Sample records for alternative financing options

  1. Squeezing the funding you need from today's capital sources.

    PubMed

    Gordon, Deborah C

    2010-04-01

    Healthcare providers need to understand traditional and nontraditional financing options and other potential strategies for accessing capital. Common financing options include bonds, commercial lending, acquisition financing, and financing through the Department of Housing and Urban Development's Section 232 program. Alternative strategies for accessing capital include joint ventures, equity, sale of assets, fund-raising, capital leases, internal capital, public grants, and grants from foundations.

  2. A fuzzy logic approach toward solving the analytic enigma of health system financing.

    PubMed

    Chernichovsky, Dov; Bolotin, Arkady; de Leeuw, David

    2003-09-01

    Improved health, equity, macroeconomic efficiency, efficient provision of care, and client satisfaction are the common goals of any health system. The relative significance of these goals varies, however, across nations, communities and with time. As for health care finance, the attainment of these goals under varying circumstances involves alternative policy options for each of the following elements: sources of finance, allocation of finance, payment to providers, and public-private mix. The intricate set of multiple goals, elements and policy options defies human reasoning, and, hence, hinders effective policymaking. Indeed, "health system finance" is not amenable to a clear set of structural relationships. Neither is there a universe that can be subject to statistical scrutiny: each health system is unique. "Fuzzy logic" models human reasoning by managing "expert knowledge" close to the way it is handled by human language. It is used here for guiding policy making by a systematic analysis of health system finance. Assuming equal welfare weights for alternative goals and mutually exclusive policy options under each health-financing element, the exploratory model we present here suggests that a German-type health system is best. Other solutions depend on the welfare weights for system goals and mixes of policy options.

  3. Long-term care financing: options for the future.

    PubMed

    Mulvey, Janemarie; Li, Annelise

    2002-01-01

    The aging of the baby boomers will have an enormous impact on the future of long-term care costs. This article projects the magnitude of that impact, discusses sources of financing, and considers the cost and feasibility of three options for financing future long-term care services. The authors investigate the alternatives of increasing personal savings, raising payroll taxes and expanding employer-sponsored private long-term care insurance coverage, respectively.

  4. Understanding your capital options.

    PubMed

    Payne, Christopher T

    2012-05-01

    When planning capital expenditures, hospitals and health systems should understand the following financing considerations: Traditional fixed-rate tax-exempt bonds; Variable-rate financing alternatives; Basel III Accord requirements; Direct tax-exempt bank loans; Total return swaps Taxable financings; Interest-rate swaps and collateral requirements

  5. Financing Alternatives Comparison Tool

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    FACT is a financial analysis tool that helps identify the most cost-effective method to fund a wastewater or drinking water management project. It produces a comprehensive analysis that compares various financing options.

  6. User Guide for the Financing Alternatives Comparison Tool

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    FACT is a financial analysis tool that helps identify the most cost-effective method to fund a wastewater or drinking water management project. It creates a comprehensive analysis that compares various financing options.

  7. Adoption of alternative financing strategies to increase the diffusion of picture archiving and communication systems into the radiology marketplace.

    PubMed

    Reiner, B; Siegel, E; McKay, P

    2000-05-01

    The objective of the study was to evaluate current marketplace conditions and strategies employed by major picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) vendors in the creation of alternative financing strategies, to enhance the diffusion of filmless imaging. Data were collected from the major PACS vendors in the forms of survey questionnaires and review of existing leases. Topics evaluated in the survey included current financing options available, foreseeable changes in PACS financing, role of third-party financiers, and creation of risk-sharing arrangements. Generic leases were also reviewed evaluating the presence or absence of several key variables including technology obsolescence protection, hardware/software upgrades, end-of-term options, determination of fair market value, functionality/acceptance testing, uptime guarantees, and workflow management consulting. Eight of the 10 PACS vendors surveyed participated in the data collection. The vast majority of current PACS implementations (60% to 90%) occur through direct purchase, with conventional leasing (operating or capital) accounting for only 5% to 30% of PACS installations. The majority of respondents view fee-for-lease arrangements and other forms of risk sharing as increasing importance for future PACS financing. The specific targets for such risk-sharing arrangements consist of small hospital and privately owned imaging centers. Leases currently offered range in duration from 3 to 5 years and frequently offer technology obsolescence protection with upgrades, multiple end-of-term options, and some form of acceptance testing. A number of important variables frequently omitted from leases include uptime guarantees, flexibility in changing financing or vendors, and incorporation of expected productivity/operational efficiency gains. As vendors strive to increase the penetration of PACS into the radiology marketplace, there will be a shift from conventional financing (loan or purchase) to leasing. Fee-for-use leasing and other forms of risk sharing have the greatest potential in smaller hospitals, which do not have the financial resources to pursue conventional financing options. Potential PACS customers must be cautious when entering into these alternative financing strategies, to ensure that appropriate safeguards are incorporated, in order to minimize downside risk.

  8. Charter Schools: Limited Access to Facility Financing. Report to Congressional Requesters.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Shaul, Marnie S.

    This report determines the degree to which charter schools have access to traditional public school facility financing, and whether alternative sources of facility financing are available to charter schools. Further discussed are potential options generally available to the federal government if it were to assume a larger role in charter school…

  9. Planning tools to assess the real estate leveraging potential for roadways and transit : technical report.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2011-01-01

    A funding crisis exists for financing much needed transportation infrastructure projects across the nation and : Texas is no exception. Texas has responded to the crisis by passing several bills allowing innovative : financing and alternative options...

  10. Financial Planning for Energy Efficiency Investments.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Business Officer, 1984

    1984-01-01

    Financing options for energy efficiency investments by colleges are outlined by the Energy Task Force of three higher education associations. It is suggested that alternative financing techniques generate a positive cash flow and allow campuses to implement conservation despite fiscal constraints. Since energy conservation saves money, the savings…

  11. A guide to taxable debt financing alternatives.

    PubMed

    Aderholdt, J M; Pardue, C R

    1989-07-01

    The 1986 Tax Reform Act placed new restrictions on the use of tax-exempt financing for certain healthcare projects, and policymakers are considering further restrictions. In light of these developments, financial managers should become familiar with the available taxable debt financing options. These include commercial paper, taxable variable rate demand notes, floating rate notes, medium-term notes, long-term domestic public offerings, and domestic private placements.

  12. 78 FR 10249 - Environmental Impact Statement: Will and Kankakee Counties, IL and Lake County, IN

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-02-13

    ... design concepts. Alternatives to be evaluated will include (1) taking no action and (2) evaluating... design issues in a way that does not materially increase overall impacts. The primary environmental... or design options within the selected corridor, financing options, and construction sequencing...

  13. Adequacy, Efficiency and Equity of Higher Education Financing: The Case of Egypt

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Fahim, Yasmine; Sami, Noha

    2011-01-01

    To meet its future challenges in financing higher education, Egypt has no option but to search for alternative funding arrangements. This article considers the question of how to do so, keeping in mind the need to ensure equitable access to good quality education for those who cannot afford it. To this end, the article begins by assessing public…

  14. [Financing problems of capital goods. Part 2: procedure for investment appraisal].

    PubMed

    Clausen, C C; Bauer, M; Saleh, A; Picker, O

    2008-07-01

    In part 1 of this series about problems of financing capital goods the multiple and partly diametric economic effects of financing instruments were presented using the leasing procedure as an example. The result indicated that due to the complexity of these effects the choice of a specific financing instrument requires an individual consideration. Therefore, part 2 of the series introduces the method of dynamic capital budgeting which allows the instruments discussed in part 1 to be compared with each other and helps to evaluate their economic benefits. More precisely this paper focuses on a comparative analysis of the most common alternatives, leasing, credit financing and investment financing by the state. In this context, after having identified the total costs of ownership of anesthesia devices, the final asset values of the three financing instruments can be compared with each other using the method of dynamic capital budgeting. In contrast to the prevailing opinion, the results show that from a purely fiscal perspective leasing anesthesia devices is the most expensive alternative. Given the fact that no financial support is available from the state, the option of credit financing turns out to be the most preferable alternative from a relatively limited pool of possibilities. However, it still remains to be answered whether credit financing can defend this position against further, innovative forms of debt financing (e.g., factoring, asset-backed securities, hedge funds, mezzanine capital, etc.).

  15. Equity in Irish health care financing: measurement issues.

    PubMed

    Smith, Samantha

    2010-04-01

    This paper employs widely used analytic techniques for measuring equity in health care financing to update Irish results from previous analysis based on data from the late 1980s. Kakwani indices are calculated using household survey data from 1987/88 to 2004/05. Results indicate a marginally progressive financing system overall. However, interpretation of the results for the private sources of health financing is complicated. This problem is not unique to Ireland but it is argued that it may be relatively more important in the context of a complex health financing system, illustrated in this paper by the Irish system. Alternative options for improving the analysis of equity in health care financing are discussed.

  16. Alternatives for Financing the Public Library.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Government Studies & Systems, Philadelphia, PA.

    In a study to determine patterns of public library funding and to find alternative options for improving library support, the present level of funding has been found woefully inadequate. Total expenditures for public library service in 1971-72 were $184 million. In order to fulfill the public library's role as an information source for people at…

  17. Alternative financing sources. ECRI. Emergency Care Research Institute.

    PubMed

    1987-01-01

    A number of new capital sources have been developed and used by health care institutions unable to finance high-tech projects with equity or conventional tax-exempt debt instruments; these include REITs, MLPs, per-use rentals, venture capital, and banks as brokers. However, there are no magic capital acquisition solutions. Institutions with good credit will continue to find a number of doors open to them; poorer credit risks will have fewer options, and those available will carry greater risk, allow for less provider control over projects, and limit potential return on investment to some extent. It is essential to examine carefully the drawbacks inherent in each type of alternative financing source. Venture capital in particular requires specific analysis because of the wide variety of possible arrangements that exist. If you cannot find either traditional or alternative sources of funding for a proposed project, you should reexamine the project and its underlying utilization projections and reimbursement assumptions.

  18. Modelling the affordability and distributional implications of future health care financing options in South Africa.

    PubMed

    McIntyre, Di; Ataguba, John E

    2012-03-01

    South Africa is considering introducing a universal health care system. A key concern for policy-makers and the general public is whether or not this reform is affordable. Modelling the resource and revenue generation requirements of alternative reform options is critical to inform decision-making. This paper considers three reform scenarios: universal coverage funded by increased allocations to health from general tax and additional dedicated taxes; an alternative reform option of extending private health insurance coverage to all formal sector workers and their dependents with the remainder using tax-funded services; and maintaining the status quo. Each scenario was modelled over a 15-year period using a spreadsheet model. Statistical analyses were also undertaken to evaluate the impact of options on the distribution of health care financing burden and benefits from using health services across socio-economic groups. Universal coverage would result in total health care spending levels equivalent to 8.6% of gross domestic product (GDP), which is comparable to current spending levels. It is lower than the status quo option (9.5% of GDP) and far lower than the option of expanding private insurance cover (over 13% of GDP). However, public funding of health services would have to increase substantially. Despite this, universal coverage would result in the most progressive financing system if the additional public funding requirements are generated through a surcharge on taxable income (but not if VAT is increased). The extended private insurance scheme option would be the least progressive and would impose a very high payment burden; total health care payments on average would be 10.7% of household consumption expenditure compared with the universal coverage (6.7%) and status quo (7.5%) options. The least pro-rich distribution of service benefits would be achieved under universal coverage. Universal coverage is affordable and would promote health system equity, but needs careful design to ensure its long-term sustainability.

  19. Financing Long-Term Services And Supports: Options Reflect Trade-Offs For Older Americans And Federal Spending.

    PubMed

    Favreault, Melissa M; Gleckman, Howard; Johnson, Richard W

    2015-12-01

    About half of older Americans will need a high level of assistance with routine activities for a prolonged period of time. This help is commonly referred to as long-term services and supports (LTSS). Under current policies, these individuals will fund roughly half of their paid care out of pocket. Partly as a result of high costs and uncertainty, relatively few people purchase private long-term care insurance or save sufficiently to fully finance LTSS; many will eventually turn to Medicaid for help. To show how policy changes could expand insurance's role in financing these needs, we modeled several new insurance options. Specifically, we looked at a front-end-only benefit that provides coverage relatively early in the period of disability but caps benefits, a back-end benefit with no lifetime limit, and a combined comprehensive benefit. We modeled mandatory and voluntary versions of each option, and subsidized and unsubsidized versions of each voluntary option. We identified important differences among the alternatives, highlighting relevant trade-offs that policy makers can consider in evaluating proposals. If the primary goal is to significantly increase insurance coverage, the mandatory options would be more successful than the voluntary versions. If the major aim is to reduce Medicaid costs, the comprehensive and back-end mandatory options would be most beneficial. Project HOPE—The People-to-People Health Foundation, Inc.

  20. The High Cost of Saving Energy Dollars.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Rose, Patricia

    1985-01-01

    In alternative financing a private company provides the capital and expertise for improving school energy efficiency. Savings are split between the school system and the company. Options for municipal leasing, cost sharing, and shared savings are explained along with financial, procedural, and legal considerations. (MLF)

  1. Does implied volatility of currency futures option imply volatility of exchange rates?

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wang, Alan T.

    2007-02-01

    By investigating currency futures options, this paper provides an alternative economic implication for the result reported by Stein [Overreactions in the options market, Journal of Finance 44 (1989) 1011-1023] that long-maturity options tend to overreact to changes in the implied volatility of short-maturity options. When a GARCH process is assumed for exchange rates, a continuous-time relationship is developed. We provide evidence that implied volatilities may not be the simple average of future expected volatilities. By comparing the term-structure relationship of implied volatilities with the process of the underlying exchange rates, we find that long-maturity options are more consistent with the exchange rates process. In sum, short-maturity options overreact to the dynamics of underlying assets rather than long-maturity options overreacting to short-maturity options.

  2. Tax-exempt private placements: a new opportunity for not-for-profit providers.

    PubMed

    Ambrose, Jim; Harris, Andrew

    2006-08-01

    Tax-exempt private placements offer an attractive financing alternative for not-for-profit healthcare providers for which the public debt market is no longer a viable option. They offer the following advantages: Greater flexibility Lower fees. Less paperwork. Fewer players. Shorter time to complete.

  3. Public Attitudes toward Education in Ontario, 1982. Fourth OISE Survey. Informal Series/51.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Livingstone, D. W.; And Others

    Results of the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education 1982 Survey, intended primarily to offer ongoing profiles of mass attitudes on major issues of current educational reform, are reported. In addition to documenting trends in public support for general curricular and financing options, the survey focuses on attitudes towards alternative ways…

  4. A study of space station needs, attributes and architectural options, volume 2, technical. Book 3: Economic benefits, costs and programmatics

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1983-01-01

    The economic benefits, cost analysis, and industrial uses of the manned space station are investigated. Mission payload costs are examined in relation to alternative architectures and projected technological evolution. Various approaches to industrial involvement for financing, development, and marketing of space station resources are described.

  5. A Fifth Option for Funding Long-Term Care in Canada - Shift the Resources from Medical Treatment and Universal Pension Entitlements.

    PubMed

    Emery, J C Herbert

    2016-01-01

    Needs for non-medical residential care services, long-term care (LTC), will increase over the next 30 years as Canada's population ages. Adams and Vanin (2016) explore four options for raising the public and private monies required to meet LTC needs. In this commentary, I raise a fifth option for finding the resources to meet emerging LTC needs. An alternative approach is to divert resources from Canada's well-resourced, but inefficient, medical treatment system. The dividend of provinces pursuing long overdue reforms to medicare is the liberation of public funds to finance emerging priorities for Canadians like LTC.

  6. Self-Financing | Climate Neutral Research Campuses | NREL

    Science.gov Websites

    loan funds. Read examples of how research campuses have used self-financing options to fund the cost of . Read more about revolving loan funds for research campuses. Self-Financing Examples Below are examples Self-Financing Self-Financing Self-financing is a viable option for research campuses with

  7. Exploring Higher Education Financing Options

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Nkrumah-Young, Kofi K.; Powell, Philip

    2011-01-01

    Higher education can be financed privately, financed by governments, or shared. Given that the benefits of education accrue to the individual and the state, many governments opt for shared financing. This article examines the underpinnings of different options for financing higher education and develops a model to compare conditions to choices and…

  8. Cubature on Wiener Space: Pathwise Convergence

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Bayer, Christian, E-mail: christian.bayer@wias-berlin.de; Friz, Peter K., E-mail: friz@math.tu-berlin.de

    2013-04-15

    Cubature on Wiener space (Lyons and Victoir in Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 460(2041):169-198, 2004) provides a powerful alternative to Monte Carlo simulation for the integration of certain functionals on Wiener space. More specifically, and in the language of mathematical finance, cubature allows for fast computation of European option prices in generic diffusion models.We give a random walk interpretation of cubature and similar (e.g. the Ninomiya-Victoir) weak approximation schemes. By using rough path analysis, we are able to establish weak convergence for general path-dependent option prices.

  9. Health financing options for Fiji's health system.

    PubMed

    Pande, Madhukar

    2003-09-01

    Fiji is currently implementing health care reforms with the first phase of reforms focusing on decentralization of the health system. Part of this effort focuses on looking at financing options. Some options for financing health care include private health insurance, social insurance, community financing, user-pays system (out-of-pocket), health savings accounts, government taxation and subsidies, and overseas loans and aid funding. This paper addresses all these options in detail and provides an analysis into each of these options relevance to Fiji and in some instances to other nations in the South Pacific region. Given the relative small populations of Fiji and its neighbouring nations, a regional approach to financing could prove more viable in the longer-term, however political, social, economic, legal and cultural issues will need to seriously explored.

  10. Institutional and financial guide to geothermal district heating, serial no. 2

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    1982-03-01

    General planning considerations which affect nearly every community are reviewed, and alternative operating structures which are available to communities are reviewed, including local governments, nonprofit cooperatives, private enterprises, and joint ventures. The financing options available to publicly-owned and privately-owned district heating systems are then summarized. The geothermal production and distribution activities most appropriate to each type of operating structure are reviewed, along with typical equity and debt funding sources. The tax advantages for private developers are described, as are the issues of customer contracts and service prices, and customer retrofit financing. The treatment is limited to an introductory overview.

  11. Interest rates in quantum finance: Caps, swaptions and bond options

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Baaquie, Belal E.

    2010-01-01

    The prices of the main interest rate options in the financial markets, derived from the Libor (London Interbank Overnight Rate), are studied in the quantum finance model of interest rates. The option prices show new features for the Libor Market Model arising from the fact that, in the quantum finance formulation, all the different Libor payments are coupled and (imperfectly) correlated. Black’s caplet formula for quantum finance is given an exact path integral derivation. The coupon and zero coupon bond options as well as the Libor European and Asian swaptions are derived in the framework of quantum finance. The approximate Libor option prices are derived using the volatility expansion. The BGM-Jamshidian (Gatarek et al. (1996) [1], Jamshidian (1997) [2]) result for the Libor swaption prices is obtained as the limiting case when all the Libors are exactly correlated. A path integral derivation is given of the approximate BGM-Jamshidian approximate price.

  12. Results of focus group assessments of transportation financing options.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2013-01-01

    The Wisconsin Commission on Transportation Finance and Policy was created in the 2011-2013 biennial state budget to : identify and evaluate transportation finance options to address needs into the future. As part of its scope, the Commission : needed...

  13. What physicists should learn about finance (if they want to)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Schmidt, Anatoly

    2006-03-01

    There has been growing interest among physicists to Econophysics, i.e. analysis and modeling of financial and economic processes using the concepts of theoretical Physics. There has been also perception that the financial industry is a viable alternative for those physicists who are not able or are not willing to pursue career in their major field. However in our times, the Wall Street expects from applicants for quantitative positions not only the knowledge of the stochastic calculus and the methods of time series analysis but also of such concepts as option pricing, portfolio management, and risk measurement. Here I describe a synthetic course based on my book ``Quantitative Finance for Physicists'' (Elsevier, 2004) that outlines both worlds: Econophysics and Mathematical Finance. This course may be offered as elective for senior undergraduate or graduate Physics majors.

  14. Risk adjustment policy options for casemix funding: international lessons in financing reform.

    PubMed

    Antioch, Kathryn M; Ellis, Randall P; Gillett, Steve; Borovnicar, Daniel; Marshall, Ric P

    2007-09-01

    This paper explores modified hospital casemix payment formulae that would refine the diagnosis-related group (DRG) system in Victoria, Australia, which already makes adjustments for teaching, severity and demographics. We estimate alternative casemix funding methods using multiple regressions for individual hospital episodes from 2001 to 2003 on 70 high-deficit DRGs, focussing on teaching hospitals where the largest deficits have occurred. Our casemix variables are diagnosis- and procedure-based severity markers, counts of diagnoses and procedures, disease types, complexity, day outliers, emergency admission and "transfers in." The results are presented for four policy options that vary according to whether all of the dollars or only some are reallocated, whether all or some hospitals are used and whether the alternatives augment or replace existing payments. While our approach identifies variables that help explain patient cost variations, hospital-level simulations suggest that the approaches explored would only reduce teaching hospital underpayment by about 10%. The implications of various policy options are discussed.

  15. What physicists should know about finance

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Schmidt, Anatoly B.

    2005-05-01

    There has been growing interest in Econophysics, i.e. analysis and modeling of financial time series using the theoretical Physics concepts (scaling, fractals, chaos). Besides the scientific stimuli, this interest is backed by perception that the financial industry is a viable alternative for those physicists who are not able or are not willing to pursue an academic career. However, the times when any Ph.D. in Physics had a chance to find a job on the Wall Street are gone (if they ever existed). Indeed, not every physicist wields the stochastic calculus, non-normal statistical distributions, and the methods of time series analysis. Moreover, now that many universities offer courses in mathematical finance, the applicants for quantitative positions in finance are expected to know such concepts as option pricing, portfolio management, and risk measurement. Here I describe a synthetic course based on my book [1] that outlines both worlds: Econophysics and Mathematical Finance. The course may be offered as elective for senior undergraduate or graduate Physics majors.

  16. Unlocking Solar for Low- and Moderate-Income Residents: A Matrix of Financing Options by Resident, Provider, and Housing Type

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Cook, Jeffrey J.; Bird, Lori A.

    Historically the low and moderate income (LMI) market has been underserved by solar photovoltaics (PV), in part due to the unique barriers LMI residents face to participation in the PV market. The intent of this report is to identify the most promising strategies state policymakers might consider to finance PV for LMI customers across three housing types: single family, multi-family, and manufactured housing. The result is a financing matrix that documents the first and second tier financing options states may consider for each housing type. The first tier options were selected based upon their potential impact on LMI PV deployment.more » Second tier financing approaches could also be used to achieve state policy goals, but may not have as much effect on the relevant LMI market segment. Nevertheless, each financing option comes with tradeoffs that state policymakers may wish to consider when they make decisions about which financing approaches are best suited to achieve their LMI PV deployment goals.« less

  17. Collaboration in Research and Engineering for Advanced Technology.

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Vrieling, P. Douglas

    SNL/CA proposes the Collaboration in Research and Engineering for Advanced Technology and Education (CREATE) facility to support customer-driven national security mission requirements while demonstrating a fiscally responsible approach to cost-control. SNL/CA realizes that due to the current backlog of capital projects in NNSA that following the normal Line Item process to procure capital funding is unlikely and therefore SNL/CA will be looking at all options including Alternative Financing.

  18. 31 CFR 203.7 - Termination of agreement or change of election or option.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Termination of agreement or change of election or option. 203.7 Section 203.7 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FISCAL SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SERVICE PAYMENT OF...

  19. Solar Schools Assessment and Implementation Project: Financing Options for Solar Installations on K-12 Schools

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Coughlin, J.; Kandt, A.

    This report focuses on financial options developed specifically for renewable energy and energy efficiency projects in three California public school districts. Solar energy systems installed on public schools have a number of benefits that include utility bill savings, reductions in greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) and other toxic air contaminants, job creation, demonstrating environmental leadership, and creating learning opportunities for students. In the 2011 economic environment, the ability to generate general-fund savings as a result of reducing utility bills has become a primary motivator for school districts trying to cut costs. To achieve meaningful savings, the size of the photovoltaic (PV)more » systems installed (both individually on any one school and collectively across a district) becomes much more important; larger systems are required to have a material impact on savings. Larger PV systems require a significant financial commitment and financing therefore becomes a critical element in the transaction. In simple terms, school districts can use two primary types of ownership models to obtain solar installations and cost savings across a school district. The PV installations can be financed and owned directly by the districts themselves. Alternatively, there are financing structures whereby another entity, such as a solar developer or its investors, actually own and operate the PV systems on behalf of the school district. This is commonly referred to as the 'third-party ownership model.' Both methods have advantages and disadvantages that should be weighed carefully.« less

  20. How federalism shapes public health financing, policy, and program options.

    PubMed

    Ogden, Lydia L

    2012-01-01

    In the United States, fiscal and functional federalism strongly shape public health policy and programs. Federalism has implications for public health practice: it molds financing and disbursement options, including funding formulas, which affect allocations and program goals, and shapes how funding decisions are operationalized in a political context. This article explores how American federalism, both fiscal and functional, structures public health funding, policy, and program options, investigating the effects of intergovernmental transfers on public health finance and programs.

  1. Feynman perturbation expansion for the price of coupon bond options and swaptions in quantum finance. II. Empirical

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Baaquie, Belal E.; Liang, Cui

    2007-01-01

    The quantum finance pricing formulas for coupon bond options and swaptions derived by Baaquie [Phys. Rev. E 75, 016703 (2006)] are reviewed. We empirically study the swaption market and propose an efficient computational procedure for analyzing the data. Empirical results of the swaption price, volatility, and swaption correlation are compared with the predictions of quantum finance. The quantum finance model generates the market swaption price to over 90% accuracy.

  2. Feynman perturbation expansion for the price of coupon bond options and swaptions in quantum finance. II. Empirical.

    PubMed

    Baaquie, Belal E; Liang, Cui

    2007-01-01

    The quantum finance pricing formulas for coupon bond options and swaptions derived by Baaquie [Phys. Rev. E 75, 016703 (2006)] are reviewed. We empirically study the swaption market and propose an efficient computational procedure for analyzing the data. Empirical results of the swaption price, volatility, and swaption correlation are compared with the predictions of quantum finance. The quantum finance model generates the market swaption price to over 90% accuracy.

  3. Solar Resources for Universities | State, Local, and Tribal Governments |

    Science.gov Websites

    Federal Tax Incentives for Battery Storage Systems Non-Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) Options to Financing Financing for Solar Deployment on University Campuses Non-Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) Options to

  4. Transportation pricing and finance options for California.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2006-06-01

    The objective of this research project was to conduct research on the merits, costs and application potential of various transportation pricing approaches, to better inform decision makers and the public about transportation financing/pricing option ...

  5. Redistributive effects in public health care financing.

    PubMed

    Honekamp, Ivonne; Possenriede, Daniel

    2008-11-01

    This article focuses on the redistributive effects of different measures to finance public health insurance. We analyse the implications of different financing options for public health insurance on the redistribution of income from good to bad health risks and from high-income to low-income individuals. The financing options considered are either income-related (namely income taxes, payroll taxes, and indirect taxes), health-related (co-insurance, deductibles, and no-claim), or neither (flat fee). We show that governments who treat access to health care as a basic right for everyone should consider redistributive effects when reforming health care financing.

  6. The development of universal health insurance coverage in Thailand: Challenges of population aging and informal economy.

    PubMed

    Hsu, Minchung; Huang, Xianguo; Yupho, Somrasri

    2015-11-01

    This paper quantitatively investigates the sustainability of the universal health insurance coverage (UHI) system in Thailand while taking into account the country's rapidly aging population and large informal labor sector. We examine the effects of population aging and informal employment across three tax options for financing the UHI. A modern dynamic general equilibrium framework is utilized to conduct policy experiments and welfare analysis. In the case of labor income tax being used to finance the cost of UHI, an additional 11-15% of labor tax will be required with the 2050 population age structure, compared with the 2005 benchmark economy. We also find that an expansion of income tax base to the informal sector can substantially alleviate the tax burden. Based on welfare comparisons across the alternative tax options, the labor income tax is the most preferred because the inequality between formal/informal sectors is large. If the informal sector cannot avoid labor income tax, capital tax will be preferred over labor and consumption taxes. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  7. What's Next? Planning and Financing Your Post-Secondary Education. Revised. Students Finance. Study Your Options.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Alberta Learning, Edmonton.

    This guide is designed to help students in Alberta, Canada, plan and finance postsecondary education. A student who has made financial plans will have more options when it is time to choose an institution for postsecondary education. How to choose the right school depends on what a student wants from education and what he or she plans for the…

  8. What's Next? Planning and Financing Your Post-Secondary Education. Students Finance. Study your Options. Revised.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Human Resources Development Canada, Ottawa (Ontario).

    This updated guide is designed to help students in Alberta, Canada, plan and finance postsecondary education. A student who has made financial plans will have more options when it is time to choose an institution for postsecondary education. How to choose the right school depends on what a student wants from education and what he or she plans for…

  9. The Gateway Paper--financing health in Pakistan and its linkage with health reforms.

    PubMed

    Nishtar, Sania

    2006-12-01

    Pakistan currently principally uses three modes of financing health--taxation, out of pocket payments and donor contributions of which the latter is the least significant in terms of size. Less than 3.6% of the employees are covered under the social security scheme and there is a limited social protection mechanism, which collectively serves the health needs of 3.4% of the population. The main issues in health financing include low spending, lack of attention to alternate sources of financing and issues with fund mobilization and utilization. With respect to the first, health reforms proposed as part of the Gateway Paper make a strong case for promoting the reallocation of tax-based revenues and developing sustainable alternatives to low levels of public spending on health. With respect to alternative sources of health financing, the Gateway Paper lays stress on exploring policy options for private health insurance, broadening the base of Employees Social Security, creating a Federal Employees Social Security Programme, developing social health insurance within the framework of a broad-based social protection strategy, which scopes beyond the formally employed sector, establishing a widely inclusive safety net for the poor; mainstreaming philanthropic grants as a major source of health financing; developing a conducive tax configuration; generating greater corporate support for social sector causes within the framework of the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility and developing cost-sharing programmes, albeit with safeguards. The Gateway Paper regards efficient fund utilization a priority and lays stress on striking a balance between minimizing costs, controlling costs and using resources more efficiently and equitably--in other words, getting the best value for the money, on the one hand, and increasing the pool of available resources, on the other. Specific interventions such as the promotion of transparent financial administration, budgeting and cost controls and enhancing the capacity to overcome onerous financial management procedures and decentralizing decision-making are underscored as a priority as is the need for ensuring greater financial procedural clarity at the federal-provincial-district interface.

  10. The EPSA Project Finance Mapping Tool

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Hadley, Stanton W.; Chinthavali, Supriya

    The Energy Policy and Systems Analysis Office of DOE has requested a tool to compare the impact of various Federal policies on the financial viability of generation resources across the country. Policy options could include production tax credits, investment tax credits, solar renewable energy credits, tax abatement, accelerated depreciation, tax-free loans, and others. The tool would model the finances of projects in all fifty states, and possibly other geographic units like utility service territories and RTO/ISO territories. The tool would consider the facility s cost, financing, production, and revenues under different capital and market structures to determine things like levelizedmore » cost of energy, return on equity, and cost impacts on others (e.g., load-serving entities, society.) The tool would compare the cost and value of the facility to the local regional alternatives to determine how and where policy levers may provide sufficient incremental value to motivate investment. The results will be displayed through a purpose-built visualization that maps geographic variations and shows associated figures and tables.« less

  11. Quantum Mechanics, Path Integrals and Option Pricing:. Reducing the Complexity of Finance

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Baaquie, Belal E.; Corianò, Claudio; Srikant, Marakani

    2003-04-01

    Quantum Finance represents the synthesis of the techniques of quantum theory (quantum mechanics and quantum field theory) to theoretical and applied finance. After a brief overview of the connection between these fields, we illustrate some of the methods of lattice simulations of path integrals for the pricing of options. The ideas are sketched out for simple models, such as the Black-Scholes model, where analytical and numerical results are compared. Application of the method to nonlinear systems is also briefly overviewed. More general models, for exotic or path-dependent options are discussed.

  12. Clean Energy Financing Programs: A Decision Resource for States and Communities

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    Describes financing-program options, key components of financing programs, and factors for states and communities to consider as they make decisions about getting started or updating their clean energy financing programs.

  13. District heating and cooling systems for communities through power plant retrofit distribution network, Phase 2. Final report, 1 March 1980-31 January 1984. Volume II

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Not Available

    1984-01-31

    This volume begins with an Introduction summarizing the history, methodology and scope of the study, the project team members and the private and public groups consulted in the course of the study. The Load and Service Area Assessment follows, including: a compilation and analysis of existing statistical thermal load data from census data, industrial directories, PSE and G records and other sources; an analysis of responses to a detailed, 4-page thermal load questionnaire; data on public buildings and fuel and energy use provided by the New Jersey Dept. of Energy; and results of other customer surveys conducted by PSE andmore » G. A discussion of institutional questions follows. The general topic of rates is then discussed, including a draft hypothetical Tariff for Thermal Services. Financial considerations are discussed including a report identifying alternative ownership/financing options for district heating systems and the tax implications of these options. Four of these options were then selected by PSE and G and a financial (cash-flow) analysis done (by the PSE and G System Planning Dept.) in comparison with a conventional heating alternative. Year-by-year cost of heat ($/10/sup 6/ Btu) was calculated and tabulated, and the various options compared.« less

  14. Alternative management and funding options for aeronautics programs, Task 1

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1975-01-01

    Research and technology will be at lower program levels with basic military research for aviation decreasing as fewer aircraft programs are initiated and the present new aircraft programs move into the prototype and production status. The key question is can industry take on the management and financing role and meet the criteria and characteristics considered essential for a viable research and technology program. The criteria for evaluating alternative approaches include an examination of the nature of the product to be provided, responsiveness to changing needs, efficiency in terms of costs, ability to provide leadership, and to provide impartial and independent evaluation of approaches, and to provide technological inputs for regulating functions.

  15. A capital idea. Bonds and nontraditional financing options.

    PubMed

    Wareham, Therese L

    2004-05-01

    Not-for-profit healthcare organizations have four basic sources of capital: internal sources, philanthropy, asset sales, and external sources. External sources, in particular, offer a wealth of options that are important for such organizations--especially those facing significant capital shortfalls--to consider. External sources include bond offerings and nontraditional offerings, such as receivables financing, off-balance-sheet options, real estate investment trusts, and subordinated securities.

  16. A Real Options Approach to Valuing the Risk Transfer in a Multi-Year Procurement Contract

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2009-10-01

    asset follows a Brownian motion process where the returns have a lognormal distribution. H. BLACK-SCHOLES MODEL The value of the put option p on...risk in a firm-fixed-price contract. The government also provides interest-free financing that can greatly reduce the amount of capital a contractor...structured finance and credit default swap applications. 8 E. OPTIONS THEORY We will use closed form BS-type option pricing methods to estimate the

  17. Financing the FAA : comparisons of existing and alternative systems to provide funding for the development and operations of the National Airspace System

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2000-03-30

    This paper examines selected alternative methods of financing the National : Airspace System (NAS), and presents information on the consequences to major : system users of alternative financing mechanisms. The paper examines : alternatives that have ...

  18. A Guide to Ohio School Finance. Money and Education.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Biles, Brenda L.; Ward, James F.

    To help Ohio's educators, legislators, and others understand school finance reforms and equalization plans, this manual provides an overview of the state's public elementary and secondary school financing and explores issues and options in educational finance. An introductory chapter traces the legal history of school finance reform, explaining…

  19. Non-acute care facility ownership: if not you, who?

    PubMed

    Davis, J Michael

    2007-01-01

    Physician groups now face a dynamic medical real estate market that can provide an attractive alternative to self-owned and self-financed outpatient facilities and medical office buildings. The ownership and financing options available to physicians and physician groups considering the development of new medical projects have expanded greatly over the past few years and are likely to continue to evolve in the foreseeable future. This changing environment, driven by new sources of institutional capital and the emergence of qualified developers, has led to a more competitive market for physicians and groups seeking real estate capital partners, and physicians are starting to take advantage of it. Physicians and groups have embraced third-party ownership and management of real estate, because it can preserve capital resources and minimizes risk. These groups are using third parties to develop and own new medical real estate projects. This article describes medical real estate project development alternatives, the attributes and concerns of developers, typical transaction terms, and a recommended process for physicians and groups to select the best real estate development partner.

  20. Lease/Purchase: A Viable Alternative for Financing Schools.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Demers, Denise

    1989-01-01

    Lease-purchase finance is a viable alternative for school districts that cannot or do not want to employ traditional financing techniques. Outlines the advantages and disadvantages of lease-purchase financing compared to outright purchase; operating leasing, which is taxable; and traditional tax-exempt bond financing. (MLF)

  1. Alternative energy technologies for the Caribbean islands

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Pytlinski, J.T.

    1992-01-01

    All islands in the Caribbean except Puerto Rico can be classified as developing islands. Of these islands, all except Trinidad and Tobago are oil importers. Uncertainties concerning uninterrupted oil supply and increasing oil prices causes economic, social and political instability and jeopardizes further development of these islands. The paper discusses the energy situation of the Caribbean islands and presents alternative energy options. Several alternative energy projects financed by local, federal and international organizations are presented. Present and future uses of alternative energy technologies are described in different islands. Barrier which handicap developing and implementing alternative energy sources in the Caribbeanmore » are discussed. The potential and possible applications of alternative energy technologies such as: solar-thermal energy, photovoltaics, wind energy, ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), ocean currents and tides energy, biomass, peat energy, municipal solid wastes, bioconversion, hydropower, geothermal energy, nuclear energy and energy conservation are discussed in detail as means to alleviate the energy situation in the Caribbean islands.« less

  2. 78 FR 31535 - Assistive Technology Alternative Financing Program

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-05-24

    ... DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Assistive Technology Alternative Financing Program AGENCY: Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services, Department of Education. ACTION: Notice. Catalog of Federal... developed for the Assistive Technology (AT) Alternative Financing Program (AFP) in fiscal year (FY) 2012 to...

  3. EnergySmart Schools National Financing Roundtable II—Key Outcomes

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    None

    2009-11-01

    As a follow-up to the release of its Guide to Financing EnergySmart Schools, the the National Financing Roundtable brought together individuals with diverse knowledge of school building programs and projects to discuss financing issues and options that build upon those described in the first Guide to Financing EnergySmart Schools.

  4. Alternatives for Financing Higher Education Facilities.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Leslie, Larry L.; Felix, Frank J.

    1980-01-01

    How state governments should finance public college and university facilities is discussed. A framework for analyzing the capital financing alternatives available to state governments is described. Several alternatives in Arizona--including state appropriations, leasing, and revenue bonding--are considered as an illustration. (Author/MLW)

  5. 76 FR 13135 - Notice of Proposed Information Collection Requests

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-03-10

    ... Alternative Financing Program Under the Assistive Technology Act of 1998. OMB Control Number: 1820-0662... support the establishment and maintenance of alternative financing programs (AFPs) that feature one or more alternative financing mechanisms to enable individuals with disabilities and their family members...

  6. Understanding Third-Party Ownership Financing Structures for Renewable Energy

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    The Toolbox for Renewable Energy Project Development's Understanding Third-Party Ownership Financing Structures for Renewable Energy page provides an overview of solar financing options, including leases and PPAs, and project development resources.

  7. 17 CFR 30.7 - Treatment of foreign futures or foreign options secured amount.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... day, unless the futures commission merchant's chief executive officer, chief finance officer or other... unsecured basis to finance a 30.7 customer's foreign futures and foreign options trading, nor may a futures... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Treatment of foreign futures...

  8. 12 CFR 221.119 - Applicability of plan-lender provisions to financing of stock options and stock purchase rights...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... experience that in some nonqualified plans, particularly stock purchase plans, the credit arrangement is... financing of stock options and stock purchase rights qualified or restricted under Internal Revenue Code... PURCHASING OR CARRYING MARGIN STOCK (REGULATION U) Interpretations § 221.119 Applicability of plan-lender...

  9. Feasibility Study for the Ivano-Frankivsk District Heating Repowering: Analysis of Options

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Markel, L.; Popelka, A.; Laskarevsky, V.

    2002-03-20

    Part of the U.S. Initiative on Joint Implementation with the Ukraine Inter-Ministerial Commission on Climate Change, financed by the US Department of Energy. The project was implemented by a team consisting of the US company SenTech, Inc. and the Ukrainian company Esco-West. The main objective of the effort was to assess available alternatives of Ivano-Frankivsk (I-F) District Heating repowering and provide information for I-F's investment decision process. This study provides information on positive and negative technical and economic aspects of available options. Three options were analyzed for technical merit and economic performance: 1. Installation of cogeneration system based on Gasmore » Turbine (GT) and Heat Recovery Heat Exchanger with thermal capacity of 30 MW and electrical capacity of 13.5 MW. This Option assumes utilization of five existing boilers with total capacity of 221 MW. Existing boilers will be equipped with modern controls. Equipment in this Option was sized for longest operating hours, about 8000 based on the available summer baseload. 2. Installation of Gas Turbine Combined Cycle (GTCC) and Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) with thermal capacity 45 MW and electrical capacity of 58.7 MW. This Option assumes utilization of five existing boilers with total capacity of 221 MW. Existing boilers will be equipped with modern controls. The equipment was sized for medium, shoulder season thermal load, and some cooling was assumed during the summer operation for extension of operating hours for electricity production. 3. Retrofit of six existing boilers (NGB) with total thermal capacity of 255.9 MW by installation of modern control system and minor upgrades. This option assumes only heat production with minimum investment. The best economic performance and the largest investment cost would result from alternative GTCC. This alternative has positive Net Present Value (NPV) with discount rate lower than about 12%, and has IRR slightly above 12%. The lowest economic results, and the lowest required investment, would result from alternative NGB. This Option's NPV is negative even at 0% discount rate, and would not become positive even by improving some parameters within a reasonable range. The Option with Gas Turbine displays relatively modest results and the NPV is positive for low discount rate, higher price of sold electricity and lower cost of natural gas. The IRR of this alternative is 9.75%, which is not very attractive. The largest influences on the investment are from the cost of electricity sold to the grid, the heat tariff, and the cost of natural gas. Assuming the implementation of the GTCC alternative, the benefit of the project is also reflected in lower Green House Emissions.« less

  10. NPS transportation innovative finance options

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2013-05-01

    This paper provides a summary of innovative transportation finance techniques and discusses their applicability to the National Park Service (NPS). The primary finding of this analysis is that while NPS is engaging in innovative finance techniques su...

  11. A Comparison of Financing Illinois Unit School Districts for the School Year 1974-75 with the Alternative Financing Models Developed by the National Educational Finance Project.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Conti, Dennis R.

    This study compares the present method of financing Illinois public schools for the school year 1973-74 with six alternative financing models developed by the National Educational Finance Project (NEFP). The NEFP models were as follows: complete local support, flat grant with local leeway limit of 12 mills of equalized assessed valuation,…

  12. Unlocking Solar for Low- and Moderate-Income Residents: A Matrix of

    Science.gov Websites

    community solar could dramatically expand the distributed PV market. A new NREL report analyzes the most Promising Financing Options | Solar Research | NREL Unlocking Solar for Low- and Moderate -Income Residents: A Matrix of Promising Financing Options Unlocking Solar for Low- and Moderate-Income

  13. Innovative Financing of Higher Education: Changing Options and Implications

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Panigrahi, Jinusha

    2018-01-01

    With the onset of new public management, there is a shift in the methods of financing of higher education institutions across the countries of the world, particularly emerging market economies, from public financing to private financing of higher education. Many countries adopted this shift very quickly while others have moved towards a gradual…

  14. Rethinking Higher Education Capital Finance.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    King, George A.

    1988-01-01

    Capital finance in institutions of higher education is analyzed in light of changes in the Tax Reform Act of 1986 affecting the ability of institutions to finance capital projects and the likelihood of changes in the government's view of tax-exempt financing. The options for colleges and universities are analyzed in the following areas: (1)…

  15. Financial Health and Mental Health Among Clients of a Community Mental Health Center: Making the Connections.

    PubMed

    Harper, Annie; Clayton, Ashley; Bailey, Margaret; Foss-Kelly, Louisa; Sernyak, Michael J; Rowe, Michael

    2015-12-01

    This study evaluated financial challenges, satisfaction with financial-management supports, and interest in additional or alternative supports among clients of a mental health center. Six focus groups were held with 39 clients of an urban community mental health center who reported having difficulty with their finances. Five focus groups were held with direct-care staff who provided services to the clients. Investigators used an inductive analytical approach to distill themes from notes taken during the focus groups. Clients emphasized the challenges of living in poverty and described using complex strategies to sustain themselves, including negotiating benefits systems, carefully planning purchases, and developing and relying on social relationships. They spoke of having uneven access to tools and services for managing their money, such as advice from direct-care staff, representative payees, and bank accounts, and had varying opinions about their value. Noting concerns similar to those of clients, direct-care staff expressed frustration at the lack of support services for helping clients manage their finances. Both clients and staff expressed the need for more services to help clients with their finances. Findings suggest a need for more services to support people with mental illness to manage their finances, particularly a more flexible and broader range of options than are provided by current representative-payee mechanisms.

  16. Residential Solar Photovoltaics: Comparison of Financing Benefits, Innovations, and Options

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Speer, B.

    2012-10-01

    This report examines relatively new, innovative financing methods for residential photovoltaics (PV) and compares them to traditional self-financing. It provides policymakers with an overview of the residential PV financing mechanisms, describes relative advantages and challenges, and analyzes differences between them where data is available. Because these innovative financing mechanisms have only been implemented in a few locations, this report can inform their wider adoption.

  17. 31 CFR 561.313 - Financial services.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Financial services. 561.313 Section 561.313 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE OF... exchange, letters of credit, and commodity futures or options. ...

  18. Tuition Tax Credits and Vouchers: Political Finance Alternatives Rather than Rational Alternatives to Education Finance.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Thomas, Robert G.

    This paper describes the use of tuition tax credits and vouchers as political alternatives of choice and competition in a progressive society. School and public administration theorists identify two distinct finance models: the rational and the political. The first part of this paper examines and describes these two models. The next part…

  19. Urban School Construction: A Case Study of Alternative Financing Methods for St. Louis, Missouri. A Report.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Fitzgibbon, James; And Others

    The authors, after discussing the St. Louis school system and its financial history, survey both traditional and innovative construction finance alternatives that have been used across the country. These alternatives, which fall into two categories, include: (1) conventional financing through tax incomes including State and Federal aid, and (2)…

  20. From Statehouse to Schoolhouse: Education Finance Apportionment Systems in the United States

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Verstegen, Deborah A.; Knoeppel, Robert C.

    2012-01-01

    This research investigates state finance policies for public elementary and secondary education using survey methodology. The purpose is to update the existing knowledge base in the field as well as to provide a compendium of finance and policy options that are being used across the states to finance school for lawmakers, educators and others.…

  1. Financing Technical and Vocational Education: Modalities and Experiences.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    German Foundation for International Development (DSE), Bonn (Germany).

    The two papers in this document explain various options and modalities for UNEVOC (International Project on Technical and Vocational Education) Member States' financing of their individual systems of technical and vocational education and disseminating experiences in this area. "Financing Vocational Education and Training in Developing…

  2. 31 CFR 576.316 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 576.316 Section 576.316 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... foreign exchange, securities, commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof...

  3. 31 CFR 593.312 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 593.312 Section 593.312 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... selling foreign exchange, securities, commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers...

  4. 31 CFR 540.319 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 540.319 Section 540.319 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... selling foreign exchange, securities, commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers...

  5. 31 CFR 593.312 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 593.312 Section 593.312 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... selling foreign exchange, securities, commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers...

  6. 31 CFR 562.310 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 562.310 Section 562.310 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... foreign exchange, securities, commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof...

  7. 31 CFR 588.311 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 588.311 Section 588.311 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... exchange, securities, commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as...

  8. 31 CFR 576.316 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 576.316 Section 576.316 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... foreign exchange, securities, commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof...

  9. 31 CFR 560.327 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 560.327 Section 560.327 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... exchange, securities, commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as...

  10. 31 CFR 576.316 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 576.316 Section 576.316 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... foreign exchange, securities, commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof...

  11. 31 CFR 561.308 - Foreign financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Foreign financial institution. 561.308 Section 561.308 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent. It...

  12. 31 CFR 544.311 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 544.311 Section 544.311 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... selling foreign exchange, securities, commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers...

  13. 31 CFR 560.324 - Iranian financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Iranian financial institution. 560.324 Section 560.324 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent. It...

  14. 31 CFR 544.311 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 544.311 Section 544.311 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... selling foreign exchange, securities, commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers...

  15. 31 CFR 540.319 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 540.319 Section 540.319 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... selling foreign exchange, securities, commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers...

  16. 31 CFR 544.311 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 544.311 Section 544.311 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... selling foreign exchange, securities, commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers...

  17. 31 CFR 576.316 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 576.316 Section 576.316 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... foreign exchange, securities, commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof...

  18. 31 CFR 545.314 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 545.314 Section 545.314 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... exchange, securities, commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as...

  19. 31 CFR 593.312 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 593.312 Section 593.312 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... selling foreign exchange, securities, commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers...

  20. 31 CFR 593.312 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 593.312 Section 593.312 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... selling foreign exchange, securities, commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers...

  1. 31 CFR 542.321 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 542.321 Section 542.321 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... exchange, securities, commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as...

  2. 31 CFR 593.312 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 593.312 Section 593.312 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... selling foreign exchange, securities, commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers...

  3. 31 CFR 537.320 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 537.320 Section 537.320 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... exchange, securities, commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as...

  4. 31 CFR 562.310 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 562.310 Section 562.310 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... foreign exchange, securities, commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof...

  5. 31 CFR 562.310 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 562.310 Section 562.310 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... foreign exchange, securities, commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof...

  6. 31 CFR 544.311 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 544.311 Section 544.311 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... selling foreign exchange, securities, commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers...

  7. 31 CFR 560.324 - Iranian financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Iranian financial institution. 560.324 Section 560.324 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent. It...

  8. 31 CFR 562.310 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 562.310 Section 562.310 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... foreign exchange, securities, commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof...

  9. 31 CFR 540.319 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 540.319 Section 540.319 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... selling foreign exchange, securities, commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers...

  10. 31 CFR 544.311 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 544.311 Section 544.311 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... selling foreign exchange, securities, commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers...

  11. 31 CFR 540.319 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 540.319 Section 540.319 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... selling foreign exchange, securities, commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers...

  12. 31 CFR 560.327 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 560.327 Section 560.327 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... exchange, securities, commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as...

  13. 31 CFR 540.319 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 540.319 Section 540.319 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... selling foreign exchange, securities, commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers...

  14. Financing strategic healthcare facilities: the growing attraction of alternative capital.

    PubMed

    Zismer, Daniel K; Fox, James; Torgerson, Paul

    2013-05-01

    Community health system leaders often dismiss use of alternative capital to finance strategic facilities as being too expensive and less strategically useful, preferring to follow historical precedent and use tax-exempt bonding to finance such facilities. Proposed changes in accounting rules should cause third-party-financed facility lease arrangements to be treated similarly to tax-exempt debt financings with respect to the income statement and balance sheet, increasing their appeal to community health systems. An in-depth comparison of the total costs associated with each financing approach can help inform the choice of financing approaches by illuminating their respective advantages and disadvantages.

  15. Financing Energy Upgrades for K-12 School Districts: A Guide to Tapping into Funding for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Improvements

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Goggio Borgeson, Merrian; Zimring, Mark

    This guide focuses on clean energy financing options for school administrators, facility managers, and other K-12 school decision makers who are considering investments in high performance school projects. This guide explicitly focuses on comprehensive energy upgrades, those that involve multiple measures and are targeted toward achieving significant energy savings. Successful implementation of clean energy upgrades in schools is a matter of understanding the opportunity, making the commitment, and creatively tapping into available financing. This guide attempts to provide the foundation needed for successful projects in U.S. schools. It walks through the financing options available to K-12 schools and provides casemore » studies of six school districts from around the country.« less

  16. 31 CFR 345.4 - Redemption/reinvestment.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Redemption/reinvestment. 345.4 Section 345.4 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FISCAL SERVICE... may be redeemed prior to maturity at par and accrued interest at the owner's option on one week's...

  17. 31 CFR 345.4 - Redemption/reinvestment.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Redemption/reinvestment. 345.4 Section 345.4 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FISCAL SERVICE... may be redeemed prior to maturity at par and accrued interest at the owner's option on one week's...

  18. 31 CFR 345.4 - Redemption/reinvestment.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Redemption/reinvestment. 345.4 Section 345.4 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FISCAL SERVICE... may be redeemed prior to maturity at par and accrued interest at the owner's option on one week's...

  19. Financing the Electronic Library: Models and Options.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Waters, Richard L.; Kralisz, Victor Frank

    1981-01-01

    Places the cost considerations associated with public library automation in a framework of public finance comfortable to most administrators, discusses the importance of experience with use patterns in the electronic library in opening up new and innovative financing methods, and stresses the role of the library in the information industry. (JL)

  20. 31 CFR 551.310 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 551.310 Section 551.310 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent. It...

  1. 31 CFR 541.311 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 541.311 Section 541.311 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent; including...

  2. 31 CFR 595.316 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 595.316 Section 595.316 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent; including...

  3. 31 CFR 549.311 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 549.311 Section 549.311 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent. It...

  4. 31 CFR 543.311 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 543.311 Section 543.311 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent; including...

  5. 31 CFR 551.310 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 551.310 Section 551.310 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent. It...

  6. 31 CFR 595.316 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 595.316 Section 595.316 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent; including...

  7. 31 CFR 541.311 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 541.311 Section 541.311 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent; including...

  8. 31 CFR 548.311 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 548.311 Section 548.311 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent. It...

  9. 31 CFR 594.314 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 594.314 Section 594.314 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent; including...

  10. 31 CFR 548.311 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 548.311 Section 548.311 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent. It...

  11. 31 CFR 543.311 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 543.311 Section 543.311 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent; including...

  12. 31 CFR 586.317 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 586.317 Section 586.317 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... purchasing or selling foreign exchange, securities, commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and...

  13. 31 CFR 537.320 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 537.320 Section 537.320 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent; including...

  14. 31 CFR 594.314 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 594.314 Section 594.314 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent; including...

  15. 31 CFR 590.313 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 590.313 Section 590.313 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... foreign exchange, securities, or commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof...

  16. 31 CFR 598.319 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 598.319 Section 598.319 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., securities, commodity futures or options, as principal or agent. This terms includes but is not limited to...

  17. 31 CFR 543.311 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 543.311 Section 543.311 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent; including...

  18. 31 CFR 589.313 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 589.313 Section 589.313 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent. It...

  19. 31 CFR 546.311 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 546.311 Section 546.311 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent; including...

  20. 31 CFR 536.317 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 536.317 Section 536.317 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., securities, commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent...

  1. 31 CFR 549.311 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 549.311 Section 549.311 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent. It...

  2. 31 CFR 588.310 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 588.310 Section 588.310 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... exchange, securities, or commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as...

  3. 31 CFR 585.318 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 585.318 Section 585.318 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., securities, commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent...

  4. 31 CFR 537.320 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 537.320 Section 537.320 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent; including...

  5. 31 CFR 542.311 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 542.311 Section 542.311 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent, including...

  6. 31 CFR 538.316 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 538.316 Section 538.316 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent; including...

  7. 31 CFR 588.310 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 588.310 Section 588.310 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... exchange, securities, or commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as...

  8. 31 CFR 595.316 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 595.316 Section 595.316 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent; including...

  9. 31 CFR 598.319 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 598.319 Section 598.319 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., securities, commodity futures or options, as principal or agent. This terms includes but is not limited to...

  10. 31 CFR 537.320 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 537.320 Section 537.320 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent; including...

  11. 31 CFR 587.311 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 587.311 Section 587.311 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... credits, or purchasing or selling foreign exchange, securities, commodity futures or options, or procuring...

  12. 31 CFR 561.320 - Iranian financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Iranian financial institution. 561.320 Section 561.320 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent. It includes but is...

  13. 31 CFR 558.312 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 558.312 Section 558.312 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent. It...

  14. 31 CFR 546.311 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 546.311 Section 546.311 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent; including...

  15. 31 CFR 570.312 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 570.312 Section 570.312 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent. It...

  16. 31 CFR 548.311 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 548.311 Section 548.311 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent. It...

  17. 31 CFR 542.311 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 542.311 Section 542.311 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent, including...

  18. 31 CFR 543.311 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 543.311 Section 543.311 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent; including...

  19. 31 CFR 546.311 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 546.311 Section 546.311 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent; including...

  20. 31 CFR 536.317 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 536.317 Section 536.317 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., securities, commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent...

  1. 31 CFR 543.311 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 543.311 Section 543.311 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent; including...

  2. 31 CFR 570.312 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 570.312 Section 570.312 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent. It...

  3. 31 CFR 551.310 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 551.310 Section 551.310 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent. It...

  4. 31 CFR 594.314 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 594.314 Section 594.314 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent; including...

  5. 31 CFR 541.311 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 541.311 Section 541.311 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent; including...

  6. 31 CFR 551.310 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 551.310 Section 551.310 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent. It...

  7. 31 CFR 536.317 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 536.317 Section 536.317 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., securities, commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent...

  8. 31 CFR 538.316 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 538.316 Section 538.316 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent; including...

  9. 31 CFR 546.311 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 546.311 Section 546.311 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent; including...

  10. 31 CFR 594.314 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 594.314 Section 594.314 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent; including...

  11. 31 CFR 549.311 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 549.311 Section 549.311 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent. It...

  12. 31 CFR 541.311 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 541.311 Section 541.311 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent; including...

  13. 31 CFR 538.316 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 538.316 Section 538.316 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent; including...

  14. 31 CFR 570.312 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 570.312 Section 570.312 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent. It...

  15. 31 CFR 594.314 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 594.314 Section 594.314 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent; including...

  16. 31 CFR 551.310 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 551.310 Section 551.310 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent. It...

  17. 31 CFR 542.311 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 542.311 Section 542.311 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent, including...

  18. 31 CFR 570.312 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 570.312 Section 570.312 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent. It...

  19. 31 CFR 595.316 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 595.316 Section 595.316 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent; including...

  20. 31 CFR 595.316 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 595.316 Section 595.316 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent; including...

  1. 31 CFR 536.317 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 536.317 Section 536.317 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., securities, commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent...

  2. 31 CFR 537.320 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 537.320 Section 537.320 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent; including...

  3. 31 CFR 561.320 - Iranian financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Iranian financial institution. 561.320 Section 561.320 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent. It includes but is...

  4. 31 CFR 549.311 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 549.311 Section 549.311 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent. It...

  5. 31 CFR 552.310 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 552.310 Section 552.310 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent. It...

  6. 31 CFR 561.309 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 561.309 Section 561.309 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent. It...

  7. 31 CFR 548.311 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 548.311 Section 548.311 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent. It...

  8. 31 CFR 541.311 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 541.311 Section 541.311 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent; including...

  9. 31 CFR 598.319 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 598.319 Section 598.319 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., securities, commodity futures or options, as principal or agent. This terms includes but is not limited to...

  10. 31 CFR 588.310 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 588.310 Section 588.310 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... exchange, securities, or commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as...

  11. 31 CFR 538.316 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 538.316 Section 538.316 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent; including...

  12. 31 CFR 542.311 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 542.311 Section 542.311 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent, including...

  13. 31 CFR 590.313 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 590.313 Section 590.313 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... foreign exchange, securities, or commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof...

  14. 31 CFR 536.317 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 536.317 Section 536.317 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., securities, commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent...

  15. 31 CFR 561.320 - Iranian financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Iranian financial institution. 561.320 Section 561.320 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent. It includes but is...

  16. 31 CFR 552.310 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 552.310 Section 552.310 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent. It...

  17. 31 CFR 575.320 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 575.320 Section 575.320 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent; including...

  18. 31 CFR 598.319 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 598.319 Section 598.319 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., securities, commodity futures or options, as principal or agent. This terms includes but is not limited to...

  19. 31 CFR 590.313 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 590.313 Section 590.313 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... foreign exchange, securities, or commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof...

  20. 31 CFR 598.319 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 598.319 Section 598.319 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., securities, commodity futures or options, as principal or agent. This terms includes but is not limited to...

  1. 31 CFR 538.316 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 538.316 Section 538.316 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent; including...

  2. 31 CFR 548.311 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 548.311 Section 548.311 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE..., commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent. It...

  3. 31 CFR 588.310 - U.S. financial institution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false U.S. financial institution. 588.310 Section 588.310 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... exchange, securities, or commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as...

  4. Public Education Finance Systems in the United States and Funding Policies for Populations with Special Educational Needs

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Verstegen, Deborah A.

    2011-01-01

    This research investigates state finance policies for public education using survey methodology. The purpose is to update previous work and the existing knowledge base in the field as well as to provide a compendium of finance and policy options that are used across the states to finance public elementary and secondary schools. Chief state school…

  5. Non-Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) Options for Financing Solar Deployment at Universities

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Financing solar using power purchase agreements (PPAs) has facilitated solar deployment of more than 100 megawatts (MW) at universities--as compared to 50 MW facilitated by financing models not using PPAs. This brochure, which overviews existing financing models and funding mechanisms available for solar procurement, focuses on non-PPA financing models. For more information on solar deployment at universities using PPAs, refer to Using Power Purchase Agreements for Solar Deployment at Universities.

  6. Quantum Finance

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Baaquie, Belal E.

    2007-09-01

    Foreword; Preface; Acknowledgements; 1. Synopsis; Part I. Fundamental Concepts of Finance: 2. Introduction to finance; 3. Derivative securities; Part II. Systems with Finite Number of Degrees of Freedom: 4. Hamiltonians and stock options; 5. Path integrals and stock options; 6. Stochastic interest rates' Hamiltonians and path integrals; Part III. Quantum Field Theory of Interest Rates Models: 7. Quantum field theory of forward interest rates; 8. Empirical forward interest rates and field theory models; 9. Field theory of Treasury Bonds' derivatives and hedging; 10. Field theory Hamiltonian of forward interest rates; 11. Conclusions; Appendix A: mathematical background; Brief glossary of financial terms; Brief glossary of physics terms; List of main symbols; References; Index.

  7. For the last time: stock options are an expense.

    PubMed

    Bodie, Zvi; Kaplan, Robert S; Merton, Robert C

    2003-03-01

    Should stock options be recorded as an expense on a company's income statement and balance sheet, or should they remain where they are, relegated to footnotes? The extraordinary boom in share prices during the Internet bubble made critics of option expensing look like spoilsports. But since the crash, the debate has returned with a vengeance. And no wonder: The authors believe the case for expensing options is overwhelming. In this article, Nobel Iaureate Robert Merton, one of the inventors of the Black-Scholes option-pricing model; his coauthor on the classic textbook Finance, Zvi Bodie; and Robert Kaplan, creator of the Balanced Scorecard, examine and dismiss the principal claims put forward by those who continue to oppose options expensing. They demonstrate that stock-option grants do indeed have real cash-flow implications that need to be reported. They show that effective ways certainly exist to quantify those implications. They detail the distortions that relegating stock-option accounting to footnotes creates. And they show why reporting option costs should in no way hamper young companies in their efforts to provide incentives. Options are indeed a powerful incentive, the authors agree, and failing to record a transaction that creates such powerful effects is economically indefensible. Worse, it encourages companies to favor options over alternative incentive systems. It is not the proper role of accounting standards, the authors argue, to distort executive and employee compensation by subsidizing one particular form of compensation and no other. Companies should choose compensation methods according to their economic benefits--not the way they are reported.

  8. Development and formative evaluation of a visual e-tool to help decision makers navigate the evidence around health financing.

    PubMed

    Skordis-Worrall, Jolene; Pulkki-Brännström, Anni-Maria; Utley, Martin; Kembhavi, Gayatri; Bricki, Nouria; Dutoit, Xavier; Rosato, Mikey; Pagel, Christina

    2012-12-21

    There are calls for low and middle income countries to develop robust health financing policies to increase service coverage. However, existing evidence around financing options is complex and often difficult for policy makers to access. To summarize the evidence on the impact of financing health systems and develop an e-tool to help decision makers navigate the findings. After reviewing the literature, we used thematic analysis to summarize the impact of 7 common health financing mechanisms on 5 common health system goals. Information on the relevance of each study to a user's context was provided by 11 country indicators. A Web-based e-tool was then developed to assist users in navigating the literature review. This tool was evaluated using feedback from early users, collected using an online survey and in-depth interviews with key informants. The e-tool provides graphical summaries that allow a user to assess the following parameters with a single snapshot: the number of relevant studies available in the literature, the heterogeneity of evidence, where key evidence is lacking, and how closely the evidence matches their own context. Users particularly liked the visual display and found navigating the tool intuitive. However there was concern that a lack of evidence on positive impact might be construed as evidence against a financing option and that the tool might over-simplify the available financing options. Complex evidence can be made more easily accessible and potentially more understandable using basic Web-based technology and innovative graphical representations that match findings to the users' goals and context.

  9. Housing Options for Seniors

    MedlinePlus

    ... living community. It must fit your needs and finances. The following steps can help in this process. ... realistic financial budget. Be sure to consider the finances of any family members who will be contributing. ...

  10. Capital Financing For Private & Independent Schools

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Online Submission, 2005

    2005-01-01

    This paper is a primer for school boards and management. It provides a basic overview of the key issues, considerations and options associated with the use of debt by private schools to address facility financing needs. In addition, for a school which has decided to pursue debt financing, it provides basic guidelines for the choice of debt…

  11. Finance issue brief: long-term care insurance.

    PubMed

    Mintz, E

    1999-08-03

    States are turning their attention to long-term care insurance, spurred by a 1996 federal law and an increasingly urgent need for more options to finance the care of their rapidly growing elderly populations.

  12. One third of the world - A review of Pacific islands telecommunications requirements

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Hurd, J. N.

    1982-01-01

    This paper describes the Pacific Basin Communications Study, an assessment of Pacific islands telecommunications requirements, recently completed by the Public Service Satellite Consortium under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The study describes extant and planned telecommunications systems in the region, examines user needs in terms of the development of governmental, social and commercial activities, and proposes and describes alternative technological solutions to communications problems. Questions of financing, implementation, management, costs and benefits of a regional telecommunications system are discussed. This paper describes user requirements based on six months of field investigation and technological options for improving telecommunications in the Pacific islands.

  13. Quantum finance Hamiltonian for coupon bond European and barrier options.

    PubMed

    Baaquie, Belal E

    2008-03-01

    Coupon bond European and barrier options are financial derivatives that can be analyzed in the Hamiltonian formulation of quantum finance. Forward interest rates are modeled as a two-dimensional quantum field theory and its Hamiltonian and state space is defined. European and barrier options are realized as transition amplitudes of the time integrated Hamiltonian operator. The double barrier option for a financial instrument is "knocked out" (terminated with zero value) if the price of the underlying instrument exceeds or falls below preset limits; the barrier option is realized by imposing boundary conditions on the eigenfunctions of the forward interest rates' Hamiltonian. The price of the European coupon bond option and the zero coupon bond barrier option are calculated. It is shown that, is general, the constraint function for a coupon bond barrier option can -- to a good approximation -- be linearized. A calculation using an overcomplete set of eigenfunctions yields an approximate price for the coupon bond barrier option, which is given in the form of an integral of a factor that results from the barrier condition times another factor that arises from the payoff function.

  14. The study on stage financing model of IT project investment.

    PubMed

    Chen, Si-hua; Xu, Sheng-hua; Lee, Changhoon; Xiong, Neal N; He, Wei

    2014-01-01

    Stage financing is the basic operation of venture capital investment. In investment, usually venture capitalists use different strategies to obtain the maximum returns. Due to its advantages to reduce the information asymmetry and agency cost, stage financing is widely used by venture capitalists. Although considerable attentions are devoted to stage financing, very little is known about the risk aversion strategies of IT projects. This paper mainly addresses the problem of risk aversion of venture capital investment in IT projects. Based on the analysis of characteristics of venture capital investment of IT projects, this paper introduces a real option pricing model to measure the value brought by the stage financing strategy and design a risk aversion model for IT projects. Because real option pricing method regards investment activity as contingent decision, it helps to make judgment on the management flexibility of IT projects and then make a more reasonable evaluation about the IT programs. Lastly by being applied to a real case, it further illustrates the effectiveness and feasibility of the model.

  15. The Study on Stage Financing Model of IT Project Investment

    PubMed Central

    Xu, Sheng-hua; Xiong, Neal N.

    2014-01-01

    Stage financing is the basic operation of venture capital investment. In investment, usually venture capitalists use different strategies to obtain the maximum returns. Due to its advantages to reduce the information asymmetry and agency cost, stage financing is widely used by venture capitalists. Although considerable attentions are devoted to stage financing, very little is known about the risk aversion strategies of IT projects. This paper mainly addresses the problem of risk aversion of venture capital investment in IT projects. Based on the analysis of characteristics of venture capital investment of IT projects, this paper introduces a real option pricing model to measure the value brought by the stage financing strategy and design a risk aversion model for IT projects. Because real option pricing method regards investment activity as contingent decision, it helps to make judgment on the management flexibility of IT projects and then make a more reasonable evaluation about the IT programs. Lastly by being applied to a real case, it further illustrates the effectiveness and feasibility of the model. PMID:25147845

  16. Feasibility of a medium-size central cogenerated energy facility, energy management memorandum

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Porter, R. W.

    1982-09-01

    The thermal-economic feasibility was studied of a medium-size central cogenerated energy facility designed to serve five varied industries. Generation options included one dual-fuel diesel and one gas turbine, both with waste heat boilers, and five fired boilers. Fuels included natural gas, and for the fired-boiler cases, also low-sulphur coal and municipal refuse. The fired-boiler cogeneration systems employed back-pressure steam turbines. For coal and refuse, the option of steam only without cogeneration was also assessed. The refuse-fired cases utilized modular incinerators. The options provided for a wide range of steam and electrical capacities. Deficient steam was assumed generated independently in existing equipment. Excess electrical power over that which could be displaced was assumed sold to Commonwealth Edison Company under PURPA (Public Utility Regulator Policies Act). The facility was assumed operated by a mutually owned corporation formed by the cogenerated power users. The economic analysis was predicted on currently applicable energy-investment tax credits and accelerated depreciation for a January 1985 startup date. Based on 100% equity financing, the results indicated that the best alternative was the modular-incinerator cogeneration system.

  17. Innovative financing options for Kentucky's transportation infrastructure.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2001-04-01

    Given the need to maximize Kentuckys limited highway system funding, the purpose of this study was to review and analyze new transportation financing innovations suggested by the Federal Highway Administration. The FHWA suggestions may provide way...

  18. Financing structural interventions: going beyond HIV-only value for money assessments.

    PubMed

    Remme, Michelle; Vassall, Anna; Lutz, Brian; Luna, Jorge; Watts, Charlotte

    2014-01-28

    Structural interventions can reduce HIV vulnerability. However, HIV-specific budgeting, based on HIV-specific outcomes alone, could lead to the undervaluation of investments in such interventions and suboptimal resource allocation. We investigate this hypothesis by examining the consequences of alternative financing approaches. We compare three approaches for deciding whether to finance a structural intervention to keep adolescent girls in school in Malawi. In the first, HIV and non-HIV budget holders participate in a cross-sectoral cost-benefit analysis and fund the intervention if the benefits outweigh the costs. In the second silo approach, each budget holder considers the cost-effectiveness of the intervention in terms of their own objectives and funds the intervention on the basis of their sector-specific thresholds of what is cost-effective or not. In the third cofinancing approach, budget holders use cost-effectiveness analysis to determine how much they would be willing to contribute towards the intervention, provided that other sectors are willing to pay for the remaining costs. In addition, we explore approaches for determining the HIV share in the cofinancing scenario. We find that efficient structural interventions may be less likely to be prioritized, financed and taken to scale where sectors evaluate their options in isolation. A cofinancing approach minimizes welfare loss and could be incorporated in a sector budgeting perspective. Structural interventions may be underimplemented and their cross-sectoral benefits foregone. Cofinancing provides an opportunity for multiple HIV, health and development objectives to be achieved simultaneously, but will require effective cross-sectoral coordination mechanisms for planning, implementation and financing.

  19. Creative Bus Financing.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Malone, Wade

    1982-01-01

    Alternative ways of financing school bus purchases include financing privately through contractors or commercial banks, financing through sources such as insurance companies and pension funds, leasing the buses, or contracting for transportation services. (Author/MLF)

  20. Paying for College: Student Loans and Alternative Financing Mechanisms.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Eureka Project, Sacramento, CA.

    As a part of a study on financing higher education in California, information is presented on student loans and alternative methods of financing. Part 1 reviews problems caused by a heavy reliance on the federal Guaranteed Student Loan program (GSL). It discusses troubles of the GSL program; the lack of policy purpose; program costs; defaults;…

  1. 29 CFR 2520.104-27 - Alternative method of compliance for certain unfunded dues financed pension plans maintained by...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... financed pension plans maintained by employee organizations. 2520.104-27 Section 2520.104-27 Labor... Alternative method of compliance for certain unfunded dues financed pension plans maintained by employee organizations. (a) Scope. Under the authority of section 110 of the Act, a pension benefit plan that meets the...

  2. Financing mechanisms for capital improvements : interchanges : final report.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2010-03-01

    This report examines the use of alternative local financing mechanisms for interchange and interchange area infrastructure improvements. The financing mechanisms covered include transportation impact fees, tax increment financing, value capture finan...

  3. Financing mechanisms for capital improvements : interchanges, final report, March 2010.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2010-03-01

    This report examines the use of alternative local financing mechanisms for interchange and interchange area infrastructure improvements. The financing mechanisms covered include transportation impact fees, tax increment financing, value capture finan...

  4. Using Revolving Loan Funds to Finance Energy Savings Performance Contracts in State and Local Agency Applications

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Booth, S.; Doris, E.; Knutson, D.

    2011-05-01

    Numerous pre-existing and newly emerging state- and locally-managed revolving loan funds (RLFs) are being used in conjunction with energy savings performance contracts (ESPCs) as an option for financing of energy efficiency projects. This document presents an overview of ESPCs and how they fit within the RLF framework. There are a variety of options available to state and local governments to catalyze the disbursement of available capital from RLFs and increase the number of ESPC projects within their jurisdictions. To demonstrate the implementation of this type of financing program in action, this report concludes with four program case studies of state-sponsoredmore » RLFs where ESPCs are an allowed use of funds.« less

  5. Final priority; Rehabilitation Services Administration--Assistive Technology Alternative Financing Program. Final priority.

    PubMed

    2014-08-14

    The Assistant Secretary for Special Education and Rehabilitative Services announces a priority under the Assistive Technology Alternative Financing Program administered by the Rehabilitation Services Administration (RSA). The Assistant Secretary may use this priority for competitions in fiscal year (FY) 2014 and later years. This priority is designed to ensure that the Department funds high-quality assistive technology (AT) alternative financing programs (AFPs) that meet rigorous standards in order to enable individuals with disabilities to access and acquire assistive technology devices and services necessary to achieve education, community living, and employment goals.

  6. Debt Financing: Academia's Funding Alternative.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Baum, Rudy M.

    1981-01-01

    Discusses debt financing as a way to help universities alleviate the problems of obsolete scientific equipment and facilities for research. Reviews several forms of tax-exempt financing and takes note of some of the advantages of debt financing. (CS)

  7. Burn Wise Funding

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    EPA is working with federal, state, tribal and local agencies to find and promote viable funding options to replace wood-burning appliances with cleaner home heating. Includes Guide to Financing Options for Wood-burning Appliance Changeouts.

  8. Strengthening Building Retrofit Markets

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Templeton, Mary; Jackson, Robert

    2014-04-15

    The Business Energy Financing (BEF) program offered commercial businesses in Michigan affordable financing options and other incentives designed to support energy efficiency improvements. We worked through partnerships with Michigan utilities, lenders, building contractors, trade associations, and other community organizations to offer competitive interest rates and flexible financing terms to support energy efficiency projects that otherwise would not have happened. The BEF program targeted the retail food market, including restaurants, grocery stores, convenience stores, and wholesale food vendors, with the goal of achieving energy efficiency retrofits for 2 percent of the target market. We offered low interest rates, flexible payments, easymore » applications and approval processes, and access to other incentives and rebates. Through these efforts, we sought to help customers strive for energy savings retrofits that would save 20 percent or more on their energy use. This program helped Michigan businesses reduce costs by financing energy efficient lighting, heating and cooling systems, insulation, refrigeration, equipment upgrades, and more. Businesses completed the upgrades with the help of our authorized contractors, and, through our lending partners, we provided affordable financing options.« less

  9. The Farm Credit Situation: Implications for Agricultural Policy.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Bullock, J. Bruce

    1986-01-01

    Examines issues regarding current farm finance situation from a public policy perspective: origins and causes of current situation, available policy options for dealing with the problems, and impacts of policy options. (NEC)

  10. Financing to meet community needs: a guide for small hospitals.

    PubMed

    Wilson, Bill

    2009-03-01

    To succeed in the current financial markets, small hospitals need flexible project and financing plans. Many small local banks today can offer small hospitals financing solutions on par with what was previously offered only by the country's strongest investment-grade rated banks. Federal assistance through programs such as HUD's Section 242 mortgage insurance program is also a viable option for small hospitals.

  11. 31 CFR 0.104 - Designated Agency Ethics Official and Alternate Designated Agency Ethics Official.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Designated Agency Ethics Official and Alternate Designated Agency Ethics Official. 0.104 Section 0.104 Money and Finance: Treasury Office of the... Responsibilities § 0.104 Designated Agency Ethics Official and Alternate Designated Agency Ethics Official. The...

  12. 31 CFR 0.104 - Designated Agency Ethics Official and Alternate Designated Agency Ethics Official.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Designated Agency Ethics Official and Alternate Designated Agency Ethics Official. 0.104 Section 0.104 Money and Finance: Treasury Office of the... Responsibilities § 0.104 Designated Agency Ethics Official and Alternate Designated Agency Ethics Official. The...

  13. 31 CFR 0.104 - Designated Agency Ethics Official and Alternate Designated Agency Ethics Official.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Designated Agency Ethics Official and Alternate Designated Agency Ethics Official. 0.104 Section 0.104 Money and Finance: Treasury Office of the... Responsibilities § 0.104 Designated Agency Ethics Official and Alternate Designated Agency Ethics Official. The...

  14. 31 CFR 0.104 - Designated Agency Ethics Official and Alternate Designated Agency Ethics Official.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Designated Agency Ethics Official and Alternate Designated Agency Ethics Official. 0.104 Section 0.104 Money and Finance: Treasury Office of the... Responsibilities § 0.104 Designated Agency Ethics Official and Alternate Designated Agency Ethics Official. The...

  15. 31 CFR 0.104 - Designated Agency Ethics Official and Alternate Designated Agency Ethics Official.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Designated Agency Ethics Official and Alternate Designated Agency Ethics Official. 0.104 Section 0.104 Money and Finance: Treasury Office of the... Responsibilities § 0.104 Designated Agency Ethics Official and Alternate Designated Agency Ethics Official. The...

  16. An assessment of innovative financing options for the Airport Improvement Program

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1996-03-01

    Section 520 of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Authorization Act of 1994 (Public Law 103-305) directs the Secretary of Transportation to conduct a study of innovative approaches for using Federal funds to finance airport development as a me...

  17. FAA Financing: Issues and Options in Deciding to Reinstate or Replace the Airline Ticket Tax

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1997-02-04

    On December 31, 1996, the government's authority to collect the taxes that : finance the Airport and Airway Trust Fund, which has historically provided about : three-quarters of Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA's) funding, lapsed. In : December...

  18. A Comprehensive Assessment of Four Options for Financing Health Care Delivery in Oregon

    PubMed Central

    White, Chapin; Eibner, Christine; Liu, Jodi L.; Price, Carter C.; Leibowitz, Nora; Morley, Gretchen; Smith, Jeanene; Edlund, Tina; Meyer, Jack

    2017-01-01

    Abstract This article describes four options for financing health care for residents of the state of Oregon and compares the projected impacts and feasibility of each option. The Single Payer option and the Health Care Ingenuity Plan would achieve universal coverage, while the Public Option would add a state-sponsored plan to the Affordable Care Act (ACA) Marketplace. Under the Status Quo option, Oregon would maintain its expansion of Medicaid and subsidies for nongroup coverage through the ACA Marketplace. The state could cover all residents under the Single Payer option with little change in overall health care costs, but doing so would require cuts to provider payment rates that could worsen access to care, and implementation hurdles may be insurmountable. The Health Care Ingenuity Plan, a state-managed plan featuring competition among private plans, would also achieve universal coverage and would sever the employer–health insurance link, but the provider payment rates would likely be set too high, so health care costs would increase. The Public Option would be the easiest of the three options to implement, but because it would not affect many people, it would be an incremental improvement to the Status Quo. Policymakers will need to weigh these options against their desire for change to balance the benefits with the trade-offs. PMID:29057151

  19. U.S. Physicians’ Views on Financing Options to Expand Health Insurance Coverage: A National Survey

    PubMed Central

    Woolhandler, Steffie; Bose-Kolanu, Anjali; Germann, Antonio; Bor, David H.; Himmelstein, David U.

    2009-01-01

    BACKGROUND Physician opinion can influence the prospects for health care reform, yet there are few recent data on physician views on reform proposals or access to medical care in the United States. OBJECTIVE To assess physician views on financing options for expanding health care coverage and on access to health care. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS Nationally representative mail survey conducted between March 2007 and October 2007 of U.S. physicians engaged in direct patient care. MEASUREMENTS Rated support for reform options including financial incentives to induce individuals to purchase health insurance and single-payer national health insurance; rated views of several dimensions of access to care. MAIN RESULTS 1,675 of 3,300 physicians responded (50.8%). Only 9% of physicians preferred the current employer-based financing system. Forty-nine percent favored either tax incentives or penalties to encourage the purchase of medical insurance, and 42% preferred a government-run, taxpayer-financed single-payer national health insurance program. The majority of respondents believed that all Americans should receive needed medical care regardless of ability to pay (89%); 33% believed that the uninsured currently have access to needed care. Nearly one fifth of respondents (19.3%) believed that even the insured lack access to needed care. Views about access were independently associated with support for single-payer national health insurance. CONCLUSIONS The vast majority of physicians surveyed supported a change in the health care financing system. While a plurality support the use of financial incentives, a substantial proportion support single payer national health insurance. These findings challenge the perception that fundamental restructuring of the U.S. health care financing system receives little acceptance by physicians. PMID:19184240

  20. The logic of tax-based financing for health care.

    PubMed

    Bodenheimer, T; Sullivan, K

    1997-01-01

    Employment-based health insurance faces serious problems. For the first time, the number of Americans covered by such health insurance is falling. Employers strongly oppose the employer mandate approach to extending health insurance. Employment-based financing is regressive and complex. Serious debate is needed on an alternative solution to financing health care for all Americans. Taxation represents a clear alternative to employment-based health care financing. The major criterion for choosing a tax is equity, with simplicity a second criterion. An earmarked, progressive individual income tax is a fair and potentially simple tax with which to finance health care. The political feasibility of such a tax is greater than that of employer mandate legislation.

  1. Research notes : alternative local financing mechanisms.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2010-06-01

    Literature was reviewed to appraise the advantages and disadvantages of each financing mechanism evaluated, and, where applicable, highlight examples of their use in Oregon. Financing mechanisms were then assessed for suitability for funding intercha...

  2. State Policy Initiatives for Financing Energy Efficiency in Public Buildings.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Business Officer, 1984

    1984-01-01

    Alternative financing methods (other than state financing) for developing cost-effective energy efficiency projects are discussed. It is suggested that by properly financing energy efficiency investments, state campuses can generate immediate positive cash savings. The following eight initiatives for maximizing energy savings potential are…

  3. Pathways for School Finance in California. Technical Appendix

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Rose, Heather; Sonstelie, Jon; Weston, Margaret

    2010-01-01

    This is a technical appendix for the report, "Pathways for School Finance in California" (ED515651). "Pathways for School Finance in California" simulates alternatives to California's current school finance system. This appendix provides more information about the revenues used in those simulations. The first section describes…

  4. The desirability and feasibility of alternative means of financing transportation in Virginia.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1978-01-01

    The report was prepared in response to a request by the Legislature of Virginia, through Senate Joint Resolution 76, that a study be conducted on the desirability and feasibility of using alternative methods of financing not presently available to su...

  5. Back to basics--just how much should a risk manager know about risk financing?

    PubMed

    Miller, Vivian B

    2011-01-01

    Whether directly involved in development and implementation of the organization's risk financing program or not, risk management professionals, at the very least, need to be familiar with and understand the various risk financing strategies available to address all areas of exposure. This article addresses the types of coverages and risk financing options that should be considered when developing a comprehensive risk-financing program, and why it is important for risk management professionals to have some knowledge about these products, in order for their true value to be fully appreciated. © 2011 American Society for Healthcare Risk Management of the American Hospital Association.

  6. Borrow or Serve? An Economic Analysis of Options for Financing a Medical School Education

    PubMed Central

    Marcu, Mircea I.; Hunter, Christine; Curtis, Jerri; Rice, Charles; Wilensky, Gail R.

    2017-01-01

    Purpose To understand the long-term economic implications of key pathways for financing a medical school education. Method The authors calculated the net present value (NPV) of cash flow over a 30-year career for a 2013 matriculant associated with (1) self-financing, (2) federally guaranteed loans, (3) the Public Service Loan Forgiveness program, (4) the National Health Service Corps, (5) the Armed Forces Health Professions Scholarship Program, and (6) matriculation at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences. They calculated the NPV for students pursuing one of four specialties in two cities with divergent tax policies. Borrowers were assumed to have a median level of debt ($180,000), and conservative projections of inflation, discount rates, and income growth were employed. Sensitivity analyses examined different discount and income growth rates, alternative repayment strategies, and various lengths of public-sector service by scholarship recipients. Results For those wealthy enough to pay cash or fortunate enough to secure a no-strings scholarship, self-financing produced the highest NPV in almost every scenario. Borrowers start practice $300,000 to $400,000 behind their peers who secure a national service scholarship, but those who enter a highly paid specialty, such as orthopedic surgery, overtake their national service counterparts 4 to 11 years after residency. Those in lower-paid specialties take much longer. Borrowers who enter primary care never close the gap. Conclusions Over time, the value of a medical degree offsets the high up-front cost. Debt avoidance confers substantial economic benefits, particularly for students interested in primary care. PMID:28121649

  7. Borrow or Serve? An Economic Analysis of Options for Financing a Medical School Education.

    PubMed

    Marcu, Mircea I; Kellermann, Arthur L; Hunter, Christine; Curtis, Jerri; Rice, Charles; Wilensky, Gail R

    2017-07-01

    To understand the long-term economic implications of key pathways for financing a medical school education. The authors calculated the net present value (NPV) of cash flow over a 30-year career for a 2013 matriculant associated with (1) self-financing, (2) federally guaranteed loans, (3) the Public Service Loan Forgiveness program, (4) the National Health Service Corps, (5) the Armed Forces Health Professions Scholarship Program, and (6) matriculation at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences. They calculated the NPV for students pursuing one of four specialties in two cities with divergent tax policies. Borrowers were assumed to have a median level of debt ($180,000), and conservative projections of inflation, discount rates, and income growth were employed. Sensitivity analyses examined different discount and income growth rates, alternative repayment strategies, and various lengths of public-sector service by scholarship recipients. For those wealthy enough to pay cash or fortunate enough to secure a no-strings scholarship, self-financing produced the highest NPV in almost every scenario. Borrowers start practice $300,000 to $400,000 behind their peers who secure a national service scholarship, but those who enter a highly paid specialty, such as orthopedic surgery, overtake their national service counterparts 4 to 11 years after residency. Those in lower-paid specialties take much longer. Borrowers who enter primary care never close the gap. Over time, the value of a medical degree offsets the high up-front cost. Debt avoidance confers substantial economic benefits, particularly for students interested in primary care.

  8. Financing Medical Education by the States.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Henderson, Tim

    This document reviews programs and policy options for states concerned with methods of financing medical education. An introductory section considers the current climate for medical education and the health care workforce, noting the rapid movement to managed care and the need to increase the number of primary care physicians. The next section…

  9. 75 FR 6202 - Notice of Open Meeting of the Environmental Financial Advisory Board (EFAB)

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-02-08

    ... funding environmental programs, projects, and activities. The purpose of the meeting is to hear from... progress with work projects under EFAB's current Strategic Action Agenda. Environmental Finance topics... Reduction; Innovative Financing Tools, and State Revolving Fund Investment Options. The meeting is open to...

  10. Time-changed geometric fractional Brownian motion and option pricing with transaction costs

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gu, Hui; Liang, Jin-Rong; Zhang, Yun-Xiu

    2012-08-01

    This paper deals with the problem of discrete time option pricing by a fractional subdiffusive Black-Scholes model. The price of the underlying stock follows a time-changed geometric fractional Brownian motion. By a mean self-financing delta-hedging argument, the pricing formula for the European call option in discrete time setting is obtained.

  11. Energy Technology and Market Risk Reduction | Integrated Energy Solutions |

    Science.gov Websites

    Leveraging our market and project development expertise, NREL offers a broad range of advisory services to policy and regulatory analysis, financing alternatives, project management, proposal reviews, and project , solar permitting standards, and more. Project Financing Alternatives We can help your organization

  12. Alternative Financing of Alternative Energy.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    California Higher Education, 1982

    1982-01-01

    The University of San Francisco financed conversion of three dormitories to solar heat by having private investors purchase and install equipment through a limited partnership. A public utilities rebate and eventual donation of the equipment also resulted. Available from California Higher Education, P.O. Box 26541, Sacramento, CA 95826, $2.00.…

  13. The Evolving Market Structure of the U.S. Residential Solar PV Installation Industry, 2000-2016

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    OShaughnessy, Eric J

    Market structure refers to the number of firms and the distribution of market shares among firms within an industry. In The Evolving Market Structure of the U.S. Residential Solar PV Installation Industry, 2000-2016, we examine market structure in the context of residential solar PV. We find that over 8,000 companies have installed at least one residential PV system, with about 2,900 companies active in 2016. The majority of residential PV installers are relatively small companies, with about half of installers installing fewer than five systems. At the same time, a subset of high-volume installers accumulated market share, especially beginning aroundmore » 2010 with the emergence of alternative customer financing options.« less

  14. Multi-track financing.

    PubMed

    Kennedy, Steven W; Randolph, John; Taddey, Anthony J

    2012-05-01

    In today's uncertain economic environment, when seeking to finance a capital project, healthcare borrowers should adopt a multi-tracked funding strategy that permits them to change capital-funding routes quickly in response to changing circumstances. The multi-tracking process requires two stages prior to securing a commitment and beginning the closing process: due diligence and indication of interest. This process should present no material additional cost during these two stages, giving healthcare borrowers the flexibility to explore a variety of financing options.

  15. Financial leases in the hospital industry. An analysis of California hospitals.

    PubMed

    McCue, M J

    1990-08-01

    Using California hospital data, this study examined the extent to which capital leases displace debt in the hospital industry. Moreover, it analyzed how hospital and financial variables affect utilization of lease financing. In contrast to the theoretic belief that lease financing displaces debt financing, the results showed a greater use of debt with leases. The study also found smaller, free-standing facilities with a greater investment in plant and equipment employed the lease option.

  16. Bounds for Asian basket options

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Deelstra, Griselda; Diallo, Ibrahima; Vanmaele, Michèle

    2008-09-01

    In this paper we propose pricing bounds for European-style discrete arithmetic Asian basket options in a Black and Scholes framework. We start from methods used for basket options and Asian options. First, we use the general approach for deriving upper and lower bounds for stop-loss premia of sums of non-independent random variables as in Kaas et al. [Upper and lower bounds for sums of random variables, Insurance Math. Econom. 27 (2000) 151-168] or Dhaene et al. [The concept of comonotonicity in actuarial science and finance: theory, Insurance Math. Econom. 31(1) (2002) 3-33]. We generalize the methods in Deelstra et al. [Pricing of arithmetic basket options by conditioning, Insurance Math. Econom. 34 (2004) 55-57] and Vanmaele et al. [Bounds for the price of discrete sampled arithmetic Asian options, J. Comput. Appl. Math. 185(1) (2006) 51-90]. Afterwards we show how to derive an analytical closed-form expression for a lower bound in the non-comonotonic case. Finally, we derive upper bounds for Asian basket options by applying techniques as in Thompson [Fast narrow bounds on the value of Asian options, Working Paper, University of Cambridge, 1999] and Lord [Partially exact and bounded approximations for arithmetic Asian options, J. Comput. Finance 10 (2) (2006) 1-52]. Numerical results are included and on the basis of our numerical tests, we explain which method we recommend depending on moneyness and time-to-maturity.

  17. Addressing Women's Non-Maternal Healthcare Financing in Developing Countries: What Can We Learn from the Experiences of Rural Indian Women?

    PubMed Central

    Gopalan, Saji S.; Durairaj, Varatharajan

    2012-01-01

    Background and Objectives This paper focuses on the inadequate attention on women's non-maternal healthcare in low- and middle-income countries. The study assessed the purchase of and financial access to non-maternal healthcare. It also scoped for mainstreaming household financial resources in this regard to suggest for alternatives. Methods A household survey through multi-stage stratified sampling in the state of Orissa interviewed rural women above 15 years who were neither pregnant nor had any pregnancy-related outcome six weeks preceding the survey. The questions explored on the processes, determinants and outcomes of health seeking for non-maternal ailments. The outcome measures were healthcare access, cost of care and financial access. The independent variables for bivariate and multivariate analyses were contextual factors, health seeking and financing pattern. Results The survey obtained a response rate of 98.64% and among 800 women, 43.8% had no schooling and 51% were above 60 years. Each woman reported at least one episode of non-maternal ailment; financial constraints prevented 68% from receiving timely and complete care. Distress coping measures (e.g. borrowings) dominated the financing source (67.9%) followed by community–based measures (32.1%). Only 6% had financial risk-protection; financial risk of not obtaining care doubled for women aged over 60 years (OR 2.00, 95% CI 0.84–4.80), seeking outpatient consultation (OR 2.01, 95% CI 0.89–4.81), facing unfavourable household response (OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.09–3.83), and lacking other financial alternatives (OR 2.13, 95% CI 1.11–4.07). When it comes to timely mobilization of funds and healthcare seeking, 90% (714) of the households preferred maternal care to non-maternal healthcare. Conclusion The existing financing options enable sub-optimal purchase of women's non-maternal healthcare. Though dominant, household economy extends inadequate attention in this regard owing to its unfavourable approach towards non-maternal healthcare and limited financial capacity and support from other financial resources. PMID:22272262

  18. Valuation of Capabilities and System Architecture Options to Meet Affordability Requirement

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2014-04-30

    is an extension of the historic volatility and trend of the stock using Brownian motion . In finance , the Black-Scholes equation is used to value...the underlying asset whose value is modeled as a stochastic process. In finance , the underlying asset is a tradeable stock and the stochastic process

  19. Colorado Charter Schools Capital Finance Study: Challenges and Opportunities for the Future.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Caldwell, Russell B.; Arrington, Barry

    This report discusses strategies that will help charter schools finance their facilities needs. It outlines the history of the Colorado Charter Schools Act, focusing on the contracting process, on dispute resolution and appeals, on renewal, on employee options, and on revenue allocation. The document also examines issues surrounding school…

  20. Paying for the Medicare program.

    PubMed

    Munnell, A H

    1985-01-01

    Although the hospital insurance (HI) trust fund acted as a source of strength for the old-age, survivors, and disability insurance program during its recent financial crises, projections by HCFA and CBO reveal that the Medicare program will experience financing problems of its own within the next decade. No one would argue that Medicare's financing problems should be solved simply by raising more money. However, the prospect of insolvency in the HI trust fund and the increasing strain on general revenues from the Supplementary Medical Insurance trust fund require policymakers to survey the options for increasing Medicare revenues while cost-control devices are being developed. Indeed, even if cost-control efforts are completely successful, additional revenues may be needed in the future to finance new initiatives in the Medicare program. Therefore, this paper will look briefly at current efforts to regain control of soaring hospital and physician costs and then examine some of the more feasible options for increasing Medicare revenues.

  1. Derivative Trade Optimizing Model Utilizing GP Based on Behavioral Finance Theory

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Matsumura, Koki; Kawamoto, Masaru

    This paper proposed a new technique which makes the strategy trees for the derivative (option) trading investment decision based on the behavioral finance theory and optimizes it using evolutionary computation, in order to achieve high profitability. The strategy tree uses a technical analysis based on a statistical, experienced technique for the investment decision. The trading model is represented by various technical indexes, and the strategy tree is optimized by the genetic programming(GP) which is one of the evolutionary computations. Moreover, this paper proposed a method using the prospect theory based on the behavioral finance theory to set psychological bias for profit and deficit and attempted to select the appropriate strike price of option for the higher investment efficiency. As a result, this technique produced a good result and found the effectiveness of this trading model by the optimized dealings strategy.

  2. Alternatives to the Present System of School Finance: Their Problems and Prospects

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Levin, Betsy

    1973-01-01

    Examines the recent spate of judicial decisions on school finance requiring that the quality of public education not be a function of a school district's wealth, and explores possible alternative sources of funding such as increasing State sales or income taxes or adopting a statewide property tax. (Author/SF)

  3. 77 FR 4638 - Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement; Performance-Based Payments (DFARS Case 2011-D045)

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-01-30

    ... tool. The PBP analysis tool is a cash-flow model for evaluating alternative financing arrangements, and... PBP analysis tool is a cash-flow model for evaluating alternative financing arrangements, and is... that reflects adequate consideration to the Government for the improved contractor cash flow...

  4. 17 CFR 229.1007 - (Item 1007) Source and amount of funds or other consideration.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION STANDARD INSTRUCTIONS FOR FILING FORMS UNDER SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 AND ENERGY POLICY AND CONSERVATION ACT OF 1975-REGULATION S-K Mergers and.... Disclose any alternative financing arrangements or alternative financing plans in the event the primary...

  5. 17 CFR 229.1007 - (Item 1007) Source and amount of funds or other consideration.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION STANDARD INSTRUCTIONS FOR FILING FORMS UNDER SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 AND ENERGY POLICY AND CONSERVATION ACT OF 1975-REGULATION S-K Mergers and.... Disclose any alternative financing arrangements or alternative financing plans in the event the primary...

  6. 17 CFR 229.1007 - (Item 1007) Source and amount of funds or other consideration.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION STANDARD INSTRUCTIONS FOR FILING FORMS UNDER SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 AND ENERGY POLICY AND CONSERVATION ACT OF 1975-REGULATION S-K Mergers and.... Disclose any alternative financing arrangements or alternative financing plans in the event the primary...

  7. 17 CFR 229.1007 - (Item 1007) Source and amount of funds or other consideration.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION STANDARD INSTRUCTIONS FOR FILING FORMS UNDER SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 AND ENERGY POLICY AND CONSERVATION ACT OF 1975-REGULATION S-K Mergers and.... Disclose any alternative financing arrangements or alternative financing plans in the event the primary...

  8. Project financing of district heating/cooling systems

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Feldman, R.D.

    1986-03-01

    Two issues are discussed in detail: the project finance joint venture and technology transfers. An increase if the frequency of these issues has been served in project financings. An understanding of these issues is necessary to structure project financings of alternate energy projects in the future. Capitalization needs are outlined, and typical provisions of a joint finance structure are outlined. The issue of exclusivity as it applies to technology transfers is discussed.

  9. Mobile dental units: leasing or buying? A dollar-cost analysis.

    PubMed

    Arevalo, Oscar; Saman, Daniel M; Bonaime, Alice; Skelton, Judy

    2010-01-01

    The decision to acquire a mobile dental unit is based on a standard capital budgeting analysis. The next step is to determine whether to obtain the use of the mobile dental unit by borrowing and purchasing or by leasing. As a financing mechanism, leases are simply another way of borrowing money to pay for the asset. To compare lease vs. debt as financial vehicles to acquiring a mobile dental unit. An estimate for a new mobile unit was obtained. Lease and loan proposals from financial lenders were collected. A cost of capital rate was chosen for comparison. Cash flows associated with borrowing and leasing vs. buying were determined fortwo different scenarios: for profit (FP) vs. not-for-profit (NFP), at 5 years. A dollar-cost analysis was utilized to determine the option with the lowest capitalized value. There was a net advantage to buying vs. leasing for both for FP and NFP organizations. Due to tax advantages, owning and leasing were substantially less expensive for FP than for NFP. Slight decreases in the monthly lease payments would make leasing competitive to the buying approach. Exploring alternative financing vehicles may allow dental programs to expand their services through the acquisition of a mobile unit. Though programs generally own assets, it is the use of the asset which is important rather than the ownership. Dental programs can find leasing an attractive alternative by offering access to capital with cash-flow advantages.

  10. Capital financing options for group practices.

    PubMed

    Galtney, B

    2000-05-01

    Group practices that are looking for capital partners need to demonstrate that they have the necessary management capability to operate a successful business capable of repaying the debt. Two basic types of debt financing are available to group practices: fixed-rate financing and variable-rate financing. Fixed-rate financing, the more common method, involves borrowing a specific amount of money and then paying off the debt in principal-and-interest payments, much like a fixed-rate mortgage. Variable-rate financing, on the other hand, involves obtaining a letter of credit from the lender itself or independent guarantor to secure a loan. The variable-rate method is more efficient and flexible, because the notes secured by the letter of credit can be rated independently and sold into public capital markets like short-term, variable-rate paper. Both types of financing can require the personal guarantee of all physicians in the group practice.

  11. Energy Services Company | Climate Neutral Research Campuses | NREL

    Science.gov Websites

    different corporate and ownership structures. While many are large engineering or equipment manufacturers Services Company Options Performance-based contracts can take different forms including guaranteed energy different financing options for energy performance contracting, please refer to page 13 of the April 2009

  12. Feasibility Study of Solar Photovoltaics on Landfills in Puerto Rico (Second Study)

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Salasovich, J.; Mosey, G.

    2011-08-01

    This report presents the results of an assessment of the technical and economic feasibility of deploying a solar photovoltaics (PV) system on landfill sites in Puerto Rico. The purpose of this report is to assess the landfills with the highest potential for possible solar PV installation and estimate cost, performance, and site impacts of three different PV options: crystalline silicon (fixed tilt), crystalline silicon (single-axis tracking), and thin film (fixed tilt). The report outlines financing options that could assist in the implementation of a system. According to the site production calculations, the most cost-effective system in terms of return onmore » investment is the thin-film fixed-tilt technology. The report recommends financing options that could assist in the implementation of such a system. The landfills and sites considered in this report were all determined feasible areas in which to implement solar PV systems.« less

  13. School Finance: A Primer. A Practical Guide to the Structural Components of, Alternative Approaches to, and Policy Questions about State School Finance Systems.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Augenblick, John; And Others

    Although school funding structures are similar in many ways across the states, no two states have school finance systems that are precisely the same. School finance systems which are used to achieve multiple objectives, must consider characteristics of numerous school districts, distribute large amounts of money, and have developed incrementally…

  14. The Three Basic Questions of School Finance: Who Should Pay? Who Should Benefit? Who Should Govern?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Garms, Walter I.

    This paper attempts both to provide a way of looking at school finance in order to make wiser decisions about it and to discuss some alternative ways to finance the public schools of New York State. The New York school finance system is examined in terms of equity, efficiency, and responsiveness, as are some of the characteristics of the…

  15. Interest Rates and Coupon Bonds in Quantum Finance

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Baaquie, Belal E.

    2009-09-01

    1. Synopsis; 2. Interest rates and coupon bonds; 3. Options and option theory; 4. Interest rate and coupon bond options; 5. Quantum field theory of bond forward interest rates; 6. Libor Market Model of interest rates; 7. Empirical analysis of forward interest rates; 8. Libor Market Model of interest rate options; 9. Numeraires for bond forward interest rates; 10. Empirical analysis of interest rate caps; 11. Coupon bond European and Asian options; 12. Empirical analysis of interest rate swaptions; 13. Correlation of coupon bond options; 14. Hedging interest rate options; 15. Interest rate Hamiltonian and option theory; 16. American options for coupon bonds and interest rates; 17. Hamiltonian derivation of coupon bond options; Appendixes; Glossaries; List of symbols; Reference; Index.

  16. Public attitudes about financing municipal recreation

    Treesearch

    Rodney R. Zwick; Thomas A. More; Tad Nunez

    2008-01-01

    Communities constantly seek creative financing for public services like recreation. Property tax remains central for financing, but user fees, grants, sales taxes, sponsorship, and bond issues have increased. This paper examines preferences for alternative funding mechanisms in a survey of Hartford, VT residents. Public support for municipal facilities and programs...

  17. The politics of paying for health reform: zombies, payroll taxes, and the holy grail.

    PubMed

    Oberlander, Jonathan

    2008-01-01

    This paper analyzes the politics of paying for health care reform. It surveys the political strengths and weaknesses of major options to fund universal coverage and explores obstacles to changing how the United States finances health care. Finding a politically viable means to finance universal coverage remains a central barrier to enacting health reform.

  18. One Debt-Financing Option May Increase Risk of College Bankruptcies

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Basken, Paul

    2008-01-01

    A common type of variable-rate financing has suddenly increased the risk of bankruptcy for an unknown number of colleges, said two experts at credit-rating agencies. The threat affects mostly less-wealthy colleges that have used variable-rate bonds either to get a better price when borrowing or because they lacked bond ratings and had little other…

  19. Financing strategic plans for not-for-profits.

    PubMed

    Wong-Hammond, Laca; Damon, Lorie

    2013-07-01

    To succeed in today's complex economic environment, a not-for-profit health system requires an effective strategic capital planning process that harmonizes three elements: The organization's long-term business plan and mission. Existing financial resources and finance options available to support the organization's business plan. Financial risk and return on equity to the organization's stakeholders (within acceptable parameters for business risk).

  20. Wind Technology Modeling Within the System Advisor Model (SAM) (Poster)

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Blair, N.; Dobos, A.; Ferguson, T.

    This poster provides detail for implementation and the underlying methodology for modeling wind power generation performance in the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NREL's) System Advisor Model (SAM). SAM's wind power model allows users to assess projects involving one or more large or small wind turbines with any of the detailed options for residential, commercial, or utility financing. The model requires information about the wind resource, wind turbine specifications, wind farm layout (if applicable), and costs, and provides analysis to compare the absolute or relative impact of these inputs. SAM is a system performance and economic model designed to facilitate analysismore » and decision-making for project developers, financers, policymakers, and energy researchers. The user pairs a generation technology with a financing option (residential, commercial, or utility) to calculate the cost of energy over the multi-year project period. Specifically, SAM calculates the value of projects which buy and sell power at retail rates for residential and commercial systems, and also for larger-scale projects which operate through a power purchase agreement (PPA) with a utility. The financial model captures complex financing and rate structures, taxes, and incentives.« less

  1. The role of private hospitals in South Africa. Part II. Towards a national policy on private hospitals.

    PubMed

    Broomberg, J

    1993-05-01

    This paper reviews some aspects of present state policy on private hospitals and sets out broad policy guidelines, as well as specific policy options, for the future role of private hospitals in South Africa. Current state policy is reviewed via an examination of the findings and recommendations of the two major Commissions of Inquiry into the role of private hospitals over the last 2 decades, and comparison of these with the present situation. The analysis confirms that existing state policy on private hospitals is inadequate, and suggests some explanations for this. Policy options analysed include the elimination of the private hospital sector through nationalization; partial integration of private hospitals into a centrally financed health care system (such as a national health insurance system); and the retention of separate, privately owned hospitals that will remain privately financed and outside the system of national health care provision. These options are explained and their merits and the associated problems debated. While it is recognised that, in the long term, public ownership of hospitals may be an effective way of attaining equity and efficiency in hospital services, the paper argues that elimination of private hospitals is not a realistic policy option for the foreseeable future. In this scenario, partial integration of private hospitals under a centrally financed system is argued to be the most effective way of improving the efficiency of the private hospital sector, and of maximising its contribution to national health care resources.

  2. Banking on Solar: Debt Finance in Today's Distributed Market (Poster)

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Louder, T.

    Over the last two years, several entities - from banks to credit unions to solar finance companies -have rolled out distributed solar-specific loan programs in the United States. These solar-specific loans are a distinct loan in that the underwriting, loan terms, lender security interest, and other programmatic aspects are designed exclusively for the financing of solar installations. Until recently, loan financing for distributed solar installations was largely through home equity loans, commercial loans, and other standardized loan products available to homeowners and businesses for general expenditures. However, as the U.S. solar market matures, so too are its financing options, andmore » solar-specific loans stand to gain market share. This poster was presented at the Solar Power International conference in Las Vegas, NV in October 2014.« less

  3. The Good Investment.

    PubMed

    Prescott, John E; Fresne, Julie A; Youngclaus, James A

    2017-07-01

    The authors reflect on the article in this issue entitled "Borrow or Serve? An Economic Analysis of Options for Financing a Medical School Education" by Marcu and colleagues, which makes a compelling case that a medical school education is a good investment, no matter what financing option students use, from federal service programs to federal loans. The lead author of this Commentary shares lessons learned from his own medical school education, which was funded by an Armed Forces Health Professions Scholarship, and from his current position interacting with medical students across the United States.Regardless of the financing path they choose, all students should understand basic financial concepts and the details of the various pathways that are available to pay for their medical school education, as well as how each could potentially impact their own future and that of their families. One underappreciated aspect of financing a medical school education is that federal repayment scenarios can link loan payments to income, rather than debt levels, which means that all physicians are able to afford their loan payments no matter what specialty they practice, what they are paid, or where they live.Medical education, while expensive, remains the good investment. An MD degree can lead to a lifetime of personal fulfillment and societal contributions. Everyone, with rare exceptions, accepted to a U.S. medical school will be able to finance their medical education via a path that aligns with their personal values and priorities.

  4. Financing Opportunities for Renewable Energy Development in Alaska

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Ardani, K.; Hillman, D.; Busche, S.

    2013-04-01

    This technical report provides an overview of existing and potential financing structures for renewable energy project development in Alaska with a focus on four primary sources of project funding: government financed or supported (the most commonly used structure in Alaska today), developer equity capital, commercial debt, and third-party tax-equity investment. While privately funded options currently have limited application in Alaska, their implementation is theoretically possible based on successful execution in similar circumstances elsewhere. This report concludes that while tax status is a key consideration in determining appropriate financing structure, there are opportunities for both taxable and tax-exempt entities to participatemore » in renewable energy project development.« less

  5. Paying for Highways, Airways, and Waterways: How can Users be Charged?

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1992-05-01

    publication. Robert D. Reischauer Director May 1992 Contents SUMMARY xi ONE INTRODUCTION Federal Financing of the Transportation Infrastructure 1 Economic...Federal Spending on Highways 13 Cm rent Financing Policy 13 Costs and Efficient Charges 17 Other Considerations in Adopting New User Charges 27...Conclusion 28 THREE AIRWAYS 29 Background 30 Current Financing Policy 34 The Relationship of Taxes to Costs of ATC 37 Alternative Financing Mechanisms 41

  6. Curbing International Piracy of Intellectual Property. Policy Options for a Major Exporting Country.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hoffman, Gary M.; Marcou, George T.

    This report of the International Piracy Project addresses three major topics: (1) The Costs and Complications of Piracy; (2) Rights Enforcement Today; and (3) Policy Options for Curbing Piracy. The first section discusses piracy of copyrights, patents, and other intellectual property, including economic losses and damage to the finances and…

  7. Addressing Economic Change through the Three-Year Option.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lerstrom, Alan C.

    A committee at Luther College (Iowa) was appointed to explore the 3-year option for a bachelors degree with regard to curriculum, finances, admissions, and student life. The committee, composed of administrators and faculty from Luther, examined 3-year programs that operate now or are being discussed at several other colleges. They found that…

  8. Finance Project. Status Report and Preliminary Working Papers.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    California Community Colleges, Sacramento. Office of the Chancellor.

    This status report outlines the progress of the California Community College Finance Project. Working papers, models, and alternative proposals are reviewed in four areas: mission and function, finance, governance, and management. Priorities in mission and function are stated in terms of the characteristics and educational needs of the nearly 1.3…

  9. 48 CFR 852.273-72 - Alternative evaluation.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Alternative evaluation... Alternative evaluation. As prescribed in 873.110(c), insert the following provision: Alternative Evaluation... unbalanced. Evaluation of options shall not obligate the Government to exercise the option(s). (End of...

  10. Financing Postsecondary Education. Statement to the Joint Committee on the Master Plan for Higher Education of the California Legislature, April 12, 1972.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Balderston, F. E.

    The paper discusses alternative forms of financing for postsecondary education. Most will agree that higher education is too costly to leave to the natural devices of the marketplace. The basic fiscal alternatives are: (1) to privatize the offerings of educational services and the decision to buy them; (2) to make the offering of educational…

  11. NEFP Decision Process: "A Computer Simulation for Planning School Finance Programs." User Manual.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Boardman, Gerald R.; And Others

    The National Educational Finance Project has developed a computerized model designed to simulate the consequences of alternative decisions in regard to the financing of public elementary and secondary education. This manual describes a users orientation to that model. The model was designed as an operational prototype for States to use in a…

  12. A study of space station needs, attributes and architectural options. Final briefing: Cost working group discussion session

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1983-01-01

    The economic factors involved in the design and utilization of the space station are investigated. Topics include the economic benefits associated with research and production, the orbit transfer vehicle, and satellite servicing. Program costs and design options are examined. The possibilities of financing from the private sector are discussed.

  13. 46 CFR 298.3 - Applications.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... electronic options (such as facsimile and Internet) for transmission of required information (excluding... and military auxiliary in time of war or national emergency, (2) Requests for financing construction...

  14. A roadmap to parity in mental health financing: the case of Lebanon.

    PubMed

    Yehia, Farah; Nahas, Ziad; Saleh, Shadi

    2014-09-01

    Inadequate access to mental health (MH) services in Lebanon, where prevalence is noteworthy, is a concern. Although a multitude of factors affects access to services, lack of financial coverage of MH services is one that merits further investigation. This study aims at providing a systematic description of MH financing systems with a special focus on Lebanon, presenting stakeholder viewpoints on best MH financing alternatives/strategies and recommending options for enhancing financial coverage. A comprehensive review of existing literature on MH financing systems was conducted, with a focus on the system in Lebanon. In addition, key stakeholders were interviewed to assess MH organizational and financing arrangements. Finally, a national round table was organized with the aim of discussing findings (from the review and interviews) and developing an action roadmap. Taxation and out-of-pocket payments are the most common MH financing sources worldwide and in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. In Lebanon, all funding entities, except private insurance and mutual funds, cover inpatient and outpatient MH services, albeit with inconsistencies in levels of coverage. The national roundtable recommended two main MH financing enhancements: (i) creating a knowledge-sharing committee between insurers and MH specialists, and (ii) convincing labor unions/representatives to lobby for MH coverage as part of the negotiated benefit package. There are concerns regarding the equity, effectiveness and efficiency of the MH financing system in Lebanon. The fragmented system in Lebanon leads to differences in MH coverage across different financing intermediaries, which is inequitable. The fact that one out of four Lebanese suffer a mental disorder throughout their lives and very low percentages of those obtain treatment signals a problem in effectiveness. As for efficiency, the inefficient fragmentation of MH financing among seven intermediaries is a problematic characteristic of the healthcare financing system as a whole. Moreover, the orientation of the general healthcare system towards curative rather than preventive care is reflected in MH financing as well. Limitations of the study include the lack of access to data about the MH expenditure of every financing intermediary in Lebanon; therefore it was not possible to calculate a total annual MH spending on a country level. Another limitation was the inability to map the sources of funding with the MH service provision sector, as more extensive data about the MH services provided by each of the public, private, voluntary and informal sectors is needed. Providing a clear description of the current MH financing system helps policymakers recognize the disparities present in the coverage of MH, guiding them into making informed decisions on allocation of funds. This study therefore constitutes the first step towards achieving more equitable and socially just coverage, advances knowledge and provides well-needed locally relevant research. Findings are expected to inform policymaking and have already contributed to influencing a change in the policy of the Internal Security Forces Health Fund. As a result of the roundtable discussion and follow up that ensued, the fund has removed the suicide attempt exclusion from its insurance policy.

  15. Dynamic Decision Making under Uncertainty and Partial Information

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2013-11-14

    integral under the natural filtration generated by the Brownian motions . This compact expression potentially enables us to design sub- optimal penalties...bounds on bermudan option price under jump diffusion processes. Quantitative Finance , 2013. Under review, available at http://arxiv.org/abs/1305.4321... Finance , 19:53 – 71, 2009. [3] D.P. Bertsekas. Dynamic Programming and Optimal Control. Athena Scientific, 4th edition, 2012. [4] D.B. Brown and J.E

  16. Transportation reinvestment zone training materials

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2010-01-01

    A funding crisis exists for financing much needed transportation infrastructure projects : across the nation and Texas is no exception. The State of Texas has responded to the crisis by : passing several bills allowing innovative financing and altern...

  17. Financing the HIV response in sub-Saharan Africa from domestic sources: Moving beyond a normative approach.

    PubMed

    Remme, Michelle; Siapka, Mariana; Sterck, Olivier; Ncube, Mthuli; Watts, Charlotte; Vassall, Anna

    2016-11-01

    Despite optimism about the end of AIDS, the HIV response requires sustained financing into the future. Given flat-lining international aid, countries' willingness and ability to shoulder this responsibility will be central to access to HIV care. This paper examines the potential to expand public HIV financing, and the extent to which governments have been utilising these options. We develop and compare a normative and empirical approach. First, with data from the 14 most HIV-affected countries in sub-Saharan Africa, we estimate the potential increase in public HIV financing from economic growth, increased general revenue generation, greater health and HIV prioritisation, as well as from more unconventional and innovative sources, including borrowing, health-earmarked resources, efficiency gains, and complementary non-HIV investments. We then adopt a novel empirical approach to explore which options are most likely to translate into tangible public financing, based on cross-sectional econometric analyses of 92 low and middle-income country governments' most recent HIV expenditure between 2008 and 2012. If all fiscal sources were simultaneously leveraged in the next five years, public HIV spending in these 14 countries could increase from US$3.04 to US$10.84 billion per year. This could cover resource requirements in South Africa, Botswana, Namibia, Kenya, Nigeria, Ethiopia, and Swaziland, but not even half the requirements in the remaining countries. Our empirical results suggest that, in reality, even less fiscal space could be created (a reduction by over half) and only from more conventional sources. International financing may also crowd in public financing. Most HIV-affected lower-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa will not be able to generate sufficient public resources for HIV in the medium-term, even if they take very bold measures. Considerable international financing will be required for years to come. HIV funders will need to engage with broader health and development financing to improve government revenue-raising and efficiencies. Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

  18. Energy Efficient Community Development in California: Chula Vista Research Project

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Gas Technology Institute

    2009-03-31

    In 2007, the U.S. Department of Energy joined the California Energy Commission in funding a project to begin to examine the technical, economic and institutional (policy and regulatory) aspects of energy-efficient community development. That research project was known as the Chula Vista Research Project for the host California community that co-sponsored the initiative. The researches proved that the strategic integration of the selected and economically viable buildings energy efficiency (EE) measures, photovoltaics (PV), distributed generation (DG), and district cooling can produce significant reductions in aggregate energy consumption, peak demand and emissions, compared to the developer/builder's proposed baseline approach. However, themore » central power plant emission reductions achieved through use of the EE-DG option would increase local air emissions. The electric and natural gas utility infrastructure impacts associated with the use of the EE and EE-PV options were deemed relatively insignificant while use of the EE-DG option would result in a significant reduction of necessary electric distribution facilities to serve a large-scale development project. The results of the Chula Vista project are detailed in three separate documents: (1) Energy-Efficient Community Development in California; Chula Vista Research Project report contains a detailed description of the research effort and findings. This includes the methodologies, and tools used and the analysis of the efficiency, economic and emissions impacts of alternative energy technology and community design options for two development sites. Research topics covered included: (a) Energy supply, demand, and control technologies and related strategies for structures; (b) Application of locally available renewable energy resources including solar thermal and PV technology and on-site power generation with heat recovery; (c) Integration of local energy resources into district energy systems and existing energy utility networks; (d) Alternative land-use design and development options and their impact on energy efficiency and urban runoff, emissions and the heat island effect; and (e) Alternative transportation and mobility options and their impact on local emissions. (2) Creating Energy-Efficient Communities in California: A Reference Guide to Barriers, Solutions and Resources report provides the results of an effort to identify the most innovative existing and emerging public policy, incentive and market mechanisms that encourage investment in advanced energy technologies and enabling community design options in the State of California and the nation. The report evaluates each of these mechanisms in light of the preceding research and concludes with a set of recommended mechanisms designed for consideration by relevant California State agencies, development and finance industry associations, and municipal governments. (3) Creating Energy-Efficient Communities in California: A Technical Reference Guide to Building and Site Design report contains a set of selected commercially viable energy technology and community design options for high-efficiency, low-impact community development in California. It includes a summary of the research findings referenced above and recommendations for energy technology applications and energy-efficient development strategies for residential, commercial and institutional structures and supporting municipal infrastructure for planned communities. The document also identifies design options, technology applications and development strategies that are applicable to urban infill projects.« less

  19. Tax-exempt bank loans still an option for providers.

    PubMed

    Ostlund, Grant; Cheney, John E

    2011-07-01

    In evaluating the potential for tax-exempt bank financing, healthcare organizations should carefully consider: Pricing. Loan structure. Security requirements (such as financial covenants and default remedies).

  20. How to assess extreme weather impacts - case European transport network

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Leviäkangas, P.

    2010-09-01

    To assess the impacts of climate change and preparing for impacts is a process. This process we must understand and learn to apply. EWENT (Extreme Weather impacts on European Networks of Transport) will be a test bench for one prospective approach. It has the following main components: 1) identifying what is "extreme", 2) assessing the change in the probabilities, 3) constructing the causal impact models, 4) finding appropriate methods of pricing and costing, 5) finding alternative strategy option, 6) assessing the efficiency of strategy option. This process follows actually the steps of standardized risk management process. Each step is challenging, but if EWENT project succeeds to assess the extreme weather impacts on European transport networks, it is one possible benchmark how to carry out similar analyses in other regions and on country level. EWENT approach could particularly useful for weather and climate information service providers, offering tools for transport authorities and financiers to assess weather risks, and then rationally managing the risks. EWENT project is financed by the European Commission and participated by met-service organisations and transport research institutes from different parts of Europe. The presentation will explain EWENT approach in detail and bring forth the findings of the first work packages.

  1. A Treatment Protocol for Restoring Occlusal Vertical Dimension Using an Overlay Removable Partial Denture as an Alternative to Extensive Fixed Restorations: A Clinical Report

    PubMed Central

    Patel, Mit B; Bencharit, Sompop

    2009-01-01

    Treatment options for patients with severe attrition resulting in reduced occlusal vertical dimension are often limited to fixed prosthesis to reestablish proper occlusal vertical dimension and functional occlusion. In some cases such as when there are limited finances, minimal esthetic concerns, and medical considerations fixed prosthesis may not be the ideal treatment option. Overlay removable partial dentures (ORPDs) can be used as a provisional or interim prosthesis as well as permanent prosthesis in these cases. While ORPDs can provide a reversible and relatively inexpensive treatment for patients with a significantly compromised dental status, there is not much scientific evidence in the literature on ORPDs. Most studies published on ORPDs to date are primarily reviews and clinical reports. In this article, literatures on ORPDs are summarized and a patient treated with interim and permanent ORPDs is presented. This article reviews previously published literatures on the use of ORPDs. Indications, advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Treatment protocol with an example of the prosthodontic treatment of a patient with severely worn dentition with an interim ORPD and later a permanent ORPD are discussed in details. PMID:19915723

  2. Medicare essential: an option to promote better care and curb spending growth.

    PubMed

    Davis, Karen; Schoen, Cathy; Guterman, Stuart

    2013-05-01

    Medicare's core benefit design reflects private insurance as of 1965, with separate coverage for hospital and physician services (and now prescription drugs) and no protection against catastrophic costs. Modernizing Medicare's benefit design to offer comprehensive benefits, financial protection, and incentives to choose high-value care could improve coverage and lower beneficiary costs. We describe a new option we call Medicare Essential, which would combine Medicare's hospital, physician, and prescription drug coverage into an integrated benefit with an annual limit on out-of-pocket expenses for covered benefits. Cost sharing would be reduced for enrollees who seek care from high-quality low-cost providers. Out-of-pocket savings from lower premiums and health care costs for a Medicare Essential enrollee could be $173 per month, compared to what an enrollee would pay with traditional Medicare, prescription drug and private supplemental coverage. Financed by a budget-neutral premium, we estimate that this new plan choice could reduce total health spending relative to current projections by $180 billion and reduce employer retiree spending by $90 billion during 2014-23. Given its potential, such an alternative should be a part of the debate over the future of Medicare.

  3. The influence of jumping risk and volatility risk on TAIEX option return

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lee, Wei-Long; Hsieh, Ching-Tang; Huang, Jui-Chan; Wu, Tzu-Jung

    2017-06-01

    Due to the low profits in recent years environmental, as well as the development of financial engineering that promote the derivatives trading Volume increased. Moreover, the fastest-growing of selected right and the lack of research about option risk. This study aim to explore the relationship between the risk and reward of selected right in Taiwan index. This study focus on the pricing the jump risk of selected right in Taiwan index. Using cross-sectional data as a 12-month study period, using the iteration method to research the effects of abnormal returns, the result shows that different risk factors of fluctuations affected the abnormal returns obviously will cause risk premium as well as the jump risk which consistent with the theory of behavioral finance. However, according to traditional finance theory, contrary to the results of this study consider that higher risks should generate higher-paying as well. According this study, the investors in behavioral finance in modern financial theory is not rational, and the trading behavior is non-random, moreover, the financial market is non-efficiency. Instead, the high risk low reward.

  4. Health Sector Reform in the Kurdistan Region - Iraq: Financing Reform, Primary Care, and Patient Safety.

    PubMed

    Anthony, C Ross; Moore, Melinda; Hilborne, Lee H; Mulcahy, Andrew W

    2014-12-30

    In 2010, the Kurdistan Regional Government asked the RAND Corporation to help guide reform of the health care system in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The overarching goal of reform was to help establish a health system that would provide high-quality services efficiently to everyone to prevent, treat, and manage physical and mental illnesses and injuries. This article summarizes the second phase of RAND's work, when researchers analyzed three distinct but intertwined health policy issue areas: development of financing policy, implementation of early primary care recommendations, and evaluation of quality and patient safety. For health financing, the researchers reviewed the relevant literature, explored the issue in discussions with key stakeholders, developed and assessed various policy options, and developed plans or approaches to overcome barriers and achieve stated policy objectives. In the area of primary care, they developed and helped to implement a new management information system. In the area of quality and patient safety, they reviewed relevant literature, discussed issues and options with health leaders, and recommended an approach toward incremental implementation.

  5. Lorain Harbor, Ohio. Preliminary Feasibility Study (Stage 2). Review of Reports. Volume 1. Main Report.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1980-10-01

    May 1980 Dollars) 93 32 Apportionment of Total Project Cost for Alternative 1, Option 1 (1,000-Footer) 94 33 Estimated Investment Cost and Annual...Costs - Alternative 2, Option 1 (1,000-Foot Vessels) (May 1980 Dollars) 101 36 Apportionment of Total Project Cost for Alternative 2, Option 1 (1,000...1 (1,000-Footer) 104 39 Estimate of Navigation Project Codes - Alternative 3, Option 1 (1,000-Foot Vessels) (May 1980 Dollars) 107 40 Apportionment of

  6. Home Modifications

    MedlinePlus

    ... income and ability to pay. Public and private financing options may also be available. Sources of support ... Learn more by visiting https://www.ncoa.org/economic-security/home-equity/ . Search for additional resources in ...

  7. Perspective: “The Financial Impact of Alternative Water Project Delivery Models” in the Water Sector

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    The Water Finance Center developed this companion perspective document to a UNC EFC report on Alternative Water Project Delivery Models to broaden understanding of this alternative procurement method.

  8. Navy Energy/Water Program and Applicable Process Technologies

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2004-02-25

    wise man never plays leapfrog with a unicorn . •Research causes cancer in rats. •Always remember to pillage BEFORE you burn. •It may be that your sole...10% of Ksf Annually •Develops and Executes ECIP •Develops and Executes Alternative Financed - Marketing; Technical, Financial & Design Reviews...boilers, EMCS, street lighting 12 Goals • Award $200M/yr in energy projects – Central Funding – Alternative Financing – Others 13 FY04 Plans •Management

  9. Risk Financing for Schools: The Capital Markets Approach.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Rudolph, Richard G.

    1988-01-01

    The capital markets approach is an alternative means of risk financing whereby a school system establishes and controls its own insurance company and makes systematic contributions to pay for expected and anticipated losses and their associated costs. (MLF)

  10. Economic grand rounds: financing first-episode psychosis services in the United States.

    PubMed

    Goldman, Howard H; Karakus, Mustafa; Frey, William; Beronio, Kirsten

    2013-06-01

    Adequate financing is essential to implementing services for individuals experiencing a first episode of a psychotic illness. Recovery After an Initial Schizophrenia Episode (RAISE), a project sponsored by the National Institute of Mental Health, is providing a practical test of the implementation and effectiveness of first-episode services in real-world settings. This column describes approaches to financing early intervention services that are being used at five of 18 U.S. sites participating in a clinical trial of a team-based, multielement RAISE intervention. The authors also describe new options for financing that will become available as the Affordable Care Act (ACA) is implemented more fully. The ACA will rationalize coverage of first-episode services, but the all-important Medicaid provisions will also require individual state action to implement services optimally.

  11. Long-term care: The public role and private initiatives

    PubMed Central

    Burke, Thomas R.

    1988-01-01

    The ongoing effort of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to identify private financing mechanisms that can effectively assist the rapidly growing population of older persons in paying for long-term care expenses is discussed in this article. The focus on private strategies stems from the recognition that Federal and State sectors already pay almost one-half of all long-term care expenses, the proclivity of liberalized financing structures to raise total costs, and the tendency of public financing to dampen choice, flexibility, and access to care. In view of the improved economic situation of most older persons in our Nation today, the potential for market development of private financing options is thought to be excellent, particularly the market for long-term care insurance. PMID:10312961

  12. Value for money in South African health care: findings of a review of health expenditure and finance.

    PubMed

    Doherty, J; McIntyre, D; Bloom, G

    1996-01-01

    This article highlights the most striking findings of a review of health expenditure and finance in South Africa in 1992/3. The level of national expenditure on health care, and the distribution of resources between the public and private sectors, are discussed first. Then the article highlights the maldistribution of financial, physical and human resources on a geographic basis, racially and between levels of care. The cost of redressing inequities, at least at the primary care level, is mentioned in the context of seeking options for additional sources of finance. The article concludes by examining the planning prerequisites for successful reform.

  13. Feynman perturbation expansion for the price of coupon bond options and swaptions in quantum finance. I. Theory

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Baaquie, Belal E.

    2007-01-01

    European options on coupon bonds are studied in a quantum field theory model of forward interest rates. Swaptions are briefly reviewed. An approximation scheme for the coupon bond option price is developed based on the fact that the volatility of the forward interest rates is a small quantity. The field theory for the forward interest rates is Gaussian, but when the payoff function for the coupon bond option is included it makes the field theory nonlocal and nonlinear. A perturbation expansion using Feynman diagrams gives a closed form approximation for the price of coupon bond option. A special case of the approximate bond option is shown to yield the industry standard one-factor HJM formula with exponential volatility.

  14. Feynman perturbation expansion for the price of coupon bond options and swaptions in quantum finance. I. Theory.

    PubMed

    Baaquie, Belal E

    2007-01-01

    European options on coupon bonds are studied in a quantum field theory model of forward interest rates. Swaptions are briefly reviewed. An approximation scheme for the coupon bond option price is developed based on the fact that the volatility of the forward interest rates is a small quantity. The field theory for the forward interest rates is Gaussian, but when the payoff function for the coupon bond option is included it makes the field theory nonlocal and nonlinear. A perturbation expansion using Feynman diagrams gives a closed form approximation for the price of coupon bond option. A special case of the approximate bond option is shown to yield the industry standard one-factor HJM formula with exponential volatility.

  15. Alternatives to the motor fuel tax : final report.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2001-11-01

    The National Highway Cooperative Research Program (NCHRP) published its Report 377, Alternatives to Motor Fuel Taxes for Financing Surface Transportation Improvements, in 1995. Increased fuel efficiency and the use of alternative fuels were seen as p...

  16. Alternative Fuels Data Center: Utah Paperbox Adds Workplace Charging to

    Science.gov Websites

    Finance, Utah Paperbox Utah Paperbox (UPB) in Salt Lake City has a strong commitment to energy efficiency purchase each month," said Teri Jensen, vice president of finance for UPB. "And I am not the only

  17. Tax-Exempt Leasing for Colleges and Universities.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Eden, C. Gregory H.

    1987-01-01

    Tax-exempt leasing is examined and compared to other financing mechanisms, and its applicability and the variety of structuring options available to public colleges and universities as lessees are explored. (MSE)

  18. Risky forward interest rates and swaptions: Quantum finance model and empirical results

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Baaquie, Belal Ehsan; Yu, Miao; Bhanap, Jitendra

    2018-02-01

    Risk free forward interest rates (Diebold and Li, 2006 [1]; Jamshidian, 1991 [2 ]) - and their realization by US Treasury bonds as the leading exemplar - have been studied extensively. In Baaquie (2010), models of risk free bonds and their forward interest rates based on the quantum field theoretic formulation of the risk free forward interest rates have been discussed, including the empirical evidence supporting these models. The quantum finance formulation of risk free forward interest rates is extended to the case of risky forward interest rates. The examples of the Singapore and Malaysian forward interest rates are used as specific cases. The main feature of the quantum finance model is that the risky forward interest rates are modeled both a) as a stand-alone case as well as b) being driven by the US forward interest rates plus a spread - having its own term structure -above the US forward interest rates. Both the US forward interest rates and the term structure for the spread are modeled by a two dimensional Euclidean quantum field. As a precursor to the evaluation of put option of the Singapore coupon bond, the quantum finance model for swaptions is tested using empirical study of swaptions for the US Dollar -showing that the model is quite accurate. A prediction for the market price of the put option for the Singapore coupon bonds is obtained. The quantum finance model is generalized to study the Malaysian case and the Malaysian forward interest rates are shown to have anomalies absent for the US and Singapore case. The model's prediction for a Malaysian interest rate swap is obtained.

  19. 46 CFR 115.650 - Alternative Hull Examination (AHE) Program options: Divers or underwater ROV.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Alternative Hull Examination (AHE) Program options... MORE THAN 49 PASSENGERS INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION Hull and Tailshaft Examinations § 115.650 Alternative Hull Examination (AHE) Program options: Divers or underwater ROV. To complete your underwater...

  20. 46 CFR 176.650 - Alternative Hull Examination Program options: Divers or underwater ROV.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Alternative Hull Examination Program options: Divers or...) SMALL PASSENGER VESSELS (UNDER 100 GROSS TONS) INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION Hull and Tailshaft Examinations § 176.650 Alternative Hull Examination Program options: Divers or underwater ROV. To complete the...

  1. Profitable solutions to climate, oil, and proliferation.

    PubMed

    Lovins, Amory B

    2010-05-01

    Protecting the climate is not costly but profitable (even if avoided climate change is worth zero), mainly because saving fuel costs less than buying fuel. The two biggest opportunities, both sufficiently fast, are oil and electricity. The US, for example, can eliminate its oil use by the 2040s at an average cost of $15 per barrel ($2000), half by redoubled efficiency and half by alternative supplies, and can save three-fourths of its electricity more cheaply than operating a thermal power station. Integrative design permits this by making big energy savings cheaper than small ones, turning traditionally assumed diminishing returns into empirically observed expanding returns. Such efficiency choices accelerate climate-safe, inexhaustible, and resilient energy supply-notably the "micropower" now delivering about a sixth of the world's electricity and 90% of its new electricity. These cheap, fast, market-financeable, globally applicable options offer the most effective, yet most underestimated and overlooked, solutions for climate, proliferation, and poverty.

  2. Telescopic overdenture for oral rehabilitation of ectodermal dysplasia patient.

    PubMed

    Gupta, Charu; Verma, Mahesh; Gupta, Rekha; Gill, Shubhra

    2015-09-01

    Reduced number of teeth with underdeveloped alveolar ridges poses a greatest prosthetic challenge in rehabilitation of ectodermal dysplasia patients (ED). Furthermore, surgical risks and financial constraints may preclude the implant supported prosthesis, the most desirable treatment option in an adult ED patient. Long edentulous span does not permit fixed dental prosthesis (FDP) as well. Telescopic denture by incorporating the best of both fixed and removable prosthesis can be a viable treatment alternative for ED patients with compromised dentition and limited finances. A 21-year-old young girl presented with chief complaint of esthetics and mastication due to missing upper and lower teeth. A provisional diagnosis of ED was made based on familial history, physical, and oral examination. This clinical report describes management of an adult ED patient by means of telescopic overdenture prosthesis in mandibular arch and FDP in maxillary arch which restored esthetics, function, and social confidence of the patient in a cost effective manner.

  3. Telescopic overdenture for oral rehabilitation of ectodermal dysplasia patient

    PubMed Central

    Gupta, Charu; Verma, Mahesh; Gupta, Rekha; Gill, Shubhra

    2015-01-01

    Reduced number of teeth with underdeveloped alveolar ridges poses a greatest prosthetic challenge in rehabilitation of ectodermal dysplasia patients (ED). Furthermore, surgical risks and financial constraints may preclude the implant supported prosthesis, the most desirable treatment option in an adult ED patient. Long edentulous span does not permit fixed dental prosthesis (FDP) as well. Telescopic denture by incorporating the best of both fixed and removable prosthesis can be a viable treatment alternative for ED patients with compromised dentition and limited finances. A 21-year-old young girl presented with chief complaint of esthetics and mastication due to missing upper and lower teeth. A provisional diagnosis of ED was made based on familial history, physical, and oral examination. This clinical report describes management of an adult ED patient by means of telescopic overdenture prosthesis in mandibular arch and FDP in maxillary arch which restored esthetics, function, and social confidence of the patient in a cost effective manner. PMID:26604583

  4. Reference Manual on Civil Works Planning, Implementation and Finance,

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1987-09-01

    outstanding bond issue prior to the date on which the outstanding bonds become due or callable . Proceeds of the advance refunding bonds are deposited in... CALLABLE BOND . A bond which is subject to redem’tion at the issuer’s option prior to maturity at a specified price at or above par. COMPETITIVE...states and/or local governments incur debt by issuing tax-exempt bonds to finance public investments. Only the current annual payment of principal and

  5. Straight talk. New approaches in healthcare. Capital financing: beyond the shores of your typical transaction.

    PubMed

    Bremner, James D; Bielak, Jerry J; Elek, Steven; Wootton, Ian

    2003-11-24

    If you're in the market to renovate or expand but are concerned about overloading your balance sheet with debt or if you plan to build a for-profit facility, consider a Design, Build, Finance, and Operate (DBFO) arrangement. In such deals, experts in finance, construction, real estate, and support-service provision manage risk and day-to-day responsibility for facility management. Evaluating alternatives to tax-exempt financing is a critical piece of capital planning today because competition for traditional sources of funding has become global.

  6. Alternative funding mechanisms for state transportation systems in predominantly rural states.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2014-01-01

    The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies has identified a number of research needs related to : alternative transportation finance systems. Alternatives are needed because motor fuels taxes are proving to be insufficient : to fund ...

  7. Health-financing reforms in southeast Asia: challenges in achieving universal coverage.

    PubMed

    Tangcharoensathien, Viroj; Patcharanarumol, Walaiporn; Ir, Por; Aljunid, Syed Mohamed; Mukti, Ali Ghufron; Akkhavong, Kongsap; Banzon, Eduardo; Huong, Dang Boi; Thabrany, Hasbullah; Mills, Anne

    2011-03-05

    In this sixth paper of the Series, we review health-financing reforms in seven countries in southeast Asia that have sought to reduce dependence on out-of-pocket payments, increase pooled health finance, and expand service use as steps towards universal coverage. Laos and Cambodia, both resource-poor countries, have mostly relied on donor-supported health equity funds to reach the poor, and reliable funding and appropriate identification of the eligible poor are two major challenges for nationwide expansion. For Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia, and Vietnam, social health insurance financed by payroll tax is commonly used for formal sector employees (excluding Malaysia), with varying outcomes in terms of financial protection. Alternative payment methods have different implications for provider behaviour and financial protection. Two alternative approaches for financial protection of the non-poor outside the formal sector have emerged-contributory arrangements and tax-financed schemes-with different abilities to achieve high population coverage rapidly. Fiscal space and mobilisation of payroll contributions are both important in accelerating financial protection. Expanding coverage of good-quality services and ensuring adequate human resources are also important to achieve universal coverage. As health-financing reform is complex, institutional capacity to generate evidence and inform policy is essential and should be strengthened. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  8. 46 CFR 71.50-27 - Alternative Hull Examination (AHE) program options: Divers or underwater remotely operated...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Alternative Hull Examination (AHE) program options...-27 Alternative Hull Examination (AHE) program options: Divers or underwater remotely operated vehicle... operations; (2) Provide permanent hull markings, a temporary grid system of wires or cables spaced not more...

  9. Alternative motor fuels and vehicles : impact on the transportation sector

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2001-07-10

    This is the statement of Jim Wells, Director, Natural Resources and Environment before the Committee on Finance, U.S. Senate on alternative motor fuels and vehicles and related tax incentives. The testimony discusses the extent of alternative fuel ve...

  10. Energy Finance Data Warehouse Manual

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Lee, Sangkeun; Chinthavali, Supriya; Shankar, Mallikarjun

    The Office of Energy Policy and Systems Analysis s finance team (EPSA-50) requires a suite of automated applications that can extract specific data from a flexible data warehouse (where datasets characterizing energy-related finance, economics and markets are maintained and integrated), perform relevant operations and creatively visualize them to provide a better understanding of what policy options affect various operators/sectors of the electricity system. In addition, the underlying data warehouse should be structured in the most effective and efficient way so that it can become increasingly valuable over time. This report describes the Energy Finance Data Warehouse (EFDW) framework that hasmore » been developed to accomplish the defined requirement above. We also specifically dive into the Sankey generator use-case scenario to explain the components of the EFDW framework and their roles. An excel-based data warehouse was used in the creation of the energy finance Sankey diagram and other detailed data finance visualizations to support energy policy analysis. The framework also captures the methodology, calculations and estimations analysts used for the calculation as well as relevant sources so newer analysts can build on work done previously.« less

  11. Recent Adventures of State School Finance: A Saga of Rocket Ships and Glider Planes

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Berke, Joel S.

    1974-01-01

    Author appraised the school finance reform movement and discussed the origins and aspirations of the movement, the critical decisions of Serrano and Rodriquez, the reform developments in state legislatures, and the alternatives proposed as fiscal solutions. (Editor/RK)

  12. Analytical Tools in School Finance Reform.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Johns, R. L.

    This paper discusses the problem of analyzing variations in the educational opportunities provided by different school districts and describes how to assess the impact of school finance alternatives through use of various analytical tools. The author first examines relatively simple analytical methods, including calculation of per-pupil…

  13. Selecting patient accounting systems that stand out from the rest.

    PubMed

    Kennedy, O G; Collignon, S

    1987-06-01

    How satisfied is the average finance executive with the performance of his institution's patient accounting system? Not very. What causes this dissatisfaction? A variety of factors: Not enough flexibility, the inability to modify or expand the system, the lack of system interfaces, and inadequate support. These are all leading contributors to the finance executive's dissatisfaction. How much information does he have about the alternative patient accounting system vendors in the marketplace? On average, limited information. Many vendors who offer patient accounting systems have not done enough to disseminate information about their products to hospital decision makers. If the finance executive were more knowledgeable about the alternatives available, would he then be able to select a patient accounting system that fully meets the institution's needs? It would improve the odds. However, merely knowing about the alternatives is only the first step. He must be able to fully evaluate the institution's near and long-term needs to create the best match possible. The finance executive must also accept the possibility that there may not be a single system in the marketplace that can accommodate every perceived need. Only by knowledge of the marketplace will he be in a position to fully evaluate the potential benefits of the available systems.

  14. Funding Nebraska's Schools: Toward a More Rational and Equitable School Finance System for the 1990s. Final Report of the Nebraska School Financing Review Commission to the State Legislature.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Nebraska Legislative Council, Lincoln. Legislative Research Div.

    This final report of the Nebraska School Financing Review Commission includes the following items: (1) an examination of the role of income as a revenue source and indicator of wealth; (2) investigation of ways to reduce reliance on property tax for school support; and (3) consideration of alternate state aid distribution formulas. Also included…

  15. 78 FR 48404 - Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement: Clauses With Alternates-Contract Financing...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-08-08

    ... as well as the alternate. In addition, the proposed rule would include the full text of the clause.... The inclusion of the full text of each clause alternate aims to make the terms of a clause alternate... conditions easier to read and understand. By placing alternates in full text, all paragraph substitutions...

  16. The cost of free health care for all Kenyans: assessing the financial sustainability of contributory and non-contributory financing mechanisms.

    PubMed

    Okungu, Vincent; Chuma, Jane; McIntyre, Di

    2017-02-27

    The need to provide quality and equitable health services and protect populations from impoverishing health care costs has pushed universal health coverage (UHC) to the top of global health policy agenda. In many developing countries where the majority of the population works in the informal sector, there are critical debates over the best financing mechanisms to progress towards UHC. In Kenya, government health policy has prioritized contributory financing strategy (social health insurance) as the main financing mechanism for UHC. However, there are currently no studies that have assessed the cost of either social health insurance (SHI) as the contributory approach or an alternative financing mechanism involving non-contributory (general tax funding) approaches to UHC in Kenya. The aim of this study was to critically assess the financial requirements of both contributory and non-contributory mechanisms to financing UHC in Kenya in the context of large informal sector populations. SimIns Basic® model, Version 2.1, 2008 (WHO/GTZ), was used to assess the feasibility of UHC in Kenya and provide estimates of financial resource needs for UHC over a 17-year period (2013-2030). Data sources included review of national and international literature on inflation, demography, macro-economy, health insurance, health services unit costs and utilization rates. The data were triangulated across geographic regions for accuracy and integrity of the simulation. SimIns models for 10 years only so data from the final year of the model was used to project for another 7 years. The 17-year period was necessary because the Government of Kenya aims to achieve UHC by 2030. The results show that SHI is financially sustainable (Sustainability in this study is used to mean that expenditure does not outstrip revenue.) (revenues and expenditure match) within the first five years of implementation, but it becomes less sustainable with time. Modelling for a non-contributory scenario, on the other hand, showed greater sustainability both in the short- and long-term. The financial resource requirements for universal access to health care through general government revenue are compared with a contributory health insurance scheme approach. Although both funding options would require considerable government subsidies, given the magnitude of the informal sector in Kenya and their limited financial capacity, a tax-funded system would be less costly and more sustainable in the long-term than an insurance scheme approach. However, more innovative financing for health care as well as giving the health sector higher priority in government expenditure will be required to make the non-contributory financing mechanism more sustainable.

  17. To Own or Lease Solar: Understanding Commercial Retailers' Decisions to Use Alternative Financing Models

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Feldman, David; Margolis, Robert

    This report examines the tradeoffs among financing methods for businesses installing onsite photovoltaics (PV). We present case studies of PV financing strategies used by two large commercial retailers that have deployed substantial U.S. PV capacity: IKEA, which owns its PV, and Staples, which purchases power generated from onsite PV systems through power purchase agreements (PPAs). We also analyze the financial considerations that influence any company's choice of PV financing strategy. Our goal in this report is to clarify the financial and institutional costs and benefits of financing strategies and to inform other companies that are considering launching or expanding similarmore » PV programs.« less

  18. Education Financing of Rural Households in China

    PubMed Central

    Moll, Henk

    2010-01-01

    The purpose of this paper was to examine children’s education financing alternatives among households in rural China. Data on education financing was from a household survey conducted in three poverty villages in Guizhou, China. The difference in financing education by households was verified through non-parametric testing. Findings show that private savings is dominant in financing education of children in school. Formal loans are almost absent even in the highest wealth group examined. The findings implied that the extension of financial services to children’s education could motivate parents to send their children for more education, increase disposable income of rural households by reducing precautionary savings, and provide better-educated labors in rural China. PMID:20835379

  19. A query theory account of the effect of memory retrieval on the sunk cost bias.

    PubMed

    Ting, Hsuchi; Wallsten, Thomas S

    2011-08-01

    The sunk cost bias occurs when individuals continue to invest in the same option when better alternatives are available. Many researchers believe that this bias is due to overemphasizing the past investment over the (missed) opportunities offered by alternatives. As an alternative or complement to this view, we show that memory retrieval and attention play important roles in the sunk cost bias. In two experiments, individuals generated more reasons for pursuing the invested option than for an alternative; they generated those reasons earlier in a sequence of reasons; and these effects increased as the individuals made progress toward attaining the reward yielded by the invested option. Associated with these effects, individuals perceived an increasingly wide gap in value between the invested and alternative options as they progressed toward the goal, thereby creating the sunk cost bias. Forcing individuals to reverse the order in which they generated reasons for the invested and alternative options reduced the bias. [corrected

  20. A School Finance Computer Simulation Model

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Boardman, Gerald R.

    1974-01-01

    Presents a description of the computer simulation model developed by the National Educational Finance Project for use by States in planning and evaluating alternative approaches for State support programs. Provides a general introduction to the model, a program operation overview, a sample run, and some conclusions. (Author/WM)

  1. Third-Party Finance for Commercial Photovoltaic Systems: The Rise of the PPA

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Bolinger, Mark A

    2009-02-15

    Installations of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems in the United States have increased dramatically in recent years, growing from less than 20 MW in 2000 to nearly 500 MW at the end of 2007, a compound average annual growth rate of 59%. Of particular note is the increasing contribution of 'non-residential' grid-connected PV systems--defined here as those systems installed on the customer (rather than utility) side of the meter at commercial, institutional, non-profit, or governmental properties--to the overall growth trend. Although there is some uncertainty in the numbers, non-residential PV capacity grew from less than half of aggregate annual capacity installationsmore » in 2000-2002 to nearly two-thirds in 2007. This relative growth trend is expected to have continued through 2008. This article, which is excerpted from a longer report, focuses specifically on just one subset of the non-residential PV market: systems hosted (and perhaps owned) by commercial, tax-paying entities. Tax-exempt entities (e.g., non-profits or municipalities) face unique issues and have different financing options at their disposal; readers interested in PV financing options for tax-exempt entities can find more information in the Bolinger report.« less

  2. African American and Latino low income families' food shopping behaviors: promoting fruit and vegetable consumption and use of alternative healthy food options.

    PubMed

    Fish, Caitlin A; Brown, Jonisha R; Quandt, Sara A

    2015-04-01

    Minority families often reside in neighborhoods with few supermarkets or alternative healthy food options (e.g., farmers markets, community gardens), making fresh produce difficult to obtain. This qualitative study identified factors influencing fruit and vegetable shopping and use of alternative healthy food options. Forty-eight minority women with children completed interviews regarding food shopping habits and use of and attitudes toward alternative healthy food options. Interviews were subjected to thematic analysis. Produce shopping was motivated by costs and family preferences. For African American women, poor cooking skills restricted the variety of fruits and vegetables purchased. Latinas were receptive to alternative healthy food options, but did not use them because these sources were inconvenient. African American women were not receptive to them. Improving cooking skills and perceptions of acceptable foods may be as important as increased access to promote greater consumption of fruits and vegetables.

  3. Behavioral and Neural Signatures of Reduced Updating of Alternative Options in Alcohol-Dependent Patients during Flexible Decision-Making.

    PubMed

    Reiter, Andrea M F; Deserno, Lorenz; Kallert, Thomas; Heinze, Hans-Jochen; Heinz, Andreas; Schlagenhauf, Florian

    2016-10-26

    Addicted individuals continue substance use despite the knowledge of harmful consequences and often report having no choice but to consume. Computational psychiatry accounts have linked this clinical observation to difficulties in making flexible and goal-directed decisions in dynamic environments via consideration of potential alternative choices. To probe this in alcohol-dependent patients (n = 43) versus healthy volunteers (n = 35), human participants performed an anticorrelated decision-making task during functional neuroimaging. Via computational modeling, we investigated behavioral and neural signatures of inference regarding the alternative option. While healthy control subjects exploited the anticorrelated structure of the task to guide decision-making, alcohol-dependent patients were relatively better explained by a model-free strategy due to reduced inference on the alternative option after punishment. Whereas model-free prediction error signals were preserved, alcohol-dependent patients exhibited blunted medial prefrontal signatures of inference on the alternative option. This reduction was associated with patients' behavioral deficit in updating the alternative choice option and their obsessive-compulsive drinking habits. All results remained significant when adjusting for potential confounders (e.g., neuropsychological measures and gray matter density). A disturbed integration of alternative choice options implemented by the medial prefrontal cortex appears to be one important explanation for the puzzling question of why addicted individuals continue drug consumption despite negative consequences. In addiction, patients maintain substance use despite devastating consequences and often report having no choice but to consume. These clinical observations have been theoretically linked to disturbed mechanisms of inference, for example, to difficulties when learning statistical regularities of the environmental structure to guide decisions. Using computational modeling, we demonstrate disturbed inference on alternative choice options in alcohol addiction. Patients neglecting "what might have happened" was accompanied by blunted coding of inference regarding alternative choice options in the medial prefrontal cortex. An impaired integration of alternative choice options implemented by the medial prefrontal cortex might contribute to ongoing drug consumption in the face of evident negative consequences. Copyright © 2016 the authors 0270-6474/16/3610935-14$15.00/0.

  4. Stakeholder Choices in Adaptation and Public Finance Planning for Coastal Hazard Mitigation in a Changing World: Highlights from Case Studies in Santos, Brazil, Broward County, FL, US and Selsey, UK (The METROPOLE Project)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Muller-Karger, F. E.; Merrill, S.; Pelling, M.; Marengo, J. A.; Reynolds, C. J.; Langbehn, K.; Paterson, S.; Nunes, L. H.; Kartez, J.; Lockman, J. T.

    2016-12-01

    Better integration of the human dimensions (values, beliefs, cultural identity, place, risk perceptions, communications, decision making) with scientific, technical, and economic data is required to advance effective municipal planning for adaptation to changes that can be expected to occur based on a changing climate. The international METROPOLE project offers practical insights and a path forward for coastal communities around the world with results from applied research carried out by social scientists, natural scientists, and practitioners working in coastal municipalities in Brazil, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Decision makers were interviewed to assess the Adaptive Capacity of their communities, and stakeholders were engaged in workshops to discuss the risks due to projected sea level rise (SLR) in terms of impacts and costs to property. The team investigated the social, cultural, and governance factors that shape decision making. Municipal leaders and local experts selected the SLR scenarios and adaptation options to be modelled using COAST, a state-of-the-art tool. The visualizations and risk maps integrated scientific and local economic data, and illustrated the potential impacts on 10,000 properties in each study area. Stakeholders voted on parameters to determine the cost-benefit ratio of potential adaptation options. Stakeholder priorities for local adaption planning, agreement with the need for increased fees/taxes, and acceptability of possible public finance mechanisms were evaluated with pre- and post-workshop surveys. The research identified similar patterns of adaptation "priorities" and new insight into how stakeholders consider public finance mechanisms for local action, in the context of "fiscal benefits and burdens." The research suggests implications for small towns, land-use policy changes, implementing adaptation options which deliver short and long-term benefits, and, for state and local governments to develop finance policy/mechanisms. Findings will be incorporated into new programs through our partnership with the Florida chapter of the American Planning Association.

  5. Portable power supply options for positive airway pressure devices.

    PubMed

    Riaz, Muhammad; Certal, Victor; Camacho, Macario

    2015-01-01

    Patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) often face the challenge of how to power their positive airway pressure (PAP) devices when alternating current power supplies are not available in remote areas with lack of electricity or frequent power outages. This article elucidates portable power supply options for PAP devices with the aim to increase alternative power source awareness among medical providers. A search of scientific databases (Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library) was carried out on the topic of alternative portable power supply options for treatment of OSA. Scientific databases listed above yielded only limited results. Most articles were found via Google search. These articles were reviewed for alternative power supply options for OSA patients when alternating current is not available. The power supply options in this article include lead-acid batteries (starter, marine and deep-cycle batteries), lithium ion batteries, solar kits, battery packs, backup power systems, portable generators, and travel-size PAP devices. There are several options to power PAP devices with direct current when alternating current is not available. Knowledgeable primary care physicians especially in rural and remote areas can help OSA patients improve PAP compliance in order to mitigate morbidity and long-term complications of OSA.

  6. Finding New Ways To Finance Public Education.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Wugalter, Harry

    This paper discusses alternative methods for financing education including sales and compensating taxes, mineral leasing, and land income. The author discusses the problem of local control under a full State funding system. He warns that merely allocating money to school districts on an equal basis will fail to accomplish equal education unless…

  7. School Finance Equalization Management System: An Overview.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Educational Testing Service, Princeton, NJ. Education Policy Research Institute.

    This overview acquaints prospective users with the School Finance Equalization Management System (SFEMS), a computer-based system designed to answer questions about state aid distribution. SFEMS can determine such things as the current pattern of aid distribution, the current pattern of tax effort, or the effect of alternative expenditure and…

  8. 24 CFR 248.223 - Alternative State strategy.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... accordance with this section shall be provided through State and local actions, such as tax exempt financing, low income tax credits, State or local tax concessions, the provision of funds from housing finance agency reserves or housing trust funds, taxable bonds, and other incentives provided by the State or...

  9. Models for financing the regulation of pharmaceutical promotion.

    PubMed

    Lexchin, Joel

    2012-07-11

    Pharmaceutical companies spend huge sums promoting their products whereas regulation of promotional activities is typically underfinanced. Any option for financing the monitoring and regulation of promotion should adhere to three basic principles: stability, predictability and lack of (perverse) ties between the level of financing and performance. This paper explores the strengths and weaknesses of six different models. All these six models considered here have positive and negative features and none may necessarily be ideal in any particular country. Different countries may choose to utilize a combination of two or more of these models in order to raise sufficient revenue. Financing of regulation of drug promotion should more than pay for itself through the prevention of unnecessary drug costs and the avoidance of adverse health effects due to inappropriate prescribing. However, it involves an initial outlay of money that is currently not being spent and many national governments, in both rich and poor countries, are unwilling to incur extra costs.

  10. Tips for Choir Tours.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Phillips, Kenneth H.

    1996-01-01

    Outlines 15 suggestions for preplanning and implementing choir tours. Briefly discusses; booking and travel agencies, options for financing, establishing educational objectives, parental permission forms, chaperons, housing, and performance apparel. Recommends planning a tour at least a year in advance. (MJP)

  11. Finding the Funds for Technology.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Wodarz, Nan

    1996-01-01

    Describes strategies to meet the increasing demands for technological innovation in the face of increasingly severe budgetary constraints. Long-term planning is the key to a successful technological program. Describes the options of leasing, financing, and phased-in purchases. (LMI)

  12. Financing & Incentives | Efficient Windows Collaborative

    Science.gov Websites

    Foundry Foundry New Construction Windows Window Selection Tool Selection Process Design Guidance Installation Replacement Windows Window Selection Tool Assessing Options Selection Process Design Guidance Installation Understanding Windows Benefits Design Considerations Measuring Performance Performance Standards

  13. A very efficient approach to compute the first-passage probability density function in a time-changed Brownian model: Applications in finance

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ballestra, Luca Vincenzo; Pacelli, Graziella; Radi, Davide

    2016-12-01

    We propose a numerical method to compute the first-passage probability density function in a time-changed Brownian model. In particular, we derive an integral representation of such a density function in which the integrand functions must be obtained solving a system of Volterra equations of the first kind. In addition, we develop an ad-hoc numerical procedure to regularize and solve this system of integral equations. The proposed method is tested on three application problems of interest in mathematical finance, namely the calculation of the survival probability of an indebted firm, the pricing of a single-knock-out put option and the pricing of a double-knock-out put option. The results obtained reveal that the novel approach is extremely accurate and fast, and performs significantly better than the finite difference method.

  14. Alternative Fuels Data Center

    Science.gov Websites

    up to 100% of the amount of the loan for an eligible project. Eligible projects may include the Financing Bank. For more information, see the Loan Guarantee Program website and the Alternative Fuel

  15. 42 CFR 413.149 - Depreciation: Allowance for depreciation on assets financed with Federal or public funds.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... REIMBURSEMENT; PAYMENT FOR END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE SERVICES; OPTIONAL PROSPECTIVELY DETERMINED PAYMENT RATES FOR... depreciation is not treated as a reduction of allowable interest expense under § 413.153(a). ...

  16. 42 CFR 413.149 - Depreciation: Allowance for depreciation on assets financed with Federal or public funds.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... REIMBURSEMENT; PAYMENT FOR END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE SERVICES; OPTIONAL PROSPECTIVELY DETERMINED PAYMENT RATES FOR... depreciation is not treated as a reduction of allowable interest expense under § 413.153(a). ...

  17. 42 CFR 413.149 - Depreciation: Allowance for depreciation on assets financed with Federal or public funds.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... REIMBURSEMENT; PAYMENT FOR END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE SERVICES; OPTIONAL PROSPECTIVELY DETERMINED PAYMENT RATES FOR... depreciation is not treated as a reduction of allowable interest expense under § 413.153(a). ...

  18. 42 CFR 413.149 - Depreciation: Allowance for depreciation on assets financed with Federal or public funds.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... REIMBURSEMENT; PAYMENT FOR END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE SERVICES; OPTIONAL PROSPECTIVELY DETERMINED PAYMENT RATES FOR... depreciation is not treated as a reduction of allowable interest expense under § 413.153(a). ...

  19. Financing Options for Nontraditional Eligibilities in the CWSRF

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    This is a technical support reference, which looks at the varied types of financial assistance available to the CWSRF programs that can be deployed to fund eligibilities that do not fall within the mainstream of traditional grey infrastructure.

  20. 42 CFR 413.149 - Depreciation: Allowance for depreciation on assets financed with Federal or public funds.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... REIMBURSEMENT; PAYMENT FOR END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE SERVICES; OPTIONAL PROSPECTIVELY DETERMINED PAYMENT RATES FOR... function of payment of depreciation to provide funds that make it possible to maintain the assets and...

  1. 7 CFR 1488.10 - Evidence of entry into country of destination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... Under CCC Export Credit Sales Program (GSM-5) Documents Required After Financing § 1488.10 Evidence of... option of CCC, become due and payable and liquidated damages shall be payable in accordance with § 1488...

  2. 7 CFR 1488.10 - Evidence of entry into country of destination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Under CCC Export Credit Sales Program (GSM-5) Documents Required After Financing § 1488.10 Evidence of... option of CCC, become due and payable and liquidated damages shall be payable in accordance with § 1488...

  3. Why public health services? Experiences from profit-driven health care reforms in Sweden.

    PubMed

    Dahlgren, Göran

    2014-01-01

    Market-oriented health care reforms have been implemented in the tax-financed Swedish health care system from 1990 to 2013. The first phase of these reforms was the introduction of new public management systems, where public health centers and public hospitals were to act as private firms in an internal health care market. A second phase saw an increase of tax-financed private for-profit providers. A third phase can now be envisaged with increased private financing of essential health services. The main evidence-based effects of these markets and profit-driven reforms can be summarized as follows: efficiency is typically reduced but rarely increased; profit and tax evasion are a drain on resources for health care; geographical and social inequities are widened while the number of tax-financed providers increases; patients with major multi-health problems are often given lower priority than patients with minor health problems; opportunities to control the quality of care are reduced; tax-financed private for-profit providers facilitate increased private financing; and market forces and commercial interests undermine the power of democratic institutions. Policy options to promote further development of a nonprofit health care system are highlighted.

  4. Using the regulation of accuracy to study performance when the correct answer is not known.

    PubMed

    Luna, Karlos; Martín-Luengo, Beatriz

    2017-08-01

    We examined memory performance in multiple-choice questions when correct answers were not always present. How do participants answer when they are aware that the correct alternative may not be present? To answer this question we allowed participants to decide on the number of alternatives in their final answer (the plurality option), and whether they wanted to report or withhold their answer (report option). We also studied the memory benefits when both the plurality and the report options were available. In two experiments participants watched a crime and then answered questions with five alternatives. Half of the questions were presented with the correct alternative and half were not. Participants selected one alternative and rated confidence, then selected three alternatives and again rated confidence, and finally indicated whether they preferred the answer with one or with three alternatives (plurality option). Lastly, they decided whether to report or withhold the answer (report option). Results showed that participants' confidence in their selections was higher, that they chose more single answers, and that they preferred to report more often when the correct alternative was presented. We also attempted to classify a posteriori questions as either presented with or without the correct alternative from participants' selection. Classification was better than chance, and encouraging, but the forensic application of the classification technique is still limited since there was a large percentage of responses that were incorrectly classified. Our results also showed that the memory benefits of both plurality and report options overlap. © 2017 Scandinavian Psychological Associations and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  5. Development of a special topics course on civil engineering project finance for the Zachry Department of Civil Engineering of Texas A&M University.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2011-05-01

    Experts predict that the highway trust fund will deteriorate rapidly over the course of the next several : years. This situation has led many state agencies to seek alternative financing methods that can meet both : social and economic needs. One pos...

  6. Alternatives in State Government Financing of Higher Education.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Academy for Educational Development, Inc., Washington, DC. Management Div.

    In October 1971, the Academy for Educational Development entered into a contract with the Council on Higher Education of the State of Washington to prepare an analysis with recommendations on the financing of postsecondary education in Washington. The resulting pamphlet is divided into 5 chapters: (1) Higher Education for Whose Benefit? (2)…

  7. Investment Clubs Teach Financial Literacy

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Cook, Sheri

    2007-01-01

    A study conducted by "Money" Magazine in August 2006 found that students are not as financially literate as they ought to be. Teachers are now being challenged to find alternative strategies to educate students in the ways of personal finance. One component of personal finance that is particularly challenging is investments. In this article, the…

  8. Maximizing Child Health Coverage Depends on Establishing an Effective System for Reallocating Unspent SCHIP Funds.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Guyer, Jocelyn

    This paper describes the State Children's Health Insurance Program's (SCHIP's) financing system, examining two alternatives under consideration for changing the system of redistributing unspent SCHIP funds. Section 1 presents background on SCHIP's financing structure (it is a block grant program, each state's share of federal SCHIP funds is…

  9. Cost-effective particulate control options at Potomac Electric Power Company's Dickerson Station: An integrated approach to current and future particulate limits

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Christoffersen, S.W.; Rouse, G.T.; Krasnopoler, M.J.

    1998-07-01

    The Dickerson Generating Station evaluated several particulate control options to identify the most cost-effective option. The study's goals were to: eliminate the particulate scrubber and its high maintenance costs, and incorporate flexibility for low-sulfur coal and possible stricter emission limits. Each of the three Dickerson 190 MW units has a small 37-year-old electrostatic precipitator and a wet particulate scrubber. The study evaluated alternatives to replace the scrubber and enhance ESP performance: Existing ESP alternatives--Extend height of existing ESP; Flue gas conditioning. Scrubber stream alternatives--Partial-flow ESP or pulse jet baghouse. Full-flow alternatives--Supplemental ESP; COHPAC baghouse; replacement ESP or baghouse. A technicalmore » and economic prescreening eliminated some of the options. Capital, operating, and life cycle costs were estimated for the remaining options to determine the most cost-effective alternative. This paper will present the technical and economic evaluations done for this study, including performance and costs.« less

  10. African American and Latino Low Income Families’ Food Shopping Behaviors: Promoting Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Use of Alternative Healthy Food Options

    PubMed Central

    Fish, Caitlin A.; Brown, Jonisha R.; Quandt, Sara A.

    2014-01-01

    Introduction Minority families often reside in neighborhoods with few supermarkets or alternative healthy food options (e.g., farmers markets, community gardens), making fresh produce difficult to obtain. This qualitative study identified factors influencing fruit and vegetable shopping and use of alternative healthy food options. Methods Forty-eight minority women with children completed interviews regarding food shopping habits and use of and attitudes toward alternative healthy food options. Interviews were subjected to thematic analysis. Results Produce shopping was motivated by costs and family preferences. For African American women, poor cooking skills restricted the variety of fruits and vegetables purchased. Latinas were receptive to alternative healthy food options, but did not use them because these sources were inconvenient. African American women were not receptive to them. Conclusion Improving cooking skills and perceptions of acceptable foods may be as important as increased access to promote greater consumption of fruits and vegetables. PMID:24293075

  11. Punching loan sharks on the nose: effective interventions to reduce financial hardship in New Zealand.

    PubMed

    Signal, Louise; Lanumata, Tolotea; Bowers, Sharron

    2012-08-01

    Growth in the high-cost, unregulated fringe lender market (with these lenders commonly referred to as loan sharks) has occurred both internationally and in New Zealand in recent years. The credit practices of loan sharks create financial hardship for many people including Māori, Pacific and low-income New Zealanders. This paper reports on research that explored strategies for reducing the impact of the fringe lender market on Māori, Pacific and low-income New Zealanders. A narrative literature review and 10 key informant interviews were conducted to provide information on how best to intervene to reduce the impact of the fringe lender market for these people. The main interventions identified were: two regulatory approaches, one for capping interest rates and another to create codes of responsible lending; access to safe affordable micro-finance options; financial literacy education; and Pacific cultural change around fa'alavelave, which are the 'obligations' of giving. Protecting consumers from the unsafe practices of fringe lenders requires a combined approach of discouraging the undesirable practices of fringe lenders through regulation and encouraging the growth of safe, affordable micro-finance options. Financial literacy education is a valuable activity for directing consumer attention to the safest options, but in isolation will have limited effect if options are limited. Health promoters have a valuable role to play in implementing these interventions.

  12. Future surface transportation financing option : challenges and opportunities for rural states.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2009-05-01

    The funding of Americas transportation system is a complex process that includes a number : of stakeholders, both private and public. The federal gas tax has been a major contributor to : the funding of transportation projects even those planne...

  13. The Alternative Omen Effect: Illusory negative correlation between the outcomes of choice options.

    PubMed

    Marciano-Romm, Déborah; Romm, Assaf; Bourgeois-Gironde, Sacha; Deouell, Leon Y

    2016-01-01

    In situations of choice between uncertain options, one might get feedback on both the outcome of the chosen option and the outcome of the unchosen option ("the alternative"). Extensive research has shown that when both outcomes are eventually revealed, the alternative's outcome influences the way people evaluate their own outcome. In a series of experiments, we examined whether the outcome of the alternative plays an additional role in the decision-making process by creating expectations regarding the outcome of the chosen option. Specifically, we hypothesized that people see a good (bad) alternative's outcome as a bad (good) sign regarding their own outcome when the two outcomes are in fact uncorrelated, a phenomenon we call the "Alternative Omen Effect" (ALOE). Subjects had to repeatedly choose between two boxes, the outcomes of which were then sequentially revealed. In Experiments 1 and 2 the alternative's outcome was presented first, and we assessed the individual's prediction of their own outcome. In Experiment 3, subjects had to predict the alternative's outcome after seeing their own. We find that even though the two outcomes were in fact uncorrelated, people tended to see a good (bad) alternative outcome as a bad (good) sign regarding their own outcome. Importantly, this illusory negative correlation affected subsequent behavior and led to irrational choices. Furthermore, the order of presentation was critical: when the outcome of the chosen option was presented first, the effect disappeared, suggesting that this illusory negative correlation is influenced by self-relevance. We discuss the possible sources of this illusory correlation as well as its implications for research on counterfactual thinking. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  14. Problems and Issues Related to Alternative Education.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Pilat, Mary

    1997-01-01

    Symposium participants identified policy issues in these areas related to alternative education for at-risk youth: choice, equity, public perception, definition, philosophy, stakeholder involvement, evaluation, staffing, curriculum, governance, and financing. Public discourse and policy discussion were considered essential to implementing…

  15. Alternative, Renewable and Novel Feedstocks for Producing Chemicals

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    none,

    2007-07-01

    Vision2020 and ITP directed the Alternative, Renewable and Novel Feedstocks project to identify industrial options and to determine the work required to make alternative, renewable and novel feedstock options attractive to the U.S. chemicals industry. This report presents the Alternative, Renewable and Novel Feedstocks project findings which were based on a technology review and industry workshop.

  16. Money Matters: A Guide to Financing Quality Education and Other Children's Services.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Finance Project, Washington, DC.

    This guide is intended to provide guidance to state and local leaders in identifying the need for finance reform; understanding and evaluating the pros and cons of alternative financial approaches; and designing strategies to build long-lasting public support. Chapter 1 reviews the key forces pushing for reform and outlines principles to guide…

  17. Putting It Together: A Guide to Financing Comprehensive Services in Child Care and Early Education

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Johnson-Staub, Christine

    2012-01-01

    This guide aims to help states look beyond the major sources of child care and early education funding and consider alternative federal financing sources to bring comprehensive services into early childhood settings. Why? Because the sources of child care funding historically available to states have limited supply and allowable uses, and…

  18. China: Management and Finance of Higher Education. A World Bank Country Study.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    World Bank, Washington, DC.

    Key issues in higher education management and finance in China until the end of the century are examined, along with the effect of recent education reform. Attention is directed to: the government's plan for long-term expansion of higher education posed as three alternative targets for enrollment growth; estimated demand for and supply of…

  19. Automobiles and global warming: Alternative fuels and other options for carbon dioxide emissions reduction

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Sagar, A.D.

    Automobiles are a source of considerable pollution at the global level, including a significant fraction of the total greenhouse gas emissions. Alternative fuels have received some attention as potential options to curtail the carbon dioxide emissions from motor vehicles. This article discusses the feasibility and desirability (from a technical as well as a broader environmental perspective) of the large-scale production and use of alternative fuels as a strategy to mitigate automotive carbon dioxide emissions. Other options such as improving vehicle efficiency and switching to more efficient modes of passenger transportation are also discussed. These latter options offer an effective andmore » immediate way to tackle the greenhouse and other pollutant emission from automobiles, especially as the limitations of currently available alternative fuels and the technological and other constraints for potential future alternatives are revealed.« less

  20. Application of Real Options Analysis in the Valuation of Investment in Biodiesel Production

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2011-05-01

    biodiesel) at time t, P(t) be assumed to evolve as the stochastic process given by the geometric Brownian motion (GBM). Then PdWPdtdP...Equation (3) Then in any differential time interval, dt, dX follows an arithmetic Brownian motion , which under risk neutral valuation, will be given by...valuation of American put options,” Journal of Finance 32 (May), pp.449-462. 5. Brennan, M. and E. Schwartz, 1978, “Finite difference methods and

  1. 46 CFR 232.2 - General instructions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... Administration (such as reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, public service commissions or... electronic options (such as facsimile and Internet), if practicable, any question involving the... and Rate Approvals, for the Maritime Security Program, or Director, Office of Ship Financing, for the...

  2. Future Surface Transportation Financing Options: Challenges and Opportunities for Rural States

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2009-05-01

    The funding of America's transportation system is a complex process that includes a number of stakeholders, both private and public. The federal gas tax has been a major contributor to the funding of transportation projects- even those planned, desig...

  3. Impacts of Urban Water Conservation Strategies on Energy, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Health: Southern California as a Case Study.

    PubMed

    Sokolow, Sharona; Godwin, Hilary; Cole, Brian L

    2016-05-01

    To determine how urban water conservation strategies in California cities can affect water and energy conservation efforts, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and benefit public health. We expanded upon our 2014 health impact assessment of California's urban water conservation strategies by comparing the status quo to 2 options with the greatest potential impact on the interrelated issues of water and energy in California: (1) banning landscape irrigation and (2) expanding alternative water sources (e.g., desalination, recycled water). Among the water conservation strategies evaluated, expanded use of recycled water stood out as the water conservation strategy with potential to reduce water use, energy use, and greenhouse gas emissions, with relatively small negative impacts for the public's health. Although the suitability of recycled water for urban uses depends on local climate, geography, current infrastructure, and finances, analyses similar to that presented here can help guide water policy decisions in cities across the globe facing challenges of supplying clean, sustainable water to urban populations.

  4. 10 CFR 490.307 - Option for Electric Utilities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Option for Electric Utilities. 490.307 Section 490.307 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ALTERNATIVE FUEL TRANSPORTATION PROGRAM Alternative Fuel... motor vehicles, the following percentages of new light duty motor vehicles acquired shall be alternative...

  5. 10 CFR 490.307 - Option for Electric Utilities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Option for Electric Utilities. 490.307 Section 490.307 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ALTERNATIVE FUEL TRANSPORTATION PROGRAM Alternative Fuel... motor vehicles, the following percentages of new light duty motor vehicles acquired shall be alternative...

  6. Financing reforms of public health services in China: lessons for other nations.

    PubMed

    Liu, Xingzhu; Mills, Anne

    2002-06-01

    Financing reforms of China's public health services are characterised by a reduction in government budgetary support and the introduction of charges. These reforms have changed the financing structure of public health institutions. Before the financing reforms, in 1980, government budgetary support covered the full costs of public health institutions, while after the reforms by the middle of the 1990s, the government's contribution to the institutions' revenue had fallen to 30-50%, barely covering the salaries of health workers, and the share of revenue generated from charges had increased to 50-70%. These market-oriented financing reforms improved the productivity of public health institutions, but several unintended consequences became evident. The economic incentives that were built into the financing system led to over-provision of unnecessary services, and under-provision of socially desirable services. User fees reduced the take-up of preventive services with positive externalities. The lack of government funds resulted in under-provision of services with public goods' characteristics. The Chinese experience has generated important lessons for other nations. Firstly, a decline in the role of government in financing public health services is likely to result in decreased overall efficiency of the health sector. Secondly, levying charges for public health services can reduce demand for these services and increase the risk of disease transmission. Thirdly, market-oriented financing reforms of public health services should not be considered as a policy option. Once this step is made, the unintended consequences may outweigh the intended ones. Chinese experience strongly suggests that the government should take a very active role in financing public health services.

  7. Rethinking Equity--There Are Alternatives.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Picus, Lawrence O.

    1998-01-01

    Defines "equity" in terms of three concepts (horizontal equity, vertical equity, and fiscal neutrality), summarizes school finance litigation history, and presents alternative distribution formats to improve student achievement. Enhancing equity and efficiency requires reallocation of existing resources, incentives for improved performance, a more…

  8. Weighing public and private options for reforming long-term care financing: findings from a national survey of specialists.

    PubMed

    Miller, Edward Alan; Mor, Vincent; Clark, Melissa

    2010-08-01

    Deficiencies in current long-term care (LTC) financing models are substantial and must be addressed if the nation is going to meet the needs of the growing population of frail and disabled elders. Because debate over reforming LTC financing has traditionally focused on the relative roles of the public and private sectors, this article examines what characteristics predispose LTC specialists to weigh one approach--public or private--more than the other. Data are derived from a Web-based survey of 1,147 individuals with known or demonstrable experience with LTC, including consumer advocates, provider representatives, policy experts, and public officials. Results suggest that support for spurring private sector mechanisms, bolstering the government's role, and reforming Medicare and Medicaid vary with key characteristics of the respondents, including experiential, attitudinal, and background variables. Findings also suggest consensus that reform of LTC financing should improve on the current public-private partnership in this area.

  9. Negotiating contracts for vendor-financed purchases of EHR systems. Providers face extraordinary challenges securing financing for HIT projects, especially ones required to capitalize on ARRA incentives.

    PubMed

    Fox, Steven J; Schick, Vadim

    2010-01-01

    In this economic climate, healthcare providers may face extraordinary challenges securing financing for health IT projects, especially ones required to capitalize on the incentives in ARRA. Vendor financing may be the best option for many such providers. While such arrangements may often seem a win-win for both parties, providers should be aware of the many potential pitfalls inherent in vendorfinanced deals, including: 1.) additional pressure from vendors to accept their standard contractual terms and conditions because vendors have much more leverage if they are also the creditor in the transaction; 2.) failing to obtain necessary warranties and representations from vendors that their systems will comply with all relevant requirements under ARRA and will permit the provider to achieve meaningful use; and 3.) dealing with problems arising if the vendors' product fails to achieve certification, or the provider fails to achieve "meaningful use" in a timely manner.

  10. Models for financing the regulation of pharmaceutical promotion

    PubMed Central

    2012-01-01

    Pharmaceutical companies spend huge sums promoting their products whereas regulation of promotional activities is typically underfinanced. Any option for financing the monitoring and regulation of promotion should adhere to three basic principles: stability, predictability and lack of (perverse) ties between the level of financing and performance. This paper explores the strengths and weaknesses of six different models. All these six models considered here have positive and negative features and none may necessarily be ideal in any particular country. Different countries may choose to utilize a combination of two or more of these models in order to raise sufficient revenue. Financing of regulation of drug promotion should more than pay for itself through the prevention of unnecessary drug costs and the avoidance of adverse health effects due to inappropriate prescribing. However, it involves an initial outlay of money that is currently not being spent and many national governments, in both rich and poor countries, are unwilling to incur extra costs. PMID:22784944

  11. Social solidarity and civil servants' willingness for financial cross-subsidization in South Africa: implications for health financing reform.

    PubMed

    Harris, Bronwyn; Nxumalo, Nonhlanhla; Ataguba, John E; Govender, Veloshnee; Chersich, Matthew; Goudge, Jane

    2011-01-01

    In South Africa, anticipated health sector reforms aim to achieve universal health coverage for all citizens. Success will depend on social solidarity and willingness to pay for health care according to means, while benefitting on the basis of their need. In this study, we interviewed 1330 health and education sector civil servants in four South African provinces, about potential income cross-subsidies and financing mechanisms for a National Health Insurance. One third was willing to cross-subsidize others and half favored a progressive financing system, with senior managers, black Africans, or those with tertiary education more likely to choose these options than lower-skilled staff, white, Indian or Asian respondents, or those with primary or less education. Insurance- and health-status were not associated with willingness to pay or preferred type of financing system. Understanding social relationships, identities, and shared meanings is important for any reform striving toward universal coverage.

  12. [Costly drugs: analysis and proposals for the Mercosur countries].

    PubMed

    Marín, Gustavo H; Polach, María Andrea

    2011-08-01

    Determine how the Mercosur countries access, regulate, and finance costly drugs and propose joint selection and financing strategies at the subregional level. Qualitative design, using content analyses of primary and secondary sources, document reviews, interviews, focus groups, and case studies. The variables selected included: selection criteria, access, financing, and regulations in the various countries. Costly drugs were divided into those that do not alter the natural course of the disease and those with demonstrated efficacy, using the defined daily dose to compare the costs of classical treatments and those involving costly drugs. The Mercosur countries generally lack formal strategies for dealing with the demand for costly drugs, and governments and insurers wind up financing them by court order. The case studies show that there are costly drugs whose efficacy has not been established but that nonetheless generate demand. The fragmentation of procurement, international commitments with regard to intellectual property, and low negotiating power exponentially increase the price of costly drugs, putting health system finances in jeopardy. Costly drugs must be regulated and rationally selected so that only those that substantively benefit people are accepted. To finance the drugs so selected, common country strategies are needed that include such options as flexible in trade agreements, the creation of national resource funds, or joint procurement by countries to enhance their negotiating power.

  13. 75 FR 46916 - Proposal for Minor Adjustments to Optional Alternative Site Framework

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-08-04

    ... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Foreign-Trade Zones Board Proposal for Minor Adjustments to Optional Alternative Site Framework The Foreign-Trade Zones (FTZ) Board is inviting public comment on a staff proposal to make minor adjustments to the Board's practice regarding the alternative site framework (ASF...

  14. 76 FR 54747 - Proposed Agency Information Collection

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-09-02

    ... processes, available financing options, and planning and zoning issues as they relate to rooftop solar PV... information on solar energy market indicators. The Solar Energy Technologies Program (SETP) seeks to reduce non-hardware costs of solar systems associated with processes such as project siting, permitting and...

  15. 75 FR 8189 - Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-02-23

    ... before March 25, 2010 to be assured of consideration. Domestic Finance International Portfolio Investment... information on foreign exchange contracts purchased and sold; foreign exchange futures purchased and sold... timely information on foreign exchange spot, forward and futures purchased and sold; net options position...

  16. Enhancing Kentucky's transportation funding capacity : a review of six innovative financing options.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2005-06-01

    Kentucky faces several challenges in meeting the funding needs for its transportation infrastructure. The state currently relies on a revenue stream based on road user taxes and fees. However, the structure of these taxes and fees are such that reven...

  17. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Robichaud, Robi

    Robi Robichaud made this presentation as part of an Energy Technology session at the Energy Exchange event, which is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy. The presentation discusses a wind energy industry update, technology trends, financing options at federal facilities, and creative approaches for developing wind projects at federal facilities.

  18. 7 CFR 4290.815 - Financings in the form of Debt Securities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... purchase Debt Securities from an Enterprise. (b) Restriction of options obtained by RBIC's management and... Section 4290.815 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) RURAL BUSINESS-COOPERATIVE SERVICE AND RURAL UTILITIES SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE RURAL BUSINESS INVESTMENT COMPANY...

  19. The progressivity of health-care financing in Kenya.

    PubMed

    Munge, Kenneth; Briggs, Andrew Harvey

    2014-10-01

    Health-care financing should be equitable. In many developing countries such as Kenya, changes to health-care financing systems are being implemented as a means of providing equitable access to health care with the aim of attaining universal coverage. Vertical equity means that people of dissimilar ability to pay make dissimilar levels of contribution to the health-care financing system. Vertical equity can be analysed by measuring progressivity. The aim of this study was to analyse progressivity by measuring deviations from proportionality in the relationship between sources of health-care financing and ability to pay using Kakwani indices applied to data from the Kenya Household Health Utilisation and Expenditure Survey 2007. Concentration indices and Kakwani indices were obtained for the sources of health-care financing: direct and indirect taxes, out of pocket (OOP) payments, private insurance contributions and contributions to the National Hospital Insurance Fund. The bootstrap method was used to analyse the sensitivity of the Kakwani index to changes in the equivalence scale or the use of an alternative measure of ability to pay. The overall health-care financing system was regressive. Out of pocket payments were regressive with all other payments being proportional. Direct taxes, indirect taxes and private insurance premiums were sensitive to the use of income as an alternative measure of ability to pay. However, the overall finding of a regressive health-care system remained. Reforms to the Kenyan health-care financing system are required to reduce dependence on out of pocket payments. The bootstrap method can be used in determining the sensitivity of the Kakwani index to various assumptions made in the analysis. Further analyses are required to determine the equity of health-care utilization and the effect of proposed reforms on overall equity of the Kenyan health-care system. Published by Oxford University Press in association with The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine © The Author 2013; all rights reserved.

  20. Survey data on factors affecting negotiation of professional fees between Estate Valuers and their clients when the mortgage is financed by bank loan: A case study of mortgage valuations in Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria.

    PubMed

    Iroham, Chukwuemeka O; Okagbue, Hilary I; Ogunkoya, Olalekan A; Owolabi, James D

    2017-06-01

    In this article, two sets of questionnaires were administered to professionals and clients (commercial banks) on their willingness to negotiate the professional fees charged by the Estate Valuers assuming that the mortgage in valuation was financed by bank loan. A range of fees options were provided. Other factors such as the business environment and mortgage valuation can influence the negotiated fees when the data obtained from the survey data is analyzed.

  1. Financing Strategies For A Nuclear Fuel Cycle Facility

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    David Shropshire; Sharon Chandler

    2006-07-01

    To help meet the nation’s energy needs, recycling of partially used nuclear fuel is required to close the nuclear fuel cycle, but implementing this step will require considerable investment. This report evaluates financing scenarios for integrating recycling facilities into the nuclear fuel cycle. A range of options from fully government owned to fully private owned were evaluated using DPL (Decision Programming Language 6.0), which can systematically optimize outcomes based on user-defined criteria (e.g., lowest lifecycle cost, lowest unit cost). This evaluation concludes that the lowest unit costs and lifetime costs are found for a fully government-owned financing strategy, due tomore » government forgiveness of debt as sunk costs. However, this does not mean that the facilities should necessarily be constructed and operated by the government. The costs for hybrid combinations of public and private (commercial) financed options can compete under some circumstances with the costs of the government option. This analysis shows that commercial operations have potential to be economical, but there is presently no incentive for private industry involvement. The Nuclear Waste Policy Act (NWPA) currently establishes government ownership of partially used commercial nuclear fuel. In addition, the recently announced Global Nuclear Energy Partnership (GNEP) suggests fuels from several countries will be recycled in the United States as part of an international governmental agreement; this also assumes government ownership. Overwhelmingly, uncertainty in annual facility capacity led to the greatest variations in unit costs necessary for recovery of operating and capital expenditures; the ability to determine annual capacity will be a driving factor in setting unit costs. For private ventures, the costs of capital, especially equity interest rates, dominate the balance sheet; and the annual operating costs, forgiveness of debt, and overnight costs dominate the costs computed for the government case. The uncertainty in operations, leading to lower than optimal processing rates (or annual plant throughput), is the most detrimental issue to achieving low unit costs. Conversely, lowering debt interest rates and the required return on investments can reduce costs for private industry.« less

  2. Financing blood transfusion services in sub-Saharan Africa: a role for user fees?

    PubMed

    Hensher, M; Jefferys, E

    2000-09-01

    The provision of a secure and safe blood supply has taken on new importance in sub-Saharan Africa with the onset of the AIDS epidemic. Blood transfusion services capable of providing safe blood are not cheap, however, and there has been some debate on the desirability and sustainability of different financing mechanisms for blood transfusion services. This paper examines patterns of financing blood transfusion in three countries--Côte d'Ivoire, Zimbabwe and Mozambique. It goes on to consider the conceptual options for financing safe blood, and to examine in detail the possible role of user fees for blood transfusion in Africa, developing a simple model of their likely burden to patients based on data from Côte d'Ivoire. The model indicates that, at best, there can only be a limited role for user fees in the financing of safe blood transfusion services, due mainly to the relatively high cost of producing a unit of safe blood. Charging individuals for the blood they receive is likely to be administratively complex and costly, could realistically recover only a fraction of the production costs involved, and is further complicated by the fact that the main recipients of blood transfusion in sub-Saharan Africa are children and pregnant women. If cost-recovery for safe blood is to be attempted, the most viable option appears to be that of charging a collective fee, levied upon all inpatients, not just on those who receive blood. Such a mechanism is not without problems, not least in its failure to offer incentives for more appropriate blood use, and it is still likely to recover only a portion of the costs of producing safe blood. Whether or not cost-recovery is instituted, there will remain an important role for public funding of blood transfusion services, and, by implication, an important role for foreign donor support.

  3. National health financing policy in Eritrea: a survey of preliminary considerations

    PubMed Central

    2012-01-01

    Background The 58th World Health Assembly and 56th WHO Regional Committee for Africa adopted resolutions urging Member States to ensure that health financing systems included a method for prepayment to foster financial risk sharing among the population and avoid catastrophic health-care expenditure. The Regional Committee asked countries to strengthen or develop comprehensive health financing policies. This paper presents the findings of a survey conducted among senior staff of selected Eritrean ministries and agencies to elicit views on some of the elements likely to be part of a national health financing policy. Methods This is a descriptive study. A questionnaire was prepared and sent to 19 senior staff (Directors) in the Ministry of Health, Labour Department, Civil Service Administration, Eritrean Confederation of Workers, National Insurance Corporation of Eritrea and Ministry of Local Government. The respondents were selected by the Ministry of Health as key informants. Results The key findings were as follows: the response rate was 84.2% (16/19); 37.5% (6/16) and 18.8% said that the vision of Eritrean National Health Financing Policy (NHFP) should include the phrases ‘equitable and accessible quality health services’ and ‘improve efficiency or reduce waste’ respectively; over 68% indicated that NHFP should include securing adequate funding, ensuring efficiency, ensuring equitable financial access, protection from financial catastrophe, and ensuring provider payment mechanisms create positive incentives to service providers; over 80% mentioned community participation, efficiency, transparency, country ownership, equity in access, and evidence-based decision making as core values of NHFP; over 62.5% confirmed that NHFP components should consist of stewardship (oversight), revenue collection, revenue pooling and risk management, resource allocation and purchasing of health services, health economics research, and development of human resources for health; over 68.8% indicated cost-sharing, taxation and social health insurance as preferred revenue collection mechanisms; and 68.75% indicated their preferred provider payment mechanism to be a global (lump sum) budget. Conclusion This study succeeded in gathering the preliminary views of senior staff of selected Eritrean ministries and agencies regarding the likely elements of the NHFP, i.e. the vision, objectives, components, provider payment mechanisms, and health financing agency and its governance. In addition to stakeholder surveys, it would be helpful to inform the development of the NHFP with other pieces of evidence, including cost-effectiveness analysis of health services and interventions, financial feasibility analysis of financing options, a survey of the political and professional acceptability of financing options, national health accounts, and equity analyses. PMID:22929308

  4. National health financing policy in Eritrea: a survey of preliminary considerations.

    PubMed

    Kirigia, Joses Muthuri; Zere, Eyob; Akazili, James

    2012-08-28

    The 58th World Health Assembly and 56th WHO Regional Committee for Africa adopted resolutions urging Member States to ensure that health financing systems included a method for prepayment to foster financial risk sharing among the population and avoid catastrophic health-care expenditure. The Regional Committee asked countries to strengthen or develop comprehensive health financing policies. This paper presents the findings of a survey conducted among senior staff of selected Eritrean ministries and agencies to elicit views on some of the elements likely to be part of a national health financing policy. This is a descriptive study. A questionnaire was prepared and sent to 19 senior staff (Directors) in the Ministry of Health, Labour Department, Civil Service Administration, Eritrean Confederation of Workers, National Insurance Corporation of Eritrea and Ministry of Local Government. The respondents were selected by the Ministry of Health as key informants. The key findings were as follows: the response rate was 84.2% (16/19); 37.5% (6/16) and 18.8% said that the vision of Eritrean National Health Financing Policy (NHFP) should include the phrases 'equitable and accessible quality health services' and 'improve efficiency or reduce waste' respectively; over 68% indicated that NHFP should include securing adequate funding, ensuring efficiency, ensuring equitable financial access, protection from financial catastrophe, and ensuring provider payment mechanisms create positive incentives to service providers; over 80% mentioned community participation, efficiency, transparency, country ownership, equity in access, and evidence-based decision making as core values of NHFP; over 62.5% confirmed that NHFP components should consist of stewardship (oversight), revenue collection, revenue pooling and risk management, resource allocation and purchasing of health services, health economics research, and development of human resources for health; over 68.8% indicated cost-sharing, taxation and social health insurance as preferred revenue collection mechanisms; and 68.75% indicated their preferred provider payment mechanism to be a global (lump sum) budget. This study succeeded in gathering the preliminary views of senior staff of selected Eritrean ministries and agencies regarding the likely elements of the NHFP, i.e. the vision, objectives, components, provider payment mechanisms, and health financing agency and its governance. In addition to stakeholder surveys, it would be helpful to inform the development of the NHFP with other pieces of evidence, including cost-effectiveness analysis of health services and interventions, financial feasibility analysis of financing options, a survey of the political and professional acceptability of financing options, national health accounts, and equity analyses.

  5. Public financing of the Medicare program will make its uniform structure increasingly costly to sustain.

    PubMed

    Baicker, Katherine; Shepard, Mark; Skinner, Jonathan

    2013-05-01

    The US Medicare program consumes an ever-rising share of the federal budget. Although this public spending can produce health and social benefits, raising taxes to finance it comes at the cost of slower economic growth. In this article we describe a model incorporating the benefits of public programs and the cost of tax financing. The model implies that the "one-size-fits-all" Medicare program, with everyone covered by the same insurance policy, will be increasingly difficult to sustain. We show that a Medicare program with guaranteed basic benefits and the option to purchase additional coverage could lead to more unequal health spending but slower growth in taxation, greater overall well-being, and more rapid growth of gross domestic product. Our framework highlights the key trade-offs between Medicare spending and economic prosperity.

  6. Alternative Compliance: Guidelines for Preparing and Submitting a Waiver Request Application and Other Documentation Requirements

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Not Available

    2013-03-01

    This document is designed to assist covered fleets interested in taking advantage of more flexible compliance options and to facilitate the transition from Standard Compliance to Alternative Compliance. It is designed to help fleets better understand the Alternative Compliance option and successfully complete the waiver application process.

  7. Alternative Compliance: Guidelines for Preparing and Submitting a Waiver Request Application and Other Documentation Requirements (Brochure)

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Not Available

    2014-06-01

    This document is designed to assist covered fleets interested in taking advantage of more flexible compliance options and to facilitate the transition from Standard Compliance to Alternative Compliance. It is designed to help fleets better understand the Alternative Compliance option and successfully complete the waiver application process.

  8. Alternative Compliance: Guidelines for Preparing and Submitting a Waiver Request Application and Other Documentation Requirements

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Sears, Ted

    2014-06-01

    This document is designed to assist covered fleets interested in taking advantage of more flexible compliance options and to facilitate the transition from Standard Compliance to Alternative Compliance. It is designed to help fleets better understand the Alternative Compliance option and successfully complete the waiver application process.

  9. Alternative Compliance: Guidelines for Preparing and Submitting a Waiver Request Application and Other Documentation Requirements (Book)

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Not Available

    2010-11-01

    This document is designed to assist covered fleets interested in taking advantage of more flexible compliance options and to facilitate the transition from Standard Compliance to Alternative Compliance. It is designed to help fleets better understand the Alternative Compliance option and successfully complete the waiver application process.

  10. [Project financing in public hospital trusts].

    PubMed

    Contarino, F; Grosso, G; Mistretta, A

    2009-01-01

    The growing debate in recent years over how to finance public works through private capital has progressively highlighted the role of project finance (PF) and publicprivate partnerships (PPP) in general. More and more European countries are turning to PF to finance their public infrastructure development. The UK, which pioneered the adoption of project finance in this field, has been followed by Italy, Spain, France, Portugal and Germany and more recently by Greece, Czech Republic and Poland. Beginning in the late 1990's, Italy has steadily amplified its use of PF and PPPs in key sectors such as healthcare as an alternative way of funding the modernisation of its health facilities and hospitals. The trend reveal an average annual growth of 10.9% since 2002 with peaks of varying intensity over the five year period. Project finance and PPPs represent an effective response to the country's infrastructure gap and support the competitiveness of local systems and the quality of public services. None of this will transpire, however without energetic new planning efforts and adequate policy at the centre.

  11. Surveying School Facilities Needs.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Weichel, Harry J.; Dennell, James

    1990-01-01

    Ralston (Nebraska) Public School District's communitywide survey helped set school facilities priorities while keeping the district's finite resources firmly in mind. With an outline of maintenance costs for the next 10 years, the district can develop a strategic construction schedule. The board also has the option of financing projects through a…

  12. 75 FR 56618 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; BATS Exchange, Inc.; NASDAQ OMX BX, Inc.; Chicago Board Options...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-09-16

    ... Alexander M. Cutler, Chair, Business Roundtable Corporate Leadership Initiative, Business Roundtable, to..., dated July 19, 2010 (``CCMC Letter''); Letter from James J. Angel, Associate Professor of Finance... Vice President-- Legal & Corporate Secretary, NYSE Euronext to Elizabeth M. Murphy, Secretary...

  13. Long-Term Budgetary Pressures and Policy Options.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1997-03-01

    medical care for elderly and disabled people), and Medicaid (which helps to finance medical care for certain low income people, including the elderly ). In...for each beneficiary enrolled in those programs. If the budgetary pressure from both demography and health care spending is not relieved by reducing

  14. Mathematics, Pricing, Market Risk Management and Trading Strategies for Financial Derivatives (2/3)

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Coffee, Brian

    Intro to Foreign Exchange: Volatility Markets & Trading. Applications of physics and finance; Market Trading and Risk Management of Vanilla FX Options; Measures of Market Risk; Implied Volatility; FX Risk Reversals; FX Strangles; Valuation and Risk Calculations; Risk Management; Market Trading Strategies.

  15. Options for Sustaining School-Based Health Centers

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Swider, Susan M.; Valukas, Amy

    2004-01-01

    Several methods exist for financing and sustaining operations of school-based health centers (SBHCs). Promising sources of funds include private grants, federal grants, and state funding. Recently, federal regulation changes mandated that federal funding specifically for SBHCs go only to SBHCs affiliated with a Federally Qualified Health Center…

  16. Mathematics, Pricing, Market Risk Management and Trading Strategies for Financial Derivatives (2/3)

    ScienceCinema

    Coffee, Brian

    2018-05-14

    Intro to Foreign Exchange: Volatility Markets & Trading. Applications of physics and finance; Market Trading and Risk Management of Vanilla FX Options; Measures of Market Risk; Implied Volatility; FX Risk Reversals; FX Strangles; Valuation and Risk Calculations; Risk Management; Market Trading Strategies.

  17. Implications of alternate revenue sources for transportation planning.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2011-12-01

    This report focuses on selected issues associated with alternative sources of : transportation funding. In particular, this report: presents a list of funding options, : discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each option, explores public attit...

  18. [Financing problems of capital goods: part 1: leasing as a solution?].

    PubMed

    Clausen, C C; Bauer, M; Saleh, A; Picker, O

    2008-06-01

    The provision of financial support of hospitals by States for buying capital goods is becoming increasingly more limited. In order to still make investments, alternative forms of financing such as leasing must be considered in hospitals. However, the change from the classical form of dual financing and the decision to opt for a leasing model involves much more than just a question of costs. Leasing results in easily manageable expenditure, flexibility and adaptability for the choice of model but the leasing installments must be directly financed by the turnover from diagnosis-related groups and so lead to a reduction in the annual profit. In this article the authors try to give the reader an overview of the complex and sometimes counter-productive effect of financial instruments for investments in hospitals using leasing financing as an example. In the follow-up article the decision-making procedure using dynamic investment calculations will be demonstrated using a concrete example.

  19. Incentives in financing mental health care in Austria.

    PubMed

    Zechmeister, Ingrid; Oesterle, August; Denk, Peter; Katschnig, Heinz

    2002-09-01

    In Austria, financing health care -and even more so mental health care- is characterized by a mix of federal and provincial responsibilities, lack of uniformity in service provision and service providers, and diverse funding arrangements. The division between financing structures for health care and social care makes the situation even more complex. This state of affairs results in various, partly counterproductive and sometimes paradoxical financial incentives and disincentives for the providers, recipients and financiers of mental health services. In several provinces of Austria, recent reform plans in mental health care have focused strongly on establishing community-based and patient-oriented mental health care. One of the main challenges in implementing this new policy is the re-allocation of resources. The authors hypothesize that the existing structure of mental health care financing, with its incentives and disincentives, constitutes an obstacle to patient-oriented community-based mental health care. Analyzing the characteristics of the overall mental health care financing system in one Austrian province, Lower Austria, will provide a better understanding of actor-relationships and inherent incentives and highlight implications for the process of deinstitutionalization. The authors used an analytical framework based on the principal-agent theory, empirical evidence, and information on financial, organizational and legal structures to identify the characteristics of actor-relationships and the position of single actors within the system. The article shows how incentives are linked to existing constellations of actors involved in mental health care financing and identifies significant power relations. As a consequence, incentives and disincentives within the financing system result in hospital- centered and supply-oriented mental health care in Lower Austria. The current system of financing mental health care provides an obstacle to the provision of patient-oriented and community-based mental care. This is due to existing constellations and power relations among the actors where, most importantly, patients are the weakest party in the patient-payer-provider triangle. Balancing power relations will be a significant prerequisite for alternative financing systems. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICIES AND FURTHER RESEARCH: If a community and needs-based mental health care system is to be established in Austria, the financing structures have to be changed accordingly. Applying a principal-agent framework is useful for identifying key aspects in mental health care financing in relation to the provision of services. Further research is needed to help develop alternative financing mechanisms that support community-based and patient-oriented mental health care systems.

  20. Converting existing real estate assets to cash through off-balance sheet financing.

    PubMed

    Cella, M D

    1994-01-01

    Hospitals are realizing that they can tap hidden equity tied up in their medical office buildings and other ancillary facilities and use the capital to grow their core health care business, retool patient rooms, purchase equipment, technology, and physician practices, or simply pay down debt. Through selling their ancillary real estate assets, they can generate much-needed capital liquidity, yet still retain the control they need through restrictive covenants on uses and tenancies, repurchase options, rights of first refusal, and master leasing with creative options to expand or contract.

  1. Funding technology: evaluating and exercising the leasing option.

    PubMed

    McIntire, Mark; Waldron, David J

    2006-11-01

    Tax-exempt capital leases, when structured through the appropriate conduit authority, are an excellent option for financing equipment that the hospital wants to own. Operating leases offer the benefits of immediate cash flow savings when compared with buying equipment, fewer complications and lower upfront costs when compared with bond issues, and the ability to match short-term assets with short-term liabilities. A best-practice leasing process involves nine steps progressing from assessing needs and soliciting bids from equipment manufacturers to implementing the lease and providing continuing disclosure.

  2. A Model-Free No-arbitrage Price Bound for Variance Options

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Bonnans, J. Frederic, E-mail: frederic.bonnans@inria.fr; Tan Xiaolu, E-mail: xiaolu.tan@polytechnique.edu

    2013-08-01

    We suggest a numerical approximation for an optimization problem, motivated by its applications in finance to find the model-free no-arbitrage bound of variance options given the marginal distributions of the underlying asset. A first approximation restricts the computation to a bounded domain. Then we propose a gradient projection algorithm together with the finite difference scheme to solve the optimization problem. We prove the general convergence, and derive some convergence rate estimates. Finally, we give some numerical examples to test the efficiency of the algorithm.

  3. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Stoltenberg, B.; Konz, C.; Mosey, G.

    The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in accordance with the RE-Powering America's Land initiative, selected the Former Fort Ord Army Base (FOAB) site in Marina, California, for a feasibility study of renewable energy production. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) provided technical assistance for this project. The purpose of this report is to assess the site for a possible photovoltaic (PV) system installation and estimate the cost, performance, and site impacts of different PV options. In addition, the report recommends financing options that could assist in the implementation of a PV system at the site.

  4. Unpredictable Is Not an Option

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Cavanaugh, John C.

    2005-01-01

    College and university trustees have important responsibilities in planning for, responding to, and recovering from disasters. In their oversight role, especially in the areas of planning and finance, they need to ensure that the institution has taken the prudent and necessary steps to reduce risk to the extent possible and to maximize the…

  5. Special Ed. and Choice Ties Grow

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Shah, Nirvi

    2012-01-01

    Creating private school vouchers for special education students--programs that are largely unchallenged in court, unlike other publicly financed tuition vouchers--can be the perfect way to clear a path for other students to get school options, according to school choice proponents. At least seven states--Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Ohio,…

  6. Guidelines for Recreation and Athletic Field Lighting.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Crookham, Joe P.

    1982-01-01

    Guidelines for planning the lighting facilities for recreational and other athletic fields are presented (a softball field is used for an example). Guidelines are given for determining (1) lighting needs and levels of uniformity; (2) lamp choice; (3) structural requirements; (4) operating and maintenance costs; and (5) financing options. (PP)

  7. 31 CFR 363.21 - When may you require offline authentication and documentary evidence?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... authentication and documentary evidence? 363.21 Section 363.21 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating... TreasuryDirect § 363.21 When may you require offline authentication and documentary evidence? We may require offline authentication and documentary evidence at our option. [74 FR 19419, Apr. 29, 2009] ...

  8. Toward Strengthening North Dakota's Fiscal System.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Stocker, Frederick D.

    This report describes and evaluates the North Dakota state/local fiscal system, especially as it relates to financing public education. It identifies and evaluates various fiscal policy options for raising additional tax revenue for support of schools and other public services in ways consistent with the basic characteristics of the North Dakota…

  9. Who Can Afford a Computerized Bookstore? Almost Anyone.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Miller, Charles

    1982-01-01

    The decision to computerize operations in the DeAnza Community College bookstore was followed by a number of decisions about financing options (purchase, lease/purchase, lease, timesharing). A timesharing agreement was reached with a local bank, with no capital outlay and at a cost equivalent to an accountant's position. (MSE)

  10. Report of the Local Government Advisory Committee to the Commission on Transportation in the Twenty-First Century

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1987-06-05

    "This report provides an initial review of the material obtained from local governments....a summary of their views on which types of local option financing mechanisms might work in their area. There is also an explanation of local government's role ...

  11. 7 CFR 1780.94 - Minimum bond specifications.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... by the Government. The Agency address for registration purposes will be that of the Finance Office... from the sale of basic chattel or real estate security, refund of unused loan funds, cash proceeds of property insurance and similar actions which reduce the value of basic security. At the option of the...

  12. Technology-Driven Resource Sharing: Paying for Improvement.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Rush, James E.

    1993-01-01

    Addresses the inadequacies of traditional methods of library financing and proposes a strategy to be implemented in an environment supported by automation and networks. Publisher pricing of data rather than publications, options for charging library users with debit cards, and the role of regional library networks are discussed. (EAM)

  13. Vessel co-option in primary human tumors and metastases: an obstacle to effective anti-angiogenic treatment?

    PubMed

    Donnem, Tom; Hu, Jiangting; Ferguson, Mary; Adighibe, Omanma; Snell, Cameron; Harris, Adrian L; Gatter, Kevin C; Pezzella, Francesco

    2013-08-01

    Angiogenesis has been regarded as essential for tumor growth and progression. Studies of many human tumors, however, suggest that their microcirculation may be provided by nonsprouting vessels and that a variety of tumors can grow and metastasize without angiogenesis. Vessel co-option, where tumor cells migrate along the preexisting vessels of the host organ, is regarded as an alternative tumor blood supply. Vessel co-option may occur in many malignancies, but so far mostly reported in highly vascularized tissues such as brain, lung, and liver. In primary and metastatic lung cancer and liver metastasis from different primary origins, as much as 10-30% of the tumors are reported to use this alternative blood supply. In addition, vessel co-option is introduced as a potential explanation of antiangiogenic drug resistance, although the impact of vessel co-option in this clinical setting is still to be further explored. In this review we discuss tumor vessel co-option with specific examples of vessel co-option in primary and secondary tumors and a consideration of the clinical implications of this alternative tumor blood supply.

  14. A Path Integral Approach to Option Pricing with Stochastic Volatility: Some Exact Results

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Baaquie, Belal E.

    1997-12-01

    The Black-Scholes formula for pricing options on stocks and other securities has been generalized by Merton and Garman to the case when stock volatility is stochastic. The derivation of the price of a security derivative with stochastic volatility is reviewed starting from the first principles of finance. The equation of Merton and Garman is then recast using the path integration technique of theoretical physics. The price of the stock option is shown to be the analogue of the Schrödinger wavefunction of quantum mechanics and the exact Hamiltonian and Lagrangian of the system is obtained. The results of Hull and White are generalized to the case when stock price and volatility have non-zero correlation. Some exact results for pricing stock options for the general correlated case are derived.

  15. An Evaluation of the Wake County Public School System Alternative Educational Options, 2009-10. E&R Report No. 10.15

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Rhea, Anisa

    2010-01-01

    The purpose of this study is to evaluate the Wake County Public School System (WCPSS) alternative educational options. The WCPSS options are similar to those in other North Carolina districts. WCPSS student outcomes based on state assessments and federal standards are also equivalent or higher than other districts, although the capacity for WCPSS…

  16. Space Projects: Improvements Needed in Selecting Future Projects for Private Financing

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1990-01-01

    The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and NASA jointly selected seven projects for commercialization to reduce NASA's fiscal year 1990 budget request and to help achieve the goal of increasing private sector involvement in space. However, the efforts to privately finance these seven projects did not increase the commercial sector's involvement in space to the extent desired. The General Accounting Office (GAO) determined that the projects selected were not a fair test of the potential of increasing commercial investment in space at an acceptable cost to the government, primarily because the projects were not properly screened. That is, neither their suitability for commercialization nor the economic consequences of seeking private financing for them were adequately evaluated before selection. Evaluations and market tests done after selection showed that most of the projects were not viable candidates for private financing. GAO concluded that projects should not be removed from NASA's budget for commercial development until after careful screening has been done to determine whether adequate commercial demand exists, development risks are commercially acceptable and private financing is found or judged to be highly likely, and the cost effectiveness of such a decision is acceptable. Premature removal of projects from NASA's budget ultimately can cause project delays and increased costs when unsuccessful commercialization candidates must be returned to the budget. NASA also needs to ensure appropriate comparisons of government and private financing options for future commercialization projects.

  17. Distributional consequences of the transition from age-based to income-based prescription drug coverage in British Columbia, Canada.

    PubMed

    Hanley, Gillian E; Morgan, Steve; Hurley, Jeremiah; van Doorslaer, Eddy

    2008-12-01

    In May, 2003, British Columbia transitioned from an age-based public drug program, with public subsidy primarily based on age, to an age-irrelevant income-based drug program, in which public subsidy is based primarily on household income. As one of the specific aims of the policy change was to improve fairness by increasing the extent to which payment for drugs is based on ability to pay, we measure the progressivity of pharmaceutical financing before and after the policy change in BC using Kakwani indices. Our results suggest that pharmaceutical financing became less regressive after the policy change. However, this decrease in regressivity arose primarily because high-income seniors were making greater direct contributions to pharmaceutical financing and not because low-income households were making smaller direct contributions. Our results also suggest that if the public financing of pharmaceuticals were maintained or increased, a change from age-based to income-based eligibility can unambiguously improve equity in finance. As populations in developed countries age, governments will increasingly consider reforms to publicly financed health-care programs with age-based eligibility. In assessing policy options, financial equity is likely to be a key consideration. These results suggest that income-based pharmacare can improve financial equity especially when implemented with a commitment to maintain or increase public funding for prescription drugs.

  18. Alternative Fuels Data Center

    Science.gov Websites

    Alternative Fueling Infrastructure Tax Credit An income tax credit is available for 50% of the cost hydrogen. Unused credits may be carried over into future tax years. The credit expires December 31, 2022 State Department of Taxation and Finance page. (Reference New York Tax Law 187-b

  19. 48 CFR 32.503-10 - Establishing alternate liquidation rates.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... price of all authorized work or the funds obligated for the contract. (3) The following are examples of... REGULATION GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Progress Payments Based on Costs 32.503-10 Establishing alternate liquidation rates. (a) The contracting officer must ensure that the liquidation rate is...

  20. Leasing versus Borrowing: Evaluating Alternative Forms of Consumer Credit.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Nunnally, Bennie H., Jr.; Plath, D. Anthony

    1989-01-01

    Presents a straightforward method for evaluating lease versus borrow (buy) decisions illustrated with actual financing cost data reported to new car purchasers. States that individuals should consider after-tax cash flows associated with alternative arrangements, time in which cash flow occurs, and opportunity cost of capital to identify the least…

  1. Decision models for capital investment and financing decisions in hospitals.

    PubMed Central

    Vraciu, R A

    1980-01-01

    The literature on capital investment and financing decisions for hospitals has suggested several approaches to analyzing sets of options. In this paper, I present a taxonomy of the different approaches; analyze and compare the different elements of the taxonomy; and illustrate and discuss the information that can be gained by using each approach. I view these different analytic methods as complementary rather than competing methods of providing information to decision makers, and argue that the complex nature of hospital objectives demands the use of more than one approach. Failure to do this may lead to biased evaluations and poor decision making. PMID:6768699

  2. Defense Infrastructure: Improved Guidance Needed for Estimating Alternatively Financed Project Liabilities

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2013-04-01

    auditing standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain sufficient, appropriate evidence to provide a reasonable basis for...our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. We believe that the evidence obtained provides a reasonable basis for our findings and...majority of the project financing is obtained from financial institutions in the form of construction loans or military housing bonds. The servicemembers

  3. Phase II Private Sector Financed Military Family Housing Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2004-06-01

    collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and...of Proposed Action and Alternatives Phase II Private Sector Financed Military Family Housing 2-11 Existing mature trees within the housing area...would be retained in place to the maximum extent practicable. Removal of mature trees would be avoided wherever possible in order to retain the

  4. Public Financing Of The Medicare Program Will Make Its Uniform Structure Increasingly Costly To Sustain

    PubMed Central

    Baicker, Katherine; Shepard, Mark; Skinner, Jonathan

    2013-01-01

    The US Medicare program consumes an ever-rising share of the federal budget. Although this public spending can produce health and social benefits, raising taxes to finance it comes at the cost of slower economic growth. In this article we describe a model incorporating the benefits of public programs and the cost of tax financing. The model implies that the “one-size-fits-all” Medicare program, with everyone covered by the same insurance policy, will be increasingly difficult to sustain. We show that a Medicare program with guaranteed basic benefits and the option to purchase additional coverage could lead to more unequal health spending but slower growth in taxation, greater overall well-being, and more rapid growth of gross domestic product. Our framework highlights the key trade-offs between Medicare spending and economic prosperity. PMID:23650321

  5. Physics in finance

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    James, Jessica

    2001-04-01

    These days it is not unusual to find people with a PhD in physics on the trading floor of a bank, but seven years ago such folk were very rare. This article is about what happens when a physicist works on the trading floor; not only the financial mathematics and research but also the people and the situations that he or she encounters. It is partly biographical, beginning with the description of the research at the Clarendon Laboratory that the author was involved in, and describing how she ended up working for a bank. Various aspects of the finance research that she now pursues are explained, starting with simple foreign exchange rate calculations, going on to discuss some subtle aspects of the Black-Scholes model used in the valuation of financial instruments, and concluding with study on the fair price of options which illustrates how important it is to apply the research methods learnt in physics to the world of finance.

  6. Alternatives to neonicotinoid insecticides for pest control: case studies in agriculture and forestry.

    PubMed

    Furlan, Lorenzo; Kreutzweiser, David

    2015-01-01

    Neonicotinoid insecticides are widely used for control of insect pests around the world and are especially pervasive in agricultural pest management. There is a growing body of evidence indicating that the broad-scale and prophylactic uses of neonicotinoids pose serious risks of harm to beneficial organisms and their ecological function. This provides the impetus for exploring alternatives to neonicotinoid insecticides for controlling insect pests. We draw from examples of alternative pest control options in Italian maize production and Canadian forestry to illustrate the principles of applying alternatives to neonicotinoids under an integrated pest management (IPM) strategy. An IPM approach considers all relevant and available information to make informed management decisions, providing pest control options based on actual need. We explore the benefits and challenges of several options for management of three insect pests in maize crops and an invasive insect pest in forests, including diversifying crop rotations, altering the timing of planting, tillage and irrigation, using less sensitive crops in infested areas, applying biological control agents, and turning to alternative reduced risk insecticides. Continued research into alternatives is warranted, but equally pressing is the need for information transfer and training for farmers and pest managers and the need for policies and regulations to encourage the adoption of IPM strategies and their alternative pest control options.

  7. A comparison of high-frequency cross-correlation measures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Precup, Ovidiu V.; Iori, Giulia

    2004-12-01

    On a high-frequency scale the time series are not homogeneous, therefore standard correlation measures cannot be directly applied to the raw data. There are two ways to deal with this problem. The time series can be homogenised through an interpolation method (An Introduction to High-Frequency Finance, Academic Press, NY, 2001) (linear or previous tick) and then the Pearson correlation statistic computed. Recently, methods that can handle raw non-synchronous time series have been developed (Int. J. Theor. Appl. Finance 6(1) (2003) 87; J. Empirical Finance 4 (1997) 259). This paper compares two traditional methods that use interpolation with an alternative method applied directly to the actual time series.

  8. Hospital financing reform and case-mix measurement: An international review

    PubMed Central

    Wiley, Miriam M.

    1992-01-01

    A review of reforms in the financing of hospital services in eight European countries and Australia reveals a commitment to a common objective of relating resource use to hospital workload by means of a standardized case-mix framework in the pursuit of greater efficiency. While this objective is also shared with the U.S. prospective payment system (PPS), it is noteworthy that the majority of countries reviewed favor a global budgeting approach to financing hospital services. Ongoing evaluation of these reforms should facilitate an assessment of the merits of case-mix adjusted global budgeting relative to the patient-based alternative. PMID:10122001

  9. Implications of economic transition and demographics for financing pensions in the former socialist economies.

    PubMed

    Jenkins, G P

    1993-01-01

    "This paper is concerned primarily with the financing of pensions, or the old-age income maintenance portion of the social security system. While the discussion here will be limited to Hungary and Poland, most of the post-socialist countries of East and Central Europe and of the former Soviet Union face similar problems." The author suggests "a set of alternative pension financing strategies....A novel approach is to replace the payroll tax with part of a value-added tax, which may be a good short run solution to current financial crises of the pension systems in these countries." excerpt

  10. Feasibility Study of Economics and Performance of Solar Photovoltaics at the Stringfellow Superfund Site in Riverside, California

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Mosey, G.; Van Geet, O.

    2010-12-01

    This report presents the results of an assessment of the technical and economic feasibility of deploying a photovoltaics (PV) system on the Stringfellow Superfund Site in Riverside, California. The site was assessed for possible PV installations. The cost, performance, and site impacts of different PV options were estimated. The economics of the potential systems were analyzed using an electric rate of $0.13/kWh and incentives offered by Southern California Edison under the California Solar Initiative. According to the assessment, a government-owned, ground-mounted PV system represents a technically and economically feasible option. The report recommends financing options that could assist in themore » implementation of such a system.« less

  11. Fund the Child: Tackling Inequity & Antiquity in School Finance

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Thomas B. Fordham Foundation & Institute, 2006

    2006-01-01

    Education funding today is a mess, and a solution is needed that addresses its biggest problems: most disadvantaged students do not receive the funding they need; red tape and overhead waste time and money; and new types of education options, like charter schools, are starved for dollars. Unfortunately, until now, so-called solutions have…

  12. 12 CFR 932.5 - Market risk capital requirement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 932.5 Banks and Banking FEDERAL HOUSING FINANCE BOARD FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK RISK MANAGEMENT AND..., commodity prices, and equity prices that could occur during periods of market stress, where the market value... options, to a comparable degree of stress for such factors as will be required for an internal market risk...

  13. 12 CFR 932.5 - Market risk capital requirement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 932.5 Banks and Banking FEDERAL HOUSING FINANCE BOARD FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK RISK MANAGEMENT AND..., commodity prices, and equity prices that could occur during periods of market stress, where the market value... options, to a comparable degree of stress for such factors as will be required for an internal market risk...

  14. 12 CFR 932.5 - Market risk capital requirement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 932.5 Banks and Banking FEDERAL HOUSING FINANCE BOARD FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK RISK MANAGEMENT AND..., commodity prices, and equity prices that could occur during periods of market stress, where the market value... options, to a comparable degree of stress for such factors as will be required for an internal market risk...

  15. 12 CFR 932.5 - Market risk capital requirement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 932.5 Banks and Banking FEDERAL HOUSING FINANCE BOARD FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK RISK MANAGEMENT AND..., commodity prices, and equity prices that could occur during periods of market stress, where the market value... options, to a comparable degree of stress for such factors as will be required for an internal market risk...

  16. Policies To Help Disadvantaged Children: Financing Options for the 1990s. Changing Domestic Priorities Discussion Paper.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Barnes, Roberta Ott; And Others

    This paper estimates the costs of several approaches to increasing federal assistance to disadvantaged children and evaluates major funding strategies that could overcome the restrictions posed by the federal budget deficit. Approaches favored by conservatives, such as strengthening behavioral standards for children, sponsoring demonstration…

  17. Financing Options for Home Care for Children with Chronic Illness and Severe Disability. Technical Assistance Manual.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ellison, Marsha Langer; And Others

    This manual is intended to accompany technical assistance efforts aimed at improving selected states' home health care programs for children with chronic illness and severe disability. Summary descriptions of funding sources are presented, including purpose, eligibility guidelines, and services covered, as well as additional information as…

  18. Community College of Rhode Island.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Liston, Edward J.

    1999-01-01

    Describes the history, mission, financing, and enrollment of the Community College of Rhode Island (CCRI). Presents CCRI's goals: (1) expand the use of technology; (2) be more responsive to the business community and assist in strengthening the economy of the state; (3) become more student-centered; and (4) become a first-stop option for high…

  19. Uncovering Barriers to Financial Capability: Underrepresented Students' Access to Financial Resources

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Eichelberger, Brenda; Mattioli, Heather; Foxhoven, Rachel

    2017-01-01

    Financial aid is designed to increase access to postsecondary education at all socioeconomic levels; however, college students are not always knowledgeable about personal finances or capable of making sound decisions regarding complex college and program choices, debt options, and long-term spending. This article reviews previous research on the…

  20. A Conceptual Framework for Examining School Finance Reform Options for the State of Ohio.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Monk, David H.; Theobald, Neil D.

    2001-01-01

    Interviews involving 58 Ohio stakeholders focused on detailing state K-12 education goals, identifying the current system's strengths and weaknesses, and discussing the financial/political viability of potential school funding strategies. Consensus emerged regarding the role of property taxes, local control, the foundation formula rationale, and…

  1. The Budget Scoring Alternatives Financing Methods for Defense Requirements

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2007-04-30

    The government grants a franchise to a private partner to finance, design, build and operate a facility for a specific period of time. Ownership of...of an automobile from Avis implies no ownership . However, leases can be structured in an almost limitless number of complex arrangements in which...satisfy the following stringent criteria: Ownership of the asset remains with the lessor during the term of the lease and is not transferred to the

  2. Methods of Securing Alternative Funding for Community Colleges. ERIC Digest.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    ERIC Clearinghouse for Junior Colleges, Los Angeles, CA.

    Now that the growth period for community colleges is over, and public funding has stabilized or decreased, many colleges are turning to alternative funding sources as a means of financing new projects and maintaining services. Among the funding approaches are the following: (1) grants development, which requires a library of material on funding…

  3. Strategies for achieving global collective action on antimicrobial resistance

    PubMed Central

    Caleo, Grazia M; Daulaire, Nils; Elbe, Stefan; Matsoso, Precious; Mossialos, Elias; Rizvi, Zain; Røttingen, John-Arne

    2015-01-01

    Abstract Global governance and market failures mean that it is not possible to ensure access to antimicrobial medicines of sustainable effectiveness. Many people work to overcome these failures, but their institutions and initiatives are insufficiently coordinated, led and financed. Options for promoting global collective action on antimicrobial access and effectiveness include building institutions, crafting incentives and mobilizing interests. No single option is sufficient to tackle all the challenges associated with antimicrobial resistance. Promising institutional options include monitored milestones and an inter-agency task force. A global pooled fund could be used to craft incentives and a special representative nominated as an interest mobilizer. There are three policy components to the problem of antimicrobials – ensuring access, conservation and innovation. To address all three components, the right mix of options needs to be matched with an effective forum and may need to be supported by an international legal framework. PMID:26668439

  4. Cost, energy, global warming, eutrophication and local human health impacts of community water and sanitation service options.

    PubMed

    Schoen, Mary E; Xue, Xiaobo; Wood, Alison; Hawkins, Troy R; Garland, Jay; Ashbolt, Nicholas J

    2017-02-01

    We compared water and sanitation system options for a coastal community across selected sustainability metrics, including environmental impact (i.e., life cycle eutrophication potential, energy consumption, and global warming potential), equivalent annual cost, and local human health impact. We computed normalized metric scores, which we used to discuss the options' strengths and weaknesses, and conducted sensitivity analysis of the scores to changes in variable and uncertain input parameters. The alternative systems, which combined centralized drinking water with sanitation services based on the concepts of energy and nutrient recovery as well as on-site water reuse, had reduced environmental and local human health impacts and costs than the conventional, centralized option. Of the selected sustainability metrics, the greatest advantages of the alternative community water systems (compared to the conventional system) were in terms of local human health impact and eutrophication potential, despite large, outstanding uncertainties. Of the alternative options, the systems with on-site water reuse and energy recovery technologies had the least local human health impact; however, the cost of these options was highly variable and the energy consumption was comparable to on-site alternatives without water reuse or energy recovery, due to on-site reuse treatment. Future work should aim to reduce the uncertainty in the energy recovery process and explore the health risks associated with less costly, on-site water treatment options. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  5. Impacts of Urban Water Conservation Strategies on Energy, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Health: Southern California as a Case Study

    PubMed Central

    Sokolow, Sharona; Godwin, Hilary

    2016-01-01

    Objectives. To determine how urban water conservation strategies in California cities can affect water and energy conservation efforts, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and benefit public health. Methods. We expanded upon our 2014 health impact assessment of California's urban water conservation strategies by comparing the status quo to 2 options with the greatest potential impact on the interrelated issues of water and energy in California: (1) banning landscape irrigation and (2) expanding alternative water sources (e.g., desalination, recycled water). Results. Among the water conservation strategies evaluated, expanded use of recycled water stood out as the water conservation strategy with potential to reduce water use, energy use, and greenhouse gas emissions, with relatively small negative impacts for the public’s health. Conclusions. Although the suitability of recycled water for urban uses depends on local climate, geography, current infrastructure, and finances, analyses similar to that presented here can help guide water policy decisions in cities across the globe facing challenges of supplying clean, sustainable water to urban populations. PMID:26985606

  6. Nested barriers to low-carbon infrastructure investment

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Granoff, Ilmi; Hogarth, J. Ryan; Miller, Alan

    2016-12-01

    Low-carbon, 'green' economic growth is necessary to simultaneously improve human welfare and avoid the worst impacts of climate change and environmental degradation. Infrastructure choices underpin both the growth and the carbon intensity of the economy. This Perspective explores the barriers to investing in low-carbon infrastructure and some of the policy levers available to overcome them. The barriers to decarbonizing infrastructure 'nest' within a set of barriers to infrastructure development more generally that cause spending on infrastructure--low-carbon or not--to fall more than 70% short of optimal levels. Developing countries face additional barriers such as currency and political risks that increase the investment gap. Low-carbon alternatives face further barriers, such as commercialization risk and financial and public institutions designed for different investment needs. While the broader barriers to infrastructure investment are discussed in other streams of literature, they are often disregarded in literature on renewable energy diffusion or climate finance, which tends to focus narrowly on the project costs of low- versus high-carbon options. We discuss how to overcome the barriers specific to low-carbon infrastructure within the context of the broader infrastructure gap.

  7. Financing national non-communicable disease responses.

    PubMed

    Allen, Luke Nelson

    2017-01-01

    Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) (also known as socially transmitted diseases) were conspicuously absent from the Millennium Development Goals and seemed to miss out on the 'golden years' of health funding despite causing more death and disability than any other disease group worldwide. The share of 'development assistance for health' dedicated to NCDs has remained at 1-2% of the total since 2000. This level of funding is insufficient to attain the nine targets in the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Action Plan on NCDs. In 2015 the Sustainable Development Goals - which include the target of reducing premature NCD mortality by a third - were endorsed by 193 countries. Whilst this commitment is welcome, the same text stresses the primacy of domestic financing, which is currently dominated by out-of-pocket payments in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This paper presents the findings of the WHO Global Coordination Mechanism on NCDs financing working group. The group was convened to explore NCD financing options with an emphasis on LMICs. The main sources of available finance include taxation, loans, engagement with the private sector, impact investment and innovative financing mechanisms. There is a role for development assistance to increase in the interim as raising additional revenue from these sources will take time. In the medium term it may be appropriate for international NCD funding to remain low where LMICs successfully assume financial responsibility for preventing and controlling NCDs. Countries will have to manage blends of innovative and traditional funding sources, whilst finding ways to boost tax revenue for NCDs.

  8. A prototype software methodology for the rapid evaluation of biomanufacturing process options.

    PubMed

    Chhatre, Sunil; Francis, Richard; O'Donovan, Kieran; Titchener-Hooker, Nigel J; Newcombe, Anthony R; Keshavarz-Moore, Eli

    2007-10-01

    A three-layered simulation methodology is described that rapidly evaluates biomanufacturing process options. In each layer, inferior options are screened out, while more promising candidates are evaluated further in the subsequent, more refined layer, which uses more rigorous models that require more data from time-consuming experimentation. Screening ensures laboratory studies are focused only on options showing the greatest potential. To simplify the screening, outputs of production level, cost and time are combined into a single value using multi-attribute-decision-making techniques. The methodology was illustrated by evaluating alternatives to an FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration)-approved process manufacturing rattlesnake antivenom. Currently, antivenom antibodies are recovered from ovine serum by precipitation/centrifugation and proteolyzed before chromatographic purification. Alternatives included increasing the feed volume, replacing centrifugation with microfiltration and replacing precipitation/centrifugation with a Protein G column. The best alternative used a higher feed volume and a Protein G step. By rapidly evaluating the attractiveness of options, the methodology facilitates efficient and cost-effective process development.

  9. Health care providers under pressure: making the most of challenging times.

    PubMed

    Davis, Scott B; Robinson, Phillip J

    2010-01-01

    Whether the slowing economic recovery, tight credit markets, increasing costs, or the uncertainty surrounding health care reform, the health care industry faces some sizeable challenges. These factors have put considerable strain on the industry's traditional financing options that the industry has relied on in the past--bonds, banks, finance companies, private equity, venture capital, real estate investment trusts, private philanthropy, and grants. At the same time, providers are dealing with rising costs, lower reimbursement rates, shrinking demand for elective procedures, higher levels of charitable care and bad debt, and increased scrutiny of tax-exempt hospitals. Providers face these challenges against a back ground of uncertainty created by health care reform.

  10. Publicly financed healthcare and income inequality in Canada.

    PubMed

    Corscadden, Lisa; Allin, Sara; Wolfson, Michael; Grignon, Michel

    2014-01-01

    Income inequality is currently the focus of considerable public and policy attention. Public services such as healthcare and education play a role in reducing income inequality in the population. This study looks at how healthcare affects the distribution of income across five income groups. Specifically, it estimates the tax contributions and the value of benefits received from physician services, drugs and hospital services over a person's lifetime. We found that benefits received from publicly funded healthcare in Canada reduce the income gap between the highest- and lowest-income groups by 16%. This analysis provides a starting point for future research to explore the distributional effects of different options for financing healthcare. Copyright © 2014 Longwoods Publishing.

  11. Study on Alternative Cargo Launch Options from the Lunar Surface

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Cheryl A. Blomberg; Zamir A. Zulkefli; Spencer W. Rich

    In the future, there will be a need for constant cargo launches from Earth to Mars in order to build, and then sustain, a Martian base. Currently, chemical rockets are used for space launches. These are expensive and heavy due to the amount of necessary propellant. Nuclear thermal rockets (NTRs) are the next step in rocket design. Another alternative is to create a launcher on the lunar surface that uses magnetic levitation to launch cargo to Mars in order to minimize the amount of necessary propellant per mission. This paper investigates using nuclear power for six different cargo launching alternatives,more » as well as the orbital mechanics involved in launching cargo to a Martian base from the moon. Each alternative is compared to the other alternative launchers, as well as compared to using an NTR instead. This comparison is done on the basis of mass that must be shipped from Earth, the amount of necessary propellant, and the number of equivalent NTR launches. Of the options, a lunar coil launcher had a ship mass that is 12.7% less than the next best option and 17 NTR equivalent launches, making it the best of the presented six options.« less

  12. Assessment of optional sediment transport functions via the complex watershed simulation model SWAT

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    The Soil and Water Assessment Tool 2012 (SWAT2012) offers four sediment routing methods as optional alternatives to the default simplified Bagnold method. Previous studies compared only one of these alternative sediment routing methods with the default method. The proposed study evaluated the impac...

  13. Emerging trends in health care finance.

    PubMed

    Sterns, J B

    1994-01-01

    Access to capital will become more difficult. Capital access is dependent on ability to repay debt, which, in turn, is dependent on internally generated cash flows. Under any health care reform proposal, revenue inflows will be slowed. The use of corporate finance techniques to limit financial risk and lower cost will be a permanent response to fundamental changes to the health care system. These changes will result in greater balance sheet management, centralized capital allocation, and alternative sources of capital.

  14. An Evaluation of Alternatives for Processing of Administrative Pay Vouchers: A Simulation Approach.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1982-09-01

    Finance Travel Voucher Q-GERT Productivity Personnel Forecasts Simulation Model 20. ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse side if necessary end Jdentfly by...Finance Office (ACF) has devised a Point System for use in determining the productivity of the ACF Travel Section (ACFTT). This Point System sets values...5 to 5+) to be assigned to incoming travel vouchers based on voucher complexity. This research had set objectives of (1) building an ACFTT model that

  15. Environmental Impact Analysis Process. Deployment Area Selection and Land Withdrawal/Acquisition DEIS. Chapter II. Comparative Analysis of Alternatives.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1980-12-01

    2.3.17 Housing 2-139 2.3.18 Public Finance 2-142 2.3.19 Educational Services 2-143 2.3.20 Health Services Personnel 2-143 2.3.21 Public Safety 2...2-161 2.4.16 Population 2-161 2.4.17 Housing 2-161 2.4.18 Public Finance 2-162 2.4.19 Educational Services 2-162 2.4.20 Health Services Personnel 2...2.5.17 Housing 2-167 2.5.18 Public Finance 2-168 2.5.19 Educational Services 2-168 2.5.20 Health Services Personnel 2-168 2.5.21 Public Safety 2-168

  16. Dropping Back In: How to Complete Your College Education Quickly & Economically. First Edition.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hecht, Miriam; Traub, Lillian

    A handbook for the adult student returning to college is presented. Attention is directed to the pros and cons of reentry; how to choose a program; options for financing an education; admissions applications; maximizing preentry credits; colleges, credits, and degrees; coping with academic demands such as exam-taking; and achieving a balance…

  17. Access to Quality Early Childhood Care and Education. Background Paper for the Quality Child Care Think Tank. Draft.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Brandon, Richard N.; Smith, Diana

    This background paper discusses the current system of child care finance in Washington State and analyzes options for improvement. It describes prominent characteristics of the early childhood care and education system, findings relating program quality to staff/child ratios and staff educational levels, characteristics of quality, parent…

  18. Unlocking Solar for Low- and Moderate-Income Residents: A Matrix of

    Science.gov Websites

    (PV) and community solar projects. However, low- and moderate-income (LMI) customers have been under are generally able to adopt either rooftop PV or community solar, while tenants may only be able to Promising Financing Options | State, Local, and Tribal Governments | NREL Unlocking Solar for

  19. 31 CFR Appendix A to Subpart C of... - Examples

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Examples A Appendix A to Subpart C of... A to Subpart C of Part 29—Examples This appendix contains sample calculations of Federal Benefit Payments in a variety of situations. Optional Retirement Examples Example 1: No Unused Sick Leave A. In...

  20. Recommendations to Minimize Timely Payment Problems of Subcontractors Involved in Private and Public Building Construction in Pennsylvania.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1982-05-01

    Thomas P. Kuchar 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT, TASK Stddent,HDQA, MILPERCEN (DAPC-OPP-E) AREA 6 WORK UNIT...of Financing ................................... 50 Business Practice Information Interchange .................. 50 Program Description...51 Other Types of Credit Exchange Programs .................... 52 Chapter Summary ............................................ 53 IV REM-EDY OPTIONS

  1. Career Funneling: How Elite Students Learn to Define and Desire ''Prestigious'' Jobs

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Binder, Amy J.; Davis, Daniel B.; Bloom, Nick

    2016-01-01

    Elite universities are credited as launch points for the widest variety of meaningful careers. Yet, year after year at the most selective universities, nearly half the graduating seniors head to a surprisingly narrow band of professional options. Over the past few decades, this has largely been into the finance and consulting sectors, but…

  2. A New Model for the Financing of Higher Education Institutions by Students and Alumni.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Schily, Konrad

    2003-01-01

    Describes a new model of university funding by German students and alumni. A system of tuition fees was introduced to secure the university's future. Based on the "reversed generation contract" concept, there are three options for payment (payment after graduation based on income, immediate payment, and paying half of the total tuition…

  3. From Best Practice to Best Fit: A Framework for Designing and Analyzing Pluralistic Agricultural Advisory Services Worldwide

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Birner, Regina; Davis, Kristin; Pender, John; Nkonya, Ephraim; Anandajayasekeram, Ponniah; Ekboir, Javier; Mbabu, Adiel; Spielman, David J.; Horna, Daniela; Benin, Samuel; Cohen, Marc

    2009-01-01

    The article provides a conceptual framework and discusses research methods for analyzing pluralistic agricultural advisory services. The framework can also assist policy-makers in identifying reform options. It addresses the following question: Which forms of providing and financing agricultural advisory services work best in which situation? The…

  4. Costs, needs must be balanced when buying computer systems.

    PubMed

    Krantz, G M; Doyle, J J; Stone, S G

    1989-06-01

    A healthcare institution must carefully examine its internal needs and external requirements before selecting an information system. The system's costs must be carefully weighed because significant computer cost overruns can cripple overall hospital finances. A New Jersey hospital carefully studied these issues and determined that a contract with a regional data center was its best option.

  5. 7 CFR 4280.23 - Requirements for lending from Revolving Loan Fund.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... until the Fund is terminated. (c) REDG Zero-Interest Loan Requirements. The Fund is made up of Rural... interest rate on that portion of the financing using Rural Development funds will be at zero percent. The... zero percent but must be less than, or equal to, the prevailing prime rate. Using this option, loan...

  6. 22 CFR 201.83 - No waiver of alternative rights or remedies by USAID.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... country or political subdivision thereof, nor shall any right or remedy herein reserved to USAID against a... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false No waiver of alternative rights or remedies by... APPLICABLE TO COMMODITY TRANSACTIONS FINANCED BY USAID Rights and Remedies of USAID, and Waiver Authority...

  7. Volatility Measurements Applied to Information Systems

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2013-09-01

    Measuring and forecasting volatility through historical volatility and a normal distribution provides a volatility expectation from which managers can...been argued as more accurate alternative to historical volatility (Ederington & Guan, 2006). Other alternatives include the daily squared returns...Ederington, L. H., & Guan, W. (2006). Measuring historical volatility . Journal of Applied Finance, 16(1), 5–14. Retrieved from http

  8. Correlated continuous time random walk and option pricing

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lv, Longjin; Xiao, Jianbin; Fan, Liangzhong; Ren, Fuyao

    2016-04-01

    In this paper, we study a correlated continuous time random walk (CCTRW) with averaged waiting time, whose probability density function (PDF) is proved to follow stretched Gaussian distribution. Then, we apply this process into option pricing problem. Supposing the price of the underlying is driven by this CCTRW, we find this model captures the subdiffusive characteristic of financial markets. By using the mean self-financing hedging strategy, we obtain the closed-form pricing formulas for a European option with and without transaction costs, respectively. At last, comparing the obtained model with the classical Black-Scholes model, we find the price obtained in this paper is higher than that obtained from the Black-Scholes model. A empirical analysis is also introduced to confirm the obtained results can fit the real data well.

  9. NYSERDA's Green Jobs-Green New York Program: Extending Energy Efficiency Financing To Underserved Households

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Zimring, Mark; Fuller, Merrian

    2011-01-24

    The New York legislature passed the Green Jobs-Green New York (GJGNY) Act in 2009. Administered by the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA), GJGNY programs provide New Yorkers with access to free or low-cost energy assessments,1 energy upgrade services,2 low-cost financing, and training for various 'green-collar' careers. Launched in November 2010, GJGNY's residential initiative is notable for its use of novel underwriting criteria to expand access to energy efficiency financing for households seeking to participate in New York's Home Performance with Energy Star (HPwES) program.3 The GJGNY financing program is a valuable test of whether alternatives tomore » credit scores can be used to responsibly expand credit opportunities for households that do not qualify for traditional lending products and, in doing so, enable more households to make energy efficiency upgrades.« less

  10. United States transportation fuel economics (1975 - 1995)

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Alexander, A. D., III

    1975-01-01

    The United States transportation fuel economics in terms of fuel resources options, processing alternatives, and attendant economics for the period 1975 to 1995 are evaluated. The U.S. energy resource base is reviewed, portable fuel-processing alternatives are assessed, and selected future aircraft fuel options - JP fuel, liquid methane, and liquid hydrogen - are evaluated economically. Primary emphasis is placed on evaluating future aircraft fuel options and economics to provide guidance for future strategy of NASA in the development of aviation and air transportation research and technology.

  11. [The new strategy of the British health system: reflections on the changes in British health care system in the light of the WHO report on the financing of health systems worldwide].

    PubMed

    Vaccari, Vittorio; Passerino, Costantino; Giagnorio, Maria Laura

    2011-01-01

    The search for a strategy that can optimise resources far the financing of health systems is currently the subject of numerous worldwide experiments. This interest stems from the fact that in most countries, although having each one different specific characteristics, governments try to improve the efficiency and equity of health care. This worle analyses how innovative financing options at national level can be combined with decision-making processes typical of quality management to devise strategies far funding health services that are oriented towards their continuous improvement. The paper discusses, in particular, the strategy adopted in England, where the new law Equity and Excellence, liberating the NHS radically changes the management of the NHS, giving patients the choice of using different types of structures and therefore the possibility to find the most convenient combination in order to obtain the required service.

  12. The role of employee flexible spending accounts in health care financing.

    PubMed

    Schweitzer, M; Asch, D A

    1996-08-01

    Employee flexible spending accounts for health care represent one component of the current health care financing system that merits serious reform. These accounts create a system of undesirable incentives, force employees and employers to take complicated gambles, reduce tax revenues, and fail to meet their purported policy objectives. This paper describes shortcomings in these accounts from both a theoretical and an empirical perspective. Some proposed alternatives; including medical spending accounts and zero balance accounts, resolve many of these concerns but not all of them.

  13. The Impact of Inter-Governmental Grants and Municipal Overburden on School Spending and Simulations of the Impact of Alternative Grant Formulas. [and] Policy Proposals Resulting from Research on "The Impact of Intergovernmental Grants and Municipal Overburden on School Finance Equity."

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Conte, Michael; And Others

    In five chapters, this document's first part reports on research on the interrelationship of school and municipal finance in New Hampshire. The document's second part briefly summarizes the research report and discusses policy changes suggested by the results. Chapter 1 of the research report describes New Hampshire schools and the state aid…

  14. 30 CFR 204.203 - What is the other relief option?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES FOR MARGINAL PROPERTIES Accounting and Auditing Relief § 204.203 What is the other relief option? (a) Under this relief option, you may request any type of accounting and auditing relief...

  15. Greenhouse gas mitigation options in the Forest sector of Russia: National and project level assessments

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Vinson, Ted S.; Kolchugina, Tatyana P.; Andrasko, Kenneth A.

    1996-01-01

    Greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation options in the Russian forest sector include: afforestation and reforestation of unforested/degraded land area; enhanced forest productivity; incorporation of nondestructive methods of wood harvesting in the forest industry; establishment of land protective forest stands; increase in stand age of final harvest in the European part of Russia; increased fire control; increased disease and pest control; and preservation of old growth forests in the Russian Far-East, which are presently threatened. Considering the implementation of all of the options presented, the GHG mitigation potential within the forest and agroforestry sectors of Russia is approximately 0.6 0.7 Pg C/yr or one half of the industrial carbon emissions of the United States. The difference between the GHG mitigation potential and the actual level of GHGs mitigated in the Russian forest sector will depend to a great degree on external financing that may be available. One possibility for external financing is through joint implementation (JI). However, under the JI process, each project will be evaluated by considering a number of criteria including also the difference between the carbon emissions or sequestration for the baseline (or reference) and the project case, the permanence of the project, and leakage. Consequently, a project level assessment must appreciate the near-term constraints that will face practitioners who attempt to realize the GHG mitigation potential in the forest and agroforestry sectors of their countries.

  16. Metropolitan Corporate Academy: An Alternative High School for Business/Finance and Public Services.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Metropolitan Corporate Academy, Brooklyn, NY.

    This paper describes a proposed alternative public high school, the Metropolitan Corporate Academy, a joint project of private and public institutions including the New York City Public Schools and designed to serve at-risk students. An overview notes the high New York City dropout rate and the fragmented nature of most of the programs offered in…

  17. Report to the Congress on alternative methods for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Not Available

    1990-02-01

    The purpose of this study is to fulfill the requirements of Public Law No. 101-46, approved June 30, 1989. The study describes and evaluates alternative methods for financing the future expansion of the Strategic petroleum Reserve (SPR), both to the current target level of 750 million barrels and to potential future levels of up to one billion barrels.

  18. Feasibility Study of Economics and Performance of Wind Turbine Generators at the Newport Indiana Chemical Depot Site

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Roberts, Joseph Owen; Mosey, Gail

    The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in accordance with the RE-Powering America's Land initiative, selected the Newport Indiana Chemical Depot site in Newport, Indiana, for a feasibility study of renewable energy production. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) was contacted to provide technical assistance for this project. The purpose of this report is to assess the sitefor possible wind turbine electrical generator installation and estimate the cost, performance, and site impacts of different wind energy options. In addition, the report recommends financing options that could assist in the implementation of a wind system at the site.

  19. Summary of resources available to small water systems for meeting the 10 ppb arsenic drinking water limit.

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Krumhansl, James Lee; Thomson, Bruce M.; Ziegler, Matt

    2007-01-01

    With the lowering of the EPA maximum contaminant level of arsenic from 50 parts per billion (ppb) to 10 ppb, many public water systems in the country and in New Mexico in particular, are faced with making decisions about how to bring their system into compliance. This document provides detail on the options available to the water systems and the steps they need to take to achieve compliance with this regulation. Additionally, this document provides extensive resources and reference information for additional outreach support, financing options, vendors for treatment systems, and media pilot project results.

  20. Feasibility Study of Economics and Performance of Solar Photovoltaics at the Santo Domingo Pueblo in Sandoval County, New Mexico

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Geiger, J.; Lisell, L.; Mosey, G.

    2013-07-01

    The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in accordance with the RE-Powering America's Land initiative, selected the Pueblo of Santo Domingo in Sandoval County, New Mexico, for a renewable energy production feasibility study. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) provided technical assistance for this project. The purpose of this report is to assess specific areas on the Pueblo for potential installation of photovoltaic (PV) systems and to estimate the cost, performance, and site impacts of different PV options. The report also recommends financing options that could assist in the implementation of these PV systems.

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