Mixed-ligand approach to design of heterometallic single-source precursors with discrete molecular structure.

PubMed

Lieberman, Craig M; Navulla, Anantharamulu; Zhang, Haitao; Filatov, Alexander S; Dikarev, Evgeny V

2014-05-05

Heterometallic single-source precursors for the Pb/Fe = 1:1 oxide materials, PbFe(β-dik)4 (β-dik = hexafluoroacetylacetonate (hfac, 1), acetylacetonate (acac, 2), and trifluoroacetylacetonate (tfac, 4)), have been isolated by three different solid-state synthetic methods. The crystal structures of heterometallic diketonates 1, 2, and 4 were found to contain polymeric chains built on alternating [Fe(β-dik)2] and [Pb(β-dik)2] units that are held together by bridging M-O interactions. Heterometallic precursors are highly volatile, but soluble only in coordinating solvents, in which they dissociate into solvated homometallic fragments. In order to design the heterometallic precursor with a proper metal/metal ratio and with a discrete molecular structure, we used a combination of two different diketonate ligands. Heteroleptic complex Pb2Fe2(hfac)6(acac)2 (5) has been obtained by optimized stoichiometric reaction of an addition of homo-Fe(acac)2 to heterometallic Pb2Fe(hfac)6 (3) diketonate that can be run in solution on a high scale. The combination of two ligands with electron-withdrawing and electron-donating groups allows changing the connectivity pattern within the heterometallic assembly and yields the precursor with a discrete tetranuclear structure. In accord with its molecular structure, heteroleptic complex 5 is soluble even in noncoordinating solvents and was found to retain its heterometallic structure in solution. Thermal decomposition of heterometallic precursors in air at 750 °C resulted in the target Pb2Fe2O5 oxide, a prospective multiferroic material. Prolonging the annealing time or increasing the decomposition temperature leads to another phase-pure lead-iron oxide PbFe12O19 that is a representative of the important family of magnetic hexaferrites.

A systems approach to accident causation in mining: an application of the HFACS method.

PubMed

Lenné, Michael G; Salmon, Paul M; Liu, Charles C; Trotter, Margaret

2012-09-01

This project aimed to provide a greater understanding of the systemic factors involved in mining accidents, and to examine those organisational and supervisory failures that are predictive of sub-standard performance at operator level. A sample of 263 significant mining incidents in Australia across 2007-2008 were analysed using the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS). Two human factors specialists independently undertook the analysis. Incidents occurred more frequently in operations concerning the use of surface mobile equipment (38%) and working at heights (21%), however injury was more frequently associated with electrical operations and vehicles and machinery. Several HFACS categories appeared frequently: skill-based errors (64%) and violations (57%), issues with the physical environment (56%), and organisational processes (65%). Focussing on the overall system, several factors were found to predict the presence of failures in other parts of the system, including planned inappropriate operations and team resource management; inadequate supervision and team resource management; and organisational climate and inadequate supervision. It is recommended that these associations deserve greater attention in future attempts to develop accident countermeasures, although other significant associations should not be ignored. In accordance with findings from previous HFACS-based analyses of aviation and medical incidents, efforts to reduce the frequency of unsafe acts or operations should be directed to a few critical HFACS categories at the higher levels: organisational climate, planned inadequate operations, and inadequate supervision. While remedial strategies are proposed it is important that future efforts evaluate the utility of the measures proposed in studies of system safety. Copyright © 2011. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

An Inter-Rater Comparison of DoD Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) and Human Factors Analysis and Classification System-Maritime (HFACS-M)

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-09-01

Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington...of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN HUMAN SYSTEMS INTEGRATION from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL September 2013 Author: Jason Bilbro...22  Figure 9.  Training slide example with speaker notes ......................................... 31

Human Error and Commercial Aviation Accidents: A Comprehensive, Fine-Grained Analysis Using HFACS

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-07-01

Factors Figure 2. The HFACS framework. 3 practiced and seemingly automatic behaviors is that they are particularly susceptible to attention and/or memory...been included in most error frameworks, the third and final error form, perceptual errors, has received comparatively less attention . No less...operate safely. After all, just as not everyone can play linebacker for their favorite professional football team or be a concert pianist , not

Ising-type magnetic anisotropy in a cobalt(II) nitronyl nitroxide compound: a key to understanding the formation of molecular magnetic nanowires.

PubMed

Caneschi, A; Gatteschi, Dante; Lalioti, N; Sessoli, R; Sorace, L; Tangoulis, V; Vindigni, A

2002-01-04

The compound [Co(hfac)2-(NITPhOMe)2] (2) (hfac = hexafluoroacetylacetonate, NITPhOMe = 4'-methoxyphenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide) crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group, a= 10.870(5), b = 11.520(5), c = 19.749(5) A, alpha = 78.05(5), beta = 84.20(5), gamma = 64.51(5) degrees, Z = 2. It can be considered a model system for studying the nature of the magnetic anisotropy of [Co(hfac)2(NITPhOMe)] (1), which was recently reported to behave as a molecular magnetic wire. The magnetic anisotropy of 2 was investigated by EPR spectroscopy and SQUID magnetometry both in the polycrystalline powder and in a single crystal. The experimental magnetic anisotropy was related to the anisotropy of the central ion and to the exchange interaction between the cobalt(II) ion and the radicals.

Modulating the single-molecule magnet behaviour in phenoxo-O bridged Dy2 systems via subtle structural variations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Wen-Min; Zhao, Xiao-Yu; Qiao, Hui; Bai, Li; Han, Hong-Fei; Fang, Ming; Wu, Zhi-Lei; Zou, Ji-Yong

2017-09-01

In search of simple approaches to rationally modulate the single-molecule magnet behaviour in polynuclear lanthanide compound, a new system containing two structurally closely related dinuclear dysprosium complexes, namely [Dy2(hfac)4L2] (1) and [Dy2(hfac)4L‧2] (2) (hfac = hexafluoroacetylacetonate, HL = 2-[4-methylaniline-imino]methyl]-8-hydroxyquinoline and HL' = 2-[(3,4-dimethylaniline)-imino]methyl]-8-hydroxyquinoline), are successfully synthesized and the structure-dependent magnetic properties are investigated. The two Dy2 compounds display only slight variations in the coordination geometries of the center Dy(III) ion but display remarkably different single-molecule magnet behaviors with the anisotropic barriers (ΔE/kB) of 9.91 K for 1 and 20.57 K for 2. The different magnetic relaxation behaviors of the two Dy2 complexes mainly originate from the different chemical environments of the central DyIII ions.

Laser-induced atomic assembling of periodic layered nanostructures of silver nanoparticles in fluoro-polymer film matrix

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bagratashvili, V. N.; Rybaltovsky, A. O.; Minaev, N. V.; Timashev, P. S.; Firsov, V. V.; Yusupov, V. I.

2010-05-01

Fluorinated acrylic polymer (FAP) films have been impregnated with silver precursor (Ag(hfac)COD) by supercritical fluid technique and next irradiated with laser (λ = 532 nm). Laser-chemically reduced Ag atoms have been assembled into massifs of Ag nanoparticles (3 - 8 nm) in FAP/Ag(hfac)COD films matrix in the form of periodic layered nanostructures (horizontal to film surface) with unexpectedly short period (90 - 180 nm). The wavelet analysis of TEM images reveals the existence of even shorter-period structures in such films. Photolysis with non-coherent light or pyrolysis of FAP/Ag(hfac)COD film results in formation of Ag nanoparticles massifs but free of any periodic nanoparticle assemblies. Our interpretation of the observed effect of laser formation of short-period nano-sized Ag nanoparticle assemblies is based on self-enhanced interference process in the course of modification of optical properties of film.

Rational Organization of Lanthanide-Based SMM Dimers into Three-Dimensional Networks.

PubMed

Yi, Xiaohui; Calvez, Guillaume; Daiguebonne, Carole; Guillou, Olivier; Bernot, Kevin

2015-06-01

Optimization of the reaction of [Ln(hfac)3]·2H2O and pyridine-N-oxide (PyNO), which is known to afford double-bridged dimers, leads to triple-bridged dimers of formula [(Ln(hfac)3)2(PyNO)3] (Ln = Gd (1), Dy (2)) from which the Dy derivative (2) behaves as a single-molecule magnet (SMM). The pseudo threefold axis symmetry of this zero-dimensional building block makes possible its extension into a tridimensional network. By changing PyNO for 4,4'-bipyridine N,N'-dioxide (4,4'BipyNO) a tridimensional compound of formula {[Ln(hfac)3]2(4,4'BipyNO)2]} (Ln = Eu (3), Gd (4), and Dy (5)) is then rationally obtained. This covalent three-dimensional (3D) network has a remarkably high cell volume (V = 24 419 A(3)) and is an arrangement of interpenetrated 3D subnetworks whose triple-bridged dimers still behave as SMMs.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Stratz, S. Adam; Jones, Steven J.; Mullen, Austin D.

Newly-established adsorption enthalpy and entropy values of 12 lanthanide hexafluoroacetylacetonates, denoted Ln[hfac] 4, along with the experimental and theoretical methodology used to obtain these values, are presented for the first time. The results of this work can be used in conjunction with theoretical modeling techniques to optimize a large-scale gas-phase separation experiment using isothermal chromatography. The results to date indicate average adsorption enthalpy and entropy values of the 12 Ln[hfac] 4 complexes ranging from -33 to -139 kJ/mol K and -299 to -557 J/mol, respectively.

Advanced Propulsion Power Distribution System for Next Generation Electric/Hybrid Vehicle. Phase 1; Preliminary System Studies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bose, Bimal K.; Kim, Min-Huei

1995-01-01

The report essentially summarizes the work performed in order to satisfy the above project objective. In the beginning, different energy storage devices, such as battery, flywheel and ultra capacitor are reviewed and compared, establishing the superiority of the battery. Then, the possible power sources, such as IC engine, diesel engine, gas turbine and fuel cell are reviewed and compared, and the superiority of IC engine has been established. Different types of machines for drive motor/engine generator, such as induction machine, PM synchronous machine and switched reluctance machine are compared, and the induction machine is established as the superior candidate. Similar discussion was made for power converters and devices. The Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) appears to be the most superior device although Mercury Cadmium Telluride (MCT) shows future promise. Different types of candidate distribution systems with the possible combinations of power and energy sources have been discussed and the most viable system consisting of battery, IC engine and induction machine has been identified. Then, HFAC system has been compared with the DC system establishing the superiority of the former. The detailed component sizing calculations of HFAC and DC systems reinforce the superiority of the former. A preliminary control strategy has been developed for the candidate HFAC system. Finally, modeling and simulation study have been made to validate the system performance. The study in the report demonstrates the superiority of HFAC distribution system for next generation electric/hybrid vehicle.

Gas chemical adsorption characterization of lanthanide hexafluoroacetylacetonates

DOE PAGES

Stratz, S. Adam; Jones, Steven J.; Mullen, Austin D.; ...

2017-03-21

Newly-established adsorption enthalpy and entropy values of 12 lanthanide hexafluoroacetylacetonates, denoted Ln[hfac] 4, along with the experimental and theoretical methodology used to obtain these values, are presented for the first time. The results of this work can be used in conjunction with theoretical modeling techniques to optimize a large-scale gas-phase separation experiment using isothermal chromatography. The results to date indicate average adsorption enthalpy and entropy values of the 12 Ln[hfac] 4 complexes ranging from -33 to -139 kJ/mol K and -299 to -557 J/mol, respectively.

Effects of 3d-4f magnetic exchange interactions on the dynamics of the magnetization of Dy(III)-M(II)-Dy(III) trinuclear clusters.

PubMed

Pointillart, Fabrice; Bernot, Kevin; Sessoli, Roberta; Gatteschi, Dante

2007-01-01

[{Dy(hfac)(3)}(2){Fe(bpca)(2)}] x CHCl(3) ([Dy(2)Fe]) and [{Dy(hfac)(3)}(2){Ni(bpca)(2)}]CHCl(3) ([Dy(2)Ni]) (in which hfac(-)=1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoroacetylacetonate and bpca(-)=bis(2-pyridylcarbonyl)amine anion) were synthesized and characterized. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction shows that [Dy(2)Fe] and [Dy(2)Ni] are linear trinuclear complexes. Static magnetic susceptibility measurements reveal a weak ferromagnetic exchange interaction between Ni(II) and Dy(III) ions in [Dy(2)Ni], whereas the use of the diamagnetic Fe(II) ion leads to the absence of magnetic exchange interaction in [Dy(2)Fe]. Dynamic susceptibility measurements show a thermally activated behavior with the energy barrier of 9.7 and 4.9 K for the [Dy(2)Fe] and [Dy(2)Ni] complexes, respectively. A surprising negative effect of the ferromagnetic exchange interaction has been found and has been attributed to the structural conformation of these trinuclear complexes.

High-spin ribbons and antiferromagnetic ordering of a Mn(II)-biradical-Mn(II) complex.

PubMed

Fatila, Elisabeth M; Clérac, Rodolphe; Rouzières, Mathieu; Soldatov, Dmitriy V; Jennings, Michael; Preuss, Kathryn E

2013-09-11

A binuclear metal coordination complex of the first thiazyl-based biradical ligand 1 is reported (1 = 4,6-bis(1,2,3,5-dithiadiazolyl)pyrimidine; hfac =1,1,1,5,5,5,-hexafluoroacetylacetonato-). The Mn(hfac)2-biradical-Mn(hfac)2 complex 2 is a rare example of a discrete, molecular species employing a neutral bridging biradical ligand. It is soluble in common organic solvents and can be easily sublimed as a crystalline solid. Complex 2 has a spin ground state of S(T) = 4 resulting from antiferromagnetic coupling between the S(birad) = 1 biradical bridging ligand and two S(Mn) = 5/2 Mn(II) ions. Electrostatic contacts between atoms with large spin density promote a ferromagnetic arrangement of the moments of neighboring complexes in ribbon-like arrays. Weak antiferromagnetic coupling between these high-spin ribbons stabilizes an ordered antiferromagnetic ground state below 4.5 K. This is an unusual example of magnetic ordering in a molecular metal-radical complex, wherein the electrostatic contacts that direct the crystal packing are also responsible for providing an efficient exchange coupling pathway between molecules.

Dinuclear lanthanide complexes based on amino alcoholate ligands: Structure, magnetic and fluorescent properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sun, Gui-Fang; Zhang, Cong-Ming; Guo, Jian-Ni; Yang, Meng; Li, Li-Cun

2017-05-01

Two binuclear lanthanide complexes [Ln2(hfac)6(HL)2] (LnIII = Dy(1), Tb(2); hfac = hexafluoroacetylacetonate, HL = (R)-2-amino-2-phenylethanol) have been successfully obtained by using amino alcoholate ligand. In two complexes, the Ln(III) ions are bridged by two alkoxido groups from HL ligands, resulting in binuclear complexes. The variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility studies indicate that there exists ferromagnetic interaction between two Ln(III) ions. Frequency dependent out-of-phase signals are observed for complex 1, suggesting SMM type behavior. Complexes 1 and 2 display intensely characteristic luminescent properties.

Smooth transition between SMM and SCM-type slow relaxing dynamics for a 1-D assemblage of {Dy(nitronyl nitroxide)2} units.

PubMed

Liu, Ruina; Li, Licun; Wang, Xiaoling; Yang, Peipei; Wang, Chao; Liao, Daizheng; Sutter, Jean-Pascal

2010-04-21

A model example for size effects on the dynamic susceptibility behavior is provided by the chain compound [{Dy(hfac)(3)NitPhIm(2)}Dy(hfac)(3)] (NitPhIm = 2-[4-(1-imidazole)phenyl]nitronyl nitroxide radical). The Arrhenius plot reveals two relaxation regimes attributed to SMM (Delta = 17.1 K and tau(0) = 17.5 x 10(-6) s) and SCM (Delta = 82.7 K and tau(0) = 8.8 x 10(-8) s) behaviors. The ferromagnetic exchange among the spin carriers has been established for the corresponding Gd derivative.

MARY spectroscopy in the presence of coordination compound Zn(hfac) 2(PPO) 2

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sergey, N. V.; Burdukov, A. B.; Pervukhina, N. V.; Kuibida, L. V.; Pozdnyakov, I. P.; Stass, D. V.

2011-02-01

MARY spectroscopy is finding increasing use in the studies of transient organic radical ions and their reactions. Extending this technique to organometallic species will broaden the class of potential target compounds and can help answer important mechanistic questions in organometallic and spin chemistry. We probed this approach using a tailored Zn(hfac)2(PPO)2 complex. The synthesized complex has quantum yield and fluorescence lifetime (n-decane solution) φ ∼0.8 and τ ∼1.3 ns, respectively. For this type of complex it is the first observation of MARY spectra different from those of free ligand, thus implying participation of the complex in the development of the observed signal.

The Electrodeposition of Silver from Supercritical Carbon Dioxide/Acetonitrile

PubMed Central

Bartlett, Philip N; Perdjon-Abel, Magdalena; Cook, David; Reid, Gillian; Levason, William; Cheng, Fei; Zhang, Wenjian; George, Michael W; Ke, Jie; Beanland, Richard; Sloan, Jeremy

2014-01-01

Cyclic voltammetry of silver coordination complexes in acetonitrile and in a single-phase supercritical carbon dioxide/acetonitrile (scCO2/CH3CN) system is reported. Five silver precursors are investigated: (1,5-cyclooctadiene)(hexafluoroacetylacetonato) silver(I) [Ag(hfac)(COD)], (hexafluoroacetylacetonato)(triphenylphosphine) silver(I) [Ag(hfac)(PPh3)], (perfluorooctanoato)bis(triphenylphosphine) silver(I) [Ag(CF3(CF2)6CO2)(PPh3)2], tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) silver(I) tetrafluoroborate [Ag(PPh3)4][BF4] and tetrakis(acetonitrile) silver(I) tetrafluoroborate [Ag(CH3CN)4][BF4]. Of these, [Ag(CH3CN)4][BF4] is found to be the most suitable for electrodeposition of silver from scCO2/CH3CN.

Routes to failure: analysis of 41 civil aviation accidents from the Republic of China using the human factors analysis and classification system.

PubMed

Li, Wen-Chin; Harris, Don; Yu, Chung-San

2008-03-01

The human factors analysis and classification system (HFACS) is based upon Reason's organizational model of human error. HFACS was developed as an analytical framework for the investigation of the role of human error in aviation accidents, however, there is little empirical work formally describing the relationship between the components in the model. This research analyses 41 civil aviation accidents occurring to aircraft registered in the Republic of China (ROC) between 1999 and 2006 using the HFACS framework. The results show statistically significant relationships between errors at the operational level and organizational inadequacies at both the immediately adjacent level (preconditions for unsafe acts) and higher levels in the organization (unsafe supervision and organizational influences). The pattern of the 'routes to failure' observed in the data from this analysis of civil aircraft accidents show great similarities to that observed in the analysis of military accidents. This research lends further support to Reason's model that suggests that active failures are promoted by latent conditions in the organization. Statistical relationships linking fallible decisions in upper management levels were found to directly affect supervisory practices, thereby creating the psychological preconditions for unsafe acts and hence indirectly impairing the performance of pilots, ultimately leading to accidents.

Human factors analysis and classification system applied to civil aircraft accidents in India.

PubMed

Gaur, Deepak

2005-05-01

The Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) has gained wide acceptance as a tool to classify human factors in aircraft accidents and incidents. This study on application of HFACS to civil aircraft accident reports at Directorate General Civil of Aviation (DGCA), India, was conducted to ascertain the practicability of applying HFACS to existing investigation reports and to analyze the trends of human factor causes of civil aircraft accidents. Accident investigation reports held at DGCA, New Delhi, for the period 1990--99 were scrutinized. In all, 83 accidents occurred during this period, of which 48 accident reports were evaluated in this study. One or more human factors contributed to 37 of the 48 (77.1%) accidents. The commonest unsafe act was 'skill based errors' followed by 'decision errors.' Violations of laid down rules were contributory in 16 cases (33.3%). 'Preconditions for unsafe acts' were seen in 23 of the 48 cases (47.9%). A fairly large number (52.1%) had 'organizational influences' contributing to the accident. These results are in consonance with larger studies of accidents in the U.S. Navy and general aviation. Such a high percentage of 'organizational influences' has not been reported in other studies. This is a healthy sign for Indian civil aviation, provided effective remedial action for the same is undertaken.

Investigation of magnetic exchange via non-bonding halides and aromatic polyamines (1,2,4-triazine, 1,2,4,5-tetrazine and the related derivatives as ligands)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Lixin

Low dimensional antiferromagnetic materials have received considerable attention from both chemists and physicists because of their potential application as functional materials, such as superconductors. Magnetic moments can propagate via multiple pathways such as via two-halide superexchange interactions in A2MX4 systems (where A is an organic cation and X is halides), or through bonding conjugated systems. One route for generating two-halide A2MX4 systems is via crystal packing of transition metal anions and organic cations. Following this method, we have prepared a series compounds in the (5-SAP)2CuX 4 family (where 5-SAP is a 5-substituted-2-aminopyridinium cation) and the A2CuX4 family. Eleven compounds have been prepared. They include bis(2-amino-5-fluoropyridinium) tetrachlorocuprate(II) (5-FAP) 2CuCl4 (1), bis(2-amino-5-fluoropyridinium) tetrabromocuprate(II) (5-FAP)2CuBr4 (2), bis(2-amino-5-iodopyridine) dibromocopper(II) (5-iap)2CuBr 2 dimer (3) and chain (4) forms, bis(2-amino-5-iodopyridine) dichlorocopper(II) hydrate (5-iap)2CuCl2·1.7H 2O (5), 2-amino-5-ammoniumpyridinium trichlorocuprate(II) chloride (DAP)(CuCl3)Cl (6), bis(2-amino-3-chloro-5-trifluoromethylpyridinium) tetrabromocuprate(II) (TMCAP)2CuBr4 (7) and its tetrachlorocuprate(II) analog (TMCAP)2CuCl4 (8), bis(4-aminopyridinium) tetrabromocuprate(II) monohydrate (4-AP) 2CuBr4-H2O (9), bis(3-methylpyridinium) tetrabromocuprate(II) (3-MP)2CuBr4 (10) and bis[methyl(2-phenylethyl)ammonium] tetrabromocuprate(II) (NMPH)2 CuBr4 (11). The structures and magnetic properties have been studied. Experimental data and theoretical calculations show that the strength of magnetic exchange is related to the geometric parameters of the non-bonding two-halide contacts, rather than direct contact between the copper(II) ions. The self-assembly technique can also be used to prepare magnetic networks. A variety of coordination polymers with magnetic properties have been synthesized based on different N-heterocyclic ligands such as pyrazine and its derivatives. Magnetic exchange can propagate through the conjugated system. As an extension of this method, we focused on using some new polyamines including 1,2,4,5-tetrazine (tetz), 1,2,4-triazine (tz) and the amino derivative 3-amino-1,2,4-triazine (atz) as ligands. Four new complexes have been prepared. They include bis(hexafluoroacetylacetonato)copper(II) Cu(hfac)2(C2H2N4) (13), bis(hexafluoroacetylacetonato)triazinecopper(II) Cu(hfac)2(tz) (15), bis(hexafluoroacetylacetonato)(3-aminotriazine)copper(II) Cu(hfac) 2(atz)2 (16) and hexakis(hexafluoroacetylacetonato)bis(3-aminotriazine)tricopper(II) Cu3(hfac)6(atz)2 (17). The crystal structures and magnetic properties have been studied. The magnetic data show they are paramagnetic materials because of the weak coordination bonds. To compare with its atz analog, 2-aminopyrazine (apz) was also used and three new complexes have been prepared. They include hexakis(hexafluoroacetylacetonato) bis(2-amino-pyrazine)tricopper(II) Cu3(hfac)6 (apz)2 (18), bis(hexafluoroacetylacetonato)aminopyrazinecopper(II) Cu(hfac)2(apz)2 (19) and bis(acetylacetonato)aminopyrazinecopper(II) Cu(acac)2(apz)2 (20). The structures and their magnetic properties have been investigated.

Exploring human error in military aviation flight safety events using post-incident classification systems.

PubMed

Hooper, Brionny J; O'Hare, David P A

2013-08-01

Human error classification systems theoretically allow researchers to analyze postaccident data in an objective and consistent manner. The Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) framework is one such practical analysis tool that has been widely used to classify human error in aviation. The Cognitive Error Taxonomy (CET) is another. It has been postulated that the focus on interrelationships within HFACS can facilitate the identification of the underlying causes of pilot error. The CET provides increased granularity at the level of unsafe acts. The aim was to analyze the influence of factors at higher organizational levels on the unsafe acts of front-line operators and to compare the errors of fixed-wing and rotary-wing operations. This study analyzed 288 aircraft incidents involving human error from an Australasian military organization occurring between 2001 and 2008. Action errors accounted for almost twice (44%) the proportion of rotary wing compared to fixed wing (23%) incidents. Both classificatory systems showed significant relationships between precursor factors such as the physical environment, mental and physiological states, crew resource management, training and personal readiness, and skill-based, but not decision-based, acts. The CET analysis showed different predisposing factors for different aspects of skill-based behaviors. Skill-based errors in military operations are more prevalent in rotary wing incidents and are related to higher level supervisory processes in the organization. The Cognitive Error Taxonomy provides increased granularity to HFACS analyses of unsafe acts.

Influence of intense THz radiation on spin state of photoswitchable compound Cu(hfac)2L(Pr).

PubMed

Veber, Sergey L; Fedin, Matvey V; Maryunina, Ksenia Yu; Boldyrev, Kirill N; Sheglov, Mikhail A; Kubarev, Vitaly V; Shevchenko, Oleg A; Vinokurov, Nikolay A; Kulipanov, Gennady N; Sagdeev, Renad Z; Ovcharenko, Victor I; Bagryanskaya, Elena G

2013-02-21

The family of magnetoactive compounds Cu(hfac)(2)L(R) exhibits thermo- and photoswitching phenomena promising for various applications. Photoswitching of the Cu(hfac)(2)L(Pr) compound can be observed at temperatures below 20 K and is accompanied by transition to metastable structural state. Reverse conversion to stable structure could not be induced by light of near-IR-vis-UV regions up to date. The far-IR spectra of metastable and stable structural states are different and show characteristic absorption lines in the range of 170-240 cm(-1). These frequencies are accessible by NovoFEL - high-power THz free-electron laser user facility in Novosibirsk. We investigate selective influence of THz radiation on relaxation processes from metastable to stable structural state, which can be monitored by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). For this purpose, the experimental station based on X-band EPR spectrometer has been constructed by the THz beamline of NovoFEL and equipped with multimodal THz waveguide allowing to fed radiation directly into the EPR resonator. It has been found that irradiation of studied compound with high-power THz light causes significant but nondestructive increase of its temperature. Apart from this effect, no resonant influence of THz irradiation on relaxation processes has been observed. The experimental results have been rationalized taking into account vibrational relaxation times of the studied compound. Further experiments based on pulse heating by THz radiation have been proposed.

Spin-Parity Behavior in the Exchange-Coupled Lanthanoid-Nitroxide Molecular Magnets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ishida, T.

2017-05-01

To develop lanthanoid-based magnetic materials and relevant devices, reliable prescriptions for molecular/crystal design have long been desired. Ln3+-ion dependence on the molecular magnetism was investigated in the isomorphous series [Ln(hfac)3(2pyNO)] (Ln = Tb, Dy, Ho, Er), where 2pyNO stands for tert-butyl 2-pyridyl nitroxide as a paramagnetic ligand, and hfac for 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoropentane-2,4-dionate. The slow magnetization reversal was evaluated as an indication of single-molecule magnets (SMMs) by out-of-phase ac magnetic susceptibility χ”. Whereas the Tb3+ (4f8) and Ho3+ (4f10) derivatives exhibited frequency-dependent χ”, practically null χ” was recorded for the Dy3+(4f9) and Er3+ (4f11) derivatives. As for another series with Ln/radical = 1/2, [Ln(hfac)3(TEMPO)2] complexes were prepared (Ln = Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm; TEMPO = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl). The Dy3+ and Er3+ derivatives showed appreciable χ”, but the Tb3+, Ho3+, and Tm3+ derivatives did not. Thus, the S = 1/2 paramagnetic ligands play a role of a spin-parity switch to regulate whether the compound behaves as an SMM. In the strongly exchange-coupled regime owing to the direct radical coordination bond, the whole molecular electron counting may provide a useful criterion to predict Kramers molecules and accordingly to explore potential SMM candidates.

Human Error Assessment and Reduction Technique (HEART) and Human Factor Analysis and Classification System (HFACS)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Alexander, Tiffaney Miller

2017-01-01

Research results have shown that more than half of aviation, aerospace and aeronautics mishaps incidents are attributed to human error. As a part of Safety within space exploration ground processing operations, the identification and/or classification of underlying contributors and causes of human error must be identified, in order to manage human error. This research provides a framework and methodology using the Human Error Assessment and Reduction Technique (HEART) and Human Factor Analysis and Classification System (HFACS), as an analysis tool to identify contributing factors, their impact on human error events, and predict the Human Error probabilities (HEPs) of future occurrences. This research methodology was applied (retrospectively) to six (6) NASA ground processing operations scenarios and thirty (30) years of Launch Vehicle related mishap data. This modifiable framework can be used and followed by other space and similar complex operations.

Human Error Assessment and Reduction Technique (HEART) and Human Factor Analysis and Classification System (HFACS)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Alexander, Tiffaney Miller

2017-01-01

Research results have shown that more than half of aviation, aerospace and aeronautics mishaps/incidents are attributed to human error. As a part of Safety within space exploration ground processing operations, the identification and/or classification of underlying contributors and causes of human error must be identified, in order to manage human error. This research provides a framework and methodology using the Human Error Assessment and Reduction Technique (HEART) and Human Factor Analysis and Classification System (HFACS), as an analysis tool to identify contributing factors, their impact on human error events, and predict the Human Error probabilities (HEPs) of future occurrences. This research methodology was applied (retrospectively) to six (6) NASA ground processing operations scenarios and thirty (30) years of Launch Vehicle related mishap data. This modifiable framework can be used and followed by other space and similar complex operations.

Human Error Assessment and Reduction Technique (HEART) and Human Factor Analysis and Classification System (HFACS)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Alexander, Tiffaney Miller

2017-01-01

Research results have shown that more than half of aviation, aerospace and aeronautics mishaps incidents are attributed to human error. As a part of Quality within space exploration ground processing operations, the identification and or classification of underlying contributors and causes of human error must be identified, in order to manage human error.This presentation will provide a framework and methodology using the Human Error Assessment and Reduction Technique (HEART) and Human Factor Analysis and Classification System (HFACS), as an analysis tool to identify contributing factors, their impact on human error events, and predict the Human Error probabilities (HEPs) of future occurrences. This research methodology was applied (retrospectively) to six (6) NASA ground processing operations scenarios and thirty (30) years of Launch Vehicle related mishap data. This modifiable framework can be used and followed by other space and similar complex operations.

Human factors analysis and classification system-HFACS.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2000-02-01

Human error has been implicated in 70 to 80% of all civil and military aviation accidents. Yet, most accident : reporting systems are not designed around any theoretical framework of human error. As a result, most : accident databases are not conduci...

Establishing a culture for patient safety - the role of education.

PubMed

Milligan, Frank J

2007-02-01

This paper argues that the process of making significant moves towards a patient safety culture requires changes in healthcare education. Improvements in patient safety are a shared international priority as too many errors and other forms of unnecessary harm are currently occurring in the process of caring for and treating patients. A description of the patient safety agenda is given followed by a brief analysis of human factors theory and its use in other safety critical industries, most notably aviation. The all too common problem of drug administration errors is used to illustrate the relevance of human factors theory to healthcare education with specific mention made of the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS).

The Human Factors Analysis and Classification System : HFACS : final report.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2000-02-01

Human error has been implicated in 70 to 80% of all civil and military aviation accidents. Yet, most accident reporting systems are not designed around any theoretical framework of human error. As a result, most accident databases are not conducive t...

Indonesian railway accidents--utilizing Human Factors Analysis and Classification System in determining potential contributing factors.

PubMed

Iridiastadi, Hardianto; Ikatrinasari, Zulfa Fitri

2012-01-01

The prevalence of Indonesian railway accidents has not been declining, with hundreds of fatalities reported in the past decade. As an effort to help the National Transportation Safety Committee (NTSC), this study was conducted that aimed at understanding factors that might have contributed to the accidents. Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) was utilized for this purpose. A total of nine accident reports (provided by the Indonesian NTSC) involving fatalities were studied using the technique. Results of this study indicated 72 factors that were closely related to the accidents. Of these, roughly 22% were considered as operator acts while about 39% were related to preconditions for operator acts. Supervisory represented 14% of the factors, and the remaining (about 25%) were associated with organizational factors. It was concluded that, while train drivers indeed played an important role in the accidents, interventions solely directed toward train drivers may not be adequate. A more comprehensive approach in minimizing the accidents should be conducted that addresses all the four aspects of HFACS.

Unexpected complexes from meta-phenylene bis(tert-butyl nitroxides) and gadolinium(III) 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoropentane-2,4-dionate

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sekine, Hiroyasu; Ishida, Takayuki

2018-01-01

Coordination reaction of the stable ground triplet biradical biphenyl-3,5-diyl bis(tert-butyl nitroxide) and [Gd(hfac)3(H2O)2] unexpectedly gave complexes containing a dimerized diamagnetic ligand via a [3+3] cycloaddition of the benzene rings (hfac = 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoropentane-2,4-dionate). To avoid such dimerization, we introduced a bulkier substituent into the ligand; namely, a new ground triplet biradical 5-mesityl-1,3-phenylene bis(tert-butyl nitroxide) was applied to this complexation scheme. However, an unexpected complex was again obtained in a different way, and the magnetic study revealed that the novel ligand involved was diamagnetic. The crystallographic analysis of the product clarified isomerization from the paramagnetic ligand to a diamagnetic N-tert-butylaminoquinone imine N-oxide ligand as a result of disproportionation from two open-shell nitroxide groups to closed-shell groups, an amine and a nitrone. The present paper reports the first structural evidence for a diamagnetic isomer of m-phenylene-bridged bisnitroxde compounds.

High temperature spin dynamics in linear magnetic chains, molecular rings, and segments by nuclear magnetic resonance

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Adelnia, Fatemeh; Lascialfari, Alessandro; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Pavia and INSTM, Pavia

2015-05-07

We present the room temperature proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rate (NSLR) results in two 1D spin chains: the Heisenberg antiferromagnetic (AFM) Eu(hfac){sub 3}NITEt and the magnetically frustrated Gd(hfac){sub 3}NITEt. The NSLR as a function of external magnetic field can be interpreted very well in terms of high temperature spin dynamics dominated by a long time persistence of the decay of the two-spin correlation function due to the conservation of the total spin value for isotropic Heisenberg chains. The high temperature spin dynamics are also investigated in Heisenberg AFM molecular rings. In both Cr{sub 8} closed ringmore » and in Cr{sub 7}Cd and Cr{sub 8}Zn open rings, i.e., model systems for a finite spin segment, an enhancement of the low frequency spectral density is found consistent with spin diffusion but the high cut-off frequency due to intermolecular anisotropic interactions prevents a detailed analysis of the spin diffusion regime.« less

Arabian, Asian, western: a cross-cultural comparison of aircraft accidents from human factor perspectives.

PubMed

Al-Wardi, Yousuf

2017-09-01

Rates of aviation accident differ in different regions; and national culture has been implicated as a factor. This invites a discussion about the role of national culture in aviation accidents. This study makes a cross-cultural comparison between Oman, Taiwan and the USA. A cross-cultural comparison was acquired using data from three studies, including this study, by applying the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) framework. The Taiwan study presented 523 mishaps with 1762 occurrences of human error obtained from the Republic of China Air Force. The study from the USA carried out for commercial aviation had 119 accidents with 245 instances of human error. This study carried out in Oman had a total of 40 aircraft accidents with 129 incidences. Variations were found between Oman, Taiwan and the USA at the levels of organisational influence and unsafe supervision. Seven HFACS categories showed significant differences between the three countries (p < 0.05). Although not given much consideration, national culture can have an impact on aviation safety. This study revealed that national culture plays a role in aircraft accidents related to human factors that cannot be disregarded.

A Human Systems Integration Perspective to Evaluating Naval Aviation Mishaps and Developing Intervention Strategies

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-12-01

SWISS CHEESE ” MODEL........................................... 16 1. Errors and Violations...16 Figure 5. Reason’s Swiss Cheese Model (After: Reason, 1990, p. 208) ........... 20 Figure 6. The HFACS Swiss Cheese Model of...become more complex. E. REASON’S “ SWISS CHEESE ” MODEL Reason’s (1990) book, Human Error, is generally regarded as the seminal work on the subject

A Mapping from the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (DOD-HFACS) to the Domains of Human Systems Integration (HSI)

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-11-01

Equation Chapter 1 Section 1 A MAPPING FROM THE HUMAN FACTORS ANALYSIS AND CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM (DOD...OMB control number. 1. REPORT DATE NOV 2009 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE A Mapping from the Human Factors Analysis ...7 The Human Factors Analysis and Classification System .................................................. 7 Mapping of DoD

Classification of Air Force Aviation Accidents: Mishap trends and Prevention

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-06-02

Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), ,Wpshngrton. DC...Masters, Stone, Babcock, & Rypka, 1974; Moroze & Snow, 1999), and those specifically Mishap Trends & Prevention 4 addressing HFACS (Shappell... Moroze , M. L. & M. P. Snow (1999). Causes and remedies of controlled flight into terrain in military and civil aviation. 1 0 th International

Syntheses, structures, and properties of trinuclear complexes [M(bpca)(2)(M'(hfac)(2))(2)], constructed with the complexed bridging ligand [M(bpca)(2)] [M, M' = Ni(II), Mn(II); Cu(II), Mn(II); Fe(II), Mn(II); Ni(II), Fe(II); and Fe(II), Fe(II); Hbpca = Bis(2-pyridylcarbonyl)amine, Hhfac = Hexafluoroacetylacetone].

PubMed

Kamiyama, Asako; Noguchi, Tomoko; Kajiwara, Takashi; Ito, Tasuku

2002-02-11

Five trinuclear complexes [M(bpca)(2)(M'(hfac)(2))(2)] (where MM'(2) = NiMn(2), CuMn(2), FeMn(2), NiFe(2), and FeFe(2); Hbpca = bis(2-pyridylcarbonyl)amine; and Hhfac = hexafluoroacetylacetone) were synthesized almost quantitatively by the reaction of [M(bpca)(2)] and [M'(hfac)(2)] in 1:2 molar ratio, and their structures and magnetic properties were investigated. Three complexes, with M' = Mn, crystallize in the same space group, Pna2(1), whereas two complexes, with M' = Fe, crystallize in P4(1), and complexes within each set are isostructural to one another. In all complexes, [M(bpca)(2)] acts as a bis-bidentate bridging ligand to form a linear trinuclear complex in which three metal ions are arranged in the manner M'-M-M'. The central metal ion is in a strong ligand field created by the N(6) donor set, and hence the Fe(II) in the [Fe(bpca)(2)] moiety is in a low-spin state. The terminal metal ions (M') are surrounded by O(6) donor sets with a moderate ligand field, which leads to the high-spin configuration of Fe(II). Three metal ions in all complexes are almost collinear, and metal-metal distances are ca. 5.5 A. The magnetic behavior of NiMn(2) and NiFe(2) shows a weak ferromagnetic interaction between the central Ni(II) ion and the terminal Mn(II) or Fe(II) ions. In these complexes, sigma-spin orbitals of the central Ni(II) ion and those of terminal metal ions have different symmetry about a 2-fold rotation axis through the Ni-N(amide)-M'(terminal) atoms, and this results in orthogonality between the neighboring sigma-spin orbitals and thus ferromagnetic interactions.

Eastern minds in western cockpits: meta-analysis of human factors in mishaps from three nations.

PubMed

Li, Wen-Chin; Harris, Don; Chen, Aurora

2007-04-01

Aviation accident rates vary in different regions; Asia and Africa have higher rates than Europe and America. There has been a great deal of discussion about the role of culture in aviation mishaps; however, culture is rarely mentioned as a contributory factor in accidents. It is hypothesized that different cultures will show different patterns in the underlying causal factors in aircraft accidents. Using a meta-analysis of previously published results, this research examined statistical differences in the 18 categories of the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) across accidents in the Republic of China (Taiwan), India, and the United States. Seven HFACS categories exhibited significant differences between these three regions. These were mostly concerned with contributory factors at the higher organizational levels. The differences were related to organizational processes, organizational climate, resource management, inadequate supervision, physical/mental limitations, adverse mental states, and decision errors. Overall, the evidence from this research supports the observation that national cultures have an impact on aviation safety and adds further explanatory power with regards to why this should be so. The majority of the cultural issues identified seem to be associated with the style of management of the organizations rather than the operation of the aircraft per se.

A Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) Examination of Commercial Vessel Accidents

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-09-01

Naval Operations before the Congress on FY2013 Department of Navy posture. Heinrich , H . W. (1941). Industrial accident prevention : A scientific...Theory The core of the Domino Theory, developed by Herbert W. Heinrich who studied industrial safety in the early 1900s, is that accidents are a result...chain of events resulting in an accident . Heinrich likened the dominos to unsafe conditions or unsafe acts, where their subsequent removal prevents a

An Analysis of U.S. Army Fratricide Incidents during the Global War on Terror (11 September 2001 to 31 March 2008)

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-03-15

Swiss cheese model of human error causation. ................................................................... 3  2. Results for the classification of...based on Reason’s “ Swiss cheese ” model of human error (1990). Figure 1 describes how an accident is likely to occur when all of the errors, or “holes...align. A detailed description of HFACS can be found in Wiegmann and Shappell (2003). Figure 1. The Swiss cheese model of human error

Novel spin dynamics in ferrimagnetic molecular chains from 1H NMR and μSR spin-lattice relaxation measurements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Micotti, E.; Lascialfari, A.; Rigamonti, A.; Aldrovandi, S.; Caneschi, A.; Gatteschi, D.; Bogani, L.

2004-05-01

The spin dynamics in the helical chain Co(hfac) 2NITPhOMe has been investigated by 1H NMR and μSR relaxation. In the temperature range 15

Predictive models of safety based on audit findings: Part 1: Model development and reliability.

PubMed

Hsiao, Yu-Lin; Drury, Colin; Wu, Changxu; Paquet, Victor

2013-03-01

This consecutive study was aimed at the quantitative validation of safety audit tools as predictors of safety performance, as we were unable to find prior studies that tested audit validity against safety outcomes. An aviation maintenance domain was chosen for this work as both audits and safety outcomes are currently prescribed and regulated. In Part 1, we developed a Human Factors/Ergonomics classification framework based on HFACS model (Shappell and Wiegmann, 2001a,b), for the human errors detected by audits, because merely counting audit findings did not predict future safety. The framework was tested for measurement reliability using four participants, two of whom classified errors on 1238 audit reports. Kappa values leveled out after about 200 audits at between 0.5 and 0.8 for different tiers of errors categories. This showed sufficient reliability to proceed with prediction validity testing in Part 2. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd and The Ergonomics Society. All rights reserved.

Relaxivity enhancement of aquated Tris(β-diketonate)gadolinium(III) chelates by confinement within ultrashort single-walled carbon nanotubes.

PubMed

Law, Justin J; Guven, Adem; Wilson, Lon J

2014-01-01

Ultrashort single-walled carbon nanotubes loaded with gadolinium ions (gadonanotubes) have been previously shown to exhibit extremely high T1 -weighted relaxivities (>100 mm(-1) s(-1) ). To further examine the effect of nanoconfinement on the relaxivity of gadolinium-based contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging, a series of ultrashort single-walled carbon nanotube (US-tube) materials internally loaded with gadolinium chelates have been prepared and studied. US-tubes were loaded with Gd(acac)3  · 2H2 O, Gd(hfac)3  · 2H2 O, and Gd(thd)3 (acac = acetylacetone, hfac = hexafluoroacetylacetone, thd = tetramethylheptanedione). The longitudinal relaxivities of the prepared materials determined at 25°C in a 1.5 T field were 103 mm(-1) s(-1) for Gd(acac)3  · 2H2 O@US-tubes, 105 mm(-1) s(-1) for Gd(hfac)3  · 2H2 O@US-tubes and 26 mm(-1) s(-1) for Gd(thd)3 @US-tubes. Compared with the relaxivities obtained for the unloaded chelates (<10 mm(-1) s(-1) ) as well as accounting for the T1 reduction observed for the empty US-tubes, the boost in relaxivity for chelate-loaded US-tubes is attributed to confinement within the nanotube and depends on the number of coordinated water molecules. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Homo- and Heterometallic Bis(Pentafluorobenzoyl)Methanide Complexes of Copper(II) and Cobalt(II)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Crowder, Janell M.

beta-Diketones are well known to form metal complexes with practically every known metal and metalloid. Metal complexes of fluorinated beta-diketones generally exhibit increased volatility and thermal stability compared to the non-fluorinated analogues, and thus are used extensively in various chemical vapor deposition (CVD) processes for the deposition of metal, simple or mixed metal oxides, and fluorine-doped metal oxide thin films. Furthermore, the electron-withdrawing nature of the fluorinated ligand enhances the Lewis acidity of a coordinatively unsaturated metal center which facilitates additional coordination reactions. The physical and structural properties of fluorinated beta-diketonate complexes are discussed in Chapter 1 and a few key application examples are given. The focus of this work is the synthesis and single crystal X-ray structural characterization of unsolvated and coordinatively unsaturated metal complexes of bis(pentafluorobenzoyl)- methanide (L, C6F5COCHCOC 6F5-). In Chapter 2, we present the preparation and isolation of the unsolvated complex [Cu(L)2] in pure crystalline form for the first time. We subsequently investigated the reaction of unsolvated [Cu(L)2] with sodium hexafluoroacetylacetonate [Na(hfac)] in a solvent-free environment. This reaction allowed the isolation of the first heterometallic Na-Cu diketonate [Na2Cu2(L) 4(hfac)2] structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray crystallography. Thermal decomposition of [Na2Cu2(L) 4(hfac)2] was investigated for its potential application in MOCVD processes. In the final chapter, we present the first exploration of the anhydrous synthesis of Co(II) complexed with bis(pentafluorobenzoyl)methanide in order to produce a complex without ligated water. Single crystal X-ray crystallographic investigations revealed the isolation of the ethanol adduct, [Co2(L)4(C2H5OH)2], and following the removal of ethanol, a 1,4-dioxane adduct, [{Co 2(L)4}2(C4H8O2)]. In this work, we have provided the first investigation of the synthesis, isolation and single crystal X-ray structural characterization of unsolvated and coordinatively unsaturated Cu(II) and Co(II) complexes of bis(pentafluorobenzoyl)methanide ligand. These studies demonstrate how the electrophilicity of a coordinatively unsaturated metal complexed to highly-fluorinated â-diketone ligands can be utilized for the formation of new adducts or new and interesting heterometallic complexes. This body of work provides a basis upon which future research into unsolvated and unligated bis(pentafluorobenzoyl)methanide metal complexes can expand.

Finite-size effects on the dynamic susceptibility of CoPhOMe single-chain molecular magnets in presence of a static magnetic field

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pini, M. G.; Rettori, A.; Bogani, L.; Lascialfari, A.; Mariani, M.; Caneschi, A.; Sessoli, R.

2011-09-01

The static and dynamic properties of the single-chain molecular magnet Co(hfac)2NITPhOMe (CoPhOMe) (hfac = hexafluoroacetylacetonate, NITPhOMe = 4'-methoxy-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide) are investigated in the framework of the Ising model with Glauber dynamics, in order to take into account both the effect of an applied magnetic field and a finite size of the chains. For static fields of moderate intensity and short chain lengths, the approximation of a monoexponential decay of the magnetization fluctuations is found to be valid at low temperatures; for strong fields and long chains, a multiexponential decay should rather be assumed. The effect of an oscillating magnetic field, with intensity much smaller than that of the static one, is included in the theory in order to obtain the dynamic susceptibility χ(ω). We find that, for an open chain with N spins, χ(ω) can be written as a weighted sum of N frequency contributions, with a sum rule relating the frequency weights to the static susceptibility of the chain. Very good agreement is found between the theoretical dynamic susceptibility and the ac susceptibility measured in moderate static fields (Hdc≤2 kOe), where the approximation of a single dominating frequency for each segment length turns out to be valid. For static fields in this range, data for the relaxation time, τ versus Hdc, of the magnetization of CoPhOMe at low temperature are also qualitatively reproduced by theory, provided that finite-size effects are included.

Fast switching of bistable magnetic nanowires through collective spin reversal

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vindigni, Alessandro; Rettori, Angelo; Bogani, Lapo; Caneschi, Andrea; Gatteschi, Dante; Sessoli, Roberta; Novak, Miguel A.

2005-08-01

The use of magnetic nanowires as memory units is made possible by the exponential divergence of the characteristic time for magnetization reversal at low temperature, but the slow relaxation makes the manipulation of the frozen magnetic states difficult. We suggest that finite-size segments can show a fast switching if collective reversal of the spins is taken into account. This mechanism gives rise at low temperatures to a scaling law for the dynamic susceptibility that has been experimentally observed for the dilute molecular chain Co(hfac)2NitPhOMe. These results suggest a possible way of engineering nanowires for fast switching of the magnetization.

Spin canting in a Dy-based single-chain magnet with dominant next-nearest-neighbor antiferromagnetic interactions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bernot, K.; Luzon, J.; Caneschi, A.; Gatteschi, D.; Sessoli, R.; Bogani, L.; Vindigni, A.; Rettori, A.; Pini, M. G.

2009-04-01

We investigate theoretically and experimentally the static magnetic properties of single crystals of the molecular-based single-chain magnet of formula [Dy(hfac)3NIT(C6H4OPh)]∞ comprising alternating Dy3+ and organic radicals. The magnetic molar susceptibility χM displays a strong angular variation for sample rotations around two directions perpendicular to the chain axis. A peculiar inversion between maxima and minima in the angular dependence of χM occurs on increasing temperature. Using information regarding the monomeric building block as well as an ab initio estimation of the magnetic anisotropy of the Dy3+ ion, this “anisotropy-inversion” phenomenon can be assigned to weak one-dimensional ferromagnetism along the chain axis. This indicates that antiferromagnetic next-nearest-neighbor interactions between Dy3+ ions dominate, despite the large Dy-Dy separation, over the nearest-neighbor interactions between the radicals and the Dy3+ ions. Measurements of the field dependence of the magnetization, both along and perpendicularly to the chain, and of the angular dependence of χM in a strong magnetic field confirm such an interpretation. Transfer-matrix simulations of the experimental measurements are performed using a classical one-dimensional spin model with antiferromagnetic Heisenberg exchange interaction and noncollinear uniaxial single-ion anisotropies favoring a canted antiferromagnetic spin arrangement, with a net magnetic moment along the chain axis. The fine agreement obtained with experimental data provides estimates of the Hamiltonian parameters, essential for further study of the dynamics of rare-earth-based molecular chains.

The Analysis of the Contribution of Human Factors to the In-Flight Loss of Control Accidents

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ancel, Ersin; Shih, Ann T.

2012-01-01

In-flight loss of control (LOC) is currently the leading cause of fatal accidents based on various commercial aircraft accident statistics. As the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) emerges, new contributing factors leading to LOC are anticipated. The NASA Aviation Safety Program (AvSP), along with other aviation agencies and communities are actively developing safety products to mitigate the LOC risk. This paper discusses the approach used to construct a generic integrated LOC accident framework (LOCAF) model based on a detailed review of LOC accidents over the past two decades. The LOCAF model is comprised of causal factors from the domain of human factors, aircraft system component failures, and atmospheric environment. The multiple interdependent causal factors are expressed in an Object-Oriented Bayesian belief network. In addition to predicting the likelihood of LOC accident occurrence, the system-level integrated LOCAF model is able to evaluate the impact of new safety technology products developed in AvSP. This provides valuable information to decision makers in strategizing NASA's aviation safety technology portfolio. The focus of this paper is on the analysis of human causal factors in the model, including the contributions from flight crew and maintenance workers. The Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) taxonomy was used to develop human related causal factors. The preliminary results from the baseline LOCAF model are also presented.

Carrier air wing mishap reduction using a human factors classification system and risk management.

PubMed

Belland, Kxis M; Olsen, Cara; Lawry, Russell

2010-11-01

In 1998, the Navy's center of excellence for advanced air wing combat operations, namely the Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center (NSAWC), had a spike in Class A flight mishaps. The spike triggered an intense review of prior mishaps and current mishap-reduction practices using the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS). The review resulted in NSAWC instituting a comprehensive multifactorial mishap reduction plan applying Operational Risk Management (ORM) precepts. This is a nonrandomized investigational study with use of a historical comparison population. The Class A mishap rate per flight hour covering 10 yr prior to the mishap reduction efforts was estimated and compared to the Class A mishap rate per flight hour for the 10 yr after implementation using Poisson regression. Combined Fleet and NSAWC data shows a 27% reduction in mishap rate, but the 21% reduction in the Fleet alone was not statistically significant. The mishap reduction at NSAWC was statistically significant with an 84% reduction. Fallon carrier air wing mishap rates post-ORM mishap reduction efforts are approaching those seen in the Fleet, but are still elevated overall (3.7 vs. 2.4). The incidence rate ratio was 80% lower at Fallon than the rest of the Fleet, indicating a significantly greater reduction in NSAWC air wing mishaps and suggests focused aviation mishap reduction efforts in similar circumstances could result in similar reductions.

Magnetic anisotropy of dysprosium(III) in a low-symmetry environment: a theoretical and experimental investigation.

PubMed

Bernot, Kevin; Luzon, Javier; Bogani, Lapo; Etienne, Mael; Sangregorio, Claudio; Shanmugam, Muralidharan; Caneschi, Andrea; Sessoli, Roberta; Gatteschi, Dante

2009-04-22

A mixed theoretical and experimental approach was used to determine the local magnetic anisotropy of the dysprosium(III) ion in a low-symmetry environment. The susceptibility tensor of the monomeric species having the formula [Dy(hfac)(3)(NIT-C(6)H(4)-OEt)(2)], which contains nitronyl nitroxide (NIT-R) radicals, was determined at various temperatures through angle-resolved magnetometry. These results are in agreement with ab initio calculations performed using the complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) method, validating the predictive power of this theoretical approach for complex systems containing rare-earth ions, even in low-symmetry environments. Susceptibility measurements performed with the applied field along the easy axis eventually permitted a detailed analysis of the temperature and field dependence of the magnetization, providing evidence that the Dy ion transmits an antiferromagnetic interaction between radicals but that the Dy-radical interaction is ferromagnetic.

Latent human error analysis and efficient improvement strategies by fuzzy TOPSIS in aviation maintenance tasks.

PubMed

Chiu, Ming-Chuan; Hsieh, Min-Chih

2016-05-01

The purposes of this study were to develop a latent human error analysis process, to explore the factors of latent human error in aviation maintenance tasks, and to provide an efficient improvement strategy for addressing those errors. First, we used HFACS and RCA to define the error factors related to aviation maintenance tasks. Fuzzy TOPSIS with four criteria was applied to evaluate the error factors. Results show that 1) adverse physiological states, 2) physical/mental limitations, and 3) coordination, communication, and planning are the factors related to airline maintenance tasks that could be addressed easily and efficiently. This research establishes a new analytic process for investigating latent human error and provides a strategy for analyzing human error using fuzzy TOPSIS. Our analysis process complements shortages in existing methodologies by incorporating improvement efficiency, and it enhances the depth and broadness of human error analysis methodology. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd and The Ergonomics Society. All rights reserved.

A family of rare-earth-based single chain magnets: playing with anisotropy.

PubMed

Bernot, Kevin; Bogani, Lapo; Caneschi, Andrea; Gatteschi, Dante; Sessoli, Roberta

2006-06-21

The first family of rare-earth-based single chain magnets is presented. Compounds of general formula [M(hfac)3(NITPhOPh)], where M = Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, or Yb, and PhOPh is the nitronyl-nitroxide radical (2,4'-benzoxo-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide), have been structurally characterized and found to be isostructural. The characterization of both static and dynamic magnetic properties of the whole family is reported. Dy, Tb, and Ho compounds display slow relaxation of the magnetization, and ac susceptibility shows a thermally activated regime with energy barriers of 69, 45, and 34 K for Dy, Tb, and Ho compounds, respectively, while only a frequency-dependent susceptibility is observed for Er below 2.0 K. In Gd and Yb derivatives, antiferromagnetic interactions dominate. The pre-exponential factors differ by about 4 orders of magnitude. Finite size effects, due to naturally occurring defects, affect the static and dynamic properties of the compounds differently.

Training Course for Power Operating Personnel. Lesson No. 6: Alternating-Current Generator Excitation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Department of the Interior, Denver, CO. Engineering and Research Center.

Subjects covered in this text are controlling the hydroelectric generator, generator excitation, basic principles of direct current generation, direction of current flow, basic alternating current generator, alternating and direct current voltage outputs, converting alternating current to direct current, review of the basic generator and…

Thermoelectric converters for alternating current standards

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Anatychuk, L. I.; Taschuk, D. D.

2012-06-01

Thermoelectric converters of alternating current remain priority instruments when creating standard equipment. This work presents the results of design and manufacture of alternating current converter for a military standard of alternating current in Ukraine. Results of simulation of temperature distribution in converter elements, ways of optimization to improve the accuracy of alternating current signal reproduction are presented. Results of metrological trials are given. The quality of thermoelectric material specially created for alternating current metrology is verified. The converter was used in alternating current standard for the frequency range from 10 Hz to 30 MHz. The efficiency of using thermoelectric signal converters in measuring instruments is confirmed.

Exchange coupling transformations in Cu (II) heterospin complexes of “breathing crystals” under structural phase transitions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Morozov, Vitaly A.; Petrova, Marina V.; Lukzen, Nikita N., E-mail: luk@tomo.nsc.ru

2015-08-15

Family of “breathing crystals” is the polymer-chain complexes of Cu(hfac){sub 2} with nitroxides. The polymer chains consist of one-, two- or three-spin clusters. The “breathing crystals” experience simultaneous magnetic and Jahn-Teller type structural phase transitions with change of total cluster spin and drastic change of bond lengths (ca. 10-12%). For the first time the intra-cluster magnetic couplings in ”breathing crystals” have been calculated both by band structure methods GGA + U and hybrid DFT (B3LYP and PBE0) for the isolated exchange clusters. The temperature dependence of the magnetic coupling constant was calculated for two polymer-chain compounds of the “breathing crystal”more » family - C{sub 21}H{sub 19}CuF{sub 12}N{sub 4}O{sub 6} with the chains containing two-spin clusters and C{sub 22}H{sub 21}CuF{sub 12}N{sub 4}O{sub 6} with the chains of alternating three-spin clusters and one-spin sites. It was found that adding a Hubbard-like parameter not only to the copper 3d electrons but also to the oxygen 2p electrons (GGA + U{sub d} + U{sub p} approach) results in an improved description of exchange coupling in the “breathing crystal” compounds. At the same time treatment of the isolated clusters by a large basis hybrid DFT with high computational cost provides a similar quality fit of the experimental magneto-chemical data as that for the GGA + U{sub d} + U{sub p} band structure calculation scheme. Our calculations also showed that in spite of the abrupt transformation of the magnetic coupling constant under the phase transition, the band gap in the “breathing crystals” remains about the same value with temperature decrease.« less

Aternating current photovoltaic building block

DOEpatents

Bower, Ward Issac; Thomas, Michael G.; Ruby, Douglas S.

2004-06-15

A modular apparatus for and method of alternating current photovoltaic power generation comprising via a photovoltaic module, generating power in the form of direct current; and converting direct current to alternating current and exporting power via one or more power conversion and transfer units attached to the module, each unit comprising a unitary housing extending a length or width of the module, which housing comprises: contact means for receiving direct current from the module; one or more direct current-to-alternating current inverters; an alternating current bus; and contact means for receiving alternating current from the one or more inverters.

Fault current limiter and alternating current circuit breaker

DOEpatents

Boenig, Heinrich J.

1998-01-01

A solid-state circuit breaker and current limiter for a load served by an alternating current source having a source impedance, the solid-state circuit breaker and current limiter comprising a thyristor bridge interposed between the alternating current source and the load, the thyristor bridge having four thyristor legs and four nodes, with a first node connected to the alternating current source, and a second node connected to the load. A coil is connected from a third node to a fourth node, the coil having an impedance of a value calculated to limit the current flowing therethrough to a predetermined value. Control means are connected to the thyristor legs for limiting the alternating current flow to the load under fault conditions to a predetermined level, and for gating the thyristor bridge under fault conditions to quickly reduce alternating current flowing therethrough to zero and thereafter to maintain the thyristor bridge in an electrically open condition preventing the alternating current from flowing therethrough for a predetermined period of time.

Fault current limiter and alternating current circuit breaker

DOEpatents

Boenig, H.J.

1998-03-10

A solid-state circuit breaker and current limiter are disclosed for a load served by an alternating current source having a source impedance, the solid-state circuit breaker and current limiter comprising a thyristor bridge interposed between the alternating current source and the load, the thyristor bridge having four thyristor legs and four nodes, with a first node connected to the alternating current source, and a second node connected to the load. A coil is connected from a third node to a fourth node, the coil having an impedance of a value calculated to limit the current flowing therethrough to a predetermined value. Control means are connected to the thyristor legs for limiting the alternating current flow to the load under fault conditions to a predetermined level, and for gating the thyristor bridge under fault conditions to quickly reduce alternating current flowing therethrough to zero and thereafter to maintain the thyristor bridge in an electrically open condition preventing the alternating current from flowing therethrough for a predetermined period of time. 9 figs.

30 CFR 75.900 - Low- and medium-voltage circuits serving three-phase alternating current equipment; circuit...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...-phase alternating current equipment; circuit breakers. 75.900 Section 75.900 Mineral Resources MINE... Low- and medium-voltage circuits serving three-phase alternating current equipment; circuit breakers. [Statutory Provisions] Low- and medium-voltage power circuits serving three-phase alternating current...

30 CFR 77.701-1 - Approved methods of grounding of equipment receiving power from ungrounded alternating current...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... receiving power from ungrounded alternating current power systems. 77.701-1 Section 77.701-1 Mineral...-1 Approved methods of grounding of equipment receiving power from ungrounded alternating current... receiving power from ungrounded alternating current power systems, the following methods of grounding will...

30 CFR 75.701-1 - Approved methods of grounding of equipment receiving power from ungrounded alternating current...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... receiving power from ungrounded alternating current power systems. 75.701-1 Section 75.701-1 Mineral... receiving power from ungrounded alternating current power systems. For purposes of grounding metallic frames, casings and other enclosures of equipment receiving power from ungrounded alternating current power...

30 CFR 75.701-1 - Approved methods of grounding of equipment receiving power from ungrounded alternating current...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... receiving power from ungrounded alternating current power systems. 75.701-1 Section 75.701-1 Mineral... receiving power from ungrounded alternating current power systems. For purposes of grounding metallic frames, casings and other enclosures of equipment receiving power from ungrounded alternating current power...

30 CFR 77.701-1 - Approved methods of grounding of equipment receiving power from ungrounded alternating current...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... receiving power from ungrounded alternating current power systems. 77.701-1 Section 77.701-1 Mineral...-1 Approved methods of grounding of equipment receiving power from ungrounded alternating current... receiving power from ungrounded alternating current power systems, the following methods of grounding will...

30 CFR 77.900 - Low- and medium-voltage circuits serving portable or mobile three-phase alternating current...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... portable or mobile three-phase alternating current equipment; circuit breakers. 77.900 Section 77.900... mobile three-phase alternating current equipment; circuit breakers. Low- and medium-voltage circuits supplying power to portable or mobile three-phase alternating current equipment shall be protected by...

46 CFR 111.05-27 - Grounded neutral alternating current systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... the ground connection, is able to withstand the maximum available fault current without damage, and... 46 Shipping 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Grounded neutral alternating current systems. 111.05-27... Grounded neutral alternating current systems. Grounded neutral and high-impedance grounded neutral...

46 CFR 111.05-27 - Grounded neutral alternating current systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... the ground connection, is able to withstand the maximum available fault current without damage, and... 46 Shipping 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Grounded neutral alternating current systems. 111.05-27... Grounded neutral alternating current systems. Grounded neutral and high-impedance grounded neutral...

Advanced Controller Developed for the Free-Piston Stirling Convertor

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gerber, Scott S.

2005-01-01

A free-piston Stirling power convertor is being considered as an advanced power-conversion technology for future NASA deep-space missions requiring long-life radioisotope power systems. The NASA Glenn Research Center has identified key areas where advanced technologies can enhance the capability of Stirling energy-conversion systems. One of these is power electronic controls. Current power-conversion technology for Glenn-tested Stirling systems consists of an engine-driven linear alternator generating an alternating-current voltage controlled by a tuning-capacitor-based alternating-current peak voltage load controller. The tuning capacitor keeps the internal alternator electromotive force (EMF) in phase with its respective current (i.e., passive power factor correction). The alternator EMF is related to the piston velocity, which must be kept in phase with the alternator current in order to achieve stable operation. This tuning capacitor, which adds volume and mass to the overall Stirling convertor, can be eliminated if the controller can actively drive the magnitude and phase of the alternator current.

Transient analysis for alternating over-current characteristics of HTSC power transmission cable

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lim, S. H.; Hwang, S. D.

2006-10-01

In this paper, the transient analysis for the alternating over-current distribution in case that the over-current was applied for a high-TC superconducting (HTSC) power transmission cable was performed. The transient analysis for the alternating over-current characteristics of HTSC power transmission cable with multi-layer is required to estimate the redistribution of the over-current between its conducting layers and to protect the cable system from the over-current in case that the quench in one or two layers of the HTSC power cable happens. For its transient analysis, the resistance generation of the conducting layers for the alternating over-current was reflected on its equivalent circuit, based on the resistance equation obtained by applying discrete Fourier transform (DFT) for the voltage and the current waveforms of the HTSC tape, which comprises each layer of the HTSC power transmission cable. It was confirmed through the numerical analysis on its equivalent circuit that after the current redistribution from the outermost layer into the inner layers first happened, the fast current redistribution between the inner layers developed as the amplitude of the alternating over-current increased.

46 CFR 111.30-25 - Alternating-current ship's service switchboards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Alternating-current ship's service switchboards. 111.30-25 Section 111.30-25 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELECTRIC SYSTEMS-GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Switchboards § 111.30-25 Alternating-current ship's service...

46 CFR 111.30-25 - Alternating-current ship's service switchboards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Alternating-current ship's service switchboards. 111.30-25 Section 111.30-25 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELECTRIC SYSTEMS-GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Switchboards § 111.30-25 Alternating-current ship's service...

46 CFR 111.30-25 - Alternating-current ship's service switchboards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Alternating-current ship's service switchboards. 111.30-25 Section 111.30-25 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELECTRIC SYSTEMS-GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Switchboards § 111.30-25 Alternating-current ship's service...

Method for controlling brazing

DOEpatents

Hosking, F Michael [Albuquerque, NM; Hall, Aaron C [Albuquerque, NM; Givler, Richard C [Albuquerque, NM; Walker, Charles A [Albuquerque, NM

2006-08-01

A method for making a braze joint across a discontinuity in a work piece using alternating current. A filler metal is pre-placed at a location sufficiently close to the discontinuity such that, when an alternating current is applied across a work piece to heat the work piece and melt the filler metal, the filler metal is drawn into the discontinuity. The alternating current is maintained for a set residence time, generally less than 10 seconds and more particularly less than 3 seconds. The alternating current is then altered, generally by reducing the current and/or voltage such that the filler metal can solidify to form a braze joint of desired quality and thickness.

30 CFR 75.900 - Low- and medium-voltage circuits serving three-phase alternating current equipment; circuit...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Low- and medium-voltage circuits serving three... STANDARDS-UNDERGROUND COAL MINES Underground Low- and Medium-Voltage Alternating Current Circuits § 75.900 Low- and medium-voltage circuits serving three-phase alternating current equipment; circuit breakers...

30 CFR 77.900 - Low- and medium-voltage circuits serving portable or mobile three-phase alternating current...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Low- and medium-voltage circuits serving... Medium-Voltage Alternating Current Circuits § 77.900 Low- and medium-voltage circuits serving portable or mobile three-phase alternating current equipment; circuit breakers. Low- and medium-voltage circuits...

30 CFR 75.900 - Low- and medium-voltage circuits serving three-phase alternating current equipment; circuit...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Low- and medium-voltage circuits serving three... STANDARDS-UNDERGROUND COAL MINES Underground Low- and Medium-Voltage Alternating Current Circuits § 75.900 Low- and medium-voltage circuits serving three-phase alternating current equipment; circuit breakers...

30 CFR 75.900 - Low- and medium-voltage circuits serving three-phase alternating current equipment; circuit...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Low- and medium-voltage circuits serving three... STANDARDS-UNDERGROUND COAL MINES Underground Low- and Medium-Voltage Alternating Current Circuits § 75.900 Low- and medium-voltage circuits serving three-phase alternating current equipment; circuit breakers...

30 CFR 77.900 - Low- and medium-voltage circuits serving portable or mobile three-phase alternating current...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Low- and medium-voltage circuits serving... Medium-Voltage Alternating Current Circuits § 77.900 Low- and medium-voltage circuits serving portable or mobile three-phase alternating current equipment; circuit breakers. Low- and medium-voltage circuits...

30 CFR 77.900 - Low- and medium-voltage circuits serving portable or mobile three-phase alternating current...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Low- and medium-voltage circuits serving... Medium-Voltage Alternating Current Circuits § 77.900 Low- and medium-voltage circuits serving portable or mobile three-phase alternating current equipment; circuit breakers. Low- and medium-voltage circuits...

30 CFR 77.701-1 - Approved methods of grounding of equipment receiving power from ungrounded alternating current...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... receiving power from ungrounded alternating current power systems. 77.701-1 Section 77.701-1 Mineral... power systems. For purposes of grounding metallic frames, casings and other enclosures of equipment receiving power from ungrounded alternating current power systems, the following methods of grounding will...

30 CFR 77.701-1 - Approved methods of grounding of equipment receiving power from ungrounded alternating current...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... receiving power from ungrounded alternating current power systems. 77.701-1 Section 77.701-1 Mineral... power systems. For purposes of grounding metallic frames, casings and other enclosures of equipment receiving power from ungrounded alternating current power systems, the following methods of grounding will...

30 CFR 77.701-1 - Approved methods of grounding of equipment receiving power from ungrounded alternating current...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... receiving power from ungrounded alternating current power systems. 77.701-1 Section 77.701-1 Mineral... power systems. For purposes of grounding metallic frames, casings and other enclosures of equipment receiving power from ungrounded alternating current power systems, the following methods of grounding will...

Transcranial alternating current stimulation modulates auditory temporal resolution in elderly people.

PubMed

Baltus, Alina; Vosskuhl, Johannes; Boetzel, Cindy; Herrmann, Christoph Siegfried

2018-05-13

Recent research provides evidence for a functional role of brain oscillations for perception. For example, auditory temporal resolution seems to be linked to individual gamma frequency of auditory cortex. Individual gamma frequency not only correlates with performance in between-channel gap detection tasks but can be modulated via auditory transcranial alternating current stimulation. Modulation of individual gamma frequency is accompanied by an improvement in gap detection performance. Aging changes electrophysiological frequency components and sensory processing mechanisms. Therefore, we conducted a study to investigate the link between individual gamma frequency and gap detection performance in elderly people using auditory transcranial alternating current stimulation. In a within-subject design, twelve participants were electrically stimulated with two individualized transcranial alternating current stimulation frequencies: 3 Hz above their individual gamma frequency (experimental condition) and 4 Hz below their individual gamma frequency (control condition) while they were performing a between-channel gap detection task. As expected, individual gamma frequencies correlated significantly with gap detection performance at baseline and in the experimental condition, transcranial alternating current stimulation modulated gap detection performance. In the control condition, stimulation did not modulate gap detection performance. In addition, in elderly, the effect of transcranial alternating current stimulation on auditory temporal resolution seems to be dependent on endogenous frequencies in auditory cortex: elderlies with slower individual gamma frequencies and lower auditory temporal resolution profit from auditory transcranial alternating current stimulation and show increased gap detection performance during stimulation. Our results strongly suggest individualized transcranial alternating current stimulation protocols for successful modulation of performance. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Comparative study of post-growth annealing of Cu(hfac)2, Co2(CO)8 and Me2Au(acac) metal precursors deposited by FEBID.

PubMed

Puydinger Dos Santos, Marcos Vinicius; Szkudlarek, Aleksandra; Rydosz, Artur; Guerra-Nuñez, Carlos; Béron, Fanny; Pirota, Kleber Roberto; Moshkalev, Stanislav; Diniz, José Alexandre; Utke, Ivo

2018-01-01

Non-noble metals, such as Cu and Co, as well as noble metals, such as Au, can be used in a number modern technological applications, which include advanced scanning-probe systems, magnetic memory and storage, ferroelectric tunnel junction memristors, metal interconnects for high performance integrated circuits in microelectronics and nano-optics applications, especially in the areas of plasmonics and metamaterials. Focused-electron-beam-induced deposition (FEBID) is a maskless direct-write tool capable of defining 3-dimensional metal deposits at nanometre scale for above applications. However, codeposition of organic ligands when using organometallic precursors is a typical problem that limits FEBID of pure metal nanostructures. In this work, we present a comparative study using a post-growth annealing protocol at 100, 200, and 300 °C under high vacuum on deposits obtained from Co 2 (CO) 8 , Cu(II)(hfac) 2 , and Me 2 Au(acac) to study improvements on composition and electrical conductivity. Although the as-deposited material was similar for all precursors, metal grains embedded in a carbonaceous matrix, the post-growth annealing results differed. Cu-containing deposits showed the formation of pure Cu nanocrystals at the outer surface of the initial deposit for temperatures above 100 °C, due to the migration of Cu atoms from the carbonaceous matrix containing carbon, oxygen, and fluorine atoms. The average size of the Cu crystals doubles between 100 and 300 °C of annealing temperature, while the composition remains constant. In contrast, for Co-containing deposits oxygen release was observed upon annealing, while the carbon content remained approximately constant; the cobalt atoms coalesced to form a metallic film. The as-deposited Au-containing material shows subnanometric grains that coalesce at 100 °C, maintaining the same average size at annealing temperatures up to 300 °C. Raman analysis suggests that the amorphous carbonaceous matrix of the as-written Co, Cu and Au deposits turned into nanocrystalline graphite with comparable crystal sizes of 12-14 nm at 300 °C annealing temperature. However, we observed a more effective formation of graphite clusters in Co- than in Cu- and Au-containing deposits. The graphitisation has a minor influence on the electrical conductivity improvements of Co-C deposits, which is attributed to the high as-deposited Co content and the related metal grain percolation. On the contrary, electrical conductivity improvements by factors of 30 and 12 for, respectively, Cu-C and Au-C deposits with low metal content are mainly attributed to the graphitisation. This relatively simple vacuum-based post-growth annealing protocol may be useful for other precursors as it proved to be efficient in reliably tuning the electrical properties of as-deposited FEBID materials. Finally, a H 2 -assisted gold purification protocol is demonstrated at temperatures around 300 °C by fully removing the carbon matrix and drastically reducing the electrical resistance of the deposit.

Dynamics of laser-guided alternating current high voltage discharges

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Daigle, J.-F.; Théberge, F.; Lassonde, P.; Kieffer, J.-C.; Fujii, T.; Fortin, J.; Châteauneuf, M.; Dubois, J.

2013-10-01

The dynamics of laser-guided alternating current high voltage discharges are characterized using a streak camera. Laser filaments were used to trigger and guide the discharges produced by a commercial Tesla coil. The streaking images revealed that the dynamics of the guided alternating current high voltage corona are different from that of a direct current source. The measured effective corona velocity and the absence of leader streamers confirmed that it evolves in a pure leader regime.

High Frequency Alternator, Power Frequency Conversion (HFA-PFC) Technology for Lightweight Tactical Power Generation

DTIC Science & Technology

1995-09-22

Modules 345-800 Amperes/400-3000 Votts - Current and Thermal Ratings of Module * Circuit Currents Element Data Model* Current Thermal Units...IGBTs modules (Powerex) 56 Main components for rectifiers, Diode Bridge modules (Powerex) 65 Heat Sinks (Aavid Engineering) 85 Westinghouse...exciter circuit , are not reliable enough for military applications, and they were replaced by brushless alternators. The brushless AC alternator

Muscle oxygenation of vastus lateralis and medialis muscles during alternating and pulsed current electrical stimulation.

PubMed

Aldayel, Abdulaziz; Muthalib, Makii; Jubeau, Marc; McGuigan, Michael; Nosaka, Kazunori

2011-05-01

This study compared between alternating and pulsed current electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) for muscle oxygenation and blood volume during isometric contractions. Nine healthy men (23-48 years) received alternating current EMS (2500 Hz) modulated at 75 Hz on the knee extensors of one leg, and pulsed current EMS (75 Hz) for the other leg separated by 2 weeks in a randomised, counter-balanced order. Pulse duration (400 μs), on-off ratio (5-15 s) and other stimulation parameters were matched between conditions and 30 isometric contractions were induced at the knee joint angle of 100° (0° full extension). Changes in tissue oxygenation index (∆TOI) and total hemoglobin volume (∆tHb) of vastus lateralis and medialis muscles over 30 contractions were assessed by a near-infrared spectroscopy, and were compared between conditions by a two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Peak torque produced during EMS increased over 30 contractions in response to the increase in the stimulation intensity for pulsed current, but not for the alternating current EMS. The torque during each isometric contraction was less stable in alternating than pulsed current EMS. The changes in ∆TOI amplitude during relaxation phases and ∆tHb amplitude were not significantly different between conditions. However, the decreases in ∆TOI amplitude during contraction phases from baseline were significantly (P < 0.05) greater for the pulsed current than alternating current from the 18th contraction (-15.6 ± 2.3 vs. -8.9 ± 1.8%) to 30th contraction (-10.7 ± 1.8 vs. -4.8 ± 1.5%). These results suggest that the muscles were less activated in the alternating current EMS when compared with the pulsed current EMS.

30 CFR 75.900-3 - Testing, examination, and maintenance of circuit breakers; procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... current circuits serving three-phase alternating current equipment and their auxiliary devices shall be... Underground Low- and Medium-Voltage Alternating Current Circuits § 75.900-3 Testing, examination, and...

30 CFR 75.900-3 - Testing, examination, and maintenance of circuit breakers; procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... current circuits serving three-phase alternating current equipment and their auxiliary devices shall be... Underground Low- and Medium-Voltage Alternating Current Circuits § 75.900-3 Testing, examination, and...

3 CFR - Demonstration Grants for the Development, Implementation, and Evaluation of Alternatives to the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

..., Implementation, and Evaluation of Alternatives to the Current Medical Liability System Presidential Documents..., Implementation, and Evaluation of Alternatives to the Current Medical Liability System Memorandum for the... report that fear of lawsuits leads them to practice defensive medicine, which may contribute to higher...

Apparatus and method for critical current measurements

DOEpatents

Martin, Joe A.; Dye, Robert C.

1992-01-01

An apparatus for the measurement of the critical current of a superconductive sample, e.g., a clad superconductive sample, the apparatus including a conductive coil, a means for maintaining the coil in proximity to a superconductive sample, an electrical connection means for passing a low amplitude alternating current through the coil, a cooling means for maintaining the superconductive sample at a preselected temperature, a means for passing a current through the superconductive sample, and, a means for monitoring reactance of the coil, is disclosed, together with a process of measuring the critical current of a superconductive material, e.g., a clad superconductive material, by placing a superconductive material into the vicinity of the conductive coil of such an apparatus, cooling the superconductive material to a preselected temperature, passing a low amplitude alternating current through the coil, the alternating current capable of generating a magnetic field sufficient to penetrate, e.g., any cladding, and to induce eddy currents in the superconductive material, passing a steadily increasing current through the superconductive material, the current characterized as having a different frequency than the alternating current, and, monitoring the reactance of the coil with a phase sensitive detector as the current passed through the superconductive material is steadily increased whereby critical current of the superconductive material can be observed as the point whereat a component of impedance deviates.

49 CFR 236.2 - Grounds.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

..., single-break, signal control circuits using a grounded common, and alternating current power distribution...) Alternating current power distribution circuits that are grounded in the interest of safety. ...

Test Results for Rotordynamic Coefficients of the SSME HPOTP Turbine Interstage Seal with Two Swirl Brakes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Childs, Dara W.; Baskharone, Erian; Ramsey, Christopher

1991-01-01

Test results are presented for the HPOTP Turbine Interstage Seal with both the current and an alternate, aerodynamically designed, swirl brake. Tests were conducted at speeds out to 16,000 rpm, supply pressures up to 18.3 bars, and the following three inlet tangential velocity conditions: (1) no preswirl; (2) intermediate preswirl in the direction of rotation; and (3) high preswirl in the direction of rotation. The back pressure can be controlled independently and was varied to yield the following four pressure ratios: 0.4, 0.45, 0.56, and 0.67. The central and simplest conclusion to be obtained from the test series is that the alternate swirl brake consistently outperforms the current swirl brake in terms of stability performance. The alternate swirl brake's whirl frequency ratio was generally about one half or less than corresponding values for the current design. In many cases, the alternate design yielded negative whirl frequency ratio values in comparison to positive values for the current design. The alternate design can be directly substituted into the space currently occupied by the current design. There is no change in leakage performance.

Current Faculty Development Practices for Alternative Delivery Systems in Christian Higher Education Institutions: A Qualitative Study

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Yates, Steven Lowell

2009-01-01

This research study was an investigation of current faculty development practices for alternative delivery systems. Attention was given to faculty development in general as well as specific facets of faculty development for alternative delivery systems. Future or intended faculty development practices were pursued, along with factors that…

49 CFR 234.213 - Grounds.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

...: circuits that include track rail; alternating current power distribution circuits that are grounded in the...) Circuits that include track rail; (2) Alternating current power distribution circuits that are grounded in...

Reassessing the NTCTCS Staging Systems for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer, Including Age at Diagnosis

PubMed Central

McLeod, Donald S.A.; Jonklaas, Jacqueline; Brierley, James D.; Ain, Kenneth B.; Cooper, David S.; Fein, Henry G.; Haugen, Bryan R.; Ladenson, Paul W.; Magner, James; Ross, Douglas S.; Skarulis, Monica C.; Steward, David L.; Xing, Mingzhao; Litofsky, Danielle R.; Maxon, Harry R.

2015-01-01

Background: Thyroid cancer is unique for having age as a staging variable. Recently, the commonly used age cut-point of 45 years has been questioned. Objective: This study assessed alternate staging systems on the outcome of overall survival, and compared these with current National Thyroid Cancer Treatment Cooperative Study (NTCTCS) staging systems for papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. Methods: A total of 4721 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer were assessed. Five potential alternate staging systems were generated at age cut-points in five-year increments from 35 to 70 years, and tested for model discrimination (Harrell's C-statistic) and calibration (R2). The best five models for papillary and follicular cancer were further tested with bootstrap resampling and significance testing for discrimination. Results: The best five alternate papillary cancer systems had age cut-points of 45–50 years, with the highest scoring model using 50 years. No significant difference in C-statistic was found between the best alternate and current NTCTCS systems (p = 0.200). The best five alternate follicular cancer systems had age cut-points of 50–55 years, with the highest scoring model using 50 years. All five best alternate staging systems performed better compared with the current system (p = 0.003–0.035). There was no significant difference in discrimination between the best alternate system (cut-point age 50 years) and the best system of cut-point age 45 years (p = 0.197). Conclusions: No alternate papillary cancer systems assessed were significantly better than the current system. New alternate staging systems for follicular cancer appear to be better than the current NTCTCS system, although they require external validation. PMID:26203804

Method for sputtering with low frequency alternating current

DOEpatents

Timberlake, John R.

1996-01-01

Low frequency alternating current sputtering is provided by connecting a low frequency alternating current source to a high voltage transformer having outer taps and a center tap for stepping up the voltage of the alternating current. The center tap of the transformer is connected to a vacuum vessel containing argon or helium gas. Target electrodes, in close proximity to each other, and containing material with which the substrates will be coated, are connected to the outer taps of the transformer. With an applied potential, the gas will ionize and sputtering from the target electrodes onto the substrate will then result. The target electrodes can be copper or boron, and the substrate can be stainless steel, aluminum, or titanium. Copper coatings produced are used in place of nickel and/or copper striking.

Method for sputtering with low frequency alternating current

DOEpatents

Timberlake, J.R.

1996-04-30

Low frequency alternating current sputtering is provided by connecting a low frequency alternating current source to a high voltage transformer having outer taps and a center tap for stepping up the voltage of the alternating current. The center tap of the transformer is connected to a vacuum vessel containing argon or helium gas. Target electrodes, in close proximity to each other, and containing material with which the substrates will be coated, are connected to the outer taps of the transformer. With an applied potential, the gas will ionize and sputtering from the target electrodes onto the substrate will then result. The target electrodes can be copper or boron, and the substrate can be stainless steel, aluminum, or titanium. Copper coatings produced are used in place of nickel and/or copper striking. 6 figs.

Cascaded resonant bridge converters

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stuart, Thomas A. (Inventor)

1989-01-01

A converter for converting a low voltage direct current power source to a higher voltage, high frequency alternating current output for use in an electrical system where it is desired to use low weight cables and other circuit elements. The converter has a first stage series resonant (Schwarz) converter which converts the direct current power source to an alternating current by means of switching elements that are operated by a variable frequency voltage regulator, a transformer to step up the voltage of the alternating current, and a rectifier bridge to convert the alternating current to a direct current first stage output. The converter further has a second stage series resonant (Schwarz) converter which is connected in series to the first stage converter to receive its direct current output and convert it to a second stage high frequency alternating current output by means of switching elements that are operated by a fixed frequency oscillator. The voltage of the second stage output is controlled at a relatively constant value by controlling the first stage output voltage, which is accomplished by controlling the frequency of the first stage variable frequency voltage controller in response to second stage voltage. Fault tolerance in the event of a load short circuit is provided by making the operation of the first stage variable frequency voltage controller responsive to first and second stage current limiting devices. The second stage output is connected to a rectifier bridge whose output is connected to the input of the second stage to provide good regulation of output voltage wave form at low system loads.

Performance analysis of a diesel engine driven brushless alternator with combined AC and thyristor fed DC loads through PSPICE

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Narayanan, S.S.Y.; Ananthakrishnan, P.; Hangari, V.U.

1995-12-31

A brushless alternator with damper windings in the main alternator and with combined ac and thyristor fed dc loads has been handled ab initio as a total modeling and simulation problem for which a complete steady state performance prediction algorithm has been developed through proper application of Park`s equivalent circuit approach individually to the main and exciter alternator units of the brushless alternator. Details of the problems faced during implementation of this algorithm through PSPICE for the case of a specific 125 kVA brushless alternator as well as methods adopted for successfully overcoming the same have then been presented. Finallymore » a comparison of the predicted performance with those obtained experimentally for this 125 kVA unit has also been provided for the cases of both thyristor fed dc load alone as well as combined ac and thyristor fed dc loads. To enable proper calculation of derating factors to be used in the design of such brushless alternators, the simulation results then include harmonic analysis of the alternator output voltage and current waveforms at the point of common connection of the ac and thyristor fed dc load, damper winding currents, main alternator field winding current, exciter alternator armature voltage and the alternator developed torque and torque angle pulsations.« less

Portable power supply options for positive airway pressure devices.

PubMed

Riaz, Muhammad; Certal, Victor; Camacho, Macario

2015-01-01

Patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) often face the challenge of how to power their positive airway pressure (PAP) devices when alternating current power supplies are not available in remote areas with lack of electricity or frequent power outages. This article elucidates portable power supply options for PAP devices with the aim to increase alternative power source awareness among medical providers. A search of scientific databases (Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library) was carried out on the topic of alternative portable power supply options for treatment of OSA. Scientific databases listed above yielded only limited results. Most articles were found via Google search. These articles were reviewed for alternative power supply options for OSA patients when alternating current is not available. The power supply options in this article include lead-acid batteries (starter, marine and deep-cycle batteries), lithium ion batteries, solar kits, battery packs, backup power systems, portable generators, and travel-size PAP devices. There are several options to power PAP devices with direct current when alternating current is not available. Knowledgeable primary care physicians especially in rural and remote areas can help OSA patients improve PAP compliance in order to mitigate morbidity and long-term complications of OSA.

30 CFR 77.900-2 - Testing, examination, and maintenance of circuit breakers; record.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... protecting low- and medium-voltage circuits serving three-phase alternating current equipment and such record... AND SURFACE WORK AREAS OF UNDERGROUND COAL MINES Low- and Medium-Voltage Alternating Current Circuits...

30 CFR 77.900-1 - Testing, examination, and maintenance of circuit breakers; procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... protecting low- and medium-voltage circuits serving portable or mobile three-phase alternating current... AND SURFACE WORK AREAS OF UNDERGROUND COAL MINES Low- and Medium-Voltage Alternating Current Circuits...

30 CFR 77.900-2 - Testing, examination, and maintenance of circuit breakers; record.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... protecting low- and medium-voltage circuits serving three-phase alternating current equipment and such record... AND SURFACE WORK AREAS OF UNDERGROUND COAL MINES Low- and Medium-Voltage Alternating Current Circuits...

30 CFR 77.900-1 - Testing, examination, and maintenance of circuit breakers; procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... protecting low- and medium-voltage circuits serving portable or mobile three-phase alternating current... AND SURFACE WORK AREAS OF UNDERGROUND COAL MINES Low- and Medium-Voltage Alternating Current Circuits...

76 FR 6496 - Special Flight Rules Area in the Vicinity of Grand Canyon National Park, Draft Environmental...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-04

... being considered include: Alternative A Current Condition: Key elements are corridors open year round, annual allocation cap of 93,971, and no quiet technology incentive. Current tours for helicopters and... to quiet technology aircraft. Alternative F Modified Current Condition: Key elements are similar to...

Alternating current long range alpha particle detector

DOEpatents

MacArthur, Duncan W.; McAtee, James L.

1993-01-01

An alpha particle detector, utilizing alternating currents, whcih is capable of detecting alpha particles from distinct sources. The use of alternating currents allows use of simpler ac circuits which, in turn, are not susceptible to dc error components. It also allows the benefit of gas gain, if desired. In the invention, a voltage source creates an electric field between two conductive grids, and between the grids and a conductive enclosure. Air containing air ions created by collision with alpha particles is drawn into the enclosure and detected. In some embodiments, the air flow into the enclosure is interrupted, creating an alternating flow of ions. In another embodiment, a modulated voltage is applied to the grid, also modulating the detection of ions.

Alternating current long range alpha particle detector

DOEpatents

MacArthur, D.W.; McAtee, J.L.

1993-02-16

An alpha particle detector, utilizing alternating currents, which is capable of detecting alpha particles from distinct sources. The use of alternating currents allows use of simpler ac circuits which, in turn, are not susceptible to dc error components. It also allows the benefit of gas gain, if desired. In the invention, a voltage source creates an electric field between two conductive grids, and between the grids and a conductive enclosure. Air containing air ions created by collision with alpha particles is drawn into the enclosure and detected. In some embodiments, the air flow into the enclosure is interrupted, creating an alternating flow of ions. In another embodiment, a modulated voltage is applied to the grid, also modulating the detection of ions.

Alternative medicine in the workplace.

PubMed

Lippin, R A

1996-01-01

Workplace settings are ripe for the application of alternative medical interventions for a variety of reasons. Included among them are a shared interest in prevention by both the occupational and alternative medicine communities, economic incentives by corporations as major purchasers of healthcare to reduce healthcare costs and improve employee productivity, and the willingness of corporations to be differentially creative in their approach to delivering and purchasing healthcare. This paper describes the US workforce in transition, provides an overview of occupational medicine including current programs and emerging issues, describes the current applications of alternative medicine interventions in the workplace, and argues for future expanded application of alternative medicine in workplace settings.

30 CFR 75.524 - Electric face equipment; electric equipment used in return air outby the last open crosscut...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... current between frames of equipment. 75.524 Section 75.524 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH... the last open crosscut; maximum level of alternating or direct electric current between frames of equipment. The maximum level of alternating or direct electric current that exists between the frames of any...

30 CFR 75.900-4 - Testing, examination, and maintenance of circuit breakers; record.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... circuits serving three-phase alternating current equipment used in the mine. Such record shall be kept in a... Underground Low- and Medium-Voltage Alternating Current Circuits § 75.900-4 Testing, examination, and...

30 CFR 75.900-4 - Testing, examination, and maintenance of circuit breakers; record.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... circuits serving three-phase alternating current equipment used in the mine. Such record shall be kept in a... Underground Low- and Medium-Voltage Alternating Current Circuits § 75.900-4 Testing, examination, and...

ASSESSING ALTERNATIVE FUTURES FOR AGRICULTURE IN IOWA, U.S.A.

EPA Science Inventory

The contributions of current industrial agricultural practices to environmental degradation and the social problems facing agricultural regions are well known. However, landscape-scale alternatives to current conditions have not been fully explored nor their potential impacts qua...

System and method of adjusting the equilibrium temperature of an inductively-heated susceptor

DOEpatents

Matsen, Marc R; Negley, Mark A; Geren, William Preston

2015-02-24

A system for inductively heating a workpiece may include an induction coil, at least one susceptor face sheet, and a current controller coupled. The induction coil may be configured to conduct an alternating current and generate a magnetic field in response to the alternating current. The susceptor face sheet may be configured to have a workpiece positioned therewith. The susceptor face sheet may be formed of a ferromagnetic alloy having a Curie temperature and being inductively heatable to an equilibrium temperature approaching the Curie temperature in response to the magnetic field. The current controller may be coupled to the induction coil and may be configured to adjust the alternating current in a manner causing a change in at least one heating parameter of the susceptor face sheet.

Allele-Specific Alternative mRNA processing (ASARP) | Informatics Technology for Cancer Research (ITCR)

Cancer.gov

A software pipeline for prediction of allele-specific alternative RNA processing events using single RNA-seq data. The current version focuses on prediction of alternative splicing and alternative polyadenylation modulated by genetic variants.

Potential Alternatives Report for Validation of Alternative Low-Emission Surface PreparationlDepainting Technologies for Structural Steel

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lewis, Pattie

2006-01-01

For this project, particulates and solvents used during the depainting process of steel structures were the identified hazardous material (HazMat) targeted for elimination or reduction. This Potential Alternatives Report (PAR) provides technical analyses of identified alternatives to the current coating removal processes, criteria used to select alternatives for further analysis, and a list of those alternatives recommended for testing. The initial coating removal alternatives list was compiled using literature searches and center participant recommendations. The involved project participants initially considered fifteen (15) alternatives. In late 2004, stakeholders down-selected the list and identified specific processes as potential alternatives to the current depainting methods. The selected alternatives were: 1. Plastic Blast Media 2. Hard Abrasive Media 3. Sponge Blast Media 4. Mechanical Removal with Vacuum Attachment 5. Liquid Nitrogen 6. Laser Coating Removal Available information about these processes was used to analyze the technical merits and the potential environmental, safety, and occupational health (ESOH) impacts of these methods. A preliminary cost benefit analysis will be performed to determine if implementation of alternative technologies is economically justified. NASA AP2

Pollution Prevention Benefits Manual: Phase II. Volume 1: The Manual and Volume 2: Appendices (1989)

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Manual is intended to help polluters evaluate the economic feasibility of pollution prevention or waste minimization alternatives to current practices, helping polluters evaluate how much a pollution prevention alternative will cost vs. current practices.

Adolescent cigarette smokers' and non-cigarette smokers' use of alternative tobacco products.

PubMed

Saunders, Charles; Geletko, Karen

2012-08-01

This study uses the most recent data from the nationally representative National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS) to examine the use of alternative tobacco products among U.S. cigarette smokers and non-cigarette smokers aged 14-17. Alternative tobacco product use is defined as use of one or more of the following products: smokeless tobacco, cigars, pipes, bidis, or kreteks. Using the results from the 2004, 2006, and 2009 NYTS, multivariate logistic regressions were used to investigate separately the extent of alternative tobacco product use in current cigarette smokers and in those who reported not smoking cigarettes controlling for demographic and other independent influences. The results indicate that for adolescent smokers and nonsmokers, the use of one type of alternative tobacco product made it much more likely the individual would use one or more of the other alternative tobacco products. Non-cigarette smokers using these tobacco products appeared to exhibit symptoms of nicotine dependence comparable to those of cigarette smokers. More information on adolescent use of alternative tobacco products is needed. Current cigarette use declined 3.4% annually over 2004-2009 for the NYTS 14- to 17-year-old population, but this cohort's use of alternative tobacco products was unchanged. The number of adolescents aged 14-17 who did not smoke cigarettes but used alternative tobacco products increased 5.9% per year over the same period. Current surveillance measures need to be expanded in order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of adolescent alternative tobacco use.

Force analysis of magnetic bearings with power-saving controls

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Johnson, Dexter; Brown, Gerald V.; Inman, Daniel J.

1992-01-01

Most magnetic bearing control schemes use a bias current with a superimposed control current to linearize the relationship between the control current and the force it delivers. For most operating conditions, the existence of the bias current requires more power than alternative methods that do not use conventional bias. Two such methods are examined which diminish or eliminate bias current. In the typical bias control scheme it is found that for a harmonic control force command into a voltage limited transconductance amplifier, the desired force output is obtained only up to certain combinations of force amplitude and frequency. Above these values, the force amplitude is reduced and a phase lag occurs. The power saving alternative control schemes typically exhibit such deficiencies at even lower command frequencies and amplitudes. To assess the severity of these effects, a time history analysis of the force output is performed for the bias method and the alternative methods. Results of the analysis show that the alternative approaches may be viable. The various control methods examined were mathematically modeled using nondimensionalized variables to facilitate comparison of the various methods.

Alternating steady state free precession for estimation of current-induced magnetic flux density: A feasibility study.

PubMed

Lee, Hyunyeol; Jeong, Woo Chul; Kim, Hyung Joong; Woo, Eung Je; Park, Jaeseok

2016-05-01

To develop a novel, current-controlled alternating steady-state free precession (SSFP)-based conductivity imaging method and corresponding MR signal models to estimate current-induced magnetic flux density (Bz ) and conductivity distribution. In the proposed method, an SSFP pulse sequence, which is in sync with alternating current pulses, produces dual oscillating steady states while yielding nonlinear relation between signal phase and Bz . A ratiometric signal model between the states was analytically derived using the Bloch equation, wherein Bz was estimated by solving a nonlinear inverse problem for conductivity estimation. A theoretical analysis on the signal-to-noise ratio of Bz was given. Numerical and experimental studies were performed using SSFP-FID and SSFP-ECHO with current pulses positioned either before or after signal encoding to investigate the feasibility of the proposed method in conductivity estimation. Given all SSFP variants herein, SSFP-FID with alternating current pulses applied before signal encoding exhibits the highest Bz signal-to-noise ratio and conductivity contrast. Additionally, compared with conventional conductivity imaging, the proposed method benefits from rapid SSFP acquisition without apparent loss of conductivity contrast. We successfully demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed method in estimating current-induced Bz and conductivity distribution. It can be a promising, rapid imaging strategy for quantitative conductivity imaging. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Manual. According to the Calculation of Wires and Cables,

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-04-23

Tpezxaaaro TON. As, C Kay: (1). Designation. t2). Designation. (3). Current (permanent. Voltage constant. (4). Currant ivariable/ alternating . Voltage is the...variable/ alternating , general designatior. (5). Current variable/ alternating three-phase 5C Hz. (6). Ez. (7). Zero line (neutral). It is allcwed/assumed...diagrams of powsr supply iz is allowed/assumed high-voltage switch to dapict, as it is shown. (10). iinuings by relay, contactor and magnetic starter. It

AUTOMOTIVE DIESEL MAINTENANCE 2. UNIT XVII, LEARNING ABOUT AC GENERATOR (ALTERNATOR) PRINCIPLES (PART II).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Minnesota State Dept. of Education, St. Paul. Div. of Vocational and Technical Education.

THIS MODULE OF A 25-MODULE COURSE IS DESIGNED TO DEVELOP AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE OPERATING PRINCIPLES AND THE SERVICING AND TESTING PROCEDURES FOR ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC) GENERATORS AND REGULATORS USED ON DIESEL POWERED EQUIPMENT. TOPICS ARE REVIEW OF ALTERNATOR PRINCIPLES, ALTERNATOR SERVICING AND TESTING, ALTERNATOR REGULATOR OPERATING…

Enhanced distributed energy resource system

DOEpatents

Atcitty, Stanley [Albuquerque, NM; Clark, Nancy H [Corrales, NM; Boyes, John D [Albuquerque, NM; Ranade, Satishkumar J [Las Cruces, NM

2007-07-03

A power transmission system including a direct current power source electrically connected to a conversion device for converting direct current into alternating current, a conversion device connected to a power distribution system through a junction, an energy storage device capable of producing direct current connected to a converter, where the converter, such as an insulated gate bipolar transistor, converts direct current from an energy storage device into alternating current and supplies the current to the junction and subsequently to the power distribution system. A microprocessor controller, connected to a sampling and feedback module and the converter, determines when the current load is higher than a set threshold value, requiring triggering of the converter to supply supplemental current to the power transmission system.

Development of Alternating Current Potential Drop (ACPD) Procedures for Crack Detection in Aluminum Aircraft Panels.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1993-12-01

The Alternating Current Potential Drop (ACPD) method is investigated as a means of making measurements in laboratory experiments on the initiation and growth of multiple site damage (MSD) cracks in a common aluminum alloy used for aircraft constructi...

A self-report critical incident assessment tool for army night vision goggle helicopter operations.

PubMed

Renshaw, Peter F; Wiggins, Mark W

2007-04-01

The present study sought to examine the utility of a self-report tool that was designed as a partial substitute for a face-to-face cognitive interview for critical incidents involving night vision goggles (NVGs). The use of NVGs remains problematic within the military environment, as these devices have been identified as a factor in a significant proportion of aircraft accidents and incidents. The self-report tool was structured to identify some of the cognitive features of human performance that were associated with critical incidents involving NVGs. The tool incorporated a number of different levels of analysis, ranging from specific behavioral responses to broader cognitive constructs. Reports were received from 30 active pilots within the Australian Army using the NVG Critical Incident Assessment Tool (NVGCIAT). The results revealed a correspondence between specific types of NVG-related errors and elements of the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS). In addition, uncertainty emerged as a significant factor associated with the critical incidents that were recalled by operators. These results were broadly consistent with previous research and provide some support for the utility of subjective assessment tools as a means of extracting critical incident-related data when face-to-face cognitive interviews are not possible. In some circumstances, the NVGCIAT might be regarded as a substitute cognitive interview protocol with some level of diagnosticity.

Diarylethene-containing cyclometalated platinum(II) complexes: tunable photochromism via metal coordination and rational ligand design.

PubMed

Chan, Jacky Chi-Hung; Lam, Wai Han; Wong, Hok-Lai; Zhu, Nianyong; Wong, Wing-Tak; Yam, Vivian Wing-Wah

2011-08-17

The synthesis, characterization, electrochemistry, photophysics and photochromic behavior of a new class of cyclometalated platinum(II) complexes [Pt(C(∧)N)(O(∧)O)] (1a-5a and 1b-5b), where C(∧)N is a cyclometalating 2-(2'-thienyl)pyridyl (thpy) or 2-(2'-thienothienyl)pyridyl (tthpy) ligand containing the photochromic dithienylethene (DTE) unit and O(∧)O is a β-diketonato ligand of acetylacetonato (acac) or hexafluoroacetylacetonato (hfac), have been reported. The X-ray crystal structures of five of the complexes have also been determined. The electrochemical studies reveal that the first quasi-reversible reduction couple, and hence the nature of lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of the complexes, is sensitive to the nature of the ancillary O(∧)O ligands. Upon photoexcitation, complexes 1a-3a and 1b-3b exhibit drastic color changes, ascribed to the reversible photochromic behavior, which is found to be sensitive to the substituents on the pyridyl ring and the extent of π-conjugation of the C(∧)N ligand as well as the nature of the ancillary ligand. The thermal bleaching kinetics of complex 1a has been studied in toluene at various temperatures, and the activation barrier for the thermal cycloreversion of the complex has been determined. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been performed to provide an insight into the electrochemical, photophysical and photochromic properties.

1000 X Difference Between Current Displays and Capability of Human Visual System: Payoff Potential for Affordable Defense Systems

DTIC Science & Technology

2000-01-01

second tier technologies: digital micromirror devices (DMD); alternating current gas plasma (ACGP); inorganic electroluminescent (EL, TFEL, AMEL... Micromirror Device (DMD) - Alternating Current Gas Plasma (ACGP) - Electroluminescent (EL, TFEL, AMEL) - Vacuum Fluorescent Display (VFD) - Inorganic Light...Instruments Digital Micromirror Device (DMD) Digital Light Processing technology and another, the Qualcomm/Hughes-JVC CRT/Liquid Crystal Light Valve

Bus Propulsion Alternatives Overview

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1982-04-01

The Urban Mass Transportation Administration (UMTA) is currently investigating propulsion alternatives which would conserve petroleum-based fuels and would be practical for use by U.S. transit operators. A discussion of these alternatives (electric p...

46 CFR 111.30-25 - Alternating-current ship's service switchboards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...-25 Section 111.30-25 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELECTRIC SYSTEMS-GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Switchboards § 111.30-25 Alternating-current ship's service... regulator unit acting on the exciter field, each switchboard must have: (1) A generator field rheostat; (2...

46 CFR 111.30-25 - Alternating-current ship's service switchboards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

...-25 Section 111.30-25 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELECTRIC SYSTEMS-GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Switchboards § 111.30-25 Alternating-current ship's service... regulator unit acting on the exciter field, each switchboard must have: (1) A generator field rheostat; (2...

Alternative Tobacco Product Use and Smoking Cessation: A National Study

PubMed Central

Popova, Lucy

2013-01-01

Objectives. We investigated the frequency of alternative tobacco product use (loose leaf, moist snuff, snus, dissolvables, electronic cigarettes [e-cigarettes]) among smokers and the association with quit attempts and intentions. Methods. A nationally representative probability-based cross-sectional survey of 1836 current or recently former adult smokers was completed in November 2011. Multivariate logistic regressions evaluated associations between alternative tobacco product use and smoking cessation behaviors. Results. Of the smokers, 38% had tried an alternative tobacco product, most frequently e-cigarettes. Alternative tobacco product use was associated with having made a quit attempt, and those intending to quit were significantly more likely to have tried and to currently use the products than were smokers with no intentions to quit. Use was not associated with successful quit attempts. Interest in future use of alternative tobacco products was low, except for e-cigarettes. Conclusions. Alternative tobacco products are attractive to smokers who want to quit smoking, but these data did not indicate that alternative tobacco products promote cessation. Unsubstantiated overt and implied claims that alternative tobacco products aid smoking cessation should be prohibited. PMID:23488521

78 FR 49723 - Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forests; Ely Ranger District; Ely Westside Rangeland Project

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-15

... Month (AUM) production for the Humboldt National Forest while improving the gap between existing and...: 1. Current Management Alternative: Continue current grazing management. 2. No Grazing Alternative... documents. (Authority: 40 CFR 1501.7 and 1508.22; Forest Service Handbook 1909.15, Section 21) Dated: August...

Alternatives to Tenure. AAHE-ERIC/Higher Education Research Currents. March 1979.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Linney, Thomas J.

An overview of current literature about alternatives and variations to existing concepts of tenure of faculty is presented. Tenure continues the appointment of faculty until retirement unless there is dismissal for adequate cause or unavoidable termination because of financial exigency or change of institutional program. Academic freedom is…

Method and apparatus for detecting cyber attacks on an alternating current power grid

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McEachern, Alexander; Hofmann, Ronald

A method and apparatus for detecting cyber attacks on remotely-operable elements of an alternating current distribution grid. Two state estimates of the distribution grid are prepared, one of which uses micro-synchrophasors. A difference between the two state estimates indicates a possible cyber attack.

Solar cell system having alternating current output

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Evans, J. C., Jr. (Inventor)

1980-01-01

A monolithic multijunction solar cell was modified by fabricating an integrated circuit inverter on the back of the cell to produce a device capable of generating an alternating current output. In another embodiment, integrated curcuit power conditioning electronics was incorporated in a module containing a solar cell power supply.

Frequency-dependent failure mechanisms of nanocrystalline gold interconnect lines under general alternating current

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Luo, X. M.; Zhang, B.; Zhang, G. P.

2014-09-01

Thermal fatigue failure of metallization interconnect lines subjected to alternating currents (AC) is becoming a severe threat to the long-term reliability of micro/nanodevices with increasing electrical current density/power. Here, thermal fatigue failure behaviors and damage mechanisms of nanocrystalline Au interconnect lines on the silicon glass substrate have been investigated by applying general alternating currents (the pure alternating current coupled with a direct current (DC) component) with different frequencies ranging from 0.05 Hz to 5 kHz. We observed both thermal fatigue damages caused by Joule heating-induced cyclic strain/stress and electromigration (EM) damages caused by the DC component. Besides, the damage formation showed a strong electrically-thermally-mechanically coupled effect and frequency dependence. At lower frequencies, thermal fatigue damages were dominant and the main damage forms were grain coarsening with grain boundary (GB) cracking/voiding and grain thinning. At higher frequencies, EM damages took over and the main damage forms were GB cracking/voiding of smaller grains and hillocks. Furthermore, the healing effect of the reversing current was considered to elucidate damage mechanisms of the nanocrystalline Au lines generated by the general AC. Lastly, a modified model was proposed to predict the lifetime of the nanocrystalline metal interconnect lines, i.e., that was a competing drift velocity-based approach based on the threshold time required for reverse diffusion/healing to occur.

Effect of Modulated Alternating and Direct Current Iontophoresis on Transdermal Delivery of Lidocaine Hydrochloride

PubMed Central

Banga, Ajay K.

2014-01-01

The objective of this study was to investigate the iontophoretic delivery of lidocaine hydrochloride through porcine skin and to compare the effects of modulated alternating and direct current iontophoresis. Continuous and modulated iontophoresis was applied for one hour and two hours (0-1 h and 4-5th h) using a 1% w/v solution of lidocaine hydrochloride. Tape stripping was done to quantify the amount of drug permeated into stratum corneum and skin extraction studies were performed to determine the amount of drug in stripped skin. Receptor was sampled and analyzed over predefined time periods. The amount of lidocaine delivered across porcine skin after modulated direct current iontophoresis for 2 h was 1069.87 ± 120.03 μg/sq·cm compared to 744.81 ± 125.41 μg/sq·cm after modulated alternating current iontophoresis for 2 h. Modulated direct current iontophoresis also enhanced lidocaine delivery by twelvefold compared to passive delivery as 91.27 ± 18.71 μg/sq·cm of lidocaine was delivered after passive delivery. Modulated iontophoresis enhanced the delivery of lidocaine hydrochloride across porcine skin compared to the passive delivery. Modulated alternating current iontophoresis for duration of 2 h at frequency of 1 kHz was found to be comparable to the continuous direct current iontophoresis for 1 h. PMID:24959580

Effect of modulated alternating and direct current iontophoresis on transdermal delivery of lidocaine hydrochloride.

PubMed

Bhatia, Gaurav; Banga, Ajay K

2014-01-01

The objective of this study was to investigate the iontophoretic delivery of lidocaine hydrochloride through porcine skin and to compare the effects of modulated alternating and direct current iontophoresis. Continuous and modulated iontophoresis was applied for one hour and two hours (0-1 h and 4-5th h) using a 1% w/v solution of lidocaine hydrochloride. Tape stripping was done to quantify the amount of drug permeated into stratum corneum and skin extraction studies were performed to determine the amount of drug in stripped skin. Receptor was sampled and analyzed over predefined time periods. The amount of lidocaine delivered across porcine skin after modulated direct current iontophoresis for 2 h was 1069.87 ± 120.03 μ g/sq · cm compared to 744.81 ± 125.41 μ g/sq · cm after modulated alternating current iontophoresis for 2 h. Modulated direct current iontophoresis also enhanced lidocaine delivery by twelvefold compared to passive delivery as 91.27 ± 18.71 μ g/sq · cm of lidocaine was delivered after passive delivery. Modulated iontophoresis enhanced the delivery of lidocaine hydrochloride across porcine skin compared to the passive delivery. Modulated alternating current iontophoresis for duration of 2 h at frequency of 1 kHz was found to be comparable to the continuous direct current iontophoresis for 1 h.

Alternatives for Jet Engine Control

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Leake, R. J.; Sain, M. K.

1976-01-01

Approaches are developed as alternatives to current design methods which rely heavily on linear quadratic and Riccati equation methods. The main alternatives are discussed in two broad categories, local multivariable frequency domain methods and global nonlinear optimal methods.

Evaluation of alternative snowplowable markers and snowplowing procedures.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2013-06-01

The objectives of this study were to investigate viable alternatives to the currently approved snowplowable raised pavement marker and alternative methods and equipment used to snowplow roadways. The study included evaluating any potential durable an...

Simulation of fault performance of a diesel engine driven brushless alternator through PSPICE

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Narayanan, S.S.Y.; Ananthakrishnan, P.; Hangari, V.U.

1995-12-31

Analysis of the fault performance of a brushless alternator with damper windings in the main alternator has been handled ab initio as a total modeling and simulation problem through proper application of Park`s equivalent circuit approach individually to the main exciter alternator units of the brushless alternator and the same has been implemented through PSPICE. The accuracy of the parameters used in the modeling and results obtained through PSPICE implementation are then evaluated for a specific 125 kVA brushless alternator in two stages as followed: first, by comparison of the predicted fault performance obtained from simulation of the 125 kVAmore » main alternator alone treated as a conventional alternator with the results obtained through the use of closed form analytical expressions available in the literature for fault currents and torques in such conventional alternators. Secondly, by comparison of some of the simulation results with those obtained experimentally on the brushless alternator itself. To enable proper calculation of derating factors to be used in the design of such brushless alternators, simulation results then include harmonic analysis of the steady state fault currents and torques. Throughout these studies, the brushless alternator is treated to be on no load at the instant of occurrence of fault.« less

Economic analysis of recycling contaminated concrete

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Stephen, A.; Ayers, K.W.; Boren, J.K.

1997-02-01

Decontamination and Decommissioning activities in the DOE complex generate large volumes of radioactively contaminated and uncontaminated concrete. Currently, this concrete is usually decontaminated, the contaminated waste is disposed of in a LLW facility and the decontaminated concrete is placed in C&D landfills. A number of alternatives to this practice are available including recycling of the concrete. Cost estimates for six alternatives were developed using a spreadsheet model. The results of this analysis show that recycling alternatives are at least as economical as current practice.

Nitrate removal from pharmaceutical wastewater using microbial electrochemical system supplied through low frequency-low voltage alternating electric current.

PubMed

Hoseinzadeh, Edris; Rezaee, Abbas; Farzadkia, Mahdi

2018-04-01

In this study, a microbial electrochemical system (MES) was designed to evaluate the effects of a low frequency-low voltage alternating electrical current on denitrification efficacy in the presence of ibuprofen as a low biodegradable organic carbon source. Cylindrical carbon cloth and stainless steel mesh electrodes containing a consortium of heterotrophic and autotrophic bacteria were mounted in the wall of the designed laboratory-scale bioreactor. The effects of inlet nitrate concentration (50-800mgL -1 ), retention time (2.5-24h), waveform magnitude (0.1-9.6V p-p ), adjustable direct current voltage added to offset voltage (0.1-4.9V), alternating current frequency (10-60Hz), and waveforms (sinusoidal, square, and ramp) were studied in this work. The results showed that the proposed system removes 800mgL -1 nitrate up to 95% during 6.5h. Optimum conditions were obtained in the 8V p-p using a frequency of 10Hz of a sinusoidal waveform. The morphology studies confirmed bacterial morphology change when applying the alternating current. Dehydrogenase activity of biofilms formed on surface of stainless steel electrodes increased to 15.24μgTFmg biomass cm -2 d. The maximum bacterial activity was obtained at a voltage of 8V p-p . The experimental results revealed that the MES using a low frequency-low voltage alternating electrical current is a promising technique for nitrate removal from pharmaceutical wastewaters in the presence of low biodegradability of carbon sources such as ibuprofen. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Testing Alternative Definitions of Chronic Homelessness.

PubMed

Byrne, Thomas; Culhane, Dennis P

2015-09-01

This study examined the potential impact of a proposed change to the official federal definition of chronic homelessness. Using administrative data from the emergency shelters in a large U.S. city, this study estimated the number of persons identified as chronically homeless under the current definition of chronic homelessness, a proposed new federal definition, and two alternative definitions and examined shelter utilization for each group. Fewer than half as many people were considered chronically homeless under the proposed new federal definition compared with the current definition. Persons considered chronically homeless by the proposed new definition and, to a lesser extent, by the two alternative definitions, made heavier use of shelter compared with persons who met the current definition. A proposed new and two alternative definitions of chronic homelessness are better suited than the existing federal definition for identifying persons with the most protracted experiences of homelessness.

Alternating currents and shear waves in viscous electronics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Semenyakin, M.; Falkovich, G.

2018-02-01

Strong interaction among charge carriers can make them move like viscous fluid. Here we explore alternating current (ac) effects in viscous electronics. In the Ohmic case, incompressible current distribution in a sample adjusts fast to a time-dependent voltage on the electrodes, while in the viscous case, momentum diffusion makes for retardation and for the possibility of propagating slow shear waves. We focus on specific geometries that showcase interesting aspects of such waves: current parallel to a one-dimensional defect and current applied across a long strip. We find that the phase velocity of the wave propagating along the strip respectively increases/decreases with the frequency for no-slip/no-stress boundary conditions. This is so because when the frequency or strip width goes to zero (alternatively, viscosity go to infinity), the wavelength of the current pattern tends to infinity in the no-stress case and to a finite value in a general case. We also show that for dc current across a strip with a no-stress boundary, there are only one pair of vortices, while there is an infinite vortex chain for all other types of boundary conditions.

Single-contact tunneling thermometry

DOEpatents

Maksymovych, Petro

2016-02-23

A single-contact tunneling thermometry circuit includes a tunnel junction formed between two objects. Junction temperature gradient information is determined based on a mathematical relationship between a target alternating voltage applied across the junction and the junction temperature gradient. Total voltage measured across the junction indicates the magnitude of the target alternating voltage. A thermal gradient is induced across the junction. A reference thermovoltage is measured when zero alternating voltage is applied across the junction. An increasing alternating voltage is applied while measuring a thermovoltage component and a DC rectification voltage component created by the applied alternating voltage. The target alternating voltage is reached when the thermovoltage is nullified or doubled by the DC rectification voltage depending on the sign of the reference thermovoltage. Thermoelectric current and current measurements may be utilized in place of the thermovoltage and voltage measurements. The system may be automated with a feedback loop.

Alternative tobacco use among college students: who is at highest risk?

PubMed

Enofe, Nosayaba; Berg, Carla J; Nehl, Eric J

2014-03-01

To examines smoking status, substance use, sociodemographics, and psychosocial characteristics in relation to alternative tobacco use among college students. Current tobacco use (cigarettes, cigar-like products, hookah, chew, snus) and correlates (sociodemographics, sensation-seeking, attitudes toward tobacco and smokers, social factors) were assessed among students aged 18-25 at 6 Southeastern US colleges using an online survey. Those who were younger, male, black, cigarette and marijuana users, and demonstrating at-risk psychosocial factors were at increased risk of alternative tobacco product use (p < .001). Among current smokers, never daily nondaily smokers were 3 times as likely as former daily non-daily smokers and daily smokers to use alternative tobacco products (p < .001). Important risk factors for alternative tobacco use included important sociodemographic and psychosocial characteristics.

Alternative Delivery Systems: A Potential Partnership for Education and Public Broadcasting.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Baltzer, Jan A.

If educators and public broadcasters are to realize their potential for providing high quality educational and cultural material to the public, they must be aware of current and upcoming technologies and work in concert to achieve their goals. Several alternative delivery systems are currently available to help educators and broadcasters expand…

Overhaul of ESEA Could Drop Option of Alternate Exams

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shah, Nirvi

2011-01-01

Renewal proposals for the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), the current version of which is the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act, are still being discussed by congressional lawmakers and staff. Capitol Hill aides and U.S. Department of Education officials have suggested that a current federal regulation governing alternate testing for…

The Use of Augmentative and Alternative Communication in Cyprus: Findings from a Preliminary Survey

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pampoulou, Eliada; Theodorou, Eleni; Petinou, Kakia

2018-01-01

Whilst augmentative and alternative communication has been used for over sixty years across many countries, in Cyprus it remains underdeveloped. The current study seeks to investigate the current AAC practices in Cyprus. Data were collected through electronically distributed questionnaires to all registered speech and language therapists (n =…

10 CFR 50.63 - Loss of all alternating current power.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

..., Limitations, and Conditions of Licenses and Construction Permits § 50.63 Loss of all alternating current power... manufacturing license under part 52 of this chapter must be able to withstand for a specified duration and recover from a station blackout as defined in § 50.2. The specified station blackout duration shall be...

Hydrodynamics of spatially inhomogeneous real membranes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kirii, V. A.; Shelistov, V. S.; Demekhin, E. A.

2017-07-01

Electrokinetic processes in the vicinity of inhomogeneous ion-selective surfaces (electrodes, membranes, microchannels, and nanochannels) consisting of alternating conducting and nonconducting regions in the presence of a normal-to-surface electric current are numerically studied. An increase in the electric current density is observed in the case of some particular alternation of conducting and nonconducting regions of the surface. The current-voltage characteristics of homogeneous and inhomogeneous electric membranes are found to be in qualitative agreement. Various physical phenomena leading to the emergence of a supercritical current in homogeneous and inhomogeneous membranes are detected.

Alternatives to animal testing: information resources via the Internet and World Wide Web.

PubMed

Hakkinen, P J Bert; Green, Dianne K

2002-04-25

Many countries, including the United States, Canada, European Union member states, and others, require that a comprehensive search for possible alternatives be completed before beginning some or all research involving animals. Completing comprehensive alternatives searches and keeping current with information associated with alternatives to animal testing is a challenge that will be made easier as people throughout the world gain access to the Internet and World Wide Web. Numerous Internet and World Wide Web resources are available to provide guidance and other information on in vitro and other alternatives to animal testing. A comprehensive Web site is Alternatives to Animal Testing on the Web (Altweb), which serves as an online clearinghouse for resources, information, and news about alternatives to animal testing. Examples of other important Web sites include the joint one for the (US) Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM) and the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods (NICEATM) and the Norwegian Reference Centre for Laboratory Animal Science and Alternatives (The NORINA database). Internet mailing lists and online access to bulletin boards, discussion areas, newsletters, and journals are other ways to access and share information to stay current with alternatives to animal testing.

Traditional and Alternate Routes to Teacher Certification: Issues, Assumptions, and Misconceptions. Issue Paper 95-2.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stoddart, Trish; Floden, Robert E.

States have created "alternate" routes to teacher certification. Comparison of alternate and college-based programs reveals clear trends in recruitment but a mixed picture regarding development of expertise. Alternate certification represents a radical departure from the current norm of teacher preparation. Several factors have led to…

Free piston variable-stroke linear-alternator generator

DOEpatents

Haaland, Carsten M.

1998-01-01

A free-piston variable stroke linear-alternator AC power generator for a combustion engine. An alternator mechanism and oscillator system generates AC current. The oscillation system includes two oscillation devices each having a combustion cylinder and a flying turnbuckle. The flying turnbuckle moves in accordance with the oscillation device. The alternator system is a linear alternator coupled between the two oscillation devices by a slotted connecting rod.

Structural tuning of nanogaps using electromigration induced by field emission current with bipolar biasing

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yagi, Mamiko; Ito, Mitsuki; Shirakashi, Jun-ichi, E-mail: shrakash@cc.tuat.ac.jp

We report a new method for fabrication of Ni nanogaps based on electromigration induced by a field emission current. This method is called “activation” and is demonstrated here using a current source with alternately reversing polarities. The activation procedure with alternating current bias, in which the current source polarity alternates between positive and negative bias conditions, is performed with planar Ni nanogaps defined on SiO{sub 2}/Si substrates at room temperature. During negative biasing, a Fowler-Nordheim field emission current flows from the source (cathode) to the drain (anode) electrode. The Ni atoms at the tip of the drain electrode are thusmore » activated and then migrate across the gap from the drain to the source electrode. In contrast, in the positive bias case, the field emission current moves the activated atoms from the source to the drain electrode. These two procedures are repeated until the tunnel resistance of the nanogaps is successively reduced from 100 TΩ to 48 kΩ. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy studies showed that the gap separation narrowed from approximately 95 nm to less than 10 nm because of the Ni atoms that accumulated at the tips of both the source and drain electrodes. These results show that the alternately biased activation process, which is a newly proposed atom transfer technique, can successfully control the tunnel resistance of the Ni nanogaps and is a suitable method for formation of ultrasmall nanogap structures.« less

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation Attenuates Neuronal Adaptation.

PubMed

Kar, Kohitij; Duijnhouwer, Jacob; Krekelberg, Bart

2017-03-01

We previously showed that brief application of 2 mA (peak-to-peak) transcranial currents alternating at 10 Hz significantly reduces motion adaptation in humans. This is but one of many behavioral studies showing that weak currents applied to the scalp modulate neural processing. Transcranial stimulation has been shown to improve perception, learning, and a range of clinical symptoms. Few studies, however, have measured the neural consequences of transcranial current stimulation. We capitalized on the strong link between motion perception and neural activity in the middle temporal (MT) area of the macaque monkey to study the neural mechanisms that underlie the behavioral consequences of transcranial alternating current stimulation. First, we observed that 2 mA currents generated substantial intracranial fields, which were much stronger in the stimulated hemisphere (0.12 V/m) than on the opposite side of the brain (0.03 V/m). Second, we found that brief application of transcranial alternating current stimulation at 10 Hz reduced spike-frequency adaptation of MT neurons and led to a broadband increase in the power spectrum of local field potentials. Together, these findings provide a direct demonstration that weak electric fields applied to the scalp significantly affect neural processing in the primate brain and that this includes a hitherto unknown mechanism that attenuates sensory adaptation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Transcranial stimulation has been claimed to improve perception, learning, and a range of clinical symptoms. Little is known, however, how transcranial current stimulation generates such effects, and the search for better stimulation protocols proceeds largely by trial and error. We investigated, for the first time, the neural consequences of stimulation in the monkey brain. We found that even brief application of alternating current stimulation reduced the effects of adaptation on single-neuron firing rates and local field potentials; this mechanistic insight explains previous behavioral findings and suggests a novel way to modulate neural information processing using transcranial currents. In addition, by developing an animal model to help understand transcranial stimulation, this study will aid the rational design of stimulation protocols for the treatment of mental illnesses, and the improvement of perception and learning. Copyright © 2017 the authors 0270-6474/17/372325-11$15.00/0.

Annual Report to Congress: Federal Alternative Motor Fuels Programs (4th : 1995)

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1995-07-01

This annual report to Congress presents the current status of the alternative : fuel programs being conducted across the country in accordance to the : Alternative Motor Fuels Act of 1988. These programs, which represent the most : comprehensive data...

Recommendations for Developing Alternative Test Methods for Developmental Neurotoxicity

EPA Science Inventory

There is great interest in developing alternative methods for developmental neurotoxicity testing (DNT) that are cost-efficient, use fewer animals and are based on current scientific knowledge of the developing nervous system. Alternative methods will require demonstration of the...

Proposal and Development of a High Voltage Variable Frequency Alternating Current Power System for Hybrid Electric Aircraft

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sadey, David J.; Taylor, Linda M.; Beach, Raymond F.

2017-01-01

The development of ultra-efficient commercial vehicles and the transition to low-carbon emission propulsion are seen as strategic thrust paths within NASA Aeronautics. A critical enabler to these paths comes in the form of hybrid electric propulsion systems. For megawatt-class systems, the best power system topology for these hybrid electric propulsion systems is debatable. Current proposals within NASA and the Aero community suggest using a combination of alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) for power generation, transmission, and distribution. This paper proposes an alternative to the current thought model through the use of a primarily high voltage AC power system, supported by the Convergent Aeronautics Solutions (CAS) Project. This system relies heavily on the use of doubly-fed induction machines (DFIMs), which provide high power densities, minimal power conversion, and variable speed operation. The paper presents background on the activity along with the system architecture, development status, and preliminary results.

Four-dimensional ultrasound current source density imaging of a dipole field

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Z. H.; Olafsson, R.; Ingram, P.; Li, Q.; Qin, Y.; Witte, R. S.

2011-09-01

Ultrasound current source density imaging (UCSDI) potentially transforms conventional electrical mapping of excitable organs, such as the brain and heart. For this study, we demonstrate volume imaging of a time-varying current field by scanning a focused ultrasound beam and detecting the acoustoelectric (AE) interaction signal. A pair of electrodes produced an alternating current distribution in a special imaging chamber filled with a 0.9% NaCl solution. A pulsed 1 MHz ultrasound beam was scanned near the source and sink, while the AE signal was detected on remote recording electrodes, resulting in time-lapsed volume movies of the alternating current distribution.

A Brief Review of the Current Status of Alternatives of Chlorine Disinfection of Water

PubMed Central

Anderson, A. C.; Reimers, R. S.; DeKernion, P.

1982-01-01

This paper briefly outlines some of the alternative disinfectants being considered in lieu of chlorination. Methods currently in use as well as those in the research stage are included. Each method is assessed with respect to disinfection efficiency and environmental impact. (Am J Public Health 1982; 72:1290-1293.) PMID:7125035

Factors Involved in the Intent to Move from One Team to Another among Handball Players

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fruchart, Eric; Mullet, Etienne

2012-01-01

The study was about a non normative within-career transition in sport: Handball players' move from their current to an alternative team. Eighty male handball players were presented with scenarios that contained five pieces of information about current satisfaction with the present team, attractiveness of the alternative team (better springboard…

30 CFR 75.524 - Electric face equipment; electric equipment used in return air outby the last open crosscut...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... the last open crosscut; maximum level of alternating or direct electric current between frames of equipment. The maximum level of alternating or direct electric current that exists between the frames of any... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Electric face equipment; electric equipment...

59. View of high voltage (4160 volts alternating current) electric ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

59. View of high voltage (4160 volts alternating current) electric load center and motor control center at mezzanine level in transmitter building no. 102. - Clear Air Force Station, Ballistic Missile Early Warning System Site II, One mile west of mile marker 293.5 on Parks Highway, 5 miles southwest of Anderson, Anderson, Denali Borough, AK

30 CFR 75.524 - Electric face equipment; electric equipment used in return air outby the last open crosscut...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... the last open crosscut; maximum level of alternating or direct electric current between frames of equipment. The maximum level of alternating or direct electric current that exists between the frames of any... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Electric face equipment; electric equipment...

30 CFR 75.524 - Electric face equipment; electric equipment used in return air outby the last open crosscut...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... the last open crosscut; maximum level of alternating or direct electric current between frames of equipment. The maximum level of alternating or direct electric current that exists between the frames of any... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Electric face equipment; electric equipment...

30 CFR 75.524 - Electric face equipment; electric equipment used in return air outby the last open crosscut...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... the last open crosscut; maximum level of alternating or direct electric current between frames of equipment. The maximum level of alternating or direct electric current that exists between the frames of any... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Electric face equipment; electric equipment...

Fabrication of porous anodic alumina using normal anodization and pulse anodization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chin, I. K.; Yam, F. K.; Hassan, Z.

2015-05-01

This article reports on the fabrication of porous anodic alumina (PAA) by two-step anodizing the low purity commercial aluminum sheets at room temperature. Different variations of the second-step anodization were conducted: normal anodization (NA) with direct current potential difference; pulse anodization (PA) alternate between potential differences of 10 V and 0 V; hybrid pulse anodization (HPA) alternate between potential differences of 10 V and -2 V. The method influenced the film homogeneity of the PAA and the most homogeneous structure was obtained via PA. The morphological properties are further elucidated using measured current-transient profiles. The absent of current rise profile in PA indicates the anodization temperature and dissolution of the PAA structure were greatly reduced by alternating potential differences.

SF6-alternative gases for application in gas-insulated switchgear

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Xingwen; Zhao, Hu; Murphy, Anthony B.

2018-04-01

The environmental problems caused by greenhouse gases have received unprecedented attention. Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), which is the preferred gas for use in gas-insulated switchgear (circuit breakers, disconnect switches, etc. for high-voltage electrical circuits), has a very high global warming potential, and there is a large international effort to find alternative gases. Recently, this effort has made important progress, with promising alternative gases being identified and tested. An overview, in particular the current state of the art, of the study of SF6-alternative gases is presented in the paper. The review focuses on the application of the SF6-alternative gases in gas-insulated switchgear, with detailed analysis of calculations and measurements of their basic physical properties, dielectric strengths, and arc-quenching capabilities. Finally, a discussion of and perspectives on current research and future research directions are presented.

Validation of alternative methods for toxicity testing.

PubMed Central

Bruner, L H; Carr, G J; Curren, R D; Chamberlain, M

1998-01-01

Before nonanimal toxicity tests may be officially accepted by regulatory agencies, it is generally agreed that the validity of the new methods must be demonstrated in an independent, scientifically sound validation program. Validation has been defined as the demonstration of the reliability and relevance of a test method for a particular purpose. This paper provides a brief review of the development of the theoretical aspects of the validation process and updates current thinking about objectively testing the performance of an alternative method in a validation study. Validation of alternative methods for eye irritation testing is a specific example illustrating important concepts. Although discussion focuses on the validation of alternative methods intended to replace current in vivo toxicity tests, the procedures can be used to assess the performance of alternative methods intended for other uses. Images Figure 1 PMID:9599695

Describing current and potential markets for alternative-fuel vehicles

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1996-03-26

Motor vehicles are a major source of greenhouse gases, and the rising numbers of motor vehicles and miles driven could lead to more harmful emissions that may ultimately affect the world`s climate. One approach to curtailing such emissions is to use, instead of gasoline, alternative fuels: LPG, compressed natural gas, or alcohol fuels. In addition to the greenhouse gases, pollutants can be harmful to human health: ozone, CO. The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 authorized EPA to set National Ambient Air Quality Standards to control this. The Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPACT) was the first new law tomore » emphasize strengthened energy security and decreased reliance on foreign oil since the oil shortages of the 1970`s. EPACT emphasized increasing the number of alternative-fuel vehicles (AFV`s) by mandating their incremental increase of use by Federal, state, and alternative fuel provider fleets over the new few years. Its goals are far from being met; alternative fuels` share remains trivial, about 0.3%, despite gains. This report describes current and potential markets for AFV`s; it begins by assessing the total vehicle stock, and then it focuses on current use of AFV`s in alternative fuel provider fleets and the potential for use of AFV`s in US households.« less

An alternative low-loss stack topology for vanadium redox flow battery: Comparative assessment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Moro, Federico; Trovò, Andrea; Bortolin, Stefano; Del, Davide, , Col; Guarnieri, Massimo

2017-02-01

Two vanadium redox flow battery topologies have been compared. In the conventional series stack, bipolar plates connect cells electrically in series and hydraulically in parallel. The alternative topology consists of cells connected in parallel inside stacks by means of monopolar plates in order to reduce shunt currents along channels and manifolds. Channelled and flat current collectors interposed between cells were considered in both topologies. In order to compute the stack losses, an equivalent circuit model of a VRFB cell was built from a 2D FEM multiphysics numerical model based on Comsol®, accounting for coupled electrical, electrochemical, and charge and mass transport phenomena. Shunt currents were computed inside the cells with 3D FEM models and in the piping and manifolds by means of equivalent circuits solved with Matlab®. Hydraulic losses were computed with analytical models in piping and manifolds and with 3D numerical analyses based on ANSYS Fluent® in the cell porous electrodes. Total losses in the alternative topology resulted one order of magnitude lower than in an equivalent conventional battery. The alternative topology with channelled current collectors exhibits the lowest shunt currents and hydraulic losses, with round-trip efficiency higher by about 10%, as compared to the conventional topology.

UCB current detector experiment on Swedish auroral payloads. [ionospheric current and plasma flow measurements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mozer, F.

1974-01-01

A split Langmuir probe has been developed to make in situ measurements of ionospheric current density and plasma bulk flow. The probe consists of two conducting elements that are separated by a thin insulator that shield each other over a 2 pi solid angle, and that are simultaneously swept from negative to positive with respect to the plasma. By measuring the current to each plate and the difference current between plates, information is obtained on the plasma's current density, bulk flow, electron temperature, and density. The instrument was successfully flown twice on sounding rockets into auroral events. Measurement data indicate that the total auroral current configuration is composed of several alternating east and west electrojets associated with several alternating up and down Birkeland currents.

Free piston variable-stroke linear-alternator generator

DOEpatents

Haaland, C.M.

1998-12-15

A free-piston variable stroke linear-alternator AC power generator for a combustion engine is described. An alternator mechanism and oscillator system generates AC current. The oscillation system includes two oscillation devices each having a combustion cylinder and a flying turnbuckle. The flying turnbuckle moves in accordance with the oscillation device. The alternator system is a linear alternator coupled between the two oscillation devices by a slotted connecting rod. 8 figs.

Determination of complex formation constants by phase sensitive alternating current polarography: Cadmium-polymethacrylic acid and cadmium-polygalacturonic acid.

PubMed

Garrigosa, Anna Maria; Gusmão, Rui; Ariño, Cristina; Díaz-Cruz, José Manuel; Esteban, Miquel

2007-10-15

The use of phase sensitive alternating current polarography (ACP) for the evaluation of complex formation constants of systems where electrodic adsorption is present has been proposed. The applicability of the technique implies the previous selection of the phase angle where contribution of capacitive current is minimized. This is made using Multivariate Curve Resolution by Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS) in the analysis of ACP measurements at different phase angles. The method is checked by the study of the complexation of Cd by polymethacrylic (PMA) and polygalacturonic (PGA) acids, and the optimal phase angles have been ca. -10 degrees for Cd-PMA and ca. -15 degrees for Cd-PGA systems. The goodness of phase sensitive ACP has been demonstrated comparing the determined complex formation constants with those obtained by reverse pulse polarography, a technique that minimizes the electrode adsorption effects on the measured currents.

Grain Refinement of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy Weldments by AC Pulsing Technique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kishore Babu, N.; Cross, C. E.

2012-11-01

The current study has investigated the influence of alternating current pulsing on the structure and mechanical properties of AZ31 magnesium alloy gas tungsten arc (GTA) weldments. Autogenous full penetration bead-on-plate GTA welds were made under a variety of conditions including variable polarity (VP), variable polarity mixed (VPM), alternating current (AC), and alternating current pulsing (ACPC). AC pulsing resulted in significant refinement of weld metal when compared with the unpulsed conditions. AC pulsing leads to relatively finer and more equiaxed grain structure in GTA welds. In contrast, VP, VPM, and AC welding resulted in predominantly columnar grain structures. The reason for this grain refinement may be attributed to the periodic variations in temperature gradient and solidification rate associated with pulsing as well as weld pool oscillation observed in the ACPC welds. The observed grain refinement was shown to result in an appreciable increase in fusion zone hardness, tensile strength, and ductility.

EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF POLICY OPTIONS ON AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES: AN ALTERNATIVE-FUTURES APPROACH

EPA Science Inventory

Alternative-futures analysis was used to analyze different scenarios of future growth patterns and attendant resource allocations on the agricultural system of Oregon's Willamette River Basin. A stakeholder group formulated three policy alternatives: a continuation of current tr...

Recognition of the polycistronic nature of human genes is critical to understanding the genotype-phenotype relationship.

PubMed

Brunet, Marie A; Levesque, Sébastien A; Hunting, Darel J; Cohen, Alan A; Roucou, Xavier

2018-05-01

Technological advances promise unprecedented opportunities for whole exome sequencing and proteomic analyses of populations. Currently, data from genome and exome sequencing or proteomic studies are searched against reference genome annotations. This provides the foundation for research and clinical screening for genetic causes of pathologies. However, current genome annotations substantially underestimate the proteomic information encoded within a gene. Numerous studies have now demonstrated the expression and function of alternative (mainly small, sometimes overlapping) ORFs within mature gene transcripts. This has important consequences for the correlation of phenotypes and genotypes. Most alternative ORFs are not yet annotated because of a lack of evidence, and this absence from databases precludes their detection by standard proteomic methods, such as mass spectrometry. Here, we demonstrate how current approaches tend to overlook alternative ORFs, hindering the discovery of new genetic drivers and fundamental research. We discuss available tools and techniques to improve identification of proteins from alternative ORFs and finally suggest a novel annotation system to permit a more complete representation of the transcriptomic and proteomic information contained within a gene. Given the crucial challenge of distinguishing functional ORFs from random ones, the suggested pipeline emphasizes both experimental data and conservation signatures. The addition of alternative ORFs in databases will render identification less serendipitous and advance the pace of research and genomic knowledge. This review highlights the urgent medical and research need to incorporate alternative ORFs in current genome annotations and thus permit their inclusion in hypotheses and models, which relate phenotypes and genotypes. © 2018 Brunet et al.; Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

Development of a Low Inductance Linear Alternator for Stirling Power Convertors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Geng, Steven M.; Schifer, Nicholas A.

2017-01-01

The free-piston Stirling power convertor is a promising technology for high efficiency heat-to-electricity power conversion in space. Stirling power convertors typically utilize linear alternators for converting mechanical motion into electricity. The linear alternator is one of the heaviest components of modern Stirling power convertors. In addition, state-of-art Stirling linear alternators usually require the use of tuning capacitors or active power factor correction controllers to maximize convertor output power. The linear alternator to be discussed in this paper, eliminates the need for tuning capacitors and delivers electrical power output in which current is inherently in phase with voltage. No power factor correction is needed. In addition, the linear alternator concept requires very little iron, so core loss has been virtually eliminated. This concept is a unique moving coil design where the magnetic flux path is defined by the magnets themselves. This paper presents computational predictions for two different low inductance alternator configurations, and compares the predictions with experimental data for one of the configurations that has been built and is currently being tested.

Alternative Splicing as a Target for Cancer Treatment.

PubMed

Martinez-Montiel, Nancy; Rosas-Murrieta, Nora Hilda; Anaya Ruiz, Maricruz; Monjaraz-Guzman, Eduardo; Martinez-Contreras, Rebeca

2018-02-11

Alternative splicing is a key mechanism determinant for gene expression in metazoan. During alternative splicing, non-coding sequences are removed to generate different mature messenger RNAs due to a combination of sequence elements and cellular factors that contribute to splicing regulation. A different combination of splicing sites, exonic or intronic sequences, mutually exclusive exons or retained introns could be selected during alternative splicing to generate different mature mRNAs that could in turn produce distinct protein products. Alternative splicing is the main source of protein diversity responsible for 90% of human gene expression, and it has recently become a hallmark for cancer with a full potential as a prognostic and therapeutic tool. Currently, more than 15,000 alternative splicing events have been associated to different aspects of cancer biology, including cell proliferation and invasion, apoptosis resistance and susceptibility to different chemotherapeutic drugs. Here, we present well established and newly discovered splicing events that occur in different cancer-related genes, their modification by several approaches and the current status of key tools developed to target alternative splicing with diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

Alternative Work Schedules: The State of the Art.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Newstrom, John W.; Pierce, Jon L.

1979-01-01

Presents a typology of modifications to the standard work week, reviews the current state of research-based knowledge regarding the effectiveness of each major type of alternative, and presents implementation suggestions for personnel interested in adopting one or more of the alternative forms. (Author/IRT)

ENVIRONMENTAL LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF GASOLINE ALTERNATIVES: MTBE AND ETHANOL ADDITIVES

EPA Science Inventory

Currently, the U.S. is considering options for additives to reformulated gasoline. To inform this debate the U.S. EPA's Office of Research and Development is conducting a screening life cycle assessment (LCA) of three gasoline alternatives. These alternatives include gasoline w...

Workshop on Animal free Detection of Pertussis Toxin in Vaccines--Alternatives to the Histamine Sensitisation Test.

PubMed

Bache, Christina; Hoonakker, Marieke; Hendriksen, Coenraad; Buchheit, Karl-Heinz; Spreitzer, Ingo; Montag, Thomas

2012-07-01

The Paul-Ehrlich-Institut (PEI), the Nederlands Vaccin Instituut (NVI) and the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare (EDQM) organised the international scientific workshop "Animal free Detection of Pertussis Toxin in Vaccines--Alternatives to the Histamine Sensitisation Test" at the PEI in Langen (Germany) on 09-10 June 2011. Twenty-seven experts (regulators, representatives from national control laboratories, vaccine manufacturers and academia) from 7 countries participated in this workshop. The meeting was triggered by the lack of satisfaction with the current safety testing for acellular pertussis vaccines, the "Histamine Sensitisation Test" (HIST) in mice, and the growing attention for the alternatives under development. The workshop objectives were: a) to review the current status of available alternative methods, b) to discuss the sensitivity that an alternative test needs, c) to plan experiments that allow for comparison of the alternative tests. The results of the workshop are summarised in this meeting report. Copyright © 2012. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Mobilization and Defense Management Technical Reports Series. Alternative Service for Conscientious Objectors.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-03-01

THIS STUDY EXAMINES THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE SELECTIVE SERVICE SYSTEM’S (SSS) CONCEPT OF ALTERNATIVE SERVICE AND THOSE ESPOUSED BY THE MENNONITE CHURCH...System’s (SSS) concept of Alternative Service and those espoused by the Mnnonite Church, the most articulate opponent of current administration planning...adminisrat-ion of an alternative service program. on January 22, the SSS puiblished its proposed concept for alternative service in the Federal Register and

DoD use of Domestically-Produced Alternative Fuels and Alternative Fuel Vehicles

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-04-10

based fuels and biodiesel , in DoD vehicles; (2) current and projected actions by the DoD to increase the use of alternative fuels in vehicles; (3) a...fuels and vehicles. 15. SUBJECT TERMS alternative fuel infrastructure, electric vehicles, biofuels, ethanol, biodiesel , drop-in, synthetic fuel...of: (1) use and potential use of domestically-produced alternative fuels including but not limited to, natural gas based fuels and biodiesel , in DoD

Alternative Aviation Fuels: Overview of Challenges, Opportunities, and Next Steps

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

None, None

The Alternative Aviation Fuels: Overview of Challenges, Opportunities, and Next Steps report, published by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO) provides an overview of the current state of alternative aviation fuels, based upon findings from recent peer-reviewed studies, scientific working groups, and BETO stakeholder input provided during the Alternative Aviation Fuel Workshop.

75 FR 27414 - Airworthiness Directives; Airbus A318, A319, A320, A321 Series Airplanes

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-17

... occurrences of loss of the AC [alternating current] BUS 1 have been reported which led in some instances to the loss of the AC ESS [essential] BUS and DC [direct current] ESS BUS and connected systems. The... condition for the specified products. The MCAI states: Several occurrences of loss of the AC [alternating...

75 FR 8003 - Airworthiness Directives; Airbus A318, A319, A320, A321 Series Airplanes

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-23

... aviation product. The MCAI describes the unsafe condition as: Several occurrences of loss of the AC [alternating current] BUS 1 have been reported which led in some instances to the loss of the AC ESS [essential... MCAI states: Several occurrences of loss of the AC [alternating current] BUS 1 have been reported which...

75 FR 27966 - Airworthiness Directives; The Boeing Company Model 747-400 and 747-400D Series Airplanes

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-19

... operator experienced a multi-power system loss in-flight of 1, 2, and 3 alternating current (AC) electrical... an operator experienced a multi-power system loss in-flight of 1, 2, and 3 AC electrical power... alternating current electrical power systems located in the main equipment center (MEC). The Federal Aviation...

Current-induced alternating reversed dual-echo-steady-state for joint estimation of tissue relaxation and electrical properties.

PubMed

Lee, Hyunyeol; Sohn, Chul-Ho; Park, Jaeseok

2017-07-01

To develop a current-induced, alternating reversed dual-echo-steady-state-based magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography for joint estimation of tissue relaxation and electrical properties. The proposed method reverses the readout gradient configuration of conventional, in which steady-state-free-precession (SSFP)-ECHO is produced earlier than SSFP-free-induction-decay (FID) while alternating current pulses are applied in between the two SSFPs to secure high sensitivity of SSFP-FID to injection current. Additionally, alternating reversed dual-echo-steady-state signals are modulated by employing variable flip angles over two orthogonal injections of current pulses. Ratiometric signal models are analytically constructed, from which T 1 , T 2 , and current-induced B z are jointly estimated by solving a nonlinear inverse problem for conductivity reconstruction. Numerical simulations and experimental studies are performed to investigate the feasibility of the proposed method in estimating relaxation parameters and conductivity. The proposed method, if compared with conventional magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography, enables rapid data acquisition and simultaneous estimation of T 1 , T 2 , and current-induced B z , yielding a comparable level of signal-to-noise ratio in the parameter estimates while retaining a relative conductivity contrast. We successfully demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed method in jointly estimating tissue relaxation parameters as well as conductivity distributions. It can be a promising, rapid imaging strategy for quantitative conductivity estimation. Magn Reson Med 78:107-120, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

Methods, systems and apparatus for controlling operation of two alternating current (AC) machines

DOEpatents

Gallegos-Lopez, Gabriel [Torrance, CA; Nagashima, James M [Cerritos, CA; Perisic, Milun [Torrance, CA; Hiti, Silva [Redondo Beach, CA

2012-06-05

A system is provided for controlling two alternating current (AC) machines via a five-phase PWM inverter module. The system comprises a first control loop, a second control loop, and a current command adjustment module. The current command adjustment module operates in conjunction with the first control loop and the second control loop to continuously adjust current command signals that control the first AC machine and the second AC machine such that they share the input voltage available to them without compromising the target mechanical output power of either machine. This way, even when the phase voltage available to either one of the machines decreases, that machine outputs its target mechanical output power.

Fish Alternatives in Environmental Risk Assessment: Overview of the Current Landscape

EPA Science Inventory

The need for alternative testing strategies has recently expanded into the realm of environmental risk assessment leading to the development of new alternatives to standard aquatic vertebrate testing such as the OECD 203 acute fish toxicity test. The fish embryo test (FET) is one...

Do surgeon interviewers have human factor-related issues during the long day UK National Trauma and Orthopaedic specialty recruitment process?

PubMed

Scrimgeour, D S G; Higgins, J; Bucknall, V; Arnett, R; Featherstone, C R; Cleland, J; Lee, A J; Brennan, P A

2018-03-05

The role that human factors (HF) play in contributing to medical error is increasingly being recognised by healthcare professionals. Surprisingly, much less is known about the possible effects of HF including boredom, fatigue and organisational influences, on performance outside of the clinical environment such as examining or assessing candidates in other high stakes situations. The authors used a validated 38 response questionnaire based around the HF analysis and classification system (HFACS) to assess factors including stress and pressure, care and support and working within the rules for surgeon interviewers at the UK national trainee selection process in Trauma and Orthopaedic surgery. 121 completed questionnaires were analysed (86% response rate). No statistically significant differences were found between interviewer experience, grade or role at the interview and the mean scores obtained for all four factor items. Overall interviewers had a positive experience during national selection with mean factor scores ranging from 3.80 to 3.98 (out of a maximum satisfaction score of 5). Careful planning by organisations and recognising the importance of the human element are essential to ensure assessors are looked after properly during high stakes assessment processes. Our data suggests that a positive experience for examiners is likely to benefit candidate performance and contribute to a fair and reliable recruitment process. The relationship between examiner experience and candidate performance merits further investigation. Crown Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A comparison of leading and lagging indicators of safety in naval aviation.

PubMed

O'Connor, Paul; Cowan, Shawn; Alton, Jeffrey

2010-07-01

The purpose of this paper is to examine the results of two different methods of identifying human factors safety concerns in U.S. Naval aviation. In both studies, the information was collected using the Department of Defense Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (DoD-HFACS). In the first study, aviation mishap data (a lagging indictor) was obtained on 47 F/A-18 and 16 H-60 mishaps. In the second study, the responses of 68 squadrons to a survey regarding the human factors issues that they considered to be of the greatest safety concern were examined (a leading indicator). First study results revealed that skill-based errors were the most commonly cited factors for both F/A-18 and H-60 mishaps (70.2% and 81.3%, respectively). More specifically, the most commonly used nanocodes were 'over control/ under control' (27.7% and 56.3%, respectively), 'breakdown in visual scan' (27.7% and 12.5%, respectively), and 'procedural errors' (23.4% and 37.6%, respectively). The second study identified that the main concern of F/A-18 and H-60 aviators was workload and operational tempo (identified by 85% of squadrons). It can be concluded that the nanocodes that were most commonly used to classify the causes of past mishaps were not identified as major concerns by the squadrons who responded to the survey. The findings from these studies emphasize the importance of examining a number of performance metrics to ensure that effective measures are being taken to improve safety.

Changes in use of cigarettes and non-cigarette alternative products among college students.

PubMed

Loukas, Alexandra; Batanova, Milena; Fernandez, Alejandra; Agarwal, Deepti

2015-10-01

The present study examined change in use of various smoked and smokeless non-cigarette alternative products in a sample of college students, stratified by current, or past 30-day, cigarette smoking status. Participants were 698 students from seven four-year colleges in Texas. Participants completed two waves of online surveys regarding tobacco use, knowledge, and attitudes, with 14 months between each wave. The most prevalent products used by the entire sample at Wave 1 were cigarettes, followed by hookah, cigars/cigarillos/little cigars, and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes). At Wave 2, prevalence of e-cigarette use surpassed use of cigars/cigarillos/little cigars. Snus and chew/snuff/dip were relatively uncommon at both waves. Examination of change in use indicated that e-cigarette use increased across time among both current cigarette smokers and non-cigarette smokers. Prevalence of current e-cigarette use doubled across the 14-month period to 25% among current smokers and tripled to 3% among non-cigarette smokers. Hookah use also increased across time, but only among non-cigarette smokers, whereas it decreased among current cigarette smokers. Use of all other non-cigarette alternatives remained unchanged across time. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the socio-demographic predictors of Wave 2 e-cigarette use, the only product that increased in use among both current cigarette smokers and non-cigarette smokers. Results indicated that Wave 1 current cigarette use and Wave 1 current e-cigarette use, but not gender, age, or race/ethnicity, were significantly associated with Wave 2 e-cigarette use. Findings underscore the need to track changes in the use of non-cigarette alternatives and call for additional research examining the factors contributing to change in use. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Critical Evaluation of Animal Alternative Tests for the Identification of Endocrine Active Substances, oral presentation

EPA Science Inventory

In the past 20 years, considerable progress in animal alternatives accompanied by advances in the toxicological sciences and new emphases on aquatic vertebrates has appeared. A significant amount of current research is targeted to evaluate alternative test methods that may reduce...

Critical Evaluation of Animal Alternative Tests for the Identification of Endocrine Active Substances

EPA Science Inventory

A significant amount of research is currently targeted to evaluate alternative test methods that may reduce, refine, or replace the use of animals, while ensuring human and environmental health and safety. It is important that the information gained from the alternative tests pr...

Commercial Training Issues: Heavy Duty Alternative Fuel Vehicles.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Eckert, Douglas

The needs and opportunities in the heavy-duty alternative fuel vehicle training arena were examined in an informal ethnographic study of the appropriateness and effectiveness of the instructional materials currently being used in such training. Interviews were conducted with eight instructors from the National Alternative Fuels Training Program…

Forbidden fruit: inattention to attractive alternatives provokes implicit relationship reactance.

PubMed

DeWall, C Nathan; Maner, Jon K; Deckman, Timothy; Rouby, D Aaron

2011-04-01

Being inattentive to attractive relationship alternatives can enhance relationship well-being. The current investigation, however, demonstrates that implicitly preventing people from attending to desirable relationship alternatives may undermine, rather than bolster, the strength of that person's romantic relationship. Consistent with the notion of "forbidden fruit," we found that subtly limiting people's attention to attractive alternatives reduced relationship satisfaction and commitment and increased positive attitudes toward infidelity (Experiment 1), increased memory for attractive relationship alternatives (Experiment 2), and increased attention to attractive alternatives (Experiment 3). Findings suggest that although attention to attractive alternatives can harm one's relationship, situations that implicitly limit one's attention to alternatives can, rather ironically, increase the temptation of alternatives and undermine relationship well-being.

Bulawayo water supplies: Sustainable alternatives for the next decade

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mkandla, Noel; Van der Zaag, Pieter; Sibanda, Peter

Bulawayo is the second largest city in Zimbabwe with a population of nearly one million people. It is located on the watershed of Umzingwane and Gwayi catchments. The former is part of the Limpopo basin, while the latter drains into the Zambezi basin. Bulawayo has a good potential of economic development but has been stymied by lack of sufficient water. The city currently relies on five surface sources in the Umzingwane catchment where it has to compete with evaporation. The well field from the Nyamandlovu aquifer in the Gwayi catchment, which was constructed as an emergency measure during the 1992 drought, is currently not operational. Alternative water supply sources are far and expensive. A multilinear regression model was developed to analyse and quantify the factors affecting water consumption. It was found that per capita water consumption is very low, indicating suppressed demand. Water rationing, tariffs, rainfall, population growth and gross domestic product are the main factors influencing water consumption in Bulawayo. Assuming that these factors will continue to be influential, future water consumption was projected for intensive, regular and slack water demand management. Future water consumption was then compared with the current water supply capacity in order to determine the date by which the next water supply source is required. With slack demand management, the Nyamandlovu well field should have been operational by 2003, while by the year 2007 an additional source of water is required. With intensive demand management and assuming low population growth, current capacities may suffice to satisfy the suppressed demand until the year 2015, by which time Nyamandlovu wells should be operational again. The additional water supply sources that are currently being considered for Bulawayo (namely the Zambezi water pipeline; Gwayi Shangani dam; Mtshabezi dam; Lower Tuli dam; and Glass block dam) were then compared with an alternative water source not yet contemplated, namely drawing groundwater from Umguza, part of the Nyamandlovu aquifer. The paper then provides details of the Umguza alternative, which was designed at pre-feasibility level by Mkandla [Mkandla, N., 2003. Bulawayo water supplies: Umguza well field as a sustainable alternative for the next decade. Unpublished M.Sc. WREM dissertation. University of Zimbabwe, Harare]. All alternative additional water supply sources were compared in terms of their Net Present Values. It was found that Umguza well field is the least-cost alternative to meet additional water demand. The Umguza alternative will be able to satisfy water demand for a period of six to ten years. Thereafter, the second least-cost alternative, namely Gwayi Shangani dam, must be on stream.

Using expert judgments to explore robust alternatives for forest management under climate change.

PubMed

McDaniels, Timothy; Mills, Tamsin; Gregory, Robin; Ohlson, Dan

2012-12-01

We develop and apply a judgment-based approach to selecting robust alternatives, which are defined here as reasonably likely to achieve objectives, over a range of uncertainties. The intent is to develop an approach that is more practical in terms of data and analysis requirements than current approaches, informed by the literature and experience with probability elicitation and judgmental forecasting. The context involves decisions about managing forest lands that have been severely affected by mountain pine beetles in British Columbia, a pest infestation that is climate-exacerbated. A forest management decision was developed as the basis for the context, objectives, and alternatives for land management actions, to frame and condition the judgments. A wide range of climate forecasts, taken to represent the 10-90% levels on cumulative distributions for future climate, were developed to condition judgments. An elicitation instrument was developed, tested, and revised to serve as the basis for eliciting probabilistic three-point distributions regarding the performance of selected alternatives, over a set of relevant objectives, in the short and long term. The elicitations were conducted in a workshop comprising 14 regional forest management specialists. We employed the concept of stochastic dominance to help identify robust alternatives. We used extensive sensitivity analysis to explore the patterns in the judgments, and also considered the preferred alternatives for each individual expert. The results show that two alternatives that are more flexible than the current policies are judged more likely to perform better than the current alternatives on average in terms of stochastic dominance. The results suggest judgmental approaches to robust decision making deserve greater attention and testing. © 2012 Society for Risk Analysis.

Bioelectrical Impedance and The Frequency Dependent Current Conduction Through Biological Tissues: A Short Review

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kanti Bera, Tushar

2018-03-01

Biological tissues are developed with biological cells which exhibit complex electrical impedance called electrical bioimpedance. Under an alternating electrical excitation the bioimpedance varies with the tissue anatomy, composition and the signal frequency. The current penetration and conduction paths vary with frequency of the applied signal. Bioimpedance spectroscopy is used to study the frequency response of the electrical impedance of biological materials noninvasively. In bioimpedance spectroscopy, a low amplitude electrical signal is injected to the tissue sample or body parts to characterization the sample in terms of its bioimpedance. The electrical current conduction phenomena, which is highly influenced by the tissue impedance and the signal frequency, is an important phenomena which should be studied to understand the bioimpedance techniques like bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), EIS, or else. In this paper the origin of bioelectrical impedance and current conduction phenomena has been reviewed to present a brief summary of bioelectrical impedance and the frequency dependent current conduction through biological tissues. Simulation studies are conducted with alternation current injection through a two dimensional model of biological tissues containing finite number of biological cells suspended in extracellular fluid. The paper demonstrates the simulation of alternating current conduction through biological tissues conducted by COMSOL Multiphysics. Simulation studies also show the frequency response of the tissue impedance for different tissue compositions.

Petersburg National Battlefield : alternative transportation feasibility study

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2012-11-13

This report studies the feasibility of alternative solutions to several transportation problems affecting Petersburg National Battlefield in Petersburg, Virginia. Current transportation problems include site-specific access issues, wayfinding and nav...

SQUARE WAVE AMPLIFIER

DOEpatents

Leavitt, M.A.; Lutz, I.C.

1958-08-01

An amplifier circuit is described for amplifying sigmals having an alternating current component superimposed upon a direct current component, without loss of any segnnent of the alternating current component. The general circuit arrangement includes a vibrator, two square wave amplifiers, and recombination means. The amplifier input is connected to the vibrating element of the vibrator and is thereby alternately applied to the input of each square wave amplifier. The detailed circuitry of the recombination means constitutes the novelty of the annplifier and consists of a separate, dual triode amplifier coupled to the output of each square wave amplifier with a recombination connection from the plate of one amplifier section to a grid of one section of the other amplifier. The recombination circuit has provisions for correcting distortion caused by overlapping of the two square wave voltages from the square wave amplifiers.

Transition to Low-GWP Alternatives in Passenger Vehicle Air Conditioners

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This fact sheet provides current information on low global warming potential (GWP) alternatives in newly manufactured passenger vehicle air conditioners (ACs), in lieu of high-GWP hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).

Alternatives to Methyl Bromide (1993)

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The report examines the alternatives that have been discussed as substitutes for current methyl bromide uses if methyl bromide should no longer be available and discusses the economic implications of such a phaseout.

Alternative Certification for Science Teachers: Policy and Context

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zhao, Yijie

2005-01-01

The purpose of this paper is to review literature on the alternative certification policy so as to identify key features and issues as the basis for suggesting a more systematic approach to the study of the policy efforts. Alternative teacher certification has become a proliferating phenomenon in the United States in response to current and…

Alternate Methods of Effluent Disposal for On-Lot Home Sewage Systems. Special Circular 214.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wooding, N. Henry

This circular provides current information for homeowners who must repair or replace existing on-lot sewage disposal systems. Several alternatives such as elevated sand mounds, sand-lined beds and trenches and oversized absorption areas are discussed. Site characteristics and preparation are outlined. Each alternative is accompanied by a diagram…

What Is the Difference between a Calorie and a Carbohydrate?--Exploring Nutrition Education Opportunities in Alternative School Settings

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Norquest, Michele; Phelps, Josh; Hermann, Janice; Kennedy, Tay

2015-01-01

Extension-based nutrition educators have indicated current curricula do not engage alternative school students' interests. The study reported here explored nutrition education opportunities at alternative schools in Oklahoma. Data collection involved focus groups gathering student perspectives regarding preferred teaching and learning styles, and…

AUTOMOTIVE DIESEL MAINTENANCE 2. UNIT XVI, LEARNING ABOUT AC GENERATOR (ALTERNATOR) PRINCIPLES (PART I).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Human Engineering Inst., Cleveland, OH.

THIS MODULE OF A 25-MODULE COURSE IS DESIGNED TO DEVELOP AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE OPERATING PRINCIPLES OF ALTERNATING CURRENT GENERATORS USED ON DIESEL POWERED EQUIPMENT. TOPICS ARE REVIEWING ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS, AND OPERATING PRINCIPLES OF ALTERNATORS. THE MODULE CONSISTS OF A SELF-INSTRUCTIONAL PROGRAMED TRAINING FILM "AC GENERATORS…

77 FR 65011 - Buffalo Lake National Wildlife Refuge, Randall County, TX; Comprehensive Conservation Plan and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-24

... alternative (current management and public use (proposed action) practices) use alternative alternative... filters to insure no Ogallala water is used. Lakebed Management Cooperatively farm 581 Reduce all farming Remove all farming acres of the dry activities to activity from the lakebed. approximately half of refuge...

Contactless system of excitation current measurement in the windings with high inductance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chubraeva, L.; Evseev, E.; Timofeev, S.

2018-02-01

The results of development, manufacturing and testing of a special contactless maintenance-free excitation current measurement system intended for the windings with high inductance, typical for superconductive alternators, are presented. The system was assembled on the brushless exciter is intended for 1 MVA wind-power generator with the winding, manufactured of high-temperature superconductors (HTSC). The alternator with brushless exciter were manufactured and successfully tested.

Current responsive devices for synchronous generators

DOEpatents

Karlicek, Robert F.

1983-01-01

A device for detecting current imbalance between phases of a polyphase alternating current generator. A detector responds to the maximum peak current in the generator, and detecting means generates an output for each phase proportional to the peak current of each phase. Comparing means generates an output when the maximum peak current exceeds the phase peak current.

Compensated pulsed alternator

DOEpatents

Weldon, William F.; Driga, Mircea D.; Woodson, Herbert H.

1980-01-01

This invention relates to an electromechanical energy converter with inertial energy storage. The device, a single phase, two or multi-pole alternator with stationary field coils, and a rotating armature is provided. The rotor itself may be of laminated steel for slower pulses or for faster pulses should be nonmagnetic and electrically nonconductive in order to allow rapid penetration of the field as the armature coil rotates. The armature coil comprises a plurality of power generating conductors mounted on the rotor. The alternator may also include a stationary or counterrotating compensating coil to increase the output voltage thereof and to reduce the internal impedance of the alternator at the moment of peak outout. As the machine voltage rises sinusoidally, an external trigger switch is adapted to be closed at the appropriate time to create the desired output current from said alternator to an external load circuit, and as the output current passes through zero a self-commutating effect is provided to allow the switch to disconnect the generator from the external circuit.

Transitioning to Low-GWP Alternatives in Unitary Air Conditioning

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This fact sheet provides current information on low-Global Warming Potential (GWP) refrigerant alternatives used in unitary air-conditioning equipment, relevant to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.

EFFECTS OF ELECTRICAL CURRENTS ON THE ABSORPTION OF WATER BY EGGS OF NEREIS LIMBATA

PubMed Central

Osterhout, W. J. V.

1950-01-01

Unfertilized eggs of the marine worm Nereis limbata subjected to electrical currents (direct or alternating) undergo remarkable changes. Certain minute granules just inside the surface of the egg absorb water and swell to more than 300 times their original size and thereby produce a mass of jelly which surrounds the egg with a zone about as wide as the original diameter of the egg. The amount of direct current is too small to produce any change of color in eggs stained with neutral red. In direct current the jelly appears first on the side toward the anode and moves toward the anode. In alternating current it appears on opposite sides facing the electrodes. It might be thought that the current changes the chemical character of the granules so that they are able to absorb very large quantities of water but this seems unlikely. If the current is shut off after 1 minute the swelling continues. This might be explained on the ground that each jelly precursor granule is covered with a waterproof film which is removed by the current. It does not seem probable that the effect is due to heat produced by the current since the exposure is so short. It seems possible that the current may strip off micelles from the waterproof covering of the granules and allow water to penetrate. The fact that alternating current is more effective than direct current might be explained on the ground that the egg may be represented as a capacity in parallel with a resistance so constituted that relatively little direct current can enter. The non-aqueous film which covers the surface of the protoplasm appears to be liquid rather than solid. PMID:15406375

An alternative explanation for the occurrence of short circuit current increases in the small intestine following challenge by bacterial enterotoxins.

PubMed

Lucas, M L

2013-10-01

Secretory diarrhoeal disease due to enterotoxins is thought to arise from the enhancement to pathologically high rates of normally occurring chloride ion and therefore fluid secretion from enterocytes. In support of this concept, many enterotoxins increase intestinal short-circuit current, regarded now as faithfully reflecting the increased chloride ion secretion. Contradicting this assumption, STa reduces absorption but does not cause secretion in vivo although short-circuit current is increased in vitro. There is therefore a mismatch between an assumed enterocyte mediated secretory event that should but does not cause net fluid secretion and an undoubtedly increased short-circuit current. It is proposed here that short-circuit current increases are not themselves secretory events but result from interrupted fluid absorption. A noteworthy feature of compounds that inhibit the increase in short-circuit current is that the majority are vasoactive, neuroactive or both. In general, vasodilator substances increase current. An alternative hypothesis for the origin of short-circuit current increases is that these result from reflex induction of electrogenic fluid absorption. This reflex enhances a compensatory response that is also present at a cellular level. An intestinal reflex is therefore proposed by which decreases in interstitial and intravascular volume or pressure within the intestine initiate an electrogenic fluid absorption mechanism that compensates for the loss of electrically neutral fluid absorption. This hypothesis would explain the apparently complex pharmacology of short-circuit current increases since many depressor substances have receptors in common with enterocytes and enteric nerves. The proposed alternative view of the origin of short-circuit current increases assumes that these do not represent chloride secretion from the enterocytes. This view may therefore aid the successful development of anti-diarrhoeal drugs to overcome a major cause of infant mortality worldwide, if short-circuit current data are being persistently misinterpreted. The putative but testable link between interstitial volume or pressure and fluid absorption also provides support for the alternative view of secretion; namely, that enhanced capillary and epithelial cell tight junctional permeability together with increased intracapillary pressure may cause secretion and not chloride exit from the enterocytes. Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Innovative Solutions for Words with Emphasis: Alternative Methods of Braille Transcription

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kamei-Hannan, Cheryl

2009-01-01

The author of this study proposed two alternative methods for transcribing words with emphasis into braille and compared the use of the symbols for emphasis with the current braille code. The results showed that students were faster at locating words presented in one of the alternate formats, but that there was no difference in students' accuracy…

Alternating Current Delivered into the Scala Media Alters Sound Pressure at the Eardrum

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hubbard, Allyn E.; Mountain, David C.

1983-11-01

Alternating current delivered into the scala media of the gerbil cochlea modulates the amplitude of a test tone measured near the eardrum. Variations in the electromechanical effect with acoustic stimulus parameters and observed physiological vulnerability suggest that cochlear hair cells are the biophysical origin of the process. Cochlear hair cells have traditionally been thought of as passive receptor cells, but they may play an active role in cochlear micromechanics.

Alternating-Current Equipment for the Measurement of Fluctuations of Air Speed in Turbulent Flow

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mock, W C , Jr

1937-01-01

Recent electrical and mechanical improvements have been made in the equipment developed at the National Bureau of Standards for measurement of fluctuations of air speed in turbulent flow. Data useful in the design of similar equipment are presented. The design of rectified alternating-current power supplies for such apparatus is treated briefly, and the effect of the power supplies on the performance of the equipment is discussed.

Separation and Depleted Uranium Fragments from Gun Test Catchment. Volume 2. Catchment System and Separations Methods

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-12-30

projectile fragments from target materials, principally sand. Phase I activities included (1) literature review of separations technology , (2) site visits, (3...the current operation, evaluation of alternative means for separation of DU from sand, a review of uranium mining technology for v possible...the current operation, evaluation of alternative means for separation of DU from sand, a review of uranium mining technology for possible

Alternating current circuit theory and pulsed NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gerstein, B. C.

1987-06-01

Pulsed NMR, by definition, deals with time varying excitations. These excitations, supplied by resonant circuits which provide a pulse of radiofrequency (frequencies in the megahertz region) power to a resonant circuit containing, among other things, a coil of wire, or inductor, in which a sample under investigation is placed for purposes of the nuclear magnetic resonance experiment. There are therefore two features of the pulse NMR experiment. First is the fact that we have available a source of continuous wave (CW) alternating current at some angular frequency, omega, measured in radians per second. This source is generally supplied by an ultrastable device called a frequency synthesizer. The second feature of the pulsed NMR experiment is that the sample is not continuously irradiated, but a pulse of radiofrequency oscillation is applied to the sample. This report discusses alternating current theory, resonant circuits and the equipment used in this experiment.

Induction heating apparatus and methods of operation thereof

DOEpatents

Richardson, John G.

2006-08-01

Methods of operation of an induction melter include providing material within a cooled crucible proximate an inductor. A desired electromagnetic flux skin depth for heating the material within the crucible may be selected, and a frequency of an alternating current for energizing the inductor and for producing the desired skin depth may be selected. The alternating current frequency may be adjusted after energizing the inductor to maintain the desired electromagnetic flux skin depth. The desired skin depth may be substantially maintained as the temperature of the material varies. An induction heating apparatus includes a sensor configured to detect changes in at least one physical characteristic of a material to be heated in a crucible, and a controller configured for selectively varying a frequency of an alternating current for energizing an inductor at least partially in response to changes in the physical characteristic to be detected by the sensor.

Remote two-wire data entry method and device

DOEpatents

Kronberg, James W.

1995-01-01

A device for detecting switch closure such as in a keypad for entering data comprising a matrix of conductor pairs and switches, each pair of conductors shorted by the pressing of a particular switch, and current-regulating devices on each conductor for limiting current in one direction and passing it without limit in the other direction. The device is driven by alternating current. The ends of the conductors in a conductor pair limit current of opposing polarities with respect to each other so that the signal on a shorted pair is an alternating current signal with a unique combination of a positive and a negative peak, which, when analyzed, allows the determination of which key was pressed. The binary identification of the pressed key is passed to the input port of a host device.

Alternative RNA splicing and cancer

PubMed Central

Liu, Sali; Cheng, Chonghui

2015-01-01

Alternative splicing of pre-messenger RNA (mRNA) is a fundamental mechanism by which a gene can give rise to multiple distinct mRNA transcripts, yielding protein isoforms with different, even opposing, functions. With the recognition that alternative splicing occurs in nearly all human genes, its relationship with cancer-associated pathways has emerged as a rapidly growing field. In this review, we summarize recent findings that have implicated the critical role of alternative splicing in cancer and discuss current understandings of the mechanisms underlying dysregulated alternative splicing in cancer cells. PMID:23765697

Current responsive devices for synchronous generators

DOEpatents

Karlicek, R.F.

1983-09-27

A device for detecting current imbalance between phases of a polyphase alternating current generator. A detector responds to the maximum peak current in the generator, and detecting means generates an output for each phase proportional to the peak current of each phase. Comparing means generates an output when the maximum peak current exceeds the phase peak current. 11 figs.

Human Factors Research for Space Exploration: Measurement, Modeling, and Mitigation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kaiser, Mary K.; Allen, Christopher S.; Barshi, Immanuel; Billman, Dorrit; Holden, Kritina L.

2010-01-01

As part of NASA's Human Research Program, the Space Human Factors Engineering Project serves as the bridge between Human Factors research and Human Spaceflight applications. Our goal is to be responsive to the operational community while addressing issues at a sufficient level of abstraction to ensure that our tools and solutions generalize beyond the point design. In this panel, representatives from four of our research domains will discuss the challenges they face in solving current problems while also enabling future capabilities. Historically, engineering-dominated organizations have tended to view good Human Factors (HF) as a desire rather than a requirement in system design and development. Our field has made significant gains in the past decade, however; the Department of Defense, for example, now recognizes Human-System Integration (HSI), of which HF is a component, as an integral part of their divisions hardware acquisition processes. And our own agency was far more accepting of HF/HSI requirements during the most recent vehicle systems definition than in any prior cycle. Nonetheless, HF subject matter experts at NASA often find themselves in catch up mode... coping with legacy systems (hardware and software) and procedures that were designed with little regard for the human element, and too often with an attitude of we can deal with any operator issues during training. Our challenge, then, is to segregate the true knowledge gaps in Space Human Factors from the prior failures to incorporate best (or even good) HF design principles. Further, we strive to extract the overarching core HF issues from the point-design-specific concerns that capture the operators (and managers) attention. Generally, our approach embraces a 3M approach to Human Factors: Measurement, Modeling, and Mitigation. Our first step is to measure human performance, to move from subjective anecdotes to objective, quantified data. Next we model the phenomenon, using appropriate methods in our field, modifying them to suit the unique aspects of the space environment. Finally, we develop technologies, tools, and procedures to mitigate the decrements in human performance and capabilities that occur in space environments. When successful, we decrease risks to crew safety and to mission success. When extremely successful (or lucky), we devise generalizable solutions that advance the state of our practice. Our panel is composed of researchers from diverse domains of our project... from different boxes, if you will, of the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS).

Valley Fill Design and Construction Alternatives to Improve Ecological Performance

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This presentation discusses; current challenges, comprehensive approaches, BMPs, the Middlefork Development, the Guy Cove project, and a path forward when looking at construction alternatives to improve the ecological performance of valley fills.

Regulatory nemesis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hinkle, K.D.

1980-01-01

It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the impacts of regulations on current and alternate energy sources. It will examine the effect of the maze on the alternate energy sources of solar, oil shale and geothermal. 46 refs.

Transitioning to Low-GWP Alternatives in Residential and Light Commercial Air Conditioning

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This fact sheet provides current information on low global warming potential (GWP) alternatives for new equipment in residential and light commercial air conditioning (AC), in lieu of high-GWP hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).

Evaluating transportation systems management & operations (TSM&O) benefits to alternative intersection treatments.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2015-12-01

This research provides a comprehensive review and assessment of current alternative intersection methods : which successfully eliminate the left-turn phase. With increasing traffic and limited resources, the Florida : Department of Transportati...

Field-current phase diagrams of in-plane spin transfer torque memory cells with low effective magnetization storage layers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

San Emeterio Alvarez, L.; Lacoste, B.; Rodmacq, B.

2014-05-07

Field-current phase diagrams were measured on in-plane anisotropy Co{sub 60}Fe{sub 20}B{sub 20} magnetic tunnel junctions to obtain the spin transfer torque (STT) field-current switching window. These measurements were used to characterise junctions with varying free layer thicknesses from 2.5 down to 1.1 nm having a reduced effective demagnetizing field due to the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy at CoFeB/MgO interface. Diagrams were obtained with 100 ns current pulses, of either same or alternating polarity. When consecutive pulses have the same polarity, it is possible to realize the STT switching even for conditions having a low switching probability. This was evidenced in diagrams with consecutivemore » pulses of alternating polarity, with 100% switching obtained at 4.7 MA/cm{sup 2}, compared to the lower 3.4 MA/cm{sup 2} value for same polarity pulses. Although the low level of the current density window is higher in alternating polarity diagrams, the field window in both diagrams is the same and therefore independent of the pulse polarity sequence.« less

Training Effects of Alternated and Pulsed Currents on the Quadriceps Muscles of Athletes.

PubMed

Oliveira, Pedro; Modesto, Karenina Arrais Guida; Bottaro, Martim; Babault, Nicolas; Durigan, João Luiz Quagliotti

2018-05-22

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of 6 weeks training with different neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) currents (medium alternated and low-frequency pulsed current) on muscle architecture and neuromuscular performance of competitive athletes. A double-blind controlled and randomized experimental study was carried out with 33 athletes (22.2±2.6 yrs, 74.7±9.8 kg, 176.8±6.0 cm), divided into 3 groups: mid-frequency current (MF, n=12), pulsed current (PC, n=11) and the control group (CG, n=10). Quadriceps maximal voluntary peak torque (PT) and corresponding vastus lateralis electromyographic activity, evoked torque (PT-NMES), vastus lateralis muscle thickness, fascicle length, pennation angle, and level of discomfort were assessed before and after the interventions. NMES training was performed 3 times per week and consisted of 18 sessions, 15 min/session, 6 s duration in each contraction interspersed with 18 s rest. After the training period, muscle thickness increased in the MF and PC groups (p<0.05). PT-NMES increased only in the PC group (p<0.05). All currents produced similar levels of discomfort (p>0.05). Quadriceps NMES training applied through alternated or pulsed currents produced similar effects in architecture and neuromuscular performance in competitive athletes. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.

Patents or patients? Global access to pharmaceuticals and social justice.

PubMed

de Wildt, Gilles; Khoon, Chan Chee

2008-01-01

Innovation, vaccine development, and world-wide equitable access to necessary pharmaceuticals are hindered by current patenting arrangements and the orientation of pharmaceutical research. Plausible alternatives exist, including instituting the right of national or international agencies to act in the public interest and to buy patents selectively with a view to innovation and equitable access. Alternatives could partly or wholly finance themselves and lower pharmaceutical prices globally. Countries, individuals or groups of patients could help promote alternatives by calling into question the current emphasis on commercialization and profit, and by demanding globally equitable arrangements when sharing data that are important for research or when individuals or communities volunteer as research participants.

Apparatus and Methods for Mitigating Electromagnetic Emissions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Geng, Steven M. (Inventor); Niedra, Janis M. (Inventor)

2013-01-01

Apparatus, methods, and other embodiments associated with mitigation of magnetic fields are described herein. In an embodiment, a method for mitigating an electromagnetic field includes positioning a mitigating coil around a linear alternator of linear motor so that the mitigating coil is coaxially located with an alternator coil; arranging the mitigating coil to generate a field to mitigate an electromagnetic field generated by the alternator coil; and passing an induced current from the alternator coil through the mitigating coil.

Apparatus and Methods for Mitigating Electromagnetic Emissions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Geng, Steven M. (Inventor); Niedra, Janis M. (Inventor)

2016-01-01

Apparatus, methods, and other embodiments associated with mitigation of magnetic fields are described herein. In an embodiment, a method for mitigating an electromagnetic field includes positioning a mitigating coil around a linear alternator of linear motor so that the mitigating coil is coaxially located with an alternator coil; arranging the mitigating coil to generate a field to mitigate an electromagnetic field generated by the alternator coil; and passing an induced current from the alternator coil through the mitigating coil.

Guide to alternative fuel vehicle incentives and laws: September 1998

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Riley, C.; O'Connor, K.

1998-12-22

This guide provides information in support of the National Clean Cities Program, which will assist one in becoming better informed about the choices and options surrounding the use of alternative fuels and the purchase of alternative fuel vehicles. The information printed in this guide is current as of September 15, 1998. For recent additions or more up-to-date information, check the Alternative Fuels Data Center Web site at http://www.afdc.doe.gov

Advancing practice relating to SEA alternatives

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

González, Ainhoa, E-mail: agonzal@tcd.ie; Thérivel, Riki, E-mail: levett-therivel@phonecoop.coop; Fry, John, E-mail: john.fry@ucd.ie

Developing and assessing alternatives is a key and central stage to Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). However, research has repeatedly reported this stage as one of the most poorly undertaken aspects of the SEA process. Current practice limitations include belated consideration of reasonable alternatives, narrow scope of alternatives that often include unrealistic or retrofitted options, limited stakeholder and public involvement in their identification, assessment and selection, lack of systematic approaches to their assessment and comparison, and inadequate reporting of the ‘storyline’ on how they were identified, what the potential impacts are and why the preferred alternative was selected. These issues havemore » resulted in objections and judicial reviews. On the positive side, a number of good practice case studies enable extraction of key lessons and formulation of a set of general recommendations to advance practice in SEA alternatives. In this paper, practical guidance on the identification and development of alternatives, their assessment and comparison, selection of the preferred option, and documentation of the process and the reasons for selection is provided and discussed to frame good practice approaches. - Highlights: • Alternatives are one of the most poorly completed aspects of Strategic Environmental Assessment. • Current practice limitations need to be addressed to enhance SEA effectiveness. • A set of recommendations are extracted from good practice case studies. • These recommendations can be applied across jurisdictions and sectors and tailored as necessary.« less

Eddy Currents: Levitation, Metal Detectors, and Induction Heating

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wouch, G.; Lord, A. E., Jr.

1978-01-01

A simple and accessible calculation is given of the effects of eddy currents for a sphere in the field of a single circular loop of alternating current. These calculations should help toward the inclusion of eddy current effects in upper undergraduate physics courses. (BB)

Experimental Analysis of Critical Current and Alternating Current Losses of High-Temperature Superconductor Tape with Resin and Gallium-Indium-Tin

PubMed Central

Sun, Yajie; Zhang, Huiming; Meng, Yuanzhu

2018-01-01

This paper experimentally analyzes the critical current degradation and AC (alternating current) losses of second-generation (2G) high-temperature superconductor (HTS) tape during the impregnation process. Two impregnation materials were utilized: Gallium-Indium-Tin (GaInSn), and an epoxy resin, Araldite. The critical current of the impregnation materials was measured after different thermal cycles and compared with the tape with no impregnation process. The experimental results show that the critical current of Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide (YBCO) short samples varies between differently impregnated materials. The resin, Araldite, degraded the critical current; however, the GaInSn showed no degradation. Two degradation patterns with Araldite were identified due to the impregnation process, and the corresponding causes were analyzed. We further measured the AC losses of tapes impregnated with liquid metal at different frequencies, up to 600 Hz. Based on the experimental results, GaInSn liquid metal should be the most suitable impregnation material in terms of critical current degradation. PMID:29642490

Cortical inhibition and excitation by bilateral transcranial alternating current stimulation.

PubMed

Cancelli, Andrea; Cottone, Carlo; Zito, Giancarlo; Di Giorgio, Marina; Pasqualetti, Patrizio; Tecchio, Franca

2015-01-01

Transcranial electric stimulations (tES) with amplitude-modulated currents are promising tools to enhance neuromodulation effects. It is essential to select the correct cortical targets and inhibitory/excitatory protocols to reverse changes in specific networks. We aimed at assessing the dependence of cortical excitability changes on the current amplitude of 20 Hz transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) over the bilateral primary motor cortex. We chose two amplitude ranges of the stimulations, around 25 μA/cm2 and 63 μA/cm2 from peak to peak, with three values (at steps of about 2.5%) around each, to generate, respectively, inhibitory and excitatory effects of the primary motor cortex. We checked such changes online through transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-induced motor evoked potentials (MEPs). Cortical excitability changes depended upon current density (p = 0.001). Low current densities decreased MEP amplitudes (inhibition) while high current densities increased them (excitation). tACS targeting bilateral homologous cortical areas can induce online inhibition or excitation as a function of the current density.

Experimental Analysis of Critical Current and Alternating Current Losses of High-Temperature Superconductor Tape with Resin and Gallium-Indium-Tin.

PubMed

Yu, Dongmin; Sun, Yajie; Zhang, Huiming; Meng, Yuanzhu; Liu, Huanan

2018-04-08

This paper experimentally analyzes the critical current degradation and AC (alternating current) losses of second-generation (2G) high-temperature superconductor (HTS) tape during the impregnation process. Two impregnation materials were utilized: Gallium-Indium-Tin (GaInSn), and an epoxy resin, Araldite. The critical current of the impregnation materials was measured after different thermal cycles and compared with the tape with no impregnation process. The experimental results show that the critical current of Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide (YBCO) short samples varies between differently impregnated materials. The resin, Araldite, degraded the critical current; however, the GaInSn showed no degradation. Two degradation patterns with Araldite were identified due to the impregnation process, and the corresponding causes were analyzed. We further measured the AC losses of tapes impregnated with liquid metal at different frequencies, up to 600 Hz. Based on the experimental results, GaInSn liquid metal should be the most suitable impregnation material in terms of critical current degradation.

Cost analysis of Navy acquisition alternatives for the NAVSTAR Global Positioning System

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Darcy, T. F.; Smith, G. P.

1982-12-01

This research analyzes the life cycle cost (LCC) of the Navy's current and two hypothetical procurement alternatives for NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS) user equipment. Costs are derived by the ARINC Research Corporation ACBEN cost estimating system. Data presentation is in a comparative format describing individual alternative LCC and differential costs between alternatives. Sensitivity analysis explores the impact receiver-processor unit (RPU) first unit production cost has on individual alternative LCC, as well as cost differentials between each alternative. Several benefits are discussed that might provide sufficient cost savings and/or system effectiveness improvements to warrant a procurement strategy other than the existing proposal.

Assessing performance of alternative pavement marking materials.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2010-01-01

Pavement markings need to be restriped from time to time to maintain retroreflectivity. : Knowing which material provides the most economically efficient solution is important. : Currently, no agreed upon method by which to evaluate the use of altern...

Numerical simulations of electric potential field for alternating current potential drop associated with surface cracks in low-alloy steel nuclear material

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yeh, Chun-Ping; Huang, Jiunn-Yuan

2018-04-01

Low-alloy steels used as structural materials in nuclear power plants are subjected to cyclic stresses during power plant operations. As a result, cracks may develop and propagate through the material. The alternating current potential drop technique is used to measure the lengths of cracks in metallic components. The depth of the penetration of the alternating current is assumed to be small compared to the crack length. This assumption allows the adoption of the unfolding technique to simplify the problem to a surface Laplacian field. The numerical modelling of the electric potential and current density distribution prediction model for a compact tension specimen and the unfolded crack model are presented in this paper. The goal of this work is to conduct numerical simulations to reduce deviations occurring in the crack length measurements. Numerical simulations were conducted on AISI 4340 low-alloy steel with different crack lengths to evaluate the electric potential distribution. From the simulated results, an optimised position for voltage measurements in the crack region was proposed.

Can Alternative Education Increase Children's Early School Engagement? A Longitudinal Study from Kindergarten to Third Grade

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

de Bilde, Jerissa; Van Damme, Jan; Lamote, Carl; De Fraine, Bieke

2013-01-01

The current study examines the impact of alternative education on children's early school engagement in terms of school enjoyment and independent participation. A sample of 2,776 children from traditional (e.g., mainstream) and alternative (Freinet and Waldorf) Flemish schools was followed from their 3rd year of kindergarten until 3rd grade. The…

An Alternative View of Some FIA Sample Design and Analysis Issues

Treesearch

Paul C. Van Deusen

2005-01-01

Sample design and analysis decisions are the result of compromises and inputs from many sources. The end result would likely change if different individuals or groups were involved in the planning process. Discussed here are some alternatives to the procedures that are currently being used for the annual inventory. The purpose is to indicate that alternatives exist and...

The influence of TIG-Arc physical characteristics on the penetration and weld width under different Ar and He supply conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dai, Hongbin; Shen, Xiuqiang; Wang, Haoran

2018-06-01

In the paper, the 5A03 aluminium alloy was employed to study the influence of TIG arc on the penetration and the weld width. And the split anode method with water-cooled copper plate was used to measure and record the distribution of arc current, under different flow ratio of argon and helium conditions. And a gas supply device controlled by a solenoid valve was employed to obtain the stable TIG welding arc of gas supply alternately at the frequency of 1 Hz and 4 Hz, and then collected the phenomenon of arc alternate by the high-speed camera. The experimental results indicated that the current density at the arc anode center of argon and helium supply alternately with different mixing ratio is lower than that of the pure argon-arc center. Nonetheless, the former is more uniform in current density within 2 mm from the arc center. Furthermore, it presented as a component arc of argon-arc and helium-arc switched, with the condition of argon and helium supply alternately at a frequency of 1 Hz and the arc power density is greater and concentrated, leading to the wider and deeper weld.

Emergy Analysis for the Sustainable Utilization of Biosolids ...

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This contribution describes the application of an emergy-based methodology for comparing two management alternatives of biosolids produced in a wastewater treatment plant. The current management practice of using biosolids as soil fertilizers was evaluated and compared to another alternative, the recovery of energy from the biosolid gasification process. This emergy assessment and comparison approach identifies more sustainable processes which achieve economic and social benefits with a minimal environmental impact. In addition, emergy-based sustainability indicators and the GREENSCOPE methodology were used to compare the two biosolid management alternatives. According to the sustainability assessment results, the energy production from biosolid gasification is energetically profitable, economically viable, and environmentally suitable. Furthermore, it was found that the current use of biosolids as soil fertilizer does not generate any considerable environmental stress, has the potential to achieve more economic benefits, and a post-processing of biosolids prior to its use as soil fertilizer improves its sustainability performance. In conclusion, this emergy analysis provides a sustainability assessment of both alternatives of biosolid management and helps decision-makers to identify opportunities for improvement during the current process of biosolid management. This work aims to identify the best option for the use and management of biosolids generated in a wa

Remote two-wire data entry method and device

DOEpatents

Kronberg, J.W.

1991-01-01

This invention is comprised of a device for detecting switch closure such as in a keypad for entering data comprising a matrix of conductor pairs and switches, each pair of conductors shorted by the pressing of a particular switch, and current-regulating devices on each conductor for limiting current in one direction and passing it without limit in the other direction. The device is driven by alternating current. The ends of the conductors in a conductor pair limit current of opposing polarities with respect to each other so that the signal on a shorted pair is an alternating current signal with a unique combination of a positive and a negative peak, which, when analyzed, allows the determination of which key was pressed. The binary identification of the pressed key is passed to the input port of a host device.

Numerical and theoretical evaluations of AC losses for single and infinite numbers of superconductor strips with direct and alternating transport currents in external AC magnetic field

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kajikawa, K.; Funaki, K.; Shikimachi, K.; Hirano, N.; Nagaya, S.

2010-11-01

AC losses in a superconductor strip are numerically evaluated by means of a finite element method formulated with a current vector potential. The expressions of AC losses in an infinite slab that corresponds to a simple model of infinitely stacked strips are also derived theoretically. It is assumed that the voltage-current characteristics of the superconductors are represented by Bean's critical state model. The typical operation pattern of a Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) coil with direct and alternating transport currents in an external AC magnetic field is taken into account as the electromagnetic environment for both the single strip and the infinite slab. By using the obtained results of AC losses, the influences of the transport currents on the total losses are discussed quantitatively.

Archive Storage Media Alternatives.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ranade, Sanjay

1990-01-01

Reviews requirements for a data archive system and describes storage media alternatives that are currently available. Topics discussed include data storage; data distribution; hierarchical storage architecture, including inline storage, online storage, nearline storage, and offline storage; magnetic disks; optical disks; conventional magnetic…

The Mind-Body Connection - Complementary and Alternative Approaches to Health

MedlinePlus

... Navigation Bar Home Current Issue Past Issues The Mind-Body Connection Complementary and Alternative Approaches to Health Past ... To Find Out More At medlineplus.gov , type "mind-body" or "emotions" into the Search box. There is ...

Practical aspects of the use of three-phase alternating current electric machines in electricity storage system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ciucur, Violeta

2015-02-01

Of three-phase alternating current electric machines, it brings into question which of them is more advantageous to be used in electrical energy storage system by pumping water. The two major categories among which are given dispute are synchronous and the asynchronous machine. To consider the synchronous machine with permanent magnet configuration because it brings advantages compared with conventional synchronous machine, first by removing the necessary additional excitation winding. From the point of view of loss of the two types of machines, the optimal adjustment of the magnetic flux density is obtained to minimize the copper loss by hysteresis and eddy currents.

A Manpower Comparison of Three U.S. Navies: The Current Fleet, a Projected 313 Ship Fleet, and a More Distributed Bimodal Alternative

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-09-01

Large, Medium-speed, Roll-on/Roll-off Ships T- AKR ,” 2009) The ships can support humanitarian missions as well. LMSRs normally have a crew size of 26...NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited A MANPOWER...COMPARISON OF THREE U. S. NAVIES: THE CURRENT FLEET, A PROJECTED 313 SHIP FLEET, AND A MORE DISTRIBUTED BIMODAL ALTERNATIVE by Juan L. Carrasco

Inverter communications using output signal

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chapman, Patrick L.

Technologies for communicating information from an inverter configured for the conversion of direct current (DC) power generated from an alternative source to alternating current (AC) power are disclosed. The technologies include determining information to be transmitted from the inverter over a power line cable connected to the inverter and controlling the operation of an output converter of the inverter as a function of the information to be transmitted to cause the output converter to generate an output waveform having the information modulated thereon.

Alternative aircraft anti-icing formulations with reduced aquatic toxicity and biochemical oxygen demand

USGS Publications Warehouse

Gold, Harris; Joback, Kevin; Geis, Steven; Bowman, George; Mericas, Dean; Corsi, Steven R.; Ferguson, Lee

2010-01-01

The current research was conducted to identify alternative aircraft and pavement deicer and anti-icer formulations with improved environmental characteristics compared to currently used commercial products (2007). The environmental characteristics of primary concern are the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and aquatic toxicity of the fully formulated products. Except when the distinction among products is necessary for clarity, “deicer” will refer to aircraft-deicing fluids (ADFs), aircraft anti-icing fluids (AAFs), and pavementdeicing materials (PDMs).

Low Voltage Electrolytic Capacitor Pulse Forming Inductive Network for Electric Weapons

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-06-01

reliable high- current, high-energy pulses of many megawatts. Pulsed alternators potentially have the same maintenance issues as other motor ...high-energy pulses of many megawatts. Pulsed alternators potentially have the same maintenance issues as other motor -generator sets, so a solid...Rotating Flywheel) Pulse Forming Network Compensated Pulsed Alternators, or Compulsators as they are called, are essentially large motor -generator

The outcomes of complementary and alternative medicine use among pregnant and birthing women: current trends and future directions.

PubMed

Steel, Amie; Adams, Jon; Sibbritt, David; Broom, Alex

2015-06-01

Complementary and alternative medicine is used by a substantial number of pregnant women and maternity care providers are often faced with the task of ensuring women are using safe and effective treatments while respecting a woman's right to autonomous decision-making. In the era of evidence-based medicine maternity health professionals are expected to draw upon the best available evidence when making clinical decisions and providing health advice. This review will outline the current trends in research evidence associated with the outcomes of complementary and alternative medicine use amongst pregnant and birthing women as well as highlight some potential directions for future development in this important yet largely unknown topic in contemporary maternity care.

Inhibition of motor cortex excitability with 15Hz transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS).

PubMed

Zaghi, Soroush; de Freitas Rezende, Larissa; de Oliveira, Laís Machado; El-Nazer, Rasheda; Menning, Sanne; Tadini, Laura; Fregni, Felipe

2010-08-02

There remains a lack of solid evidence showing whether transcranial stimulation with weak alternating current (transcranial alternating current stimulation, tACS) can in fact induce significant neurophysiological effects. Previously, a study in which tACS was applied for 2 and 5min with current density=0.16-0.25A/m(2) was unable to show robust effects on cortical excitability. Here we applied tACS at a significantly higher current density (0.80A/m(2)) for a considerably longer duration (20min) and were indeed able to demonstrate measurable changes to cortical excitability. Our results show that active 15Hz tACS of the motor cortex (electrodes placed at C3 and C4) significantly diminished the amplitude of motor evoked potentials and decreased intracortical facilitation (ICF) as compared to baseline and sham stimulation. In addition, we show that our method of sham tACS is a reliable control condition. These results support the notion that AC stimulation with weak currents can induce significant changes in brain excitability; in this case, 15Hz tACS led to a pattern of inhibition of cortical excitability. We propose that tACS may have a dampening effect on cortical networks and perhaps interfere with the temporal and spatial summation of weak subthreshold electric potentials. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Quantum rings in magnetic fields and spin current generation.

PubMed

Cini, Michele; Bellucci, Stefano

2014-04-09

We propose three different mechanisms for pumping spin-polarized currents in a ballistic circuit using a time-dependent magnetic field acting on an asymmetrically connected quantum ring at half filling. The first mechanism works thanks to a rotating magnetic field and produces an alternating current with a partial spin polarization. The second mechanism works by rotating the ring in a constant field; like the former case, it produces an alternating charge current, but the spin current is dc. Both methods do not require a spin-orbit interaction to achieve the polarized current, but the rotating ring could be used to measure the spin-orbit interaction in the ring using characteristic oscillations. On the other hand, the last mechanism that we propose depends on the spin-orbit interaction in an essential way, and requires a time-dependent magnetic field in the plane of the ring. This arrangement can be designed to pump a purely spin current. The absence of a charge current is demonstrated analytically. Moreover, a simple formula for the current is derived and compared with the numerical results.

Evaluation of Delamination of X80 Pipeline Steel Coating Under Alternating Stray Current Via Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Xinhua; Liu, Qiang; Chun, Yingchun; Li, Yingchao; Wang, Zuquan

2018-04-01

The delamination of epoxy coating on X80 pipeline steel was evaluated under various stray alternating current (AC) interferences (0-300 A/m2). Qualitative and quantitative analyses were carried out using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and three-dimensional digital microscopy. The results show that the SECM current is directly proportional to the soaking time and applied current density. The variation in SECM current curve shape indicates the delamination distance of epoxy coatings at the defect area. The depths of corrosion pits at 50, 100, and 300 A/m2 stray currents were 140, 160, and 240 μm, respectively. The corrosion pits also became wider with increasing current densities. With increasing stray AC densities, both the coating delamination and pit depth became more severe at the same soaking time. The EIS results show that the change in impedance was not significant without stray current, whereas the impedance first decreased and then increased when stray current was applied. These results are consistent with the SECM measurements.

Biotherapeutics as alternatives to antibiotics

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Increasing pressure to limit antibiotic use in agriculture is heightening the need for alternative methods to reduce the adverse effects of clinical and subclinical disease on livestock performance that are currently managed by in-feed antibiotic usage. Immunomodulators have long been sought as such...

Natural wax organogels for cookies

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Organogels formed from vegetable oil and an organogelator have drawn great interest as alternatives to trans fats. Unlike the current alternatives to trans fats such as tropical oils, fully hydrogenated oils and their transesterifed oils containing high contents of saturated fats, organogels can be ...

Tracking costs of alternatively fueled buses in Florida.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2011-11-04

The goal of the current project is to establish a recording and reporting mechanism for collecting field data on the performance and costs of alternatively fueled public transit vehicles operating in Florida in order to assist policy makers with thei...

IDENTIFICATION OF TI02/UV DISINFECTION BYPRODUCTS IN DRINKING WATER

EPA Science Inventory

Due to concern over the presence of trihalomethanes (THMs) and other chlorinated byproducts in chlorinated drinking water, alternative disinfection methods are being explored. One of the alternative treatment methods currently being evaluated for potential use with small systems ...

49 CFR 212.211 - Apprentice signal and train control inspector.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION STATE SAFETY PARTICIPATION REGULATIONS State... to use electrical test equipment in direct current and alternating current circuits; and (2) A basic...

Direct-current arc and alternating-current spark emission spectrographic field methods for the semiquantitative analysis of geologic materials

USGS Publications Warehouse

Grimes, D.J.; Marranzino, A.P.

1968-01-01

Two spectrographic methods are used in mobile field laboratories of the U. S. Geological Survey. In the direct-current arc method, the ground sample is mixed with graphite powder, packed into an electrode crater, and burned to completion. Thirty elements are determined. In the spark method, the sample, ground to pass a 150-mesh screen, is digested in hydrofluoric acid followed by evaporation to dryness and dissolution in aqua regia. The solution is fed into the spark gap by means of a rotating-disk electrode arrangement and is excited with an alternating-current spark discharge. Fourteen elements are determined. In both techniques, light is recorded on Spectrum Analysis No. 1, 35-millimeter film, and the spectra are compared visually with those of standard films.

Predictive Model Development for Aviation Black Carbon Mass Emissions from Alternative and Conventional Fuels at Ground and Cruise.

PubMed

Abrahamson, Joseph P; Zelina, Joseph; Andac, M Gurhan; Vander Wal, Randy L

2016-11-01

The first order approximation (FOA3) currently employed to estimate BC mass emissions underpredicts BC emissions due to inaccuracies in measuring low smoke numbers (SNs) produced by modern high bypass ratio engines. The recently developed Formation and Oxidation (FOX) method removes the need for and hence uncertainty associated with (SNs), instead relying upon engine conditions in order to predict BC mass. Using the true engine operating conditions from proprietary engine cycle data an improved FOX (ImFOX) predictive relation is developed. Still, the current methods are not optimized to estimate cruise emissions nor account for the use of alternative jet fuels with reduced aromatic content. Here improved correlations are developed to predict engine conditions and BC mass emissions at ground and cruise altitude. This new ImFOX is paired with a newly developed hydrogen relation to predict emissions from alternative fuels and fuel blends. The ImFOX is designed for rich-quench-lean style combustor technologies employed predominately in the current aviation fleet.

Investigation of alternate power source for Space Shuttle Orbiter hydraulic system

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Simon, William E.; Young, Fred M.

1993-01-01

This investigation consists of a short-term feasibility study to determine whether or not an alternate electrical power source would trade favorably from a performance, reliability, safety, operation, and weight standpoint in replacing the current auxiliary power unit subsystems with its attendant components (water spray boiler, hydrazine fuel and tanks, feed and vent lines, controls, etc.), operating under current flight rules. Results of this feasibility study are used to develop recommendations for the next step (e.g., to determine if such an alternate electrical power source would show an advantage given that the current operational flight mode of the system could be modified in such a way as not to constrain the operational capability and safety of the vehicle). However, this next step is not within the scope of this investigation. This study does not include a cost analysis, nor does it include investigation of the integration aspects involved in such a trade, except in a qualitative sense for the determination of concept feasibility.

Recent developments in L-asparaginase discovery and its potential as anticancer agent.

PubMed

Shrivastava, Abhinav; Khan, Abdul Arif; Khurshid, Mohsin; Kalam, Mohd Abul; Jain, Sudhir K; Singhal, Pradeep K

2016-04-01

L-Asparaginase (EC3.5.1.1) is an enzyme, which is used for treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and other related blood cancers from a long time. This enzyme selectively hydrolyzes the extracellular amino acid L-asparagine into L-aspartate and ammonia, leading to nutritional deficiencies, protein synthesis inhibition, and ultimately death of lymphoblastic cells by apoptosis. Currently, bacterial asparaginases are used for treatment purpose but offers scepticism due to a number of toxicities, including thrombosis, pancreatitis, hyperglycemia, and hepatotoxicity. Resistance towards bacterial asparaginase is another major disadvantage during cancer management. This situation attracted attention of researchers towards alternative sources of L-asparaginase, including plants and fungi. Present article discusses about potential of L-asparaginase as an anticancer agent, its mechanism of action, and adverse effects related to current asparaginase formulations. This article also provides an outlook for recent developments in L-asparaginase discovery from alternative sources and their potential as a less toxic alternative to current formulations. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Micro acoustic spectrum analyzer

DOEpatents

Schubert, W. Kent; Butler, Michael A.; Adkins, Douglas R.; Anderson, Larry F.

2004-11-23

A micro acoustic spectrum analyzer for determining the frequency components of a fluctuating sound signal comprises a microphone to pick up the fluctuating sound signal and produce an alternating current electrical signal; at least one microfabricated resonator, each resonator having a different resonant frequency, that vibrate in response to the alternating current electrical signal; and at least one detector to detect the vibration of the microfabricated resonators. The micro acoustic spectrum analyzer can further comprise a mixer to mix a reference signal with the alternating current electrical signal from the microphone to shift the frequency spectrum to a frequency range that is a better matched to the resonant frequencies of the microfabricated resonators. The micro acoustic spectrum analyzer can be designed specifically for portability, size, cost, accuracy, speed, power requirements, and use in a harsh environment. The micro acoustic spectrum analyzer is particularly suited for applications where size, accessibility, and power requirements are limited, such as the monitoring of industrial equipment and processes, detection of security intrusions, or evaluation of military threats.

Effect of an alternating current electric field on Co(OH)2 periodic precipitation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Karam, Tony; Sultan, Rabih

2013-02-01

The present paper studies the effect of an alternating current (AC) electric field on Co(OH)2 Liesegang patterns. In the presence of an AC electric field, the band spacing increases with spacing number, but reaches a plateau at large spacing (or band) numbers. The band spacing increases with applied AC voltage, but to a much lesser extent than the effect of a DC electric field under the same applied voltage [see R. Sultan, R. Halabieh, Chem. Phys. Lett. 332 (2000) 331][1]. At low enough applied voltage, the band spacing increases with frequency. At higher voltages, the band spacing becomes independent of the field frequency. The effect of concentration of the inner electrolyte (Co2+), exactly opposes that observed under DC electric field; i.e., the band spacing decreases with increasing concentration. The dynamics were shown to be governed by a competitive scenario between the diffusion gradient and the alternating current electric field factor.

Evolution and Biological Roles of Alternative 3'UTRs.

PubMed

Mayr, Christine

2016-03-01

More than half of human genes use alternative cleavage and polyadenylation to generate alternative 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) isoforms. Most efforts have focused on transcriptome-wide mapping of alternative 3'UTRs and on the question of how 3'UTR isoform ratios may be regulated. However, it remains less clear why alternative 3'UTRs have evolved and what biological roles they play. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the functional roles of alternative 3'UTRs, including mRNA localization, mRNA stability, and translational efficiency. Recent work suggests that alternative 3'UTRs may also enable the formation of protein-protein interactions to regulate protein localization or to diversify protein functions. These recent findings open an exciting research direction for the investigation of new biological roles of alternative 3'UTRs. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Alternative Treatment Technologies – Working With the Pathogen Equivalency Committee

EPA Science Inventory

Under current Federal regulations (40 CFR 503), municipal sludge must be treated prior to land application. The regulations identify two classes of treatment with respect to pathogen reduction: Class B (three alternatives) which provides a minimum acceptable level of treatment;...

NEW DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCT ISSUES: EMERGING DBP'S AND ALTERNATIVE ROUTES OF EXPOSURE

EPA Science Inventory

This paper discusses current issues with drinking water disinfection by-products (DBPs), which include emerging (unregulated) DBPs that can be formed at greater levels with alternative disinfectants (as compared to chlorine) and routes of human exposure (which include inhalation ...

40 CFR 142.14 - Records kept by States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... alternative filtration technology, in combination with disinfection treatment, consistently achieves 99.9... of viruses, may use such alternative filtration technology, shall be kept until the decision is... history of total coliform contamination in its current configuration and had a sanitary survey conducted...

Waterborne traffic Paints : a study for the potential improvement in drying time and cost-effectiveness : final report

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2000-05-15

This report analyzes possibilities for developing an alternative to the present technology of 100% acrylic waterborne (WB) paints used for road delineation. The current market situation is briefly reviewed, and alternatives considered. The requiremen...

Alternatives to Traditional Notation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gaare, Mark

1997-01-01

Provides a introduction and overview to alternative music notation systems. Describes guitar tablature, accordion tablature, klavarskribo (a keyboard notational system developed by Cornelius Pot, a Dutch engineer), and the digital piano roll. Briefly discusses the history of notation reform and current efforts. Includes examples from scores. (MJP)

Side Effects in Time Discounting Procedures: Fixed Alternatives Become the Reference Point

PubMed Central

2016-01-01

Typical research on intertemporal choice utilizes a two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) paradigm requiring participants to choose between a smaller sooner and larger later payoff. In the adjusting-amount procedure (AAP) one of the alternatives is fixed and the other is adjusted according to particular choices made by the participant. Such a method makes the alternatives unequal in status and is speculated to make the fixed alternative a reference point for choices, thereby affecting the decision made. The current study shows that fixing different alternatives in the AAP influences discount rates in intertemporal choices. Specifically, individuals’ (N = 283) choices were affected to just the same extent by merely fixing an alternative as when choices were preceded by scenarios explicitly imposing reference points. PMID:27768759

76 FR 28632 - Airworthiness Directives; The Boeing Company Model 737-300, -400, and -500 Series Airplanes

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-18

... doing internal eddy current inspections, or repairing the crack. As an alternative to the external eddy current inspections, the AD provides for internal eddy current and detailed inspections for cracks in the... 5, 2011, we issued Emergency AD 2011-08-51, which requires repetitive external eddy current...

Management of refractory anti-phospholipid syndrome.

PubMed

Scoble, Tina; Wijetilleka, Sonali; Khamashta, Munther A

2011-09-01

Anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune prothrombotic disorder characterised by the predisposition to venous and/or arterial thrombosis and obstetric morbidity. Management of APS centres on attenuating the procoagulant state whilst balancing the risks of anticoagulant therapy. Cases of recurrent thromboses and obstetric complications occur despite optimum therapy. Alternative therapies for refractory cases are subject to disparity among clinicians due to the current lack of clinical evidence present. This review aims to address the current management strategies for refractory thrombotic and obstetric cases and future therapeutic interventions. The role and current clinical evidence of using long term low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) as an alternative to warfarin therapy for refractory thromboses is evaluated. Potential alternatives for thromboses including statins, hydroxychloroquine, Rituximab are reviewed as well as the additional avenues to target in the future as the pathogenic mechanisms of APS are unveiled. The optimal management for refractory obstetric APS cases is subject to controversy. This review focuses and assesses the current evidence for the uses of low dose prednisolone, intravenous immunoglobulin and hydroxycholoroquine in obstetric cases. The treatment modalities for the management of refractory APS require further clinical evidence. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Current challenges in bioequivalence, quality, and novel assessment technologies for topical products.

PubMed

Yacobi, Avraham; Shah, Vinod P; Bashaw, Edward D; Benfeldt, Eva; Davit, Barbara; Ganes, Derek; Ghosh, Tapash; Kanfer, Isadore; Kasting, Gerald B; Katz, Lindsey; Lionberger, Robert; Lu, Guang Wei; Maibach, Howard I; Pershing, Lynn K; Rackley, Russell J; Raw, Andre; Shukla, Chinmay G; Thakker, Kailas; Wagner, Nathalie; Zovko, Elizabeta; Lane, Majella E

2014-04-01

This paper summarises the proceedings of a recent workshop which brought together pharmaceutical scientists and dermatologists from academia, industry and regulatory agencies to discuss current regulatory issues and industry practices for establishing therapeutic bioequivalence (BE) of dermatologic topical products. The methods currently available for assessment of BE were reviewed as well as alternatives and the advantages and disadvantages of each method were considered. Guidance on quality and performance of topical products was reviewed and a framework to categorise existing and alternative methods for evaluation of BE was discussed. The outcome of the workshop emphasized both a need for greater attention to quality, possibly, via a Quality-By-Design (QBD) approach and a need to develop a "whole toolkit" approach towards the problem of determination of rate and extent in the assessment of topical bioavailability. The discussion on the BE and clinical equivalence of topical products revealed considerable concerns about the variability present in the current methodologies utilized by the industry and regulatory agencies. It was proposed that academicians, researchers, the pharmaceutical industry and regulators work together to evaluate and validate alternative methods that are based on both the underlying science and are adapted to the drug product itself instead of single "universal" method.

Inappropriate Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Shocks Attributed to Alternating-Current Leak in a Swimming Pool

PubMed Central

Makaryus, John N.; Angert-Gilman, Julia; Yacoub, Mena; Patel, Apoor

2014-01-01

Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) are the standard of care for preventing sudden cardiac death in patients who are predisposed to malignant ventricular arrhythmias. Causes of inappropriate ICD shock include equipment malfunction, improper arrhythmia evaluation, misinterpretation of myopotentials, and electromagnetic interference. As the number of implanted ICDs has increased, other contributors to inappropriate therapy have become known, such as minimal electrical current leaks that mimic ventricular fibrillation. We present the case of a 63-year-old man with a biventricular ICD who received 2 inappropriate shocks, probably attributable to alternating-current leaks in a swimming pool. In addition, we discuss ICD sensitivity and offer recommendations to avoid similar occurrences. PMID:24512403

Effect of Alternating Current on the Cathodic Protection and Interface Structure of X80 Steel.

PubMed

Wang, Huiru; Du, Cuiwei; Liu, Zhiyong; Wang, Luntao; Ding, De

2017-07-25

This study employs potential-monitoring techniques, cyclic voltammetry tests, alternating current (AC) voltammetry methods, and surface characterization to investigate the AC corrosion of cathodically protected X80 pipeline steel. In a non-passive neutral solution at pH 7.2, a sufficiently negative potential completely protects steel at an AC current density of 100 A/m². In an alkaline solution at pH 9.6, more serious AC corrosion occurs at more negative cathodic protection (CP) potential, whereas without CP the steel suffers negligible corrosion. In addition, the interface capacitance increases with AC amplitude. Based on these results, the AC corrosion mechanisms that function under various conditions are analyzed and described.

Development of Electronic Load Controllers for Free-Piston Stirling Convertors Aided by Stirling Simulation Model

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Regan, Timothy F.

2004-01-01

The free-piston Stirling convertor end-to-end modeling effort at the NASA Glenn Research Center has produced a software-based test bed in which free-piston Stirling convertors can be simulated and evaluated. The simulation model includes all the components of the convertor: the Stirling cycle engine, heat source, linear alternator, controller, and load. So far, it has been used in evaluating the performance of electronic controller designs. Three different controller design concepts were simulated using the model: 1) Controllers with parasitic direct current loading. 2) Controllers with parasitic alternating current loading. 3) Controllers that maintain a reference current. The free-piston Stirling convertor is an electromechanical device that operates at resonance. It is the function of the electronic load controller to ensure that the electrical load seen by the machine is always great enough to keep the amplitude of the piston and alternator oscillation at the rated value. This is done by regulating the load on the output bus. The controller monitors the instantaneous voltage, regulating it by switching loads called parasitic loads onto the bus whenever the bus voltage is too high and removing them whenever the voltage is too low. In the first type of controller, the monitor-ing and switching are done on the direct-current (dc) bus. In the second type, the alternating current bus is used. The model allows designers to test a controller concept before investing time in hardware. The simulation code used to develop the model also offers detailed models of digital and analog electronic components so that the resulting designs are realistic enough to translate directly into hardware circuits.

The AC/DCs of Electricity.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Calhoun, Michael J.

1994-01-01

Describes an activity that allows students to use a rectifier circuit to convert alternating current into direct current. Also informs teachers of how to obtain most of the equipment needed for free. (ZWH)

76 FR 66758 - Remedies for Small Copyright Claims

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-27

... legal system hinders or prevents copyright owners from pursuing copyright infringement claims that have... helpful and viable. A. Challenges of the Current Legal System Currently, copyright owners interested in... Office is interested in learning about alternatives to the current legal system that might help alleviate...

Alternative Statistical Frameworks for Student Growth Percentile Estimation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lockwood, J. R.; Castellano, Katherine E.

2015-01-01

This article suggests two alternative statistical approaches for estimating student growth percentiles (SGP). The first is to estimate percentile ranks of current test scores conditional on past test scores directly, by modeling the conditional cumulative distribution functions, rather than indirectly through quantile regressions. This would…

Locomotive cab design development. Volume 1 : analysis of locomotive cab environment & development of cab design alternatives

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1976-10-01

This report presents an analysis of the line haul freight : engineer's working and living environment, the resultant locomotive : cab design and design alternatives. The analysis is based on a : delineation of functional requirements found in current...

Alternatives to Accountability: Stool Pigeon Versus Servant and Soulmate.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

O'Reilly, Robert P.; Gorth, William P.

The visible claims of the current accountability movement are examined critically, and an alternative philosophy and a developing system are offered. Areas examined include the psychological implications of accountability philosophies for teaching staff, certain educational measurement problems, and the availability or adequacy of operating…

Alternatives to current fumigation practices in western states raspberry

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Red raspberry production systems in the western United States are heavily reliant on preplant soil fumigation to ensure the successful establishment and productivity of a planting. However, due to issues related to the regulation, availability, and economics of soil fumigation alternatives are need ...

The Effectiveness of Alternative IEP Dispute Resolution Practices

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Scanlon, David; Saenz, Lauren; Kelly, Michael P.

2018-01-01

Alternative Individualized Education Program (IEP) dispute resolution models should respond to limitations of current options. An experimental IEP dispute resolution program provides parents and schools with an evidence-supported neutral perspective on what is needed for free and appropriate education (FAPE) and least restrictive environment…

IDENTIFICATION OF NEW DRINKING WATER DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS FROM OZONE, CHLORINE DIOXIDE, CHLORAMINE, AND CHLORINE

EPA Science Inventory

Due to concern over the potential adverse health effects of trihalomethanes (THMs) and other chlorinated by-products in chlorinated drinking water, alternative disinfection methods are being explored. Ozone, chlorine dioxide, and chloramine are currently popular alternatives to ...

Exploring Managerial Implications of Current DoD Contracting Trends

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-05-15

Shyu ASA(ALT), AAE, & SPE 7 Heads of Contracting Activity ( HCAs ) across the 7 Army buying commands Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army...on commodity / portfolio Chair: DASA(P) Members: DASA(P) Deputy (Alternate-Chair) Senior Services Manager HCAs & PARCs / Alternates Small Business

Assessing the Effectiveness of Yoga as a Complementary and Alternative Treatment for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Review and Synthesis.

PubMed

Sciarrino, Nicole A; DeLucia, Christian; O'Brien, Kaitlin; McAdams, Kristen

2017-10-01

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating condition that affects many who have experienced trauma. In addition to skills-focused treatments, exposure-based treatments, cognitive therapy, combination treatments, and EMDR, a number of alternative treatments for PTSD have emerged in recent years. The search for alternative treatments is justified based on the empirical observation that a large percentage of individuals fail to benefit optimally from existing treatments (e.g., between 30 and 60). Moreover, current studies often utilize stringent inclusion criteria (e.g., absence of comorbid disorders), raising the likelihood that results will not generalize to many individuals currently experiencing PTSD. The primary objective of the current paper was to explore the effects of one type of alternative treatment: yoga. A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted targeting research examining yoga postures and PTSD. Seven randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified and reviewed, and effect sizes were computed for the post-test assessments. Cohen's d for each study ranged (in absolute value) from a low of -0.06 to a high of 1.42 (average weighted d across studies was 0.48; 95% CI: 0.26, 0.69). Putative mechanisms of action for the possible beneficial effects of yoga for PTSD-related symptomatology and clinical implications are discussed.

Motorist comprehension of the slow-moving vehicle emblem in Manitoba.

PubMed

Kroeker, A M; Mann, D D

2010-04-01

Despite the existence of the slow-moving vehicle (SMV) emblem for almost 50 years, there continues to be a large number of preventable accidents between SMVs and other motorists. In this study, the current SMV emblem was tested against other common road signs as well as alternative slow-moving vehicle emblems to determine motorist comprehension of the signs. An open-ended test method was used to determine the level of comprehension by Manitoba motorists. Written answers from 50 participants were classified as either "correct" or "incorrect" by the authors based on the meaning of the traffic signs provided in a driver's handbook. Only 3 of the 16 Manitoba traffic signs attained the 85% level of comprehension required by ANSI standards. Only 22% of participants correctly identified the current SMV emblem. Two alternatives to the SMV emblem found in the literature, both iconic in nature, were understood to mean "slow-moving vehicle" by only 2% and 8% of participants, respectively. Two alternatives to the SMV developed for this project were evaluated with levels of comprehension of 68% and 84%: however, these levels of comprehension were likely biased by the presence of text. There is insufficient evidence to suggest that the current symbolic SMV emblem should be replaced by an alternative emblem that is iconic in nature.

A Grand Challenge for CMOS Scaling: Alternate Gate Dielectrics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wallace, Robert M.

2001-03-01

Many materials systems are currently under consideration as potential replacements for SiO2 as the gate dielectric material for sub-0.13 um complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The prospect of replacing SiO2 is a formidable task because the alternate gate dielectric must provide many properties that are, at a minimum, comparable to those of SiO2 yet with a much higher permittivity. A systematic examination of the required performance of gate dielectrics suggests that the key properties to consider in the selection an alternative gate dielectric candidate are (a) permittivity, band gap and band alignment to silicon, (b) thermodynamic stability, (c) film morphology, (d) interface quality, (e) compatibility with the current or expected materials to be used in processing for CMOS devices, (f) process compatibility, and (g) reliability. Many dielectrics appear favorable in some of these areas, but very few materials are promising with respect to all of these guidelines. We will review the performance requirements for materials associated with CMOS scaling, the challenges associated with these requirements, and the state-of-the-art in current research for alternate gate dielectrics. The requirements for process integration compatibility are remarkably demanding, and any serious candidates will emerge only through continued, intensive investigation.

A Review of Indigo Naturalis as an Alternative Treatment for Nail Psoriasis.

PubMed

McDermott, Laura; Madan, Raman; Rupani, Reena; Siegel, Daniel

2016-03-01

Nail psoriasis is challenging to treat. The few currently available therapies are limited in efficacy, and often produce unfavorable side effects. A plant extract widely used in Traditional Chinese Medicine, indigo naturalis (Qing Dai), is presented in this review as an alternative topical treatment for skin and nail psoriasis. The purpose of this article is to present information on a viable alternative treatment with a favorable side effect profile for a difficult disease to treat. A PubMed search for the term "indigo naturalis" was performed, and literature from 2006 to the present relevant to indigo naturalis and treatment of psoriasis and nail psoriasis was reviewed. Indigo naturalis shares several therapeutic mechanisms with current psoriasis treatments, such as regulation of keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, restoration of epidermal barrier function, and reduction of inflammatory processes. Clinically, it is well tolerated. Recent research of indigo naturalis suggests that it is a safe, inexpensive, and effective alternative topical treatment for skin and nail psoriasis.

Evaluation of Aqueous and Powder Processing Techniques for Production of Pu-238-Fueled General Purpose Heat Sources

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

2008-06-01

This report evaluates alternative processes that could be used to produce Pu-238 fueled General Purpose Heat Sources (GPHS) for radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTG). Fabricating GPHSs with the current process has remained essentially unchanged since its development in the 1970s. Meanwhile, 30 years of technological advancements have been made in the fields of chemistry, manufacturing, ceramics, and control systems. At the Department of Energy’s request, alternate manufacturing methods were compared to current methods to determine if alternative fabrication processes could reduce the hazards, especially the production of respirable fines, while producing an equivalent GPHS product. An expert committee performed the evaluationmore » with input from four national laboratories experienced in Pu-238 handling.« less

Baseline tests of the Kordesh hybrid passenger vehicle

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Soltis, R. F.; Bozek, J. M.; Denington, R. J.; Dustin, M. O.

1978-01-01

Performance test results are presented for a four-passenger Austin A40 sedan that was converted to a heat-engine-alternator-and battery-powered hybrid. It is propelled by a conventional, gasoline-fueled, heat-engine-driven alternator and a traction pack powering a series-wound, 10 hp direct-current electric drive motor. The 16 hp gasoline engine drives the 7 kilowatt alternator, which provides electrical power to the drive motor or to the 96 volt traction battery through a rectifier. The propulsion battery consists of eight 12 volt batteries connected in series. The electric motor is coupled to a four-speed standard transmission, which drives the rear wheels. Power to the motor is controlled by a three-step foot throttle, which actuates relays that control armature current and field excitation. Conventional hydraulic brakes are used.

Current Regulator For Sodium-Vapor Lamps

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mclyman, W. T.

1989-01-01

Regulating circuit maintains nearly-constant alternating current in sodium-vapor lamp. Regulator part of dc-to-ac inverter circuit used to supply power to street lamp from battery charged by solar-cell array.

Biasing and fast degaussing circuit for magnetic materials

DOEpatents

Dress, Jr., William B.; McNeilly, David R.

1984-01-01

A dual-function circuit is provided which may be used to both magnetically bias and alternately, quickly degauss a magnetic device. The circuit may be magnetically coupled or directly connected electrically to a magnetic device, such as a magnetostrictive transducer, to magnetically bias the device by applying a d.c. current and alternately apply a selectively damped a.c. current to the device to degauss the device. The circuit is of particular value in many systems which use magnetostrictive transducers for ultrasonic transmission in different propagation modes over very short time periods.

Biasing and fast degaussing circuit for magnetic materials

DOEpatents

Dress, W.B. Jr.; McNeilly, D.R.

1983-10-04

A dual-function circuit is provided which may be used to both magnetically bias and alternately, quickly degauss a magnetic device. The circuit may be magnetically coupled or directly connected electrically to a magnetic device, such as a magnetostrictive transducer, to magnetically bias the device by applying a dc current and alternately apply a selectively damped ac current to the device to degauss the device. The circuit is of particular value in many systems which use magnetostrictive transducers for ultrasonic transmission in different propagation modes over very short time periods.

Effect of polyvinylpyrrolidone content on alternating current conductivity of polyaniline

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Megha, R.; Kumar, T. G. Naveen; Ravikiran, Y. T.; Prakash, H. G. Raj; Revanasiddappa, M.; Kumari, S. C. Vijaya

2018-05-01

In the present work, Polyaniline (PANI) and Polyaniline-polyvinylpyrrolidone (PANI-PVP) composites of two different weight percentages of PVP were synthesized separately by simple chemical polymerization method. The interaction between PANI and PVP in each of the composite was confirmed by Attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopic (AT-IR) technique. The alternate current (AC) response characteristics at room temperature of PANI and the composites in the frequency range 50 Hz-1 MHz were comparatively studied. Both the composites have shown decreased conductivity as compared to that of PANI.

Application field and ways to control alternating-current plasma torch with rail electrodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kuznetsov, V. E.; Safronov, A. A.; Vasilieva, O. B.; Shiryaev, V. N.; Dudnik, Yu D.; Pavlov, A. V.; Kuchina, Yu A.

2018-01-01

The paper deals with the investigation of parameters of the high voltage alternating-current plasma torch with rail electrodes. Usage of the injector and its variation allows controlling of operation of the ac plasma torch with rail electrodes. Also the possibility to protect the electric arc chamber without protective gas has been studied. It was found that increasing in the injector power causes the repeated breakdown at lower voltage and hence the arc dimensions decreases. The results of experiments are presented in the paper.

Self-Uncertainty and the Influence of Alternative Goals on Self-Regulation.

PubMed

Light, Alysson E; Rios, Kimberly; DeMarree, Kenneth G

2018-01-01

The current research examines factors that facilitate or undermine goal pursuit. Past research indicates that attempts to reduce self-uncertainty can result in increased goal motivation. We explore a critical boundary condition of this effect-the presence of alternative goals. Though self-regulatory processes usually keep interest in alternative goals in check, uncertainty reduction may undermine these self-regulatory efforts by (a) reducing conflict monitoring and (b) increasing valuation of alternative goals. As such, reminders of alternative goals will draw effort away from focal goals for self-uncertain (but not self-certain) participants. Across four studies and eight supplemental studies, using different focal goals (e.g., academic achievement, healthy eating) and alternative goals (e.g., social/emotional goals, attractiveness, indulgence), we found that alternative goal salience does not negatively influence goal-directed behavior among participants primed with self-certainty, but that reminders of alternative goals undermine goal pursuit among participants primed with self-uncertainty.

Potential Alternatives Report for Validation of Alternatives to Aliphatic Isocyanate Polyurethanes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lewis, pattie

2011-01-01

Identifying and selecting alternative materials and technologies that have the potential to reduce the identified HazMats and hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), while incorporating sound corrosion prevention and control technologies, is a complicated task due to the fast pace at which new technologies emerge and rules change. The alternatives are identified through literature searches, electronic database and Internet searches, surveys, and/or personal and professional contacts. Available test data was then compiled on the proposed alternatives to determine if the materials meet the test objectives or if further)laboratory or field-testing will be required. After reviewing technical information documented in the PAR, government representatives, technical representatives from the affected facilities, and other stakeholders involved in the process will select the list of viable alternative coatings for consideration and testing under the project's Joint Test Protocol entitled Joint Test Protocol for Validation of Alternatives to Aliphatic Isocyanate Polyurethanes and Field Test Plan entitled Field Evaluations Test Plan for Validation of Alternatives to Aliphatic Isocyanate Polyurethanes, both prepared by ITB. Test results will be reported in a Joint Test Report upon completion oftesting. The selection rationale and conclusions are documented in this PAR. A cost benefit analysis will be prepared to quantify the estimated capital and process costs of coating alternatives and cost savings relative to the current coating processes, however, some initial cost data has been included in this PAR. For this coatings project, isocyanates, as found in aliphatic isocyanate polyurethanes, were identified as the target HazMat to be eliminated. Table 1-1 lists the target HazMats, the related process and application, current specifications, and affected programs.

Integrated urban systems model with multiple transportation supply agents.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2012-10-01

This project demonstrates the feasibility of developing quantitative models that can forecast future networks under : current and alternative transportation planning processes. The current transportation planning process is modeled : based on empiric...

Influence of direct and alternating current electric fields on efficiency promotion and leaching risk alleviation of chelator assisted phytoremediation.

PubMed

Luo, Jie; Cai, Limei; Qi, Shihua; Wu, Jian; Sophie Gu, Xiaowen

2018-03-01

Direct and alternating current electric fields with various voltages were used to improve the decontamination efficiency of chelator assisted phytoremediation for multi-metal polluted soil. The alleviation effect of electric field on leaching risk caused by chelator application during phytoremediation process was also evaluated. Biomass yield, pollutant uptake and metal leaching retardation under alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) electric fields were compared. The biomass yield of Eucalyptus globulus under AC fields with various voltages (2, 4 and 10 V) were 3.91, 4.16 and 3.67kg, respectively, significantly higher than the chelator treatment without electric field (2.71kg). Besides growth stimulation, AC fields increased the metal concentrations of plant tissues especially in aerial parts manifested by the raised translocation factor of different metals. Direct current electric fields with low and moderate voltages increased the biomass production of the species to 3.45 and 3.12kg, respectively, while high voltage on the contrary suppressed the growth of the plants (2.66kg). Under DC fields, metal concentrations elevated obviously with increasing voltages and the metal translocation factors were similar under all voltages. Metal extraction per plant achieved the maximum value under moderate voltage due to the greatest biomass production. DC field with high voltage (10V) decreased the volume of leachate from the chelator treatment without electric field from 1224 to 56mL, while the leachate gathered from AC field treatments raised from 512 to 670mL. DC field can retard the downward movement of metals caused by chelator application more effectively relative to AC field due to the constant water flow and electroosmosis direction. Alternating current field had more promotive effect on chelator assisted phytoremediation efficiency than DC field illustrated by more metal accumulation in the species. However, with the consideration of leaching risk, DC field with moderate voltage was the optimal supplementary technique for phytoremediation. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

A pre-heating method based on sinusoidal alternating current for lithium-ion battery

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fan, Wentao; Sun, Fengchun; Guo, Shanshan

2018-04-01

In this paper, a method of low temperature pre-heating of sinusoidal alternating current (SAC) is proposed. Generally, the lower the frequency of the AC current, the higher the heat generation rate. Yet at low frequency, there is a risk of lithium-ion deposition during the half cycle of charging. This study develops a temperature-adaptive, deposition-free AC pre-heating method. a equivalent electric circuit(EEC) model is established to predict the heat generation rate and temperature status, whose parameters are calibrated from the EIS impedance measurements. The effects of current frequency and amplitude on the heating effect are investigated respectively. A multistep temperature-adaptive amplitude strategy is proposed and the cell can be heated from -20°C to 5°C within 509s at 100Hz frequency with this method.

Alternate-Fueled Combustion-Sector Emissions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Saxena, Nikita T.; Thomas, Anna E.; Shouse, Dale T.; Neuroth, Craig; Hendricks, Robert C.; Lynch, Amy; Frayne, Charles W.; Stutrud, Jeffrey S.; Corporan, Edwin; Hankins, Terry

2012-01-01

In order to meet rapidly growing demand for fuel, as well as address environmental concerns, the aviation industry has been testing alternate fuels for performance and technical usability in commercial and military aircraft. Currently, alternate aviation fuels must satisfy MIL-DTL- 83133F(2008) (military) or ASTM D 7566- Annex(2011) (commercial) standards and are termed drop-in fuel replacements. Fuel blends of up to 50% alternative fuel blended with petroleum (JP-8), which have become a practical alternative, are individually certified on the market. In order to make alternate fuels (and blends) a viable option for aviation, the fuel must be able to perform at a similar or higher level than traditional petroleum fuel. They also attempt to curb harmful emissions, and therefore a truly effective alternate fuel would emit at or under the level of currently used fuel. This paper analyzes data from gaseous and particulate emissions of an aircraft combustor sector. The data were evaluated at various inlet conditions, including variation in pressure and temperature, fuel-to-air ratios, and percent composition of alternate fuel. Traditional JP-8+100 data were taken as a baseline, and blends of JP- 8+100 with synthetic-paraffinic-kerosene (SPK) fuel (Fischer-Tropsch (FT)) were used for comparison. Gaseous and particulate emissions, as well as flame luminosity, were assessed for differences between FT composition of 0%, 50%, and 100%. The data showed that SPK fuel (a FT-derived fuel) had slightly lower harmful gaseous emissions, and smoke number information corroborated the hypothesis that SPK-FT fuels are cleaner burning fuels.

An Incubatable Direct Current Stimulation System for In Vitro Studies of Mammalian Cells

PubMed Central

Panitch, Alyssa; Caplan, Michael; Sweeney, James D.

2012-01-01

Abstract The purpose of this study was to provide a simplified alternative technology and format for direct current stimulation of mammalian cells. An incubatable reusable stimulator was developed that effectively delivers a regulated current and does not require constant monitoring. PMID:23514694

EPA Research on Health Effects of Biofuels: Studies with inhaled ethanol in rats.

EPA Science Inventory

The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 mandates increased use of alternative fuels in the American automobile fleet. Currently, the primary alternative to petroleum fuels is ethanol, and the public health risk associated with adding ethanol to gasoline at concentrations...

Biofuels health research at the EPA: Initial studies with inhaled ethanol in rats.

EPA Science Inventory

The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 mandates increased use of alternative fuels in the American automobile fleet. Currently, the primary alternative to petroleum fuels is ethanol, and the public health risk associated with adding ethanol to gasoline at concentrations...

78 FR 57218 - Proposed Collection; Comment Request for Form 8910

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-17

... 8910, Alternative Motor Vehicle Credit. DATES: Written comments should be received on or before... Motor Vehicle Credit. OMB Number: 1545-1998. Form Number: 8910. Abstract: Taxpayers will file Form 8910 to claim the credit for certain alternative motor vehicles placed in service after 2005. Current...

Evaluation of Educator & Student Use of & Attitudes toward Dissection & Dissection Alternatives

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Osenkowski, Pamela; Green, Che; Tjaden, Anne; Cunniff, Peggy

2015-01-01

Animal dissection has been routinely practiced in American biology classrooms for decades. With technological advancements, more states adopting student choice measures, and increased awareness about ethical concerns surrounding dissection, many useful dissection alternatives have been developed. To understand the current use of animal dissection…

SYNTHESIS OF PARTIAL-OXYGENATED HYDROCARBONS USING PHOTOCATALYSIS IN A LAMINAR FALLING FILM SLURRY REACTOR

EPA Science Inventory

The search for "Green" alternative processes for the oxidation of hydrocarbons selectively to partial oxygenates has been the subject of intense chemical research for many years. The USEPA is currently investigating an alternative synthesis pathway for the production of alcoho...

SYNTHESIS OF PARTIALLY-OXYGENATED HYDROCARBONS USING PHOTOCATALYSIS IN A LAMINAR FALLING FILM SLURRY REACTOR

EPA Science Inventory

The search for "Green" alternative processes for the oxidation of hydrocarbons selectively to partial oxygenates has been the subject of intense chemical research for many years. The USEPA is currently investigating an alternative synthesis pathway for the production of alcoho...

Food, Energy, and The Environment: Alternatives for Creating New Lifestyles.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sorrells, Nancy R.; Pimentel, David

1981-01-01

Provides background information on the interdependency of agriculture and ecological and social systems. Discusses in detail: (1) fossil energy and food production; (2) energy-intensive agriculture and environmental pollution; and (3) methods for developing alternatives. Includes recommendations to conserve fossil energy used in current food…

Herbs and alternative therapies: relevance to hypertension and cardiovascular diseases.

PubMed

Vora, Chaula K; Mansoor, George A

2005-08-01

Herbal remedies, supplements, and alternative therapeutic items are used by many patients with hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Scientific knowledge about their efficacy and safety is lacking, and unfortunately, physicians are frequently not aware that patients are using these nontraditional forms of medical care. Patients may anticipate physicians' disapproval of their use, or not realize that it is important for the physician to know what they are taking. Therefore, it is imperative that patients are asked nonjudgmental questions about current and past use of herbals and alternative therapies. Even when physicians are aware of such use, they feel poorly trained to identify the constituents and effects. Although many such therapies are innocuous, several herbal or alternative therapeutic items can significantly elevate blood pressure or cause interactions with cardiovascular drugs. Practitioners in cardiovascular medicine should be competent and know current scientific evidence for the benefits and adverse effects of herbal supplements and provide patients reasonable advice. In this brief article, we review the epidemiology of alternative therapy use, and select several important herbal or other supplements that patients with hypertension and cardiovascular diseases may be taking. We discuss the therapies considered biological in nature as opposed to mind-body interventions or manipulative body or energy therapies.

An Algorithm for Automated Rating of Reviewers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Riggs, Tracy; Wilensky, Robert

The current system for scholarly information dissemination may be amenable to significant improvement. In particular, going from the current system of journal publication to one of self-distributed documents offers significant cost and timeliness advantages. A major concern with such alternatives is how to provide the value currently afforded by…

30 CFR 77.901-1 - Grounding resistor; continuous current rating.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Grounding resistor; continuous current rating. 77.901-1 Section 77.901-1 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... OF UNDERGROUND COAL MINES Low- and Medium-Voltage Alternating Current Circuits § 77.901-1 Grounding...

30 CFR 77.901-1 - Grounding resistor; continuous current rating.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Grounding resistor; continuous current rating. 77.901-1 Section 77.901-1 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... OF UNDERGROUND COAL MINES Low- and Medium-Voltage Alternating Current Circuits § 77.901-1 Grounding...

30 CFR 77.901-1 - Grounding resistor; continuous current rating.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Grounding resistor; continuous current rating. 77.901-1 Section 77.901-1 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... OF UNDERGROUND COAL MINES Low- and Medium-Voltage Alternating Current Circuits § 77.901-1 Grounding...

30 CFR 77.901-1 - Grounding resistor; continuous current rating.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Grounding resistor; continuous current rating. 77.901-1 Section 77.901-1 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... OF UNDERGROUND COAL MINES Low- and Medium-Voltage Alternating Current Circuits § 77.901-1 Grounding...

30 CFR 77.901-1 - Grounding resistor; continuous current rating.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Grounding resistor; continuous current rating. 77.901-1 Section 77.901-1 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... OF UNDERGROUND COAL MINES Low- and Medium-Voltage Alternating Current Circuits § 77.901-1 Grounding...

30 CFR 75.703-2 - Approved grounding mediums.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Approved grounding mediums. 75.703-2 Section 75... mediums. For purposes of grounding offtrack direct-current machines, the following grounding mediums are... alternating current grounding medium where such machines are fed by an ungrounded direct-current power system...

30 CFR 75.703-2 - Approved grounding mediums.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Approved grounding mediums. 75.703-2 Section 75... mediums. For purposes of grounding offtrack direct-current machines, the following grounding mediums are... alternating current grounding medium where such machines are fed by an ungrounded direct-current power system...

30 CFR 75.703-2 - Approved grounding mediums.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Approved grounding mediums. 75.703-2 Section 75... mediums. For purposes of grounding offtrack direct-current machines, the following grounding mediums are... alternating current grounding medium where such machines are fed by an ungrounded direct-current power system...

30 CFR 75.703-2 - Approved grounding mediums.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Approved grounding mediums. 75.703-2 Section 75... mediums. For purposes of grounding offtrack direct-current machines, the following grounding mediums are... alternating current grounding medium where such machines are fed by an ungrounded direct-current power system...

30 CFR 75.703-2 - Approved grounding mediums.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Approved grounding mediums. 75.703-2 Section 75... mediums. For purposes of grounding offtrack direct-current machines, the following grounding mediums are... alternating current grounding medium where such machines are fed by an ungrounded direct-current power system...

Influence of Role-Switching on Phonetic Convergence in Conversation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pardo, Jennifer S.; Jay, Isabel Cajori; Hoshino, Risa; Hasbun, Sara Maria; Sowemimo-Coker, Chantal; Krauss, Robert M.

2013-01-01

The current study examined phonetic convergence when talkers alternated roles during conversational interaction. The talkers completed a map navigation task in which they alternated instruction Giver and Receiver roles across multiple map pairs. Previous studies found robust effects of the role of a talker on phonetic convergence, and it was…

Alternatives to Afrocentrism. Second Edition.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Miller, John J., Ed.

The essays in this collection place the current Afrocentric movement in its historical context and offer alternative suggestions about how to teach African American students about their history. The first section deals with the roots of Afrocentrism, analyzes the content of Afrocentric books and curricula, and discusses the impact of Afrocentrism…

Qualifications and Assignments of Alternatively Certified Teachers: Testing Core Assumptions

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cohen-Vogel, Lora; Smith, Thomas M.

2007-01-01

By analyzing data from the Schools and Staffing Survey, the authors empirically test four of the core assumptions embedded in current arguments for expanding alternative teacher certification (AC): AC attracts experienced candidates from fields outside of education; AC attracts top-quality, well-trained teachers; AC disproportionately trains…

Schools versus Students' Rights: Can Alternative Dispute Resolution Build a Community.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Goldberg, Steven S.

1995-01-01

Schools' regulation by external forces has rendered the education process secondary to avoidance of litigation. Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) provides an answer to the adversarial process currently in place within education. ADR offers negotiation and mediation as methods to resolve conflict, avoid litigation, and increase the likelihood of…

Mediation Plus Options To Resolve the "Real" Problems Underlying Disputes.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Beekman, Lyn

This paper discusses alternatives to court litigation in special education disputes between schools and parents of students with disabilities. It begins by describing problems with the current hearing process and dispelling myths about alternative dispute resolutions (ADR). The advantages and disadvantages of mediation are then outlined, along…

Alternative Nonvolatile Residue Analysis with Contaminant Identification Project

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Loftin, Kathleen (Compiler); Summerfield, Burton (Compiler); Thompson, Karen (Compiler); Mullenix, Pamela (Compiler); Zeitlin, Nancy (Compiler)

2015-01-01

Cleanliness verification is required in numerous industries including spaceflight ground support, electronics, medical and aerospace. Currently at KSC requirement for cleanliness verification use solvents that environmentally unfriendly. This goal of this project is to produce an alternative cleanliness verification technique that is both environmentally friendly and more cost effective.

Steam disinfestation as a methyl bromide alternative in California cut flower nurseries

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Steam may be an effective alternative to methyl bromide in cut flower production in California. Advantages of steam include broad spectrum pest control and a zero hour re-entry interval. The principle disadvantage of sheet steaming is cost effectiveness due to current energy prices and application...

Alternatives in Teacher Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Clements, Millard

This paper on alternatives in teacher education begins by analyzing the current emphasis on the scientific approach in education. The author finds the promise of the scientific approach to be illusory. He defines it as education that promotes behavior change in some desirable direction. However, this definition, which the author finds equally…

Problem Based Learning: An Alternative to Traditional Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rouse, Michael W.

1990-01-01

A growing number of health care educators are concerned with the effectiveness of the traditional approach for educating health care practitioners. The problem-based learning approach has been advocated as an effective alternative method for addressing many current concerns and for producing a more effective doctor. (Author/MSE)

Redesigning Supervision: Alternative Models for Student Teaching and Field Experiences

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rodgers, Adrian; Jenkins, Deborah Bainer

2010-01-01

In "Redesigning Supervision", active professionals in teacher education and professional development share research-based, alternative models for restructuring the way pre-service teachers are supervised. The authors examine the methods currently used and discuss how teacher educators have striven to change or renew these procedures. They then…

NONPROCESS SOLVENT USE IN THE FURNITURE REFINISHING AND REPAIR INDUSTRY: EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE CHEMICAL STRIPPERS

EPA Science Inventory

The report gives results of an evaluation of the feasibility of using alternatives to high volatile organic compound/hazardous air pollutant (VOC/HAP) solvent-based, chemical strippers that are currently used in the furniture repair and refinishing industry to remove both traditi...

75 FR 39969 - National Mall and Memorial Parks, Washington, DC; Final Environmental Impact Statement and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-13

... experience for the visitors to this symbolic and historic cultural landscape. During the preparation of the... landscape reports and inventories. No-Action Alternative Under the No-Action Alternative, current management... landscape, with the large amount of deferred maintenance and aging infrastructure, pedestrian and bicycle...

An examination of fuel particle heating during fire spread

Treesearch

Jack D. Cohen; Mark A. Finney

2010-01-01

Recent high intensity wildfires and our demonstrated inability to control extreme fire behavior suggest a need for alternative approaches for preventing wildfire disasters. Current fire spread models are not sufficiently based on a basic understanding of fire spread processes to provide more effective management alternatives. An experimental and theoretical approach...

77 FR 30308 - Proposed Renewal of Information Collection: Alternatives Process in Hydropower Licensing

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-22

... the Alternatives Process in Hydropower Licensing, OMB Control Number 1094-0001. FOR FURTHER... Interior, and Commerce collect the information covered by 1094-0001. Under FPA section 33, the Secretary of... Control Number: 1094-0001. Current Expiration Date: September 30, 2012. Type of Review: Information...

STC synthesis of transportation funding sources and alternatives in the southeastern states now and in the future : research project capsule.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2014-02-01

The purpose of this synthesis is to examine a wide variety of alternative funding mechanisms currently employed : by individual states and to comprehensively assess policy and fi nance proposals with respect to their suffi ciency, : pragmatism, and p...

Regional Planning in California: Objectives, Obstacles, and Alternatives

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Deegan, William L.; Alford, Janis C.

1976-01-01

At the direction of the California State Legislature, the authors explored regional planning in other states as well as in California in an effort to determine the advantages and disadvantages of voluntary versus mandated interinstitutional cooperation. In this revised report the current state of regional planning and various alternatives for…

Gas alternatives to carbon dioxide for euthanasia: A piglet perspective

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The search for alternative methods to euthanize piglets is critical to address the public’s concern that current methods are not acceptable. Scientific evidence support that blunt force trauma is humane when carried out correctly, but most people find it visually difficult to accept. The use of carb...

THE USE OF ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS FOR DAILY COVER AT MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE LANDFILLS. A Project Summary (EPA/600/SR-93/172)

EPA Science Inventory

This investigation was conducted to assess the applicability of currently available (ca. 1992) alternative materials for use as daily cover at landfills. Information on characteristics, material and equipment requirements, methods of preparation and application, climatic and ope...

Evaluation of organic alternatives for weed management in pulasan (Nephelium ramboutan-ake)

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

In Puerto Rico, most fruit crop growers use post-emergence synthetic herbicides as a major component of their weed management programs. Organic growers are not allowed to use synthetic herbicides; hence there is a need to develop alternative weed management strategies for current and prospective org...

Do Emotions Spark Interest in Alternative Tobacco Products?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Popova, Lucy; So, Jiyeon; Sangalang, Angeline; Neilands, Torsten B.; Ling, Pamela M.

2017-01-01

Background: Exposure to advertisements for tobacco products and tobacco warning labels evokes emotions. This study evaluated the association of discrete positive and negative emotions with interest in alternative tobacco products. Method: In 2013, 1,226 U.S. adult nonsmokers and current smokers viewed advertisements for moist snuff, snus, and…

77 FR 51762 - Proposed Information Collection; Comment Request; Economic Surveys for U.S. Commercial Fisheries

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-27

... through primary processing; (2) to analyze the economic performance effects of current management measures; and (3) to analyze the economic performance effects of alternative management measures. The measures... used to track economic performance and to evaluate the economic effects of alternative management...

Survey and Analysis of Alternative Education Programs II

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hosley, Nathaniel S.; Hosley, Jessica; Thein, Myint

2009-01-01

This research is a follow up to a similar study published by the Center for Rural Pennsylvania in 2003 in which researchers examined alternative education policies and practices among Pennsylvania school districts. The current study extended the previous research to include information on the perceptions of administrators and teachers on the…

A Data Envelopment Analysis Model for Renewable Energy Technology Selection

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Public and media interest in alternative energy sources, such as renewable fuels, has rapidly increased in recent years due to higher prices for oil and natural gas. However, the current body of research providing comparative decision making models that either rank these alternative energy sources a...

Designing and Implementing Effective In-School Alternatives to Suspension.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mizell, M. Hayes

Because of widespread disillusion with suspension as a discipline procedure, school officials are developing inschool alternative programs. Institution of such a program must begin with reflection about how current disciplinary programs are succeeding or failing. The primary purposes of the program must include helping the child and identifying…

Mesh may fit in as a termite barrier

Treesearch

Bradford M. Kard

1999-01-01

Stainless steel mesh tests are currently being conducted in an effort to investigate alternatives or supplements to termiticides for control of subterranean termites. Some people are extra sensitive to insecticides or would prefer to use non-insecticidal means to control termites, and stainless steel mesh may provide one such alternative.

Sustainable Agriculture in Print: Current Books. Special Reference Briefs: SRB 95-02.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Agricultural Library, Beltsville, MD.

Prepared by the Alternative Farming Systems Information Center (AFSIC) staff and volunteers, this annotated bibliography provides a list of 85 recently published books pertaining to sustainable agriculture. AFSIC focuses on alternative farming systems (e.g., sustainable, low-input, regenerative, biodynamic, and organic) that maintain agricultural…

Adult Human Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes: An Alternative Model for Evaluating Chemical and Environmental Pollutant Cardiotoxicity

EPA Science Inventory

Heart disease is increasing globally with a significant percentage of the increase being attributed to chemical and pollution exposures. Currently, no alternative or in vitro testing models exist to rapidly and accurately determine the cardiac effects of chemicals and/or pollutan...

Recommendations for Developing Alternative Test Methods for Screening and Prioritization of Chemicals for Developmental Neurotoxicity

EPA Science Inventory

Developmental neurotoxicity testing (DNT) is perceived by many stakeholders to be an area in critical need of alternative methods to current animal testing protocols and gUidelines. An immediate goal is to develop test methods that are capable of screening large numbers of chemic...

Lightweight, High-Current Welding Gun

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Starck, Thomas F.; Brennan, Andrew D.

1989-01-01

Lighweight resistance-welding, hand-held gun supplies alternating or direct current over range of 600 to 4,000 A and applies forces from 40 to 60 lb during welding. Used to weld metal sheets in multilayered stacks.

The Potential That Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems Can be a Disruptive Technology: Results From a National Survey.

PubMed

Pechacek, Terry F; Nayak, Pratibha; Gregory, Kyle R; Weaver, Scott R; Eriksen, Michael P

2016-10-01

This study evaluates the reasons for use and acceptance of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) among current and former cigarette smokers to assess if ENDS may become a satisfying alternative to cigarettes. Data are from a national probability sample of 5717 US adults, surveyed June-November 2014. The survey contained questions on awareness, usage, and reasons for use of traditional and novel tobacco products. The analytic sample was current and former smokers who ever used ENDS (n = 729) and was divided into four mutually exclusive categories. Among the 585 current smokers, 337 were no longer using ENDS ("E-Cig Rejecters"), and 248 were continuing to use both ENDS and cigarettes ("E-Cig Dual Users"). Among 144 former cigarette smokers, 101 were non-recent users of ENDS ("Quit All Products"), and 43 were continuing to use ENDS exclusively ("Switchers"). Former smokers (the "Switchers") report finding ENDS a satisfying alternative to regular cigarettes, with only 15.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.4-27.1) rating ENDS as less enjoyable than regular cigarettes. However, greater than fivefold more current smokers did not find them satisfying and stopped using them (77.3%; 95% CI 72.1-82.4 of "E-Cig Rejecters" rated ENDS as less enjoyable). Being less harmful was the most highly rated reason for continuing to use ENDS among "Switchers." Most (80.9%) "Switchers" reported that ENDS helped them quit cigarettes. Since many current smokers who have tried ENDS reject them as a satisfying alternative to regular cigarettes, ENDS will not replace regular cigarettes unless they improve. Since about one-half of recent former smokers are trying ENDS with about one-fourth continuing to use them, and many reporting that these products have helped them quit regular cigarettes, the potential impact of ENDS on population quit rates deserves continued surveillance. However, since most current smokers who have tried ENDS reject them as a satisfying alternative to regular cigarettes, the potential of ENDS becoming a disruptive technology replacing regular cigarettes remains uncertain. ENDS need to improve as a satisfying alternative or the attractiveness and appeal of the regular cigarette must be degraded to increase the potential of ENDS replacing regular cigarettes. © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.

The Potential That Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems Can be a Disruptive Technology: Results From a National Survey

PubMed Central

Nayak, Pratibha; Gregory, Kyle R.; Weaver, Scott R.; Eriksen, Michael P.

2016-01-01

Introduction: This study evaluates the reasons for use and acceptance of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) among current and former cigarette smokers to assess if ENDS may become a satisfying alternative to cigarettes. Methods: Data are from a national probability sample of 5717 US adults, surveyed June–November 2014. The survey contained questions on awareness, usage, and reasons for use of traditional and novel tobacco products. The analytic sample was current and former smokers who ever used ENDS (n = 729) and was divided into four mutually exclusive categories. Among the 585 current smokers, 337 were no longer using ENDS (“E-Cig Rejecters”), and 248 were continuing to use both ENDS and cigarettes (“E-Cig Dual Users”). Among 144 former cigarette smokers, 101 were non-recent users of ENDS (“Quit All Products”), and 43 were continuing to use ENDS exclusively (“Switchers”). Results: Former smokers (the “Switchers”) report finding ENDS a satisfying alternative to regular cigarettes, with only 15.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.4–27.1) rating ENDS as less enjoyable than regular cigarettes. However, greater than fivefold more current smokers did not find them satisfying and stopped using them (77.3%; 95% CI 72.1–82.4 of “E-Cig Rejecters” rated ENDS as less enjoyable). Being less harmful was the most highly rated reason for continuing to use ENDS among “Switchers.” Most (80.9%) “Switchers” reported that ENDS helped them quit cigarettes. Conclusion: Since many current smokers who have tried ENDS reject them as a satisfying alternative to regular cigarettes, ENDS will not replace regular cigarettes unless they improve. Implications: Since about one-half of recent former smokers are trying ENDS with about one-fourth continuing to use them, and many reporting that these products have helped them quit regular cigarettes, the potential impact of ENDS on population quit rates deserves continued surveillance. However, since most current smokers who have tried ENDS reject them as a satisfying alternative to regular cigarettes, the potential of ENDS becoming a disruptive technology replacing regular cigarettes remains uncertain. ENDS need to improve as a satisfying alternative or the attractiveness and appeal of the regular cigarette must be degraded to increase the potential of ENDS replacing regular cigarettes. PMID:27142201

Anchors weigh more than power: why absolute powerlessness liberates negotiators to achieve better outcomes.

PubMed

Schaerer, Michael; Swaab, Roderick I; Galinsky, Adam D

2015-02-01

The current research shows that having no power can be better than having a little power. Negotiators prefer having some power (weak negotiation alternatives) to having no power (no alternatives). We challenge this belief that having any alternative is beneficial by demonstrating that weak alternatives create low anchors that reduce the value of first offers. In contrast, having no alternatives is liberating because there is no anchor to weigh down first offers. In our experiments, negotiators with no alternatives felt less powerful but made higher first offers and secured superior outcomes compared with negotiators who had weak alternatives. We established the role of anchoring through mediation by first offers and through moderation by showing that weak alternatives no longer led to worse outcomes when negotiators focused on a countervailing anchor or when negotiators faced an opponent with a strong alternative. These results demonstrate that anchors can have larger effects than feelings of power. Absolute powerlessness can be psychologically liberating. © The Author(s) 2014.

Alternative Shapes and Shaping Techniques for Enhanced Transformer Ratios in Beam Driven Techniques

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lemery, F.; Piot, P.

The transformer ration of collinear beam-driven techniques can be significantly improved by shaping the current profile of the drive bunch. To date, several current shapes have been proposed to increase the transformer ratio and produce quasi-uniform energy loss within the drive bunch. Some of these tailoring techniques are possible as a results of recent beam-dynamics advances, e.g., transverse-to-longitudinal emittance exchanger. In ths paper, we propose an alternative class of longitudinal shapes that enable high transformer ratio and uniform energy loss across the drive bunch. We also suggest a simple method based on photocathode-laser shaping and passive shaping in wakefield structuremore » to realize shape close to the theoretically optimized current profiles.« less

Conflict control in task conflict and response conflict.

PubMed

Braverman, Ami; Meiran, Nachshon

2015-03-01

Studies have suggested that conflict control can modulate conflict effects in response to differing levels of conflict context. The current study probed, in two experiments of proportion congruence, the relevance of both task conflict (between a currently relevant task and irrelevant task alternatives) and response conflict (between a currently relevant response and irrelevant response alternatives) to conflict control. In Experiment 1, proportion congruence between blocks was manipulated and in Experiment 2, proportion congruence was manipulated between items. The response conflict effect was smaller when proportion of incongruence was high, regardless if task conflict or response conflict proportions were manipulated. These findings suggest that both task conflict and response conflict are monitored but that only response conflict is being influenced by this monitoring process. Theoretical implications are discussed.

Effect of Alternating Current on the Cathodic Protection and Interface Structure of X80 Steel

PubMed Central

Wang, Huiru; Du, Cuiwei; Liu, Zhiyong; Wang, Luntao; Ding, De

2017-01-01

This study employs potential-monitoring techniques, cyclic voltammetry tests, alternating current (AC) voltammetry methods, and surface characterization to investigate the AC corrosion of cathodically protected X80 pipeline steel. In a non-passive neutral solution at pH 7.2, a sufficiently negative potential completely protects steel at an AC current density of 100 A/m2. In an alkaline solution at pH 9.6, more serious AC corrosion occurs at more negative cathodic protection (CP) potential, whereas without CP the steel suffers negligible corrosion. In addition, the interface capacitance increases with AC amplitude. Based on these results, the AC corrosion mechanisms that function under various conditions are analyzed and described. PMID:28773211

Do Emotions Spark Interest in Alternative Tobacco Products?

PubMed

Popova, Lucy; So, Jiyeon; Sangalang, Angeline; Neilands, Torsten B; Ling, Pamela M

2017-08-01

Exposure to advertisements for tobacco products and tobacco warning labels evokes emotions. This study evaluated the association of discrete positive and negative emotions with interest in alternative tobacco products. In 2013, 1,226 U.S. adult nonsmokers and current smokers viewed advertisements for moist snuff, snus, and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) with various warning labels and then indicated their emotional responses in terms of anger, anxiety, sadness, guilt, disgust, discouragement, hope, and contentment. Outcomes were openness to using moist snuff, snus, and e-cigarettes in the future and interest in a free sample of each product. Data were analyzed in 2016. Hope was positively associated with openness and interest across all alternative tobacco products as was contentment for moist snuff and snus. Anger was negatively associated with openness to moist snuff and e-cigarettes, disgust negatively to moist snuff and snus, and anxiety negatively to e-cigarettes. Being a current smoker, ever trying a corresponding product, being male, and younger age were associated with greater openness to and interest in moist snuff and snus. For e-cigarettes, being a current smoker, ever trying e-cigarettes, and being female were associated with greater openness, and being a current smoker was associated with greater odds of selecting a free sample. Positive emotions, particularly hope, were consistently positively associated with interest in alternative tobacco products. Hope is widely used by tobacco and e-cigarette companies to advertise their products. Antitobacco messages should aim to lower hope associated with tobacco products but increase hope for cessation or life without tobacco.

Moral injury: A new challenge for complementary and alternative medicine.

PubMed

Kopacz, Marek S; Connery, April L; Bishop, Todd M; Bryan, Craig J; Drescher, Kent D; Currier, Joseph M; Pigeon, Wilfred R

2016-02-01

Moral injury represents an emerging clinical construct recognized as a source of morbidity in current and former military personnel. Finding effective ways to support those affected by moral injury remains a challenge for both biomedical and complementary and alternative medicine. This paper introduces the concept of moral injury and suggests two complementary and alternative medicine, pastoral care and mindfulness, which may prove useful in supporting military personnel thought to be dealing with moral injury. Research strategies for developing an evidence-base for applying these, and other, complementary and alternative medicine modalities to moral injury are discussed. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Three-Dimensional Magnetic Analysis Technique Developed for Evaluating Stirling Convertor Linear Alternators

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Geng, Steven M.

2003-01-01

The Department of Energy, the Stirling Technology Company (STC), and the NASA Glenn Research Center are developing Stirling convertors for Stirling radioisotope generators to provide electrical power for future NASA deep space missions. STC is developing the 55-We technology demonstration convertor (TDC) under contract to the Department of Energy. The Department of Energy recently named Lockheed Martin as the system integration contractor for the Stirling radioisotope generator development project. Lockheed Martin will develop the Stirling radioisotope generator engineering unit and has contract options to develop the qualification unit and the first flight unit. Glenn s role includes an in-house project to provide convertor, component, and materials testing and evaluation in support of the overall power system development. As a part of this work, Glenn has established an in-house Stirling research laboratory for testing, analyzing, and evaluating Stirling machines. STC has built four 55-We convertors for NASA, and these are being tested at Glenn. A cross-sectional view of the 55-We TDC is shown in the figure. Of critical importance to the successful development of the Stirling convertor for space power applications is the development of a lightweight and highly efficient linear alternator. In support, Glenn has been developing finite element analysis and finite element method tools for performing various linear alternator thermal and electromagnetic analyses and evaluating design configurations. A three-dimensional magnetostatic finite element model of STC's 55-We TDC linear alternator was developed to evaluate the demagnetization fields affecting the alternator magnets. Since the actual linear alternator hardware is symmetric to the quarter section about the axis of motion, only a quarter section of the alternator was modeled. The components modeled included the mover laminations, the neodymium-iron-boron magnets, the stator laminations, and the copper coils. The three-dimensional magnetostatic model was then coupled with a circuit simulator model of the alternator load and convertor controller. The coupled model was then used to generate alternator terminal voltage and current predictions. The predicted voltage and current waveforms agreed well with the experimental data, which tended to validate the accuracy of the coupled model. The model was then used to generate predictions of the demagnetization fields acting on the alternator magnets for the alternator under load. The preliminary model predictions indicate that the highest potential for demagnetization is along the inside surface of the uncovered magnets. The demagnetization field for the uncovered magnets when the mover is positioned at the end of a stroke is higher than it is when the mover is at the position of maximum induced voltage or maximum alternator current. Assuming normal load conditions, the model predicted that the onset of demagnetization is most likely to occur for magnet temperatures above 101 C.

Alternative splicing in cancers: From aberrant regulation to new therapeutics.

PubMed

Song, Xiaowei; Zeng, Zhenyu; Wei, Huanhuan; Wang, Zefeng

2018-03-01

Alternative splicing is one of the most common mechanisms for gene regulation in humans, and plays a vital role to increase the complexity of functional proteins. In this article, we seek to provide a general review on the relationships between alternative splicing and tumorigenesis. We briefly introduce the basic rules for regulation of alternative splicing, and discuss recent advances on dynamic regulation of alternative splicing in cancers by highlighting the roles of a variety of RNA splicing factors in tumorigenesis. We further discuss several important questions regarding the splicing of long noncoding RNAs and back-splicing of circular RNAs in cancers. Finally, we discuss the current technologies that can be used to manipulate alternative splicing and serve as potential cancer treatment. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Alternative, complementary and traditional medicine in Malaysia.

PubMed

Talib, N

2006-09-01

This paper sets out the practice of traditional, alternative and/or complementary medicine in Malaysia. It gives an overview of the types of alternative medicine available, and the legal regulation, or lack of it within the current setting. The relevant policies and governmental action in this area are highlighted. Relevant case law decisions in this area are also included. The practice of spiritual healing as one form of traditional medicine, and its role within the spectrum of alternative medicine is dealt with briefly. The significant question of integration of alternative medicine within the existing allopathic system is addressed. The paper concludes that as interest in, and usage of alternative medicine is not likely to decrease, certain measures must be taken by the relevant authorities to ensure among others, the safety and efficacy of these medicines.

Automated dredging and disposal alternatives management system (ADDAMS). Environmental effects of dredging. Technical note

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

This technical note describes the current capabilities and availability of the Automated Dredging and Disposal Alternatives Management System (ADDAMS). The technical note replaces the earlier Technical Note EEDP-06-12, which should be discarded. Planning, design, and management of dredging and dredged material disposal projects often require complex or tedious calculations or involve complex decision-making criteria. In addition, the evaluations often must be done for several disposal alternatives or disposal sites. ADDAMS is a personal computer (PC)-based system developed to assist in making such evaluations in a timely manner. ADDAMS contains a collection of computer programs (applications) designed to assist in managingmore » dredging projects. This technical note describes the system, currently available applications, mechanisms for acquiring and running the system, and provisions for revision and expansion.« less

Alternative Food Preservation Techniques, New Technology in Food Preparation and Appropriateness of Food Supply for the Permanently Manned Space Station

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Whelan, R. H.

1985-01-01

Alternative food preservation techniques are defined as unique processes and combinations of currently used processes for food preservation. Food preservation is the extension of the useful shelf-life of normally perishable foods (from harvest to final consumption) by controlling micro-organisms, enzymes, chemical changes, changes in sensory characteristics and the prevention of subsequent recontamination. The resulting products must comply with all applicable food manufacturing practice regulations and be safe. Most of the foods currently used in both space and military feeding are stabilized either by dehydration or the use of a terminal sterilization process. Other available options would be formulation to reduce water activity, the refrigeration and freezing of perishable foods, chemical addition, and physical treatment (ionizing or nonionizing radiation or mechanical action). These alternatives are considered and proposals made.

Preparation of scanning tunneling microscopy tips using pulsed alternating current etching

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Valencia, Victor A.; Thaker, Avesh A.; Derouin, Jonathan

An electrochemical method using pulsed alternating current etching (PACE) to produce atomically sharp scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) tips is presented. An Arduino Uno microcontroller was used to control the number and duration of the alternating current (AC) pulses, allowing for ready optimization of the procedures for both Pt:Ir and W tips using a single apparatus. W tips prepared using constant and pulsed AC power were compared. Tips fashioned using PACE were sharper than those etched with continuous AC power alone. Pt:Ir tips were prepared with an initial coarse etching stage using continuous AC power followed by fine etching using PACE.more » The number and potential of the finishing AC pulses was varied and scanning electron microscope imaging was used to compare the results. Finally, tip quality using the optimized procedures was verified by UHV-STM imaging. With PACE, at least 70% of the W tips and 80% of the Pt:Ir tips were of sufficiently high quality to obtain atomically resolved images of HOPG or Ni(111)« less

Recent Advances in Alternating Current-Driven Organic Light-Emitting Devices.

PubMed

Pan, Yufeng; Xia, Yingdong; Zhang, Haijuan; Qiu, Jian; Zheng, Yiting; Chen, Yonghua; Huang, Wei

2017-11-01

Organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs), typically operated with constant-voltage or direct-current (DC) power sources, are candidates for next-generation solid-state lighting and displays, as they are light, thin, inexpensive, and flexible. However, researchers have focused mainly on the device itself (e.g., development of novel materials, design of the device structure, and optical outcoupling engineering), and little attention has been paid to the driving mode. Recently, an alternative concept to DC-driven OLEDs by directly driving devices using time-dependent voltages or alternating current (AC) has been explored. Here, the effects of different device structures of AC-driven OLEDs, for example, double-insulation, single-insulation, double-injection, and tandem structure, on the device performance are systematically investigated. The formation of excitons and the dielectric layer, which are important to achieve high-performance AC-driven OLEDs, are carefully considered. The importance of gaining further understanding of the fundamental properties of AC-driven OLEDs is then discussed, especially as they relate to device physics. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Unlocking data: federated identity with LSDMA and dCache

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Millar, AP; Behrmann, G.; Bernardt, C.; Fuhrmann, P.; Hardt, M.; Hayrapetyan, A.; Litvintsev, D.; Mkrtchyan, T.; Rossi, A.; Schwank, K.

2015-12-01

X.509, the dominant identity system from grid computing, has proved unpopular for many user communities. More popular alternatives generally assume the user is interacting via their web-browser. Such alternatives allow a user to authenticate with many services with the same credentials (user-name and password). They also allow users from different organisations form collaborations quickly and simply. Scientists generally require that their custom analysis software has direct access to the data. Such direct access is not currently supported by alternatives to X.509, as they require the use of a web-browser. Various approaches to solve this issue are being investigated as part of the Large Scale Data Management and Analysis (LSDMA) project, a German funded national R&D project. These involve dynamic credential translation (creating an X.509 credential) to allow backwards compatibility in addition to direct SAML- and OpenID Connect-based authentication. We present a summary of the current state of art and the current status of the federated identity work funded by the LSDMA project along with the future road map.

Inclinometer--time-domain reflectometry comparative study : research implementation plan.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2005-10-01

ODOT currently uses slope indicator probing to analyze subsurface conditions at roadway landslide : locations. However, the current method is subject to several limitations, and time domain reflectometry : (TDR) has been proposed as an alternative to...

LOW-LEVEL DIRECT CURRENT AMPLIFIER

DOEpatents

Kerns, Q.A.

1959-05-01

A d-c amplifier is described. Modulation is provided between a d-c signal and an alternating current to give an output signal proportional to the d- c signal. The circuit has high sensitivity and accuracy. (T.R.H.)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Carlson, Thomas J.; Myjak, Mitchell J.

At the request of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District, researchers from Pacific Northwest National Laboratory investigated the use of an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) to reduce the weight and volume of Juvenile Salmon Acoustic Telemetry System (JSATS) transmitters while retaining current functionality. Review of the design of current JSATS transmitters identified components that could be replaced by an ASIC while retaining the function of the current transmitter and offering opportunities to extend function if desired. ASIC design alternatives were identified that could meet transmitter weight and volume targets of 200 mg and 100 mm3. If alternatives tomore » the cylindrical batteries used in current JSATS transmitters can be identified, it could be possible to implant ASIC-based JSATS transmitters by injection rather than surgery. Using criteria for the size of fish suitable for surgical implantation of current JSATS transmitters, it was concluded that fish as small as 70 mm in length could be implanted with an ASIC-based transmitter, particularly if implantation by injection became feasible.« less

Magnetic field deformation due to electron drift in a Hall thruster

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liang, Han; Yongjie, Ding; Xu, Zhang; Liqiu, Wei; Daren, Yu

2017-01-01

The strength and shape of the magnetic field are the core factors in the design of the Hall thruster. However, Hall current can affect the distribution of static magnetic field. In this paper, the Particle-In-Cell (PIC) method is used to obtain the distribution of Hall current in the discharge channel. The Hall current is separated into a direct and an alternating part to calculate the induced magnetic field using Finite Element Method Magnetics (FEMM). The results show that the direct Hall current decreases the magnetic field strength in the acceleration region and also changes the shape of the magnetic field. The maximum reduction in radial magnetic field strength in the exit plane is 10.8 G for an anode flow rate of 15 mg/s and the maximum angle change of the magnetic field line is close to 3° in the acceleration region. The alternating Hall current induces an oscillating magnetic field in the whole discharge channel. The actual magnetic deformation is shown to contain these two parts.

Sustained diffusive alternating current gliding arc discharge in atmospheric pressure air

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, Jiajian; Gao, Jinlong; Li, Zhongshan; Ehn, Andreas; Aldén, Marcus; Larsson, Anders; Kusano, Yukihiro

2014-12-01

Rapid transition from glow discharge to thermal arc has been a common problem in generating stable high-power non-thermal plasmas especially at ambient conditions. A sustained diffusive gliding arc discharge was generated in a large volume in atmospheric pressure air, driven by an alternating current (AC) power source. The plasma column extended beyond the water-cooled stainless steel electrodes and was stabilized by matching the flow speed of the turbulent air jet with the rated output power. Comprehensive investigations were performed using high-speed movies measured over the plasma column, synchronized with simultaneously recorded current and voltage waveforms. Dynamic details of the novel non-equilibrium discharge are revealed, which is characterized by a sinusoidal current waveform with amplitude stabilized at around 200 mA intermediate between thermal arc and glow discharge, shedding light to the governing mechanism of the sustained spark-suppressed AC gliding arc discharge.

Combined Effect of Alternating Current Interference and Cathodic Protection on Pitting Corrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of X70 Pipeline Steel in Near-Neutral pH Environment.

PubMed

Wang, Liwei; Cheng, Lianjun; Li, Junru; Zhu, Zhifu; Bai, Shuowei; Cui, Zhongyu

2018-03-22

Influence of alternating current (AC) on pitting corrosion and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of X70 pipeline steel in the near-neutral pH environment under cathodic protection (CP) was investigated. Both corrosion and SCC are inhibited by -0.775 V SCE CP without AC interference. With the superimposition of AC current (1-10 mA/cm²), the direct current (DC) potential shifts negatively under the CP of -0.775 V SCE and the cathodic DC current decreases and shifts to the anodic direction. Under the CP potential of -0.95 V SCE and -1.2 V SCE , the applied AC current promotes the cathodic reaction and leads to the positive shift of DC potential and increase of cathodic current. Local anodic dissolution occurs attributing to the generated anodic current transients in the positive half-cycle of the AC current, resulting in the initiation of corrosion pits (0.6-2 μm in diameter). AC enhances the SCC susceptibility of X70 steel under -0.775 V SCE CP, attributing to the promotion of anodic dissolution and hydrogen evolution. Even an AC current as low as 1 mA/cm² can enhance the SCC susceptibility.

Resurgence with and without an alternative response.

PubMed

Kimball, Ryan T; Kelley, Michael E; Podlesnik, Christopher A; Forton, Alex; Hinkle, Brandy

2018-05-10

Resurgence is the reemergence of a previously reinforced response that occurs after the elimination or reduction of reinforcement for an alternative response. Resurgence is problematic in the context of treatment because the reemergence of a previously reinforced destructive response could be detrimental to treatment gains. In the current translational study, we examined a modified resurgence procedure in which the alternative response was either present or absent during extinction. Four participants were exposed to three phases that consisted of (1) reinforcement of a target response, (2) extinction of the target response and differential reinforcement of an alternative response, and (3) extinction of both responses. Results for four out of five assessments showed greater resurgence when the alternative response was absent during Phase 3. Results suggest that more robust resurgence might occur if the alternative response is not available as opposed to the alternative response contacting extinction. © 2018 Society for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior.

Study of alternatives to the Natural Gas Policy Act of 1978

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1981-11-01

This report presents the results of the Department of Energy's review of natural gas policies. Its purpose is to define and evaluate alternatives to current policy which deregulate the US natural gas market. The review was initiated in March of 1981 for three reasons. First, natural gas plays a critical role in US energy markets, accounting for 25 percent of US energy use. Second, oil and gas market conditions have changed considerably since current natural gas policies were established in 1978. Indeed, in recognition of these changes, Congress modified national policy on gas use during the budget reconciliation process. Third,more » the Administration is committed to evaluating whether the costs of massive Federal intervention into the operation of markets outweigh the benefits. This study focuses on the wellhead and incremental pricing provisions of the Natural Gas Policy Act of 1978 (NGPA). It seeks to quantify the costs and benefits of alternative natural gas strategies. Specifically, the study evaluates the impacts of proposals to modify the NGPA on: efficiency of natural gas markets; oil import levels and energy security; supply, demand, and price of natural gas; performance of the US economy; and consumer wellbeing. The consequences of current and alternative gas policies under mid-range assumptions about future conditions are presented in Chapters II-V. Substantial uncertainty, however, surrounds the future course of the US natural gas market.« less

Nicotine Induced CpG methylation of Pax6 binding motif in StAR promoter reduces the gene expression and cortisol production

PubMed Central

Wang, Tingting; Chen, Man; Liu, Lian; Cheng, Huaiyan; Yan, You-E; Feng, Ying-Hong; Wang, Hui

2011-01-01

Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) mediates the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of steroid hormones, essential to fetal development. We have reported that the StAR expression in fetal adrenal is inhibited in a rat model of nicotine-induced intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Here using primary human fetal adrenal cortex (pHFAC) cells and a human fetal adrenal cell line NCI-H295A, we show that nicotine inhibits StAR expression and cortisol production in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and prolongs the inhibitory effect on cells proliferating over 5 passages after termination of nicotine treatment. Methylation detection within the StAR promoter region uncovers a single site CpG methylation at nt −377 that is sensitive to nicotine treatment. Nicotine-induced alterations in frequency of this point methylation correlates well with the levels of StAR expression, suggesting an important role of the single site in regulating StAR expression. Further studies using bioinformatics analysis and siRNA approach reveal that the single CpG site is part of the Pax6 binding motif (CGCCTGA) in the StAR promoter. The luciferase activity assays validate that Pax6 increases StAR gene expression by binding to the glucagon G3-like motif (CGCCTGA) and methylation of this site blocks Pax6 binding and thus suppresses StAR expression. These data identify a nicotine-sensitive CpG site at the Pax6 binding motif in the StAR promoter that may play a central role in regulating StAR expression. The results suggest an epigenetic mechanism that may explain how nicotine contributes to onset of adult diseases or disorders such as metabolic syndrome via fetal programming. PMID:21971485

Evidence Report: Risk of Inadequate Human-Computer Interaction

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Holden, Kritina; Ezer, Neta; Vos, Gordon

2013-01-01

Human-computer interaction (HCI) encompasses all the methods by which humans and computer-based systems communicate, share information, and accomplish tasks. When HCI is poorly designed, crews have difficulty entering, navigating, accessing, and understanding information. HCI has rarely been studied in an operational spaceflight context, and detailed performance data that would support evaluation of HCI have not been collected; thus, we draw much of our evidence from post-spaceflight crew comments, and from other safety-critical domains like ground-based power plants, and aviation. Additionally, there is a concern that any potential or real issues to date may have been masked by the fact that crews have near constant access to ground controllers, who monitor for errors, correct mistakes, and provide additional information needed to complete tasks. We do not know what types of HCI issues might arise without this "safety net". Exploration missions will test this concern, as crews may be operating autonomously due to communication delays and blackouts. Crew survival will be heavily dependent on available electronic information for just-in-time training, procedure execution, and vehicle or system maintenance; hence, the criticality of the Risk of Inadequate HCI. Future work must focus on identifying the most important contributing risk factors, evaluating their contribution to the overall risk, and developing appropriate mitigations. The Risk of Inadequate HCI includes eight core contributing factors based on the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS): (1) Requirements, policies, and design processes, (2) Information resources and support, (3) Allocation of attention, (4) Cognitive overload, (5) Environmentally induced perceptual changes, (6) Misperception and misinterpretation of displayed information, (7) Spatial disorientation, and (8) Displays and controls.

Determination of crystal-field energy levels and temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibility for Dy3+ in [Dy2Pd] heterometallic complex.

PubMed

Karbowiak, Mirosław; Rudowicz, Czesław; Ishida, Takayuki

2013-11-18

This study is the first in a series of experimental and theoretical investigations of the crystal-field (CF) energy levels obtained from optical electronic spectra for selected heterometallic 4f-3d compounds intensively studied for the development of novel single-molecule magnets (SMMs). An intriguing question is why the [{Dy(III)(hfac)3}2Cu(II)(dpk)2] (abbreviated as [Dy2Cu]; Hhfac = 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoropentane-2,4-dione, Hdpk = di-2-pyridyl ketoxime) has antiferromagnetic coupling, whereas [Gd2Cu] and heavy [Ln2Cu] systems usually show ferromagnetic coupling. As the first step to explain this peculiarity, the recently synthesized complex, [Dy2Pd], is investigated. This complex is isostructural with [Dy2Cu] yet contains the diamagnetic Pd ion instead of the magnetic Cu(II) ion. Experimental energy levels of Dy(3+) ions in the powder [Dy2Pd] sample were determined from the 4.2 K absorption spectra. CF analysis was performed yielding the fitted free ion and CF parameters. The number of freely varied parameters was restricted using the superposition model. The fittings yield very satisfactory agreement between the experimental and the calculated energy levels (rms = 12.0 cm(-1)). The energies and exact composition of the state vector for the ground multiplet (6)H(15/2) of Dy(3+) are determined. These results are used for the simulation of the temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility, which enables the theoretical interpretation of the experimentally measured magnetic susceptibility in the range 1.8-300 K for the [Dy2Pd] complex. This study provides background for the subsequent investigation of the magnetic exchange interactions in the pertinent heterometallic complexes.

Mixing enhancement by biologically inspired convection in a micro-chamber using alternating current galvanotactic control of the Tetrahymena pyriformis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Jihoon; Jang, Yonghee; Byun, Doyoung; Hyung Kim, Dal; Jun Kim, Min

2013-09-01

Recently, there has been increasing interest in the swimming behavior of microorganisms and biologically inspired micro-robots. In this study, we investigated biologically induced convection flow with living microorganism using galvanotaxis. We fabricated and evaluated our micro-mixer with motile cells. For the cell based active micro-mixers, two miscible fluids were used to measure the mixing index. Under alternating current (AC) electric fields with varying frequency, a group of motile Tetrahymena pyriformis cells generated reciprocal motion with circulating flows around their pathline, enhancing the mixing ratio.

The electrocardiogram as an electronic filter and why ac circuits are important for pre-health physics students

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dunlap, Justin C.; Kutschera, Ellynne; Van Ness, Grace R.; Widenhorn, Ralf

2015-01-01

We present a general physics laboratory exercise that centres around the use of the electrocardiogram sensor as an application of circuits and electronic signal filtering. Although these topics are commonly taught in the general physics classroom, many students consider topics such as alternating current as unrelated to their future professions. This exercise provides the motivation for life science and pre-health majors to learn concepts such as voltage, resistance, alternating and direct current, RLC circuits, as well as signal and noise, in an introductory undergraduate physics lab.

Electro-Mechanical Resonance Curves

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Greenslade, Thomas B., Jr.

2018-01-01

Recently I have been investigating the frequency response of galvanometers. These are direct-current devices used to measure small currents. By using a low-frequency function generator to supply the alternating-current signal and a stopwatch smartphone app to measure the period, I was able to take data to allow a resonance curve to be drawn. This…

76 FR 79708 - Draft Environmental Impact Statement/General Management Plan, Golden Gate National Recreation...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-22

...). The Plan/DEIS evaluates four alternatives for updating the current approach to management in Golden.... In recognition of the complexity of the proposed plan alternatives, and with deference to interest... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR National Park Service [NPS-PWR-PWRO-1108-8862; 2031-A038-409] Draft...

Application of the Cross Battery Approach in the Assessment of American Indian Children: A Viable Alternative.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Plank, Gary A.

2001-01-01

Current psychometric and testing practices are inadequate for assessing the intelligence of American Indian students, due to complicating factors of culture and language. These deficient methods are then used to make educational decisions, resulting in improper special education placements. The benefits of alternative methods of testing, including…

Alternative Conceptions Concerning the Earth's Interior Exhibited by Honduran Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Capps, Daniel K.; McAllister, Meredith; Boone, William J.

2013-01-01

Although multiple studies of misconceptions in Earth science have been completed using samples of North American and European students and teachers, little research has been conducted on alternative Earth science conceptions in developing countries. The current study was conducted in 5th- and 6th-grade classrooms in eastern Honduras, Central…

Argumentation, Dialogue Theory, and Probability Modeling: Alternative Frameworks for Argumentation Research in Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nussbaum, E. Michael

2011-01-01

Toulmin's model of argumentation, developed in 1958, has guided much argumentation research in education. However, argumentation theory in philosophy and cognitive science has advanced considerably since 1958. There are currently several alternative frameworks of argumentation that can be useful for both research and practice in education. These…

Alternatives to in vivo Tests to Detect Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) in Fish and Amphibians

EPA Science Inventory

A significant amount of current research in risk assessment of chemicals is targeted to evaluate alternative test methods that may reduce, replace or refine the use of animals, while ensuring human and environmental health and safety. In 2009, the US EPA began implementation of t...

Implementing a Tier 2 Behavioral Intervention in a Therapeutic Alternative High School Program

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fallon, Lindsay M.; Feinberg, Adam B.

2017-01-01

The research base for Check-in, Check-out (CICO), a targeted behavioral intervention within a schoolwide positive behavioral interventions and supports framework, is growing. However, little has been written about its application in therapeutic alternative programs. To extend the literature base, the current article describes a study conducted…

Turkish High School Students' Ideas about Invertebrates: General Characteristics and Classification

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cinici, Ayhan

2013-01-01

Identifying alternative conceptions is a vital part of teaching and learning in science because it provides information about students' ideas to both themselves and their teachers. In this context, the purpose of the current study is twofold. The first aim is to examine high school students' alternative conceptions about general characteristics…

Effects of an Alternative to Suspension Intervention in a Therapeutic High School

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hernandez-Melis, Claudia; Fenning, Pamela; Lawrence, Elizabeth

2016-01-01

The purpose of the current study was to assess the effects of an alternative to suspension intervention on students' subsequent major referrals. The intervention included activities designed to teach social coping strategies as well as mediation to resolve interpersonal conflicts. The intervention was implemented in a therapeutic high school, and…

An Alternative Route to Teaching Fraction Division: Abstraction of Common Denominator Algorithm

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zembat, Ismail Özgür

2015-01-01

From a curricular stand point, the traditional invert and multiply algorithm for division of fractions provides few affordances for linking to a rich understanding of fractions. On the other hand, an alternative algorithm, called common denominator algorithm, has many such affordances. The current study serves as an argument for shifting…

Continuing Development of Alternative High-Throughput Screens to Determine Endocrine Disruption, Focusing on Androgen Receptor, Steroidogenesis, and Thyroid Pathways

EPA Science Inventory

The focus of this meeting is the SAP's review and comment on the Agency's proposed high-throughput computational model of androgen receptor pathway activity as an alternative to the current Tier 1 androgen receptor assay (OCSPP 890.1150: Androgen Receptor Binding Rat Prostate Cyt...

The Gift Paradigm in Early Childhood Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Vaughan, Genevieve; Estola, Eila

2007-01-01

This paper promotes a philosophy derived from the direct distribution of goods to needs that occur in mothering and invisibly in many other aspects of life. Such a philosophy is suggested as an alternative to market based values, which currently permeate society. It is important to bring alternative values to consciousness and validate them for…

Benchmarking--Current Availability, Possible New National Alternatives, and Making a Contribution to the Discussion

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Atchison, Eric S.; Hosch, Braden J.

2015-01-01

This chapter synthesizes the national discussion on other solutions to the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), such as a national student record system, and complications. The authors will briefly examine the pros and cons of IPEDS while primarily focusing on national alternatives, as well providing specific examples for…

Social Work Education on Mental Health: Postmodern Discourse and the Medical Model

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Casstevens, W. J.

2010-01-01

This article provides a pedagogical approach to presenting alternatives along with the traditional medical model in the context of mental health treatment and service provision. Given the current influence of the medical model in community mental health, this article outlines a rationale for challenging the model and considering alternative models…

Stickie removal using neutral enzymatic repulping pressure screening

Treesearch

Marguerite Sykes; John Klungness; Roland Gleisner; Said Abubakr

1998-01-01

Removal of stickie contaminants is currently a major focus of paper recycling research. Medium consistency alkaline repulping followed by pressure screening has proven to be effective for stickie removal. There is, however, an alternate method that is equally effective and more environmentally benign. This study compares the effectiveness of this alternative method,...

Application of Small-Scale Systems: Evaluation of Alternatives

Treesearch

John Wilhoit; Robert Rummer

1999-01-01

Large-scale mechanized systems are not well-suited for harvesting smaller tracts of privately owned forest land. New alternative small-scale harvesting systems are needed which utilize mechanized felling, have a low capital investment requirement, are small in physical size, and are based primarily on adaptations of current harvesting technology. This paper presents...

Self-adaptive Solution Strategies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Padovan, J.

1984-01-01

The development of enhancements to current generation nonlinear finite element algorithms of the incremental Newton-Raphson type was overviewed. Work was introduced on alternative formulations which lead to improve algorithms that avoid the need for global level updating and inversion. To quantify the enhanced Newton-Raphson scheme and the new alternative algorithm, the results of several benchmarks are presented.

Use of wood as an alternative fuel to coal and natural gas at the Holnam Cement Plant, north of LaPorte, Colorado

Treesearch

Kurt H. Mackes

2001-01-01

The Holnam Company currently operates a cement plant north of Laporte, CO. The plant is attempting to use wood as an alternate fuel to coal and natural gas. The principal objective of this project is to investigate the extended use of wood as an alternate fuel at the plant. Tests conducted at Holnam indicate that wood is suitable for use at the plant and Holnam could...

76 FR 31467 - Guide Concerning Fuel Economy Advertising for New Automobiles

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-01

...The Federal Trade Commission (``FTC'' or ``Commission'') gives notice that it is postponing any amendments to its Guide Concerning Fuel Economy Advertising for New Automobiles (``Fuel Economy Guide'' or ``Guide'') pending completion of ongoing review by the Environmental Protection Agency (``EPA'') and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (``NHTSA'') of current fuel economy labeling requirements and the Commission's accelerated regulatory review of its own Labeling Requirements for Alternative Fuels and Alternative Fueled Vehicles Rule (``Alternative Fuels Rule'').

Aircraft Electronics Maintenance Training Simulator. Curriculum Outlines.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Blackhawk Technical Coll., Janesville, WI.

Instructional materials are provided for nine courses in an aircraft electronics maintenance training program. Courses are as follows: aviation basic electricity, direct current and alternating current electronics, basic avionic installations, analog electronics, digital electronics, microcomputer electronics, radio communications, aircraft…

A validation study of an alternate state science assessment: Alignment of the Pennsylvania Alternate System of Assessment (PASA) science assessment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Heh, Peter

The current study examined the validation and alignment of the PASA-Science by determining whether the alternate science assessment anchors linked to the regular education science anchors; whether the PASA-Science assessment items are science; whether the PASA-Science assessment items linked to the alternate science eligible content, and what PASA-Science assessment content was considered important by parents and teachers. Special education and science education university faculty determined all but one alternate science assessment anchor linked to the regular science assessment anchors. Special education and science education teachers determined that the PASA-Science assessment items are indeed science and linked to the alternate science eligible content. Finally, parents and teachers indicated the most important science content assessed in the PASA-Science involved safety and independence.

Complementary and alternative medicine: a survey of its use in pediatric cardiology.

PubMed

Adams, Denise; Whidden, Ashley; Honkanen, Meeri; Dagenais, Simon; Clifford, Tammy; Baydala, Lola; King, W James; Vohra, Sunita

2014-10-01

The use of complementary and alternative medicine is high among children and youth with chronic illnesses, including patients with cardiac conditions. Our goal was to assess the prevalence and patterns of such use among patients presenting to academic pediatric cardiology clinics in Canada. A survey instrument was developed to inquire about current or previous use of complementary and alternative medicine products and practices, including indications, beliefs, sources of information and whether this use was discussed with physicians. Between February and July 2007, the survey was administered to patients (or their parents/guardians) presenting to 2 hospital-based cardiology clinics: the Stollery Children's Hospital in Edmonton, Alberta, and the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario in Ottawa, Ontario. At the Stollery Children's Hospital, 64.1% of the 145 respondents had used complementary and alternative medicine compared with 35.5% of the 31 respondents at the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (p = 0.003). Overall, the most common products in current use were multivitamins (70.6%), vitamin C (22.1%), calcium (13.2%), unspecified "cold remedies" (11.8%) and fish oil or omega-3 fatty acids (11.8%). The most common practices in current use were massage (37.5%), faith healing (25.0%), chiropractic (20.0%), aromatherapy (15.0%) and Aboriginal healing (7.5%). Many patients (44.9%) used complementary and alternative medicine products at the same time as conventional prescription drugs. Concurrent use was discussed with physicians or pharmacists by 64.3% and 31.3% of respondents, respectively. Use of complementary and alternative medicine products and practices was high among patients seen in the pediatric cardiology clinics in our study. Most respondents believed that the use of these products and practices was helpful; few reported harms and many did not discuss this use with their physicians, increasing the potential for interactions with prescribed medications.

Complementary and alternative medicine: a survey of its use in pediatric cardiology

PubMed Central

Adams, Denise; Whidden, Ashley; Honkanen, Meeri; Dagenais, Simon; Clifford, Tammy; Baydala, Lola; King, W. James

2014-01-01

Background The use of complementary and alternative medicine is high among children and youth with chronic illnesses, including patients with cardiac conditions. Our goal was to assess the prevalence and patterns of such use among patients presenting to academic pediatric cardiology clinics in Canada. Methods A survey instrument was developed to inquire about current or previous use of complementary and alternative medicine products and practices, including indications, beliefs, sources of information and whether this use was discussed with physicians. Between February and July 2007, the survey was administered to patients (or their parents/guardians) presenting to 2 hospital-based cardiology clinics: the Stollery Children’s Hospital in Edmonton, Alberta, and the Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario in Ottawa, Ontario. Results At the Stollery Children’s Hospital, 64.1% of the 145 respondents had used complementary and alternative medicine compared with 35.5% of the 31 respondents at the Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario (p = 0.003). Overall, the most common products in current use were multivitamins (70.6%), vitamin C (22.1%), calcium (13.2%), unspecified “cold remedies” (11.8%) and fish oil or omega-3 fatty acids (11.8%). The most common practices in current use were massage (37.5%), faith healing (25.0%), chiropractic (20.0%), aromatherapy (15.0%) and Aboriginal healing (7.5%). Many patients (44.9%) used complementary and alternative medicine products at the same time as conventional prescription drugs. Concurrent use was discussed with physicians or pharmacists by 64.3% and 31.3% of respondents, respectively. Interpretation Use of complementary and alternative medicine products and practices was high among patients seen in the pediatric cardiology clinics in our study. Most respondents believed that the use of these products and practices was helpful; few reported harms and many did not discuss this use with their physicians, increasing the potential for interactions with prescribed medications. PMID:25485246

Transient analysis of unbalanced short circuits of the ERDA-NASA 100 kW wind turbine alternator

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hwang, H. H.; Gilbert, L. J.

1976-01-01

Unbalanced short-circuit faults on the alternator of the ERDA-NASA Mod-O100-kW experimental wind turbine are studied. For each case, complete solutions for armature, field, and damper-circuit currents; short-circuit torque; and open-phase voltage are derived directly by a mathematical analysis. Formulated results are tabulated. For the Mod-O wind turbine alternator, numerical calculations are given, and results are presented by graphs. Comparisons for significant points among the more important cases are summarized. For these cases the transients are found to be potentially severe. The effect of the alternator neutral-to-ground impedance is evaluated.

Airports offer unrealized potential for alternative energy production.

PubMed

DeVault, Travis L; Belant, Jerrold L; Blackwell, Bradley F; Martin, James A; Schmidt, Jason A; Wes Burger, L; Patterson, James W

2012-03-01

Scaling up for alternative energy such as solar, wind, and biofuel raises a number of environmental issues, notably changes in land use and adverse effects on wildlife. Airports offer one of the few land uses where reductions in wildlife abundance and habitat quality are necessary and socially acceptable, due to risk of wildlife collisions with aircraft. There are several uncertainties and limitations to establishing alternative energy production at airports, such as ensuring these facilities do not create wildlife attractants or other hazards. However, with careful planning, locating alternative energy projects at airports could help mitigate many of the challenges currently facing policy makers, developers, and conservationists.

Refractory Materials for Flame Deflector Protection System Corrosion Control: Flame Deflector Protection System Life Cycle Cost Analysis Report

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Calle, Luz Marina; Hintze, Paul E.; Parlier, Christopher R.; Coffman, Brekke E.; Kolody, Mark R.; Curran, Jerome P.; Trejo, David; Reinschmidt, Ken; Kim, Hyung-Jin

2009-01-01

A 20-year life cycle cost analysis was performed to compare the operational life cycle cost, processing/turnaround timelines, and operations manpower inspection/repair/refurbishment requirements for corrosion protection of the Kennedy Space Center launch pad flame deflector associated with the existing cast-in-place materials and a newer advanced refractory ceramic material. The analysis compared the estimated costs of(1) continuing to use of the current refractory material without any changes; (2) completely reconstructing the flame trench using the current refractory material; and (3) completely reconstructing the flame trench with a new high-performance refractory material. Cost estimates were based on an analysis of the amount of damage that occurs after each launch and an estimate of the average repair cost. Alternative 3 was found to save $32M compared to alternative 1 and $17M compared to alternative 2 over a 20-year life cycle.

Using an alternate light source to detect electrically singed feathers and hair in a forensic setting.

PubMed

Viner, Tabitha C; Kagan, Rebecca A; Johnson, Jennifer L

2014-01-01

Mortality due to electrical injury in wildlife may occur in the form of lightning strike or power line contact. Evidence of electrical contact may be grossly obvious, with extensive singeing, curling, and blackening of feathers, fur, or skin. Occasionally, changes may be subtle, owing to lower current or reduced conductivity, making a definitive diagnosis of electrocution more difficult. We describe the use of an alternate light source in the examination of cases of lightning strike and power line contact in wildlife, and the enhanced detection of changes due to electrical currents in the hair and feathers of affected animals. Subtle changes in the wing feathers of 12 snow geese and 1 wolf that were struck by separate lightning events were made obvious by the use of an alternate light source. Similarly, this technique can be used to strengthen the evidence for power line exposure in birds. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.

Satellite Power Systems (SPS) Concept Definition Study. Volume 1: Executive Summary

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hanley, G.

1978-01-01

The evolution of a total satellite power is described as well as major subsystem alternatives. Trade study results are given for satellite concepts, ground receiving antennas, satellite construction sites, and transportation. Point design definition, end-to-end analysis, and programmatics are covered. The GaAlAs photovoltaic concept is recommended as the current preliminary baseline satellite concept with silicon photovoltaic and Rankine cycle solar-thermal concepts as viable alternatives. Geosynchronous orbit is preferred for the construction of the satellite. A horizontal takeoff and landing air breathing rocket HLLV concept is preferred for earth-to-LEO transportation, with vertical takeoff options as viable alternatives. An argon electric orbit transfer vehicle is preferred for cargo transport from LEO and GEO orbit, and a chemical LH2/L02, two-stage orbit transfer vehicle is recommended for crew transport. A stripline rectenna array is the current preferred concept.

A historical overview of bacteriophage therapy as an alternative to antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial pathogens

PubMed Central

Wittebole, Xavier; De Roock, Sophie; Opal, Steven M

2014-01-01

The seemingly inexorable spread of antibiotic resistance genes among microbial pathogens now threatens the long-term viability of our current antimicrobial therapy to treat severe bacterial infections such as sepsis. Antibiotic resistance is reaching a crisis situation in some bacterial pathogens where few therapeutic alternatives remain and pan-resistant strains are becoming more prevalent. Non-antibiotic therapies to treat bacterial infections are now under serious consideration and one possible option is the therapeutic use of specific phage particles that target bacterial pathogens. Bacteriophage therapy has essentially been re-discovered by modern medicine after widespread use of phage therapy in the pre-antibiotic era lost favor, at least in Western countries, after the introduction of antibiotics. We review the current therapeutic rationale and clinical experience with phage therapy as a treatment for invasive bacterial infection as novel alternative to antimicrobial chemotherapy. PMID:23973944

Some Student Conceptions of Electromagnetic Induction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thong, Wai Meng; Gunstone, Richard

2008-01-01

Introductory electromagnetism is a central part of undergraduate physics. Although there has been some research into student conceptions of electromagnetism, studies have been sparse and separated. This study sought to explore second year physics students’ conceptions of electromagnetism, to investigate to what extent the results from the present study are similar to these results from other studies, and to uncover any new forms of alternative conceptions. Data for this study came from 15 in-depth interviews. Three previously unreported alternative conceptions were identified in the study: 1) induced current varies proportionately with current in solenoid; 2) there must be contact between magnetic flux and the external coil in order for any emf to be induced in the coil; 3) coulombic or electrostatic potential difference is present in an induced electric field. These alternative conceptions were manifested in these students’ explanations of electromagnetic phenomena presented to them during the interviews.

Alternative Internal Standard Calibration of an Indirect Enzymatic Analytical Method for 2-MCPD Fatty Acid Esters.

PubMed

Koyama, Kazuo; Miyazaki, Kinuko; Abe, Kousuke; Egawa, Yoshitsugu; Fukazawa, Toru; Kitta, Tadashi; Miyashita, Takashi; Nezu, Toru; Nohara, Hidenori; Sano, Takashi; Takahashi, Yukinari; Taniguchi, Hideji; Yada, Hiroshi; Yamazaki, Kumiko; Watanabe, Yomi

2017-06-01

An indirect enzymatic analysis method for the quantification of fatty acid esters of 2-/3-monochloro-1,2-propanediol (2/3-MCPD) and glycidol was developed, using the deuterated internal standard of each free-form component. A statistical method for calibration and quantification of 2-MCPD-d 5 , which is difficult to obtain, is substituted by 3-MCPD-d 5 used for calculation of 3-MCPD. Using data from a previous collaborative study, the current method for the determination of 2-MCPD content using 2-MCPD-d 5 was compared to three alternative new methods using 3-MCPD-d 5 . The regression analysis showed that the alternative methods were unbiased compared to the current method. The relative standard deviation (RSD R ) among the testing laboratories was ≤ 15% and the Horwitz ratio was ≤ 1.0, a satisfactory value.

78 FR 25101 - Credit Ratings Roundtable

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-29

... examine issues in connection with the possibility of developing a credit rating assignment system. The second panel will discuss the effectiveness of the Commission's current system under the Securities... focus on other potential alternatives to the current issuer pay business model. The roundtable...

Alternation blindness in the representation of binary sequences.

PubMed

Yu, Ru Qi; Osherson, Daniel; Zhao, Jiaying

2018-03-01

Binary information is prevalent in the environment and contains 2 distinct outcomes. Binary sequences consist of a mixture of alternation and repetition. Understanding how people perceive such sequences would contribute to a general theory of information processing. In this study, we examined how people process alternation and repetition in binary sequences. Across 4 paradigms involving estimation, working memory, change detection, and visual search, we found that the number of alternations is underestimated compared with repetitions (Experiment 1). Moreover, recall for binary sequences deteriorates as the sequence alternates more (Experiment 2). Changes in bits are also harder to detect as the sequence alternates more (Experiment 3). Finally, visual targets superimposed on bits of a binary sequence take longer to process as alternation increases (Experiment 4). Overall, our results indicate that compared with repetition, alternation in a binary sequence is less salient in the sense of requiring more attention for successful encoding. The current study thus reveals the cognitive constraints in the representation of alternation and provides a new explanation for the overalternation bias in randomness perception. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).

Assessment of Alternative Student and Delivery Systems: Assessment of the Current Delivery System. Supplement I to the Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Advanced Technology, Inc., Reston, VA.

The effects of the current student financial aid delivery system on five major participant groups are examined: federal government, states/guarantee agencies, postsecondary institutions, lenders and secondary markets, and applicants and families. Attention is directed to effects of the current system, including: administrative costs, fund…

Cost-effectiveness of alternative smoking cessation scenarios in Spain: results from the EQUIPTMOD.

PubMed

Trapero-Bertran, Marta; Muñoz, Celia; Coyle, Kathryn; Coyle, Doug; Lester-George, Adam; Leidl, Reiner; Németh, Bertalan; Cheung, Kei-Long; Pokhrel, Subhash; Lopez-Nicolás, Ángel

2018-03-13

To assess the cost-effectiveness of alternative smoking cessation scenarios from the perspective of the Spanish National Health Service (NHS). We used the European study on Quantifying Utility of Investment in Protection from Tobacco model (EQUIPTMOD), a Markov-based state transition economic model, to estimate the return on investment (ROI) of: (a) the current provision of smoking cessation services (brief physician advice and printed self-helped material + smoking ban and tobacco duty at current levels); and (b) four alternative scenarios to complement the current provision: coverage of proactive telephone calls; nicotine replacement therapy (mono and combo) [prescription nicotine replacement therapy (Rx NRT)]; varenicline (standard duration); or bupropion. A rate of 3% was used to discount life-time costs and benefits. Spain. Adult smoking population (16+ years). Health-care costs associated with treatment of smoking attributable diseases (lung cancer, coronary heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary infection and stroke); intervention costs; quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Costs and outcomes were summarized using various ROI estimates. The cost of implementing the current provision of smoking cessation services is approximately €61 million in the current year. This translates to 18 quitters per 1000 smokers and a life-time benefit-cost ratio of 5, compared with no such provision. All alternative scenarios were dominant (cost-saving: less expensive to run and generated more QALYs) from the life-time perspective, compared with the current provision. The life-time benefit-cost ratios were: 1.87 (proactive telephone calls); 1.17 (Rx NRT); 2.40 (varenicline-standard duration); and bupropion (2.18). The results remained robust in the sensitivity analysis. According to the EQUIPTMOD modelling tool it would be cost-effective for the Spanish authorities to expand the reach of existing GP brief interventions for smoking cessation, provide pro-active telephone support, and reimburse smoking cessation medication to smokers trying to stop. Such policies would more than pay for themselves in the long run. © 2018 The Authors. Addiction published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society for the Study of Addiction.

Alienation and Engagement: Development of an Alternative Theoretical Framework for Understanding Student Learning

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Case, Jennifer M.

2008-01-01

In this paper it is suggested that the themes of alienation and engagement offer a productive alternative perspective for characterising the student experience of learning in higher education, compared to current dominant perspectives such as that offered by approaches to learning and related concepts. A conceptual and historical background of the…

A BETTER INDICATOR STUDY EXAMINES ALTERNATIVE BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF DISINFECTION IN LIME-TREATED BIOSOLIDS

EPA Science Inventory

Under the current regulations (CFR 503), Class B biosolids may be land applied with certain site restrictions. One method for achieving Class B status is to raise the pH of the sludge to >12 for a minimum of 2 hours with an alkaline material (normally lime). Alternately, a Clas...

75 FR 72679 - Renewable Energy Alternate Uses of Existing Facilities on the Outer Continental Shelf-Acquire a...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-26

... Part 285 [Docket ID: BOEM-2010-0045] RIN 1010-AD71 Renewable Energy Alternate Uses of Existing...) renewable energy lease. We are taking this action because the current regulations covering noncompetitive leasing of an OCS renewable energy lease and an unsolicited request for an OCS renewable energy lease are...

76 FR 28178 - Renewable Energy Alternate Uses of Existing Facilities on the Outer Continental Shelf-Acquire a...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-16

... Part 285 [Docket ID: BOEM-2010-0045] RIN 1010-AD71 Renewable Energy Alternate Uses of Existing...) renewable energy lease. We are taking this action because under the current regulations the process for... in which a party submitted an unsolicited request for an OCS renewable energy lease, where BOEMRE is...

76 FR 8962 - Renewable Energy Alternate Uses of Existing Facilities on the Outer Continental Shelf-Acquire a...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-16

... Part 285 [Docket ID: BOEM-2010-0045] RIN 1010-AD71 Renewable Energy Alternate Uses of Existing...) renewable energy lease. We are taking this action because the current regulations governing the noncompetitive acquisition of an OCS renewable energy lease initiated by BOEMRE and a request for a...

Community Energy: A Social Architecture for an Alternative Energy Future

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hoffman, Steven M.; High-Pippert, Angela

2005-01-01

Community energy based on a mix of distributed technologies offers a serious alternative to the current energy system. The nature of community energy and the role that such initiatives might play in the general fabric of civic life is not, however, well understood. Community energy initiatives might involve only those citizens who prefer to be…

Alternatives to clearcutting of old growth in southeast Alaska.

Treesearch

Sally. Duncan

1999-01-01

This issue of Science Findings examines the results of a study designed to provide a broad array of silvicultural options for land managers. Pacific Northwest Research Station scientist Mike McClellan is leading the study and has found that timber harvesting by using alternatives to clearcutting is viable in the current marketplace and technically feasible across a...

Gender Differences in Use of Alternative Full-Time Work Arrangements by Married Workers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sharpe, Deanna L.; Hermsen, Joan M.; Billings, Jodi

2002-01-01

Current Population Survey data on flextime use of married full-time workers (7,837 women, 10,846 men)and a survey of 146 married employees using various alternative arrangements indicate that personal, family, and work characteristics significantly influence flextime use. Women were more likely to use it to reduce work-family conflicts, men to…

Alternative approaches for vertebrate ecotoxicity tests in the 21st century: A review of developments over the last 2 decades and current status

EPA Science Inventory

The need for alternative approaches to the use of vertebrate animals for hazard assessing chemicals and pollutants has become of increasing importance. It is now the first consideration when initiating a vertebrate ecotoxicity test, to ensure that unnecessary use of vertebrate or...

The Application of Natural Language Processing to Augmentative and Alternative Communication

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Higginbotham, D. Jeffery; Lesher, Gregory W.; Moulton, Bryan J.; Roark, Brian

2012-01-01

Significant progress has been made in the application of natural language processing (NLP) to augmentative and alternative communication (AAC), particularly in the areas of interface design and word prediction. This article will survey the current state-of-the-science of NLP in AAC and discuss its future applications for the development of next…

Four-Day Week Schedule. Research Brief

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Marx, Gary E.

2007-01-01

What does research say about the four-day week as an alternative school schedule? More than 100 districts in at least 12 states currently use a four-day week alternative schedule. Most are located in rural areas, serve less than 1000 students, and made the move to a shorter school week with longer instructional days for financial reasons. Although…

Estimated 2017 Refrigerant Emissions of 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene (HFC-1234yf) in the United States Resulting from Automobile Air Conditioning

EPA Science Inventory

In response to recent regulations and concern over climate change, the global automotive community is evaluating alternatives to the current refrigerant used in automobile air conditioning units, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, HFC-134a. One potential alternative is 2,3,3,3-tetrafluor...

75 FR 13600 - Nine Mile Point Nuclear Station, LLC, Nine Mile Point Nuclear Station, Unit No. 2; Draft...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-22

... shielding design and the ALARA program would continue in its current form. Offsite Doses at EPU Conditions..., such as fossil fuel or alternative fuel power generation, to provide electric generation capacity to offset future demand. Construction and operation of such a fossil-fueled or alternative-fueled plant may...

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Ethanol Benefits and Considerations

Science.gov Websites

emissions. Like any alternative fuel, there are some considerations to account for when contemplating the less energy than a gallon of gasoline, resulting in lower fuel economy when operating your vehicle. The , Indianapolis 500 drivers often fuel their race cars with E98 because of its high octane. There are currently

Testing Signal-Detection Models of Yes/No and Two-Alternative Forced-Choice Recognition Memory

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jang, Yoonhee; Wixted, John T.; Huber, David E.

2009-01-01

The current study compared 3 models of recognition memory in their ability to generalize across yes/no and 2-alternative forced-choice (2AFC) testing. The unequal-variance signal-detection model assumes a continuous memory strength process. The dual-process signal-detection model adds a thresholdlike recollection process to a continuous…

Comparative Validity of the Shedler and Westen Assessment Procedure-200

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mullins-Sweatt, Stephanie N.; Widiger, Thomas A.

2008-01-01

A predominant dimensional model of general personality structure is the five-factor model (FFM). Quite a number of alternative instruments have been developed to assess the domains of the FFM. The current study compares the validity of 2 alternative versions of the Shedler and Westen Assessment Procedure (SWAP-200) FFM scales, 1 that was developed…

Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Rural Communities: Current Research and Future Directions

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wardle, Jon; Lui, Chi-Wai; Adams, Jon

2012-01-01

Contexts: The consumption of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in rural areas is a significant contemporary health care issue. An understanding of CAM use in rural health can provide a new perspective on health beliefs and practice as well as on some of the core service delivery issues facing rural health care generally. Purpose: This…

76 FR 34649 - Foreign-Trade Zone 119-Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN; Application for Reorganization Under Alternative...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-14

...--Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN; Application for Reorganization Under Alternative Site Framework An application has... current zone project includes the following sites: Site 1 (3,002 acres)--located at the Minneapolis-St...); Site 9 (20 acres)--1700 Wynne Avenue, St. Paul (Ramsey County); and, Site 10 (236 acres)-- Bloomington...

Timing Childhoods: An Alternative Reading of Children's Development through Philosophy of Time, Temporality, Place and Space

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tesar, Marek

2016-01-01

This article argues that the denial of development can be a productive space and a liberating time for children in the current outcomes-driven times. The author offers an alternative reading of childhood, considering children's development differently through various philosophical theorizations of events, which emerge through utilizing philosophy…

Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Treatments by Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Christon, Lillian M.; Mackintosh, Virginia H.; Myers, Barbara J.

2010-01-01

Parents of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) may elect to use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) treatments with their children in place of, or in addition to, conventional treatments. CAM treatments are controversial and understudied and, for most, the efficacy has not been established. The current study (n = 248) examined…

Attachment Styles in Children Living in Alternative Care: A Systematic Review of the Literature

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Garcia Quiroga, Manuela; Hamilton-Giachritsis, Catherine

2016-01-01

Background: A large number of children are currently living in Alternative Care. The relationship they establish with their temporary caregivers can play a significant role in their development. However, little has been published regarding attachment with temporary Caregivers. Objective: The aim of this review is to analyse the existing published…

European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System: An Alternative Way to Calculate the ECTS Grades

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Grosges, Thomas; Barchiesi, Dominique

2007-01-01

The European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) has been developed and instituted to facilitate student mobility and academic recognition. This paper presents, discusses, and illustrates the pertinence and the limitation of the current statistical distribution of the ECTS grades, and we propose an alternative way to calculate the ECTS…

Assessment of Current and Future Air Pollutant Emission Reduction Technologies for Marine Diesel Engines

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-02-01

33 6.3.1 Biodiesel ...6.3 Alternative Fuels There is some consideration of alternatives to liquid fossil oil fuels for the marine industry. Three of these are biodiesel ...Liquefied Natural Gas and Methanol – Dimethyl Ether. 6.3.1 Biodiesel An extensive review across many transportation sectors of the emissions of

Alternative Factor Models and Heritability of the Short Leyton Obsessional Inventory--Children's Version

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Moore, Janette; Smith, Gillian W.; Shevlin, Mark; O'Neill, Francis A.

2010-01-01

An alternative models framework was used to test three confirmatory factor analytic models for the Short Leyton Obsessional Inventory-Children's Version (Short LOI-CV) in a general population sample of 517 young adolescent twins (11-16 years). A one-factor model as implicit in current classification systems of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD),…

A Critical Examination of the Process of Modifying the Curriculum of Alternative Secondary Educational Programs

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ross, Michael

2014-01-01

This study, "A Critical Examination of the Process of Modifying the Curriculum of Alternative Secondary Educational Programs," was done with the use of action research to study (a) whether students currently participating in a continuation school believe their educational and career needs are presently being met; (b) the types of career…

Are Alternative Conceptions Dependent on Researchers' Methodology and Definition?: A Review of Empirical Studies Related to Concepts of Heat

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wong, Chee Leong; Chu, Hye-Eun; Yap, Kueh Chin

2016-01-01

Currently, there is no agreement among scientists and science educators on whether heat should be defined as a "process of energy transfer" or "form of energy." For example, students may conceive of heat as "molecular kinetic energy," but the interpretation of this alternative conception is dependent on educational…

Advantages of Thesaurus Representation Using the Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) Compared with Proposed Alternatives

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pastor-Sanchez, Juan-Antonio; Martinez Mendez, Francisco Javier; Rodriguez-Munoz, Jose Vicente

2009-01-01

Introduction: This paper presents an analysis of the Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) compared with other alternatives for thesaurus representation in the Semantic Web. Method: Based on functional and structural changes of thesauri, provides an overview of the current context in which lexical paradigm is abandoned in favour of the…

The Claims of Documentary: Expanding the Educational Significance of Documentary Film

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Frank, Jeff

2013-01-01

The documentary film is a popular curriculum tool, and the goal of this paper is to expand the educational significance of the documentary genre. I argue that current understandings of this genre are limited and limiting, and offer an alternative perspective on the genre. This alternative will be built from Stanley Cavell's philosophy of…

EVALUATION OF CURRENTLY AVAILABLE ALTERNATIVES TO METHYL BROMIDE FOR ORNAMENTAL CROP PRODUCTION IN FLORIDA

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Studies were designed to test the efficacy of the chemical alternatives, Midas™ (iodomethane:chloropicrin (pic) 50:50 [MI 50:50] and 98:2 [MI 98:2], Arysta LifeScience Corp., Cary, NC) and dimethyl disulfide:pic (Paladin™ 79:21 [DMDS], United Phosphorous, Inc., King of Prussia, PA) compared with met...

Flexible Workplace Policies: Lessons from the Federal Alternative Work Schedules Act

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Liechty, Janet M.; Anderson, Elaine A.

2007-01-01

This case study uses a feminist framework to examine the 7-year process by which the Federal Alternative Work Schedules Act (1978-1985) became law and the reasons for reenergized implementation in the 1990s. We analyze the legislative discourse for rationale in support of and opposition to this policy, connect findings to current flexible work…

Evaluating the impacts of proposed speed limit increases in Michigan : research spotlight.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2014-07-01

Recent proposed speed limit legislation led MDOT to evaluate the : states current speed limit policies and potential alternatives. Currently, : Michigan freeways have a maximum speed limit of 70 mph for passenger : vehicles and 60 mph for trucks a...

Alternative methods for safety analysis and intervention for contracting commercial vehicles and drivers in Connecticut

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2012-06-01

This study evaluated Connecticuts current system for qualifying contractors for : the use of commercial vehicles on state contracts, identifies its impacts, and : makes recommendations on how the state should revise the current system. The : prima...

ENGINEERING STUDY FOR THE 200 AREA EFFLUENT TREATMENT FACILITY (ETF) SECONDARY WASTE TREATMENT OF PROJECTED FUTURE WASTE FEEDS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

LUECK, K.J.

2004-10-18

This report documents an engineering study conducted to evaluate alternatives for treating secondary waste in the secondary treatment train (STT) of the Hanford Site 200 Area Effluent Treatment Facility (ETF). The study evaluates ETF STT treatment alternatives and recommends preferred alternatives for meeting the projected future missions of the ETF. The preferred alternative(s) will process projected future ETF influents to produce a solid waste acceptable for final disposal on the Hanford Site. The main text of this report summarizes the ETF past and projected operations, lists the assumptions about projected operations that provide the basis for the engineering evaluation, andmore » summarizes the evaluation process. The evaluation process includes identification of available modifications to the current ETF process, screens those modifications for technical viability, evaluates the technically viable alternatives, and provides conclusions and recommendations based on that evaluation.« less

Occupational injury costs and alternative employment in construction trades.

PubMed

Waehrer, Geetha M; Dong, Xiuwen S; Miller, Ted; Men, Yurong; Haile, Elizabeth

2007-11-01

To present the costs of fatal and non-fatal days-away-from-work injuries in 50 construction occupations. Our results also provide indirect evidence on the cost exposure of alternative construction workers such as independent contractors, on-call or day labor, contract workers, and temporary workers. We combine data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics on average annual incidence from 2000 to 2002 with updated per-case costs from an existing cost model for occupational injuries. The Current Population Survey provides data on the percentage of alternative construction workers. Construction laborers and carpenters were the two costliest occupations, with 40% of the industry's injury costs. The 10 costliest construction occupations also have a high percentage of alternative workers. The construction industry has both a high rate of alternative employment and high costs of work injury. Alternative workers, often lacking workers' compensation, are especially exposed to injury costs.

Alternative Splicing Control of Abiotic Stress Responses.

PubMed

Laloum, Tom; Martín, Guiomar; Duque, Paula

2018-02-01

Alternative splicing, which generates multiple transcripts from the same gene, is an important modulator of gene expression that can increase proteome diversity and regulate mRNA levels. In plants, this post-transcriptional mechanism is markedly induced in response to environmental stress, and recent studies have identified alternative splicing events that allow rapid adjustment of the abundance and function of key stress-response components. In agreement, plant mutants defective in splicing factors are severely impaired in their response to abiotic stress. Notably, mounting evidence indicates that alternative splicing regulates stress responses largely by targeting the abscisic acid (ABA) pathway. We review here current understanding of post-transcriptional control of plant stress tolerance via alternative splicing and discuss research challenges for the near future. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Alternative sample sizes for verification dose experiments and dose audits

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Taylor, W. A.; Hansen, J. M.

1999-01-01

ISO 11137 (1995), "Sterilization of Health Care Products—Requirements for Validation and Routine Control—Radiation Sterilization", provides sampling plans for performing initial verification dose experiments and quarterly dose audits. Alternative sampling plans are presented which provide equivalent protection. These sampling plans can significantly reduce the cost of testing. These alternative sampling plans have been included in a draft ISO Technical Report (type 2). This paper examines the rational behind the proposed alternative sampling plans. The protection provided by the current verification and audit sampling plans is first examined. Then methods for identifying equivalent plans are highlighted. Finally, methods for comparing the cost associated with the different plans are provided. This paper includes additional guidance for selecting between the original and alternative sampling plans not included in the technical report.

Stone tools, language and the brain in human evolution.

PubMed

Stout, Dietrich; Chaminade, Thierry

2012-01-12

Long-standing speculations and more recent hypotheses propose a variety of possible evolutionary connections between language, gesture and tool use. These arguments have received important new support from neuroscientific research on praxis, observational action understanding and vocal language demonstrating substantial functional/anatomical overlap between these behaviours. However, valid reasons for scepticism remain as well as substantial differences in detail between alternative evolutionary hypotheses. Here, we review the current status of alternative 'gestural' and 'technological' hypotheses of language origins, drawing on current evidence of the neural bases of speech and tool use generally, and on recent studies of the neural correlates of Palaeolithic technology specifically.

Stone tools, language and the brain in human evolution

PubMed Central

Stout, Dietrich; Chaminade, Thierry

2012-01-01

Long-standing speculations and more recent hypotheses propose a variety of possible evolutionary connections between language, gesture and tool use. These arguments have received important new support from neuroscientific research on praxis, observational action understanding and vocal language demonstrating substantial functional/anatomical overlap between these behaviours. However, valid reasons for scepticism remain as well as substantial differences in detail between alternative evolutionary hypotheses. Here, we review the current status of alternative ‘gestural’ and ‘technological’ hypotheses of language origins, drawing on current evidence of the neural bases of speech and tool use generally, and on recent studies of the neural correlates of Palaeolithic technology specifically. PMID:22106428

Therapeutic Efficacy of Neurostimulation for Depression: Techniques, Current Modalities, and Future Challenges.

PubMed

Akhtar, Hafsah; Bukhari, Faiza; Nazir, Misbah; Anwar, Muhammad Nabeel; Shahzad, Adeeb

2016-02-01

Depression is the most prevalent debilitating mental illness; it is characterized as a disorder of mood, cognitive function, and neurovegetative function. About one in ten individuals experience depression at some stage of their lives. Antidepressant drugs are used to reduce the symptoms but relapse occurs in ~20% of patients. However, alternate therapies like brain stimulation techniques have shown promising results in this regard. This review covers the brain stimulation techniques electroconvulsive therapy, transcranial direct current stimulation, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, vagus nerve stimulation, and deep brain stimulation, which are used as alternatives to antidepressant drugs, and elucidates their research and clinical outcomes.

ALTERNATIVE APPROACH TO ESTIMATING CANCER ...

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The alternative approach for estimating cancer potency from inhalation exposure to asbestos seeks to improve the methods developed by USEPA (1986). This efforts seeks to modify the the current approach for estimating cancer potency for lung cancer and mesothelioma to account for the current scientific consensus that cancer risk from asbestos depends both on mineral type and on particle size distribution. In brief, epidemiological exposure-response data for lung cancer and mesothelioma in asbestos workers are combined with estimates of the mineral type(s) and partical size distribution at each exposure location in order to estimate potency factors that are specific to a selected set of mineral type and size

Enhancement of crystal homogeneity of protein crystals under application of an external alternating current electric field

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Koizumi, H.; Uda, S.; Fujiwara, K.

X-ray diffraction rocking-curve measurements were performed on tetragonal hen egg white (HEW) lysozyme crystals grown with and without the application of an external alternating current (AC) electric field. The crystal quality was assessed by the full width at half maximum (FWHM) value for each rocking curve. For two-dimensional maps of the FWHMs measured on the 440 and the 12 12 0 reflection, the crystal homogeneity was improved under application of an external electric field at 1 MHz, compared with that without. In particular, the significant improvement of the crystal homogeneity was observed for the 12 12 0 reflection.

Implementation of alternative bio-based fuels in aviation: The Clean Airports Program

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shauck, M.E.; Zanin, M.G.

1997-12-31

The Renewable Aviation Fuels Development Center at Baylor University in Waco, Texas, was designated, in March 1996, by the US Department of Energy (US DOE) as the national coordinator of the Clean Airports Program. This program, a spin-off of the Clean Cities Program, was initiated to increase the use of alternative fuels in aviation. There are two major fuels used in aviation today, the current piston engine aviation gasoline, and the current turbine engine fuel. The environmental impact of each of these fuels is significant. Aviation Gasoline (100LL), currently used in the General Aviation piston engine fleet, contributes 100% ofmore » the emissions containing lead in the USA today. In the case of the turbine engine fuel (Jet fuel), there are two major environmental impacts to be considered: the local, in the vicinity of the airports, and the global impact on climate change. The Clean Airports Program was established to promote the use of clean burning fuels in order to achieve and maintain clean air at and in the vicinities of airports through the use of alternative fuel-powered air and ground transportation vehicles.« less

Lowering of the firing voltage and reducing of the discharge delay time in alternating current plasma display panels by a discontinuous spin-coated LaB{sub 6} film on the MgO protective layer

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Deng, Jiang, E-mail: dj78291@163.com; Zeng, Baoqing; Zhongshan Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 528402 zhongshan

2014-03-15

A spin coated LaB{sub 6} discontinuous film is covered on MgO protective layer to improve the discharge performance of alternating current plasma display panels. Under the premise of high transmittance of more than 90%, a very small amount of polycrystal LaB{sub 6} powders added in an organic solvent are chosen as the coating solution. The discharge characteristics results show that with 250 torr 5% Xe-Ne pressure, the firing voltage and discharge delay time of the test panel with LaB{sub 6}/MgO double protective layer are decreased by 13.4% and 36.5%, respectively, compared with that of conventional MgO protective layer, likely owingmore » to the low work function of LaB{sub 6.} Furthermore, the aging time of the proposed structure is comparable to that of pure MgO protective layer. Therefore, it will not increase the production costs and is highly suitable to be applied for alternating current plasma display panels with low electrical power consumption.« less

Role of PRMTs in cancer: Could minor isoforms be leaving a mark?

PubMed Central

Baldwin, R Mitchell; Morettin, Alan; Côté, Jocelyn

2014-01-01

Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) catalyze the methylation of a variety of protein substrates, many of which have been linked to the development, progression and aggressiveness of different types of cancer. Moreover, aberrant expression of PRMTs has been observed in several cancer types. While the link between PRMTs and cancer is a relatively new area of interest, the functional implications documented thus far warrant further investigations into its therapeutic potential. However, the expression of these enzymes and the regulation of their activity in cancer are still significantly understudied. Currently there are nine main members of the PRMT family. Further, the existence of alternatively spliced isoforms for several of these family members provides an additional layer of complexity. Specifically, PRMT1, PRMT2, CARM1 and PRMT7 have been shown to have alternative isoforms and others may be currently unrealized. Our knowledge with respect to the relative expression and the specific functions of these isoforms is largely lacking and needs attention. Here we present a review of the current knowledge of the known alternative PRMT isoforms and provide a rationale for how they may impact on cancer and represent potentially useful targets for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. PMID:24921003

Role of PRMTs in cancer: Could minor isoforms be leaving a mark?

PubMed

Baldwin, R Mitchell; Morettin, Alan; Côté, Jocelyn

2014-05-26

Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) catalyze the methylation of a variety of protein substrates, many of which have been linked to the development, progression and aggressiveness of different types of cancer. Moreover, aberrant expression of PRMTs has been observed in several cancer types. While the link between PRMTs and cancer is a relatively new area of interest, the functional implications documented thus far warrant further investigations into its therapeutic potential. However, the expression of these enzymes and the regulation of their activity in cancer are still significantly understudied. Currently there are nine main members of the PRMT family. Further, the existence of alternatively spliced isoforms for several of these family members provides an additional layer of complexity. Specifically, PRMT1, PRMT2, CARM1 and PRMT7 have been shown to have alternative isoforms and others may be currently unrealized. Our knowledge with respect to the relative expression and the specific functions of these isoforms is largely lacking and needs attention. Here we present a review of the current knowledge of the known alternative PRMT isoforms and provide a rationale for how they may impact on cancer and represent potentially useful targets for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.

Experimental quantification of the true efficiency of carbon nanotube thin-film thermophones.

PubMed

Bouman, Troy M; Barnard, Andrew R; Asgarisabet, Mahsa

2016-03-01

Carbon nanotube thermophones can create acoustic waves from 1 Hz to 100 kHz. The thermoacoustic effect that allows for this non-vibrating sound source is naturally inefficient. Prior efforts have not explored their true efficiency (i.e., the ratio of the total acoustic power to the electrical input power). All previous works have used the ratio of sound pressure to input electrical power. A method for true power efficiency measurement is shown using a fully anechoic technique. True efficiency data are presented for three different drive signal processing techniques: standard alternating current (AC), direct current added to alternating current (DCAC), and amplitude modulation of an alternating current (AMAC) signal. These signal processing techniques are needed to limit the frequency doubling non-linear effects inherent to carbon nanotube thermophones. Each type of processing affects the true efficiency differently. Using a 72 W(rms) input signal, the measured efficiency ranges were 4.3 × 10(-6) - 319 × 10(-6), 1.7 × 10(-6) - 308 × 10(-6), and 1.2 × 10(-6) - 228 × 10(-6)% for AC, DCAC, and AMAC, respectively. These data were measured in the frequency range of 100 Hz to 10 kHz. In addition, the effects of these processing techniques relative to sound quality are presented in terms of total harmonic distortion.

Radiofrequency ablation for oral and maxillofacial pathologies: A description of the technique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tandon, Rahul; Stevens, Timothy W.; Herford, Alan S.

2014-03-01

Introduction: Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) refers to a high-frequency current that heats and coagulates tissue. In the standard RFA setup, three components are used: a generator, an active electrode, and a dispersive electrode. RFA has garnered support in many of the surgical fields as an alternative to traditional procedures used in tumor removal. Other methods can prove to be more invasive and disfiguring to the patient, in addition to the unwarranted side effects; however, RFA provides a more localized treatment, resulting in decreased co-morbidity to the patient. Currently, its use in the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery is limited, as its technology has not reached our field. By describing its limited use to the optics community, we hope to expand its uses and provide patients with one more alternative treatment option. Methods and Uses: We will describe the use of RFA on three types of pathology: lymphangioma, rhabdomyoscarcoma, oral squamous cell carcinoma, and neoplastic osseous metastasis. The majority of treatments geared towards these pathologies involve surgical resection, followed by reconstruction. However, damage to vital structures coupled with esthetic disfigurement makes RFA a more valuable alternative. In many of the cases, the tumors were successfully removed without recurrence. Conclusion: While the use of RFA has been scarce in our field, we believe that with more exposure it can gain momentum as an alternative to current treatment options. However, there are improvements that we feel can be made, helping to maximize its effectiveness.

Time varying voltage combustion control and diagnostics sensor

DOEpatents

Chorpening, Benjamin T [Morgantown, WV; Thornton, Jimmy D [Morgantown, WV; Huckaby, E David [Morgantown, WV; Fincham, William [Fairmont, WV

2011-04-19

A time-varying voltage is applied to an electrode, or a pair of electrodes, of a sensor installed in a fuel nozzle disposed adjacent the combustion zone of a continuous combustion system, such as of the gas turbine engine type. The time-varying voltage induces a time-varying current in the flame which is measured and used to determine flame capacitance using AC electrical circuit analysis. Flame capacitance is used to accurately determine the position of the flame from the sensor and the fuel/air ratio. The fuel and/or air flow rate (s) is/are then adjusted to provide reduced flame instability problems such as flashback, combustion dynamics and lean blowout, as well as reduced emissions. The time-varying voltage may be an alternating voltage and the time-varying current may be an alternating current.

The ILLIAC IV memory system: Current status and future possibilities

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stevenson, D. K.

1978-01-01

The future needs of researchers who will use the Illiac were examined and the requirements they will place on the memory system were evaluated. Various alternatives to replacing critical memory components were considered with regard to cost, risk, system impact, software requirements, and implementation schedules. The current system, its performance and status, and the limitations it places on possible enhancements are discussed as well as the planned enhancements to the Illiac processor. After a brief technology survey, different implementations are presented for each system memory component. Three different memory systems are proposed to meet the identified needs of the Illiac user community. These three alternatives differ considerably with respect to storage capacity and accessing capabilities, but they all offer significant improvements over the current system. The proposed systems and their relative merits are analyzed.

[Alternative treatments in irritable bowel syndrome].

PubMed

Hagège, H

2009-02-01

Managing irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is difficult and often a source of dissatisfaction for the patient, explaining the increasingly frequent recourse to alternative treatments. These highly varied treatments are often associated. They can be classed into four categories: reflexology methods, interventions on the psyche, biological therapies, and treatments using certain forms of energy. Although some studies show interesting results, currently there are not sufficient scientific arguments to recommend one or another of these alternative treatments. Multicenter controlled studies are needed to better evaluate the strategies that appear to be cost-effective.

Evaluation of Solvent Alternatives for Cleaning of Oxygen Systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Beeson, Harold; Biesinger, Paul; Delgado, Rafael; Antin, Neil

1999-01-01

The NASA White Sands Test Facility (WSTF) in a joint program with the Naval Sea Systems Command has evaluated a number of solvents as alternatives to the use of chlorofluorocarbons currently utilized for cleaning of oxygen systems. Particular attention has been given to the cleaning of gauges and instrumentation used in oxygen service, since there have been no identified aqueous alternatives. The requirements identified as selection criteria, include toxicity, physical properties consistent with application, flammability, oxygen compatibility, and cleaning ability. This paper provides a summary of results and recommendations for solvents evaluated to date.

Alternating method applied to edge and surface crack problems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hartranft, R. J.; Sih, G. C.

1972-01-01

The Schwarz-Neumann alternating method is employed to obtain stress intensity solutions to two crack problems of practical importance: a semi-infinite elastic plate containing an edge crack which is subjected to concentrated normal and tangential forces, and an elastic half space containing a semicircular surface crack which is subjected to uniform opening pressure. The solution to the semicircular surface crack is seen to be a significant improvement over existing approximate solutions. Application of the alternating method to other crack problems of current interest is briefly discussed.

Toxic Overload: The Waste Disposal Dilemma.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Knox, Robert J.

1991-01-01

The role of the Environmental Protection Agency as ombudsman concerning waste disposal is examined with respect to both the current options of source reduction and recycling as pollution prevention, and alternative approaches that expand upon these current options, particularly with respect to toxic and medical waste. (JJK)

78 FR 26667 - Sunshine Act Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-07

... first panel will examine issues in connection with the possibility of developing a credit rating assignment system. The second panel will discuss the effectiveness of the Commission's current system under.... The third panel will focus on other potential alternatives to the current issuer pay business model...

40 CFR 420.03 - Alternative effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... technology currently available, best available technology economically achievable, best available demonstrated control technology, and best conventional pollutant control technology (the âwater bubbleâ). 420... of best practicable control technology currently available, best available technology economically...