flow with the subsidy. Interest assistance is available only on new... significant changes in the borrower's cash flow budget are anticipated after the initial 12 months, then the...

12 CFR 1291.9 - Agreements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 9 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Agreements. 1291.9 Section 1291.9 Banks and... HOUSING PROGRAM § 1291.9 Agreements. (a) Agreements between Banks and members. A Bank shall have in place with each member receiving an AHP subsidized advance or AHP direct subsidy an agreement or agreements...

12 CFR 1291.9 - Agreements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 10 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Agreements. 1291.9 Section 1291.9 Banks and... HOUSING PROGRAM § 1291.9 Agreements. (a) Agreements between Banks and members. A Bank shall have in place with each member receiving an AHP subsidized advance or AHP direct subsidy an agreement or agreements...

12 CFR 1291.9 - Agreements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 7 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Agreements. 1291.9 Section 1291.9 Banks and... HOUSING PROGRAM § 1291.9 Agreements. (a) Agreements between Banks and members. A Bank shall have in place with each member receiving an AHP subsidized advance or AHP direct subsidy an agreement or agreements...

12 CFR 1291.9 - Agreements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 7 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Agreements. 1291.9 Section 1291.9 Banks and... HOUSING PROGRAM § 1291.9 Agreements. (a) Agreements between Banks and members. A Bank shall have in place with each member receiving an AHP subsidized advance or AHP direct subsidy an agreement or agreements...

12 CFR 1291.9 - Agreements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 9 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Agreements. 1291.9 Section 1291.9 Banks and... HOUSING PROGRAM § 1291.9 Agreements. (a) Agreements between Banks and members. A Bank shall have in place with each member receiving an AHP subsidized advance or AHP direct subsidy an agreement or agreements...

The Farm Crisis: Who's in Trouble, How to Respond. National Issues Forum.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 1987

1987-01-01

Provides a synopsis of information about the current crises in American agriculture. Addresses national farm policy, political activities, surplus crops, subsidy programs, the loss of smaller family-operated farms, and farm markets. Includes an opinion instrument that invites the reader to respond to the issues. (TW)

Decentralized University Budgeting, United with a More Flexible Tuition Structure

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fethke, Gary

2014-01-01

With tuition revenues replacing state appropriations as the primary source of public university funding, it becomes difficult for universities to use historically based budget allocations and inflexible tuition structures to subsidize high-cost programs. It is argued here that combining targeted subsidies with a flexible tuition structure and…

Measuring the costs and benefits of conservation programs

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Einhorn, M.A.

1985-07-25

A step-by-step analysis of the effects of utility-sponsored conservation promoting programs begins by identifying several factors which will reduce a program's effectiveness. The framework for measuring cost savings and designing a conservation program needs to consider the size of appliance subsidies, what form incentives should take, and how will customer behavior change as a result of incentives. Continual reevaluation is necessary to determine whether to change the size of rebates or whether to continue the program. Analytical tools for making these determinations are improving as conceptual breakthroughs in econometrics permit more rigorous analysis. 5 figures.

29 CFR 42.8 - Coordination plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... coordination plan shall describe the present program responsibilities of OSHA for protecting the safety and... under, and alleged violations of, OSHA recorded in the logs of the OSHA State and area offices, and shall provide general goals for OSHA enforcement activities for the following year as established by...

40 CFR 135.11 - Service of notice.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

....11 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) WATER PROGRAMS PRIOR NOTICE OF CITIZEN SUITS Prior Notice Under the Safe Drinking Water Act § 135.11 Service of notice. (a... water system or underground injection well is alleged to be in violation, service shall be upon the...

40 CFR 135.11 - Service of notice.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

....11 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) WATER PROGRAMS PRIOR NOTICE OF CITIZEN SUITS Prior Notice Under the Safe Drinking Water Act § 135.11 Service of notice. (a... water system or underground injection well is alleged to be in violation, service shall be upon the...

45 CFR 1153.170 - Compliance procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Compliance procedures. 1153.170 Section 1153.170... PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED BY THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS § 1153.170 Compliance procedures... and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board upon receipt of any complaint alleging that a building or...

Essays on Environmental Policy in Energy Markets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Boomhower, Judson Paul

Producing and consuming energy involves costly environmental externalities, which are addressed through a wide range of public policy interventions. This dissertation examines three economic questions that are important to environmental regulation in energy. The first chapter measures the effect of bankruptcy protection on industry structure and environmental outcomes in oil and gas extraction. The second chapter measures additionality in an appliance replacement rebate program. Finally, the third chapter focuses on the environmental impacts of subsidizing electricity production from forest-derived biomass fuels. The first chapter measures the incentive effect of limited liability. When liability is limited by bankruptcy, theory says that firms will take excessive environmental and public health risks. In the long run, this "judgment-proof problem'' may increase the share of small producers, even when there are economies of scale. I use quasi-experimental variation in liability exposure to measure the effects of bankruptcy protection on industry structure and environmental outcomes in oil and gas extraction. Using firm-level data on the universe of Texas oil and gas producers, I examine the introduction of an insurance mandate that reduced firms' ability to avoid liability through bankruptcy. The policy was introduced via a quasi-randomized rollout, which allows me to cleanly identify its effects on industry structure. The insurance requirement pushed about 6% of producers out of the market immediately. The exiting firms were primarily small and were more likely to have poor environmental records. Among firms that remained in business, the bond requirement reduced oil production among the smallest 80% of firms by about 4% on average, which is consistent with increased internalization of environmental costs. Production by the largest 20% of firms, which account for the majority of total production, was unaffected. Finally, environmental outcomes, including those related to groundwater contamination, also improved sharply. These results suggest that incomplete internalization of environmental and safety costs due to bankruptcy protection is an important determinant of industry structure and safety effort in hazardous industries, with significant welfare consequences. The second chapter focuses on the importance of a regulator's inability to distinguish between households responding to a subsidy, and households doing what they would also have done in the absence of policy. Economists have long argued that many recipients of energy-efficiency subsidies may be "non-additional,'' getting paid to do what they would have done anyway. Demonstrating this empirically has been difficult, however, because of endogeneity concerns and other challenges. In this paper we use a regression discontinuity analysis to examine participation in a large-scale residential energy-efficiency program. Comparing behavior just on either side of several eligibility thresholds, we find that program participation increases with larger subsidy amounts, but that most households would have participated even with much lower subsidy amounts. The large fraction of inframarginal participants means that the larger subsidy amounts are almost certainly not cost-effective. Moreover, the results imply that about half of all participants would have adopted the energy-efficient technology even with no subsidy whatsoever. Finally, the third chapter addresses consequences of renewable energy subsidies in other markets. Electricity generated from logging residues provides a large and growing share of US renewable electricity generation. Much of the low-value wood used by biomass power plants might otherwise be left in the field. This increased harvest can negatively affect forest health. I investigate the supply of woody biomass fuel in Maine using a 15-year panel of prices and quantities for whole tree wood chips. I find that doubling the price of woody biomass increases harvest by about 64%. I also find that coal prices are a major determinant of woody biomass harvest. This suggests that environmental policies that raise the price of coal will affect forest health.

A randomized pilot trial of a full subsidy vs. a partial subsidy for obesity treatment.

PubMed

Tsai, Adam G; Felton, Sue; Hill, James O; Atherly, Adam J

2012-09-01

Intensive obesity treatment is mandated by federal health care reform but is costly. A partial subsidy for obesity treatment could lower the cost of treatment, without reducing its efficacy. This study sought to test whether a partial subsidy for obesity treatment would be feasible, as compared to a fully subsidized intervention. The study was a pilot randomized trial. Participants (n = 50) were primary care patients with obesity and at least one comorbid condition (diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, or obstructive sleep apnea). Each participant received eight weight loss counseling visits as well as portion-controlled foods for weight loss. Participants were randomized to full subsidy or partial subsidy (2 vs. 1 meal per day provided). The primary outcome was weight change after 4 months. Secondary outcomes included changes in blood pressure, waist circumference, and health-related quality of life. Participants in the full and partial subsidy groups lost 5.9 and 5.3 kg, equivalent to 5.3% and 5.1% of initial weight, respectively (P = 0.71). Changes in secondary outcomes were similar in the two groups. A partial subsidy was feasible and induced a clinically similar amount of weight loss, compared to a full subsidy. Large-scale testing of economic incentives for weight control is merited given the federal mandate to offer weight loss counseling to obese patients.

The “Cadillac Tax” on Health Benefits in the United States Will Hit the Middle Class Hardest: Refuting the Myth That Health Benefit Tax Subsidies Are Regressive.

PubMed

Woolhandler, Steffie; Himmelstein, David U

2016-01-01

U.S. employment-based health benefits are exempt from income and payroll taxes, an exemption that provided tax subsidies of $326.2 billion in 2015. Both liberal and conservative economists have denounced these subsidies as “regressive” and lauded a provision of the Affordable Care Act—the Cadillac Tax—that would curtail them. The claim that the subsidies are regressive rests on estimates showing that the affluent receive the largest subsidies in absolute dollars. But this claim ignores the standard definition of regressivity, which is based on the share of income paid by the wealthy versus the poor, rather than on dollar amounts. In this study, we calculate the value of tax subsidies in 2009 as a share of income for each income quintile and for the wealthiest Americans. In absolute dollars, tax subsidies were highest for families between the 80th and 95th percentiles of family income and lowest for the poorest 20%. However, as shares of income, subsidies were largest for the middle and fourth income quintiles and smallest for the wealthiest 0.5% of Americans. We conclude that the tax subsidy to employment-based insurance is neither markedly regressive, nor progressive. The Cadillac Tax will disproportionately harm families with (2009) incomes between $38,550 and $100,000, while sparing the wealthy.

78 FR 52504 - Quarterly Update to Annual Listing of Foreign Government Subsidies on Articles of Cheese Subject...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-23

... Foreign Government Subsidies on Articles of Cheese Subject to an In-Quota Rate of Duty AGENCY: Import... subsidy with respect to any article of cheese subject to an in-quota rate of duty, as defined in section... hereby provide the Department's quarterly update of subsidies on articles of cheese that were imported...

78 FR 40102 - Quarterly Update to Annual Listing of Foreign Government Subsidies on Articles of Cheese Subject...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-03

... Foreign Government Subsidies on Articles of Cheese Subject to an In-Quota Rate of Duty AGENCY: Import... subsidy with respect to any article of cheese subject to an in-quota rate of duty, as defined in section... hereby provide the Department's quarterly update of subsidies on articles of cheese that were imported...

76 FR 31384 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-31

... participate for that calendar month. The Exchange pays a per- contract MAP Subsidy to any Exchange member... Provider Subsidy is a per contract fee payable by the Exchange to Eligible Market Access Providers \\3\\ for... currently pays a monthly subsidy of $0.10 (the ``Subsidy Rate'') to Eligible MAPs for each Eligible Contract...

Small Group Health Insurance Reform in Rhode Island: Promises and Pitfalls of the HEALTHpact Plan

PubMed Central

Alan Miller, Edward; Trivedi, Amal; Kuo, Sylvia; Mor, Vincent

2011-01-01

Objective This study analyzes what design elements inhibited enrollment in HEALTHpact. Study Setting HEALTHpact is a high deductible plan with a premium capped at 10 percent of the average Rhode Island wage. Deductibles are reduced if enrollees meet wellness criteria. Study Design Qualitative case study. Data Collection Archival documents and 23 interviews. Principal Findings Inclusion of a subsidy would have led to lower premiums and more generous coverage. Although priced lower than other plans, HEALTHpact still did not offer good value for most firms. Wellness incentives also were too complex. Conclusions Subsidies for purchase of insurance coverage are critical to national reform of the small group market. Designers also will need to carefully balance program complexity with innovation in encouraging wellness and product appeal. PMID:21054375

The Effect of Pharmaceutical Patent Term Length on Research and Development and Drug Expenditures in Canada

PubMed Central

Grootendorst, Paul; Matteo, Livio Di

2007-01-01

While pharmaceutical patent terms have increased in Canada, increases in patented drug spending have been mitigated by price controls and retrenchment of public prescription drug subsidy programs. We estimate the net effects of these offsetting policies on domestic pharmaceutical R&D expenditures and also provide an upper-bound estimate on the effects of these policies on Canadian pharmaceutical spending over the period 1988–2002. We estimate that R&D spending increased by $4.4 billion (1997 dollars). Drug spending increased by $3.9 billion at most and, quite likely, by much less. Cutbacks to public drug subsidies and the introduction of price controls likely mitigated drug spending growth. In cost–benefit terms, we suspect that the patent extension policies have been beneficial to Canada. PMID:19305720

Incentives for solar energy in industry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bergeron, K. D.

1981-05-01

Several issues are analyzed on the effects that government subsidies and other incentives have on the use of solar energy in industry, as well as on other capital-intensive alternative energy supplies. Discounted cash flow analysis is used to compare tax deductions for fuel expenses with tax credits for capital investments for energy. The result is a simple expression for tax equity. The effects that market penetration of solar energy has on conventional energy prices are analyzed with a free market model. It is shown that net costs of a subsidy program to the society can be significantly reduced by price. Several government loan guarantee concepts are evaluated as incentives that may not require direct outlays of government funds; their relative effectiveness in achieving loan leverage through project financing, and their cost and practicality, are discussed.

Contrasting effects of aquatic subsidies on a terrestrial trophic cascade

PubMed Central

Bucher, Roman; Schäfer, Ralf B.; Entling, Martin H.

2017-01-01

Subsidies from adjacent ecosystems can alter recipient food webs and ecosystem functions, such as herbivory. Emerging aquatic insects from streams can be an important prey in the riparian zone. Such aquatic subsidies can enhance predator abundances or cause predators to switch prey, depending on the herbivores. This can lead to an increase or decrease of in situ herbivores and herbivory. We examined the effects of aquatic subsidies on a simplified terrestrial food web consisting of two types of herbivores, plants and predators (spiders). In our six-week experiment, we focused on the prey choice of the spiders by excluding predator immigration and reproduction. In accordance with predator switching, survival of leafhoppers increased in the presence of aquatic subsidies. By contrast, the presence of aquatic subsidies indirectly reduced weevils and herbivory. Our study shows that effects of aquatic subsidies on terrestrial predators can propagate through the food web in contrasting ways. Thereby, the outcome of the trophic cascade is determined by the prey choice of predators. PMID:28539461

Contrasting effects of aquatic subsidies on a terrestrial trophic cascade.

PubMed

Graf, Nadin; Bucher, Roman; Schäfer, Ralf B; Entling, Martin H

2017-05-01

Subsidies from adjacent ecosystems can alter recipient food webs and ecosystem functions, such as herbivory. Emerging aquatic insects from streams can be an important prey in the riparian zone. Such aquatic subsidies can enhance predator abundances or cause predators to switch prey, depending on the herbivores. This can lead to an increase or decrease of in situ herbivores and herbivory. We examined the effects of aquatic subsidies on a simplified terrestrial food web consisting of two types of herbivores, plants and predators (spiders). In our six-week experiment, we focused on the prey choice of the spiders by excluding predator immigration and reproduction. In accordance with predator switching, survival of leafhoppers increased in the presence of aquatic subsidies. By contrast, the presence of aquatic subsidies indirectly reduced weevils and herbivory. Our study shows that effects of aquatic subsidies on terrestrial predators can propagate through the food web in contrasting ways. Thereby, the outcome of the trophic cascade is determined by the prey choice of predators. © 2017 The Author(s).

Water and sanitation service delivery, pricing, and the poor: An empirical estimate of subsidy incidence in Nairobi, Kenya

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fuente, David; Gakii Gatua, Josephine; Ikiara, Moses; Kabubo-Mariara, Jane; Mwaura, Mbutu; Whittington, Dale

2016-06-01

The increasing block tariff (IBT) is among the most widely used tariffs by water utilities, particularly in developing countries. This is due in part to the perception that the IBT can effectively target subsidies to low-income households. Combining data on households' socioeconomic status and metered water use, this paper examines the distributional incidence of subsidies delivered through the IBT in Nairobi, Kenya. Contrary to conventional wisdom, we find that high-income residential and nonresidential customers receive a disproportionate share of subsidies and that subsidy targeting is poor even among households with a private metered connection. We also find that stated expenditure on water, a commonly used means of estimating water use, is a poor proxy for metered use and that previous studies on subsidy incidence underestimate the magnitude of the subsidy delivered through water tariffs. These findings have implications for both the design and evaluation of water tariffs in developing countries.

Reducing the Deficit: Spending and Revenue Options

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-03-01

the Conservation Reserve Program 25AgricultureOption 6 Reduce the Premium Subsidy in the Crop Insurance Program 26Option 7 Reduce by 20 Percentage...Graduate Students 31Option 11 Change the Interest Rate Structure for Student Loans 32HealthOption 12 Add a “Public Plan” to the Health Insurance Exchanges...Health Episodes Covered by Medicare 48Option 21 Reduce Medicare Costs by Changing the Cost-Sharing Structures for Medicare and Medigap Insurance 49Option

The reform of energy subsidies for the enhancement of marine sustainability: An empirical analysis of energy subsidies worldwide and an in-depth case study of South Korea's energy subsidy policies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shim, Jae Hyun

This dissertation seeks to raise awareness about harmful effects of fossil fuel and nuclear energy subsidies that have blocked transition from conventional energy to a decarbonized, renewable energy system. Today, humans face daunting challenges in the form of global warming, which results mainly from the burning of fossil fuels. To avoid catastrophe, the transition to a renewable energy regime should be an urgent priority; however, the reality is that the progress of renewable energy is very slow due to the various political and economic factors when compared to conventional energy resources. A chief factor is that the energy subsidy for fossil fuel and nuclear energy obstructs the "level playing field" for renewable energy. Energy subsidies for conventional energy can be understood in the context of the commodification paradigm, which regards nature as an object of conquest and supports the principle of more is better. Although fossil fuel energy damages the environment, economy, and social equity, all countries subsidize such energy, no matter the country's state of development. This holds true as much in the U.S. and the EU as in China, India and South Korea. The oceans, which cover 71% of the earth, are threatened by the activities of conventional energy, which are underpinned by subsidies. These subsidies have contributed to the destruction of the marine ecosystem through increased GHG emissions like CO2 and NOx which cause a sea temperature increase and coral bleaching. Subsidies also significantly affect fishery overexploitation, oil pollution, and thermal pollution. In-depth empirical analysis of South Korea showed how fossil fuel and nuclear energy activities have threatened marine sustainability through thermal pollution, algae bloom (red tides), overexploitation, and oil-related marine pollution. Reforming subsidies of fossil fuel and nuclear energy should be a global priority because of imminent of global warming. As strategies for energy subsidy reforms, first of all, humans need a new energy paradigm to replace the hitherto dominant commodification paradigm. On an international level, creation of an international renewable energy agency and creation of renewable funds will spur on energy subsidy reforms of all nations, especially developing countries. On a national level, government's role should change from growth-oriented economic policy to sustainable development that includes environmentally friendly energy systems. In terms of social welfare, energy subsidies should be transformed to direct income policy, which is more effective for the welfare of the poor. The South Korean government should exchange its current supply-oriented fishery policy, which relies heavily on energy subsidies, to a Marine Reserves policy and direct income policy. For successful energy subsidy reforms, the government, NGOs, and private market should cooperate. Specifically, NGOs' role in monitoring and pushing government's energy subsidy reform is invaluable, considering the limits of modern bureaucracy and the profit-oriented market character. Most environmental problems, including global warming, have a close relation with fossil fuel and nuclear energy use. Historically, these energy systems have become entrenched deeply in society through energy subsidy policy. Energy subsidy reforms are a key to the environmental problem and accelerated transition to renewable energy.

37 CFR 2.76 - Amendment to allege use.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 37 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Amendment to allege use. 2.76... COMMERCE RULES OF PRACTICE IN TRADEMARK CASES Amendment of Application § 2.76 Amendment to allege use. (a.... If an amendment to allege use is filed outside the time period specified in this paragraph, it will...

True and False Allegations of Child Sexual Abuse: Assessment and Case Management.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ney, Tara, Ed.

This book addresses the clinical, legal, and ethical issues arising in child sexual abuse cases; the assessment and case management of allegations; research issues; and practice recommendations. Chapter titles are as follows: "Assessing Allegations in Child Sexual Abuse: An Overview" (Tara Ney); "The Nature of Allegations of Child…

Paying Medicare Advantage Plans: To Level or Tilt the Playing Field

PubMed Central

Glazer, Jacob; McGuire, Thomas G.

2017-01-01

Medicare beneficiaries are eligible for health insurance through the public option of traditional Medicare (TM) or may join a private Medicare Advantage (MA) plan. Both are highly subsidized but in different ways. Medicare pays for most of costs directly in TM, and makes a subsidy payment to an MA plan based on a “benchmark” for each beneficiary choosing a private plan. The level of this benchmark is arguably the most important policy decision Medicare makes about the MA program. Presently, about 30% of beneficiaries are in MA, and Medicare subsidizes MA plans more on average than TM. Many analysts recommend equalizing Medicare’s subsidy across the options – referred to in policy circles as a “level playing field.” This paper studies the normative question of how to set the level of the benchmark, applying the versatile model of plan choice developed by Einav and Finkelstein (EF) to Medicare. The EF framework implies unequal subsidies to counteract risk selection across plan types. We also study other reasons to tilt the field: the relative efficiency of MA vs. TM, market power of MA plans, and institutional features of the way Medicare determines subsidies and premiums. After review of the empirical and policy literature, we conclude that in areas where the MA market is competitive, the benchmark should be set below average costs in TM, but in areas characterized by imperfect competition in MA, it should be raised in order to offset output (enrollment) restrictions by plans with market power. We also recommend specific modifications of Medicare rules to make demand for MA more price elastic. PMID:28318667

28 CFR 39.170 - Compliance procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... allegations of discrimination on the basis of handicap in programs or activities conducted by the agency. (b... employment according to the procedures established by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission in 29 CFR...—(1) Who may file. (i) Any person who believes that he or she has been subjected to discrimination...

40 CFR 135.2 - Service of notice.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) WATER PROGRAMS PRIOR NOTICE OF CITIZEN SUITS Prior Notice Under the Clean Water Act § 135.2 Service of notice. (a) Notice of intent to file... such violation is alleged to have occurred, and the chief administrative officer of the water pollution...

40 CFR 135.2 - Service of notice.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) WATER PROGRAMS PRIOR NOTICE OF CITIZEN SUITS Prior Notice Under the Clean Water Act § 135.2 Service of notice. (a) Notice of intent to file... such violation is alleged to have occurred, and the chief administrative officer of the water pollution...

40 CFR 135.2 - Service of notice.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) WATER PROGRAMS PRIOR NOTICE OF CITIZEN SUITS Prior Notice Under the Clean Water Act § 135.2 Service of notice. (a) Notice of intent to file... such violation is alleged to have occurred, and the chief administrative officer of the water pollution...

40 CFR 135.2 - Service of notice.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) WATER PROGRAMS PRIOR NOTICE OF CITIZEN SUITS Prior Notice Under the Clean Water Act § 135.2 Service of notice. (a) Notice of intent to file... such violation is alleged to have occurred, and the chief administrative officer of the water pollution...

76 FR 24901 - Privacy Act of 1974; Department of Homeland Security United States Coast Guard-DHS/USCG-002...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-03

.... USCG Critical Incident Stress Management-related records: Work-Life staff, Peers, Incident commander... leadership personnel regarding alleged work place violence incidents; USCG Critical Incident Stress... Work-Life Offices who are responsible for providing services for the related programs described above...

On Campus with Women, Number 27, Summer 1980.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Association of American Colleges, Washington, DC.

A newsletter on issues pertaining to women's rights on campuses and in employment is presented. Developments and issues include the following: initiation of intercollegiate athletic championships for women in nine sports; a charge of unequal pay for women coaches; university cases of alleged sex discrimination in athletic programs; reference to…

25 CFR 12.53 - Who investigates officer misconduct?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Who investigates officer misconduct? 12.53 Section 12.53... Conduct § 12.53 Who investigates officer misconduct? The Director, Office of Law Enforcement Services maintains an internal affairs program that investigates all allegations of misconduct by BIA officers, and...

25 CFR 12.53 - Who investigates officer misconduct?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2012-04-01 2011-04-01 true Who investigates officer misconduct? 12.53 Section 12.53... Conduct § 12.53 Who investigates officer misconduct? The Director, Office of Law Enforcement Services maintains an internal affairs program that investigates all allegations of misconduct by BIA officers, and...

25 CFR 12.53 - Who investigates officer misconduct?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Who investigates officer misconduct? 12.53 Section 12.53... Conduct § 12.53 Who investigates officer misconduct? The Director, Office of Law Enforcement Services maintains an internal affairs program that investigates all allegations of misconduct by BIA officers, and...

25 CFR 12.53 - Who investigates officer misconduct?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Who investigates officer misconduct? 12.53 Section 12.53... Conduct § 12.53 Who investigates officer misconduct? The Director, Office of Law Enforcement Services maintains an internal affairs program that investigates all allegations of misconduct by BIA officers, and...

25 CFR 12.53 - Who investigates officer misconduct?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Who investigates officer misconduct? 12.53 Section 12.53... Conduct § 12.53 Who investigates officer misconduct? The Director, Office of Law Enforcement Services maintains an internal affairs program that investigates all allegations of misconduct by BIA officers, and...

25 CFR 20.403 - What do protective services include?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... allegations of child abuse and neglect, abandonment, and conditions that may require referrals (such as mental... AND SOCIAL SERVICES PROGRAMS Services to Children, Elderly, and Families § 20.403 What do protective services include? Protective services provided to a child, family or elderly person will be documented in...

25 CFR 20.403 - What do protective services include?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... allegations of child abuse and neglect, abandonment, and conditions that may require referrals (such as mental... AND SOCIAL SERVICES PROGRAMS Services to Children, Elderly, and Families § 20.403 What do protective services include? Protective services provided to a child, family or elderly person will be documented in...

25 CFR 20.403 - What do protective services include?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... allegations of child abuse and neglect, abandonment, and conditions that may require referrals (such as mental... AND SOCIAL SERVICES PROGRAMS Services to Children, Elderly, and Families § 20.403 What do protective services include? Protective services provided to a child, family or elderly person will be documented in...

On the Alleged Degeneration of the Kohlbergian Research Program.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lapsley, Daniel K.; Serlin, Ronald C.

1984-01-01

This article reconsiders a recent application of evaluative criteria, worked out on a level of metatheory by Lakatos, to Kohlberg's theory of moral development. It is argued that Phillips's and Nicolayev's effort was compromised by two significant category errors. A response to Lapsley's and Serlin's article is also offered. (JMK)

41 CFR 60-250.44 - Required contents of affirmative action programs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... OPPORTUNITY, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 250-AFFIRMATIVE ACTION AND NONDISCRIMINATION OBLIGATIONS OF CONTRACTORS AND...). (3) The contractor may use as a defense to an allegation of a violation of paragraph (c)(2) of this... the contractor's establishment; (ii) The Department of Veterans Affairs Regional Office nearest the...

41 CFR 60-741.44 - Required contents of affirmative action programs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... OPPORTUNITY, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 741-AFFIRMATIVE ACTION AND NONDISCRIMINATION OBLIGATIONS OF FEDERAL... the requirements of this paragraph (c). (3) The contractor may use as a defense to an allegation of a...) The Department of Veterans Affairs Regional Office nearest the contractor's establishment (www.va.gov...

41 CFR 60-300.44 - Required contents of affirmative action programs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... OPPORTUNITY, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 300-AFFIRMATIVE ACTION AND NONDISCRIMINATION OBLIGATIONS OF CONTRACTORS AND... contractor may use as a defense to an allegation of a violation of paragraph (c)(2) of this section that an... Representative in the local employment service office nearest the contractor's establishment; (ii) The Department...

41 CFR 60-300.44 - Required contents of affirmative action programs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... OPPORTUNITY, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 300-AFFIRMATIVE ACTION AND NONDISCRIMINATION OBLIGATIONS OF CONTRACTORS AND... contractor may use as a defense to an allegation of a violation of paragraph (c)(2) of this section that an... Representative in the local employment service office nearest the contractor's establishment; (ii) The Department...

41 CFR 60-250.44 - Required contents of affirmative action programs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... OPPORTUNITY, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 250-AFFIRMATIVE ACTION AND NONDISCRIMINATION OBLIGATIONS OF CONTRACTORS AND...). (3) The contractor may use as a defense to an allegation of a violation of paragraph (c)(2) of this... the contractor's establishment; (ii) The Department of Veterans Affairs Regional Office nearest the...

45 CFR Appendix to Part 1235 - Procedures To Resolve Questioned Costs

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... AND COMMUNITY SERVICE LOCALLY GENERATED CONTRIBUTIONS IN OLDER AMERICAN VOLUNTEER PROGRAMS Pt. 1235... any new auditing requirements. II. All expenditures in support of a federal grant may be reviewed by... because of: (1) An alleged violation of a provision of the Domestic Volunteer Service Act of 1973, as...

Cost-effectiveness analysis of malaria rapid diagnostic test incentive schemes for informal private healthcare providers in Myanmar.

PubMed

Chen, Ingrid T; Aung, Tin; Thant, Hnin Nwe Nwe; Sudhinaraset, May; Kahn, James G

2015-02-05

The emergence of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum parasites in Southeast Asia threatens global malaria control efforts. One strategy to counter this problem is a subsidy of malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) within the informal private sector, where the majority of malaria care in Myanmar is provided. A study in Myanmar evaluated the effectiveness of financial incentives vs information, education and counselling (IEC) in driving the proper use of subsidized malaria RDTs among informal private providers. This cost-effectiveness analysis compares intervention options. A decision tree was constructed in a spreadsheet to estimate the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) among four strategies: no intervention, simple subsidy, subsidy with financial incentives, and subsidy with IEC. Model inputs included programmatic costs (in dollars), malaria epidemiology and observed study outcomes. Data sources included expenditure records, study data and scientific literature. Model outcomes included the proportion of properly and improperly treated individuals with and without P. falciparum malaria, and associated disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Results are reported as ICERs in US dollars per DALY averted. One-way sensitivity analysis assessed how outcomes depend on uncertainty in inputs. ICERs from the least to most expensive intervention are: $1,169/DALY averted for simple subsidy vs no intervention, $185/DALY averted for subsidy with financial incentives vs simple subsidy, and $200/DALY averted for a subsidy with IEC vs subsidy with financial incentives. Due to decreasing ICERs, each strategy was also compared to no intervention. The subsidy with IEC was the most favourable, costing $639/DALY averted compared with no intervention. One-way sensitivity analysis shows that ICERs are most affected by programme costs, RDT uptake, treatment-seeking behaviour, and the prevalence and virulence of non-malarial fevers. In conclusion, private provider subsidies with IEC or a combination of IEC and financial incentives may be a good investment for malaria control.

Limited emission reductions from fuel subsidy removal except in energy-exporting regions.

PubMed

Jewell, Jessica; McCollum, David; Emmerling, Johannes; Bertram, Christoph; Gernaat, David E H J; Krey, Volker; Paroussos, Leonidas; Berger, Loïc; Fragkiadakis, Kostas; Keppo, Ilkka; Saadi, Nawfal; Tavoni, Massimo; van Vuuren, Detlef; Vinichenko, Vadim; Riahi, Keywan

2018-02-07

Hopes are high that removing fossil fuel subsidies could help to mitigate climate change by discouraging inefficient energy consumption and levelling the playing field for renewable energy. In September 2016, the G20 countries re-affirmed their 2009 commitment (at the G20 Leaders' Summit) to phase out fossil fuel subsidies and many national governments are using today's low oil prices as an opportunity to do so. In practical terms, this means abandoning policies that decrease the price of fossil fuels and electricity generated from fossil fuels to below normal market prices. However, whether the removal of subsidies, even if implemented worldwide, would have a large impact on climate change mitigation has not been systematically explored. Here we show that removing fossil fuel subsidies would have an unexpectedly small impact on global energy demand and carbon dioxide emissions and would not increase renewable energy use by 2030. Subsidy removal would reduce the carbon price necessary to stabilize greenhouse gas concentration at 550 parts per million by only 2-12 per cent under low oil prices. Removing subsidies in most regions would deliver smaller emission reductions than the Paris Agreement (2015) climate pledges and in some regions global subsidy removal may actually lead to an increase in emissions, owing to either coal replacing subsidized oil and natural gas or natural-gas use shifting from subsidizing, energy-exporting regions to non-subsidizing, importing regions. Our results show that subsidy removal would result in the largest CO 2 emission reductions in high-income oil- and gas-exporting regions, where the reductions would exceed the climate pledges of these regions and where subsidy removal would affect fewer people living below the poverty line than in lower-income regions.

Limited emission reductions from fuel subsidy removal except in energy-exporting regions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jewell, Jessica; McCollum, David; Emmerling, Johannes; Bertram, Christoph; Gernaat, David E. H. J.; Krey, Volker; Paroussos, Leonidas; Berger, Loïc; Fragkiadakis, Kostas; Keppo, Ilkka; Saadi, Nawfal; Tavoni, Massimo; van Vuuren, Detlef; Vinichenko, Vadim; Riahi, Keywan

2018-02-01

Hopes are high that removing fossil fuel subsidies could help to mitigate climate change by discouraging inefficient energy consumption and levelling the playing field for renewable energy. In September 2016, the G20 countries re-affirmed their 2009 commitment (at the G20 Leaders’ Summit) to phase out fossil fuel subsidies and many national governments are using today’s low oil prices as an opportunity to do so. In practical terms, this means abandoning policies that decrease the price of fossil fuels and electricity generated from fossil fuels to below normal market prices. However, whether the removal of subsidies, even if implemented worldwide, would have a large impact on climate change mitigation has not been systematically explored. Here we show that removing fossil fuel subsidies would have an unexpectedly small impact on global energy demand and carbon dioxide emissions and would not increase renewable energy use by 2030. Subsidy removal would reduce the carbon price necessary to stabilize greenhouse gas concentration at 550 parts per million by only 2-12 per cent under low oil prices. Removing subsidies in most regions would deliver smaller emission reductions than the Paris Agreement (2015) climate pledges and in some regions global subsidy removal may actually lead to an increase in emissions, owing to either coal replacing subsidized oil and natural gas or natural-gas use shifting from subsidizing, energy-exporting regions to non-subsidizing, importing regions. Our results show that subsidy removal would result in the largest CO2 emission reductions in high-income oil- and gas-exporting regions, where the reductions would exceed the climate pledges of these regions and where subsidy removal would affect fewer people living below the poverty line than in lower-income regions.

Effects of spatial subsidies and habitat structure on the foraging ecology and size of geckos

USGS Publications Warehouse

Briggs, Amy A.; Young, Hillary S.; McCauley, Douglas J.; Hathaway, Stacie A.; Dirzo, Rodolfo; Fisher, Robert N.

2012-01-01

While it is well established that ecosystem subsidies—the addition of energy, nutrients, or materials across ecosystem boundaries—can affect consumer abundance, there is less information available on how subsidy levels may affect consumer diet, body condition, trophic position, and resource partitioning among consumer species. There is also little information on whether changes in vegetation structure commonly associated with spatial variation in subsidies may play an important role in driving consumer responses to subsidies. To address these knowledge gaps, we studied changes in abundance, diet, trophic position, size, and body condition of two congeneric gecko species (Lepidodactylus spp.) that coexist in palm dominated and native (hereafter dicot dominated) forests across the Central Pacific. These forests differ trongly both in the amount of marine subsidies that they receive from seabird guano and carcasses, and in the physical structure of the habitat. Contrary to other studies, we found that subsidy level had no impact on the abundance of either gecko species; it also did not have any apparent effects on resource partitioning between species. However, it did affect body size, dietary composition, and trophic position of both species. Geckos in subsidized, dicot forests were larger, had higher body condition and more diverse diets, and occupied a much higher trophic position than geckos found in palm dominated, low subsidy level forests. Both direct variation in subsidy levels and associated changes in habitat structure appear to play a role in driving these responses. These results suggest that variation in subsidy levels may drive important behavioral responses in predators, even when their numerical response is limited. Strong changes in trophic position of consumers also suggest that subsidies may drive increasingly complex food webs, with longer overall food chain length.

The Impact of Subsidies on the Ecological Sustainability and Future Profits from North Sea Fisheries

PubMed Central

Heymans, Johanna Jacomina; Mackinson, Steven; Sumaila, Ussif Rashid; Dyck, Andrew; Little, Alyson

2011-01-01

Background This study examines the impact of subsidies on the profitability and ecological stability of the North Sea fisheries over the past 20 years. It shows the negative impact that subsidies can have on both the biomass of important fish species and the possible profit from fisheries. The study includes subsidies in an ecosystem model of the North Sea and examines the possible effects of eliminating fishery subsidies. Methodology/Principal Findings Hindcast analysis between 1991 and 2003 indicates that subsidies reduced the profitability of the fishery even though gross revenue might have been high for specific fisheries sectors. Simulations seeking to maximise the total revenue between 2004 and 2010 suggest that this can be achieved by increasing the effort of Nephrops trawlers, beam trawlers, and the pelagic trawl-and-seine fleet, while reducing the effort of demersal trawlers. Simulations show that ecological stability can be realised by reducing the effort of the beam trawlers, Nephrops trawlers, pelagic- and demersal trawl-and-seine fleets. This analysis also shows that when subsidies are included, effort will always be higher for all fleets, because it effectively reduces the cost of fishing. Conclusions/Significance The study found that while removing subsidies might reduce the total catch and revenue, it increases the overall profitability of the fishery and the total biomass of commercially important species. For example, cod, haddock, herring and plaice biomass increased over the simulation when optimising for profit, and when optimising for ecological stability, the biomass for cod, plaice and sole also increased. When subsidies are eliminated, the study shows that rather than forcing those involved in the fishery into the red, fisheries become more profitable, despite a decrease in total revenue due to a loss of subsidies from the government. PMID:21637848

42 CFR 93.201 - Allegation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... STUDIES OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES RELEASES AND FACILITIES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE POLICIES ON RESEARCH MISCONDUCT Definitions § 93.201 Allegation. Allegation means a disclosure of possible research misconduct...

Do Allegations of Emotional Maltreatment Predict Developmental Outcomes beyond that of Other Forms of Maltreatment?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schneider, M.W.; Ross, A.; Graham, J.C.; Zielinski, A.

2005-01-01

Objectives:: To understand the features of child abuse/neglect (CA/N) allegations in cases with emotional maltreatment (EMT) allegations, as well as the features of the EMT allegations themselves, and to describe any associations of EMT with distinct impairments of children's behavior, emotion and functioning. Method:: The sample consisted of 806…

25 CFR 42.3 - How should a school address alleged violations of school policies?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false How should a school address alleged violations of school... RIGHTS § 42.3 How should a school address alleged violations of school policies? (a) In addressing alleged violations of school policies, each school must consider, to the extent appropriate, the...

25 CFR 42.3 - How should a school address alleged violations of school policies?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false How should a school address alleged violations of school... RIGHTS § 42.3 How should a school address alleged violations of school policies? (a) In addressing alleged violations of school policies, each school must consider, to the extent appropriate, the...

Remote Sensing Analysis of Malawi's Agricultural Inputs Subsidy and Climate Variability Impacts on Productivity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Galford, G. L.; Fiske, G. J.; Sedano, F.; Michelson, H.

2016-12-01

Agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa is characterized by smallholder production and low yields ( 1 ton ha-1 year-1 since records began in 1961) for staple food crops such as maize (Zea mays). Many years of low-input farming have depleted much of the region's agricultural land of critical soil carbon and nitrogen, further reducing yield potentials. Malawi is a 98,000 km2 subtropical nation with a short rainy season from November to May, with most rainfall occurring between December and mid-April. This short growing season supports the cultivation of one primary crop, maize. In Malawi, many smallholder farmers face annual nutrient deficits as nutrients removed as grain harvest and residues are beyond replenishment levels. As a result, Malawi has had stagnant maize yields averaging 1.2 ton ha-1 year-1 for decades. After multiple years of drought and widespread hunger in the early 2000s, Malawi introduced an agricultural input support program (fertilizer and seed subsidy) in time for the 2006 harvest that was designed to restore soil nutrients, improve maize production, and decrease dependence on food aid. Malawi's subsidy program targets 50-67% of smallholder farmers who cultivate half a hectare or less, yet collectively supply 80% of the country's maize. The country has achieved significant increases in crop yields (now 2 tons/ha/year) and, as our analysis shows, benefited from a new resilience against drought. We utilized Landsat time series to determine cropland extent from 2000-present and identify areas of marginal and/or intermittent production. We found a strong latitudinal gradient of precipitation variability from north to south in CHIRPS data. We used the precipitation variability to normalize trends in a productivity proxy derived from MODIS EVI. After normalization of productivity to precipitation variability, we found significant productivity trends correlated to subsidy distribution. This work was conducted with Google's Earth Engine, a cloud-based platform for data storage and analysis with unprecedented speed and efficient computing by making use of Google's computing infrastructure.

Economic and policy instrument analyses in support of the scrap tire recycling program in Taiwan.

PubMed

Chang, Ni-Bin

2008-02-01

Understanding the cost-effectiveness and the role of economic and policy instruments, such as the combined product tax-recycling subsidy scheme or a tradable permit, for scrap tire recycling has been of crucial importance in a market-oriented environmental management system. Promoting product (tire) stewardship on one hand and improving incentive-based recycling policy on the other hand requires a comprehensive analysis of the interfaces and interactions in the nexus of economic impacts, environmental management, environmental valuation, and cost-benefit analysis. This paper presents an assessment of the interfaces and interactions between the implementation of policy instruments and its associated economic evaluation for sustaining a scrap tire recycling program in Taiwan during the era of the strong economic growth of the late 1990s. It begins with an introduction of the management of the co-evolution between technology metrics of scrap tire recycling and organizational changes for meeting the managerial goals island-wide during the 1990s. The database collected and used for such analysis covers 17 major tire recycling firms and 10 major tire manufacturers at that time. With estimates of scrap tire generation and possible scale of subsidy with respect to differing tire recycling technologies applied, economic analysis eventually leads to identify the associated levels of product tax with respect to various sizes of new tires. It particularly demonstrates a broad perspective of how an integrated econometric and engineering economic analysis can be conducted to assist in implementing policy instruments for scrap tire management. Research findings indicate that different subsidy settings for collection, processing, and end use of scrap tires should be configured to ameliorate the overall managerial effectiveness. Removing the existing boundaries between designated service districts could strengthen the competitiveness of scrap tires recycling industry, helping to reduce the required levels of product tax and subsidy. With such initial breakthroughs at hand to handle the complexity of scrap tire recycling technologies, there remains unique management and policy avenues left to explore if a multi-dimensional solution is to be successful in the long run.

19 CFR 351.509 - Direct taxes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 3 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Direct taxes. 351.509 Section 351.509 Customs... Identification and Measurement of Countervailable Subsidies § 351.509 Direct taxes. (a) Benefit—(1) Exemption or remission of taxes. In the case of a program that provides for a full or partial exemption or remission of a...

The Real Costs of Federal Aid to Higher Education. Heritage Lectures. No. 984

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Vedder, Richard

2007-01-01

New federal spending on student aid is unlikely to improve college access. The increase in access in higher education in America largely came before massive federal involvement in student financial aid programs. Evidence suggests that federal subsidies for student aid may be counterproductive. Modest provision of financial assistance serves to…

19 CFR 351.524 - Allocation of benefit to a particular time period.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... the benefits are received if the total amount approved under the subsidy program is less than 0.5... renewable physical assets for the industry concerned as listed in the Internal Revenue Service's (“IRS... industry under investigation, subject to the requirement, in paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of this section, that the...

19 CFR 351.524 - Allocation of benefit to a particular time period.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... the benefits are received if the total amount approved under the subsidy program is less than 0.5... renewable physical assets for the industry concerned as listed in the Internal Revenue Service's (“IRS... industry under investigation, subject to the requirement, in paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of this section, that the...

19 CFR 351.503 - Benefit.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 3 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Benefit. 351.503 Section 351.503 Customs Duties... and Measurement of Countervailable Subsidies § 351.503 Benefit. (a) Specific rules. In the case of a government program for which a specific rule for the measurement of a benefit is contained in this subpart E...

19 CFR 351.503 - Benefit.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 3 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Benefit. 351.503 Section 351.503 Customs Duties... and Measurement of Countervailable Subsidies § 351.503 Benefit. (a) Specific rules. In the case of a government program for which a specific rule for the measurement of a benefit is contained in this subpart E...

19 CFR 351.503 - Benefit.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 3 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Benefit. 351.503 Section 351.503 Customs Duties... and Measurement of Countervailable Subsidies § 351.503 Benefit. (a) Specific rules. In the case of a government program for which a specific rule for the measurement of a benefit is contained in this subpart E...

19 CFR 351.503 - Benefit.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 3 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Benefit. 351.503 Section 351.503 Customs Duties... and Measurement of Countervailable Subsidies § 351.503 Benefit. (a) Specific rules. In the case of a government program for which a specific rule for the measurement of a benefit is contained in this subpart E...

The Student-Loan System Needs a Major Overhaul

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hess, Frederick, M.; Squire, Juliet

2007-01-01

In September 2007, Congress voted to cut subsidies to lenders in the federal guaranteed-student-loan program and use much of the savings to increase student aid. Congress also passed other significant provisions, including modified repayment periods and loan forgiveness for certain students. Such legislation came on the heels of New York Attorney…

Maryland Day Care Voucher System.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hildebrand, Joan M.

This manual was written to assist States and other governmental units wishing to replicate the Maryland Day Care Voucher Program, a system of providing child care subsidies to eligible families. Chapter I provides brief histories of day care in Maryland and that State's grant to demonstrate the viability of a day care voucher system. Chapter II…

Pathways and Partnerships for Child Care Excellence

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Office of Child Care, 2011

2011-01-01

More than 12 million American children regularly rely on child care to support their healthy development and school success. Of these, over 1.6 million children receive a child care subsidy from the Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF) program each month. In addition, CCDF helps leverage child care investments from the Temporary Assistance for…

24 CFR 982.403 - Terminating HAP contract when unit is too small.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... Dwelling Unit: Housing Quality Standards, Subsidy Standards, Inspection and Maintenance § 982.403... change in family composition, the PHA must issue the family a new voucher, and the family and PHA must...-based certificate program. (2) The PHA must issue the family a new voucher, and the family and PHA must...

76 FR 54209 - Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products From the Republic of Korea: Preliminary Results of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-31

... description of the merchandise is dispositive. Subsidies Valuation Information A. Benchmarks for Short-Term Financing For those programs requiring the application of a won-denominated, short-term interest rate... Issues and Decision Memorandum (CORE from Korea 2006 Decision Memorandum) at ``Benchmarks for Short-Term...

The Impact of Child Care Subsidies on Child Well-Being: Evidence from Geographic Variation in the Distance to Social Service Agencies. NBER Working Paper No. 16250

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Herbst, Chris M.; Tekin, Erdal

2010-01-01

In recent years, child care subsidies have become an integral part of federal and state efforts to move economically disadvantaged parents from welfare to work. Although previous empirical studies consistently show that these employment-related subsidies raise work levels among this group, little is known about the impact of subsidy receipt on…

Relative Affordability of Health Insurance Premiums under CHIP Expansion Programs and the ACA.

PubMed

Gresenz, Carole Roan; Laugesen, Miriam J; Yesus, Ambeshie; Escarce, José J

2011-10-01

Affordability is integral to the success of health care reforms aimed at ensuring universal access to health insurance coverage, and affordability determinations have major policy and practical consequences. This article describes factors that influenced the determination of affordability benchmarks and premium-contribution requirements for Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) expansions in three states that sought to universalize access to coverage for youth. It also compares subsidy levels developed in these states to the premium subsidy schedule under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) for health insurance plans purchased through an exchange. We find sizeable variability in premium-contribution requirements for children's coverage as a percentage of family income across the three states and in the progressivity and regressivity of the premium-contribution schedules developed. These findings underscore the ambiguity and subjectivity of affordability standards. Further, our analyses suggest that while the ACA increases the affordability of family coverage for families with incomes below 400 percent of the federal poverty level, the evolution of CHIP over the next five to ten years will continue to have significant implications for low-income families.

Influence of maternal health literacy on child participation in social welfare programs: the Philadelphia experience.

PubMed

Pati, Susmita; Mohamad, Zeinab; Cnaan, Avital; Kavanagh, Jane; Shea, Judy A

2010-09-01

We examined the influence of maternal health literacy on child participation in social welfare programs. In this cohort, 20% of the mothers had inadequate or marginal health literacy. Initially, more than 50% of the families participated in Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), the Food Stamp Program, and Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children, whereas fewer than 15% received child care subsidies or public housing. In multivariate regression, TANF participation was more than twice as common among children whose mothers had adequate health literacy compared with children whose mothers had inadequate health literacy.

How to design a targeted agricultural subsidy system: efficiency or equity?

PubMed

Cong, Rong-Gang; Brady, Mark

2012-01-01

In this paper we appraise current agricultural subsidy policy in the EU. Several sources of its inefficiency are identified: it is inefficient for supporting farmers' incomes or guaranteeing food security, and irrational transfer payments decoupled from actual performance that may be negative for environmental protection, social cohesion, etc. Based on a simplified economic model, we prove that there is "reverse redistribution" in the current tax-subsidy system, which cannot be avoided. To find a possible way to distribute subsidies more efficiently and equitably, several alternative subsidy systems (the pure loan, the harvest tax and the income contingent loan) are presented and examined.

How to Design a Targeted Agricultural Subsidy System: Efficiency or Equity?

PubMed Central

Cong, Rong-Gang; Brady, Mark

2012-01-01

In this paper we appraise current agricultural subsidy policy in the EU. Several sources of its inefficiency are identified: it is inefficient for supporting farmers’ incomes or guaranteeing food security, and irrational transfer payments decoupled from actual performance that may be negative for environmental protection, social cohesion, etc. Based on a simplified economic model, we prove that there is “reverse redistribution” in the current tax-subsidy system, which cannot be avoided. To find a possible way to distribute subsidies more efficiently and equitably, several alternative subsidy systems (the pure loan, the harvest tax and the income contingent loan) are presented and examined. PMID:22876283

Soviet Economic Policy Towards Eastern Europe

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-11-01

high. Without specifying the determinants of Soviet demand for "allegiance" in more detail, the model is not testable; we cannot predict how subsidy...trade inside (Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria). These countries are behaving as predicted by the model . If this hypothesis is true, the pattern of subsidies...also compares the sum of per capita subsidies by country between 1970 and 1982 with the sum of subsidies predicted by the model . Because of the poor

Tax subsidies for private health insurance - july 2009 update.

PubMed

Burman, Len; Khitatrakun, Surachai; Goodell, Sarah

2009-07-01

Tax subsides for employer-sponsored health insurance are the largest subsidy for private health insurance and support key mechanisms of the U.S. insurance system, but they overwhelmingly benefit high-wage employees. When employers purchase or provide insurance for their employees, their contributions to the premium are excluded from income and payroll taxes. This tax exclusion provided more than $100 billion in income and payroll tax subsidies in 2002. High-income workers benefit more from these subsidies than those with lower incomes because of their higher marginal tax rate. Applying the tax exclusion in their respective tax brackets means high-income families (those earning more than $200,000) receive a subsidy worth one-third of the premium, while the lowest income families receive a subsidy worth just 10 percent. Despite these issues, ESI is a successful mechanism in many ways, covering a significant majority of Americans and providing a good pooling mechanism.

Getting quantitative about consequences of cross-ecosystem resource subsidies on recipient consumers

USGS Publications Warehouse

Richardson, John S.; Wipfli, Mark S.

2016-01-01

Most studies of cross-ecosystem resource subsidies have demonstrated positive effects on recipient consumer populations, often with very large effect sizes. However, it is important to move beyond these initial addition–exclusion experiments to consider the quantitative consequences for populations across gradients in the rates and quality of resource inputs. In our introduction to this special issue, we describe at least four potential models that describe functional relationships between subsidy input rates and consumer responses, most of them asymptotic. Here we aim to advance our quantitative understanding of how subsidy inputs influence recipient consumers and their communities. In the papers following, fish were either the recipient consumers or the subsidy as carcasses of anadromous species. Advancing general, predictive models will enable us to further consider what other factors are potentially co-limiting (e.g., nutrients, other population interactions, physical habitat, etc.) and better integrate resource subsidies into consumer–resource, biophysical dynamics models.

Financial barriers to care among low-income children with asthma: health care reform implications.

PubMed

Fung, Vicki; Graetz, Ilana; Galbraith, Alison; Hamity, Courtnee; Huang, Jie; Vollmer, William M; Hsu, John; Wu, Ann Chen

2014-07-01

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) includes subsidies that reduce patient cost sharing for low-income families. Limited information on the effects of cost sharing among children is available to guide these efforts. To examine the associations between cost sharing, income, and care seeking and financial stress among children with asthma. A telephone survey in 2012 about experiences during the prior year within an integrated health care delivery system. Respondents included 769 parents of children aged 4 to 11 years with asthma. Of these, 25.9% of children received public subsidies; 21.7% were commercially insured with household incomes at or below 250% of the federal poverty level (FPL) and 18.2% had higher cost-sharing levels for all services (e.g., ≥$75 for emergency department visits). We classified children with asthma based on (1) current receipt of a subsidy (i.e., Medicaid or Children's Health Insurance Program) or potential eligibility for ACA low-income cost sharing or premium subsidies in 2014 (i.e., income ≤250%, 251%-400%, or >400% of the FPL) and (2) cost-sharing levels for prescription drugs, office visits, and emergency department visits. We examined the frequency of changes in care seeking and financial stress due to asthma care costs across these groups using logistic regression, adjusted for patient/family characteristics. Switching to cheaper asthma drugs, using less medication than prescribed, delaying/avoiding any office or emergency department visits, and financial stress (eg, cutting back on necessities) because of the costs of asthma care. After adjustment, parents at or below 250% of the FPL with lower vs higher cost-sharing levels were less likely to delay or avoid taking their children to a physician's office visit (3.8% vs. 31.6%; odds ratio, 0.07 [95% CI, 0.01-0.39]) and the emergency department (1.2% vs. 19.4%; 0.05 [0.01-0.25]) because of cost; higher-income parents and those whose children were receiving public subsidies (eg, Medicaid) were also less likely to forego their children's care than parents at or below 250% of the FPL with higher cost-sharing levels. Overall, 15.6% of parents borrowed money or cut back on necessities to pay for their children's asthma care. Cost-related barriers to care among children with asthma were concentrated among low-income families with higher cost-sharing levels. The ACA's low-income subsidies could reduce these barriers for many families, but millions of dependents for whom employer-sponsored family coverage is unaffordable could remain at risk for cost-related problems because of ACA subsidy eligibility rules.

Nonnative trout impact an alpine-nesting bird by altering aquatic-insect subsidies.

PubMed

Epanchin, Peter N; Knapp, Roland A; Lawler, Sharon P

2010-08-01

Adjacent food webs may be linked by cross-boundary subsidies: more-productive donor systems can subsidize consumers in less-productive neighboring recipient systems. Introduced species are known to have direct effects on organisms within invaded communities. However, few studies have addressed the indirect effects of nonnative species in donor systems on organisms in recipient systems. We studied the direct role of introduced trout in altering a lake-derived resource subsidy and their indirect effects in altering a passerine bird's response to that subsidy. We compared the abundance of aquatic insects and foraging Gray-crowned Rosy-Finches (Leucosticte tephrocotis dawsoni, "Rosy-Finch") at fish-containing vs. fishless lakes in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California (USA). Introduced trout outcompeted Rosy-Finches for emerging aquatic insects (i.e., mayflies). Fish-containing lakes had 98% fewer mayflies than did fishless lakes. In lakes without fish, Rosy-Finches showed an aggregative response to emerging aquatic insects with 5.9 times more Rosy-Finches at fishless lakes than at fish-containing lakes. Therefore, the introduction of nonnative fish into the donor system reduced both the magnitude of the resource subsidy and the strength of cross-boundary trophic interactions. Importantly, the timing of the subsidy occurs when Rosy-Finches feed their young. If Rosy-Finches rely on aquatic-insect subsidies to fledge their young, reductions in the subsidy by introduced trout may have decreased Rosy-Finch abundances from historic levels. We recommend that terrestrial recipients of aquatic subsidies be included in conservation and restoration plans for ecosystems with alpine lakes.

Who benefited from the New Rural Cooperative Medical System in China? A case study on Anhui Province.

PubMed

Wang, Lidan; Wang, Anjue; FitzGerald, Gerry; Si, Lei; Jiang, Qicheng; Ye, Dongqing

2016-06-05

The goal of the New Rural Cooperative Medical System (NCMS) is to decrease the financial burden and improve the health of rural areas. The purpose of the present study is to determine how government subsidies vary between poorer and wealthier groups, especially in low-income regions in rural China. The distribution, amount, and equity of government subsidies delivered via NCMS to rural residents at different economic levels were assessed using benefit-incidence analysis, concentration index, Kakwani index, Gini index, Lorenz curve, and concentration curve. Household and health institution surveys were conducted in 2010, covering 9701 residents. Household socio-economic status, healthcare costs, out-of-pocket payments, and utilization information were collected in household interviews, and reimbursement policy was provided by institutional survey. The government subsidy concentration index was -0.055 for outpatients and 0.505 for inpatients; and the outpatient and inpatient subsidy Kakwani indexes were -0.376 and 0.184, respectively. The poorest 20 % of populations received 3.4 % of the total subsidy output; while the wealthiest 20 % received 54.3 %. The results showed that the distribution of outpatient subsidies was equitable, but the hospital subsidies disproportionally benefited wealthier people. Wealthier people benefited more than poorer people from the NCMS in terms of inpatient and total subsidies. For outpatients, the subsidies were unrelated to ability to pay. This contradicts the common belief that the NCMS does not exacerbate benefit inequity. Long-term policy is required to tackle this problem, specifically of redesign the NCMS reimbursement system.

25 CFR 42.5 - When can a school use ADR processes to address an alleged violation?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false When can a school use ADR processes to address an alleged... RIGHTS § 42.5 When can a school use ADR processes to address an alleged violation? (a) The school may address an alleged violation through the ADR processes described in § 42.4, unless one of the conditions...

25 CFR 42.5 - When can a school use ADR processes to address an alleged violation?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false When can a school use ADR processes to address an alleged... RIGHTS § 42.5 When can a school use ADR processes to address an alleged violation? (a) The school may address an alleged violation through the ADR processes described in § 42.4, unless one of the conditions...

25 CFR 42.5 - When can a school use ADR processes to address an alleged violation?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... school must address alleged violations through the formal disciplinary proceeding described in § 42.8. ... 25 Indians 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false When can a school use ADR processes to address an alleged... RIGHTS § 42.5 When can a school use ADR processes to address an alleged violation? (a) The school may...

25 CFR 42.5 - When can a school use ADR processes to address an alleged violation?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... school must address alleged violations through the formal disciplinary proceeding described in § 42.8. ... 25 Indians 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false When can a school use ADR processes to address an alleged... RIGHTS § 42.5 When can a school use ADR processes to address an alleged violation? (a) The school may...

25 CFR 42.5 - When can a school use ADR processes to address an alleged violation?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... school must address alleged violations through the formal disciplinary proceeding described in § 42.8. ... 25 Indians 1 2012-04-01 2011-04-01 true When can a school use ADR processes to address an alleged... RIGHTS § 42.5 When can a school use ADR processes to address an alleged violation? (a) The school may...

Pay less, consume more? The price elasticity of home care for the disabled elderly in France.

PubMed

Roquebert, Quitterie; Tenand, Marianne

2017-09-01

Little is known about the price sensitivity of demand for home care of the disabled elderly. We partially fill this knowledge gap by using administrative data on the beneficiaries of the main French home care subsidy program in a department and exploiting interindividual variation in provider prices. We address the potential endogeneity of prices by taking advantage of the unequal spatial coverage of providers and instrumenting price by the number of municipalities served by a provider. We estimate a price elasticity of around -0.4 that is significantly different from both 0 and -1. This less than proportionate response of consumption to price has implications for the efficiency and redistributive impact of variation in the level of copayments in home care subsidy schemes. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

77 FR 75641 - Public Housing Operating Subsidy-Appeals

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-21

... substitute actual project cost data. To appeal the amount of subsidy on any one of the permitted bases of... conditions; and (e) appeal to substitute actual project cost data. To appeal the amount of subsidy on any one...

Financial sustainability in savings and credit programmes.

PubMed

Havers, M

1996-05-01

This article provides a framework for determining, justifying, and improving financial sustainability of savings and credit programs. Credit programs have income from interest and fees. Income must pay for the cost of funds, loan write-offs, operating costs, and inflation. Reference is made to Otero and Rhyne's four levels of self-sufficiency in credit programs. The Grameen Bank is an example of Level 3 and most credit unions are level 4. Nongovernmental groups in the United Kingdom are level 1 or 2. Experience has shown that removal of subsidies did not affect the quality of services or shift benefits away from the poor. Success in serving poorer people better is attributed 1) to more money being available for lending under tighter management practices, 2) to greater openness to a variety of clients from removal of subsidy restrictions, 3) to a shift to higher interest rates that eliminate richer borrowers, and 4) to a shift to serious collection of loans which is a disincentive to more privileged borrowers. Percentages of loan loss, administration costs, cost of funds, and inflation are useful in measuring the sustainability of credit programs. Interest and fee income must also be measured. Fee repayment rates do not have a common definition of arrears, default, and write-off. A simple measure is the percentage of total costs covered by income. The World Bank recommends the Subsidy Dependence Index. Women tend to be better at repaying loans. Loan size should be related to borrowers' ability to handle the amount of the loan. Low and subsidized interest rates deter depositors and attract richer borrowers. Poorer borrowers are attracted by access to credit and not the cost of credit. Interest rates should be based on market rates. The loan payment should be no longer than necessary. Small groups of borrowers can guarantee each others loans. Group-based loan schemes work best. NGOs must project an image of being serious about loan collections and must take action immediately when a payment is missed. Good repayers should be rewarded with quick repeat loans.

P-51 Escorts: Legend or Myth

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-01-01

program because the bird allegedly was so slow that the new jets would kill it easily. Yet early jets were noto- rious fuel burners . How could the...Winged Defense: The Devel- opment and Possibilities of Modern Air Power— Eco - nomic and Military (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons,  1925), 169. 4

76 FR 79214 - Certain Products Containing Interactive Program Guide and Parental Controls Technology...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-21

... Systems, Inc. of Tortola, the British Virgin Islands. The complaint alleges violations of section 337.... Box 71, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands. (b) The respondents are the following entities...: Vizio, Inc., 39 Tesla, Irvine, CA 92618. Haier Group Corp., 1 Haier Road, Hi-Tech Zone, Qingdao...

Why KIPP Is Not Corporate: KIPP and Social Justice

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Maranto, Robert; Ritter, Gary

2014-01-01

Critics see the Knowledge Is Power Program (KIPP), a network of 141 charter schools, as part of the corporate based school reform movement (e.g., Horn, 2011; Grey, 2011), a view shared by many traditional public school educators. So-called corporate based school reform strategies allegedly exploit students and teachers, employ very narrow metrics…

45 CFR 681.10 - What happens if a defendant fails to file an answer?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... SCIENCE FOUNDATION PROGRAM FRAUD CIVIL REMEDIES ACT REGULATIONS Procedures Following Service of A... that an initial decision will be issued. (c) The ALJ will assume the facts alleged in the complaint to be true and, if such facts establish liability under the statute, the ALJ will issue an initial...

45 CFR 681.10 - What happens if a defendant fails to file an answer?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... SCIENCE FOUNDATION PROGRAM FRAUD CIVIL REMEDIES ACT REGULATIONS Procedures Following Service of A... that an initial decision will be issued. (c) The ALJ will assume the facts alleged in the complaint to be true and, if such facts establish liability under the statute, the ALJ will issue an initial...

45 CFR 681.10 - What happens if a defendant fails to file an answer?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... SCIENCE FOUNDATION PROGRAM FRAUD CIVIL REMEDIES ACT REGULATIONS Procedures Following Service of A... that an initial decision will be issued. (c) The ALJ will assume the facts alleged in the complaint to be true and, if such facts establish liability under the statute, the ALJ will issue an initial...

45 CFR 681.10 - What happens if a defendant fails to file an answer?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... SCIENCE FOUNDATION PROGRAM FRAUD CIVIL REMEDIES ACT REGULATIONS Procedures Following Service of A... that an initial decision will be issued. (c) The ALJ will assume the facts alleged in the complaint to be true and, if such facts establish liability under the statute, the ALJ will issue an initial...

45 CFR 681.10 - What happens if a defendant fails to file an answer?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... SCIENCE FOUNDATION PROGRAM FRAUD CIVIL REMEDIES ACT REGULATIONS Procedures Following Service of A... that an initial decision will be issued. (c) The ALJ will assume the facts alleged in the complaint to be true and, if such facts establish liability under the statute, the ALJ will issue an initial...

76 FR 24393 - Structure and Practices of the Video Relay Service Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-02

...#orders . To request materials in accessible formats for people with disabilities (braille, large print... 2002, Public Law 107-198, see 44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(4), the Commission previously sought specific comment... Justice indicted 26 people for allegedly manufacturing and billing the Fund for illegitimate calls, the...

Beyond Feminism and the Dynamics of Mass Movements.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gonzales, Sylvia

In response to an article appearing in "The New York Times Magazine" by Anne Roiphe titled "The Trouble at Sarah Lawrence", which alleges "that the open visibility of female homosexuals in the student body, nourished by Sarah Lawrence's Women Studies Program, has led the prestigious college to ruin", this paper questions whether women's studies or…

Report of the Defense Task Force on Sexual Assault in the Military Services

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-12-01

120 and 125, UCMJ sex -related criminal allegations (except for indecent exposure and indecent acts) occurring on military installations, involving...A-1  Annex B: Sex -Related Crimes... prophylaxis . (Recommendation 24) • The Secretary of Defense establish a Sexual Assault Forensic Examiner education program at military teaching

75 FR 78733 - Notice of Lodging of Consent Decree Under the Clean Air Act

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-16

... alleges that U.S. Oil violated the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Benzene Waste Operations (the ``Benzene NESHAP''), 40 CFR part 61, Subpart FF, the National Emission Standards... Benzene NESHAP compliance program; and (4) implement measures, in addition to compliance with the LDAR...

The Incident: It's 2pm on a Friday Afternoon...

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Grant, Frank

2002-01-01

A false allegation of sexual abuse at a residential outdoor education facility demonstrates why programs should have written policies and procedures directing staff how to respond to infatuations and "come-on" traps of young people; how to avoid bodily contact, being alone with a group, or dealing emotionally and physically with…

Better methods will be needed to project incomes to estimate eligibility for subsidies in health insurance exchanges.

PubMed

Graves, John A

2012-07-01

Under the Affordable Care Act, people who meet certain income eligibility criteria will be eligible for subsidies to offset costs of premiums and cost sharing for health insurance plans purchased through new health insurance exchanges. But determining the correct level of these subsidies will not be easy, because of several factors. These include the way in which eligibility will be calculated for participation in Medicaid or for subsidies through the exchanges; possibly inaccurate income projections; the use of different income time periods to determine eligibility; and fluctuations in income. I performed a simulation that shows that under the most likely methods to be used to determine eligibility for Medicaid or for receiving subsidies through exchanges, one-third of people with incomes initially judged to be below the Medicaid threshold would actually "churn" into an exchange at the end of the year. Other people would be wrongly deemed ineligible for advance subsidy payments because their projected income was too high, while still others judged eligible for subsidies would receive advance payments on those subsidies that were too high by $208 per year, on average. To reduce these errors, I recommend the adoption of a single eligibility standard based on income data derived from prior tax returns, along with generous accommodations during a given enrollment year for people who claim a change in circumstances, such as a change in income.

Official 1996 Mock Trial Materials for the Twenty-Fourth Annual District of Columbia Public Schools Mock Trial Program. Kyle Wilkins, Plaintiff, v. New Columbia County School District, Defendant.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ashbrook, Alexandra M.

This guide contains the 1996 mock trial materials for the District of Columbia mock trial program. The trial focuses on a high school student who died of a heart attack attributed to the use of steroids. The plaintiff, the student's father, alleges that the school, its principal, and track coach were negligent in the death because they failed to…

Changes in Youth’s Experiences of Child Maltreatment Across Developmental Periods in the LONGSCAN consortium

PubMed Central

Villodas, Miguel T.; Litrownik, Alan J.; Thompson, Richard; Roesch, Scott C.; English, Diana J.; Dubowitz, Howard; Kotch, Jonathan B.; Runyan, Desmond K.

2013-01-01

Objective The present study applied person-centered data analytic techniques to identify groups of youth with allegations for combinations of maltreatment types during preschool, early and late childhood. Method Latent Class Analyses were conducted using officially reported child maltreatment data for five types of maltreatment (i.e., failure-to-provide and lack-of-supervision neglect, and physical, sexual and emotional abuse) from 788 youth in a large prospective study during preschool, early, and late childhood. Results Three similar classes were identified during preschool and early childhood, characterized by no maltreatment allegations, allegations for neglect and emotional maltreatment, and allegations for all maltreatment types. During late childhood, four classes were identified characterized by no maltreatment allegations, mixed patterns of maltreatment allegations, physical and emotional abuse allegations, and allegations for all maltreatment types. Youth in maltreated classes were more likely to be re-victimized during subsequent developmental periods, often by similar maltreatment combinations. Youth in maltreated classes characterized by physically violent maltreatment types had higher Externalizing and Total behavior problems at each age. Conclusions These findings confirm the vulnerability of maltreated youth to re-victimization, particularly by similar combinations of maltreatment. They also indicate that youth’s susceptibilities to specific forms of maltreatment may vary across developmental periods. PMID:24999441

Department of Energy: Allegations about the Director of the Office of Minority Economic Impact

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1986-01-01

Rosslee G. Douglas was nominated to be Director of the Office of Minority Economic Impact in March 1981. She requested a reorganization (proposed reduction in force) of her office May 1985. Shortly after she proposed the RIF, allegations were made that the purpose of her proposal was to get rid of two employees whom she did not trust. Other allegations were made against Mrs. Douglas, including allegations that she abused travel, telephone, and Department of Energy motor pool privileges, and that she engaged in illegal contracting practices. GAO found support for some of the allegations regarding the proposed RIF.

Epilepsy and workplace discrimination: population characteristics and trends.

PubMed

West, Michael D; Dye, Amy N; McMahon, Brian T

2006-08-01

This study investigates the nature of allegations of workplace discrimination made by job seekers and workers with epilepsy. Demographic characteristics of individuals making allegations were consistent with those of individuals with epilepsy nationwide. Approximately three-fourths of allegations were related to post-hire issues, such as discrimination in promotion and termination, disciplinary actions, and harassment. The lowest rate of merit allegation was related to discrimination in hiring. Comparison of merit allegations before and after the U.S. Supreme Court's Sutton decision revealed that claimants have had higher rates of success following the decision, suggesting that the Sutton decision has had no negative effect on claimants with epilepsy.

Analysis on Dissemination Conditions of Photovoltaics in Japan by Using Energy System Model MARKAL

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Endo, Eiichi; Ichinohe, Masayuki

The national target for PV capacity in Japan is 4. 82, GW in 2010, and several PV Roadmaps until 2030 are also described. To achieve the target, several support programs, such as subsidization to capital cost, Green Credit by the Green Power Certification System, buy-back under the Renewable Portfolio Standard low, have been already introduced. Carbon tax is still under consideration, but there are several analyses about possible carbon tax. The purpose of this paper is to analyze PV system sales price and subsidy through buy-back which make photovoltaics cost-competitive with other energy technologies and make the target for PV capacity achievable by 2030 in Japan under an expected carbon tax. For the analysis energy system of Japan is modeled by using MARKAL. Based on the results of analysis, under 6000, JPY/t-C carbon tax, photovoltaics needs subsidy for a while even if we taking both fuel savings and Green Credit into account. For attaining the national target for PV capacity in 2010, photovoltaics needs more expensive buy-back than that in present, but after 2010 necessary buy-back decreases gradually. If 120, JPY/W PV system sales price is attained by 2030, photovoltaics becomes cost-competitive without any supports. Subsidy through buy-back becomes almost unnecessary in 2030, if we can reduce it less than 170, JPY/W. The total necessary buy-back meets peak in 2025. It is much more than ongoing subsidy to capital cost of PV systems, but annual revenue from the assumed carbon tax can finance the annual total necessary buy-back. This means if photovoltaics can attain the targeted PV system sales price, we should support it for a while by spending carbon tax revenue effectively and efficiently.

Valuing the Benefits of the Education Provided by Public Universities: A Case Study of Minnesota

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Damon, Amy; Glewwe, Paul

2011-01-01

This study estimates the value of the private and public benefits that accrue to Minnesota residents from state government subsidies to higher education. In 2005, the University of Minnesota and the Minnesota State Colleges and Universities system received $832 million from Minnesota's state government to support educational programs. These…

Effects of biological control agents and exotic plant invasion on deer mouse populations

Treesearch

Yvette K. Ortega; Dean E. Pearson; Kevin S. McKelvey

2004-01-01

Exotic insects are commonly introduced as biological control agents to reduce densities of invasive exotic plants. Although current biocontrol programs for weeds take precautions to minimize ecological risks, little attention is paid to the potential nontarget effects of introduced food subsidies on native consumers. Previous research demonstrated that two gall flies (...

Our Children are Waiting for Adoptive Homes: A Review of New York State Adoption Services.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pisani, Joseph R.

The history and current problems of adoption services provided by the state of New York are discussed. First, statutory reforms since the creation in 1968 of the nation's first statewide adoption subsidy program are reviewed and adoption services aimed at providing permanent homes for children in foster care are described. Subsequently, the…

JPRS Report, Science & Technology, Europe, Economic Competitiveness.

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-08-09

in the form of proportional subsidies for research contracts concluded with large companies. For contracts concluded with small - and medium ...special programs to help small - and medium -sized enterprises (SME’s) that carry out research work , and to foster the growth of an innovative SME base...process of being developed. MEDIA DUEMILA: In the past, the EEC relied on

19 CFR 351.524 - Allocation of benefit to a particular time period.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... the benefits are received if the total amount approved under the subsidy program is less than 0.5... assets for the industry concerned as listed in the Internal Revenue Service's (“IRS”) 1977 Class Life... do not reasonably reflect the company-specific AUL or the country-wide AUL for the industry under...

Transforming and Improving American Education: A Memo to President-elect Obama. No. 7

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lips, Dan; Marshall, Jennifer A.

2008-01-01

The authors of this memo to President-elect Barack Obama state that many in Congress are now proposing that the federal government intervene to address a range of problems in education by creating new programs and federal subsidies, including public school infrastructure and construction, funding for runaway college tuition costs, and the costs of…

Evaluation of Child Care Subsidy Strategies: Massachusetts Family Child Care Study. Executive Summary

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Collins, Ann; Goodson, Barbara

2010-01-01

This report presents findings from the Massachusetts Family Child Care study, a two-year evaluation designed to examine the impacts on providers and children of an early childhood education program aimed at improving the development and learning opportunities in the care settings and, as a consequence, the outcomes for children in care. The early…

78 FR 9020 - Wireline Competition Bureau Seeks Further Comment on Specific Issues Related to the...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-07

... adjust the Remote Areas Fund usage allowance requirement to reflect consumer behavior, and if so, how... files, audio format), send an email to [email protected] or call the Consumer & Governmental Affairs Bureau... issues relating to the implementation of the Remote Areas Fund as a portable consumer subsidy program, as...

Child Care and Development Block Grant Participation in 2012

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Matthews, Hannah; Reeves, Rhiannon

2014-01-01

The Child Care and Development Block Grant (CCDBG) is the primary funding source for federal child care subsidies to low-income working families, as well as improving child care quality. Based on preliminary state-reported data from the federal Office of Child Care, this fact sheet provides a snapshot of CCDBG program participation in 2012, noting…

77 FR 58512 - Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products From the Republic of Korea: Preliminary Results of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-09-21

... 2006 Decision Memorandum) at ``Benchmarks for Short-Term Financing.'' B. Benchmark for Long-Term Loans.... Subsidies Valuation Information A. Benchmarks for Short-Term Financing For those programs requiring the application of a won-denominated, short-term interest rate benchmark, in accordance with 19 CFR 351.505(a)(2...

Straight Talk on Student Loans. Research & Occasional Paper Series: CSHE.10.04

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shireman, Robert

2004-01-01

The federal government provides student loans for college and graduate school in two ways: by guaranteeing bank loans, and by lending directly to students. In the guaranteed loan program, banks lend students money and profit from the interest payments while the government guarantees the loans against default and makes subsidy payments to the…

75 FR 45472 - Certain Magnesia Carbon Bricks From the People's Republic of China: Final Affirmative...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-02

... the programs covered by this investigation, and the methodologies used to calculate the subsidy rates... determination with the final determinations in the companion AD investigations of MCBs from the PRC and Mexico...\\ The Petitioner in the instant investigation is Resco Products Inc. On January 22, 2010, the GOC filed...

Workplace discrimination, deafness and hearing impairment: the national EEOC ADA research project.

PubMed

Bowe, Frank G; McMahon, Brian T; Chang, Tai; Louvi, Ioanna

2005-01-01

Data compiled by the US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), in its Integrated Mission System, provide documentation regarding the employment discrimination experience of Americans who are deaf or hard of hearing. This paper presents an analysis of 8,936 allegations filed by persons with hearing impairment and closed by EEOC between July 26, 1992 and September 30, 2003, as compared to 165,674 allegations filed by individuals with other physical or sensory disabilities. The investigators compare and contrast demographic characteristics of Charging Parties, characteristics of Respondents, the nature of allegations, and the outcomes of the allegations in order to illustrate how these variables differ between the two groups, herein referred to as HEARING (deaf, hard of hearing, or other hearing impairment) and GENDIS (general disability). Most allegations derived from both groups were filed against larger Respondents (those with 500+ workers). The most common allegation issues in the HEARING group involved matters of discharge, reasonable accommodation, and hiring. Outcomes derived from HEARING allegations were more likely to result in merit resolutions when compared to GENDIS, by a 25% to 21% margin.

14 CFR 271.3 - Carrier subsidy need.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Aeronautics and Space OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (AVIATION PROCEEDINGS) ECONOMIC REGULATIONS GUIDELINES FOR SUBSIDIZING AIR CARRIERS PROVIDING ESSENTIAL AIR TRANSPORTATION § 271.3 Carrier subsidy need. In establishing the subsidy for an air carrier providing essential air service at an...

Premium subsidies and social health insurance: substitutes or complements?

PubMed

Kifmann, Mathias; Roeder, Kerstin

2011-12-01

Premium subsidies have been advocated as an alternative to social health insurance. These subsidies are paid if expenditure on health insurance exceeds a given share of income. In this paper, we examine whether this approach is superior to social health insurance from a welfare perspective. We show that the results crucially depend on the correlation of health and productivity. For a positive correlation, we find that combining premium subsidies with social health insurance is the optimal policy. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Welfare Reform: States' Efforts To Expand Child Care Programs. United States General Accounting Office Report to the Ranking Minority Member, Subcommittee on Children and Families, Committee on Labor and Human Resources, U.S. Senate.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

General Accounting Office, Washington, DC. Health, Education, and Human Services Div.

The sweeping changes of welfare reform embodied in the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, and which created the Child Care and Development Block Grant, raise many questions about how states will implement subsidy programs to help an increasing number of low-income families meet their child care needs. At the…

Reducing the Deficit: Spending and Revenue Options. A Report to the Senate and House Committees on the Budget. Part 2

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-01-01

Loan Program 132 NDD-03 Reduce Funding for Research Supported by the National Institutes of Health 134 NDD-04 Reduce Subsidies Provided by the...faster pace under Strategy II but more slowly than under the Administra- tion’s plan. Both strategies would slow production and research and...develop- ment of many programs, but Strategy I probably would result in the cancel- lation or delay of a greater number of procurement and research

Contributions of detrital subsidies to aboveground spiders during secondary succession, revealed by radiocarbon and stable isotope signatures.

PubMed

Haraguchi, Takashi F; Uchida, Masao; Shibata, Yasuyuki; Tayasu, Ichiro

2013-04-01

Prey subsidies originating from detritus add nutrients and energy to arboreal communities. Measurement of this subsidy is required in the understanding of how food web dynamics respond to changes in surrounding environments. Shrub spiders are one of the key predators involved in food web coupling. We evaluate the effects of potential changes in prey availabilities during secondary succession on the contribution of subsidy from detrital food webs to shrub spiders and how different spider feeding guilds used the subsidy of prey from detrital food webs. We measured the relative importance of the subsidy for the spider feeding guilds, using the ratios of stable isotopes of C (δ(13)C), and N (δ(15)N) and C isotope discrimination (Δ(14)C). Diet age was calculated from Δ(14)C values, because old diet ages of spiders indicate that the spiders consume prey from detrital food sources. Dominant aerial prey (Diptera) had a distinctively old diet age compared with arboreal prey, which indicates that aerial prey were subsidized from detrital food webs. Sit-and-wait spiders tended to have an older diet age than active hunting spiders, which indicates that sit-and-wait spiders depended more on subsidies. Diet age varied only slightly for spiders in stands of different ages, indicating that rates at which spiders use grazing and detrital prey are probably determined more by foraging strategies and not by stand age. A dominance of sit-and-wait predators will lead to higher detrital subsidy inputs in shrub habitats. This study highlights the effect of shrub spider community structure (feeding guild composition) on the volume of the subsidy received from the detrital food web.

Experimental analysis of the effect of taxes and subsides on calories purchased in an on-line supermarket.

PubMed

Epstein, Leonard H; Finkelstein, Eric; Raynor, Hollie; Nederkoorn, Chantal; Fletcher, Kelly D; Jankowiak, Noelle; Paluch, Rocco A

2015-12-01

Taxes and subsidies are a public health approach to improving nutrient quality of food purchases. While taxes or subsidies influence purchasing, it is unclear whether they influence total energy or overall diet quality of foods purchased. Using a within subjects design, selected low nutrient dense foods (e.g. sweetened beverages, candy, salty snacks) were taxed, and fruits and vegetables and bottled water were subsidized by 12.5% or 25% in comparison to a usual price condition for 199 female shoppers in an experimental store. Results showed taxes reduced calories purchased of taxed foods (coefficient = -6.61, CI = -11.94 to -1.28) and subsidies increased calories purchased of subsidized foods (coefficient = 13.74, CI = 8.51 to 18.97). However, no overall effect was observed on total calories purchased. Both taxes and subsidies were associated with a reduction in calories purchased for grains (taxes: coefficient = -6.58, CI = -11.91 to -1.24, subsidies: coefficient = -12.86, CI = -18.08 to -7.63) and subsidies were associated with a reduction in calories purchased for miscellaneous foods (coefficient = -7.40, CI = -12.62 to -2.17) (mostly fats, oils and sugars). Subsidies improved the nutrient quality of foods purchased (coefficient = 0.14, CI = 0.07 to 0.21). These results suggest that taxes and subsidies can influence energy purchased for products taxed or subsidized, but not total energy purchased. However, the improvement in nutrient quality with subsidies indicates that pricing can shift nutritional quality of foods purchased. Research is needed to evaluate if differential pricing strategies based on nutrient quality are associated with reduction in calories and improvement in nutrient quality of foods purchased. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

False allegations of abuse and Munchausen syndrome by proxy.

PubMed Central

Meadow, R

1993-01-01

Fourteen children from seven families are reported for whom false allegations of abuse were made by the mother. Twelve children were alleged to have incurred sexual abuse, one both sexual and physical abuse, and one physical abuse alone. Thirteen of the children had incurred, or were currently victims of, factitious illness abuse invented by the mother. The one child with no history of factitious illness abuse had a sibling who had incurred definite factitious illness abuse. The false allegations of abuse did not occur in the context of parental separation, divorce, or custody disputes concerning the children. They occurred in the context of Munchausen syndrome by proxy abuse. The age of the children, 3 to 9 years, was older than the usual age for Munchausen syndrome by proxy abuse. The mother was the source of the false allegations and was the person who encouraged or taught six of the children to substantiate allegations of sexual abuse. PMID:8503664

75 FR 41874 - Quality Control for Rental Assistance Subsidy Determinations

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-19

... DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT [Docket No. FR-5376-N-68] Quality Control for Rental Assistance Subsidy Determinations AGENCY: Office of the Chief Information Officer, HUD. ACTION: Notice... lists the following information: Title of Proposal: Quality Control for Rental Assistance Subsidy...

Effect of subsidies to fossil fuel companies on United States crude oil production

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Erickson, Peter; Down, Adrian; Lazarus, Michael; Koplow, Doug

2017-11-01

Countries in the G20 have committed to phase out `inefficient' fossil fuel subsidies. However, there remains a limited understanding of how subsidy removal would affect fossil fuel investment returns and production, particularly for subsidies to producers. Here, we assess the impact of major federal and state subsidies on US crude oil producers. We find that, at recent oil prices of US50 per barrel, tax preferences and other subsidies push nearly half of new, yet-to-be-developed oil investments into profitability, potentially increasing US oil production by 17 billion barrels over the next few decades. This oil, equivalent to 6 billion tonnes of CO2, could make up as much as 20% of US oil production through 2050 under a carbon budget aimed at limiting warming to 2 °C. Our findings show that removal of tax incentives and other fossil fuel support policies could both fulfil G20 commitments and yield climate benefits.

Lessons Learned From the Affordable Care Act: The Premium Subsidy Design May Promote Adverse Selection.

PubMed

Graetz, Ilana; McKillop, Caitlin N; Kaplan, Cameron M; Waters, Teresa M

2017-05-01

Since 2014, average premiums for health plans available in the Affordable Care Act marketplaces have increased. We examine how premium price changes affected the amount consumers pay after subsidies for the lowest-cost bronze and silver plans available by age in the federally facilitated exchanges. Between 2015 and 2016, benchmark plan premiums increased in 83.3% of counties. Overall, rising benchmark premiums were associated with lower average after-subsidy premiums for the lowest-cost bronze and silver plans for older subsidy-eligible adults, but with higher after-subsidy premiums for younger adults purchasing the same plans, regardless of income. With recent discussions to replace or overhaul the Affordable Care Act, it is critical that we learn from the successes and failures of the current policy. Our findings suggest that the subsidy design, which makes rising premiums costlier for younger adults looking to purchase an entry-level plan, may be contributing to adverse selection and instability in the marketplace.

How much choice is there in housing choice vouchers? Neighborhood risk and free market rental housing accessibility for active drug users in Hartford, Connecticut.

PubMed

Dickson-Gomez, Julia B; Cromley, Ellen; Convey, Mark; Hilario, Helena

2009-04-15

Since the mid-1970s, the dominant model for U.S. federal housing policy has shifted from unit-based programs to tenant based vouchers and certificates, intended to allow recipients a choice in their housing and neighborhoods. Surprisingly little research has examined the question of where those with Section 8 housing vouchers are able to live, but some research suggests that voucher holders are more likely to reside in distressed neighborhoods than unsubsidized renter households. Further, federal housing policy has limited drug users' access to housing subsidies. In turn, neighborhood disorder has been associated with higher levels of injection drug risk behaviors, and higher drug-related mortality. This paper explores rental accessibility and neighborhood characteristics of advertised rental housing in Hartford CT. Brief telephone interviews were conducted with landlords or management companies with units to rent in Hartford to explore housing accessibility measured as initial move in costs, credit and criminal background checks, and whether rental subsidies were accepted. These data were supplemented with in-depth interviews with landlords, shelter staff and active users of heroin, crack or cocaine. Apartments for rent were geocoded and mapped using ArcGIS. We used location quotients to identify areas where low-income rental housing is concentrated. Finally, we mapped apartments in relation to drug and violent arrest rates in each neighborhood. High security deposits, criminal background and credit checks limit housing accessibility even for drug users receiving vouchers. While most landlords or management companies accepted housing subsidies, several did not. Voucher units are concentrated in neighborhoods with high poverty neighborhoods. Landlords reported little incentive to accept rental subsidies in neighborhoods with low crime rates, but appreciated the guarantee provided by Section 8 in high crime neighborhoods that were less likely to attract applicants with good jobs and credit. Housing vouchers in themselves do not greatly improve recipients' choice of neighborhood and voucher units are concentrated in the most distressed neighborhoods. Policy changes are needed to increase landlords' incentives to accept housing subsidies. Interventions to improve neighborhood conditions are needed to improve the probability of success for those recovering from drug addictions.

Influence of Maternal Health Literacy on Child Participation in Social Welfare Programs: The Philadelphia Experience

PubMed Central

Mohamad, Zeinab; Cnaan, Avital; Kavanagh, Jane; Shea, Judy A.

2010-01-01

We examined the influence of maternal health literacy on child participation in social welfare programs. In this cohort, 20% of the mothers had inadequate or marginal health literacy. Initially, more than 50% of the families participated in Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), the Food Stamp Program, and Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children, whereas fewer than 15% received child care subsidies or public housing. In multivariate regression, TANF participation was more than twice as common among children whose mothers had adequate health literacy compared with children whose mothers had inadequate health literacy. PMID:20634468

14 CFR 271.7 - Subsidy payout formula.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Subsidy payout formula. 271.7 Section 271.7 Aeronautics and Space OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (AVIATION PROCEEDINGS) ECONOMIC REGULATIONS GUIDELINES FOR SUBSIDIZING AIR CARRIERS PROVIDING ESSENTIAL AIR TRANSPORTATION § 271.7 Subsidy...

7 CFR 3560.260 - Rental subsidies from non-Agency sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Section 3560.260 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) RURAL HOUSING SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE DIRECT MULTI-FAMILY HOUSING LOANS AND GRANTS Rental Subsidies § 3560... subsidies from sources other than the Agency in Agency financed housing projects. The Agency will make no...

78 FR 69103 - 30-Day Notice of Proposed Information Collection: Quality Control for Rental Assistance Subsidy...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-18

... Information Collection: Quality Control for Rental Assistance Subsidy Determinations AGENCY: Office of the... Collection Title of Information Collection: Quality Control for Rental Assistance Subsidy Determinations. OMB... Quality Control process involves selecting a nationally representative sample of assisted households to...

Gender as a differential indicator of the employment discrimination experiences of Americans with multiple sclerosis.

PubMed

Rumrill, Phillip D; Roessler, Richard T; McMahon, Brian T; Hennessey, Mary L; Neath, Jeanne

2007-01-01

Information from the Integrated Mission System of the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) was used to investigate the employment discrimination experiences of women and men with multiple sclerosis (MS). Spanning the years 1992 to 2003, the EEOC database included 3,663 allegations of discrimination filed by 2,167 adults with MS. With respect to women and men with MS, the researchers examined the comparability of a) demographic characteristics; b) industry designations, locations, and size of employers; c) the nature of discrimination alleged; and d) the legal outcome or resolution of those allegations. On average, women and men with MS were in their early forties, with the majority of both groups being Caucasian. Both women and men were most likely to allege discrimination related to discharge and reasonable accommodations, although women were more likely to file harassment charges than men. Men with MS were more likely to allege discrimination regarding hiring and reinstatement. Women with MS were more likely to file allegations against employers in the service industries, and men were more likely to file allegations against employers in the construction, manufacturing, and wholesale industries. No gender differences were found in the geographic distribution of allegations. Both groups had comparable rates of merit closures (23% vs. 27%) as a result of the EEOC's investigatory process. Implications for rehabilitation counseling and employer-oriented interventions are discussed.

USMC Relocation to Guam: Political Pressure and Poor Plam1ing to Blame for an Ill-Postured U.S. Military in the Pacific

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-03-19

Projects and Programs to Support a Larger Military Presence (Washington, D.C.: Government Accountability Office, 2009), 1. 22 Akiko Yamamoto , "Rice, on...Washington, D.C.: Government Accountability Office, 2009. Yamamoto , Akiko . "Rice, on Japan Visit, Offers U.S. Regrets Over Alleged Rape

34 CFR 33.5 - Review by the reviewing official.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 34 Education 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Review by the reviewing official. 33.5 Section 33.5 Education Office of the Secretary, Department of Education PROGRAM FRAUD CIVIL REMEDIES ACT § 33.5 Review by... which the allegations of liability are based; (4) An estimate of the amount of money or the value of...

42 CFR 447.90 - FFP: Conditions related to pending investigations of credible allegations of fraud against the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... service is furnished as an emergency item or service, but not including items or services furnished in an emergency room of a hospital; or (2) The State determines and documents that good cause as specified at... ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS PAYMENTS FOR SERVICES Payments: General Provisions Alternative Premiums and Cost Sharing...

42 CFR 447.90 - FFP: Conditions related to pending investigations of credible allegations of fraud against the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... service is furnished as an emergency item or service, but not including items or services furnished in an emergency room of a hospital; or (2) The State determines and documents that good cause as specified at... ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS PAYMENTS FOR SERVICES Payments: General Provisions Alternative Premiums and Cost Sharing...

42 CFR 447.90 - FFP: Conditions related to pending investigations of credible allegations of fraud against the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... service is furnished as an emergency item or service, but not including items or services furnished in an emergency room of a hospital; or (2) The State determines and documents that good cause as specified at... ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS PAYMENTS FOR SERVICES Payments: General Provisions Alternative Premiums and Cost Sharing...

34 CFR 682.211 - Forbearance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... disability; (6) Upon receipt of a valid identity theft report as defined in section 603(q)(4) of the Fair... furnished by the lender is a result of an alleged identity theft as defined in § 682.402(e)(14), for a... requirements of the teacher loan forgiveness program in § 682.216; and (iii) In yearly increments (or a lesser...

28 CFR 42.215 - Other actions authorized under the JSIA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...-Implementation of Section 815(c)(1) of the Justice System Improvement Act of 1979 § 42.215 Other actions... receives funds made available under the JSIA or the Juvenile Justice Act and the conduct allegedly violates... payment of any funds under the JSIA and the Juvenile Justice Act to that specific program or activity...

28 CFR 42.215 - Other actions authorized under the JSIA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...-Implementation of Section 815(c)(1) of the Justice System Improvement Act of 1979 § 42.215 Other actions... receives funds made available under the JSIA or the Juvenile Justice Act and the conduct allegedly violates... payment of any funds under the JSIA and the Juvenile Justice Act to that specific program or activity...

28 CFR 42.215 - Other actions authorized under the JSIA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...-Implementation of Section 815(c)(1) of the Justice System Improvement Act of 1979 § 42.215 Other actions... receives funds made available under the JSIA or the Juvenile Justice Act and the conduct allegedly violates... payment of any funds under the JSIA and the Juvenile Justice Act to that specific program or activity...

28 CFR 42.215 - Other actions authorized under the JSIA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...-Implementation of Section 815(c)(1) of the Justice System Improvement Act of 1979 § 42.215 Other actions... receives funds made available under the JSIA or the Juvenile Justice Act and the conduct allegedly violates... payment of any funds under the JSIA and the Juvenile Justice Act to that specific program or activity...

75 FR 36536 - Office of the Special Inspector General for the Troubled Asset Relief Program; Privacy Act of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-28

... identifying individual criminal offenders and alleged offenders and consisting only of identifying data and... to 5 U.S.C. 552a(j)(2): DO .220--SIGTARP Hotline Database. DO .221--SIGTARP Correspondence Database. DO .222--SIGTARP Investigative MIS Database. DO .223--SIGTARP Investigative Files Database. DO .224...

Applying "What Works" in Psychology to Enhancing Examination Success in Schools: The Potential Contribution of NLP

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kudliskis, Voldis; Burden, Robert

2009-01-01

The strengths and weaknesses of Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) are described with reference to its origins, previous research and comments from critics and supporters. A case is made for this allegedly theoretical approach to provide the kind of outcomes focused intervention that psychology and psychologists can offer to schools. In…

78 FR 11939 - Social Security Ruling, SSR 13-2p.; Titles II and XVI: Evaluating Cases Involving Drug Addiction...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-20

... determination or decision. The type and number of CEs we purchase will depend on the claimant's allegations and... decisions relating to the Federal old-age, survivors, disability, supplemental security income, special veterans benefits, and black lung benefits programs. SSRs may be based on determinations or decisions made...

Fowl play? Forensic environmental assessment of alleged discharge of highly contaminated effluent from a chicken slaughterhouse

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Harvey, P.; Taylor, M. P.; Handley, H. K.

2016-12-01

Multiple lines of geochemical and biological evidence are applied to identify and fingerprint the nature and source of alleged contamination emanating from a chicken slaughterhouse on the urban fringe of Sydney, Australia. The slaughterhouse has a long history of alleged environmental misconduct. The impact of the facility on catchment source waters by the slaughterhouse has been the subject of controversy. The facility owner has persistently denied breach of their licence condition and maintains it is `a very environmentally conscious operation'. The disputed nature of the possible sources of discharges and its contaminants required a detailed forensic environmental assessment. Water samples collected from off-site discharge points associated with the facility show highly elevated concentrations of faecal coliforms (max 68,000 cfu), ammonia-N (51,000 µg/L), total nitrogen (98,000 µg/L) and phosphorous (32,000 µg/L). Upstream and adjacent watercourses were markedly less contaminated. Water discharge points associated with the slaughterhouse and natural catchment runoff were sampled for arsenic speciation, including assessment for the organoarsenic compound Roxarsone. Roxarsone is used as a chicken growth promoter. Water draining the slaughterhouse facility contained concentrations around 10 times local background levels. The Roxarsone compound was not detected in any waters, but inorganic arsenic, As(V), was present in all waters with the greatest concentrations in waters draining from the slaughterhouse. The environmental evidence was compiled over a series of discharges events and presented to the NSW EPA. Subsequent to receipt of the data supported by their own investigations, the NSW EPA mandated that the slaughterhouse be subject to a pollution reduction program. The efficacy of the pollution reduction program to stem the release of highly contaminated effluent is currently subject to ongoing investigation using a suite of water chemistry measures including DNA analysis.

19 CFR 351.522 - Green light and green box subsidies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Green light and green box subsidies. 351.522... COUNTERVAILING DUTIES Identification and Measurement of Countervailable Subsidies § 351.522 Green light and green... domestic support measures that are provided to certain agricultural products (i.e., products listed in...

75 FR 82130 - WTO Dispute Settlement Proceeding Regarding China-Subsidies on Wind Power Equipment

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-29

...--Subsidies on Wind Power Equipment AGENCY: Office of the United States Trade Representative. ACTION: Notice... certain subsidies provided by the People's Republic of China (China) on wind power equipment. The... Special Fund for Industrialization of Wind Power Equipment'' (``Wind Power Equipment Fund''). The Wind...

19 CFR 351.601 - Annual list and quarterly update of subsidies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 3 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Annual list and quarterly update of subsidies. 351.601 Section 351.601 Customs Duties INTERNATIONAL TRADE ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE ANTIDUMPING AND COUNTERVAILING DUTIES Subsidy Determinations Regarding Cheese Subject to an In-Quota Rate of...

19 CFR 351.601 - Annual list and quarterly update of subsidies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Annual list and quarterly update of subsidies. 351.601 Section 351.601 Customs Duties INTERNATIONAL TRADE ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE ANTIDUMPING AND COUNTERVAILING DUTIES Subsidy Determinations Regarding Cheese Subject to an In-Quota Rate of...

20 CFR 418.3210 - What is a prescribed application for a subsidy?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false What is a prescribed application for a subsidy? 418.3210 Section 418.3210 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION MEDICARE SUBSIDIES... prescribed application may include a printed form, an application our employees complete on computer screens...

20 CFR 418.3210 - What is a prescribed application for a subsidy?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false What is a prescribed application for a subsidy? 418.3210 Section 418.3210 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION MEDICARE SUBSIDIES... prescribed application may include a printed form, an application our employees complete on computer screens...

20 CFR 418.3210 - What is a prescribed application for a subsidy?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false What is a prescribed application for a subsidy? 418.3210 Section 418.3210 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION MEDICARE SUBSIDIES... prescribed application may include a printed form, an application our employees complete on computer screens...

20 CFR 418.3210 - What is a prescribed application for a subsidy?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false What is a prescribed application for a subsidy? 418.3210 Section 418.3210 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION MEDICARE SUBSIDIES... prescribed application may include a printed form, an application our employees complete on computer screens...

20 CFR 418.3210 - What is a prescribed application for a subsidy?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false What is a prescribed application for a subsidy? 418.3210 Section 418.3210 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION MEDICARE SUBSIDIES... prescribed application may include a printed form, an application our employees complete on computer screens...

Predator-prey-subsidy population dynamics on stepping-stone domains.

PubMed

Shen, Lulan; Van Gorder, Robert A

2017-05-07

Predator-prey-subsidy dynamics on stepping-stone domains are examined using a variety of network configurations. Our problem is motivated by the interactions between arctic foxes (predator) and lemmings (prey) in the presence of seal carrion (subsidy) provided by polar bears. We use the n-Patch Model, which considers space explicitly as a "Stepping Stone" system. We consider the role that the carrying capacity, predator migration rate, input subsidy rate, predator mortality rate, and proportion of predators surviving migration play in the predator-prey-subsidy population dynamics. We find that for certain types of networks, added mobility will help predator populations, allowing them to survive or coexist when they would otherwise go extinct if confined to one location, while in other situations (such as when sparsely distributed nodes in the network have few resources available) the added mobility will hurt the predator population. We also find that a combination of favourable conditions for the prey and subsidy can lead to the formation of limit cycles (boom and bust dynamic) from stable equilibrium states. These modifications to the dynamics vary depending on the specific network structure employed, highlighting the fact that network structure can strongly influence the predator-prey-subsidy dynamics in stepping-stone domains. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Spatially cascading effect of perturbations in experimental meta-ecosystems.

PubMed

Harvey, Eric; Gounand, Isabelle; Ganesanandamoorthy, Pravin; Altermatt, Florian

2016-09-14

Ecosystems are linked to neighbouring ecosystems not only by dispersal, but also by the movement of subsidy. Such subsidy couplings between ecosystems have important landscape-scale implications because perturbations in one ecosystem may affect community structure and functioning in neighbouring ecosystems via increased/decreased subsidies. Here, we combine a general theoretical approach based on harvesting theory and a two-patch protist meta-ecosystem experiment to test the effect of regional perturbations on local community dynamics. We first characterized the relationship between the perturbation regime and local population demography on detritus production using a mathematical model. We then experimentally simulated a perturbation gradient affecting connected ecosystems simultaneously, thus altering cross-ecosystem subsidy exchanges. We demonstrate that the perturbation regime can interact with local population dynamics to trigger unexpected temporal variations in subsidy pulses from one ecosystem to another. High perturbation intensity initially led to the highest level of subsidy flows; however, the level of perturbation interacted with population dynamics to generate a crash in subsidy exchange over time. Both theoretical and experimental results show that a perturbation regime interacting with local community dynamics can induce a collapse in population levels for recipient ecosystems. These results call for integrative management of human-altered landscapes that takes into account regional dynamics of both species and resource flows. © 2016 The Author(s).

Spiders and subsidies: results from the riparian zone of a coastal temperate rainforest.

PubMed

Marczak, Laurie B; Richardson, John S

2007-07-01

1. Aquatic insects emerging from streams can provide an important energy subsidy to recipient consumers such as riparian web-building spiders. This subsidy has been hypothesized to be of little importance where the primary productivity of the recipient habitat exceeds that of the donor habitat. 2. To test this hypothesis, we manipulated emerging stream insect abundance in a productive riparian rainforest in a replicated design using greenhouse-type exclosures, contrasted with unmanipulated stream reaches (four exclosures on two streams). 3. Experimental exclosures resulted in a 62.9% decrease in aquatic insect abundance in exclusion reaches compared with control reaches. The overall density of riparian spiders was significantly positively correlated with aquatic insect abundances. Horizontal orb weavers (Tetragnathidae) showed a strong response to aquatic insect reduction - abundance at exclosure sites was 57% lower than at control sites. Several spider families that have not been associated with tracking aquatic insect subsidies also showed significantly decreased abundance when aquatic insects were reduced. 4. This result is contrary to predictions of weak subsidy effects where recipient net primary productivity is high. These results suggest that predicting the importance of resource subsidies for food webs requires a focus on the relative abundance of subsidy materials in recipient and donor habitats and not simply on the total flux of energy between systems.

Effects of Targeted Subsidies Policy on Health Behavior in Iranian Households: A Qualitative Study

PubMed Central

DOSHMANGIR, Leila; DOSHMANGIR, Parinaz; ABOLHASSANI, Nazanin; MOSHIRI, Esmaeil; JAFARI, Mehdi

2015-01-01

Background: This study aimed to explore the effects of national targeted subsidies policy on health behavior of Iranian households. Methods: In this qualitative study, data were collected between January 2012 and December 2013 through face-to-face interviews (23 experts in national and provincial levels of health system and 18 household heads) and through a comprehensive and purposive document analysis. The data was analyzed using a thematic analysis method (inductive-deductive) and assisted by Atlas-ti software. Results: Rising health care costs, removing some food subsidies and the increase in price of most goods and services due to the implementation of economic policy of targeted subsidies have led to significant changes in the demand for health services, changes in the consumption trends of goods and services affecting health as well as changes in the health habits of households. Conclusion: Targeted subsidies and the cash subsidy policy have some negative effects on population health behavior especially among poor people. Hence, maintaining or increasing the cash subsidy is not an efficient allocation of resources toward health care system. So, it is necessary to identify appropriate strategies and policies and apply interventions in order to moderate negative effects and enhance positive effects resulted from implementing this economic reform on population health behavior. PMID:26056676

Analysis of Federal Subsidies: Implied Price of Carbon

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

D. Craig Cooper; Thomas Foulke

2010-10-01

For informed climate change policy, it is important for decision makers to be able to assess how the costs and benefits of federal energy subsidies are distributed and to be able to have some measure to compare them. One way to do this is to evaluate the implied price of carbon (IPC) for a federal subsidy, or set of subsidies; where the IPC is the cost of the subsidy to the U.S. Treasury divided by the emissions reductions it generated. Subsidies with lower IPC are more cost effective at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, while subsidies with a negative IPC actmore » to increase emissions. While simple in concept, the IPC is difficult to calculate in practice. Calculation of the IPC requires knowledge of (i) the amount of energy associated with the subsidy, (ii) the amount and type of energy that would have been produced in the absence of the subsidy, and (iii) the greenhouse gas emissions associated with both the subsidized energy and the potential replacement energy. These pieces of information are not consistently available for federal subsidies, and there is considerable uncertainty in cases where the information is available. Thus, exact values for the IPC based upon fully consistent standards cannot be calculated with available data. However, it is possible to estimate a range of potential values sufficient for initial comparisons. This study has employed a range of methods to generate “first order” estimates for the IPC of a range of federal subsidies using static methods that do not account for the dynamics of supply and demand. The study demonstrates that, while the IPC value depends upon how the inquiry is framed and the IPC cannot be calculated in a “one size fits all” manner, IPC calculations can provide a valuable perspective for climate policy analysis. IPC values are most useful when calculated within the perspective of a case study, with the method and parameters of the calculation determined by the case. The IPC of different policy measures can then be quantitatively evaluated within the case. Results can be qualitatively compared across cases, so long as such comparisons are considered to be preliminary and treated with the appropriate level of caution.« less

Dual Competing Photovoltaic Supply Chains: A Social Welfare Maximization Perspective

PubMed Central

Su, Shong-Iee Ivan

2017-01-01

In the past decades, the inappropriate subsidy policies in many nations have caused problems such as serious oversupply, fierce competition and subpar social welfare in the photovoltaic (PV) industry in many nations. There is a clear shortage in the PV industry literature regarding how dual supply chains compete and the key decision issues regarding the competition between dual PV supply chains. It is critical to develop effective subsidy policies for the competing PV supply chains to achieve social welfare maximization. This study has explored the dual PV supply chain competition under the Bertrand competition assumption by three game-theoretical modeling scenarios (or supply chain strategies) considering either the public subsidy or no subsidy from a social welfare maximization perspective. A numerical analysis complemented by two sensitivity analyses provides a better understanding of the pricing and quantity decision dynamics in the dual supply chains under three different supply chain strategies and the corresponding outcomes regarding the total supply chain profits, the social welfare and the required total subsidies. The key findings disclose that if there are public subsidies, the dual PV supply chains have the strongest intention to pursue the decentralized strategy to achieve their maximal returns rather than the centralized strategy that would achieve the maximal social welfare; however, the government would need to pay for the maximal subsidy budget. Thus, the best option for the government would be to encourage the dual PV supply chains to adopt a centralized strategy since this will not only maximize the social welfare but also, at the same time, minimize the public subsidy. With a smart subsidy policy, the PV industry can make the best use of the subsidy budget and grow in a sustainable way to support the highly demanded solar power generation in many countries trying very hard to increase the proportion of their clean energy to combat the global warming effect. Several subsidy policies such as shared solar energy arrangements and performance-based incentive (PBI) are proposed to integrate the market users and the PV supply chains. This study serves as a pioneering study into the dual PV supply chain research which is very limited in the PV management and policy study literature. The findings and several untended issues provide a foundation for the future PV supply chain studies. PMID:29156653