Advanced transportation system studies technical area 3: Alternate propulsion subsystem concepts, volume 3

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Levak, Daniel

1993-01-01

The objective of this contract was to provide definition of alternate propulsion systems for both earth-to-orbit (ETO) and in-space vehicles (upper stages and space transfer vehicles). For such propulsion systems, technical data to describe performance, weight, dimensions, etc. was provided along with programmatic information such as cost, schedule, needed facilities, etc. Advanced technology and advanced development needs were determined and provided. This volume separately presents the various program cost estimates that were generated under three tasks: the F-1A Restart Task, the J-2S Restart Task, and the SSME Upper Stage Use Task. The conclusions, technical results, and the program cost estimates are described in more detail in Volume 1 - Executive Summary and in individual Final Task Reports.

Advanced Transportation System Studies. Technical Area 3: Alternate Propulsion Subsystems Concepts. Volume 3; Program Cost Estimates

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Levack, Daniel J. H.

2000-01-01

The objective of this contract was to provide definition of alternate propulsion systems for both earth-to-orbit (ETO) and in-space vehicles (upper stages and space transfer vehicles). For such propulsion systems, technical data to describe performance, weight, dimensions, etc. was provided along with programmatic information such as cost, schedule, needed facilities, etc. Advanced technology and advanced development needs were determined and provided. This volume separately presents the various program cost estimates that were generated under three tasks: the F- IA Restart Task, the J-2S Restart Task, and the SSME Upper Stage Use Task. The conclusions, technical results , and the program cost estimates are described in more detail in Volume I - Executive Summary and in individual Final Task Reports.

Alternate concepts study extension. Volume 2: Part 4: Avionics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1971-01-01

A recommended baseline system is presented along with alternate avionics systems, Mark 2 avionics, booster avionics, and a cost summary. Analyses and discussions are included on the Mark 1 orbiter avionics subsystems, electrical ground support equipment, and the computer programs. Results indicate a need to define all subsystems of the baseline system, an installation study to determine the impact on the crew station, and a study on access for maintenance.

Update on alternative occupant volume testing

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2010-04-27

This paper describes the conduct of the first of a series of quasi-static compression tests of rail passenger equipment being done to examine occupant volume strength. Budd Pioneer car 244 has been chosen as the test article for examination of altern...

Pollution Prevention Benefits Manual: Phase II. Volume 1: The Manual and Volume 2: Appendices (1989)

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Manual is intended to help polluters evaluate the economic feasibility of pollution prevention or waste minimization alternatives to current practices, helping polluters evaluate how much a pollution prevention alternative will cost vs. current practices.

Measuring refractive index and volume of liquid under high pressure with optical coherence tomography and light microscopy.

PubMed

Wang, Donglin; Yang, Kun; Zhou, Yin

2016-03-20

Measuring the refractive index and volume of liquid under high pressure simultaneously is a big challenge. This paper proposed an alternative solution by combing optical coherence tomography with microscopy. An experiment for a feasibility study was carried out on polydimethylsiloxane liquid in a diamond anvil cell. The refractive index of the sample increased dramatically with pressure loaded, and the curve of pressure volume was also obtained.

High Energy Astronomy Observatory, Mission C, Phase A. Volume 3: Appendices

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1972-01-01

Technical data, and experiment and spacecraft alternatives are presented in support of the HEAO-C, whose primary objective is a detailed study of the more interesting high energy sources, using grazing incidence X-ray telescopes and a spacecraft pointing accuracy of + or - 1 arc minute. The analyses presented cover the mission analysis and launch vehicle; thermal control trade studies and supporting analyses; attitude sensing and control analyses; electrical systems; and reliability analysis. The alternate experiments which were considered are listed, and the advantages and disadvantages of several alternate observatory configurations are assessed.

Comparison of a fully mapped plot design to three alternative designs for volume and area estimates using Maine inventory data

Treesearch

Stanford L. Arner

1998-01-01

A fully mapped plot design is compared to three alternative designs using data collected for the recent inventory of Maine's forest resources. Like the fully mapped design, one alternative eliminates the bias of previous procedures, and should be less costly and more consistent. There was little difference in volume and area estimates or in sampling errors among...

Geosynchronous platform definition study. Volume 6: Geosynchronous program evaluation and recommendations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Myers, H. L.

1973-01-01

The programmatic analyses conducted to achieve the objectives of the study are presented. The characteristics are examined of alternate geosynchronous programs based on servicing concepts, geosynchronous platform configurations, and equipment definitions which have evolved during the study. The logistics support necessary to carry out programs using these systems is defined considering alternate approaches for on-orbit servicing. The costs of the resultant programs are then determined and the alternate program approaches compared. Conventional programs with expendable satellites are also defined to the extent necessary to permit comparison with on-orbit serviced platform programs.

Four-dimensional ultrasound current source density imaging of a dipole field

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Z. H.; Olafsson, R.; Ingram, P.; Li, Q.; Qin, Y.; Witte, R. S.

2011-09-01

Ultrasound current source density imaging (UCSDI) potentially transforms conventional electrical mapping of excitable organs, such as the brain and heart. For this study, we demonstrate volume imaging of a time-varying current field by scanning a focused ultrasound beam and detecting the acoustoelectric (AE) interaction signal. A pair of electrodes produced an alternating current distribution in a special imaging chamber filled with a 0.9% NaCl solution. A pulsed 1 MHz ultrasound beam was scanned near the source and sink, while the AE signal was detected on remote recording electrodes, resulting in time-lapsed volume movies of the alternating current distribution.

Albumin infusion in patients undergoing large-volume paracentesis: a meta-analysis of randomized trials.

PubMed

Bernardi, Mauro; Caraceni, Paolo; Navickis, Roberta J; Wilkes, Mahlon M

2012-04-01

Albumin infusion reduces the incidence of postparacentesis circulatory dysfunction among patients with cirrhosis and tense ascites, as compared with no treatment. Treatment alternatives to albumin, such as artificial colloids and vasoconstrictors, have been widely investigated. The aim of this meta-analysis was to determine whether morbidity and mortality differ between patients receiving albumin versus alternative treatments. The meta-analysis included randomized trials evaluating albumin infusion in patients with tense ascites. Primary endpoints were postparacentesis circulatory dysfunction, hyponatremia, and mortality. Eligible trials were sought by multiple methods, including computer searches of bibliographic and abstract databases and the Cochrane Library. Results were quantitatively combined under a fixed-effects model. Seventeen trials with 1,225 total patients were included. There was no evidence of heterogeneity or publication bias. Compared with alternative treatments, albumin reduced the incidence of postparacentesis circulatory dysfunction (odds ratio [OR], 0.39; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.27-0.55). Significant reductions in that complication by albumin were also shown in subgroup analyses versus each of the other volume expanders tested (e.g., dextran, gelatin, hydroxyethyl starch, and hypertonic saline). The occurrence of hyponatremia was also decreased by albumin, compared with alternative treatments (OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.39-0.87). In addition, mortality was lower in patients receiving albumin than alternative treatments (OR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.41-0.98). This meta-analysis provides evidence that albumin reduces morbidity and mortality among patients with tense ascites undergoing large-volume paracentesis, as compared with alternative treatments investigated thus far. Copyright © 2011 American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.

Detention basin alternative outlet design study.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2016-10-01

This study examines the outlets structures CDOT has historically employed to drain water quality treatment detention basins and flood control basins, presents two new methods of metering the water quality capture volume (WQCV), namely 1) the Elliptic...

Study of Manpower Requirements by Occupation for Alternative Technologies in the Energy-Related Industries, 1970-1990. Volumes I, IIA, and III.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gutmanis, Ivars; And Others

The report presents the methodology used by the National Planning Association (NPA), under contract to the Federal Energy Administration (FEA), to estimate direct labor usage coefficients in some sixty different occupational categories involved in construction, operation, and maintenance of energy facilities. Volume 1 presents direct labor usage…

Education and the State: Federal Involvement in Educational Policy Development. Policy Development and Analysis Series.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

White, Doug

This volume is part of a series of monographs from Australia devoted to outlining an alternative approach, based on neo-Marxist concepts, to policy studies in education. The opening essay in this volume is a historical analysis of federal involvement in Australian educational policy development. After a descriptive overview of the role of…

Spacelab cost reduction alternatives study. Volume 1: Executive summary

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1976-01-01

Alternative approaches to payload operations planning and control and flight crew training are defined for spacelab payloads with the goal of: lowering FY77 and FY 78 costs for new starts; lowering costs to achieve Spacelab operational capability; and minimizing the cost per Spacelab flight. These alternatives attempt to minimize duplication of hardware, software, and personnel, and the investment in supporting facility and equipment. Of particular importance is the possible reduction of equipment, software, and manpower resources such as comtational systems, trainers, and simulators.

Volume quantification by contrast-enhanced ultrasound: an in-vitro comparison with true volumes and thermodilution.

PubMed

Herold, Ingeborg H F; Russo, Gianna; Mischi, Massimo; Houthuizen, Patrick; Saidov, Tamerlan; van het Veer, Marcel; van Assen, Hans C; Korsten, Hendrikus H M

2013-10-17

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has recently been proposed as a minimally- invasive, alternative method for blood volume measurement. This study aims at comparing the accuracy of CEUS and the classical thermodilution techniques for volume assessment in an in-vitro set-up. The in-vitro set-up consisted of a variable network between an inflow and outflow tube and a roller pump. The inflow and outflow tubes were insonified with an ultrasound array transducer and a thermistor was placed in each tube. Indicator dilution curves were made by injecting indicator which consisted of an ultrasound-contrast-agent diluted in ice-cold saline. Both acoustic intensity- and thermo-dilution curves were used to calculate the indicator mean transit time between the inflow and outflow tube. The volumes were derived by multiplying the estimated mean transit time by the flow rate. We compared the volumes measured by CEUS with the true volumes of the variable network and those measured by thermodilution by Bland-Altman and intraclass-correlation analysis. The measurements by CEUS and thermodilution showed a very strong correlation (rs = 0.94) with a modest volume underestimation by CEUS of -40 ± 28 mL and an overestimation of 84 ± 62 mL by thermodilution compared with the true volumes. Both CEUS and thermodilution showed a high statistically significant correlation with the true volume (rs = 0.97 (95% CI, 0.95 - 0.98; P<0.0001) and rs = 0.96 (95% CI, 0.94 - 0.98; P<0.0001, respectively). CEUS volume estimation provides a strong correlation with both the true volumes in-vitro and volume estimation by thermodilution. It may therefore represent an interesting alternative to the standard, invasive thermodilution technique.

18 CFR 281.304 - Computation of alternative fuel volume.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Computation of alternative fuel volume. 281.304 Section 281.304 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY... not a diesel engine or turbine designed to use distillate fuels as the only substitute for natural gas...

18 CFR 281.304 - Computation of alternative fuel volume.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Computation of alternative fuel volume. 281.304 Section 281.304 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY... not a diesel engine or turbine designed to use distillate fuels as the only substitute for natural gas...

18 CFR 281.304 - Computation of alternative fuel volume.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Computation of alternative fuel volume. 281.304 Section 281.304 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY... not a diesel engine or turbine designed to use distillate fuels as the only substitute for natural gas...

18 CFR 281.304 - Computation of alternative fuel volume.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Computation of alternative fuel volume. 281.304 Section 281.304 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY... not a diesel engine or turbine designed to use distillate fuels as the only substitute for natural gas...

18 CFR 281.304 - Computation of alternative fuel volume.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Computation of alternative fuel volume. 281.304 Section 281.304 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY... not a diesel engine or turbine designed to use distillate fuels as the only substitute for natural gas...

75 FR 29605 - Clean Alternative Fuel Vehicle and Engine Conversions

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-26

... Small Volume Manufacturers and Small Volume Test Groups 1. Definition of Small Volume Manufacturers, Small Volume Test Groups, and Small Volume Engine Families a. Light-Duty and Heavy-Duty Complete... and Engines 2. Test Groups, Engine Families, and Evaporative Families a. Test Groups for Light-Duty...

Determination of the Molar Volume of Hydrogen from the Metal-Acid Reaction: An Experimental Alternative.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

de Berg, Kevin; Chapman, Ken

1996-01-01

Describes an alternative technique for determining the molar volume of hydrogen from the metal-acid reaction in which the metal sample is encased in a specially prepared cage and a pipette filler is used to fill an inverted burette with water. Eliminates some difficulties encountered with the conventional technique. (JRH)

Scientific Assessment of Stratospheric Ozone: 1989, volume 2. Appendix: AFEAS Report

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1990-01-01

The results are presented of the Alternative Fluorocarbon Environmental Acceptability Study (AFEAS), which was organized to evaluate the potential effects on the environment of alternate compounds targeted to replace fully halogenated chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). All relevant current scientific information to determine the environmental acceptability of the alternative fluorocarbons. Special emphasis was placed on: the potential of the compounds to affect stratospheric ozone; their potential to affect tropospheric ozone; their potential to contribute to model calculated global warming; the atmospheric degradation mechanisms of the compounds, in order to identify their products; and the potential environmental effects of the decomposition products. The alternative compounds to be studied were hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) with one or two carbon atoms and one or more each of fluorine and hydrogen.

Offshore Vessel Traffic Management (OVTM) Study : Volume II. Technical Analyses.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1978-08-01

The objectives of the study were: (1) to analyze the causes of tanker and other vessel casualties that could potentially result in oil pollution, and (2) to evaluate various alternative vessel traffic management systems and techniques for the prevent...

Offshore Vessel Traffic Management (OVTM) Study : Volume III. Appendixes.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1978-08-01

The objectives of the study were: (1) to analyze the causes of tanker and other vessel casualties that could potentially result in oil pollution, and (2) to evaluate various alternative vessel traffic management systems and techniques for the prevent...

Offshore Vessel Traffic Management (OVTM) Study : Volume I. Executive Summary.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1978-08-01

The objectives of the study were: (1) to analyze the causes of tanker and other vessel casualties that could potentially result in oil pollution, and (2) to evaluate various alternative vessel traffic management systems and techniques for the prevent...

Space shuttle/food system study. Volume 2, appendix E: Alternate flight systems analysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1974-01-01

The functional requirements of stowage, preparation, serving, consumption, and cleanup were applied to each of the five food mixes selected for study in terms of the overall design of the space shuttle food system. The analysis led to a definition of performance requirements for each food mix, along with a definition of equipment to meet those requirements. Weight and volume data for all five systems, in terms of food and packaging, support equipment, and galley installation penalties, are presented.

Phase 1 of the near term hybrid passenger vehicle development program. Appendix B: Trade-off studies, volume 1

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Traversi, M.; Piccolo, R.

1980-01-01

Tradeoff study activities and the analysis process used are described with emphasis on (1) review of the alternatives; (2) vehicle architecture; and (3) evaluation of the propulsion system alternatives; interim results are presented for the basic hybrid vehicle characterization; vehicle scheme development; propulsion system power and transmission ratios; vehicle weight; energy consumption and emissions; performance; production costs; reliability, availability and maintainability; life cycle costs, and operational quality. The final vehicle conceptual design is examined.

Alternative thermodynamic cycle for the Stirling machine

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Romanelli, Alejandro

2017-12-01

We develop an alternative thermodynamic cycle for the Stirling machine, where the polytropic process plays a central role. Analytical expressions for pressure and temperatures of the working gas are obtained as a function of the volume and the parameter that characterizes the polytropic process. This approach achieves closer agreement with the experimental pressure-volume diagram and can be adapted to any type of Stirling engine.

Energy Conversion Alternatives Study (ECAS), General Electric Phase 1. Volume 3: Energy conversion subsystems and components. Part 1: Bottoming cycles and materials of construction

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shah, R. P.; Solomon, H. D.

1976-01-01

Energy conversion subsystems and components were evaluated in terms of advanced energy conversion systems. Results of the bottoming cycles and materials of construction studies are presented and discussed.

A prototype software methodology for the rapid evaluation of biomanufacturing process options.

PubMed

Chhatre, Sunil; Francis, Richard; O'Donovan, Kieran; Titchener-Hooker, Nigel J; Newcombe, Anthony R; Keshavarz-Moore, Eli

2007-10-01

A three-layered simulation methodology is described that rapidly evaluates biomanufacturing process options. In each layer, inferior options are screened out, while more promising candidates are evaluated further in the subsequent, more refined layer, which uses more rigorous models that require more data from time-consuming experimentation. Screening ensures laboratory studies are focused only on options showing the greatest potential. To simplify the screening, outputs of production level, cost and time are combined into a single value using multi-attribute-decision-making techniques. The methodology was illustrated by evaluating alternatives to an FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration)-approved process manufacturing rattlesnake antivenom. Currently, antivenom antibodies are recovered from ovine serum by precipitation/centrifugation and proteolyzed before chromatographic purification. Alternatives included increasing the feed volume, replacing centrifugation with microfiltration and replacing precipitation/centrifugation with a Protein G column. The best alternative used a higher feed volume and a Protein G step. By rapidly evaluating the attractiveness of options, the methodology facilitates efficient and cost-effective process development.

Composite pavement systems : synthesis of design and construction practices.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2008-01-01

Composite pavement systems have shown the potential for becoming a cost-effective pavement alternative for highways with high and heavy traffic volumes, especially in Europe. This study investigated the design and performance of composite pavement st...

Heat transfer enhancement and entropy generation analysis of Al2O3-water nanofluid in an alternating oval cross-section tube using two-phase mixture model under turbulent flow

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Najafi Khaboshan, Hasan; Nazif, Hamid Reza

2018-04-01

Heat transfer and turbulent flow of Al2O3-water nanofluid within alternating oval cross-section tube are numerically simulated using Eulerian-Eulerian two-phase mixture model. The primary goal of the present study is to investigate the effects of nanoparticles volume fraction, nanoparticles diameter and different inlet velocities on heat transfer, pressure drop and entropy generation characteristics of the alternating oval cross-section tube. For numerical simulation validation, the numerical results were compared with experimental data. Also, constant wall temperature boundary condition was considered on the tube wall. In addition, the comparison of thermal-hydraulic performance and the entropy generation characteristics between alternating oval cross-section tube and circular tube under same fluids were done. The results show that the heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop of alternating oval cross-section tube is more than base tube under same fluids. Also, these two parameters are increased when adding Al2O3 nanoparticle into water fluid, at any inlet velocity for both tubes. Furthermore, compared to the base fluid, the value of the heat transfer enhancement of nanofluid is higher than the increase of friction factor of nanofluid at the same given inlet boundary conditions. The results of entropy generation analysis illustrate that the total entropy generation increase with increasing the nanoparticles volume fraction and decreasing the nanoparticles diameter of nanofluid. The generation of thermal entropy is the main part of irreversibility, and Bejan number with an increase of the nanoparticles diameter slightly increases. Finally, at any given inlet velocity the frictional irreversibility is grown with an increase the nanoparticles volume fraction.

The use of hydrazine as an alternate source of energy

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Carvalho, J. A., Jr.; Bressan, C.; Ferreira, J. L.

1984-01-01

The potentials of using hydrazine as an alternative source of energy was studied. Three chemical reactions are considered: oxidation with air, oxidation with hydrogen peroxide, and thermocatalytic decomposition. Performance data of gasoline, ethylic alcohol, and propane are compared. An item about the NO(x) emissions by the various investigated reactions is included. Promising results are shown, mainly those regarding the available energy per unit volume of unburned gases (vaporized fuel and oxidizer).

Space station systems analysis study. Part 3: Documentation. Volume 7: SCB alternate EPS evaluation, task 10

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1977-01-01

Power levels up to 100 kWe average were baselined for the electrical power system of the space construction base, a long-duration manned facility capable of supporting manufacturing and large scale construction projects in space. Alternatives to the solar array battery systems discussed include: (1) solar concentrator/brayton; (2) solar concentrator/thermionic; (3) isotope/brayton; (4) nuclear/brayton; (5) nuclear thermoelectric; and (6) nuclear thermionic.

Tooele Army Depot - North Area. Feasibility Study for Operable Units 5, 6, 7, and 10

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-03-01

effectiveness of alternatives in maintaining protection of human health and the environment after response objectives have been met. 4. Reduction of toxicity...Institutional controls may be effective at protecting human health and the environment and complying with ARARs if the site contaminants have low toxicity...reduction of the toxicity, mobility, or volume of soil contaminants through treatment under this alternative. Short-term effectiveness . Human health

Space station crew safety alternatives study. Volume 3: Safety impact of human factors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rockoff, L. A.; Raasch, R. F.; Peercy, R. L., Jr.

1985-01-01

The first 15 years of accumulated space station concepts for Initial Operational Capability (IOC) during the early 1990's was considered. Twenty-five threats to the space station are identified and selected threats addressed as impacting safety criteria, escape and rescue, and human factors safety concerns. Of the 25 threats identified, eight are discussed including strategy options for threat control: fire, biological or toxic contamination, injury/illness, explosion, loss of pressurization, radiation, meteoroid penetration and debris. Of particular interest here is volume three (of five volumes) pertaining to the safety impact of human factors.

Shuttle user analysis (study 2.2). Volume 2: User charge analysis. Part 1: Summary

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1974-01-01

Alternative candidate STS flight charge approaches which will provide a basis for NASA's determination of an STS flight charge policy were analyzed. The analysis used STS transportation costs furnished by NASA. The STS User Charge Analysis was accomplished by (1) generating criteria for evaluation of alternative flight charge approaches, (2) defining alternative flight charge approaches, (3) computing flight charges for selected missions, (4) evaluating results using the criteria generated under (1), and (5) recommending flight charge approaches to be used as a basis for the formulation of a STS user flight charge policy.

Central florida phosphate industry. Volume II. background and alternatives assessment. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1978-11-01

The Central Florida Phosphate District encompasses an area of approximately 2000 square miles in Polk, Hillsborough, Manatee, Hardee, and DeSoto Counties, Florida. There are currently 17 potential new source mines in the district. This EIS assessed areawide and cumulative effects on the entire area and provides the basis for development of site specific EISs. The final EIS establishes a scenario of phosphate development which was determined to be as compatible as practicable with other desired and intended land uses in Central Florida. Volume II describes the Central Florida Phosphate Industry and the Natural and man-made environments of the study area.more » Several scenarios are presented as decision alternatives and primary and secondary effects are assessed and compared.« less

Cogeneration Technology Alternatives Study (CTAS). Volume 6: Computer data. Part 2: Residual-fired nocogeneration process boiler

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Knightly, W. F.

1980-01-01

Computer generated data on the performance of the cogeneration energy conversion system are presented. Performance parameters included fuel consumption and savings, capital costs, economics, and emissions of residual fired process boilers.

Space resources. Volume 1: Scenarios

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mckay, Mary Fae (Editor); Mckay, David S. (Editor); Duke, Michael B. (Editor)

1992-01-01

A number of possible future paths for space exploration and development are presented. The topics covered include the following: (1) the baseline program; (2) alternative scenarios utilizing nonterrestrial resources; (3) impacts of sociopolitical conditions; (4) common technologies; and issues for further study.

Mississippi River: Study of Alternatives for Rehabilitation of Lock and Dam Number 1. Minneapolis, Minnesota. Volume 3. Appendices B-F.

DTIC Science & Technology

1976-04-01

AR2 RECIPIENT’S CATALOG NUMBER A. TiTLE CadSubtitIe) MISSISSIPPI RIVER STUDY OF TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED ALTERNATIVES FOR REHABILITATION OF LOCK...USPO & Custom House St. Paul, MN 55101 1. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE April, 1976 13. NUMBER OF PAGES 283 p. 14. MONITORING...Borehole 74-9 19 5 Sumary of Circulation History of Borehole. in Which Partial or Total Loss of Drilling was Recorded 20 FIGURES Number Description pg 1

A stochastic method for computing hadronic matrix elements

DOE PAGES

Alexandrou, Constantia; Constantinou, Martha; Dinter, Simon; ...

2014-01-24

In this study, we present a stochastic method for the calculation of baryon 3-point functions which is an alternative to the typically used sequential method offering more versatility. We analyze the scaling of the error of the stochastically evaluated 3-point function with the lattice volume and find a favorable signal to noise ratio suggesting that the stochastic method can be extended to large volumes providing an efficient approach to compute hadronic matrix elements and form factors.

Why do people google movement disorders? An infodemiological study of information seeking behaviors.

PubMed

Brigo, Francesco; Erro, Roberto

2016-05-01

Millions of people worldwide everyday search Google or Wikipedia to look for health-related information. Aim of this study was to evaluate and interpret web search queries for terms related to movement disorders (MD) in English-speaking countries and their changes over time. We analyzed information regarding the volume of online searches in Google and Wikipedia for the most common MD and their treatments. We determined the highest search volume peaks to identify possible relation with online news headlines. The volume of searches for some queries related to MD entered in Google enormously increased over time. Most queries were related to definition, subtypes, symptoms and treatment (mostly to adverse effects, or alternatively, to possible alternative treatments). The highest peaks of MD search queries were temporally related to news about celebrities suffering from MD, to specific mass-media events or to news concerning pharmaceutic companies or scientific discoveries on MD. An increasing number of people use Google and Wikipedia to look for terms related to MD to obtain information on definitions, causes and symptoms, possibly to aid initial self-diagnosis. MD information demand and the actual prevalence of different MDs do not travel together: web search volume may mirrors patients' fears and worries about some particular disorders perceived as more serious than others, or may be driven by release of news about celebrities suffering from MD, "breaking news" or specific mass-media events regarding MD.

Codeswitching Worldwide II. Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs 126.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jacobson, Rodolfo, Ed.

This edited volume includes the following chapters: "The Matrix Language Frame Model: Development and Responses" (Carol Myers-Scotton); "Language Alternation: The Third Kind of Codeswitching Mechanism" (Rodolfo Jacobson); "Contrastive Sociolinguistics: Borrowed and Codeswitched Past Participles in Romance-Germanic Language…

Study of Automobile Market Dynamics : Volume 1. Description.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1977-08-01

To determine the effects of alternative energy conservation policies on total sales of new cars and upon the distribution by size-class and origin (foreign vs. domestic), in-depth interviews were administered to seven hundred recent new-car buyers. E...

42 CFR 124.516 - Charitable facility compliance alternative.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Charitable facility compliance alternative. 124.516... RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT MEDICAL FACILITY CONSTRUCTION AND MODERNIZATION Reasonable Volume of Uncompensated Services to Persons Unable To Pay § 124.516 Charitable facility compliance alternative. (a) Effect of...

Hand volume estimates based on a geometric algorithm in comparison to water displacement.

PubMed

Mayrovitz, H N; Sims, N; Hill, C J; Hernandez, T; Greenshner, A; Diep, H

2006-06-01

Assessing changes in upper extremity limb volume during lymphedema therapy is important for determining treatment efficacy and documenting outcomes. Although arm volumes may be determined by tape measure, the suitability of circumference measurements to estimate hand volumes is questionable because of the deviation in circularity of hand shape. Our aim was to develop an alternative measurement procedure and algorithm for routine use to estimate hand volumes. A caliper was used to measure hand width and depth in 33 subjects (66 hands) and volumes (VE) were calculated using an elliptical frustum model. Using regression analysis and limits of agreement (LOA), VE was compared to volumes determined by water displacement (VW), to volumes calculated from tape-measure determined circumferences (VC), and to a trapezoidal model (VT). VW and VE (mean +/- SD) were similar (363 +/- 98 vs. 362 +/-100 ml) and highly correlated; VE = 1.01VW -3.1 ml, r=0.986, p<0.001, with LOA of +/- 33.5 ml and +/- 9.9 %. In contrast, VC (480 +/- 138 ml) and VT (432 +/- 122 ml) significantly overestimated volume (p<0.0001). These results indicate that the elliptical algorithm can be a useful alternative to water displacement when hand volumes are needed and the water displacement method is contra-indicated, impractical to implement, too time consuming or not available.

Use of railroad flat cars for low-volume road bridges.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1999-08-01

In an attempt to solve the bridge problem faced by many county engineers, this : investigation focused on a low cost bridge alternative that consists of using railroad flatcars : (RRFC) as the bridge superstructure. The intent of this study was to de...

Mechanics of Ballast Compaction. Volume 2 : Field Methods for Ballast Physical State Measurement

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1982-03-01

Field methods for measuring ballast physical state are needed to study the effects of ballast compaction. Following a consideration of various alternatives, three methods were selected for development and evaluation. The first was in-place density, w...

Alternative Models of Service, Centralized Braille Operations. Phase II Report. Volume I.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Technology Management Corp., Alexandria, VA.

A study was conducted to determine if the centralization of braille operations for the national free library program would be feasible, economical, and desirable. This report presents the findings of the study in three sections. Section 1 provides background information, a summary of the first phase of operations, and the study objective for phase…

DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATE PERFORMANCE STANDARD FOR RADON RESISTANT CONSTRUCTION BASED ON SHORT-TERM/LONG- TERM INDOOR RADON CONCENTRATIONS - VOLUME 2: APPENDICES

EPA Science Inventory

The report gives results of a study of short- and long-term variations in radon concentration in about 80 houses in Florida. The study involves comparative sampling using the most common radon measurement technologies during the past year. he study, providing the most detailed da...

DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATE PERFORMANCE STANDARD FOR RADON RESISTANT CONSTRUCTION BASED ON SHORT-TERM/LONG- TERM INDOOR RADON CONCENTRATIONS - VOLUME 1: TECHNICAL REPORT

EPA Science Inventory

The report gives results of a study of short- and long-term variations in radon concentration in about 80 houses in Florida. The study involves comparative sampling using the most common radon measurement technologies during the past year. he study, providing the most detailed da...

40 CFR 60.463 - Performance test and compliance provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... operator shall use the following procedures for determining monthly volume-weighted average emissions of... Method 24 or an equivalent or alternative method. The owner or operator shall determine the volume of... facilities, the owner or operator shall estimate the volume of coating used at each affected facility by...

Energywatch: Designing Energy Education Into the Curriculum, Volume 2--Grades 7-12.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

LaSalle, Donald P., Ed.; And Others

Presented in this teacher's manual are more than 40 energy-related discussions and projects for use in conjunction with secondary school courses in mathematics, science, social studies, and language arts. Designed to help students discover ways to study and conserve energy, the activities also stress alternate energy sources and their…

Spacelab Level 4 programmatic Implementation Assessment Study. Volume 3: Optimization and programmatics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1978-01-01

Alternate level 4 integration approaches were synthesized and evaluated to establish the most cost effective experiment integration approach. Program baseline system trade studies are described, as well as Spacelab equipment utilization. Programmatic analysis of the baseline program was evaluated; the 2/3 and 1/3 traffic models were also considered.

A randomized comparative crossover study to assess the affect on circuit life of varying pre-dilution volume associated with CVVH and CVVHDF.

PubMed

Davies, H T; Leslie, G; Pereira, S M; Webb, S A R

2008-03-01

To determine if circuit life is influenced by a higher pre-dilution volume used in CVVH when compared with a lower pre-dilution volume approach in CVVHDF. A comparative crossover study. Cases were randomized to receive either CVVH or CVVHDF followed by the alternative treatment. All patients >or= 18 yrs of age who required CRRT while in ICU were eligible to participate, but excluded if coagulopathic, thrombocytopenic or unable to receive heparin. Based on an intention-to-treat, 45 patients were randomized to receive either CVVH or CVVHDF followed by the alternative treatment. A 24-bed, tertiary, medical and surgical adult intensive care unit (ICU). Blood flow rate, vascular access device and insertion site, hemofilter, anticoagulation and machine hardware were standardized. An ultrafiltrate dose of 35 ml/ kg/h delivered pre-filter was used for CVVH. A fixed pre-dilution volume of 600 mls/h with a dialysate dose of 1 L was used for CVVHDF. Thirty-one patients received CVVH or CVVHDF out of 45 participants followed by the alternative technique. There was a significant increase in circuit life in favor of CVVHDF (median=16 h 5 min, range=40 h 23 min) compared with CVVH (median=6 h 35 min, range=30 h 45 min). A Mann-Whitney U test was performed to compare circuit life between the two different CRRT modes (Z=-3.478, p<0.001). Measurements of circuit life on the 93 circuits which survived to clotting (50 CVVH and 43 CVVHDF) were log transformed prior to under taking a standard multiple regression analysis. None of the independent variables - activated prothrombin time (aPTT), platelet count, heparin dose, patient hematocrit or urea - had a coefficient partial correlation >0.09 (coefficient of the determination=0.117) or a linear relationship which could be associated with circuit life (p=0.228). Pre-diluted CVVHDF appeared to have a longer circuit life when compared to high volume pre-diluted CVVH. The choice of CRRT mode may be an important independent determinant of circuit life.

Spacelab Level 4 Programmatic Implementation Assessment Study. Volume 2: Ground Processing requirements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1978-01-01

Alternate ground processing options are summarized, including installation and test requirements for payloads, space processing, combined astronomy, and life sciences. The level 4 integration resource requirements are also reviewed for: personnel, temporary relocation, transportation, ground support equipment, and Spacelab flight hardware.

Evaluation of alternative intersections and interchanges: volume 2 -- diverging diamond interchange signal timing.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2015-12-01

This report presents findings from field studies of operations at diverging diamond interchanges (DDIs) in Salt Lake City, Utah and Fort : Wayne, Indiana. These discuss optimization of signal offsets both within the DDI, and with the DDI integrated a...

Cogeneration technology alternatives study. Volume 4: Heat Sources, balance of plant and auxiliary systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1980-01-01

Data and information established for heat sources balance of plant items, thermal energy storage, and heat pumps are presented. Design case descriptions are given along with projected performance values. Capital cost estimates for representative cogeneration plants are also presented.

Resources and Alternative Publication Streams for Big Data

EPA Science Inventory

The volume of data and associated myriad of data analyses conducted to support toxicological research studies has been expanding for years and there is little indication that it will be slowing. Traditional publication methods offer, at best, a summary of the data underlying a re...

A study of spacecraft technology and design concepts. Volume 2: Appendices

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zylius, F. A.

1985-01-01

Electrical, mechanical, and software subsystem needs in the Post 1990 space operations environment are considered as well as the effect of radiation environment on spacecraft configuration. Criteria are given for selecting a specific design or technology concept from among the alternatives available.

Solar power satellite system definition study. Volume 5, phase 1: Executive summary

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1979-01-01

An analysis of the solar power satellite system is presented. Performance, cost, and operational characteristics are assessed. The photovoltaic system is described and investigated. Alternative construction concepts are discussed. The structural bay configuration is presented along with the antenna structure options.

Cogeneration Technology Alternatives Study (CTAS). Volume 2: Analytical approach

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gerlaugh, H. E.; Hall, E. W.; Brown, D. H.; Priestley, R. R.; Knightly, W. F.

1980-01-01

The use of various advanced energy conversion systems were compared with each other and with current technology systems for their savings in fuel energy, costs, and emissions in individual plants and on a national level. The ground rules established by NASA and assumptions made by the General Electric Company in performing this cogeneration technology alternatives study are presented. The analytical methodology employed is described in detail and is illustrated with numerical examples together with a description of the computer program used in calculating over 7000 energy conversion system-industrial process applications. For Vol. 1, see 80N24797.

Cosmological measure with volume averaging and the vacuum energy problem

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Astashenok, Artyom V.; del Popolo, Antonino

2012-04-01

In this paper, we give a possible solution to the cosmological constant problem. It is shown that the traditional approach, based on volume weighting of probabilities, leads to an incoherent conclusion: the probability that a randomly chosen observer measures Λ = 0 is exactly equal to 1. Using an alternative, volume averaging measure, instead of volume weighting can explain why the cosmological constant is non-zero.

Low-volume bowel preparation is inferior to standard 4 1 polyethylene glycol.

PubMed

Haapamäki, Markku M; Lindström, Monica; Sandzén, Birger

2011-03-01

Four liters or more of orally taken polyethylene glycol solution (PEG) has proved to be an effective large-bowel cleansing method prior to colonoscopy. The problem has been the large volume of fluid and its taste, which is unacceptable to some examinees. We aimed to investigate the effectiveness of 2 l PEG combined with senna compared with 4 l PEG for bowel preparation. The design was a single-center, prospective, randomized, investigator-blinded study with parallel assignment, in the setting of the Endoscopy Unit of Umeå University Hospital. Outpatients (n = 490) scheduled for colonoscopy were enrolled. The standard-volume arm received 4 l PEG, and the low-volume arm received 36 mg senna glycosides in tablets and 2 l PEG. The cleansing result (primary endpoint) was assessed by the endoscopist using the Ottawa score. The patients rated the subjective grade of ease of taking the bowel preparation. Analysis was on an intention-to-treat basis. There were significantly more cases with poor or inadequate bowel cleansing after the low-volume alternative with senna and 2 l PEG (22/203) compared with after 4 l PEG (8/196, p = 0.027). The low-volume alternative was better tolerated by the examinees: 119/231 rated the treatment as easy to take compared with 88/238 in the 4 l PEG arm (p = 0.001). 4 l PEG treatment is better than 36 mg senna and 2 l PEG as routine colonic cleansing before colonoscopy because of fewer failures.

Alternate site surge capacity in times of public health disaster maintains trauma center and emergency department integrity: Hurricane Katrina.

PubMed

Eastman, Alexander L; Rinnert, Kathy J; Nemeth, Ira R; Fowler, Raymond L; Minei, Joseph P

2007-08-01

Hospital surge capacity has been advocated to accommodate large increases in demand for healthcare; however, existing urban trauma centers and emergency departments (TC/EDs) face barriers to providing timely care even at baseline patient volumes. The purpose of this study is to describe how alternate-site medical surge capacity absorbed large patient volumes while minimizing impact on routine TC/ED operations immediately after Hurricane Katrina. From September 1 to 16, 2005, an alternate site for medical care was established. Using an off-site space, the Dallas Convention Center Medical Unit (DCCMU) was established to meet the increased demand for care. Data were collected and compared with TC/ED patient volumes to assess impact on existing facilities. During the study period, 23,231 persons displaced by Hurricane Katrina were registered to receive evacuee services in the City of Dallas, Texas. From those displaced, 10,367 visits for emergent or urgent healthcare were seen at the DCCMU. The mean number of daily visits (mean +/- SD) to the DCCMU was 619 +/- 301 visits with a peak on day 3 (n = 1,125). No patients died, 3.2% (n = 257) were observed in the DCCMU, and only 2.9% (n = 236) required transport to a TC/ED. During the same period, the mean number of TC/ED visits at the region's primary provider of indigent care (Hospital 1) was 346 +/- 36 visits. Using historical data from Hospital 1 during the same period of time (341 +/- 41), there was no significant difference in the mean number of TC/ED visits from the previous year (p = 0.26). Alternate-site medical surge capacity provides for safe and effective delivery of care to a large influx of patients seeking urgent and emergent care. This protects the integrity of existing public hospital TC/ED infrastructure and ongoing operations.

40 CFR 60.493 - Performance test and compliance provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... equivalent or alternative method. The owner or operator shall determine from company records the volume of... estimate the volume of coating used at each facility by using the average dry weight of coating, number of... acceptable to the Administrator. (i) Calculate the volume-weighted average of the total mass of VOC per...

Satellite Power Systems (SPS) concept definition study, exhibit C. Volume 7: System/subsystem requirements data book

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hanley, G. M.

1979-01-01

Volume 7 of the Satellite Power Systems (SPS) Concept Definition Study final report summarizes the basic requirements used as a guide to systems analysis and is a basis for the selection of candidate SPS point design(s). Initially, these collected data reflected the level of definition resulting from the evaluation of a broad spectrum of SPS concepts. As the various concepts matured these requirements were updated to reflect the requirements identified for the projected satellite system/subsystem point design(s). The identified subsystem/systems requirements are defined, and where appropriate, recommendations for alternate approaches which may represent improved design features are presented. A more detailed discussion of the selected point design(s) will be found in Volume 2 of this report.

Resonance dependence of gravitropicreactionof cress roots in weak combined magnetic fields.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bogatina, N. I.; Sheykina, N. V.; Kordyum, E. L.

The gravitropic reaction of cress was studied in combined magnetic fields, that is the static magnetic field of the order of Earth's one and parallel to it alternating magnetic field. The frequency region for alternating magnetic field was varied in wide diapason ( from 1 Hz up to 45 Hz). The magnitude of alternating magnetic field was equal to 6 microT. The magnetic field conditions were well reproducible. For this purpose the external magnetic field was shielded in the work volume and artificial magnetic field was created in the volume. Both ferromagnetic metal shield and superconductive one with warm volume for work were used. The magnetic noises inside both of ferromagnetic metal and superconductive shields were measured to provide the well reproducible characteristics of artificial field created in the work volume. The objects of investigation were the roots of cress after 2-3-days germination. They were located in the closed humid room, that was located inside the shield in the artificially created magnetic field. All roots were in the darkness. For control we used the analogous roots located in the analogous volume but only in the static magnetic field of the Earth. We measured the divergence angle of the root from its primary direction of growing. We obtained the following results. The curve of dependence of measured angles on the frequency of alternating component of magnetic field had series of sharp peaks. These peaks were well reproducible and their location depended on the magnitude of the static component of magnetic field. The frequency of peak location is in direct proportion with its magnitude. The analysis showed that the location of peaks coincided very well with the cyclotron frequencies of the following ions: Ca+2, Cu+1 , K+1: Fe+3: Ag+1: and with the cyclotron frequencies of ions of phytohormons such as ions of indolile-acetic acid, abscise acid and gibberellins. Some quantitive analogies between the gravitropic process and the effect of combined magnetic field are discussed at the molecular level. In particularly it was shown that in the gravity field the pressure difference between the upper and down parts of the root was of the order of the pressure difference created by the Lorenz force. The displacement of the point where the pressure approached the maximum value on membrane surface could lead to the changes in the ion transport direction and so to the changes of the gravitropic reaction direction. The possibilities of the method for the studying the gravitropic reaction were discussed.

Space station tracking requirements feasibility study, volume 2

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Udalov, Sergei; Dodds, James

1988-01-01

The objective of this feasibility study is to determine analytically the accuracies of various sensors being considered as candidates for Space Station use. Specifically, the studies were performed whether or not the candidate sensors are capable of providing the required accuracy, or if alternate sensor approaches should be investigated. Other topics related to operation in the Space Station environment were considered as directed by NASA-JSC. The following topics are addressed: (1) Space Station GPS; (2) Space Station Radar; (3) Docking Sensors; (4) Space Station Link Analysis; (5) Antenna Switching, Power Control, and AGC Functions for Multiple Access; (6) Multichannel Modems; (7) FTS/EVA Emergency Shutdown; (8) Space Station Information Systems Coding; (9) Wanderer Study; and (10) Optical Communications System Analysis. Brief overviews of the abovementioned topics are given. Wherever applicable, the appropriate appendices provide detailed technical analysis. The report is presented in two volumes. This is Volume 2, containing Appendices K through U.

Space station tracking requirements feasibility study, volume 1

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Udalov, Sergei; Dodds, James

1988-01-01

The objective of this feasibility study is to determine analytically the accuracies of various sensors being considered as candidates for Space Station use. Specifically, the studies were performed whether or not the candidate sensors are capable of providing the required accuracy, or if alternate sensor approaches be investigated. Other topics related to operation in the Space Station environment were considered as directed by NASA-JCS. The following topics are addressed: (1) Space Station GPS; (2) Space Station Radar; (3) Docking Sensors; (4) Space Station Link Analysis; (5) Antenna Switching, Power Control, and AGC Functions for Multiple Access; (6) Multichannel Modems; (7) FTS/EVA Emergency Shutdown; (8) Space Station Information Systems Coding; (9) Wanderer Study; and (10) Optical Communications System Analysis. Brief overviews of the abovementioned topics are given. Wherever applicable, the appropriate appendices provide detailed technical analysis. The report is presented in two volumes. This is Volume 1, containing the main body and Appendices A through J.

Data Management Systems (DMS): Complex data types study. Volume 1: Appendices A-B. Volume 2: Appendices C1-C5. Volume 3: Appendices D1-D3 and E

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Leibfried, T. F., Jr.; Davari, Sadegh; Natarajan, Swami; Zhao, Wei

1992-01-01

Two categories were chosen for study: the issue of using a preprocessor on Ada code of Application Programs which would interface with the Run-Time Object Data Base Standard Services (RODB STSV), the intent was to catch and correct any mis-registration errors of the program coder between the user declared Objects, their types, their addresses, and the corresponding RODB definitions; and RODB STSV Performance Issues and Identification of Problems with the planned methods for accessing Primitive Object Attributes, this included the study of an alternate storage scheme to the 'store objects by attribute' scheme in the current design of the RODB. The study resulted in essentially three separate documents, an interpretation of the system requirements, an assessment of the preliminary design, and a detailing of the components of a detailed design.

US long distance fiber optic networks: Technology, evolution and advanced concepts. Volume 3: Advanced networks and economics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1986-01-01

This study projects until 2000 the evolution of long distance fiber optic networks in the U.S. Volume 1 is the executive Summary. Volume 2 focuses on fiber optic components and systems that are directly related to the operation of long-haul networks. Optimistic, pessimistic and most likely scenarios of technology development are presented. The activities of national and regional companies implementing fiber long haul networks are also highlighted, along with an analysis of the market and regulatory forces affecting network evolution. Volume 3 presents advanced fiber optic network concept definitions. Inter-LATA traffic is quantified and forms the basis for the construction of 11-, 15-, 17-, and 23-node networks. Using the technology projections from Volume 2, a financial model identifies cost drivers and determines circuit mile costs between any two LATAs. A comparison of fiber optics with alternative transmission concludes the report.

US long distance fiber optic networks: Technology, evolution and advanced concepts. Volume 2: Fiber optic technology and long distance networks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

1986-10-01

The study projects until 2000 the evolution of long distance fiber optic networks in the U.S. Volume 1 is the Executive Summary. Volume 2 focuses on fiber optic components and systems that are directly related to the operation of long-haul networks. Optimistic, pessimistic and most likely scenarios of technology development are presented. The activities of national and regional companies implementing fiber long haul networks are also highlighted, along with an analysis of the market and regulatory forces affecting network evolution. Volume 3 presents advanced fiber optic network concept definitions. Inter-LATA traffic is quantified and forms the basis for the construction of 11-, 15-, 17-, and 23-node networks. Using the technology projections from Volume 2, a financial model identifies cost drivers and determines circuit mile costs between any two LATAs. A comparison of fiber optics with alternative transmission concludes the report.

US long distance fiber optic networks: Technology, evolution and advanced concepts. Volume 3: Advanced networks and economics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

1986-10-01

This study projects until 2000 the evolution of long distance fiber optic networks in the U.S. Volume 1 is the executive Summary. Volume 2 focuses on fiber optic components and systems that are directly related to the operation of long-haul networks. Optimistic, pessimistic and most likely scenarios of technology development are presented. The activities of national and regional companies implementing fiber long haul networks are also highlighted, along with an analysis of the market and regulatory forces affecting network evolution. Volume 3 presents advanced fiber optic network concept definitions. Inter-LATA traffic is quantified and forms the basis for the construction of 11-, 15-, 17-, and 23-node networks. Using the technology projections from Volume 2, a financial model identifies cost drivers and determines circuit mile costs between any two LATAs. A comparison of fiber optics with alternative transmission concludes the report.

US long distance fiber optic networks: Technology, evolution and advanced concepts. Volume 2: Fiber optic technology and long distance networks

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1986-01-01

The study projects until 2000 the evolution of long distance fiber optic networks in the U.S. Volume 1 is the Executive Summary. Volume 2 focuses on fiber optic components and systems that are directly related to the operation of long-haul networks. Optimistic, pessimistic and most likely scenarios of technology development are presented. The activities of national and regional companies implementing fiber long haul networks are also highlighted, along with an analysis of the market and regulatory forces affecting network evolution. Volume 3 presents advanced fiber optic network concept definitions. Inter-LATA traffic is quantified and forms the basis for the construction of 11-, 15-, 17-, and 23-node networks. Using the technology projections from Volume 2, a financial model identifies cost drivers and determines circuit mile costs between any two LATAs. A comparison of fiber optics with alternative transmission concludes the report.

Solar power satellite system definition study. Volume 2, part 3: Final briefing, 16 May 1980, phase 3

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1980-01-01

Alternatives to the microwave transmission system previously defined Solar Power Satellite Systems were investigated. These were the laser power transmission, transportation systems, and an analysis or solid state power transmission. The advantages of each system are presented.

Quality of cucumbers commercially fermented in calcium chloride brine without sodium salts

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Commercial cucumber fermentation produces large volumes of salty wastewater. This study evaluated the quality of fermented cucumbers produced commercially using an alternative calcium chloride brining process. Fermentation conducted in calcium brines (0.1M calcium chloride, 6mM potassium sorbate, eq...

CleanFleet final report. Volume 7, vehicle emissions

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1995-12-01

CleanFleet, formally known as the South Coast Alternative Fuels Demonstration, : was a comprehensive demonstration of alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) in daily : commercial service. Measurements of exhaust and evaporative emissions from CleanFleet va...

Examination of space/volume requirements for US underground coal mine refuge alternatives.

PubMed

Porter, William L; Dempsey, Patrick G; Jansky, Jacqueline H

2017-01-01

The Mine Safety and Health Administration requires that 1.4 m 2 (15 ft 2 ) of floor space is to be provided for each person inside a refuge alternative (RA). However, the amount of floor space needed for a person to reside inside an RA and perform basic tasks is unknown. During testing, participants entered into an RA or a simulated RA of various space/volume configurations and performed several simulated tasks that are representative of the survivability tasks performed within an RA. The results indicate that the floor space requirements were generally adequate for the tasks studied. Certain tasks such as changing scrubber cartridges, using toilets, and moving about the RA were impacted by the minimum height tested (0.6 m). As such, RAs of this height will require critical design consideration as a whole and the supplies provided for use inside of the RA to ensure the ability to use an RA.

Orbital operations study. Volume 2: Interfacing activities analysis. Part 2: Structural and mechanical group

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mattson, H. L.; Gianformaggio, A.; Anderson, N. R.

1972-01-01

The activities of the structural and mechanical activity group of the orbital operations study project are discussed. Element interfaces, alternate approaches, design concepts, operational procedures, functional requirements, design influences, and approach selection are presented. The following areas are considered: (1) mating, (2) orbital assembly, (3) separation, EOS payload deployment, and EOS payload retraction.

Orbital operations study. Volume 2: Interfacing activities analyses. Part 3: Data management activity group

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mehrbach, E.; Turkel, S. H.

1972-01-01

A summary of the findings of the data management group of the orbital operations study is presented. Element interfaces, alternate approaches, design concepts, operational procedures, functional requirements, design influences, and approach selection are described. The following interfacing activities are considered: (1) communications, (2) rendezvous, (3) stationkeeping, and (4) detached element operations.

Crashworthiness analysis on alternative square honeycomb structure under axial loading

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Meng; Deng, Zongquan; Guo, Hongwei; Liu, Rongqiang; Ding, Beichen

2013-07-01

Hexagonal metal honeycomb is widely used in energy absorption field for its special construction. However, many other metal honeycomb structures also show good energy absorption characteristics. Currently, most of the researches focus on hexagonal honeycomb, while few are performed into different honeycomb structures. Therefore, a new alternative square honeycomb is developed to expand the non-hexagonal metal honeycomb applications in the energy absorption fields with the aim of designing low mass and low volume energy absorbers. The finite element model of alternative square honeycomb is built to analyze its specific energy absorption property. As the diversity of honeycomb structure, the parameterized metal honeycomb finite element analysis program is conducted based on PCL language. That program can automatically create finite element model. Numerical results show that with the same foil thickness and cell length of metal honeycomb, the alternative square has better specific energy absorption than hexagonal honeycomb. Using response surface method, the mathematical formulas of honeycomb crashworthiness properties are obtained and optimization is done to get the maximum specific energy absorption property honeycomb. Optimal results demonstrate that to absorb same energy, alternative square honeycomb can save 10% volume of buffer structure than hexagonal honeycomb can do. This research is significant in providing technical support in the extended application of different honeycomb used as crashworthiness structures, and is absolutely essential in low volume and low mass energy absorber design.

Occupied Volume Integrity Testing : Elastic Test Results and Analyses

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2011-09-21

Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) and the Volpe Center have been conducting research into developing an alternative method of demonstrating occupied volume integrity (OVI) through a combination of testing and analysis. Previous works have been pu...

Strategy for Alternative Occupant Volume Testing

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2009-10-20

This paper describes plans for a series of quasi-static : compression tests of rail passenger equipment. These tests are : designed to evaluate the strength of the occupant volume under : static loading conditions. The research plan includes a detail...

CleanFleet final report. Volume 1, summary

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1995-12-01

The South Coast Alternative Fuels Demonstration, called CleanFleet, was conducted in the Los Angeles area from April 1992 through September 1994. The demonstration consisted of 111 package delivery vans operating on five alternative fuels and the con...

Nocturnal, every-other-day, online haemodiafiltration: an effective therapeutic alternative.

PubMed

Maduell, Francisco; Arias, Marta; Durán, Carlos E; Vera, Manel; Fontseré, Néstor; Azqueta, Manel; Rico, Nayra; Pérez, Nuria; Sentis, Alexis; Elena, Montserrat; Rodriguez, Néstor; Arcal, Carola; Bergadá, Eduardo; Cases, Aleix; Bedini, Jose Luis; Campistol, Josep M

2012-04-01

Longer and more frequent dialysis sessions have demonstrated excellent survival and clinical advantages, while online haemodiafiltration (OL-HDF) provides the most efficient form of dialysis treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the beneficial effects of a longer (nocturnal) and more frequent (every-other-day) dialysis schedule with OL-HDF at the same or the highest convective volume. This prospective, in-centre crossover study was carried out in 26 patients, 18 males and 8 females, 49.2±14 years old, on 4-5 h thrice-weekly post-dilution OL-HDF, switched to nocturnal every-other-day OL-HDF. Patient inclusion criteria consisted of stable patients with good vascular access and with good prospects for improved occupational, psychological and social rehabilitation. Patients were randomly assigned into two groups: Group A received the same convective volume as previously for 6 months followed by a higher convective volume for a further 6 months, while Group B received the same schedule in reverse order. Nocturnal every-other-day OL-HDF was well tolerated and 56% of patients who were working during the baseline period continued to work throughout the study with practically no absenteeism. The convective volume was 26.7±2 L at baseline, 27.5±2 with the unchanged volume and 42.9±4 L with the higher volume. eKt/V increased from 1.75±0.4 to 3.37±0.9. Bicarbonate, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine values decreased, while phosphate levels fell markedly with a 90% reduction in phosphate binders. Blood pressure and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) improved and the use of anti-hypertensive drugs decreased. In both groups, BUN, creatinine and β2-microglobulin reduction ratios improved. Different removal patterns were observed for myoglobin, prolactin and α1-acid glycoprotein. Nocturnal every-other-day OL-HDF could be an excellent therapeutic alternative since good tolerance and occupational rehabilitation, marked improvement in dialysis dose, nutritional status, LVH, phosphate and hypertension control and a substantial reduction in drug requirements were observed. In this crossover study, different removal patterns of large solutes were identified.

Quantifying Contaminant Mass for the Feasibility Study of the DuPont Chambers Works FUSRAP Site - 13510

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Young, Carl; Rahman, Mahmudur; Johnson, Ann

2013-07-01

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) - Philadelphia District is conducting an environmental restoration at the DuPont Chambers Works in Deepwater, New Jersey under the Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program (FUSRAP). Discrete locations are contaminated with natural uranium, thorium-230 and radium-226. The USACE is proposing a preferred remedial alternative consisting of excavation and offsite disposal to address soil contamination followed by monitored natural attenuation to address residual groundwater contamination. Methods were developed to quantify the error associated with contaminant volume estimates and use mass balance calculations of the uranium plume to estimate the removal efficiency of the proposedmore » alternative. During the remedial investigation, the USACE collected approximately 500 soil samples at various depths. As the first step of contaminant mass estimation, soil analytical data was segmented into several depth intervals. Second, using contouring software, analytical data for each depth interval was contoured to determine lateral extent of contamination. Six different contouring algorithms were used to generate alternative interpretations of the lateral extent of the soil contamination. Finally, geographical information system software was used to produce a three dimensional model in order to present both lateral and vertical extent of the soil contamination and to estimate the volume of impacted soil for each depth interval. The average soil volume from all six contouring methods was used to determine the estimated volume of impacted soil. This method also allowed an estimate of a standard deviation of the waste volume estimate. It was determined that the margin of error for the method was plus or minus 17% of the waste volume, which is within the acceptable construction contingency for cost estimation. USACE collected approximately 190 groundwater samples from 40 monitor wells. It is expected that excavation and disposal of contaminated soil will remove the contaminant source zone and significantly reduce contaminant concentrations in groundwater. To test this assumption, a mass balance evaluation was performed to estimate the amount of dissolved uranium that would remain in the groundwater after completion of soil excavation. As part of this evaluation, average groundwater concentrations for the pre-excavation and post-excavation aquifer plume area were calculated to determine the percentage of plume removed during excavation activities. In addition, the volume of the plume removed during excavation dewatering was estimated. The results of the evaluation show that approximately 98% of the aqueous uranium would be removed during the excavation phase. The USACE expects that residual levels of contamination will remain in groundwater after excavation of soil but at levels well suited for the selection of excavation combined with monitored natural attenuation as a preferred alternative. (authors)« less

Selected Bibliographies for Pharmaceutical Supply Systems. Volume 5: Pharmaceutical Supply Systems Bibliographies. International Health Planning Reference Series.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schaumann, Leif

Intended as a companion piece to volume 7 in the Method Series, Pharmaceutical Supply System Planning (CE 024 234), this fifth of six volumes in the International Health Planning Reference Series is a combined literature review and annotated bibliography dealing with alternative methodologies for planning and analyzing pharmaceutical supply…

Systems definition study for shuttle demonstration flights of large space structures. Volume 3: Thermal analyses

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1979-01-01

the development of large space structure technology is discussed. A detailed thermal analysis of a model space fabricated 1 meter beam is presented. Alternative thermal coatings are evaluated, and deflections, stresses, and stiffness variations resulting from flight orientations and solar conditions are predicted.

Scheduling language and algorithm development study. Volume 1, phase 2: Design considerations for a scheduling and resource allocation system

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Morrell, R. A.; Odoherty, R. J.; Ramsey, H. R.; Reynolds, C. C.; Willoughby, J. K.; Working, R. D.

1975-01-01

Data and analyses related to a variety of algorithms for solving typical large-scale scheduling and resource allocation problems are presented. The capabilities and deficiencies of various alternative problem solving strategies are discussed from the viewpoint of computer system design.

Innovative Concepts and Technology for Railroad-Highway Grade Crossing Motorist Warning Systems : Volume 2. The Generation and Analysis of Alternative Concepts

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1977-09-01

The report describes the results of a study directed toward the generation, analysis and evaluation of innovative conceptual and technical approaches to train-activated motorist warning systems for use at railroad-highway grade crossings. Particular ...

20180311 - Resources and Alternative Publication Streams for Big Data (SOT 2018)

EPA Science Inventory

The volume of data and associated myriad of data analyses conducted to support toxicological research studies has been expanding for years and there is little indication that it will be slowing. Traditional publication methods offer, at best, a summary of the data underlying a re...

Potential Means of Cost Reduction in Grade Crossing Motorist-Warning Control Equipment : Volume 1. Overview, Technology Survey and Relay Alternatives

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1977-12-01

The results of a recent study of railroad-highway grade crossing warning system technology are presented. Emphasis in the investigation was placed on the determination of the potential for significant reduction in equipment, installation and maintena...

Alternatives for Jet Engine Control. Volume 1: Modelling and Control Design with Jet Engine Data

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sain, M. K.

1985-01-01

This document compiles a comprehensive list of publications supported by, or related to, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Grant NSG-3048, entitled "Alternatives for Jet Engine Control". Dr. Kurt Seldner was the original Technical Officer for the grant, at Lewis Research Center. Dr. Bruce Lehtinen was the final Technical Officer. At the University of Notre Dame, Drs. Michael K. Sain and R. Jeffrey Leake were the original Project Directors, with Dr. Sain becoming the final Project Director. Publications cover work over a ten-year period. The Final Report is divided into two parts. Volume i, "Modelling and Control Design with Jet Engine Data", follows in this report. Volume 2, "Modelling and Control Design with Tensors", has been bound separately.

Outer planet entry probe system study. Volume 1: Summary

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1972-01-01

General mission considerations and science prospectus, which are of a general nature that applies to several or all planetary applications, are presented. Five probe systems are defined: nominal Jupiter probe system, and Jupiter probe-dedicated alternative probe system, Jupiter spacecraft radiation-compatible alternative probe system, Saturn probe system, and Saturn probe applicability for Uranus. Parametric analysis is summarized for mission analysis of a general nature, and then for specific missions to Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The program is also discussed from the hardware availability viewpoint and the aspect of commonality.

Symposium on Applied Mathematical Programming and Modeling (APMOD93) Held in Budapest, Hungary on January 6-8, 1993. Volume of Extended Abstracts

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-01-08

rectangular ones. Therefore, symmetrical equivalent solutions go by group of four and will have the same cost. Figuret. Our B&B method will not create, study ...If group members will agree in the ranking of a subset of the alternatives (the top set of one, two, three, four -_.., alternatives), what changes...T., Szillery A. Spreadsheet-Based Model Building and Multiple Criteria Group Decision Support 49 Black, J.A., Seyed-Mosseini, S.M. Traffic Models for

CleanFleet final report. Volume 4, fuel economy

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1995-12-01

The South Coast Alternative Fuels Demonstration, called CleanFleet, was conducted in the Los Angeles area from April 1992 through September 1994. The demonstration consisted of 111 package delivery vans operating on five alternative fuels and the con...

INVESTIGATION OF WASTE RAG GENERATION AT NAVAL STATION MAYPORT

EPA Science Inventory

This report presents the results of an investigation examining pollution prevention alternatives for reducing the volume of waste rags generated at Naval Station Mayport, located near Jacksonville Beach, Florida. he report recommends five specific pollution prevention alternative...

CleanFleet final report. Volume 6, occupational hygiene

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1995-12-01

The South Coast Alternative Fuels Demonstration, called CleanFleet, was conducted in the Los Angeles area from April 1992 through September 1994. The demonstration consisted of 111 package delivery vans operating on five alternative fuels and the con...

CleanFleet final report. Volume 5, employee attitude assessment

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1995-12-01

The South Coast Alternative Fuels Demonstration, called CleanFleet, was conducted in the Los Angeles area from April 1992 through September 1994. The demonstration consisted of 111 package delivery vans operating on five alternative fuels and the con...

Cogeneration technology alternatives study. Volume 6: Computer data

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1980-01-01

The potential technical capabilities of energy conversion systems in the 1985 - 2000 time period were defined with emphasis on systems using coal, coal-derived fuels or alternate fuels. Industrial process data developed for the large energy consuming industries serve as a framework for the cogeneration applications. Ground rules for the study were established and other necessary equipment (balance-of-plant) was defined. This combination of technical information, energy conversion system data ground rules, industrial process information and balance-of-plant characteristics was analyzed to evaluate energy consumption, capital and operating costs and emissions. Data in the form of computer printouts developed for 3000 energy conversion system-industrial process combinations are presented.

An Experimental Study of High Strength-High Volume Fly Ash Concrete for Sustainable Construction Industry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kate, Gunavant K.; Thakare, Sunil B., Dr.

2017-08-01

Concrete is the most widely used building material in the construction of infrastructures such as buildings, bridges, highways, dams, and many other facilities. This paper reports the development, the basic idea, the main properties of high strength-high volume fly ash with application in concrete associated with the development and implementation of Sustainable Properties of High Volume Fly Ash Concrete (HVFAC) Mixtures and Early Age Shrinkage and mechanical properties of concrete for 7,28,56 and 90days. Another alternative to make environment-friendly concrete is the development of high strength-high-volume fly ash concrete which is an synthesized from materials of geological origin or by-product materials such as fly ash which is rich in silicon and aluminum. In this paper 6 concrete mixtures were produced to evaluate the effect of key parameters on the mechanical properties of concrete and its behavior. The study key parameters are; binder material content, cement replacement ratios, and the steel fibers used to High Volume Fly Ash mixtures for increasing performance of concrete.

Review of Army Analysis. Volume 2. Appendixes C-M

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-04-01

In most Army studies, the identifica-tion of new or changed alternatives occurs during the study de - spite efforts at early deflnition, Study...in time to support each major acquisition de -V..i cision milestone, Operational testing activities are similiarly timed, Thus, it frequently occurs...Engineer School i. Transportation School J. Quarter Master School k. Missile & Munition School 1. Intelligence School ! m. Signal School ii. Military

Alternate space shuttle concepts study. Part 2: Technical summary. Volume 2: Orbiter definition

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1971-01-01

A study was conducted of a three-engined external hydrogen tank orbiter/heat sink booster utilizing 415 K sea level thrust engines. The results of the study, pertaining to the orbiter portion of the configuration, are presented. A complete summary of characteristics is given for the external tank configuration along with some comparative data for a conventional internal tank configuration.

Earth Observatory Satellite system definition study. Report no. 3: Design/cost tradeoff studies. Appendix E: EOS program supporting system trade data. Part 2: System trade studies no. 9 - 19

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1974-01-01

The relative merits of several international data acquisition (IDA) alternatives for the Earth Observatory Satellite (EOS) are established and rated on a cost effectiveness basis. The primary alternatives under consideration are: (1) direct transmission to foreign ground stations, (2) a wideband video tape recorder system for collection of foreign data and processing and distribution from the United States, and (3) a tracking and data relay satellite (TDRS) system for the relay of foreign data to the United States for processing and distribution. A requirements model is established for the analysis on the basis of the heaviest concentration of agricultural areas around the world. The model, the orbit path and the constraints of EOS and data volume summaries are presented. Alternative system descriptions and costs are given in addition to cost-performance summaries.

Interior design of the lunar outpost

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kennedy, Kriss J.

1990-01-01

This paper is part of an ongoing study on the interior design of a lunar outpost habitat facility. The concept presented represents the work done up to and including August 1989. This concept is part of NASA's ongoing effort to explore alternative options for planet surface systems habitation. Results of a volume analog study to determine the required pressurized volume are presented along with an internal layout of the habitat facility. The concept presented in this paper is a constructible lunar habitat that provides a living and working environment for a crew of 12. It is a 16-m diameter spherical pneumatic structure which contains 2145 cubic meters of volume. Five levels of living and working areas make up the 742 sq m of floor space. A 2-m vertical circulation shaft at the center allows for transfer of crew and equipment.

The effects of Cosmos caudatus (ulam raja) on dynamic and cellular bone histomorphometry in ovariectomized rats

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Background Cosmos caudatus is a local plant which has antioxidant properties and contains high calcium. It is also reported to be able to strengthen the bone. This report is an extension to previously published article in Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (doi:10.1155/2012/817814). In this study, we determined the effectiveness of C. caudatus as an alternative treatment for osteoporosis due to post-menopause by looking at the dynamic and cellular paramaters of bone histomorphometry. Methods Forty female Wistar rats were divided into four groups i.e. sham operated, ovariectomized, ovariectomized treated with calcium 1% ad libitum and ovariectomized force-fed with 500 mg/kg C. caudatus extract. Treatment was given six days a week for eight weeks. Results Dynamic and cellular histomorphometry parameters were measured. C. caudatus increased double-labeled surface (dLS/BS), mineral appositional rate (MAR), osteoid volume (OV/BV) and osteoblast surface (Ob.S/BS). C. caudatus also gave better results compared to calcium 1% in the osteoid volume (OV/BV) parameter. Conclusions C. caudatus at the 500 mg/kg dose may be an alternative treatment in restoring bone damage that may occur in post-menopausal women. PMID:23800238

The effects of Cosmos caudatus (ulam raja) on dynamic and cellular bone histomorphometry in ovariectomized rats.

PubMed

Mohamed, Norazlina; Sahhugi, Zulaikha; Ramli, Elvy Suhana Mohd; Muhammad, Norliza

2013-06-24

Cosmos caudatus is a local plant which has antioxidant properties and contains high calcium. It is also reported to be able to strengthen the bone. This report is an extension to previously published article in Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (doi:10.1155/2012/817814). In this study, we determined the effectiveness of C. caudatus as an alternative treatment for osteoporosis due to post-menopause by looking at the dynamic and cellular paramaters of bone histomorphometry. Forty female Wistar rats were divided into four groups i.e. sham operated, ovariectomized, ovariectomized treated with calcium 1% ad libitum and ovariectomized force-fed with 500 mg/kg C. caudatus extract. Treatment was given six days a week for eight weeks. Dynamic and cellular histomorphometry parameters were measured. C. caudatus increased double-labeled surface (dLS/BS), mineral appositional rate (MAR), osteoid volume (OV/BV) and osteoblast surface (Ob.S/BS). C. caudatus also gave better results compared to calcium 1% in the osteoid volume (OV/BV) parameter. C. caudatus at the 500 mg/kg dose may be an alternative treatment in restoring bone damage that may occur in post-menopausal women.

Orbital operations study. Volume 2: Interfacing activities analysis. Part 4: Support operations activity group

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Steinwachs, W. L.; Patrick, J. W.; Galvin, D. M.; Turkel, S. H.

1972-01-01

The findings of the support operations activity group of the orbital operations study are presented. Element interfaces, alternate approaches, design concepts, operational procedures, functional requirements, design influences, and approach selection are presented. The following areas are considered: (1) crew transfer, (2) cargo transfer, (3) propellant transfer, (4) attached element operations, and (5) attached element transport.

Spacelab Level 4 Programmatic Implementation Assessment Study. Volume 4: Executive summary

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1978-01-01

The study objectives of the Spacelab level 4 analysis were defined, along with the most significant results. The approach used in the synthesis and selection of alternate level 4 integration is described; the options included distributed site, lead center, and launch site. Principal characteristics, as well as the functional flow diagrams for each option, are presented and explained.

Cine Computed Tomography Without Respiratory Surrogate in Planning Stereotactic Radiotherapy for Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Riegel, Adam C. B.A.; Chang, Joe Y.; Vedam, Sastry S.

2009-02-01

Purpose: To determine whether cine computed tomography (CT) can serve as an alternative to four-dimensional (4D)-CT by providing tumor motion information and producing equivalent target volumes when used to contour in radiotherapy planning without a respiratory surrogate. Methods and Materials: Cine CT images from a commercial CT scanner were used to form maximum intensity projection and respiratory-averaged CT image sets. These image sets then were used together to define the targets for radiotherapy. Phantoms oscillating under irregular motion were used to assess the differences between contouring using cine CT and 4D-CT. We also retrospectively reviewed the image sets for 26more » patients (27 lesions) at our institution who had undergone stereotactic radiotherapy for Stage I non-small-cell lung cancer. The patients were included if the tumor motion was >1 cm. The lesions were first contoured using maximum intensity projection and respiratory-averaged CT image sets processed from cine CT and then with 4D-CT maximum intensity projection and 10-phase image sets. The mean ratios of the volume magnitude were compared with intraobserver variation, the mean centroid shifts were calculated, and the volume overlap was assessed with the normalized Dice similarity coefficient index. Results: The phantom studies demonstrated that cine CT captured a greater extent of irregular tumor motion than did 4D-CT, producing a larger tumor volume. The patient studies demonstrated that the gross tumor defined using cine CT imaging was similar to, or slightly larger than, that defined using 4D-CT. Conclusion: The results of our study have shown that cine CT is a promising alternative to 4D-CT for stereotactic radiotherapy planning.« less

Focus on Evaluation and Measurement. Proceedings of the National Research Symposium on Limited English Proficient Student Issues (Washington, D.C., September 1991). Volumes 1 and 2.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

1992

This document is comprised of a two-volume conference proceedings. The first volume includes the following papers: "Application of Multiple Intelligences: Research in Alternative Assessment" (Joseph Walters) Discussants: Vera John-Steiner, Sue Teele; "Improving Bilingual Education Programs through Evaluation" (Alan L. Ginsburg); "Language Testing…

CleanFleet final report. Volume 3, vehicle maintenance and durability

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1995-12-01

The South Coast Alternative Fuels Demonstration, called CleanFleet, was conducted in the Los Angeles area from April 1992 through September 1994. The demonstration consisted of 111 package delivery vans operating on five alternative fuels and the con...

CleanFleet final report. Volume 2, project design and implementation

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1995-12-01

The South Coast Alternative Fuels Demonstration, called CleanFleet, was conducted in the Los Angeles area from April 1992 through September 1994. The project evaluated five alternative motor fuels in commercial fleet service over a two-year period. T...

Industrial Fuel Gas Demonstration Plant Program. Volume 1. Demonstration plant environmental analysis (Deliverable No. 27)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gray, Robert W.; Swift, Richard J.; Krause, Arthur J.

1979-08-01

This environmental report describes the proposed action to construct, test and operate a coal gasification demonstration plant in Memphis, Tennessee, under the co-sponsorship of the Memphis Light, Gas and Water Division (MLGW) and the US Department of Energy (DOE). This document is Volume I of a three-volume Environmental Report. Volume I consists of the Summary, Introduction and the Description of the Proposed Action. Volume II consists of the Description of the Existing Environment. Volume III contains the Environmental Impacts of the Proposed Action, Mitigating Measures and Alternatives to the Proposed Action.

ACUTE STUDIES OF INHALED CHLORINE IN F344 RATS SUGGEST ALTERNATIVE TO HABER'S RULE FOR RISK EXTRAPOLATIONS

EPA Science Inventory

Chlorine (CI2), a high-production volume air pollutant, is an irritant of interest to homeland security. Risk assessment approaches to establish egress or re-entry levels typically use an assumption based on Haber's Rule and apply a concentration times duration ("C x t") adjustme...

Study of solid rocket motors for a space shuttle booster. Volume 2, book 3: Cost estimating data

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Vanderesch, A. H.

1972-01-01

Cost estimating data for the 156 inch diameter, parallel burn solid rocket propellant engine selected for the space shuttle booster are presented. The costing aspects on the baseline motor are initially considered. From the baseline, sufficient data is obtained to provide cost estimates of alternate approaches.

Evolutionary space platform concept study. Volume 2, part B: Manned space platform concepts

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1982-01-01

Logical, cost-effective steps in the evolution of manned space platforms are investigated and assessed. Tasks included the analysis of requirements for a manned space platform, identifying alternative concepts, performing system analysis and definition of the concepts, comparing the concepts and performing programmatic analysis for a reference concept.

Vouchers and the Provision of Public Services.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Steuerle, C. Eugene, Ed.; Ooms, Van Doorn, Ed.; Peterson, George E., Ed.; Reischauer, Robert D., Ed.

Studies in this volume provide a comprehensive examination of the use of vouchers. The contributions to this book examine a variety of applications in such areas as education, child care, employment training, housing, food, and health care, and they discuss the dimensions along which vouchers should be compared to alternative delivery mechanisms.…

In-space propellant systems safety. Volume 3: System safety analysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1972-01-01

The primary objective was to examine from a system safety viewpoint in-space propellant logistic elements and operations to define the potential hazards and to recommend means to reduce, eliminate or control them. A secondary objective was to conduct trade studies of specific systems or operations to determine the safest of alternate approaches.

Practical methods for generating alternating magnetic fields for biomedical research

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Christiansen, Michael G.; Howe, Christina M.; Bono, David C.; Perreault, David J.; Anikeeva, Polina

2017-08-01

Alternating magnetic fields (AMFs) cause magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to dissipate heat while leaving surrounding tissue unharmed, a mechanism that serves as the basis for a variety of emerging biomedical technologies. Unfortunately, the challenges and costs of developing experimental setups commonly used to produce AMFs with suitable field amplitudes and frequencies present a barrier to researchers. This paper first presents a simple, cost-effective, and robust alternative for small AMF working volumes that uses soft ferromagnetic cores to focus the flux into a gap. As the experimental length scale increases to accommodate animal models (working volumes of 100s of cm3 or greater), poor thermal conductivity and volumetrically scaled core losses render that strategy ineffective. Comparatively feasible strategies for these larger volumes instead use low loss resonant tank circuits to generate circulating currents of 1 kA or greater in order to produce the comparable field amplitudes. These principles can be extended to the problem of identifying practical routes for scaling AMF setups to humans, an infrequently acknowledged challenge that influences the extent to which many applications of MNPs may ever become clinically relevant.

Integrated nonthermal treatment system study

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Biagi, C.; Bahar, D.; Teheranian, B.

1997-01-01

This report presents the results of a study of nonthermal treatment technologies. The study consisted of a systematic assessment of five nonthermal treatment alternatives. The treatment alternatives consist of widely varying technologies for safely destroying the hazardous organic components, reducing the volume, and preparing for final disposal of the contact-handled mixed low-level waste (MLLW) currently stored in the US Department of Energy complex. The alternatives considered were innovative nonthermal treatments for organic liquids and sludges, process residue, soil and debris. Vacuum desorption or various washing approaches are considered for treatment of soil, residue and debris. Organic destruction methods include mediatedmore » electrochemical oxidation, catalytic wet oxidation, and acid digestion. Other methods studied included stabilization technologies and mercury separation of treatment residues. This study is a companion to the integrated thermal treatment study which examined 19 alternatives for thermal treatment of MLLW waste. The quantities and physical and chemical compositions of the input waste are based on the inventory database developed by the US Department of Energy. The Integrated Nonthermal Treatment Systems (INTS) systems were evaluated using the same waste input (2,927 pounds per hour) as the Integrated Thermal Treatment Systems (ITTS). 48 refs., 68 figs., 37 tabs.« less

Performance of alternative diamond interchange forms : Volume II--guidelines for selecting alternative diamond interchanges.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2017-01-01

Service interchanges connect freeways to arterial roads and are the backbone of the U.S. road network. Improving the operations of service interchanges is possible by applying one of several new solutions: diverging diamond, single point interchanges...

Computer-Based Resource Accounting Model for Generating Aggregate Resource Impacts of Alternative Automobile Technologies : Volume 1. Fleet Attributes Model

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1977-01-01

Auto production and operation consume energy, material, capital and labor resources. Numerous substitution possibilities exist within and between resource sectors, corresponding to the broad spectrum of potential design technologies. Alternative auto...

Steel slag: a waste industrial by-product as an alternative sustainable green building material in construction applications--an attempt for solid waste management.

PubMed

Pofale, Arun D; Nadeem, Mohammed

2012-01-01

This investigation explores the possibility of utilizing granular slag as an alternative to fine aggregate (natural sand) in construction applications like masonry and plastering. Construction industry utilizes large volume of fine aggregate in all the applications which has resulted into shortage of good quality naturally available fine aggregate. Use of granular slag serves two fold purposes, i.e. waste utilisation as well as alternative eco-friendly green building material for construction. The investigation highlights comparative study of properties with partial and full replacement of fine aggregate (natural sand) by granular slag in cement mortar applications (masonry and plastering). For this purpose, cement mortar mix proportions from 1:3, 1:4, 1:5 & 1:6 by volume were selected for 0, 25, 50, 75 & 100% replacement levels with w/c ratios of 0.60, 0.65, 0.70 & 0.72 respectively. Based on the study results, it could be inferred that replacement of natural sand with granular slag from 25 to 75% increased the packing density of mortar which resulted into reduced w/c ratio, increased strength properties of all mortar mixes. Hence, it could be recommended that the granular slag could be effectively utilized as fine aggregate in masonry and plastering applications in place of conventional cement mortar mixes using natural sand.

Numerical aerodynamic simulation facility preliminary study, volume 2 and appendices

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1977-01-01

Data to support results obtained in technology assessment studies are presented. Objectives, starting points, and future study tasks are outlined. Key design issues discussed in appendices include: data allocation, transposition network design, fault tolerance and trustworthiness, logic design, processing element of existing components, number of processors, the host system, alternate data base memory designs, number representation, fast div 521 instruction, architectures, and lockstep array versus synchronizable array machine comparison.

Breast Volume Measurement by Recycling the Data Obtained From 2 Routine Modalities, Mammography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

PubMed

Itsukage, Shizu; Sowa, Yoshihiro; Goto, Mariko; Taguchi, Tetsuya; Numajiri, Toshiaki

2017-01-01

Objective: Preoperative prediction of breast volume is important in the planning of breast reconstructive surgery. In this study, we prospectively estimated the accuracy of measurement of breast volume using data from 2 routine modalities, mammography and magnetic resonance imaging, by comparison with volumes of mastectomy specimens. Methods: The subjects were 22 patients (24 breasts) who were scheduled to undergo total mastectomy for breast cancer. Preoperatively, magnetic resonance imaging volume measurement was performed using a medical imaging system and the mammographic volume was calculated using a previously proposed formula. Volumes of mastectomy specimens were measured intraoperatively using a method based on Archimedes' principle and Newton's third law. Results: The average breast volumes measured on magnetic resonance imaging and mammography were 318.47 ± 199.4 mL and 325.26 ± 217.36 mL, respectively. The correlation coefficients with mastectomy specimen volumes were 0.982 for magnetic resonance imaging and 0.911 for mammography. Conclusions: Breast volume measurement using magnetic resonance imaging was highly accurate but requires data analysis software. In contrast, breast volume measurement with mammography requires only a simple formula and is sufficiently accurate, although the accuracy was lower than that obtained with magnetic resonance imaging. These results indicate that mammography could be an alternative modality for breast volume measurement as a substitute for magnetic resonance imaging.

Breast Volume Measurement by Recycling the Data Obtained From 2 Routine Modalities, Mammography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

PubMed Central

Itsukage, Shizu; Goto, Mariko; Taguchi, Tetsuya; Numajiri, Toshiaki

2017-01-01

Objective: Preoperative prediction of breast volume is important in the planning of breast reconstructive surgery. In this study, we prospectively estimated the accuracy of measurement of breast volume using data from 2 routine modalities, mammography and magnetic resonance imaging, by comparison with volumes of mastectomy specimens. Methods: The subjects were 22 patients (24 breasts) who were scheduled to undergo total mastectomy for breast cancer. Preoperatively, magnetic resonance imaging volume measurement was performed using a medical imaging system and the mammographic volume was calculated using a previously proposed formula. Volumes of mastectomy specimens were measured intraoperatively using a method based on Archimedes’ principle and Newton's third law. Results: The average breast volumes measured on magnetic resonance imaging and mammography were 318.47 ± 199.4 mL and 325.26 ± 217.36 mL, respectively. The correlation coefficients with mastectomy specimen volumes were 0.982 for magnetic resonance imaging and 0.911 for mammography. Conclusions: Breast volume measurement using magnetic resonance imaging was highly accurate but requires data analysis software. In contrast, breast volume measurement with mammography requires only a simple formula and is sufficiently accurate, although the accuracy was lower than that obtained with magnetic resonance imaging. These results indicate that mammography could be an alternative modality for breast volume measurement as a substitute for magnetic resonance imaging. PMID:29308107

Harvard Education Letter, 1999.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Graves-Desai, Kelly, Ed.

1999-01-01

This document is comprised of the six issues in volume 15 of the Harvard Education Letter, a bimonthly newsletter addressing current issues in elementary and secondary education. Articles in this volume include the following: (1) January-February--"Retention vs. Social Promotion: Schools Search for Alternatives" (Kelly), and "School…

Probing Aircraft Flight Test Hazard Mitigation for the Alternative Fuel Effects on Contrails and Cruise Emissions (ACCESS) Research Team . Volume 2; Appendices

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kelly, Michael J.

2013-01-01

The Alternative Fuel Effects on Contrails and Cruise Emissions (ACCESS) Project Integration Manager requested in July 2012 that the NASA Engineering and Safety Center (NESC) form a team to independently assess aircraft structural failure hazards associated with the ACCESS experiment and to identify potential flight test hazard mitigations to ensure flight safety. The ACCESS Project Integration Manager subsequently requested that the assessment scope be focused predominantly on structural failure risks to the aircraft empennage (horizontal and vertical tail). This report contains the Appendices to Volume I.

An Evaluation of the Cost Effectiveness of Alternative Compensatory Reading Programs, Volume IV: Cost Analysis of Summer Programs. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Al-Salam, Nabeel; Flynn, Donald L.

This report describes the results of a study of the cost and cost effectiveness of 27 summer reading programs, carried through as part of a large-scale evaluation of compensatory reading programs. Three other reports describe cost and cost-effectiveness studies of programs during the regular school year. On an instructional-hour basis, the total…

In-space propellant logistics. Volume 1: Executive summary

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1972-01-01

The study addresses the systems and operational problems associated with the transport, transfer, and storage of cryogenic propellants in low earth orbits. The safety problems connected with in-space propellant logistics operations are also considered.Correlation between the two projects was maintained by including safety considerations, resulting from the system safety analysis, in the trade studies and evaluations of alternate operating concepts in the systems operations analysis.

Military Hydrology. Report 12. Case Study Evaluation of Alternative Dam-Breach Flood Wave Methods. Volume 1. Main Report.

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-11-01

Report Organization. .................... 7 *PART 11: CASE STUDIES .......................... 9 Teton Dam Failure Flood. ...................... 9...channel, (3) Laurel Run Dam , and (4) Stillhouse Hollow Dam . The Laurel Run and Teton case studies involved field data sets from actual dam failures. The...hypothetical prismatic channel case study used the Teton reservoir and dam data but replaced the complex Teton Valley geometry with a prismatic channel

Metropolitan Washington Area Water Supply Study. Appendix G. Non-Structural Studies.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-09-01

should minimize any impacts to the surrounding areas. The effects of land application systems on the socio -economic aspects of a community include... conflict this outfall might create with respect to the Washington Aqueduct Emergency Estuary Pumping Station. The operation of this intake, designed for...PB 214 970). " Socio -Economic Impact Study of Alternative Water Supply Systems," Annex D, Volume II, Washington Metropolitan Area Water Supply Study

Locomotive cab design development. Volume 1 : analysis of locomotive cab environment & development of cab design alternatives

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1976-10-01

This report presents an analysis of the line haul freight : engineer's working and living environment, the resultant locomotive : cab design and design alternatives. The analysis is based on a : delineation of functional requirements found in current...

A Study of a Lifting Body as a Space Station Crew Exigency Return Vehicle (CERV)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

MacConochie, Ian O.

2000-01-01

A lifting body is described for use as a return vehicle for crews from a space station. Reentry trajectories, subsystem weights and performance, and costs are included. The baseline vehicle is sized for a crew of eight. An alternate configuration is shown in which only four crew are carried with the extra volume reserved for logistics cargo. A water parachute recovery system is shown as an emergency alternative to a runway landing. Primary reaction control thrusters from the Shuttle program are used for orbital maneuvering while the Shuttle verniers are used for all attitude control maneuvers.

Right ventricular volumes assessed by echocardiographic three-dimensional knowledge-based reconstruction compared with magnetic resonance imaging in a clinical setting.

PubMed

Neukamm, Christian; Try, Kirsti; Norgård, Gunnar; Brun, Henrik

2014-01-01

A technique that uses two-dimensional images to create a knowledge-based, three-dimensional model was tested and compared to magnetic resonance imaging. Measurement of right ventricular volumes and function is important in the follow-up of patients after pulmonary valve replacement. Magnetic resonance imaging is the gold standard for volumetric assessment. Echocardiographic methods have been validated and are attractive alternatives. Thirty patients with tetralogy of Fallot (25 ± 14 years) after pulmonary valve replacement were examined. Magnetic resonance imaging volumetric measurements and echocardiography-based three-dimensional reconstruction were performed. End-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, and ejection fraction were measured, and the results were compared. Magnetic resonance imaging measurements gave coefficient of variation in the intraobserver study of 3.5, 4.6, and 5.3 and in the interobserver study of 3.6, 5.9, and 6.7 for end-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, and ejection fraction, respectively. Echocardiographic three-dimensional reconstruction was highly feasible (97%). In the intraobserver study, the corresponding values were 6.0, 7.0, and 8.9 and in the interobserver study 7.4, 10.8, and 13.4. In comparison of the methods, correlations with magnetic resonance imaging were r = 0.91, 0.91, and 0.38, and the corresponding coefficient of variations were 9.4, 10.8, and 14.7. Echocardiography derived volumes (mL/m(2)) were significantly higher than magnetic resonance imaging volumes in end-diastolic volume 13.7 ± 25.6 and in end-systolic volume 9.1 ± 17.0 (both P < .05). The knowledge-based three-dimensional right ventricular volume method was highly feasible. Intra and interobserver variabilities were satisfactory. Agreement with magnetic resonance imaging measurements for volumes was reasonable but unsatisfactory for ejection fraction. Knowledge-based reconstruction may replace magnetic resonance imaging measurements for serial follow-up, whereas magnetic resonance imaging should be used for surgical decision making.

Megawatt Class Nuclear Space Power Systems (MCNSPS) conceptual design and evaluation report. Volume 3, technologies 2: Power conversion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wetch, J. R.

1988-01-01

The major power conversion concepts considered for the Megawatt Class Nuclear Space Power System (MCNSPS) are discussed. These concepts include: (1) Rankine alkali-metal-vapor turbine alternators; (2) in-core thermionic conversion; (3) Brayton gas turbine alternators; and (4) free piston Stirling engine linear alternators. Considerations important to the coupling of these four conversion alternatives to an appropriate nuclear reactor heat source are examined along with the comparative performance characteristics of the combined systems meeting MCNSPS requirements.

Study of a comet rendezvous mission, volume 1

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1972-01-01

The feasibility, scientific objectives, modes of exploration and implementation alternatives of a rendezvous mission to Encke's comet in 1984 are considered. Principal emphasis is placed on developing the scientific rationale for such a mission, based on available knowledge and best estimates of this comet's physical characteristics, including current theories of its origin, evolution and composition. Studied are mission profile alternatives, performance tradeoffs, preferred exploration strategy, and a spacecraft design concept capable of performing this mission. The study showed that the major scientific objectives can be met by a Titan IIID/Centaur-launched 17.5 kw solar electric propulsion spacecraft which carries 60 kg of scientific instruments and is capable of extensive maneuvering within the comet envelope to explore the coma, tail and nucleus.

Photovoltaic venture analysis. Final report. Volume I. Executive summary

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Costello, D.; Posner, D.; Schiffel, D.

1978-07-01

The objective of the study, government programs under investigation, and a brief review of the approach are presented. Potential markets for photovoltaic systems relevant to the study are described. The response of the photovoltaic supply industry is then considered. A model which integrates the supply and demand characteristics of photovoltaics over time was developed. This model also calculates the economic benefits associated with various government subsidy programs. Results are derived under alternative possible supply, demand, and macroeconomic conditions. A probabilistic analysis of the costs and benefits of a $380 million federal photovoltaic procurement initiative, as well as certain alternative strategies,more » is summarized. Conclusions and recommendations based on the analysis are presented.« less

SEI power source alternatives for rovers and other multi-kWe distributed surface applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bents, David J.; Kohout, L. L.; Mckissock, Barbara I.; Rodriguez, C. D.; Withrow, C. A.; Colozza, A.; Hanlon, James C.; Schmitz, Paul C.

1991-01-01

To support the Space Exploration Initiative (SEI), a study was performed to investigate power system alternatives for the rover vehicles and servicers that were subsequently generated for each of these rovers and servicers, candidate power sources incorporating various power generation and energy storage technologies were identified. The technologies were those believed most appropriate to the SEI missions, and included solar, electrochemical, and isotope systems. The candidates were characterized with respect to system mass, deployed area, and volume. For each of the missions a preliminary selection was made. Results of this study depict the available power sources in light of mission requirements as they are currently defined.

Muscle oxygenation of vastus lateralis and medialis muscles during alternating and pulsed current electrical stimulation.

PubMed

Aldayel, Abdulaziz; Muthalib, Makii; Jubeau, Marc; McGuigan, Michael; Nosaka, Kazunori

2011-05-01

This study compared between alternating and pulsed current electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) for muscle oxygenation and blood volume during isometric contractions. Nine healthy men (23-48 years) received alternating current EMS (2500 Hz) modulated at 75 Hz on the knee extensors of one leg, and pulsed current EMS (75 Hz) for the other leg separated by 2 weeks in a randomised, counter-balanced order. Pulse duration (400 μs), on-off ratio (5-15 s) and other stimulation parameters were matched between conditions and 30 isometric contractions were induced at the knee joint angle of 100° (0° full extension). Changes in tissue oxygenation index (∆TOI) and total hemoglobin volume (∆tHb) of vastus lateralis and medialis muscles over 30 contractions were assessed by a near-infrared spectroscopy, and were compared between conditions by a two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Peak torque produced during EMS increased over 30 contractions in response to the increase in the stimulation intensity for pulsed current, but not for the alternating current EMS. The torque during each isometric contraction was less stable in alternating than pulsed current EMS. The changes in ∆TOI amplitude during relaxation phases and ∆tHb amplitude were not significantly different between conditions. However, the decreases in ∆TOI amplitude during contraction phases from baseline were significantly (P < 0.05) greater for the pulsed current than alternating current from the 18th contraction (-15.6 ± 2.3 vs. -8.9 ± 1.8%) to 30th contraction (-10.7 ± 1.8 vs. -4.8 ± 1.5%). These results suggest that the muscles were less activated in the alternating current EMS when compared with the pulsed current EMS.

Catastrophic Regime Shift in Water Reservoirs and São Paulo Water Supply Crisis.

PubMed

Coutinho, Renato M; Kraenkel, Roberto A; Prado, Paulo I

2015-01-01

The relation between rainfall and water accumulated in reservoirs comprises nonlinear feedbacks. Here we show that they may generate alternative equilibrium regimes, one of high water-volume, the other of low water-volume. Reservoirs can be seen as socio-environmental systems at risk of regime shifts, characteristic of tipping point transitions. We analyze data from stored water, rainfall, and water inflow and outflow in the main reservoir serving the metropolitan area of São Paulo, Brazil, by means of indicators of critical regime shifts, and find a strong signal of a transition. We furthermore build a mathematical model that gives a mechanistic view of the dynamics and demonstrates that alternative stable states are an expected property of water reservoirs. We also build a stochastic version of this model that fits well to the data. These results highlight the broader aspect that reservoir management must account for their intrinsic bistability, and should benefit from dynamical systems theory. Our case study illustrates the catastrophic consequences of failing to do so.

Pressure-volume behavior of the upper airway.

PubMed

Fouke, J M; Teeter, J P; Strohl, K P

1986-09-01

The study was performed to investigate the relationship between force generation and upper airway expansion during respiratory efforts by upper airway muscles. In 11 anesthetized dogs we isolated the upper airway (nasal, oral, pharyngeal, and laryngeal regions) by transecting the cervical trachea and sealing the nasal and oral openings. During spontaneous respiratory efforts the pressure within the sealed upper airway, used as an index of dilating force, decreased during inspiration. On alternate breaths the upper airway was opened to a pneumotachograph, and an increase in volume occurred, also during inspiration. Progressive hyperoxic hypercapnia produced by rebreathing increased the magnitude of change in pressure and volume. At any level of drive, peak pressure or volume occurred at the same point during inspiration. At any level of drive, volume and pressure changes increased with end-expiratory occlusion of the trachea. The force-volume relationship determined from measurements during rebreathing was compared with pressure-volume curves performed by passive inflation of the airway while the animal was apneic. The relationship during apnea was 1.06 +/- 0.55 (SD) ml/cmH2O, while the force-volume relationship from rebreathing trials was -1.09 +/- 0.45 ml/cmH2O. We conclude that there is a correspondence between force production and volume expansion in the upper airway during active respiratory efforts.

Satellite Power Systems (SPS) Concept Definition Study. Volume 1: Executive Summary

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hanley, G.

1978-01-01

The evolution of a total satellite power is described as well as major subsystem alternatives. Trade study results are given for satellite concepts, ground receiving antennas, satellite construction sites, and transportation. Point design definition, end-to-end analysis, and programmatics are covered. The GaAlAs photovoltaic concept is recommended as the current preliminary baseline satellite concept with silicon photovoltaic and Rankine cycle solar-thermal concepts as viable alternatives. Geosynchronous orbit is preferred for the construction of the satellite. A horizontal takeoff and landing air breathing rocket HLLV concept is preferred for earth-to-LEO transportation, with vertical takeoff options as viable alternatives. An argon electric orbit transfer vehicle is preferred for cargo transport from LEO and GEO orbit, and a chemical LH2/L02, two-stage orbit transfer vehicle is recommended for crew transport. A stripline rectenna array is the current preferred concept.

Evaluation of innovative devices to control traffic entering from low-volume access points within a land closure.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2014-04-01

This report describes the methodology and results of analyses performed to identify and evaluate : alternative methods to control traffic entering a lane closure on a two-lane, two-way road from low-volume : access points. Researchers documented the ...

Changes in oil content, fatty acid composition, and functional lipid profiles during dry grind ethanol production from corn.

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Demand for alternatives to fossil fuels has resulted in a dramatic increase in ethanol production from corn. The dry grind method has been the major process, resulting in a large volume of dried distiller grains with solubles (DDGS) as a co-product. This presentation reports our study to monitor ...

Cost Study of Educational Media Systems and Their Equipment Components. Volume I, Guidelines for Determining Costs of Media Systems. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

General Learning Corp., Washington, DC.

Objective cost estimates for planning and operating systems should be made after an assessment of administrative factors (school environment) and instructional factors (learning objectives, type of presentation). Specification of appropriate sensory stimuli and the design of alternative systems also precede cost estimations for production,…

A study of space station needs, attributes and architectural options, volume 2, technical. Book 3: Economic benefits, costs and programmatics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1983-01-01

The economic benefits, cost analysis, and industrial uses of the manned space station are investigated. Mission payload costs are examined in relation to alternative architectures and projected technological evolution. Various approaches to industrial involvement for financing, development, and marketing of space station resources are described.

Tetrafluoroethane (R134a) hydrate formation within variable volume reactor accompanied by evaporation and condensation.

PubMed

Jeong, K; Choo, Y S; Hong, H J; Yoon, Y S; Song, M H

2015-03-01

Vast size hydrate formation reactors with fast conversion rate are required for the economic implementation of seawater desalination utilizing gas hydrate technology. The commercial target production rate is order of thousand tons of potable water per day per train. Various heat and mass transfer enhancement schemes including agitation, spraying, and bubbling have been examined to maximize the production capacities in scaled up design of hydrate formation reactors. The present experimental study focused on acquiring basic knowledge needed to design variable volume reactors to produce tetrafluoroethane hydrate slurry. Test vessel was composed of main cavity with fixed volume of 140 ml and auxiliary cavity with variable volume of 0 ∼ 64 ml. Temperatures at multiple locations within vessel and pressure were monitored while visual access was made through front window. Alternating evaporation and condensation induced by cyclic volume change provided agitation due to density differences among water and vapor, liquid and hydrate R134a as well as extended interface area, which improved hydrate formation kinetics coupled with latent heat release and absorption. Influences of coolant temperature, piston stroke/speed, and volume change period on hydrate formation kinetics were investigated. Suggestions of reactor design improvement for future experimental study are also made.

Tetrafluoroethane (R134a) hydrate formation within variable volume reactor accompanied by evaporation and condensation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jeong, K.; Choo, Y. S.; Hong, H. J.

Vast size hydrate formation reactors with fast conversion rate are required for the economic implementation of seawater desalination utilizing gas hydrate technology. The commercial target production rate is order of thousand tons of potable water per day per train. Various heat and mass transfer enhancement schemes including agitation, spraying, and bubbling have been examined to maximize the production capacities in scaled up design of hydrate formation reactors. The present experimental study focused on acquiring basic knowledge needed to design variable volume reactors to produce tetrafluoroethane hydrate slurry. Test vessel was composed of main cavity with fixed volume of 140 mlmore » and auxiliary cavity with variable volume of 0 ∼ 64 ml. Temperatures at multiple locations within vessel and pressure were monitored while visual access was made through front window. Alternating evaporation and condensation induced by cyclic volume change provided agitation due to density differences among water and vapor, liquid and hydrate R134a as well as extended interface area, which improved hydrate formation kinetics coupled with latent heat release and absorption. Influences of coolant temperature, piston stroke/speed, and volume change period on hydrate formation kinetics were investigated. Suggestions of reactor design improvement for future experimental study are also made.« less

Patterns of lung volume use during an extemporaneous speech task in persons with Parkinson disease.

PubMed

Bunton, Kate

2005-01-01

This study examined patterns of lung volume use in speakers with Parkinson disease (PD) during an extemporaneous speaking task. The performance of a control group was also examined. Behaviors described are based on acoustic, kinematic and linguistic measures. Group differences were found in breath group duration, lung volume initiation, and lung volume termination measures. Speakers in the control group alternated between a longer and shorter breath groups. With starting lung volumes being higher for the longer breath groups and lower for shorter breath groups. Speech production was terminated before reaching tidal end expiratory level. This pattern was also seen in 4 of 7 speakers with PD. The remaining 3 PD speakers initiated speech at low starting lung volumes and continued speaking below EEL. This subgroup of PD speakers ended breath groups at agrammatical boundaries, whereas control speakers ended at appropriate grammatical boundaries. As a result of participating in this exercise, the reader will (1) be able to describe the patterns of lung volume use in speakers with Parkinson disease and compare them with those employed by control speakers; and (2) obtain information about the influence of speaking task on speech breathing.

New Internet search volume-based weighting method for integrating various environmental impacts

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ji, Changyoon, E-mail: changyoon@yonsei.ac.kr; Hong, Taehoon, E-mail: hong7@yonsei.ac.kr

Weighting is one of the steps in life cycle impact assessment that integrates various characterized environmental impacts as a single index. Weighting factors should be based on the society's preferences. However, most previous studies consider only the opinion of some people. Thus, this research proposes a new weighting method that determines the weighting factors of environmental impact categories by considering public opinion on environmental impacts using the Internet search volumes for relevant terms. To validate the new weighting method, the weighting factors for six environmental impacts calculated by the new weighting method were compared with the existing weighting factors. Themore » resulting Pearson's correlation coefficient between the new and existing weighting factors was from 0.8743 to 0.9889. It turned out that the new weighting method presents reasonable weighting factors. It also requires less time and lower cost compared to existing methods and likewise meets the main requirements of weighting methods such as simplicity, transparency, and reproducibility. The new weighting method is expected to be a good alternative for determining the weighting factor. - Highlight: • A new weighting method using Internet search volume is proposed in this research. • The new weighting method reflects the public opinion using Internet search volume. • The correlation coefficient between new and existing weighting factors is over 0.87. • The new weighting method can present the reasonable weighting factors. • The proposed method can be a good alternative for determining the weighting factors.« less

Landfill Remediation Feasibility Study, Devens, Massachusetts. Volume 1. Text, Figures, and Tables

DTIC Science & Technology

1997-01-01

REMEDIATION FEASIBILITY STUDY DEVENS , MA Remedial Action Alternative Retained Eliminated PA-i: Cap-in-Place AOCs 9, 11, 40, 41 X Excavate/Dispose... AOC * 9 & 40 LANDFILL REMEDIATION FEASIBIUTY STUDY DEVENS , MA DIRECT COSTS NO FURTHER ACTION SA 6 $ 0 SA 12 0 SA 13 0 AOC 41 0 LIMITED REMOVAL AT AOC ... Fort Devens ), Devens , Massachusetts. 11 12 The FS is being conducted in accordance with the U.S. Environmental

Feasibility Study of Contamination Remediation at Naval Weapons Station, Concord, California. Volume 1. Remedial Action Alternatives.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-09-01

laboratory contaminants. The surface water sampling program was augmented by clam bioaccumulation 0 studies. In these studies, clams were placed in...water and clam bioaccumulation data indicate that several of the metals found in the contaminated surface soils are also ele- vated in the surface...waters and are potentially bioavailable to aquatic organ- isms and may currently impair water quality in these areas. However, clam bioaccumulation data

Factors influencing the difference between forecasted and actual drug sales volumes under the price-volume agreement in South Korea.

PubMed

Park, Sun-Young; Han, Euna; Kim, Jini; Lee, Eui-Kyung

2016-08-01

This study analyzed factors contributing to increases in the actual sales volumes relative to forecasted volumes of drugs under price-volume agreement (PVA) policy in South Korea. Sales volumes of newly listed drugs on the national formulary are monitored under PVA policy. When actual sales volume exceeds the pre-agreed forecasted volume by 30% or more, the drug is subject to price-reduction. Logistic regression assessed the factors related to whether drugs were the PVA price-reduction drugs. A generalized linear model with gamma distribution and log-link assessed the factors influencing the increase in actual volumes compared to forecasted volume in the PVA price-reduction drugs. Of 186 PVA monitored drugs, 34.9% were price-reduction drugs. Drugs marketed by pharmaceutical companies with previous-occupation in the therapeutic markets were more likely to be PVA price-reduction drugs than drugs marketed by firms with no previous-occupation. Drugs of multinational pharmaceutical companies were more likely to be PVA price-reduction drugs than those of domestic companies. Having more alternative existing drugs was significantly associated with higher odds of being PVA price-reduction drugs. Among the PVA price-reduction drugs, the increasing rate of actual volume compared to forecasted volume was significantly higher in drugs with clinical usefulness. By focusing the negotiation efforts on those target drugs, PVA policy can be administered more efficiently with the improved predictability of the drug sales volumes. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Lubiprostone plus PEG electrolytes versus placebo plus PEG electrolytes for outpatient colonoscopy preparation: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial.

PubMed

Sofi, Aijaz A; Nawras, Ali T; Pai, Chetan; Samuels, Qiana; Silverman, Ann L

2015-01-01

Bowel preparation using large volume of polyethylene glycol (PEG) solutions is often poorly tolerated. Therefore, there are ongoing efforts to develop an alternative bowel cleansing regimen that should be equally effective and better tolerated. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of lubiprostone (versus placebo) plus PEG as a bowel cleansing preparation for colonoscopy. Our study was a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled design. Patients scheduled for screening colonoscopy were randomized 1:1 to lubiprostone (group 1) or placebo (group 2) plus 1 gallon of PEG. The primary endpoints were patient's tolerability and endoscopist's evaluation of the preparation quality. The secondary endpoint was to determine any reduction in the amount of PEG consumed in the lubiprostone group compared with the placebo group. One hundred twenty-three patients completed the study and were included in the analysis. There was no difference in overall cleanliness. The volume of PEG was similar in both the groups. The volume of PEG approached significance as a predictor of improved score for both the groups (P = 0.054). Lubiprostone plus PEG was similar to placebo plus PEG in colon cleansing and volume of PEG consumed. The volume of PEG consumed showed a trend toward improving the quality of the colon cleansing.

Proceedings of the 6. international conference on stability and handling of liquid fuels. Volume 2

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Giles, H.N.

Volume 2 of these proceedings contain 42 papers arranged under the following topical sections: Fuel blending and compatibility; Middle distillates; Microbiology; Alternative fuels; General topics (analytical methods, tank remediation, fuel additives, storage stability); and Poster presentations (analysis methods, oxidation kinetics, health problems).

TRADABLE CREDITS FOR STORM WATER VOLUME: AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH FOR SUSTAINABLE URBAN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

EPA Science Inventory

The increased storm water runoff rate and volume caused by urbanization, and their detrimental effects on stream habitat and morphology, is well documented. In most cases, current storm water management policies are focused on attenuating peak flow rates. While these policies may...

System Development of Estimated Figures of Volume Production Plan

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brazhnikov, Maksim A.; Khorina, Irina V.; Minina, Yulia I.; Kolyasnikova, Lyudmila V.; Streltsov, Aleksey V.

2016-01-01

The relevance of this problem is primarily determined by a necessity of improving production efficiency in conditions of innovative development of the economy and implementation of Import Substitution Program. The purpose of the article is development of set of criteria and procedures for the comparative assessment of alternative volume production…

Modeling Coast Redwood Variable Retention Management Regimes

Treesearch

John-Pascal Berrill; Kevin O' Hara

2007-01-01

Variable retention is a flexible silvicultural system that provides forest managers with an alternative to clearcutting. While much of the standing volume is removed in one harvesting operation, residual stems are retained to provide structural complexity and wildlife habitat functions, or to accrue volume before removal during subsequent stand entries. The residual...

CTIC Cablebooks. Volume 2: A Guide for Local Policy.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jesuale, Nancy, Ed.; And Others

The second in a two-part series, this volume presents 13 chapters discussing many of the most pressing cable policy issues facing local government, describing alternative policy options, and suggesting regulatory procedures successfully used by decision makers in the United States. Topics covered are (1) "The Rationale for Regulation,"…

Evaluation of vascular wall elasticity of human digital arteries using alternating current-signal photoplethysmography

PubMed Central

Uangpairoj, Pichitra; Shibata, Masahiro

2013-01-01

Purpose A simple method of estimating arterial elasticity in the human finger using a volume-oscillometric technique with photoplethysmography was principally studied under the various effects of age, sex, and cold-stress stimulation for testing the capability of using this technique in arterial elasticity analysis. Methods Amplitude variations in the alternating current signal of the photoplethysmograph during a continuous change in transmural pressure were analyzed to obtain the blood pressure and the transmural pressure–relative volume difference relationship of the arteries. We first tested the effect of the occluding cuff size on the arterial elasticity analysis in eight subjects (ages 20–45 years) to obtain a suitable cuff size, resulting in the selection of a middle cuff with a 22 mm diameter. Blood pressure and arterial elasticity were measured in six groups of subjects separated into three age-groups of women and men (ages 20–25, 32–45, and over 50 years) for testing the effect of age and sex. Twelve subjects (ages 20–25 years) also had their blood pressure and arterial elasticity measured in three conditions under the influence of the cold-stress stimulation. Results Age, sex, and cold-stress stimulation had an impact on mean blood pressure (P < 0.0005, 0.025), whereas pulse pressure and heart rate were statistically unchanged by those factors. Furthermore, an advanced age (over 50 years) was found to induce an increase in relative volume difference values (P < 0.025) and upward shifting of the transmural pressure–relative volume difference relationships, whereas sex, level of mean blood pressure, and cold-stress stimulation had no influence on these forms of the index. Conclusion This study showed the usefulness of the relative volume difference as being a mean blood pressure-independent indicator for changes in arterial elasticity. PMID:23766653

A New CT Reconstruction Technique Using Adaptive Deformation Recovery and Intensity Correction (ADRIC)

PubMed Central

Zhang, You; Ma, Jianhua; Iyengar, Puneeth; Zhong, Yuncheng; Wang, Jing

2017-01-01

Purpose Sequential same-patient CT images may involve deformation-induced and non-deformation-induced voxel intensity changes. An adaptive deformation recovery and intensity correction (ADRIC) technique was developed to improve the CT reconstruction accuracy, and to separate deformation from non-deformation-induced voxel intensity changes between sequential CT images. Materials and Methods ADRIC views the new CT volume as a deformation of a prior high-quality CT volume, but with additional non-deformation-induced voxel intensity changes. ADRIC first applies the 2D-3D deformation technique to recover the deformation field between the prior CT volume and the new, to-be-reconstructed CT volume. Using the deformation-recovered new CT volume, ADRIC further corrects the non-deformation-induced voxel intensity changes with an updated algebraic reconstruction technique (‘ART-dTV’). The resulting intensity-corrected new CT volume is subsequently fed back into the 2D-3D deformation process to further correct the residual deformation errors, which forms an iterative loop. By ADRIC, the deformation field and the non-deformation voxel intensity corrections are optimized separately and alternately to reconstruct the final CT. CT myocardial perfusion imaging scenarios were employed to evaluate the efficacy of ADRIC, using both simulated data of the extended-cardiac-torso (XCAT) digital phantom and experimentally acquired porcine data. The reconstruction accuracy of the ADRIC technique was compared to the technique using ART-dTV alone, and to the technique using 2D-3D deformation alone. The relative error metric and the universal quality index metric are calculated between the images for quantitative analysis. The relative error is defined as the square root of the sum of squared voxel intensity differences between the reconstructed volume and the ‘ground-truth’ volume, normalized by the square root of the sum of squared ‘ground-truth’ voxel intensities. In addition to the XCAT and porcine studies, a physical lung phantom measurement study was also conducted. Water-filled balloons with various shapes/volumes and concentrations of iodinated contrasts were put inside the phantom to simulate both deformations and non-deformation-induced intensity changes for ADRIC reconstruction. The ADRIC-solved deformations and intensity changes from limited-view projections were compared to those of the ‘gold-standard’ volumes reconstructed from fully-sampled projections. Results For the XCAT simulation study, the relative errors of the reconstructed CT volume by the 2D-3D deformation technique, the ART-dTV technique and the ADRIC technique were 14.64%, 19.21% and 11.90% respectively, by using 20 projections for reconstruction. Using 60 projections for reconstruction reduced the relative errors to 12.33%, 11.04% and 7.92% for the three techniques, respectively. For the porcine study, the corresponding results were 13.61%, 8.78%, 6.80% by using 20 projections; and 12.14%, 6.91% and 5.29% by using 60 projections. The ADRIC technique also demonstrated robustness to varying projection exposure levels. For the physical phantom study, the average DICE coefficient between the initial prior balloon volume and the new ‘gold-standard’ balloon volumes was 0.460. ADRIC reconstruction by 21 projections increased the average DICE coefficient to 0.954. Conclusion The ADRIC technique outperformed both the 2D-3D deformation technique and the ART-dTV technique in reconstruction accuracy. The alternately solved deformation field and non-deformation voxel intensity corrections can benefit multiple clinical applications, including tumor tracking, radiotherapy dose accumulation and treatment outcome analysis. PMID:28380247

Apprenticeship: Which Way Forward?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches sur les Qualifications, Marseilles (France).

This volume presents the results of a seminar on apprenticeship in Europe entitled "Apprenticeship, Alternance and Dual Systems: Dead-Ends or Highways to the Future" (Marseilles, France, April 1994). It deals with ways in which alternating learning at school and work can provide young people with relevant work skills and facilitate their…

Integrating School and Workplace Learning in Canada: Principles and Practices of Alternation Education and Training.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schuetze, Hans G., Ed.; Sweet, Robert, Ed.

This volume discusses "alternation," various combinations of classroom (organized, theoretical) knowledge and workplace (practical) learning in Canada intended to adequately prepare secondary and postsecondary graduates for work in the new economy. Following an introduction, "Integrating School and Workplace Learning in Canada: An…

Better Schooling for the Children of Poverty: Alternatives to Conventional Wisdom. Study of Academic Instruction for Disadvantaged Students. Volume II: Commissioned Papers and Literature Review.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Knapp, Michael S., Ed.; Shields, Patrick M., Ed.

This document comprises nine commissioned papers and four literature review chapters that are part of the first report of the Study of Academic Instruction for Disadvantaged Students, a 3-year investigation of curriculum and instruction in elementary schools serving high concentrations of poor children. (A summary of this report is presented in…

Manned remote work station development article. Volume 1, book 2, appendix B: Trade and design definition studies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1979-01-01

System trades, evaluations, and selection were organized under the appropriate manned remote work station roles and subsystems. Those trades/evaluations that have an impact on simulator fidelity were given emphasis in terms of identifying alternate concepts, making a selection, and defining the system approach. Those trades that do not impact simulator fidelity have the issues delineated and future study requirements identified.

[Corporal Punishment. Three Works:] The Influence of Corporal Punishment on Learning: A Statistical Study. The Bible and the Rod. 1001 Alternatives to Corporal Punishment, Volume One.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Maurer, Adah; Wallerstein, James S.

Arguments against the use of corporal punishment in schools are presented in the three publications collected here. "The Influence of Corporal Punishment on Learning: A Statistical Study," by Adah Maurer and James S. Wallerstein, examines the relationship between rates of corporal punishment use and noncompletion of high school in the 50 states.…

Investigation of Advanced Processed Single-Crystal Turbine Blade Alloys

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Peters, B. J.; Biondo, C. M.; DeLuca, D. P.

1995-01-01

This investigation studied the influence of thermal processing and microstructure on the mechanical properties of the single-crystal, nickel-based superalloys PWA 1482 and PWA 1484. The objective of the program was to develop an improved single-crystal turbine blade alloy that is specifically tailored for use in hydrogen fueled rocket engine turbopumps. High-gradient casting, hot isostatic pressing (HIP), and alternate heat treatment (HT) processing parameters were developed to produce pore-free, eutectic-free microstructures with different (gamma)' precipitate morphologies. Test materials were cast in high thermal gradient solidification (greater than 30 C/cm (137 F/in.)) casting furnaces for reduced dendrite arm spacing, improved chemical homogeneity, and reduced interdendritic pore size. The HIP processing was conducted in 40 cm (15.7 in.) diameter production furnaces using a set of parameters selected from a trial matrix study. Metallography was conducted on test samples taken from each respective trial run to characterize the as-HIP microstructure. Post-HIP alternate HT processes were developed for each of the two alloys. The goal of the alternate HT processing was to fully solution the eutectic gamma/(gamma)' phase islands and to develop a series of modified (gamma)' morphologies for subsequent characterization testing. This was accomplished by slow cooling through the (gamma)' solvus at controlled rates to precipitate volume fractions of large (gamma)'. Post-solution alternate HT parameters were established for each alloy providing additional volume fractions of finer precipitates. Screening tests included tensile, high-cycle fatigue (HCF), smooth and notched low-cycle fatigue (LCF), creep, and fatigue crack growth evaluations performed in air and high pressure (34.5 MPa (5 ksi)) hydrogen at room and elevated temperature. Under the most severe embrittling conditions (HCF and smooth and notched LCF in 34.5 MPa (5 ksi) hydrogen at 20 C (68 F), screening test results showed increases in fatigue life typically on the order of 1OX, when compared to the current Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) Alternate Turbopump (AT) blade alloy (PWA 1480).

Predictive models for subtypes of autism spectrum disorder based on single-nucleotide polymorphisms and magnetic resonance imaging.

PubMed

Jiao, Y; Chen, R; Ke, X; Cheng, L; Chu, K; Lu, Z; Herskovits, E H

2011-01-01

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, of which Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism are subtypes. Our goal is: 1) to determine whether a diagnostic model based on single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), brain regional thickness measurements, or brain regional volume measurements can distinguish Asperger syndrome from high-functioning autism; and 2) to compare the SNP, thickness, and volume-based diagnostic models. Our study included 18 children with ASD: 13 subjects with high-functioning autism and 5 subjects with Asperger syndrome. For each child, we obtained 25 SNPs for 8 ASD-related genes; we also computed regional cortical thicknesses and volumes for 66 brain structures, based on structural magnetic resonance (MR) examination. To generate diagnostic models, we employed five machine-learning techniques: decision stump, alternating decision trees, multi-class alternating decision trees, logistic model trees, and support vector machines. For SNP-based classification, three decision-tree-based models performed better than the other two machine-learning models. The performance metrics for three decision-tree-based models were similar: decision stump was modestly better than the other two methods, with accuracy = 90%, sensitivity = 0.95 and specificity = 0.75. All thickness and volume-based diagnostic models performed poorly. The SNP-based diagnostic models were superior to those based on thickness and volume. For SNP-based classification, rs878960 in GABRB3 (gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor, beta 3) was selected by all tree-based models. Our analysis demonstrated that SNP-based classification was more accurate than morphometry-based classification in ASD subtype classification. Also, we found that one SNP--rs878960 in GABRB3--distinguishes Asperger syndrome from high-functioning autism.

Human health exposure assessment for Rocky Mountain Arsenal study area evaluations. Volume 6-E. Central study area exposure assessment. Version 4. 1(volume 6-E). Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

The objectives of the Human Health Exposure Assessment include: (1) estimate the type and magnitude of exposures to contaminants; (2) Identify contaminants of concern; (3) Identify sites for remedial action; (4) Recommend sites for the no action remedial alternative; and (5) Provide a basis for detailed characterization of the risk associated with all sites. This document consists of the following: An executive summary. Vol I - Land use and exposed population evaluations. Vol. II III - Toxicity assessment (includes army and shell toxicity profiles). Vol. IV - PPLV Methodology. Vol. V - PPLV Calculations. Vol. VI - Study area exposuremore » analysis A introduction, B Western study ares, C Southern study area, D northern Central study area, E Central study area, F Eastern study area, G South plants study area, and H North plants study area. Vol. VII - Summary exposure assessment.« less

Human health exposure assessment for Rocky Mountain Arsenal study area evaluations. Volume 6-F. Eastern study area exposure assessment. Version 4. 1(volume 6-F). Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

The objectives of the Human Health Exposure Assessment include: (1) estimate the type and magnitude of exposures to contaminants; (2) Identify contaminants of concern; (3) Identify sites for remedial action; (4) Recommend sites for the no action remedial alternative; and (5) Provide a basis for detailed characterization of the risk associated with all sites. This document consists of the following: An executive summary. Vol I - Land use and exposed population evaluations. Vol. II III - Toxicity assessment (includes army and shell toxicity profiles). Vol. IV - PPLV Methodology. Vol. V - PPLV Calculations. Vol. VI - Study area exposuremore » analysis A introduction, B Western study ares, C Southern study area, D northern Central study area, E Central study area, F Eastern study area, G South plants study area, and H North plants study area. Vol. VII - Summary exposure assessment.« less

Perilymph composition in scala tympani of the cochlea: influence of cerebrospinal fluid.

PubMed

Hara, A; Salt, A N; Thalmann, R

1989-11-01

A commonly used technique to obtain cochlear perilymph for analysis has been the aspiration of samples through the round window membrane. The present study has investigated the influence of the volume withdrawn on sample composition in the guinea pig. Samples of less than 200 nl in volume taken through the round window showed relatively high glycine content, comparable to the level found in samples taken from scala vestibuli. If larger volumes are withdrawn, lower glycine levels are observed. This is consistent with cerebrospinal fluid (having a low glycine content) being drawn into scala tympani through the cochlear aqueduct and contaminating the sample. The existence of a concentration difference for glycine between scala tympani perilymph and cerebrospinal fluid suggests the physiologic communication across the cochlear aqueduct is relatively small in this species. The observation of considerable exchange between cerebrospinal fluid and perilymph, as reported in some studies, is more likely to be an artifact of the experimental procedures, rather than of physiologic significance. Alternative sampling procedures have been evaluated which allow larger volumes of uncontaminated scala tympani perilymph to be collected.

Quantification of right ventricular volumes and function by real time three-dimensional echocardiographic longitudinal axial plane method: validation in the clinical setting.

PubMed

Endo, Yuka; Maddukuri, Prasad V; Vieira, Marcelo L C; Pandian, Natesa G; Patel, Ayan R

2006-11-01

Measurement of right ventricular (RV) volumes and right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) by three-dimensional echocardiographic (3DE) short-axis disc summation method has been validated in multiple studies. However, in some patients, short-axis images are of insufficient quality for accurate tracing of the RV endocardial border. This study examined the accuracy of long-axis analysis in multiple planes (longitudinal axial plane method) for assessment of RV volumes and RVEF. 3DE images were analyzed in 40 subjects with a broad range of RV function. RV end-diastolic (RVEDV) and end-systolic volumes (RVESV) and RVEF were calculated by both short-axis disc summation method and longitudinal axial plane method. Excellent correlation was obtained between the two methods for RVEDV, RVESV, and RVEF (r = 0.99, 0.99, 0.94, respectively; P < 0.0001 for all comparisons). 3DE longitudinal-axis analysis is a promising technique for the evaluation of RV function, and may provide an alternative method of assessment in patients with suboptimal short-axis images.

Preliminary Studies on Oleochemical Wastewater Treatment using Submerged Bed Biofilm Reactor (SBBR)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ismail, Z.; Mahmood, N. A. N.; Ghafar, U. S. A.; Umor, N. A.; Muhammad, S. A. F.

2017-06-01

Wastewater discharge from the industry into water sources is one of the main reason for water pollution. The oleochemicals industry effluent produces high content of chemical oxygen demand (COD) with value between 6000-20,000 ppm. Effective treatment is required before wastewater effluent is discharged to environment. The aim of the study is to develop submerged bed biofilm reactor (SBBR) with packing materials in the cosmoball® carrier. Water quality such as chemical oxygen demands (COD), turbidity and pH were analysed. The result shows that the initial COD of 6000 ppm was reduced below 200 ppm. The optimum conditions for SBBR were obtained when green sponges used as packing material in cosmoball® effluent flowrate set at 100 mL/min; 1:1 ratio of cosmoball® volume to reactor volume and 1:1 ratio of active sludge (mixed culture) volume to reactor volume. Turbidity and pH were recorded with 9.0 NTU and 7.0 respectively, which indicated that SBBR is feasible as an alternative for conventional biological treatment in oleochemical industry.

Preliminary environmental assessment for the Satellite Power System (SPS). Volume 2: Detailed assessment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1978-01-01

Volume 2 provides a preliminary assessment of the impact of the Satellite Power System (SPS) on the environment in a technically detailed format more suitable for peer review than the executive summary of Vol. 1. It serves to integrate and assimilate information that has appeared in documents referenced herein and to focus on issues that are purely environmental. It discloses the state-of-knowledge as perceived from recently completed DOE-sponsored studies and defines prospective research and study programs that can advance the state-of-knowledge and provide an expanded data base for use in an assessment planned for 1980. Alternatives for research that may be implemented in order to achieve this advancement are also discussed.

Comparison of cryopreservation bags for hematopoietic progenitor cells using a WBC-enriched product.

PubMed

Dijkstra-Tiekstra, Margriet J; Hazelaar, Sandra; Gkoumassi, Effimia; Weggemans, Margienus; de Wildt-Eggen, Janny

2015-04-01

Hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) are stored in cryopreservation bags that are resistant to liquid nitrogen. Since Cryocyte bags of Baxter (B-bags) are no longer available, an alternative bag was sought. Also, the influence of freezing volume was studied. Miltenyi Biotec (MB)- and MacoPharma (MP)-bags passed the integrity tests without failure. Comparing MB- and MP-bags with B-bags, no difference in WBC recovery or viability was found when using a WBC-enriched product as a "dummy" HPC product. Further, a freezing volume of 30 mL resulted in better WBC recovery and viability than 60 mL. Additonal studies using real HPC might be necessary. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

NLT and extrapolated DLT:3-D cinematography alternatives for enlarging the volume of calibration.

PubMed

Hinrichs, R N; McLean, S P

1995-10-01

This study investigated the accuracy of the direct linear transformation (DLT) and non-linear transformation (NLT) methods of 3-D cinematography/videography. A comparison of standard DLT, extrapolated DLT, and NLT calibrations showed the standard (non-extrapolated) DLT to be the most accurate, especially when a large number of control points (40-60) were used. The NLT was more accurate than the extrapolated DLT when the level of extrapolation exceeded 100%. The results indicated that when possible one should use the DLT with a control object, sufficiently large as to encompass the entire activity being studied. However, in situations where the activity volume exceeds the size of one's DLT control object, the NLT method should be considered.

Implementing Energy Education in Florida's High Schools: A Two-Week Credit Institute for Teachers in North Florida. Final Report, Volume II.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

LaHart, David E.; Allen, Rodney F.

Curriculum units developed by high school teachers are provided for specific content instruction in energy education. Based on group agreement that energy education should assist students in changing attitudes, altering personal behavior and energy consumption, and developing sound alternatives, the units are categorized by social studies,…

Proceedings of the 2010 AFMS Medical Research Symposium. Volume 2. Operational and Medical Track: Abstracts and Presentations.

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-03-15

2  Impact of Alternating Days of Intermittent Hypoxic Exposure (IHE) on Physical and Cognitive Performance...60  Management and Treatment of Pediatric Obesity in a Military Outpatient Setting ................................. 71  Budget Impact Analysis of...Bariatric Surgery for Morbid Obesity ........................................................... 78  Pilot Study of A Diabetes Prevention Program in A

Measuring Learning Potential: An Alternative to the Traditional Intelligence Test. Studies in Learning Potential, Volume 3, Number 39.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Budoff, Milton

Proposed is the assessment of learning potential through a test-train-retest paradigm in addition to the traditional intelligence test with mentally handicapped or disadvantaged children. Discussed is a rationale for the approach which posits that poor and/or nonwhite children do not have equal access to school-preparatory experiences though they…

Feasibility study of modern airships, phase 2. Volume 2: Airport feeder vehicle

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1976-01-01

The Airport Feeder vehicle is a VTOL, semi-buoyant ellipsoidal airship capable of transporting passengers or cargo to major CTOL hub terminals from suburban and downtown depots. Six tasks were reviewed: (1) vehicle design definition, (2) operational procedures analysis, (3) cost analysis, (4) comparison with alternate transportation modes, (5) mission/vehicle feasibility assessment, and (6) technology assessment.

Larger benthic foraminifera of the Paleogene Promina Beds (Croatia)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cosovic, V.; Mrinjek, E.; Drobne, K.

2012-04-01

In order to add more information about complex origin of Promina Beds (traditionally interpreted as Paleogene molasse of Dinarides), two sections (Lišani Ostrovački and Ostrovica, Central Dalmatia, Croatia) have been studied in detail. Sampled carbonate sequences contain predominantly coralline red algae, larger benthic foraminifera and corals. Based on sedimentary textures, nummulitid (Nummulites s.str and Asterigerina sp.) test shapes and the associated skeletal components, altogether three types of the Middle Eocene (Lutetian to Bartonian) facies were recognized. The Ostrovica section is composed of alternating couples of marly limestones and marls, several decimeters thick with great lateral continuity. Two facies which vertically alternate are recognized as Nummulites - Asterigerina facies, where patchily dispersed large, robust and party reworked larger benthic foraminifera constitute 20% and small bioclasts (fomaniniferal fragments and whole tests less than 3 mm in diameters) 10% of rock volume and, Coral - Red algal facies with coral fragments of solitary and colonial taxa up to 1 cm in size constitute 5 - 40%, red algae 15 - 60% and lager benthic foraminifera up to 5% of rock volume. The textural and compositional differences among the facies suggest rhythmic exchanges of conditions that characterize shallower part of the mesophotic zone with abundant nummulithoclasts with deeper mesophotic, lime mud-dominated settings where nummulitids with the flat tests, coralline red algae and scleractinian corals are common. The scleractinian corals (comprising up to 20% of rock volume) encrusted by foraminifera (Acervulina, Haddonia and nubeculariids) or coralline red algae and foraminiferal assemblage made of orthophragminid and nummulitid tests scattered in matrix, are distributed uniformly throughout the studied Lišani Ostrovački section. In the central part of section, wavy to smooth thin (< 1 mm) crusts (laminas) alternating with encrusted corals occur. The characteristics of associated fauna and spatial relationship between corals and laminations indicate that this facies originated in a mid-ramp (shelf) setting.

75 FR 20897 - Raisins Produced From Grapes Grown in California; Final Free and Reserve Percentages for 2009-10...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-22

... Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) has considered the economic impact of this action on small entities... in producer price instability and disorderly market conditions. Volume regulation is helpful to the... stability. Accordingly, in assessing whether to apply volume regulation or, as an alternative, not to apply...

Alternative Fuels Data Center: State Alternative Fuel and Advanced Vehicle

Science.gov Websites

2016, the number of new state-level legislative, executive, private, and utility activities related to , new utility and private incentives focused almost entirely on electricity. In previous years, natural gas was also a strong focus area for states. In 2016, however, the volume of new state incentives

Evaluation of EIS alternatives by the science integration team, volume I.

Treesearch

Thomas M. Quigley; Kristine M. Lee; Sylvia J. Arbelbide

1997-01-01

The Evaluation of EIS Alternatives by the Science Integration Team describes the outcomes, interactions, effects, and consequences likely to result from implementing seven different management strategies on Forest Service (FS) and Bureau of Land Management (BLM) administered lands within the Interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. Two...

Model Disciplinary Policies. Research Note. Volume 0902

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Blazer, Christie

2009-01-01

This Research Note is in response to a request from the Office of Alternative Education to review and report on "model disciplinary policies" as used in school districts around the nation. The primary source of information used to prepare this Research Note came from a professional group identified by Alternative Education. The Advancement…

What the Research Says about Alternative Teacher Certification Programs. Information Capsule. Volume 1104

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Blazer, Christie

2012-01-01

The shortage of qualified teachers across the U.S. has contributed to the popularity of alternative certification programs. These programs are designed to attract individuals into the teaching profession by allowing candidates to become certified without having to complete a traditional teacher education program. This Information Capsule reviewed…

An Alternative School Teacher Education Program. Teacher Education Forum; Volume 3, Number 7.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Barr, Robert D.

The Alternative School Teacher Education Program, cooperatively developed by participating public schools and Indiana University, is a field-based masters degree program designed for completion in one calendar year. Students spend two summers on campus pursuing graduate course work. During the academic year between these summers, students earn…

Abdominal fat volume estimation by stereology on CT: a comparison with manual planimetry.

PubMed

Manios, G E; Mazonakis, M; Voulgaris, C; Karantanas, A; Damilakis, J

2016-03-01

To deploy and evaluate a stereological point-counting technique on abdominal CT for the estimation of visceral (VAF) and subcutaneous abdominal fat (SAF) volumes. Stereological volume estimations based on point counting and systematic sampling were performed on images from 14 consecutive patients who had undergone abdominal CT. For the optimization of the method, five sampling intensities in combination with 100 and 200 points were tested. The optimum stereological measurements were compared with VAF and SAF volumes derived by the standard technique of manual planimetry on the same scans. Optimization analysis showed that the selection of 200 points along with the sampling intensity 1/8 provided efficient volume estimations in less than 4 min for VAF and SAF together. The optimized stereology showed strong correlation with planimetry (VAF: r = 0.98; SAF: r = 0.98). No statistical differences were found between the two methods (VAF: P = 0.81; SAF: P = 0.83). The 95% limits of agreement were also acceptable (VAF: -16.5%, 16.1%; SAF: -10.8%, 10.7%) and the repeatability of stereology was good (VAF: CV = 4.5%, SAF: CV = 3.2%). Stereology may be successfully applied to CT images for the efficient estimation of abdominal fat volume and may constitute a good alternative to the conventional planimetric technique. Abdominal obesity is associated with increased risk of disease and mortality. Stereology may quantify visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat accurately and consistently. The application of stereology to estimating abdominal volume fat reduces processing time. Stereology is an efficient alternative method for estimating abdominal fat volume.

Soot Optical Property Study

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Aung, K. T.; Hassan, M. I.; Krishnan, S. S.; Lin, K.-C.; Xu, F.; Faeth, G. M.; Urban, D. L. (Technical Monitor); Yuan, Z.-G. (Technical Monitor)

2001-01-01

Recent past studies of soot reaction processes in laminar premixed and nonpremixed flames generally have used the intrusive technique of thermophoretic sampling and analysis by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to observe soot structure and obtain important fundamental information about soot particle properties, such as soot primary particle diameters, the rate of change of soot primary particle diameter as a function of time (or rate of soot surface growth or oxidation), the amount of soot particle reactive surface area per unit volume, the number of primary soot particles per unit volume, and the rate of formation of primary soot particles (or the rate of soot primary particle nucleation). Given the soot volume per unit volume of the flame (or the soot volume fraction), all these properties are readily found from a measurement of the soot primary particle diameter (which usually is nearly a constant for each location within a laminar flame). This approach is not possible within freely propagating flames, however, because soot properties at given positions in such flames vary relatively rapidly as a function of time in the soot formation and oxidation regions compared to the relatively lengthy sampling times needed to accumulate adequate soot samples and to minimize effects of soot collected on the sampling grid as it moves to and from the sampling position through other portions of the flame. Thus, nonintrusive optical methods must be used to find the soot primary particle diameters needed to define the soot surface reaction properties mentioned earlier. Unfortunately, approximate nonintrusive methods used during early studies of soot reaction properties in flames, found from laser scattering and absorption measurements analyzed assuming either Rayleigh scattering or Mie scattering from polydisperse effective soot particles having the same mass of soot as individual soot aggregates, have not been found to be an effective way to estimate the soot surface reaction area per unit volume. Thus, alternative nonintrusive optical methods of finding these properties must be sought, which was the objective of this phase of the investigation. The alternative method used here involves use of the Rayleigh-Debye-Gans-Polydisperse-Fractal-Aggregate (RDG-PFA) scattering approximation for soot aggregates in flames. Thus, the development of this method will be discussed next before describing its evaluation as a means of nonintrusively measuring soot primary particle diameters in soot-containing flames.

National Economic Development Procedures Manual - Recreation. Volume 4. Evaluating Changes in the Quality of the Recreation Experience

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-07-31

harvesting and road building in two national forests. The case study sites were the Siuslaw National Forest near Corvallis, Oregon, and the Porcupine ...million would accrue to recreational and commercial anglers from the clearcutting alternative. For the Porcupine - Hyalite Wilderness Study Area in Montana...impact environmental factors (e.g., available habitat, hunting area, or size of elk herds ), and ultimately those quality factors of the recreation

Network Centric Warfare Case Study: U.S. V Corps and 3rd Infantry Division (Mechanized) During Operation Iraqi Freedom Combat Operations (Mar-Apr 2003). Volume 3. Network Centric Warfare Insights

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-01-01

OPSEC), military deception, psychological operations (PSYOPS), special information operations (IO), information assurance, physical security...nonlethal effects, such as operational 8 Network Centric Warfare Case Study security (OPSEC), military deception, psychological operations (PSYOP...Support Operations Group ASR Alternate Supply Route; or, Ammunition Supply Rate ATACMS Army Tactical Missile System ATARS Advanced

Volume-based characterization of postocclusion surge.

PubMed

Zacharias, Jaime; Zacharias, Sergio

2005-10-01

To propose an alternative method to characterize postocclusion surge using a collapsible artificial anterior chamber to replace the currently used rigid anterior chamber model. Fundación Oftamológica Los Andes, Santiago, Chile. The distal end of a phacoemulsification handpiece was placed inside a compliant artificial anterior chamber. Digital recordings of chamber pressure, chamber volume, inflow, and outflow were performed during occlusion break of the phacoemulsification tip. The occlusion break profile of 2 different consoles was compared. Occlusion break while using a rigid anterior chamber model produced a simultaneous increase of chamber inflow and outflow. In the rigid chamber model, pressure decreased sharply, reaching negative pressure values. Alternatively, with the collapsible chamber model, a delay was observed in the inflow that occurs to compensate the outflow surge. Also, the chamber pressure drop was smaller in magnitude, never undershooting below atmospheric pressure into negative values. Using 500 mm Hg as vacuum limit, the Infiniti System (Alcon) performed better that the Legacy (Alcon), showing an 18% reduction in peak volume variation. The collapsible anterior chamber model provides a more realistic representation of the postocclusion surge events that occur in the real eye during cataract surgery. Peak volume fluctuation (mL), half volume recovery time(s), and volume fluctuation integral value (mL x s) are proposed as realistic indicators to characterize the postocclusion surge performance. These indicators show that the Infiniti System has a better postocclusion surge behavior than the Legacy System.

Reliability of the Inverse Water Volumetry Method to Measure the Volume of the Upper Limb.

PubMed

Beek, Martinus A; te Slaa, Alexander; van der Laan, Lijckle; Mulder, Paul G H; Rutten, Harm J T; Voogd, Adri C; Luiten, Ernest J T; Gobardhan, Paul D

2015-06-01

Lymphedema of the upper extremity is a common side effect of lymph node dissection or irradiation of the axilla. Several techniques are being applied in order to examine the presence and severity of lymphedema. Measurement of circumference of the upper extremity is most frequently performed. An alternative is the water-displacement method. The aim of this study was to determine the reliability and the reproducibility of the "Inverse Water Volumetry apparatus" (IWV-apparatus) for the measurement of arm volumes. The IWV-apparatus is based on the water-displacement method. Measurements were performed by three breast cancer nurse practitioners on ten healthy volunteers in three weekly sessions. The intra-class correlation coefficient, defined as the ratio of the subject component to the total variance, equaled 0.99. The reliability index is calculated as 0.14 kg. This indicates that only changes in a patient's arm volume measurement of more than 0.14 kg would represent a true change in arm volume, which is about 6% of the mean arm volume of 2.3 kg. The IWV-apparatus proved to be a reliable and reproducible method to measure arm volume.

A New MRI Masking Technique Based on Multi-Atlas Brain Segmentation in Controls and Schizophrenia: A Rapid and Viable Alternative to Manual Masking.

PubMed

Del Re, Elisabetta C; Gao, Yi; Eckbo, Ryan; Petryshen, Tracey L; Blokland, Gabriëlla A M; Seidman, Larry J; Konishi, Jun; Goldstein, Jill M; McCarley, Robert W; Shenton, Martha E; Bouix, Sylvain

2016-01-01

Brain masking of MRI images separates brain from surrounding tissue and its accuracy is important for further imaging analyses. We implemented a new brain masking technique based on multi-atlas brain segmentation (MABS) and compared MABS to masks generated using FreeSurfer (FS; version 5.3), Brain Extraction Tool (BET), and Brainwash, using manually defined masks (MM) as the gold standard. We further determined the effect of different masking techniques on cortical and subcortical volumes generated by FreeSurfer. Images were acquired on a 3-Tesla MR Echospeed system General Electric scanner on five control and five schizophrenia subjects matched on age, sex, and IQ. Automated masks were generated from MABS, FS, BET, and Brainwash, and compared to MM using these metrics: a) volume difference from MM; b) Dice coefficients; and c) intraclass correlation coefficients. Mean volume difference between MM and MABS masks was significantly less than the difference between MM and FS or BET masks. Dice coefficient between MM and MABS was significantly higher than Dice coefficients between MM and FS, BET, or Brainwash. For subcortical and left cortical regions, MABS volumes were closer to MM volumes than were BET or FS volumes. For right cortical regions, MABS volumes were closer to MM volumes than were BET volumes. Brain masks generated using FreeSurfer, BET, and Brainwash are rapidly obtained, but are less accurate than manually defined masks. Masks generated using MABS, in contrast, resemble more closely the gold standard of manual masking, thereby offering a rapid and viable alternative. Copyright © 2015 by the American Society of Neuroimaging.

Prospective study comparing laparoscopic and open adenomectomy: Surgical and functional results.

PubMed

Garcia-Segui, A; Angulo, J C

Open adenomectomy (OA) is the surgery of choice for large volume benign prostatic hyperplasia, and laparoscopic adenomectomy (LA) represents a minimally invasive alternative. We present a long-term, prospective study comparing both techniques. The study consecutively included 199 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate volumes>80g who were followed for more than 12 months. The patients underwent OA (n=97) or LA (n=102). We recorded and compared demographic and perioperative data, functional results and complications using a descriptive statistical analysis. The mean age was 69.2±7.7 years (range 42-87), and the mean prostate volume (measured by TRUS) was 112.1±32.7mL (range 78-260). There were no baseline differences among the groups in terms of age, ASA scale, prostate volume, PSA levels, Qmax, IPSS, QoL or treatments prior to the surgery. The surgical time (P<.0001) and catheter time (P<.0002) were longer in the LA group. Operative bleeding (P<.0001), transfusion rate (P=.0015) and mean stay (P<.0001) were significantly lower in the LA group. The LA group had a lower rate of complications (P=.04), but there were no significant differences between the groups in terms of major complications (Clavien score≥3) (P=.13) or in the rate of late complications (at one year) (P=.66). There were also no differences between the groups in the functional postoperative results: IPSS (P=.17), QoL (P=.3) and Qmax (P=.17). LA is a reasonable, safe and effective alternative that results in less bleeding, fewer transfusions, shorter hospital stays and lower morbidity than OA. LA has similar functional results to OA, at the expense of longer surgical times and longer catheter times. Copyright © 2016 AEU. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

Health effects caused by primary fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emitted from buses in the Helsinki metropolitan area, Finland.

PubMed

Tainio, Marko; Tuomisto, Jouni T; Hänninen, Otto; Aarnio, Päivi; Koistinen, Kimmo J; Jantunen, Matti J; Pekkanen, Juha

2005-02-01

Fine particle (PM(2.5)) emissions from traffic have been associated with premature mortality. The current work compares PM(2.5)-induced mortality in alternative public bus transportation strategies as being considered by the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Council, Finland. The current bus fleet and transportation volume is compared to four alternative hypothetical bus fleet strategies for the year 2020: (1) the current bus fleet for 2020 traffic volume, (2) modern diesel buses without particle traps, (3) diesel buses with particle traps, and (4) buses using natural gas engines. The average population PM(2.5) exposure level attributable to the bus emissions was determined for the 1996-1997 situation using PM(2.5) exposure measurements including elemental composition from the EXPOLIS-Helsinki study and similar element-based source apportionment of ambient PM(2.5) concentrations observed in the ULTRA study. Average population exposure to particles originating from the bus traffic in the year 2020 is assumed to be proportional to the bus emissions in each strategy. Associated mortality was calculated using dose-response relationships from two large cohort studies on PM(2.5) mortality from the United States. Estimated number of deaths per year (90% confidence intervals in parenthesis) associated with primary PM(2.5) emissions from buses in Helsinki Metropolitan Area in 2020 were 18 (0-55), 9 (0-27), 4 (0-14), and 3 (0-8) for the strategies 1-4, respectively. The relative differences in the associated mortalities for the alternative strategies are substantial, but the number of deaths in the lowest alternative, the gas buses, is only marginally lower than what would be achieved by diesel engines equipped with particle trap technology. The dose-response relationship and the emission factors were identified as the main sources of uncertainty in the model.

Thermal imager for dismounted infantry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bigwood, Christopher R.; Eccles, Lee; Jones, Arwyn O.; Jones, Berwyn; Meakin, David L.; Rickard, Steve; Robinson, Rob

2004-12-01

Thermal Imager for Dismounted Infantry (TIDI), is a UK MOD / Thales Optics Ltd. joint funded technology demonstrator programme and is part of the overall programme managed by QinetiQ. The aim of this programme is to evaluate and demonstrate a cost effective route to equipping the infantry soldier with a small, lightweight, rugged, short range, weapon mounted thermal imaging sight; intended for mass deployment. TIDI is an unusual programme in that the requirement was not rigidly defined in terms of a detailed specification. Instead, the requirement was expressed in terms of the question 'What weapon sight performance can be achieved for a volume production cost of 5000 Euro?' This requirement was subject to the constraints that the sight mass should be less than 500 g and the volume should be less than 500 ml. To address the requirements of this programme, Thales Optics Ltd. have performed a detailed trade-off analysis considering alternative uncooled LWIR sensor formats and technologies. The effect of using alternative sensors on the sight cost, mass, volume, power and performance has been compared. A design study has been performed concentrating on simplification of the optics, mechanics and electronics to minimise the overall sight complexity. Based on this analysis, a demonstrator sight has been designed that is cost effective and suitable for volume manufacture, whilst still offering useful performance to the user. Six technical demonstrator units based on this design have been manufactured and evaluated. This paper will give an overview of the work completed to date on the TIDI program, including a description of the demonstrator hardware and its performance.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Endres, Michael G.; Shindler, Andrea; Tiburzi, Brian C.

The commonly adopted approach for including electromagnetic interactions in lattice QCD simulations relies on using finite volume as the infrared regularization for QED. The long-range nature of the electromagnetic interaction, however, implies that physical quantities are susceptible to power-law finite volume corrections, which must be removed by performing costly simulations at multiple lattice volumes, followed by an extrapolation to the infinite volume limit. In this work, we introduce a photon mass as an alternative means for gaining control over infrared effects associated with electromagnetic interactions. We present findings for hadron mass shifts due to electromagnetic interactions (i.e., for the proton,more » neutron, charged and neutral kaon) and corresponding mass splittings, and compare the results with those obtained from conventional QCD+QED calculations. Results are reported for numerical studies of three flavor electroquenched QCD using ensembles corresponding to 800 MeV pions, ensuring that the only appreciable volume corrections arise from QED effects. The calculations are performed with three lattice volumes with spatial extents ranging from 3.4 - 6.7 fm. As a result, we find that for equal computing time (not including the generation of the lattice configurations), the electromagnetic mass shifts can be extracted from computations on a single (our smallest) lattice volume with comparable or better precision than the conventional approach.« less

Massive photons: An infrared regularization scheme for lattice QCD + QED

DOE PAGES

Endres, Michael G.; Shindler, Andrea; Tiburzi, Brian C.; ...

2016-08-10

The commonly adopted approach for including electromagnetic interactions in lattice QCD simulations relies on using finite volume as the infrared regularization for QED. The long-range nature of the electromagnetic interaction, however, implies that physical quantities are susceptible to power-law finite volume corrections, which must be removed by performing costly simulations at multiple lattice volumes, followed by an extrapolation to the infinite volume limit. In this work, we introduce a photon mass as an alternative means for gaining control over infrared effects associated with electromagnetic interactions. We present findings for hadron mass shifts due to electromagnetic interactions (i.e., for the proton,more » neutron, charged and neutral kaon) and corresponding mass splittings, and compare the results with those obtained from conventional QCD+QED calculations. Results are reported for numerical studies of three flavor electroquenched QCD using ensembles corresponding to 800 MeV pions, ensuring that the only appreciable volume corrections arise from QED effects. The calculations are performed with three lattice volumes with spatial extents ranging from 3.4 - 6.7 fm. As a result, we find that for equal computing time (not including the generation of the lattice configurations), the electromagnetic mass shifts can be extracted from computations on a single (our smallest) lattice volume with comparable or better precision than the conventional approach.« less

Comparison of MRI segmentation techniques for measuring liver cyst volumes in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.

PubMed

Farooq, Zerwa; Behzadi, Ashkan Heshmatzadeh; Blumenfeld, Jon D; Zhao, Yize; Prince, Martin R

To compare MRI segmentation methods for measuring liver cyst volumes in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Liver cyst volumes in 42 ADPKD patients were measured using region growing, thresholding and cyst diameter techniques. Manual segmentation was the reference standard. Root mean square deviation was 113, 155, and 500 for cyst diameter, thresholding and region growing respectively. Thresholding error for cyst volumes below 500ml was 550% vs 17% for cyst volumes above 500ml (p<0.001). For measuring volume of a small number of cysts, cyst diameter and manual segmentation methods are recommended. For severe disease with numerous, large hepatic cysts, thresholding is an acceptable alternative. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Determination of Probe Volume Dimensions in Coherent Measurement Techniques

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tedder, Sarah A.; Weikl, Markus C.; Seeger, Thomas; Leipertz, Alfred

2008-01-01

When investigating combustion phenomena with pump-probe techniques, the spatial resolution is given by the overlapping region of the laser beams and thus defines the probe volume size. The size of this probe volume becomes important when the length scales of interest are on the same order or smaller. In this work, we present a new approach to measure the probe volume in three dimensions (3-D), which can be used to determine the probe volume length, diameter, and shape. The optical arrangement and data evaluation are demonstrated for a dual-pump dual-broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) setup which is used for combustion diagnostics. This new approach offers a simple, quick alternative with more capabilities than formerly used probe volume measurement methods.

Volume reduction of benign thyroid nodules 3 months after a single treatment with high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU).

PubMed

Korkusuz, Huedayi; Fehre, Niklas; Sennert, Michael; Happel, Christian; Grünwald, Frank

2015-01-01

High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is a promising, non-invasive technique in treating benign thyroid nodules (TNs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of HIFU to induce clinically meaningful shrinkage in benign predominantly solid TNs and to identify variables that influence or predict the magnitude of TN volume reduction. For each of ten subjects, HIFU treatment was conducted on a single nodule. Nodular volume was measured sonographically at baseline and at 3 months post-procedure. Nodular function and early treatment assessment was done scintigraphically. Median nodular volume reduction was 0.7 ml absolute and 48.8% relative to pre-interventional size (p < 0.05). Absolute shrinkage was negatively correlated with the average treatment depth (τ = -0.61, p < 0.05). Absolute nodular volume was positively correlated with the scintigraphic nodular uptake reduction (τ = 0.66, p < 0.05). HIFU treatment of benign predominantly solid TNs appears to be safe and effective for inducing nodular shrinkage. Despite potential for improvement, a single treatment session with HIFU is already a viable alternative to more standard methods. The feasibility of multiple HIFU treatments requires further investigation. Due to the small sample size, the findings of this analysis need conformation by larger studies.

Further Investigation on High-intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) Treatment for Thyroid Nodules: Effectiveness Related to Baseline Volumes.

PubMed

Sennert, Michael; Happel, Christian; Korkusuz, Yücel; Grünwald, Frank; Polenz, Björn; Gröner, Daniel

2018-01-01

Several minimally invasive thermal techniques have been developed for the treatment of benign thyroid nodules. A new technique for this indication is high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). The aim of this study was to assess effectiveness in varying preablative nodule volumes and whether outcome patterns that were reported during studies with other thermal ablative procedures for thyroid nodule ablation would also apply to HIFU. Over the last 2 years, 19 nodules in 15 patients (12 women) whose average age was 58.7 years (36-80) were treated with HIFU in an ambulatory setting. Patients with more than one nodule were treated in multiple sessions on the same day. The mean nodule volume was 2.56 mL (range 0.13-7.67 mL). The therapeutic ultrasound probe (Echopulse THC900888-H) used in this series functions with a frequency of 3 MHz, reaching temperatures of approximately 80°C-90°C and delivering an energy ranging from 87.6 to 320.3 J per sonication. To assess the effectiveness of thermal ablation, nodular volume was measured at baseline and at 3-month follow-up. The end point of the study was the volume reduction assessment after 3 months' follow-up. Therapeutic success was defined as volume reduction of more than 50% compared to baseline. This study was retrospectively analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed rank test and Kendall tau. The median percentage volume reduction of all 19 nodules after 3 months was 58%. An inverse correlation between preablative nodular volume and percentage volume shrinking was found (tau = -0.46, P < .05). Therapeutic success was achieved in 10 out of 19 patients (53%). HIFU of benign thyroid nodules can be carried out as an alternative therapy for nodules ≤3 mL if patients are refusing surgery or radioiodine therapy. Copyright © 2018 The Association of University Radiologists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Metopic synostosis: Measuring intracranial volume change following fronto-orbital advancement using three-dimensional photogrammetry.

PubMed

Freudlsperger, Christian; Steinmacher, Sahra; Bächli, Heidi; Somlo, Elek; Hoffmann, Jürgen; Engel, Michael

2015-06-01

There is still disagreement regarding the intracranial volumes of patients with metopic synostosis compared with healthy patients. This study aimed to compare the intracranial volume of children with metopic synostosis before and after surgery to an age- and sex-matched control cohort using three-dimensional (3D) photogrammetry. Eighteen boys with metopic synostosis were operated on using standardized fronto-orbital advancement. Frontal, posterior and total intracranial volumes were measured exactly 1 day pre-operatively and 10 days post-operatively, using 3D photogrammetry. To establish an age- and sex-matched control group, the 3D photogrammetric data of 634 healthy boys between the ages of 3 and 13 months were analyzed. Mean age at surgery was 9 months (SD 1.7). Prior to surgery, boys with metopic synostosis showed significantly reduced frontal and total intracranial volumes compared with the reference group, but similar posterior volumes. After surgery, frontal and total intracranial volumes did not differ statistically from the control group. As children with metopic synostosis showed significantly smaller frontal and total intracranial volumes compared with an age- and sex-matched control group, corrective surgery should aim to achieve volume expansion. Furthermore, 3D photogrammetry provides a valuable alternative to CT scans in the measurement of intracranial volume in children with metopic synostosis, which significantly reduces the amount of radiation exposure to the growing brain. Copyright © 2015 European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Robust Means and Covariance Matrices by the Minimum Volume Ellipsoid (MVE).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Blankmeyer, Eric

P. Rousseeuw and A. Leroy (1987) proposed a very robust alternative to classical estimates of mean vectors and covariance matrices, the Minimum Volume Ellipsoid (MVE). This paper describes the MVE technique and presents a BASIC program to implement it. The MVE is a "high breakdown" estimator, one that can cope with samples in which as…

Pacific Basin Communications Study, Volume 1

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Young, E. L.; Hurd, J. N.

1981-01-01

The Pacific Basin Communications Study describes and assesses extent telecommunications systems in the Pacific Islands region. The study examines user needs in terms of the development of social services and commercial activities. Alternative technological solutions to communications problems are proposed and described. Recommendations include the augmentation and improvement of existing systems allowing for increased communications capacity. Regional cooperation will be required to accommodate the specific, unique requirements of individual nations. Questions of financing, implementation, management, costs and benefits of a regional telecommunications system are discussed.

OTEC modular experiment cold water pipe concept evaluation. Volume III. Appendices

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1979-04-01

The Cold Water Pipe System Design Study was undertaken to evaluate the diverse CWP concepts, recommend the most viable alternatives for a 1984 deployment of the 10 to 40 MWe MEP, and carry out preliminary designs of three concepts. The concept evaluation phase reported involved a systems analysis of design alternatives in the broad categories of rigid walled (with hinges), compliant walled, stockade and bottom mounted buoyant. Quantitative evaluations were made of concept performance, availability, deployment schedule, technical feasibility and cost. CWP concepts were analyzed to determine if they met or could be made to meet established system requirements andmore » could be deployed by 1984. Fabrication, construction and installation plans were developed for successful concepts, and costs were determined in a WBS format. Evaluations were performed on the basis of technical and cost risk. This volume includes the following appendices: (A) materials and associated design criteria; (B) summary of results of dynamic flow and transportation analysis; (C) CWP sizing analysis; (D) CWP thermal performance; and (E) investigation of the APL/ABAM CWP design. (WHK)« less

Data summary of municipal solid waste management alternatives. Volume 12, Numerically indexed bibliography

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

None

1992-10-01

This appendix contains the numerically indexed bibliography for the complete group of reports on municipal solid waste management alternatives. The list references information on the following topics: mass burn technologies, RDF technologies, fluidized bed combustion, pyrolysis and gasification of MSW, materials recovery- recycling technologies, sanitary landfills, composting and anaerobic digestion of MSW.

Data summary of municipal solid waste management alternatives. Volume 11, Alphabetically indexed bibliography

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

None

1992-10-01

This appendix contains the alphabetically indexed bibliography for the complete group of reports on municipal waste management alternatives. The references are listed for each of the following topics: mass burn technologies, RDF technologies, fluidized-bed combustion, pyrolysis and gasification of MSW, materials recovery- recycling technologies, sanitary landfills, composting, and anaerobic digestion of MSW.

Automated analysis of timber access road alternatives.

Treesearch

Doyle Burke

1974-01-01

The evaluation of timber access road alternatives is one of the primary tasks in timber harvest planning and design. During the planning stages, it is also one of the most difficult to accomplish quantitatively because a basis for comparison is related to such values as grade, length, horizontal and vertical curvature, and volumes of excavation and embankment. Within...

Challenging the Giant, Volume III: The Best of SKOLE, the Journal of Alternative Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Leue, Mary M., Ed.

This anthology compiles over 90 articles, short pieces, and book reviews originally published in Skole: The Journal of Alternative Education. The entries are arranged in 10 sections: schools and school people, teaching and learning, teaching and learning at home, history of innovative education, student writings, social change and comment, battle…

The Birth Primer: A Source Book of Traditional and Alternative Methods in Labor and Delivery.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Parfitt, Rebecca Rowe

This book was intended to serve as a comprehensive resource volume on birth alternatives. Specific topics covered include: (1) the process of labor; (2) ideas of natural childbirth; (3) drugs, devices, surgeries, and procedures; (4) midwives and other delivery room participants; (5) facilities for giving birth: hospital, home and maternity center;…

Extended performance solar electric propulsion thrust system study. Volume 3: Tradeoff studies of alternate thrust system configurations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hawthorne, E. I.

1977-01-01

Several thrust system design concepts were evaluated and compared using the specifications of the most advanced 30 cm engineering model thruster as the technology base. Emphasis was placed on relatively high power missions. The extensions in thruster performance required for the Halley's comet mission were defined and alternative thrust system concepts were designed in sufficient detail for comparing mass, efficiency, reliability, structure, and thermal characteristics. Confirmation testing and analysis of thruster and power-processing components were performed. A baseline design was selected from the alternatives considered, and the design analysis and documentation were refined. A program development plan was formulated that outlines the work structure considered necessary for developing, qualifying, and fabricating the flight hardware for the baseline thrust system within the time frame of a project to rendezvous with Halley's comet. An assessment was made of the costs and risks associated with a baseline thrust system as provided to the mission project under this plan. Critical procurements and interfaces were identified and defined.

Design and Evaluation of Log-To-Dimension Manufacturing Systems Using System Simulation

Treesearch

Wenjie Lin; D. Earl Kline; Philip A. Araman; Janice K. Wiedenbeck

1995-01-01

In a recent study of alternative dimension manufacturing systems that produce green hardwood dimension directly fromlogs, it was observed that for Grade 2 and 3 red oak logs, up to 78 and 76 percent of the log scale volume could be converted into clear dimension parts. The potential high yields suggest that this processing system can be a promising technique for...

A comparative life-cycle assessment of briquetting logging residues and lumber manufacturing coproducts in western United States

Treesearch

Sevda Alanya-Rosenbaum; Richard D. Bergman; Indroneil Ganguly; Francesca Pierobon

2018-01-01

Timber harvest activities in the western United States have resulted in large volumes of low- to no-value logging (forest) residues. Alternatives to pile-and-burning are needed to best utilize this material and to mitigate the resultant environmental impacts. Briquetting (densifying) forest residues near-woods is one such option and is the focus of this study. This...

Research in Science Education. Volume 14. Selections of Papers from the Annual Conference of the Australian Science Education Research Association (15th, Victoria, Australia, May 1984).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tisher, Richard P., Ed.

1984-01-01

This publication contains studies which focus on students' science concepts and the alternative frameworks they use to interpret natural phenomena. Among the specific areas investigated are: conceptions held by Year 11 chemistry students about stoichiometry; how some 9-year-old students interpret the word "solid" to mean hard,…

Access to Educational Opportunity in Rural Communities: Alternative Patterns of Delivering Vocational Education in Sparsely Populated Areas. Volume 4: The Interdistrict Cooperative Center: A Centralized Center.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Peterson, Roland L.; And Others

The centralized secondary center pattern of inter-school district cooperation is examined in this third of four case studies addressing access of rural students to vocational education. The report identifies essential features of this form of cooperation, details factors facilitating/impeding the operation/maintenance of the cooperative…

Access to Educational Opportunity in Rural Communities: Alternative Patterns of Delivering Vocational Education in Sparsely Populated Areas. Volume 3: The Northwest Multi-District: A Mobile Facilities Center.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Peterson, Roland L.; And Others

Representing the mobile facilities pattern of inter-district cooperation, the Northwest Multi-District case is one of four studies addressing access of rural students to vocational education through inter-school district cooperation. The report identifies essential features of this form of cooperation, details factors facilitating/impeding the…

Spent CCA treated wood from residential decks can be a resource for reuse and recycling

Treesearch

Robert L Smith; Philip A. Araman; David Bailey; Matthew F. Winn

2005-01-01

The volume of CCA treated wood being disposed of in landfills is growing at an alarming rate. In order to reduce the demand on landfills and timber harvest, more environmentally responsible alternatives for spent CCA treated wood have to be addressed. The objective of this study was to determine feasible products that can be produced from CCA treated wood....

Cost Study of Educational Media Systems and Their Equipment Components. Volume III, A Supplementary Report: Computer Assisted Instruction. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

General Learning Corp., Washington, DC.

The COST-ED model (Costs of Schools, Training, and Education) of the instructional process encourages the recognition of management alternatives and potential cost-savings. It is used to calculate the minimum cost of performing specified instructional tasks. COST-ED components are presented as cost modules in a flowchart format for manpower,…

Study of quiet turbofan STOL aircraft for short-haul transportation. Volume 3: Airports

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1973-01-01

The airport siting, design, cost, operation, and implementation aspects of a short takeoff aircraft transportation system are analyzed. Problem areas are identified and alternative solutions or actions required to achieve system implementation by the early 1980's are recommended. Factors associated with the ultimate community acceptance of the STOL program, such as noise, emissions, and congestion, are given special emphasis.

Onondaga Lake, New York. Technical Annex

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-03-01

wildlife species associated with openland habitat containing scattered areas of mixed grasses, shrubs , young trees, and vines are the eastern...evaluated in laboratory studies for sediment from Everett Bay and Indiana Harbor. Results for leachate testing of se-veral heavy metals were mixed. 53.3.2...29. Department of the Army, 1987, Disposal Alternatives for PCB-Contaminated Sediments From Indiana Harbor, Indiana , Volume 1, U.S. Army Engineer

Preliminary definition and evaluation of advanced space concepts. Volume 1: Executive summary

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bekey, I.

1978-01-01

A study was made to develop the characteristics, cost, and performance of a few of the more attractive application concepts, and to compare them against leading terrestrial alternatives, in order to determine their potential, identify those deserving further NASA attention and possible inclusion into the formal development planning sequence, and serve to initiate a dialogue with the using community and agencies.

Trophic Effects and Regenerative Potential of Mobilized Mesenchymal Stem Cells From Bone Marrow and Adipose Tissue as Alternative Cell Sources for Pulp/Dentin Regeneration.

PubMed

Murakami, Masashi; Hayashi, Yuki; Iohara, Koichiro; Osako, Yohei; Hirose, Yujiro; Nakashima, Misako

2015-01-01

Dental pulp stem cell (DPSC) subsets mobilized by granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) are safe and efficacious for complete pulp regeneration. The supply of autologous pulp tissue, however, is very limited in the aged. Therefore, alternative sources of mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells (MSCs) are needed for the cell therapy. In this study, DPSCs, bone marrow (BM), and adipose tissue (AD)-derived stem cells of the same individual dog were isolated using G-CSF-induced mobilization (MDPSCs, MBMSCs, and MADSCs). The positive rates of CXCR4 and G-CSFR in MDPSCs were similar to MADSCs and were significantly higher than those in MBMSCs. Trophic effects of MDPSCs on angiogenesis, neurite extension, migration, and antiapoptosis were higher than those of MBMSCs and MADSCs. Pulp-like loose connective tissues were regenerated in all three MSC transplantations. Significantly higher volume of regenerated pulp and higher density of vascularization and innervation were observed in response to MDPSCs compared to MBMSC and MADSC transplantation. Collagenous matrix containing dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP)-positive odontoblast-like cells was the highest in MBMSCs and significantly higher in MADSCs compared to MDPSCs. MBMSCs and MADSCs, therefore, have potential for pulp regeneration, although the volume of regenerated pulp tissue, angiogenesis, and reinnervation, were less. Thus, in conclusion, an alternative cell source for dental pulp/dentin regeneration are stem cells from BM and AD tissue.

Economic analysis of recycling contaminated concrete

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Stephen, A.; Ayers, K.W.; Boren, J.K.

1997-02-01

Decontamination and Decommissioning activities in the DOE complex generate large volumes of radioactively contaminated and uncontaminated concrete. Currently, this concrete is usually decontaminated, the contaminated waste is disposed of in a LLW facility and the decontaminated concrete is placed in C&D landfills. A number of alternatives to this practice are available including recycling of the concrete. Cost estimates for six alternatives were developed using a spreadsheet model. The results of this analysis show that recycling alternatives are at least as economical as current practice.

Volume measurements on three-dimensional photogrammetry after extended strip versus total cranial remodeling for sagittal synostosis: A comparative cohort study.

PubMed

van Veelen, Marie-Lise C; Jippes, Marielle; Carolina, Julius-Carl A; de Rooi, Johan; Dirven, Clemens M F; van Adrichem, Leon N A; Mathijssen, Irene M

2016-10-01

Surgery for sagittal synostosis aims at correction of skull shape and restoration of growth potential. Small cranial volume is associated with raised intracranial pressure (ICP). Although many techniques have been described, information on postoperative volume related to early and late remodeling is lacking. Between 2004 and 2008, a total of 95 patients were collected who underwent either early extended strip craniectomy or late total cranial remodeling according to age of presentation. Volume was measured on three-dimensional (3D) photogrammetry. Volume measurements were related to cranial index (CI), head circumference (HCsd), and signs of raised ICP. In a small subset of patients, volume measurements on 3D photogrammetry were assessed for inter- and intrarater reliability and compared to 3D computed tomography (CT). Volume was increased in all patients before and after surgery compared to normative values. Postoperatively, late total cranial remodeling resulted in a slightly larger volume than early extended strip craniectomy. Volume measurements showed a good correlation with HCsd (0.67) and a poor relationship with CI (0.13). Headache occurred more frequently in patients with a lower cranial volume. Although papilledema and reoperation showed the same trend, the numbers were too small for statistical analysis. Reproducibility of volume measurements on 3D photogrammetry was high, as was the correlation with measurements on CT. Late total cranial remodeling results in a larger postoperative volume, as measured on 3D photogrammetry, than extended strip craniectomy. Clinical signs of raised ICP occur more frequently in patients with a smaller volume. To measure volume, 3D photogrammetry is a good alternative to CT. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Cost/benefit tradeoffs for reducing the energy consumption of the commercial air transportation system. Volume 1: Technical analysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kraus, E. F.

1976-01-01

The effectiveness and associated costs of operational and technical options for reduced fuel consumption by Douglas aircraft in the domestic airline fleet are assessed. Areas explored include alternative procedures for airline and flight operations, advanced and state of the art technology, modification and derivative configurations, new near-term aircraft, turboprop configuration studies, and optimum aircraft geometry. Data for each aircraft studied is presented in tables and graphs.

Metropolitan Washington Area Water Supply Study. Appendix H. Bloomington Lake Reformulation Study. Volume 1.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-09-01

Profile H-16 North Branch Potomac River H-16 Location H-16 Land Use H-16 Socio -Economic Characteristics H-I8 Archaeological and Historic Resources H- 19...pasture land. Socio - Economic Characteristics In general, the socio -economic characteristics of the North Branch Potomac River Basin are similar to...the formulation of alternative plans and to enable an evaluation of plan effectiveness. Planning objectives may sometimes conflict with each other

The Preliminary Design of a Standardized Spacecraft Bus for Small Tactical Satellites (Volume 1)

DTIC Science & Technology

1996-11-01

characteristics, and not detailed design recommendations, the team decided to avoid modeling the interaction among the objective attributes. 47 5.6 Flexibility of...in the Modsat computer model are necessarily "generic" in nature to provide both flexibility in design evaluation and a foundation on which more...the methods employed during the study, the scope of the problem, the value system used to evaluate alternatives, tradeoff studies performed, modeling

The Preliminary Design of a Standardized Spacecraft Bus for Small Tactical Satellites (Volume 2)

DTIC Science & Technology

1996-11-01

this requirement, conditions of the model need to be modified to provide some flexibility to the original solution set. In the business world this...time The mission modules modeled in the Modsat computer model are necessarily "generic" in nature to provide both flexibility in design evaluation and...methods employed during the study, the scope of the problem, the value system used to evaluate alternatives, tradeoff studies performed, modeling tools

Effectiveness of Cooperative Learning Instructional Tools With Predict-Observe-Explain Strategy on the Topic of Cuboid and Cube Volume

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nurhuda; Lukito, A.; Masriyah

2018-01-01

This study aims to develop instructional tools and implement it to see the effectiveness. The method used in this research referred to Designing Effective Instruction. Experimental research with two-group pretest-posttest design method was conducted. The instructional tools have been developed is cooperative learning model with predict-observe-explain strategy on the topic of cuboid and cube volume which consist of lesson plans, POE tasks, and Tests. Instructional tools were of good quality by criteria of validity, practicality, and effectiveness. These instructional tools was very effective for teaching the volume of cuboid and cube. Cooperative instructional tool with predict-observe-explain (POE) strategy was good of quality because the teacher was easy to implement the steps of learning, students easy to understand the material and students’ learning outcomes completed classically. Learning by using this instructional tool was effective because learning activities were appropriate and students were very active. Students’ learning outcomes were completed classically and better than conventional learning. This study produced a good instructional tool and effectively used in learning. Therefore, these instructional tools can be used as an alternative to teach volume of cuboid and cube topics.

Effect of using a laryngeal tube on the no-flow time in a simulated, single-rescuer, basic life support setting with inexperienced users.

PubMed

Meyer, O; Bucher, M; Schröder, J

2016-03-01

The laryngeal tube (LT) is a recommended alternative to endotracheal intubation during advanced life support (ALS). Its insertion is relatively simple; therefore, it may also serve as an alternative to bag mask ventilation (BMV) for untrained personnel performing basic life support (BLS). Data support the influence of LT on the no-flow time (NFT) compared with BMV during ALS in manikin studies. We performed a manikin study to investigate the effect of using the LT for ventilation instead of BMV on the NFT during BLS in a prospective, randomized, single-rescuer study. All 209 participants were trained in BMV, but were inexperienced in using LT; each participant performed BLS during a 4-min time period. No significant difference in total NFT (LT: mean 81.1 ± 22.7 s; BMV: mean 83.2 ± 13.1 s, p = 0.414) was found; however, significant differences in the later periods of the scenario were identified. While ventilating with the LT, the proportion of chest compressions increased significantly from 67.2 to 73.2%, whereas the proportion of chest compressions increased only marginally when performing BMV. The quality of the chest compressions and the associated ventilation rate did not differ significantly. The mean tidal volume and mean minute volume were significantly lower when performing BMV. The NFT was significantly shorter in the later periods in a single-rescuer, cardiac arrest scenario when using an LT without previous training compared with BMV with previous training. A possible explanation for this result may be the complexity and workload of alternating tasks (e.g., time loss when reclining the head and positioning the mask for each ventilation during BMV).

Multifractal analysis of white matter structural changes on 3D magnetic resonance imaging between normal aging and early Alzheimer’s disease

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ni, Huang-Jing; Zhou, Lu-Ping; Zeng, Peng; Huang, Xiao-Lin; Liu, Hong-Xing; Ning, Xin-Bao

2015-07-01

Applications of multifractal analysis to white matter structure changes on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have recently received increasing attentions. Although some progresses have been made, there is no evident study on applying multifractal analysis to evaluate the white matter structural changes on MRI for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) research. In this paper, to explore multifractal analysis of white matter structural changes on 3D MRI volumes between normal aging and early AD, we not only extend the traditional box-counting multifractal analysis (BCMA) into the 3D case, but also propose a modified integer ratio based BCMA (IRBCMA) algorithm to compensate for the rigid division rule in BCMA. We verify multifractal characteristics in 3D white matter MRI volumes. In addition to the previously well studied multifractal feature, Δα, we also demonstrated Δf as an alternative and effective multifractal feature to distinguish NC from AD subjects. Both Δα and Δf are found to have strong positive correlation with the clinical MMSE scores with statistical significance. Moreover, the proposed IRBCMA can be an alternative and more accurate algorithm for 3D volume analysis. Our findings highlight the potential usefulness of multifractal analysis, which may contribute to clarify some aspects of the etiology of AD through detection of structural changes in white matter. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61271079), the Vice Chancellor Research Grant in University of Wollongong, and the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, China.

Confined detection volume of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy by bare fiber probes.

PubMed

Lu, Guowei; Lei, Franck H; Angiboust, Jean-François; Manfait, Michel

2010-04-01

A fiber-tip-based near-field fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) has been developed for confining the detection volume to sub-diffraction-limited dimensions. This near-field FCS is based on near-field illumination by coupling a scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM) to a conventional confocal FCS. Single-molecule FCS analysis at 100 nM Rhodamine 6G has been achieved by using bare chemically etched, tapered fiber tips. The detection volume under control of the SNOM system has been reduced over one order of magnitude compared to that of the conventional confocal FCS. Related factors influencing the near-field FCS performance are investigated and discussed in detail. In this proof-of-principle study, the preliminary experimental results suggest that the fiber-tip-based near-field FCS might be a good alternative to realize localized analysis at the single-molecule level.

Development of Metabolic Function Biomarkers in the Common Marmoset, Callithrix jacchus

PubMed Central

Ziegler, Toni E.; Colman, Ricki J.; Tardif, Suzette D.; Sosa, Megan E.; Wegner, Fredrick H.; Wittwer, Daniel J.; Shrestha, Hemanta

2013-01-01

Metabolic assessment of a nonhuman primate model of metabolic syndrome and obesity requires the necessary biomarkers specific to the species. While the rhesus monkey has a number of specific assays for assessing metabolic syndrome, the marmoset does not. Furthermore, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) has a small blood volume that necessitates using a single blood volume for multiple analyses. The common marmoset holds a great potential as an alternative primate model for the study of human disease but assay methods need to be developed and validated for the biomarkers of metabolic syndrome. Here we report on the adaptation, development and validation of commercially available immunoassays for common marmoset samples in small volumes. We have performed biological validations for insulin, adiponectin, leptin, and ghrelin to demonstrate the use of these biomarkers in examining metabolic syndrome and other related diseases in the common marmoset. PMID:23447060

Examination of simplified travel demand model. [Internal volume forecasting model

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Smith, R.L. Jr.; McFarlane, W.J.

1978-01-01

A simplified travel demand model, the Internal Volume Forecasting (IVF) model, proposed by Low in 1972 is evaluated as an alternative to the conventional urban travel demand modeling process. The calibration of the IVF model for a county-level study area in Central Wisconsin results in what appears to be a reasonable model; however, analysis of the structure of the model reveals two primary mis-specifications. Correction of the mis-specifications leads to a simplified gravity model version of the conventional urban travel demand models. Application of the original IVF model to ''forecast'' 1960 traffic volumes based on the model calibrated for 1970more » produces accurate estimates. Shortcut and ad hoc models may appear to provide reasonable results in both the base and horizon years; however, as shown by the IVF mode, such models will not always provide a reliable basis for transportation planning and investment decisions.« less

The study on injection parameters of selected alternative fuels used in diesel engines

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Balawender, K.; Kuszewski, H.; Lejda, K.; Lew, K.

2016-09-01

The paper presents selected results concerning fuel charging and spraying process for selected alternative fuels, including regular diesel fuel, rape oil, FAME, blends of these fuels in various proportions, and blends of rape oil with diesel fuel. Examination of the process included the fuel charge measurements. To this end, a set-up for examination of Common Rail-type injection systems was used constructed on the basis of Bosch EPS-815 test bench, from which the high-pressure pump drive system was adopted. For tests concerning the spraying process, a visualisation chamber with constant volume was utilised. The fuel spray development was registered with the use of VisioScope (AVL).

Liquid rocket booster study. Volume 2, book 5, appendix 9: LRB alternate applications and evolutionary growth

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1989-01-01

The analyses performed in assessing the merit of the Liquid Rocket Booster concept for use in alternate applications such as for Shuttle C, for Standalone Expendable Launch Vehicles, and possibly for use with the Air Force's Advanced Launch System are presented. A comparison is also presented of the three LRB candidate designs, namely: (1) the LO2/LH2 pump fed, (2) the LO2/RP-1 pump fed, and (3) the LO2/RP-1 pressure fed propellant systems in terms of evolution along with design and cost factors, and other qualitative considerations. A further description is also presented of the recommended LRB standalone, core-to-orbit launch vehicle concept.

Mississippi River: Study of Alternatives for Rehabilitation of Lock and Dam Number 1. Minneapolis, Minnesota. Volume 2. Appendix A. Alternative Plans of Rehabilitation.

DTIC Science & Technology

1976-04-01

25,00 oo4 L.S I 1 00 L.S 15 000 L.t. 1 0SIOOO L.S. is 1 3,00l 2 00 ,o000 c.Y. 3.00 27 000 9.000 C.V. 3 27 000 9000 c .. 3.00 - . rZ 27000 N 00...34_ __ 75.00 _45( 6 ea. 75.00 ___ _ 5 6 ea. .0L0 _450 6 0g. .00.~ * 1.00 1s 180 lin.ft. 1.00 190 180 lin.ft. 1.00 ISO 1e0 180 1 .ft. 1.80 1" * 0.30 ___ _ 1 500

Small V/STOL aircraft analysis, volume 1

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Smith, K. R., Jr.; Belina, F. W.

1974-01-01

A study has been made of the economic viability of advanced V/STOL aircraft concepts in performing general aviation missions. A survey of general aviation aircraft users, operators, and manufacturers indicated that personnel transport missions formulated around business executive needs, commuter air service, and offshore oil supply are the leading potential areas of application using VTOL aircraft. Advanced VTOL concepts potentially available in the late 1970 time period were evaluated as alternatives to privately owned contemporary aircraft and commercial airline service in satisfying these personnel transport needs. Economic analysis incorporating the traveler's value of time as the principle figure of merit were used to identify the relative merits of alternative VTOL air transportation concepts.

Advanced Transportation System Studies. Technical Area 3: Alternate Propulsion Subsystem Concepts. Volume 1; Executive Summary

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Levack, Daniel J. H.

2000-01-01

The Alternate Propulsion Subsystem Concepts contract had seven tasks defined that are reported under this contract deliverable. The tasks were: FAA Restart Study, J-2S Restart Study, Propulsion Database Development. SSME Upper Stage Use. CERs for Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines. Advanced Low Cost Engines, and Tripropellant Comparison Study. The two restart studies, F-1A and J-2S, generated program plans for restarting production of each engine. Special emphasis was placed on determining changes to individual parts due to obsolete materials, changes in OSHA and environmental concerns, new processes available, and any configuration changes to the engines. The Propulsion Database Development task developed a database structure and format which is easy to use and modify while also being comprehensive in the level of detail available. The database structure included extensive engine information and allows for parametric data generation for conceptual engine concepts. The SSME Upper Stage Use task examined the changes needed or desirable to use the SSME as an upper stage engine both in a second stage and in a translunar injection stage. The CERs for Liquid Engines task developed qualitative parametric cost estimating relationships at the engine and major subassembly level for estimating development and production costs of chemical propulsion liquid rocket engines. The Advanced Low Cost Engines task examined propulsion systems for SSTO applications including engine concept definition, mission analysis. trade studies. operating point selection, turbomachinery alternatives, life cycle cost, weight definition. and point design conceptual drawings and component design. The task concentrated on bipropellant engines, but also examined tripropellant engines. The Tripropellant Comparison Study task provided an unambiguous comparison among various tripropellant implementation approaches and cycle choices, and then compared them to similarly designed bipropellant engines in the SSTO mission This volume overviews each of the tasks giving its objectives, main results. and conclusions. More detailed Final Task Reports are available on each individual task.

Partial molar volumes of proteins: amino acid side-chain contributions derived from the partial molar volumes of some tripeptides over the temperature range 10-90 degrees C.

PubMed

Häckel, M; Hinz, H J; Hedwig, G R

1999-11-15

The partial molar volumes of tripeptides of sequence glycyl-X-glycine, where X is one of the amino acids alanine, leucine, threonine, glutamine, phenylalanine, histidine, cysteine, proline, glutamic acid, and arginine, have been determined in aqueous solution over the temperature range 10-90 degrees C using differential scanning densitometry . These data, together with those reported previously, have been used to derive the partial molar volumes of the side-chains of all 20 amino acids. The side-chain volumes are critically compared with literature values derived using partial molar volumes for alternative model compounds. The new amino acid side-chain volumes, along with that for the backbone glycyl group, were used to calculate the partial specific volumes of several proteins in aqueous solution. The results obtained are compared with those observed experimentally. The new side-chain volumes have also been used to re-determine residue volume changes upon protein folding.

Analysis of space systems for the space disposal of nuclear waste follow-on study. Volume 1: Executive summary

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1982-01-01

The impact on space systems of three alternative waste mixes was evaluated as part of an effort to investigate the disposal of certain high-level nuclear wastes in space as a complement to mined geologic repositories. A brief overview of the study background, objectives, scope, approach and guidelines, and limitations is presented. The effects of variations in waste mixes on space system concepts were studied in order to provide data for determining relative total system risk benefits resulting from space disposal of the alternative waste mixes. Overall objectives of the NASA-DOE sustaining-level study program are to investigate space disposal concepts which can provide information to support future nuclear waste terminal storage programmatic decisions and to maintain a low level of research activity in this area to provide a baseline for future development should a decision be made to increase the emphasis on this option.

Critical point relascope sampling for unbiased volume estimation of downed coarse woody debris

Treesearch

Jeffrey H. Gove; Michael S. Williams; Mark J. Ducey; Mark J. Ducey

2005-01-01

Critical point relascope sampling is developed and shown to be design-unbiased for the estimation of log volume when used with point relascope sampling for downed coarse woody debris. The method is closely related to critical height sampling for standing trees when trees are first sampled with a wedge prism. Three alternative protocols for determining the critical...

Estimating volumes and costs of forest biomass in western Montana using forest inventory and geospatial data

Treesearch

Dan Loeffler; David E. Calkin; Robin P. Silverstein

2006-01-01

Utilizing timber harvest residues (biomass) for renewable energy production provides an alternative disposal method to onsite burning that may improve the economic viability of hazardous fuels treatments. Due to the relatively low value of biomass, accurate estimates of biomass volumes and costs of collection and delivery are essential if investment in renewable energy...

Does the Addition of Inert Gases at Constant Volume and Temperature Affect Chemical Equilibrium?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Paiva, Joao C. M.; Goncalves, Jorge; Fonseca, Susana

2008-01-01

In this article we examine three approaches, leading to different conclusions, for answering the question "Does the addition of inert gases at constant volume and temperature modify the state of equilibrium?" In the first approach, the answer is yes as a result of a common students' alternative conception; the second approach, valid only for ideal…

Inside English: Journal of the English Council of California Two Year Colleges, Volume 17, Numbers 1-4, October 1989-May 1990.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Woodruff, Barbara Bilson, Ed.; And Others

1990-01-01

With each issue focusing on different themes, volume 17 of "Inside English" looks at the writing process, literature and literacy, composition and creativity, and pedagogical alternatives and classroom writing. In addition to regular columns on the English Council of California Two-Year Colleges (ECCTYC) and legislative concerns, the following…

Assessment Alternatives for a High Skill MOS. Volume I. Problem Procedures and Results. Volume II. Appendices.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Frederickson, Edward W.; And Others

The development and evaluation of prototype hands-on equipment, job sample performance tests for a high skilled technical Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) are described. An electronic maintenance MOS (26C20) was used as the research vehicle. The results led to the conclusion that valid and reliable performance tests could be constructed, but…

[Diagnostic possibilities of digital volume tomography].

PubMed

Lemkamp, Michael; Filippi, Andreas; Berndt, Dorothea; Lambrecht, J Thomas

2006-01-01

Cone beam computed tomography allows high quality 3D images of cranio-facial structures. Although detail resolution is increased, x-ray exposition is reduced compared to classic computer tomography. The volume is analysed in three orthogonal plains, which can be rotated independently without quality loss. Cone beam computed tomography seems to be a less expensive and less x-ray exposing alternative to classic computer tomography.

Break-even analysis revisited: the need to adjust for profitability, the collection rate and autonomous income.

PubMed

Broyles, R W; Narine, L; Khaliq, A

2003-08-01

This paper modifies traditional break-even analysis and develops a model that reflects the influence of variation in payer mix, the collection rate, profitability and autonomous income on the desired volume alternative. The augmented model indicates that a failure to adjust for uncollectibles and the net surplus results in a systematic understatement of the desired volume alternative. Conversely, a failure to adjust for autonomous income derived from the operation of cafeterias, gift shops or an organization's investment in marketable securities produces an overstatement of the desired volume. In addition, this paper uses Microsoft Excel to develop a spreadsheet that constructs a pro forma income statement, expressed in terms of the contribution margin. The spreadsheet also relies on the percentage of sales or revenue approach to prepare a balance sheet from which indicators of fiscal performance are calculated. Hence, the analysis enables the organization to perform a sensitivity analysis of potential changes in the desired volume, the operating margin, the current ratio, the debt: equity ratio and the amount of cash derived from operations that are associated with expected variation in payer mix, the collection rate, grouped by payer, the net surplus and autonomous income.

Disaster warning system: Satellite feasibility and comparison with terrestrial systems. Volume 1: Executive summary

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Spoor, J. H.; Hodge, W. H.; Fluk, M. J.; Bamford, T. F.

1974-01-01

The Disaster Warning System (DWS) is a conceptual system which will provide the National Weather Service (NWS) with communication services in the 1980s to help minimize losses caused by natural disasters. The object of this study is a comparative analysis between a terrestrial DWS and a satellite DWS. Baseline systems satisfying the NOAA requirements were synthesized in sufficient detail so that a comparison could be made in terms of performance and cost. The cost of both baseline systems is dominated by the disaster warning and spotter reporting functions. An effort was undertaken to reduce system cost through lower-capacity alternative systems generated by modifying the baseline systems. By reducing the number of required channels and modifying the spotter reporting techniques, alternative satellite systems were synthesized. A terrestrial alternative with the coverage reduced to an estimated 95 percent of the population was considered.

Assessing implicit models for nonpolar mean solvation forces: The importance of dispersion and volume terms

PubMed Central

Wagoner, Jason A.; Baker, Nathan A.

2006-01-01

Continuum solvation models provide appealing alternatives to explicit solvent methods because of their ability to reproduce solvation effects while alleviating the need for expensive sampling. Our previous work has demonstrated that Poisson-Boltzmann methods are capable of faithfully reproducing polar explicit solvent forces for dilute protein systems; however, the popular solvent-accessible surface area model was shown to be incapable of accurately describing nonpolar solvation forces at atomic-length scales. Therefore, alternate continuum methods are needed to reproduce nonpolar interactions at the atomic scale. In the present work, we address this issue by supplementing the solvent-accessible surface area model with additional volume and dispersion integral terms suggested by scaled particle models and Weeks–Chandler–Andersen theory, respectively. This more complete nonpolar implicit solvent model shows very good agreement with explicit solvent results and suggests that, although often overlooked, the inclusion of appropriate dispersion and volume terms are essential for an accurate implicit solvent description of atomic-scale nonpolar forces. PMID:16709675

Data summary of municipal solid waste management alternatives. Volume 4, Appendix B: RDF technologies

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

None

1992-10-01

This appendix contains background information, technical descriptions, economic data, mass and energy balances, and information on environmental releases for the refuse derived fuels (RDF) option in municipal solid waste management alternatives. Demonstration programs at St. Louis, Missouri; Franklin, Ohio; and Delaware are discussed. Information on pellet production and cofiring with coal is also presented.

Alternatives for Paraprofessional Training: Field Based Inservice for Those Who Work with Handicapped Children. Volume II. Final Report, June 1978-May 1981.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Evans, Joyce

Alternatives for Paraprofessional Training (APT), a 3-year project, addressed the need for training paraprofessionals working with young handicapped children in rural and urban areas of Texas. Objectives of the project were: to identify competencies needed by paraprofessionals in working with young, handicapped children; to identify the needs of…

An analysis of the physical properties of recovered CCA-treated wood from residential decks

Treesearch

David Bailey; Robert L. Smith; Philip A. Araman

2004-01-01

A large volume of CCA-treated wood removed from residential decks is disposed of in landfills every year, and better environmentally conscious alternatives are needed. Recycling CCA-treated wood from the decks could be a feasible alternative, but there is a lack of knowledge regarding the physical properties of the material. This research analyzed the chemical and...

Automotive technology status and projections. Volume 2: Assessment report

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dowdy, M.; Burke, A.; Schneider, H.; Edmiston, W.; Klose, G. J.; Heft, R.

1978-01-01

Current and advanced conventional engines, advanced alternative engines, advanced power train components, and other energy conserving automobile modifications which could be implemented by the end of this century are examined. Topics covered include gas turbine engines, Stirling engines, advanced automatic transmissions, alternative fuels, and metal and ceramic technology. Critical problems are examined and areas for future research are indicated.

Orbit transfer vehicle engine study, phase A, extension 1: Volume 2: Study results

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mellish, J. A.

1981-01-01

Because of the advantage of the Advanced Expander Cycle Engine brought out in initial studies, further design optimization and comparative analyses were undertaken. The major results and conclusion derived are summarized. The primary areas covered are (1) thrust chamber geometry optimization, (2) expander cycle optimization, (3) alternate low thrust capability, (4) safety and reliability, (5) development risk comparison, and (6) cost comparisons. All of the results obtained were used to baseline the initial design concept for the OTV Advanced Expander Cycle Engine Point Design Study.

Alternative Derivations of the Statistical Mechanical Distribution Laws

PubMed Central

Wall, Frederick T.

1971-01-01

A new approach is presented for the derivation of statistical mechanical distribution laws. The derivations are accomplished by minimizing the Helmholtz free energy under constant temperature and volume, instead of maximizing the entropy under constant energy and volume. An alternative method involves stipulating equality of chemical potential, or equality of activity, for particles in different energy levels. This approach leads to a general statement of distribution laws applicable to all systems for which thermodynamic probabilities can be written. The methods also avoid use of the calculus of variations, Lagrangian multipliers, and Stirling's approximation for the factorial. The results are applied specifically to Boltzmann, Fermi-Dirac, and Bose-Einstein statistics. The special significance of chemical potential and activity is discussed for microscopic systems. PMID:16578712

Alternative derivations of the statistical mechanical distribution laws.

PubMed

Wall, F T

1971-08-01

A new approach is presented for the derivation of statistical mechanical distribution laws. The derivations are accomplished by minimizing the Helmholtz free energy under constant temperature and volume, instead of maximizing the entropy under constant energy and volume. An alternative method involves stipulating equality of chemical potential, or equality of activity, for particles in different energy levels. This approach leads to a general statement of distribution laws applicable to all systems for which thermodynamic probabilities can be written. The methods also avoid use of the calculus of variations, Lagrangian multipliers, and Stirling's approximation for the factorial. The results are applied specifically to Boltzmann, Fermi-Dirac, and Bose-Einstein statistics. The special significance of chemical potential and activity is discussed for microscopic systems.

Objective assessment of skin tightening in Asians using a water-filtered near-infrared (1,000–1,800 nm) device with contact-cooling and freezer-stored gel

PubMed Central

Tanaka, Yohei; Tsunemi, Yuichiro; Kawashima, Makoto; Tatewaki, Naoto; Nishida, Hiroshi

2013-01-01

Background Near-infrared has been shown to penetrate deeper than optical light sources independent of skin color, allowing safer treatment for the Asian skin type. Many studies have indicated the efficacy of various types of devices, but have not included a sufficiently objective evaluation. In this study, we used three-dimensional imaging for objective evaluation of facial skin tightening using a water-filtered near-infrared device. Methods Twenty Japanese patients were treated with the water-filtered near-infrared (1,000–1,800 nm) device using a contact-cooling and nonfreezing gel stored in a freezer. Three-dimensional imaging was performed, and quantitative volume measurements were taken to evaluate the change in post-treatment volume. The patients then provided their subjective assessments. Results Objective assessments of the treated cheek volume evaluated by a three-dimensional color schematic representation with quantitative volume measurements showed significant improvement 3 months after treatment. The mean volume reduction at the last post-treatment visit was 2.554 ± 0.999 mL. The post-treatment volume was significantly reduced compared with the pretreatment volume in all patients (P < 0.0001). Eighty-five percent of patients reported satisfaction with the improvement of skin laxity, and 80% of patients reported satisfaction with improvement of rhytids, such as the nasolabial folds. Side effects, such as epidermal burns and scar formation, were not observed throughout the study. Conclusion The advantages of this water-filtered near-infrared treatment are its high efficacy for skin tightening, associated with a minimal level of discomfort and minimal side effects. Together, these characteristics facilitate our ability to administer repeated treatments and provide alternative or adjunctive treatment for patients, with improved results. This study provides a qualitative and quantitative volumetric assessment, establishing the ability of this technology to reduce volume through noninvasive skin tightening. PMID:23837000

Deriving simple and adjusted financial rates of return on Mississippi timber lands by combining forest inventory and analysis and Timber Mart-South data

Treesearch

Andrew J. Hartsell

2007-01-01

This study compares returns on investments in Mississippi timber lands with returns on alternative investments. The real annual rates of return from mature, undisturbed timber lands in Mississippi over a 17-year period (1977-94) were computed. Southern Research Station Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) timber volume data and Timber Mart-South (TMS) data on timber...

Micro Navigator (MICRON) Phase 2A. Volume 1. Technical Report

DTIC Science & Technology

1976-02-01

350 6-56. AMESGA Test Log Summary.................................. 351 xv ’I LIST OF TABLES (Cant) Tables Page 6-57. MESGA Calibration Table...of Module Slc xs Failure Rate Normalized to the Baseline Estimates 178 6.2.3.4 Packaging Alternative Studies Cost of ownership evaluations were...130 were step-heated and monitored. Significant outgas - sing of non-getterable gases was detected. These observations raised a serious question as to

Energy Conversion Alternatives Study (ECAS), General Electric Phase 1. Volume 2: Advanced energy conversion systems. Part 1: Open-cycle gas turbines

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Brown, D. H.; Corman, J. C.

1976-01-01

Ten energy conversion systems are defined and analyzed in terms of efficiency. These include: open-cycle gas turbine recuperative; open-cycle gas turbine; closed-cycle gas turbine; supercritical CO2 cycle; advanced steam cycle; liquid metal topping cycle; open-cycle MHD; closed-cycle inert gas MHD; closed-cycle liquid metal MHD; and fuel cells. Results are presented.

A FUEL-RICH PRECOMBUSTOR. FIELD EVALUATION OF LOW-EMISSION COAL BURNER TECHNOLOGY ON UTILITY BOILERS - VOLUME IV. ALTERNATE CON- CEPTS FOR SOX, NOX, AND PARTICULATE EMISSIONS CONTROL FROM

EPA Science Inventory

The report gives results a study of the use of precombustors for the simultaneous control of S02, NOx, and ash emissions from coal combustion. In Phase 1, exploratory testing was conducted on a small pilot scale--293 kW (million Btu/hr)-pulverized-coal-fired precombustor to ident...

Shuttle user analysis (study 2.2). Volume 3: Business risk and value of operations in space (BRAVO). Part 5: Analysis of GSFC Earth Observation Satellite (EOS) system mission model using BRAVO techniques

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1975-01-01

Cost comparisons were made between three modes of operation (expend, ground refurbish, and space resupply) for the Earth Observation System (EOS-B) to furnish data to NASA on alternative ways to use the shuttle/EOS. Results of the analysis are presented in tabular form.

New Concept Study for Repair of Bomb-Damaged Runways. Volume I. Concept Identification.

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-09-01

Expanded polystyrene beads would be pneumatically mixed with the cement to form a low density material. Initially, the ratio of foam to cement would...the combinations are presented with this concept. PRIMARY MATERIALS 0 Expanded polystyrene foam beads * Graded aggregate * Quick setting cement 61 E-4...probability of success - high ALTERNATE MATERIALS * Expanded polystyrene foam beads * Organic binders Furan Methyl Methacrylate Epoxy Aminos * Graded

Alternative Environments for Army Recruiting, 1987-2001. Volume 3

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-01-01

study investigating the cultural script, known as ’simpatia’, among Hispanic and mainstream recruits found’that Hispanics expect more positive...A16 joblessness of black men. Another reason for more black children in single-parent families is the high degree of teen-age pregnancies among ... investigate systematically the "cross correlations" among future events (and only future events) to determine, among other things, if improved

Space Station crew safety alternatives study. Volume 5: Space Station safety plan

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mead, G. H.; Peercy, R. L., Jr.; Raasch, R. F.

1985-01-01

The Space Station Safety Plan has been prepared as an adjunct to the subject contract final report, suggesting the tasks and implementation procedures to ensure that threats are addressed and resolution strategy options identified and incorporated into the space station program. The safety program's approach is to realize minimum risk exposure without levying undue design and operational constraints. Safety objectives and risk acceptances are discussed.

Phase 1 of the near term hybrid passenger vehicle development program. Appendix B: Trade-off studies. Volume 2: Appendices

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Traversi, M.; Piccolo, R.

1979-01-01

The SPEC '78 computer program which consists of mathematical simulations of any vehicle component and external environment is described as are configuration alternatives for the propulsion system. Preliminary assessments of the fundamental characteristics of the lead-acid and sodium-sulfur batteries are included and procedures are given for estimating the cost of a new vehicle in mass production.

Operations analysis (study 2.6). Volume 4: Computer specification; logistics of orbiting vehicle servicing (LOVES)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1973-01-01

The logistics of orbital vehicle servicing computer specifications was developed and a number of alternatives to improve utilization of the space shuttle and the tug were investigated. Preliminary results indicate that space servicing offers a potential for reducing future operational and program costs over ground refurbishment of satellites. A computer code which could be developed to simulate space servicing is presented.

Astronomy sortie missions definition study. Volume 2, book 1: Astronomy sortie program technical report

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1972-01-01

The work performed to arrive at a baseline astronomy sortie mission concept is summarized. The material includes: (1) definition of the telescopes and arrays; (2) preliminary definition of mission and systems; (3) identification, definition, and evaluation of alternative sortie programs; (4) the recommended astronomy sortie program; and (5) the astronomy sortie program concept that was approved as a baseline for the remainder of the project.

Cosmological perturbations in teleparallel Loop Quantum Cosmology

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Haro, Jaime, E-mail: jaime.haro@upc.edu

2013-11-01

Cosmological perturbations in Loop Quantum Cosmology (LQC) are usually studied incorporating either holonomy corrections, where the Ashtekar connection is replaced by a suitable sinus function in order to have a well-defined quantum analogue, or inverse-volume corrections coming from the eigenvalues of the inverse-volume operator. In this paper we will develop an alternative approach to calculate cosmological perturbations in LQC based on the fact that, holonomy corrected LQC in the flat Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) geometry could be also obtained as a particular case of teleparallel F(T) gravity (teleparallel LQC). The main idea of our approach is to mix the simple bounce providedmore » by holonomy corrections in LQC with the non-singular perturbation equations given by F(T) gravity, in order to obtain a matter bounce scenario as a viable alternative to slow-roll inflation. In our study, we have obtained an scale invariant power spectrum of cosmological perturbations. However, the ratio of tensor to scalar perturbations is of order 1, which does not agree with the current observations. For this reason, we suggest a model where a transition from the matter domination to a quasi de Sitter phase is produced in order to enhance the scalar power spectrum.« less

District heating and cooling systems for communities through power plant retrofit distribution network, Phase 2. Final report, 1 March 1980-31 January 1984. Volume II

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1984-01-31

This volume begins with an Introduction summarizing the history, methodology and scope of the study, the project team members and the private and public groups consulted in the course of the study. The Load and Service Area Assessment follows, including: a compilation and analysis of existing statistical thermal load data from census data, industrial directories, PSE and G records and other sources; an analysis of responses to a detailed, 4-page thermal load questionnaire; data on public buildings and fuel and energy use provided by the New Jersey Dept. of Energy; and results of other customer surveys conducted by PSE andmore » G. A discussion of institutional questions follows. The general topic of rates is then discussed, including a draft hypothetical Tariff for Thermal Services. Financial considerations are discussed including a report identifying alternative ownership/financing options for district heating systems and the tax implications of these options. Four of these options were then selected by PSE and G and a financial (cash-flow) analysis done (by the PSE and G System Planning Dept.) in comparison with a conventional heating alternative. Year-by-year cost of heat ($/10/sup 6/ Btu) was calculated and tabulated, and the various options compared.« less

Advanced space system concepts and their orbital support needs (1980 - 2000). Volume 4: Detailed data. Part 2: Program plans and common support needs (a study of the commonality of space vehicle applications to future national needs

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bekey, I.; Mayer, H. L.; Wolfe, M. G.

1976-01-01

The methodology of alternate world future scenarios is utilized for selecting a plausible, though not advocated, set of future scenarios each of which results in a program plan appropriate for the respective environment. Each such program plan gives rise to different building block and technology requirements, which are analyzed for common need between the NASA and the DoD for each of the alternate world scenarios. An essentially invariant set of system, building block, and technology development plans is presented at the conclusion, intended to allow protection of most of the options for system concepts regardless of what the actual future world environment turns out to be. Thus, building block and technology needs are derived which support: (1) each specific world scenario; (2) all the world scenarios identified in this study; or (3) generalized scenarios applicable to almost any future environment. The output included in this volume consists of the building blocks, i.e.: transportation vehicles, orbital support vehicles, and orbital support facilities; the technology required to support the program plans; identification of their features which could support the DoD and NASA in common; and a complete discussion of the planning methodology.

On the debris-level origins of adhesive wear

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aghababaei, Ramin; Warner, Derek H.; Molinari, Jean-François

2017-07-01

Every contacting surface inevitably experiences wear. Predicting the exact amount of material loss due to wear relies on empirical data and cannot be obtained from any physical model. Here, we analyze and quantify wear at the most fundamental level, i.e., wear debris particles. Our simulations show that the asperity junction size dictates the debris volume, revealing the origins of the long-standing hypothesized correlation between the wear volume and the real contact area. No correlation, however, is found between the debris volume and the normal applied force at the debris level. Alternatively, we show that the junction size controls the tangential force and sliding distance such that their product, i.e., the tangential work, is always proportional to the debris volume, with a proportionality constant of 1 over the junction shear strength. This study provides an estimation of the debris volume without any empirical factor, resulting in a wear coefficient of unity at the debris level. Discrepant microscopic and macroscopic wear observations and models are then contextualized on the basis of this understanding. This finding offers a way to characterize the wear volume in atomistic simulations and atomic force microscope wear experiments. It also provides a fundamental basis for predicting the wear coefficient for sliding rough contacts, given the statistics of junction clusters sizes.

On the debris-level origins of adhesive wear.

PubMed

Aghababaei, Ramin; Warner, Derek H; Molinari, Jean-François

2017-07-25

Every contacting surface inevitably experiences wear. Predicting the exact amount of material loss due to wear relies on empirical data and cannot be obtained from any physical model. Here, we analyze and quantify wear at the most fundamental level, i.e., wear debris particles. Our simulations show that the asperity junction size dictates the debris volume, revealing the origins of the long-standing hypothesized correlation between the wear volume and the real contact area. No correlation, however, is found between the debris volume and the normal applied force at the debris level. Alternatively, we show that the junction size controls the tangential force and sliding distance such that their product, i.e., the tangential work, is always proportional to the debris volume, with a proportionality constant of 1 over the junction shear strength. This study provides an estimation of the debris volume without any empirical factor, resulting in a wear coefficient of unity at the debris level. Discrepant microscopic and macroscopic wear observations and models are then contextualized on the basis of this understanding. This finding offers a way to characterize the wear volume in atomistic simulations and atomic force microscope wear experiments. It also provides a fundamental basis for predicting the wear coefficient for sliding rough contacts, given the statistics of junction clusters sizes.

On the debris-level origins of adhesive wear

PubMed Central

Warner, Derek H.; Molinari, Jean-François

2017-01-01

Every contacting surface inevitably experiences wear. Predicting the exact amount of material loss due to wear relies on empirical data and cannot be obtained from any physical model. Here, we analyze and quantify wear at the most fundamental level, i.e., wear debris particles. Our simulations show that the asperity junction size dictates the debris volume, revealing the origins of the long-standing hypothesized correlation between the wear volume and the real contact area. No correlation, however, is found between the debris volume and the normal applied force at the debris level. Alternatively, we show that the junction size controls the tangential force and sliding distance such that their product, i.e., the tangential work, is always proportional to the debris volume, with a proportionality constant of 1 over the junction shear strength. This study provides an estimation of the debris volume without any empirical factor, resulting in a wear coefficient of unity at the debris level. Discrepant microscopic and macroscopic wear observations and models are then contextualized on the basis of this understanding. This finding offers a way to characterize the wear volume in atomistic simulations and atomic force microscope wear experiments. It also provides a fundamental basis for predicting the wear coefficient for sliding rough contacts, given the statistics of junction clusters sizes. PMID:28696291

Comparison of esophageal Doppler and plethysmographic variability index to guide intraoperative fluid therapy for low-risk patients undergoing colorectal surgery.

PubMed

Warnakulasuriya, Samantha R; Davies, Simon J; Wilson, R Jonathan T; Yates, David R A

2016-11-01

This study aims to investigate if there is equivalence in volumes of fluid administered when intravenous fluid therapy is guided by Pleth Variability Index (PVI) compared to the established technology of esophageal Doppler in low-risk patients undergoing major colorectal surgery. Randomized controlled trial. Operating room. Forty low-risk patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery. Patients were monitored by esophageal Doppler and PVI probes and were randomized to have fluid therapy directed by using one of these technologies, with 250 mL boluses of colloid to maintain a maximal stroke volume, or a PVI of less than 14%. Absolute volumes of fluid volumes given intraoperatively were measured as were 24 hours fluid volumes. Perioperative measurements of lactate and base excess were recorded as were postoperative complications. There was no significant difference between PVI and esophageal Doppler groups in mean total fluid administered (1286 vs 1520 mL, P=.300) or mean intraoperative fluid balance (+839 v+1145 mL, P=.150). PVI offers an entirely non-invasive alternative for goal-directed fluid therapy in this group of patients. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Detection of gas leakage

DOEpatents

Thornberg, Steven [Peralta, NM; Brown, Jason [Albuquerque, NM

2012-06-19

A method of detecting leaks and measuring volumes as well as an apparatus, the Power-free Pump Module (PPM), that is a self-contained leak test and volume measurement apparatus that requires no external sources of electrical power during leak testing or volume measurement, where the invention is a portable, pneumatically-controlled instrument capable of generating a vacuum, calibrating volumes, and performing quantitative leak tests on a closed test system or device, all without the use of alternating current (AC) power. Capabilities include the ability is to provide a modest vacuum (less than 10 Torr), perform a pressure rise leak test, measure the gas's absolute pressure, and perform volume measurements. All operations are performed through a simple rotary control valve which controls pneumatically-operated manifold valves.

Detection of gas leakage

DOEpatents

Thornberg, Steven M; Brown, Jason

2015-02-17

A method of detecting leaks and measuring volumes as well as a device, the Power-free Pump Module (PPM), provides a self-contained leak test and volume measurement apparatus that requires no external sources of electrical power during leak testing or volume measurement. The PPM is a portable, pneumatically-controlled instrument capable of generating a vacuum, calibrating volumes, and performing quantitative leak tests on a closed test system or device, all without the use of alternating current (AC) power. Capabilities include the ability is to provide a modest vacuum (less than 10 Torr) using a venturi pump, perform a pressure rise leak test, measure the gas's absolute pressure, and perform volume measurements. All operations are performed through a simple rotary control valve which controls pneumatically-operated manifold valves.

Dosimetric comparison of photon and proton treatment techniques for chondrosarcoma of thoracic spine

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yadav, Poonam, E-mail: yadav@humonc.wisc.edu; Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; University of Wisconsin Riverview Cancer Center, Wisconsin Rapids, WI

2013-10-01

Chondrosarcomas are relatively radiotherapy resistant, and also delivering high radiation doses is not feasible owing to anatomic constraints. In this study, the feasibility of helical tomotherapy for treatment of chondrosarcoma of thoracic spine is explored and compared with other available photon and proton radiotherapy techniques in the clinical setting. A patient was treated for high-grade chondrosarcoma of the thoracic spine using tomotherapy. Retrospectively, the tomotherapy plan was compared with intensity-modulated radiation therapy, dynamic arc photon therapy, and proton therapy. Two primary comparisons were made: (1) comparison of normal tissue sparing with comparable target volume coverage (plan-1), and (2) comparison ofmore » target volume coverage with a constrained maximum dose to the cord center (plan-2). With constrained target volume coverage, proton plans were found to yield lower mean doses for all organs at risk (spinal cord, esophagus, heart, and both lungs). Tomotherapy planning resulted in the lowest mean dose to all organs at risk amongst photon-based methods. For cord dose constrained plans, the static-field intensity-modulated radiation therapy and dynamic arc plans resulted target underdosing in 20% and 12% of planning target volume2 volumes, respectively, whereas both proton and tomotherapy plans provided clinically acceptable target volume coverage with no portion of planning target volume2 receiving less than 90% of the prescribed dose. Tomotherapy plans are comparable to proton plans and produce superior results compared with other photon modalities. This feasibility study suggests that tomotherapy is an attractive alternative to proton radiotherapy for delivering high doses to lesions in the thoracic spine.« less

Space Station crew safety alternatives study. Volume 4: Appendices

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Peercy, R. L., Jr.; Raasch, R. F.; Rockoff, L. A.

1985-01-01

The scope of this study considered the first 15 years of accumulated space station concepts for Initial Operational Capability (10C) during the early 1990's. Twenty-five threats to the space station are identified and selected threats addressed as impacting safety criteria, escape and rescue, and human factors safety concerns. Of the 25 threats identified, eight are discussed including strategy options for threat control: fire, biological or toxic contamination, injury/illness, explosion, loss of pressurization, radiation, meteoroid penetration and debris.

Predictive Software Cost Model Study. Volume II. Software Package Detailed Data.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-06-01

will not be limited to: a. ASN-91 NWDS Computer b. Armament System Control Unit ( ASCU ) c. AN/ASN-90 IMS 6. CONFIGURATION CONTROL. OFP/OTP...planned approach. 3. Detailed analysis and study; impacts on hardware, manuals, data, AGE , etc; alternatives with pros and cons; cost estimates; ECP...WAIT UNTIL RESOURCE REQUEST FOR * : HAG TAPE HAS BEEN FULFILLED )MTS 0 RI * Ae* NESDIIRCE MAG TAPE (SHORT FORM)I:TST IN I" . TEST " AG TAPE RESOURCE

Study to Determine the CB (Chemical/Biological) Threat and Define Alternative Crew Protection Systems for the Advanced Attack Helicopter (AAH). Volume 1

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-12-01

NTIS GRA&I DTIC TAR Unannou.nced _ Just if i cat i o Distribution/ Availability Codes Avail and/or Dist Special ii -.- ,-4. ,S... -. UNCLASSIFIED...fighting ability. U Biological agents consist of living micro-organisms including bacteria, rickettsia and viruses . These agents are affected by their...six hours when worn with a protective hood. While virus particles are normally extremely minute, it is assumed in this study that they must be

A study of an orbital radar mapping mission to Venus. Volume 1: Summary

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1973-01-01

A preliminary design of a Venus radar mapping orbiter mission and spacecraft was developed. The important technological problems were identified and evaluated. The study was primarily concerned with trading off alternate ways of implementing the mission and examining the most attractive concepts in order to assess technology requirements. Compatible groupings of mission and spacecraft parameters were analyzed by examining the interaction of their functioning elements and assessing their overall cost effectiveness in performing the mission.

Correlation between Extraocular Muscle Size Measured by Computed Tomography and the Vertical Angle of Deviation in Thyroid Eye Disease

PubMed Central

Lee, Ju-Yeun; Bae, Kunho; Park, Kyung-Ah; Lyu, In Jeong; Oh, Sei Yeul

2016-01-01

The aim of this study was to investigate extraocular muscle (EOM) volume and cross-sectional area using computed tomography (CT), and to determine the relationship between EOM size and the vertical angle of deviation in thyroid eye disease (TED). Twenty-nine TED patients (58 orbits) with vertical strabismus were enrolled in the study. All patients underwent complete ophthalmic examination including prism, alternate cover, and Krimsky tests. Orbital CT scans were also performed on each patient. Digital image analysis was used to quantify superior rectus (SR) and inferior rectus (IR) muscle cross-sectional areas and volumes. Measurements were compared with those of controls. The correlation between muscle size and degree of vertical angle deviation was evaluated. The mean vertical angle of deviation was 26.2 ± 4.1 prism diopters. The TED group had a greater maximum cross-sectional area and EOM volume in the SR and IR than the control group (all p<0.001). Area and volume of the IR were correlated with the angle of deviation, but the SR alone did not show a significant correlation. The maximum cross-sectional area and volume of [Right IR + Left SR − Right SR − Left IR] was strongly correlated with the vertical angle of deviation (P<0.001). Quantitative CT of the orbit with evaluation of the area and volume of EOMs may be helpful in anticipating and monitoring vertical strabismus in TED patients. PMID:26820406

Correlation between Extraocular Muscle Size Measured by Computed Tomography and the Vertical Angle of Deviation in Thyroid Eye Disease.

PubMed

Lee, Ju-Yeun; Bae, Kunho; Park, Kyung-Ah; Lyu, In Jeong; Oh, Sei Yeul

2016-01-01

The aim of this study was to investigate extraocular muscle (EOM) volume and cross-sectional area using computed tomography (CT), and to determine the relationship between EOM size and the vertical angle of deviation in thyroid eye disease (TED). Twenty-nine TED patients (58 orbits) with vertical strabismus were enrolled in the study. All patients underwent complete ophthalmic examination including prism, alternate cover, and Krimsky tests. Orbital CT scans were also performed on each patient. Digital image analysis was used to quantify superior rectus (SR) and inferior rectus (IR) muscle cross-sectional areas and volumes. Measurements were compared with those of controls. The correlation between muscle size and degree of vertical angle deviation was evaluated. The mean vertical angle of deviation was 26.2 ± 4.1 prism diopters. The TED group had a greater maximum cross-sectional area and EOM volume in the SR and IR than the control group (all p<0.001). Area and volume of the IR were correlated with the angle of deviation, but the SR alone did not show a significant correlation. The maximum cross-sectional area and volume of [Right IR + Left SR - Right SR - Left IR] was strongly correlated with the vertical angle of deviation (P<0.001). Quantitative CT of the orbit with evaluation of the area and volume of EOMs may be helpful in anticipating and monitoring vertical strabismus in TED patients.

Reduction of diuretics and analysis of water and muscle volumes to prevent falls and fall-related fractures in older adults.

PubMed

Okada, Kosuke; Okada, Masahiro; Kamada, Nanao; Yamaguchi, Yumiko; Kakehashi, Masayuki; Sasaki, Hidemi; Katoh, Shigeko; Morita, Katsuya

2017-02-01

In an attempt to decrease the incidence of falls and fall-related fractures at a special geriatric nursing home, we endeavored to reduce diuretic doses, and examined the relationship between the effectiveness of this approach with the body compositions and activities of daily living of the study cohort. We enrolled 93 participants living in the community, 60 residents of an intermediate geriatric nursing home and 50 residents of the 100-bed Kandayama Yasuragien special geriatric nursing home. We recorded body composition using a multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analyzer. Daily loop diuretic and other diuretic regimens of those in the special geriatric nursing home were reduced or replaced with "NY-mode" diuretic therapy, namely, spironolactone 12.5 mg orally once on alternate days. The incidence of falls fell from 53 in 2011 to 29 in 2012, and there were no fall-related proximal femoral fractures for 3 years after the introduction of NY-mode diuretic therapy. We also found statistically significant differences in muscle and intracellular water volumes in our elderly participants: those with higher care requirements or lower levels of independence had lower muscle or water volumes. We found that reducing or replacing daily diuretics with NY-mode therapy appeared to reduce the incidence of falls and fall-related proximal femoral fracture, likely by preserving intracellular and extracellular body water volumes. Low-dose spironolactone (12.5 mg on alternate days) appears to be an effective means of treating elderly individuals with chronic heart failure or other edematous states, while preventing falls and fall-related fractures. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 262-269. © 2016 The Authors. Geriatrics & Gerontology International published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Japan Geriatrics Society.

Non-Gaussian effects, space-time decoupling, and mobility bifurcation in glassy hard-sphere fluids and suspensions.

PubMed

Saltzman, Erica J; Schweizer, Kenneth S

2006-12-01

Brownian trajectory simulation methods are employed to fully establish the non-Gaussian fluctuation effects predicted by our nonlinear Langevin equation theory of single particle activated dynamics in glassy hard-sphere fluids. The consequences of stochastic mobility fluctuations associated with the space-time complexities of the transient localization and barrier hopping processes have been determined. The incoherent dynamic structure factor was computed for a range of wave vectors and becomes of an increasingly non-Gaussian form for volume fractions beyond the (naive) ideal mode coupling theory (MCT) transition. The non-Gaussian parameter (NGP) amplitude increases markedly with volume fraction and is well described by a power law in the maximum restoring force of the nonequilibrium free energy profile. The time scale associated with the NGP peak becomes much smaller than the alpha relaxation time for systems characterized by significant entropic barriers. An alternate non-Gaussian parameter that probes the long time alpha relaxation process displays a different shape, peak intensity, and time scale of its maximum. However, a strong correspondence between the classic and alternate NGP amplitudes is predicted which suggests a deep connection between the early and final stages of cage escape. Strong space-time decoupling emerges at high volume fractions as indicated by a nondiffusive wave vector dependence of the relaxation time and growth of the translation-relaxation decoupling parameter. Displacement distributions exhibit non-Gaussian behavior at intermediate times, evolving into a strongly bimodal form with slow and fast subpopulations at high volume fractions. Qualitative and semiquantitative comparisons of the theoretical results with colloid experiments, ideal MCT, and multiple simulation studies are presented.

Calculating regional tissue volume for hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion: Four methods compared.

PubMed

Cecchin, D; Negri, A; Frigo, A C; Bui, F; Zucchetta, P; Bodanza, V; Gregianin, M; Campana, L G; Rossi, C R; Rastrelli, M

2016-12-01

Hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion (HILP) can be performed as an alternative to amputation for soft tissue sarcomas and melanomas of the extremities. Melphalan and tumor necrosis factor-alpha are used at a dosage that depends on the volume of the limb. Regional tissue volume is traditionally measured for the purposes of HILP using water displacement volumetry (WDV). Although this technique is considered the gold standard, it is time-consuming and complicated to implement, especially in obese and elderly patients. The aim of the present study was to compare the different methods described in the literature for calculating regional tissue volume in the HILP setting, and to validate an open source software. We reviewed the charts of 22 patients (11 males and 11 females) who had non-disseminated melanoma with in-transit metastases or sarcoma of the lower limb. We calculated the volume of the limb using four different methods: WDV, tape measurements and segmentation of computed tomography images using Osirix and Oncentra Masterplan softwares. The overall comparison provided a concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) of 0.92 for the calculations of whole limb volume. In particular, when Osirix was compared with Oncentra (validated for volume measures and used in radiotherapy), the concordance was near-perfect for the calculation of the whole limb volume (CCC = 0.99). With methods based on CT the user can choose a reliable plane for segmentation purposes. CT-based methods also provides the opportunity to separate the whole limb volume into defined tissue volumes (cortical bone, fat and water). Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Alternatives for managing wastes from reactors and post-fission operations in the LWR fuel cycle. Volume 5. Appendices

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1976-05-01

Volume V of the five-volume report consists of appendices, which provide supplementary information, with emphasis on characteristics of geologic formations that might be used for final storage or disposal. Appendix titles are: selected glossary; conversion factors; geologic isolation, including, (a) site selection factors for repositories of wastes in geologic media, (b) rock types--geologic occurrence, (c) glossary of geohydrologic terms, and (d) 217 references; the ocean floor; and, government regulations pertaining to the management of radioactive materials. (JGB)

43 CFR Appendix II to Part 11 - Format for Data Inputs and Modifications to the NRDAM/CME

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

....g., coral reef) and is classified as “landward” in Table 6.2, Volume I of the NRDAM/CME technical... kelp) or invertebrate reef (e.g., coral reef) and is classified as “seaward” in Table 6.2, Volume I of..., seagrass, or kelp) or invertebrate reef (e.g., coral reef). Tidal current—currents caused by alternating...

43 CFR Appendix II to Part 11 - Format for Data Inputs and Modifications to the NRDAM/CME

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

....g., coral reef) and is classified as “landward” in Table 6.2, Volume I of the NRDAM/CME technical... kelp) or invertebrate reef (e.g., coral reef) and is classified as “seaward” in Table 6.2, Volume I of..., seagrass, or kelp) or invertebrate reef (e.g., coral reef). Tidal current—currents caused by alternating...

43 CFR Appendix II to Part 11 - Format for Data Inputs and Modifications to the NRDAM/CME

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

....g., coral reef) and is classified as “landward” in Table 6.2, Volume I of the NRDAM/CME technical... kelp) or invertebrate reef (e.g., coral reef) and is classified as “seaward” in Table 6.2, Volume I of..., seagrass, or kelp) or invertebrate reef (e.g., coral reef). Tidal current—currents caused by alternating...

Efficiency and precision for estimating timber and non-timber attributes using Landsat-based stratification methods in two-phase sampling in northwest California

Treesearch

Antti T. Kaartinen; Jeremy S. Fried; Paul A. Dunham

2002-01-01

Three Landsat TM-based GIS layers were evaluated as alternatives to conventional, photointerpretation-based stratification of FIA field plots. Estimates for timberland area, timber volume, and volume of down wood were calculated for California's North Coast Survey Unit of 2.5 million hectares. The estimates were compared on the basis of standard errors,...

LOGO Teaching Sequences on Numbers and Functions and Equations. Teacher's Text and Problems.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Grant, Richard; And Others

The teacher's texts for two teaching sequences in the LOGO mathematics course are presented in this second volume of a four-volume report. The material presented here is designed to be a broad overview of the application of LOGO to the topics of numbers and functions. A variety of alternative paths and approaches are presented; in each case the…

The Use of Educational Knowledge; Evaluation of the Pilot State Dissemination Program. Volume 1: Goals, Operations and Training. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sieber, Sam D.; And Others

The Pilot State Dissemination Program of the National Center for Educational Communication, carried out in three target states by field agents, is evaluated as to goals, procedures, and outcomes. The seven parts of Volume I, and their chapters, are as follows: Part I, Goals: Alternative Goals of Extension-Retrieval Projects; Part II, Field Agent…

A test of alternative estimators for volume at time 1 from remeasured point samples

Treesearch

Francis A. Roesch; Edwin J. Green; Charles T. Scott

1993-01-01

Two estimators for volume at time 1 for use with permanent horizontal point samples are evaluated. One estimator, used traditionally, uses only the trees sampled at time 1, while the second estimator, originally presented by Roesch and coauthors (F.A. Roesch, Jr., E.J. Green, and C.T. Scott. 1989. For. Sci. 35(2):281-293). takes advantage of additional sample...

FMDP reactor alternative summary report. Volume 1 - existing LWR alternative

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Greene, S.R.; Bevard, B.B.

1996-10-07

Significant quantities of weapons-usable fissile materials [primarily plutonium and highly enriched uranium (HEU)] are becoming surplus to national defense needs in both the United States and Russia. These stocks of fissile materials pose significant dangers to national and international security. The dangers exist not only in the potential proliferation of nuclear weapons but also in the potential for environmental, safety, and health (ES&H) consequences if surplus fissile materials are not properly managed. This document summarizes the results of analysis concerned with existing light water reactor plutonium disposition alternatives.

The Regionalization of Total Ankle Arthroplasties and Ankle Fusions in New York State: A 10-Year Comparative Analysis.

PubMed

Buza, John A; Liu, James X; Jancuska, Jeffrey; Bosco, Joseph A

2017-06-01

Total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) provides an alternative to ankle fusion (AF). The purpose of this study is to (1) determine the extent of TAA regionalization, as well as examine the growth of TAA performed at high-, medium-, and low-volume New York State institutions and (2) compare this regionalization and growth with AF. The New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System (SPARCS) administrative data were used to identify 737 primary TAA and 7453 AF from 2005 to 2014. The volume of TAA and AF surgery in New York State was mapped according to patient and hospital 3-digit zip code. The number of TAA per year grew 1500% (from 11 to 177) from 2005 to 2014, while there was a 35.6% reduction (from 895 to 576) in yearly AF procedures. TAA recipients were widely distributed throughout the state, while TAA procedures were regionalized to a few select metropolitan centers. AF procedures were performed more uniformly than TAA. The number of TAA has continued to increase at high- (15 to 91) and medium-volume (14 to 67) institutions where it has decreased at low-volume institutions (44 to 19). The increased utilization of TAA is attributed to relatively few high-volume centers located in major metropolitan centers. Level IV: well-designed case-control or cohort studies.

A Scientific Approach to Improve Physiological Capacity of an Elite Cyclist.

PubMed

Rønnestad, Bent R; Hansen, Joar

2018-03-01

Previous studies in endurance athletes have indicated that block periodization (BP) can be a good alternative to the more traditional organization of training despite the fact that the total volume and intensity of the training are similar. However, these studies usually last only 4-12 wk. The aim of the present single-case study was to investigate the consequences of 58 wk with systematic BP of low-intensity training (LIT), moderate-intensity training (MIT), and high-intensity interval training (HIT) including incorporation of heavy strength training. It is important that a maintenance stimulus on the nonprioritized training modalities was added in the different training blocks. Performance-related variables were tested regularly during the intervention. The studied cyclist started with a maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2 max) of 73.8 mL · kg -1  · min -1 , peak aerobic power (W max ) of 6.14 W/kg, and a power output at 3 mmol/L blood lactate concentration (Power 3la -) of 3.6 W/kg. Total training volume during the 58-wk intervention was 678 h, of which 452 h were LIT (67%), 124 h were MIT (18%), 69 h were HIT (10%), and 34 h were heavy strength training (5%). The weekly training volume had a large range depending on the focus of the training block. After the intervention the cyclist's VO 2 max was 87 mL · kg -1  · min -1 , W max was 7.35 W/kg, and Power 3la - was 4.9 W/kg. This single case indicates that the present training program can be a good alternative to the more traditional organization of long-term training of endurance athletes. However, a general recommendation cannot be given based on this single-case study.

Surface plasmon polariton nanocavity with ultrasmall mode volume

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yue, Wencheng; Yao, Peijun; Luo, Huiwen; Liu, Wen

2017-08-01

We present a plasmonic nanocavity structure, consisting of a gallium phosphide (GaP) cylinder penetrating into a rectangular silver plate, and study its properties using a finite element method (FEM). An ultrasmall mode volume of 1.5×10-5[λ_0/(2n)]3 is achieved, which is more than 200 times smaller than the previous ultrasmall mode volume plasmonic nanodisk resonators. Meanwhile, the quality factor of the plasmonic nanocavity is about 38.2 and is over two times greater than the ultrasmall mode volume plasmonic nanodisk resonators. Compared to the aforementioned plasmonic nanodisk resonators, a more than one-order of magnitude larger Purcell factor of 1.2×104 is achieved. We determined the resonant modes of our plasmonic nanocavity are dipolar plasmon modes by analyzing the electric field properties. In addition, we investigate the dependence of the optical properties on the refractive index of the cavity material and discuss the effect of including the silica (SiO2) substrate. Our work provides an alternative approach to achieve ultrasmall plasmonic nanocavity of interest in applications to many areas of research, including device physics, nonlinear optics and quantum optics.

Assessment of the Derivative-Moment Transformation method for unsteady-load estimation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mohebbian, Ali; Rival, David

2011-11-01

It is often difficult, if not impossible, to measure the aerodynamic or hydrodynamic forces on a moving body. For this reason, a classical control-volume technique is typically applied to extract the unsteady forces instead. However, measuring the acceleration term within the volume of interest using PIV can be limited by optical access, reflections as well as shadows. Therefore in this study an alternative approach, termed the Derivative-Moment Transformation (DMT) method, is introduced and tested on a synthetic data set produced using numerical simulations. The test case involves the unsteady loading of a flat plate in a two-dimensional, laminar periodic gust. The results suggest that the DMT method can accurately predict the acceleration term so long as appropriate spatial and temporal resolutions are maintained. The major deficiency was found to be the determination of pressure in the wake. The effect of control-volume size was investigated suggesting that smaller domains work best by minimizing the associated error with the pressure field. When increasing the control-volume size, the number of calculations necessary for the pressure-gradient integration increases, in turn substantially increasing the error propagation.

Transpiring purging access probe for particulate laden or hazardous environments

DOEpatents

VanOsdol, John G

2013-12-03

An access probe for remote-sensing access through a viewing port, viewing volume, and access port into a vessel. The physical boundary around the viewing volume is partially formed by a porous sleeve lying between the viewing volume and a fluid conduit. In a first mode of operation, a fluid supplied to the fluid conduit encounters the porous sleeve and flows through the porous material to maintain the viewing volume free of ash or other matter. When additional fluid force is needed to clear the viewing volume, the pressure of the fluid flow is increased sufficiently to slidably translate the porous sleeve, greatly increasing the flow into the viewing volume. The porous sleeve is returned to position by an actuating spring. The access probe thereby provides for alternate modes of operation based on the pressure of an actuating fluid.

Coal gasification systems engineering and analysis. Volume 1: Executive summary

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1980-01-01

Feasibility analyses and systems engineering studies for a 20,000 tons per day medium Btu (MBG) coal gasification plant to be built by TVA in Northern Alabama were conducted. Major objectives were as follows: (1) provide design and cost data to support the selection of a gasifier technology and other major plant design parameters, (2) provide design and cost data to support alternate product evaluation, (3) prepare a technology development plan to address areas of high technical risk, and (4) develop schedules, PERT charts, and a work breakdown structure to aid in preliminary project planning. Volume one contains a summary of gasification system characterizations. Five gasification technologies were selected for evaluation: Koppers-Totzek, Texaco, Lurgi Dry Ash, Slagging Lurgi, and Babcock and Wilcox. A summary of the trade studies and cost sensitivity analysis is included.

Left ventricular volume analysis as a basic tool to describe cardiac function.

PubMed

Kerkhof, Peter L M; Kuznetsova, Tatiana; Ali, Rania; Handly, Neal

2018-03-01

The heart is often regarded as a compression pump. Therefore, determination of pressure and volume is essential for cardiac function analysis. Traditionally, ventricular performance was described in terms of the Starling curve, i.e., output related to input. This view is based on two variables (namely, stroke volume and end-diastolic volume), often studied in the isolated (i.e., denervated) heart, and has dominated the interpretation of cardiac mechanics over the last century. The ratio of the prevailing coordinates within that paradigm is termed ejection fraction (EF), which is the popular metric routinely used in the clinic. Here we present an insightful alternative approach while describing volume regulation by relating end-systolic volume (ESV) to end-diastolic volume. This route obviates the undesired use of metrics derived from differences or ratios, as employed in previous models. We illustrate basic principles concerning ventricular volume regulation by data obtained from intact animal experiments and collected in healthy humans. Special attention is given to sex-specific differences. The method can be applied to the dynamics of a single heart and to an ensemble of individuals. Group analysis allows for stratification regarding sex, age, medication, and additional clinically relevant covariates. A straightforward procedure derives the relationship between EF and ESV and describes myocardial oxygen consumption in terms of ESV. This representation enhances insight and reduces the impact of the metric EF, in favor of the end-systolic elastance concept advanced 4 decades ago.

A Megawatt Power Module for Ship Service - Supplement. Volume 1: Program Technical Report

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-06-01

Alternator” otherwise known as an “AC Homopolar ” or “Synchronous Homopolar ” machine for this application. The various motor /generator machine...After reviewing alternative motor /generator technologies as discussed above, a Homopolar Inductor Alternator (HIA) was selected for the technology...integrated flywheel energy storage system with homopolar inductor motor /generator and high-frequency drive”, Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on

History Run Wild: The Alternate World of Joan Aiken's "The Wolves of Willoughby Chase" Series

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dams, Isobel

2005-01-01

This article examines the historical fantasy world created by Joan Aiken in the eleven volumes of her "Wolves of Willoughby Chase" series. In particular it looks at her subversion of historical reality by the creation of an alternative yet recognisable representation of our own world, using a wide range of events, and the remoulding of aspects of…

Detection and 3D representation of pulmonary air bubbles in HRCT volumes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Silva, Jose S.; Silva, Augusto F.; Santos, Beatriz S.; Madeira, Joaquim

2003-05-01

Bubble emphysema is a disease characterized by the presence of air bubbles within the lungs. With the purpose of identifying pulmonary air bubbles, two alternative methods were developed, using High Resolution Computer Tomography (HRCT) exams. The search volume is confined to the pulmonary volume through a previously developed pulmonary contour detection algorithm. The first detection method follows a slice by slice approach and uses selection criteria based on the Hounsfield levels, dimensions, shape and localization of the bubbles. Candidate regions that do not exhibit axial coherence along at least two sections are excluded. Intermediate sections are interpolated for a more realistic representation of lungs and bubbles. The second detection method, after the pulmonary volume delimitation, follows a fully 3D approach. A global threshold is applied to the entire lung volume returning candidate regions. 3D morphologic operators are used to remove spurious structures and to circumscribe the bubbles. Bubble representation is accomplished by two alternative methods. The first generates bubble surfaces based on the voxel volumes previously detected; the second method assumes that bubbles are approximately spherical. In order to obtain better 3D representations, fits super-quadrics to bubble volume. The fitting process is based on non-linear least squares optimization method, where a super-quadric is adapted to a regular grid of points defined on each bubble. All methods were applied to real and semi-synthetical data where artificial and randomly deformed bubbles were embedded in the interior of healthy lungs. Quantitative results regarding bubble geometric features are either similar to a priori known values used in simulation tests, or indicate clinically acceptable dimensions and locations when dealing with real data.

Use of Alternative and Complementary Medicine in Patients with Malignant Diseases in High-Volume Cancer Center and Future Aspects

PubMed

Kust, Davor; Šamija, Ivan; Marić-Brozić, Jasmina; Svetec, Branka; Miletić, Marija; Mamić, Gordana; Bolanča, Ante; Kusić, Zvonko; Fröbe, Ana

2016-12-01

Usage of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is steadily increasing over the last decades, gaining medical, economic and sociological importance. The aim of the present study was to assess the use of complementary and alternative therapies in cancer patients. A cross-sectional, descriptive survey design was used to collect data through an anonymous questionnaire. A total of 267 patients were included in the study. The prevalence of CAM use among cancer patients in this study was 60.3%. It was found that 61 heterogeneous CAM therapies were used, the most popular among patients being naturopathy/folk medicine. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, independent predictors of CAM use were high income, divorced status, female sex and younger age. In conclusion, considering the fact that a large proportion of patients used at least one CAM approach, we need to continue our efforts to improve the patient-oncologist communication in order to deliver most reliable information to patients and to better understand the possible standard medicine-CAM interactions. According to results of the latest studies, CAM therapies that help manage pain, nausea, fatigue, anxiety, and other symptoms should be integrated into the patient overall care.

FBI fingerprint identification automation study: AIDS 3 evaluation report. Volume 5: Current system evaluation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mulhall, B. D. L.

1980-01-01

The performance, costs, organization and other characteristics of both the manual system and AIDS 2 were used to establish a baseline case. The results of the evaluation are to be used to determine the feasibility of the AIDS 3 System, as well as provide a basis for ranking alternative systems during the second phase of the JPL study. The results of the study were tabulated by subject, scope and methods, providing a descriptive, quantitative and qualitative analysis of the current operating systems employed by the FBI Identification Division.

Space telescope optical telescope assembly/scientific instruments. Phase B: Preliminary design and program definition study. Volume 2A. focal plane camera

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1976-01-01

Trade studies were conducted to ensure the overall feasibility of the focal plane camera in a radial module. The primary variable in the trade studies was the location of the pickoff mirror, on axis versus off-axis. Two alternatives were: (1) the standard (electromagnetic focus) SECO submodule, and (2) the MOD 15 permanent magnet focus SECO submodule. The technical areas of concern were the packaging affected parameters of thermal dissipation, focal plane obscuration, and image quality.

Feasibility of Quantifying Arterial Cerebral Blood Volume Using Multiphase Alternate Ascending/Descending Directional Navigation (ALADDIN).

PubMed

Kim, Ki Hwan; Choi, Seung Hong; Park, Sung-Hong

2016-01-01

Arterial cerebral blood volume (aCBV) is associated with many physiologic and pathologic conditions. Recently, multiphase balanced steady state free precession (bSSFP) readout was introduced to measure labeled blood signals in the arterial compartment, based on the fact that signal difference between labeled and unlabeled blood decreases with the number of RF pulses that is affected by blood velocity. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of a new 2D inter-slice bSSFP-based arterial spin labeling (ASL) technique termed, alternate ascending/descending directional navigation (ALADDIN), to quantify aCBV using multiphase acquisition in six healthy subjects. A new kinetic model considering bSSFP RF perturbations was proposed to describe the multiphase data and thus to quantify aCBV. Since the inter-slice time delay (TD) and gap affected the distribution of labeled blood spins in the arterial and tissue compartments, we performed the experiments with two TDs (0 and 500 ms) and two gaps (300% and 450% of slice thickness) to evaluate their roles in quantifying aCBV. Comparison studies using our technique and an existing method termed arterial volume using arterial spin tagging (AVAST) were also separately performed in five subjects. At 300% gap or 500-ms TD, significant tissue perfusion signals were demonstrated, while tissue perfusion signals were minimized and arterial signals were maximized at 450% gap and 0-ms TD. ALADDIN has an advantage of visualizing bi-directional flow effects (ascending/descending) in a single experiment. Labeling efficiency (α) of inter-slice blood flow effects could be measured in the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) (20.8±3.7%.) and was used for aCBV quantification. As a result of fitting to the proposed model, aCBV values in gray matter (1.4-2.3 mL/100 mL) were in good agreement with those from literature. Our technique showed high correlation with AVAST, especially when arterial signals were accentuated (i.e., when TD = 0 ms) (r = 0.53). The bi-directional perfusion imaging with multiphase ALADDIN approach can be an alternative to existing techniques for quantification of aCBV.

Study of plasma off-gas treatment from spent ion exchange resin pyrolysis.

PubMed

Castro, Hernán Ariel; Luca, Vittorio; Bianchi, Hugo Luis

2017-03-23

Polystyrene divinylbenzene-based ion exchange resins are employed extensively within nuclear power plants (NPPs) and research reactors for purification and chemical control of the cooling water system. To maintain the highest possible water quality, the resins are regularly replaced as they become contaminated with a range of isotopes derived from compromised fuel elements as well as corrosion and activation products including 14 C, 60 Co, 90 Sr, 129 I, and 137 Cs. Such spent resins constitute a major proportion (in volume terms) of the solid radioactive waste generated by the nuclear industry. Several treatment and conditioning techniques have been developed with a view toward reducing the spent resin volume and generating a stable waste product suitable for long-term storage and disposal. Between them, pyrolysis emerges as an attractive option. Previous work of our group suggests that the pyrolysis treatment of the resins at low temperatures between 300 and 350 °C resulted in a stable waste product with a significant volume reduction (>50%) and characteristics suitable for long-term storage and/or disposal. However, another important issue to take into account is the complexity of the off-gas generated during the process and the different technical alternatives for its conditioning. Ongoing work addresses the characterization of the ion exchange resin treatment's off-gas. Additionally, the application of plasma technology for the treatment of the off-gas current was studied as an alternative to more conventional processes utilizing oil- or gas-fired post-combustion chambers operating at temperatures in excess of 1000 °C. A laboratory-scale flow reactor, using inductively coupled plasma, operating under sub-atmospheric conditions was developed. Fundamental experiments using model compounds have been performed, demonstrating a high destruction and removal ratio (>99.99%) for different reaction media, at low reactor temperatures and moderate power consumption. The role of H 2 O as an important participant of the oxidation mechanisms in plasma conditions was established. The combination of both processes could represent a simple, safe, and effective alternative for treating spent ion exchange resins with a large reduction of generated gaseous byproducts in fuel cycle facilities where processes that utilize open flames are undesirable.

Instability of the layered orthorhombic post-perovskite phase of SrTiO3 and other candidate orthorhombic phases under pressure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bhandari, Churna; Lambrecht, Walter R. L.

2018-06-01

While the tetragonal antiferro-electrically distorted (AFD) phase with space group I 4 / mcm is well known for SrTiO3 to occur below 105 K, there are also some hints in the literature of an orthorhombic phase, either at the lower temperature or at high pressure. A previously proposed orthorhombic layered structure of SrTiO3, known as the post-perovskite or CaIrO3 structure with space group Cmcm is shown to have significantly higher energy than the cubic or tetragonal phase and to have its minimum volume at larger volume than cubic perovskite. The Cmcm structure is thus ruled out. We also study an alternative Pnma phase obtained by two octahedral rotations about different axes. This phase is found to have slightly lower energy than the I 4 / mcm phase in spite of the fact that its parent, in-phase tilted P 4 / mbm phase is not found to occur. Our calculated enthalpies of formation show that the I 4 / mcm phase occurs at slightly higher volume than the cubic phase and has a negative transition pressure relative to the cubic phase, which suggests that it does not correspond to the high-pressure tetragonal phase. The enthalpy of the Pnma phase is almost indistinguishable from the I 4 / mcm phase. Alternative ferro-electric tetragonal and orthorhombic structures previously suggested in literature are discussed.

The treatment of extensive scalp lesions combining electrons with intensity-modulated photons.

PubMed

Chan, Maria F; Song, Yulin; Burman, Chandra; Chui, Chen S; Schupak, Karen

2006-01-01

This study was to investigate the feasibility and potential benefits of combining electrons with intensity modulated photons (IMRT+e) for patients with extensive scalp lesions. A case of a patient with an extensive scalp lesion, in which the target volume covered the entire front half of the scalp, is presented. This approach incorporated the electron dose into the inverse treatment planning optimization. The resulting doses to the planning target volume (PTV) and relevant critical structures were compared. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD), diodes, and GAFCHROMIC EBT films were used to verify the accuracy of the techniques. The IMRT+e plan produced a superior dose distribution to the patient as compared to the IMRT plan in terms of reduction of the dose to the brain with the same dose conformity and homogeneity in the target volumes. This study showed that IMRT+e is a viable treatment modality for extensive scalp lesions patients. It provides a feasible alternative to existing treatment techniques, resulting in improved homogeneity of dose to the PTV compared to conventional electron techniques and a decrease in dose to the brain compared to photon IMRT alone.

Effects of different aerobic exercise programmes with nutritional intervention in sedentary adults with overweight/obesity and hypertension: EXERDIET-HTA study.

PubMed

Gorostegi-Anduaga, Ilargi; Corres, Pablo; MartinezAguirre-Betolaza, Aitor; Pérez-Asenjo, Javier; Aispuru, G Rodrigo; Fryer, Simon M; Maldonado-Martín, Sara

2018-03-01

Background Both exercise training and diet are recommended to prevent and control hypertension and overweight/obesity. Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of different 16-week aerobic exercise programmes with hypocaloric diet on blood pressure, body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness and pharmacological treatment. Methods Overweight/obese, sedentary participants ( n = 175, aged 54.0 ± 8.2 years) with hypertension were randomly assigned into an attention control group (physical activity recommendations) or one of three supervised exercise groups (2 days/week: high-volume with 45 minutes of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), high-volume and high-intensity interval training (HIIT), alternating high and moderate intensities, and low-volume HIIT (20 minutes)). All variables were assessed pre- and post-intervention. All participants received the same hypocaloric diet. Results Following the intervention, there was a significant reduction in blood pressure and body mass in all groups with no between-group differences for blood pressure. However, body mass was significantly less reduced in the attention control group compared with all exercise groups (attention control -6.6%, high-volume MICT -8.3%, high-volume HIIT -9.7%, low-volume HIIT -6.9%). HIIT groups had significantly higher cardiorespiratory fitness than high-volume MICT, but there were no significant between-HIIT differences (attention control 16.4%, high-volume MICT 23.6%, high-volume HIIT 36.7%, low-volume HIIT 30.5%). Medication was removed in 7.6% and reduced in 37.7% of the participants. Conclusions The combination of hypocaloric diet with supervised aerobic exercise 2 days/week offers an optimal non-pharmacological tool in the management of blood pressure, cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition in overweight/obese and sedentary individuals with hypertension. High-volume HIIT seems to be better for reducing body mass compared with low-volume HIIT. The exercise-induced improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness is intensity dependent with low-volume HIIT as a time-efficient method in this population. ClinicalTrials.gov Registration: NCT02283047.

QuEST: Qualifying Environmentally Sustainable Technologies, Volume 8

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ross, Kai T.

2013-01-01

Articles in this issue inlude: (1) TEERM Partners with GSDO Program, (2) Materials Management and Substitution Efforts, (3) Recycling and Pollution Control Efforts, and (4) Alternative Energy Efforts.

Installation Restoration Program Stage 3. Remedial Investigation/ Feasibility Study Elmendorf AFB, Alaska. Volume 2. Section 5 - Bibliography Text

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-05-01

ELME’IDORF AFB, AK UNITED STATES AIR FORCE OCCUPATIONAL & ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LABORATORY (AFSC) ilb(. IiCAL Sr.(VICES DIVISION (AFOEHLi £3) I BROOKS AIR...UNITED STATES AIR FORCE OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LABORATORY (AFSC) TECHNICAL SERVICES DIVISION (AFOEHL/TS) BROOKS AIR FORCE BASE, TEXAS...the following criteria: technical feasibility, institutional requirements, environmental impacts, public health impacts, and cost. This Alternative

The Assistant for Specifying the Quality Software (ASQS) Operational Concept Document. Volume 1

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-09-01

Assistant in which the manager supplies system-specific characteristics and needs and the Assistant fills in the software quality concepts and methods. The...member(s) of the Computer Resources Working Group (CRWG) to aid in performing a software quality engineering study. Figure 3.4-1 outlines the...need to recovery from faults more likely than need _o provide alternative functions or interfaces), and more on Autcncmy - 27 - that Modularity

Joint DoD/DoE Shale Oil Project. Volume 3. Testing of Refined Shale Oil Fuels.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-12-01

inches displacement NO Nitric oxide CLR Cooperative Lubrication Research NOX Oxides of nitrogen CO Carbon monoxide CO2 Carbon dioxide cSt Centistokes... composition and properties, and evaluation of toxicity. This report summarizes the results of these test and evalua- tion studies. The Paraho/Sohio effort...TABLE 11-1. DOE ALTERNATIVE FUELS PROGRAM DIESEL ENGINE TESTS WITH SHALE FUELS ............................... 11-11 TABLE 11-2. COMPOSITION OF

A ground based phase control system for the solar power satellite, volume 4

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chie, C. M.

1980-01-01

A ground phase control system is studied as an alternative approach to the current reference retrodirective phase control system in order to simplify the spaceborne hardware requirement. Based on waveform selections, functional subsystems to implement the ground-based phase control concept are identified and functionally represented. It was concluded that the feasibility of the concept becomes unclear if the conditions of the ionosphere and satellite motion are not met.

Oceanic Area System Improvement Study (OASIS). Volume II. North Atlantic Region Air Traffic Services System Description.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-09-01

centers (OACCs), while units serving oceanic and domestic CTAs are area control centers ( ACCa ). Flight information centers (FICs) provide the non-ATC...Shanwick OACC, and also might be applied by the Santa Maria and Reykjavik ACCa . An alternative procedure permits the inclusion of altitude or time...OACCs), while units serving oceanic and domestic CTAs are area control centers ( ACCa ). Although control centers generally have responsibility for total

Satellite power systems (SPS) concept definition study. Volume 1: Executive summary

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hanley, G. M.

1980-01-01

System definition studies resulted in a further definition of the reference system using gallium arsenide solar arrays, analysis of alternative subsystem options for the reference concept, preliminary solid state microwave concept studies, and an environmental analysis of laser transmission systems. The special emphasis studies concentrated on satellite construction, satellite construction base definition, satellite construction base construction, and rectenna construction. Major emphasis in the transportation studies was put on definition of a two stage parallel burn, vertical takeoff/horizontal landing concept. The electric orbit transfer vehicle was defined in greater detail. Program definition included cost analyses and schedule definition.

Spacelab user implementation assessment study (software requirements analysis). Volume 1: Executive study

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1976-01-01

The primary objective of this study was to develop an integrated approach for the development, implementation, and utilization of all software that is required to efficiently and cost-effectively support advanced technology laboratory flight and ground operations. It was recognized that certain aspects of the operations would be mandatory computerized services; computerization of other aspects would be optional. Thus, the analyses encompassed not only alternate computer utilization and implementations but trade studies of the programmatic effects of non-computerized versus computerized approaches to the operations. A general overview of the study is presented.

A single center's experience with the bedside subdural evacuating port system: a useful alternative to traditional methods for chronic subdural hematoma evacuation.

PubMed

Safain, Mina; Roguski, Marie; Antoniou, Alexander; Schirmer, Clemens M; Schirmer, Clemens S; Malek, Adel M; Riesenburger, Ron

2013-03-01

Object The traditional methods for managing symptomatic chronic subdural hematoma (SDH) include evacuation via a bur hole or craniotomy, both with or without drain placement. Because chronic SDH frequently occurs in elderly patients with multiple comorbidities, the bedside approach afforded by the subdural evacuating port system (SEPS) is an attractive alternative method that is performed under local anesthesia and conscious sedation. The goal of this study was to evaluate the radiographic and clinical outcomes of SEPS as compared with traditional methods. Methods A prospectively maintained database of 23 chronic SDHs treated by bur hole or craniotomy and of 23 chronic SDHs treated by SEPS drainage at Tufts Medical Center was compiled, and a retrospective chart review was performed. Information regarding demographics, comorbidities, presenting symptoms, and outcome was collected. The volume of SDH before and after treatment was semiautomatically measured using imaging software. Results There was no significant difference in initial SDH volume (94.5 cm(3) vs 112.6 cm(3), respectively; p = 0.25) or final SDH volume (31.9 cm(3) vs 28.2 cm(3), respectively; p = 0.65) between SEPS drainage and traditional methods. In addition, there was no difference in mortality (4.3% vs 9.1%, respectively; p = 0.61), length of stay (11 days vs 9.1 days, respectively; p = 0.48), or stability of subdural evacuation (94.1% vs 83.3%, respectively; p = 0.60) for the SEPS and traditional groups at an average follow-up of 12 and 15 weeks, respectively. Only 2 of 23 SDHs treated by SEPS required further treatment by bur hole or craniotomy due to inadequate evacuation of subdural blood. Conclusions The SEPS is a safe and effective alternative to traditional methods of evacuation of chronic SDHs and should be considered in patients presenting with a symptomatic chronic SDH.

Gulf Coast geopressured-geothermal program summary report compilation. Volume 2-B: Resource description, program history, wells tested, university and company based research, site restoration

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

John, C.J.; Maciasz, G.; Harder, B.J.

1998-06-01

The US Department of Energy established a geopressured-geothermal energy program in the mid 1970`s as one response to America`s need to develop alternate energy resources in view of the increasing dependence on imported fossil fuel energy. This program continued for 17 years and approximately two hundred million dollars were expended for various types of research and well testing to thoroughly investigate this alternative energy source. This volume describes the following studies: Design well program; LaFourche Crossing; MG-T/DOE Amoco Fee No. 1 (Sweet Lake); Environmental monitoring at Sweet Lake; Air quality; Water quality; Microseismic monitoring; Subsidence; Dow/DOE L.R. Sweezy No. 1more » well; Reservoir testing; Environmental monitoring at Parcperdue; Air monitoring; Water runoff; Groundwater; Microseismic events; Subsidence; Environmental consideration at site; Gladys McCall No. 1 well; Test results of Gladys McCall; Hydrocarbons in production gas and brine; Environmental monitoring at the Gladys McCall site; Pleasant Bayou No. 2 well; Pleasant Bayou hybrid power system; Environmental monitoring at Pleasant Bayou; and Plug abandonment and well site restoration of three geopressured-geothermal test sites. 197 figs., 64 tabs.« less

Two volume integral equations for the inhomogeneous and anisotropic forward problem in electroencephalography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rahmouni, Lyes; Mitharwal, Rajendra; Andriulli, Francesco P.

2017-11-01

This work presents two new volume integral equations for the Electroencephalography (EEG) forward problem which, differently from the standard integral approaches in the domain, can handle heterogeneities and anisotropies of the head/brain conductivity profiles. The new formulations translate to the quasi-static regime some volume integral equation strategies that have been successfully applied to high frequency electromagnetic scattering problems. This has been obtained by extending, to the volume case, the two classical surface integral formulations used in EEG imaging and by introducing an extra surface equation, in addition to the volume ones, to properly handle boundary conditions. Numerical results corroborate theoretical treatments, showing the competitiveness of our new schemes over existing techniques and qualifying them as a valid alternative to differential equation based methods.

The U.S. Gas Flooding Experience: CO2 Injection Strategies and Impact on Ultimate Recovery

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nunez-Lopez, Vanessa; Hosseini, Seyyed; Gil-Egui, Ramon

The Permian Basin in West Texas and southwestern New Mexico has seen 45 years of oil reserve growth through CO2 enhanced oil recovery (CO2 EOR). More than 60 CO2 EOR projects are currently active in the region’s limestone, sandstone and dolomite reservoirs. Water alternating gas (WAG) has been the development strategy of choice in the Permian for several technical and economic reasons. More recently, the technology started to get implemented in the much more porous and permeable clastic depositional systems of the onshore U.S. Gulf Coast. Continued CO2 injection (CGI), as opposed to WAG, was selected as the injection strategymore » to develop Gulf Coast oil fields, where CO2 injection volumes are significantly larger (up to 6 times larger) than those of the Permian. We conducted a compositional simulation based study with the objective of comparing the CO2 utilization ratios (volume of CO2 injected to produce a barrel of oil) of 4 conventional and novel CO2 injection strategies: (1) continuous gas injection (CGI), (2) water alternating gas (WAG), (3) water curtain injection (WCI), and (4) WAG and WCI combination. These injection scenarios were simulated using the GEM module from the Computer Modeling Group (CMG). GEM is an advanced general equation-of-state compositional simulator, which includes equation of state, CO2 miscible flood, CO2/brine interactions, and complex phase behavior. The simulator is set up to model three fluid phases including water, oil, and gas. Our study demonstrates how the selected field development strategy has a significant impact on the ultimate recovery of CO2-EOR projects, with GCI injection providing maximum oil recovery in absolute volume terms, but with WAG offering a more balanced technical-economical approach.« less

Effect of the laryngeal tube on the no-flow-time in a simulated two rescuer basic life support setting with inexperienced users.

PubMed

Schröder, J; Bucher, M; Meyer, O

2016-09-01

Intubation with a laryngeal tube (LT) is a recommended alternative to endotracheal intubation during advanced life support (ALS). LT insertion is easy; therefore, it may also be an alternative to bag-mask ventilation (BMV) for untrained personnel performing basic life support (BLS). Data from manikin studies support the influence of LT on no-flow-time (NFT) during ALS. We performed a prospective, randomized manikin study using a two-rescuer model to compare the effects of ventilation using a LT and BMV on NFT during BLS. Participants were trained in BMV and were inexperienced in the use of a LT. There was no significant difference in total NFT with the use of a LT and BMV (LT: mean 83.1 ± 37.3 s; BMV: mean 78.7 ± 24.5 s; p = 0.313), but we found significant differences in the progression of the scenario: in the BLS-scenario, the proportion of time spent performing chest compressions was higher when BMV was used compared to when a LT was used. The quality of chest compressions and the ventilation rate did not differ significantly between the two groups. The mean tidal volume and mean minute volume were significantly larger with the use of a LT compared with the use of BMV. In conclusion, in a two-rescuer BLS scenario, NFT is longer with the use of a LT (without prior training) than with the use of BMV (with prior training). The probable reasons for this result are higher tidal volumes with the use of a LT leading to longer interruptions without chest compressions.

Teachers and Teaching in the Developing World. Reference Books in International Education, Volume 8. Garland Reference Library of Social Science, Volume 617.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rust, Val D., Ed.; Dalin, Per, Ed.

This book is an outgrowth of an international seminar held in Bali, Indonesia in 1986 entitled "Improving the Quality of Teaching in the Developing World: Alternative Models." The book contains essays written by 20 authors and coauthors from 12 different countries and is divided into five sections, plus a preface. The focus of section 1,…

49 CFR 195.303 - Risk-based alternative to pressure testing older hazardous liquid and carbon dioxide pipelines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... criteria as an alternative to the pressure testing in § 195.302(b)(1)(i)-(iii) and § 195.302(b)(2)(i) of... in paragraph (b) of this section as follows: (1) Risk Classification A if the location indicator is ranked as low or medium risk, the product and volume indicators are ranked as low risk, and the...

49 CFR 195.303 - Risk-based alternative to pressure testing older hazardous liquid and carbon dioxide pipelines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... criteria as an alternative to the pressure testing in § 195.302(b)(1)(i)-(iii) and § 195.302(b)(2)(i) of... in paragraph (b) of this section as follows: (1) Risk Classification A if the location indicator is ranked as low or medium risk, the product and volume indicators are ranked as low risk, and the...

Energy Alternatives. Volume 2, No. 8

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mielke, G.

1984-08-01

Some new ways of financing energy-efficient homes are briefly discussed. A vertical axis wind turbine operating at an Illinois residence is described. The failure of the 40% federal renewable energy tax credit to be extended beyond December 31, 1985, and legislation concerning the manufacture, importation, and use of alcohol fuels are reported. An alternative way of constructing exterior corners using only two studs with drywall clips is described. (LEW)

Proceedings: Second Annual Pacific Northwest Alternative and Renewable Energy Resources Conference.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

None

1980-01-01

Papers presented at the conference are published in this volume. The purpose of the conference was to solicit regional cooperation in the promoting of near-term development of such alternative and renewable energy resources in the Pacific Northwest as: cogeneration; biomass; wind; small hydro; solar end-use applications; and geothermal direct heat utilization. Separate abstracts of selected papers were prepared for inclusion in the Energy Data Base.

Alternative Press Index: An Index to the Publications Which Amplify the Cry for Social Change and Social Justice. Volume 2, Number 3.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Radical Research Center, Northfield, Minn.

This quarterly index provides subject access to individual articles and reviews which appeared from July to September 1970 in 100 alternative periodicals. Since the last issue of the index, 30 new periodicals have been added. These additions reflect some of the areas which the index has not covered sufficiently in the past: gay liberation, womens'…

Technology assessment of future intercity passenger transportation systems. Volume 4: Scenarios

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1976-01-01

Four background scenarios that relate to alternative states of society in the next 25 to 50 years are described. The scenarios were developed for use in analyzing and evaluating alternative future intercity transportation technologies. The scenarios are based, in part, on discussions contained in the issue papers and, in part, on separate analysis of social and economic trends considered relevant for the evolution of intercity transportation.

Comparison of Ventilation With One-Handed Mask Seal With an Intraoral Mask Versus Conventional Cuffed Face Mask in a Cadaver Model: A Randomized Crossover Trial.

PubMed

Amack, Andrew J; Barber, Gary A; Ng, Patrick C; Smith, Thomas B; April, Michael D

2017-01-01

We compare received minute volume with an intraoral mask versus conventional cuffed face mask among medics obtaining a 1-handed mask seal on a cadaver model. This study comprised a randomized crossover trial of adult US Army combat medic volunteers participating in a cadaver laboratory as part of their training. We randomized participants to obtain a 1-handed mask seal during ventilation of a fresh unembalmed cadaver, first using either an intraoral airway device or conventional cuffed face mask. Participants obtained a 1-handed mask seal while a ventilator delivered 10 standardized 750-mL breaths during 1 minute. After a 5-minute rest period, they repeated the study with the alternative mask. The primary outcome measure was received minute volume as measured by a respirometer. Of 27 recruited participants, all completed the study. Median received minute volume was higher with the intraoral mask compared with conventional cuffed mask by 1.7 L (95% confidence interval 1.0 to 1.9 L; P<.001). The intraoral mask resulted in greater received minute volume received compared with conventional cuffed face mask during ventilation with a 1-handed mask seal in a cadaver model. The intraoral mask may prove a useful airway adjunct for ventilation. Copyright © 2016 American College of Emergency Physicians. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Biogas production from pineapple core - A preliminary study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jehan, O. S.; Sanusi, S. N. A.; Sukor, M. Z.; Noraini, M.; Buddin, M. M. H. S.; Hamid, K. H. K.

2017-09-01

Anaerobic digestion of pineapple waste was investigated by using pineapple core as the sole substrate. Pineapple core was chosen due to its high total sugar content thus, indicating high amount of fermentable sugar. As digestion process requires the involvement of microorganisms, wastewater from the same industry was added in the current study at ratio of 1:1 by weight. Two different sources of wastewater (Point 1 and Point 2) were used in this study to distinguish the performance of microorganism consortia in both samples. The experiment was conducted by using a lab scale batch anaerobic digester made up from 5L container with separate gas collecting system. The biogas produced was collected by using water displacement method. The experiment was conducted for 30 days and the biogas produced was collected and its volume was recorded at 3 days interval. Based on the data available, wastewater from the first point recorded higher volume of biogas with the total accumulated biogas volume is 216.1 mL. Meanwhile, wastewater sample from Point 2 produced a total of 140.5 mL of biogas, by volume. The data shows that the origin and type of microorganism undeniably play significant role in biogas production. In fact, other factors; pH of wastewater and temperature were also known to affect biogas production. The anaerobic digestion is seen as the promising and sustainable alternatives to current disposal method.

The Evaluation of Screening Process and Local Bureaucracy in Determining the Priority of Urban Roads Maintenance and Rehabilitation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hendhratmoyo, Andri; Syafi'i; Pungky Pramesti, Florentina

2017-11-01

Due to the limited budget of urban roads maintenance and rehabilitation, its prioritizationis inevitable. Many models have been developed to solve these problems. That is the reason why the purpose of this study was to evaluate the screening process in the decision making of the urban roads maintenance and rehabilitation priority. The prioritization that have to be taken into account on the effect of important criteria are road condition, traffic volume, budget processing and land use. 30 stakeholders were asked to fill in the questionnaires. The object of this case study are 188 urban roads sections at Ponorogo in order to examine the priorities. The researchers collected the data from Surface Distress Index (SDI), traffic volume, budget processing and land use of these road sections. Based on analysis, the weights of the criteria were: road condition (W1) = 0,411; traffic volume (W2) = 0,122; budget processing (W3) = 0,363 and land use (W4) = 0,105. The result of this study by the comparison of the index values of the alternatives priorities, Nyi Ageng Serang Street, was revealed to have the highest priority over the other streets regarding of maintenance and rehabilitation activities.

The performances of standard and ResMed masks during bag-valve-mask ventilation.

PubMed

Lee, Hyoung Youn; Jeung, Kyung Woon; Lee, Byung Kook; Lee, Seung Joon; Jung, Yong Hun; Lee, Geo Sung; Min, Yong Il; Heo, Tag

2013-01-01

A tight mask seal is frequently difficult to obtain and maintain during single-rescuer bag-valve-mask (BVM) ventilation. The ResMed mask (Bella Vista, NSW, Australia) is a continuous-positive-airway-pressure mask (CM) designed for noninvasive ventilation. In this study, we compared the ventilation performances of a standard mask (SM) and a ResMed CM using a simulation manikin in an out-of-hospital single-rescuer BVM ventilation scenario. Thirty emergency medical technicians (EMTs) performed two 2-minute attempts to ventilate a simulation manikin using BVM ventilation, alternatively, with the SM or the ResMed CM in a randomized order. Ventilation parameters including tidal volume and peak airway pressure were measured using computer analysis software connected to the simulation manikin. Successful volume delivery was defined as delivery of 440-540 mL of tidal volume in accord with present cardiopulmonary resuscitation guidelines. BVM ventilation using the ResMed CM produced higher mean (± standard deviation) tidal volumes (452 ± 50 mL vs. 394 ± 113 mL, p = 0.014) and had a higher proportion of successful volume deliveries (65.3% vs. 26.7%, p < 0.001) than that using the SM. Peak airway pressure was higher in BVM ventilation using the ResMed CM (p = 0.035). Stomach insufflation did not occur during either method. Twenty-nine of the participants (96.7%) preferred BVM ventilation using the ResMed CM. BVM ventilations using ResMed CM resulted in a significantly higher proportion of successful volume deliveries meeting the currently recommended range of tidal volume. Clinical studies are needed to determine the value of the ResMed CM for BVM ventilation.

Assessment of Abdominal Fat Using High-field Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Anthropometric and Biochemical Parameters.

PubMed

Al-Radaideh, Ali; Tayyem, Reema; Al-Fayomi, Kholoud; Nimer, Nisreen; Malkawi, Amer; Al-Zu Bi, Rana; Agraib, Lana; Athamneh, Imad; Hijjawi, Nawal

2016-12-01

To measure the abdominal subcutaneous fat (SF) and visceral fat (VF) volumes using high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to investigate their association with selected anthropometric and biochemical parameters among obese and nonobese apparently healthy participants. A cross-sectional study was conducted by recruiting 167 healthy participants. Abdominal scans were acquired at 3T MRI, and the SF and VF were segmented and their volumes were calculated. Selected anthropometric and biochemical measurements were also determined. A significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed between normal body weight and overweight and obese participants for SF and VF, total abdominal fat volumes, leptin, resistin, adiponectin and waist circumference. Waist circumferences were measured by tape and MRI. Findings revealed that MRI-measured fat volumes were different between males and females and had a significant (P < 0.01) strong positive correlation with body mass index, leptin, resistin and WC and had a negative correlation with adiponectin level. MRI-measured fat volumes were found to correlate moderately with interleukin-6 and weakly with cholesterol, serum triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein. Except for cholesterol, all measured biochemical variables and abdominal fat volumes in the current study were significantly associated with body mass index. All anthropometric and biochemical parameters showed weak-to-strong associations with the MRI-measured fat volumes. Abdominal fat distribution was different between males and females and their correlations with some lipid profiles were found to be sex dependent. These findings revealed that MRI can be used as an alternative tool for obesity assessment. Copyright © 2016 Southern Society for Clinical Investigation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Microscale Regenerative Heat Exchanger

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Moran, Matthew E.; Stelter, Stephan; Stelter, Manfred

2006-01-01

The device described herein is designed primarily for use as a regenerative heat exchanger in a miniature Stirling engine or Stirling-cycle heat pump. A regenerative heat exchanger (sometimes called, simply, a "regenerator" in the Stirling-engine art) is basically a thermal capacitor: Its role in the Stirling cycle is to alternately accept heat from, then deliver heat to, an oscillating flow of a working fluid between compression and expansion volumes, without introducing an excessive pressure drop. These volumes are at different temperatures, and conduction of heat between these volumes is undesirable because it reduces the energy-conversion efficiency of the Stirling cycle.

Mixed strategies for energy conservation and alternative energy utilization (solar) in buildings. Final report. Volume II. Detailed results. [New York, Atlanta, Omaha, and Albuquerque

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

None

1977-06-01

The mixed-strategy analysis was a tradeoff analysis between energy-conservation methods and an alternative energy source (solar) considering technical and economic benefits. The objective of the analysis was to develop guidelines for: reducing energy requirements; reducing conventional fuel use; and identifying economic alternatives for building owners. The analysis was done with a solar system in place. This makes the study unique in that it is determining the interaction of energy conservation with a solar system. The study, therefore, established guidelines as to how to minimize capital investment while reducing the conventional fuel consumption through either a larger solar system or anmore » energy-conserving technique. To focus the scope of energy-conservation techniques and alternative energy sources considered, five building types (house, apartment buildings, commercial buildings, schools, and office buildings) were selected. Finally, the lists of energy-conservation techniques and alternative energy sources were reduced to lists of manageable size by using technical attributes to select the best candidates for further study. The resultant energy-conservation techniques were described in detail and installed costs determined. The alternative energy source reduced to solar. Building construction characteristics were defined for each building for each of four geographic regions of the country. A mixed strategy consisting of an energy-conservation technique and solar heating/hot water/cooling system was analyzed, using computer simulation to determine the interaction between energy conservation and the solar system. Finally, using FEA fuel-price scenarios and installed costs for the solar system and energy conservation techniques, an economic analysis was performed to determine the cost effectiveness of the combination. (MCW)« less

Thermal power systems small power systems applications project. Decision analysis for evaluating and ranking small solar thermal power system technologies. Volume 1: A brief introduction to multiattribute decision analysis. [explanation of multiattribute decision analysis methods used in evaluating alternatives for small powered systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Feinberg, A.; Miles, R. F., Jr.

1978-01-01

The principal concepts of the Keeney and Raiffa approach to multiattribute decision analysis are described. Topics discussed include the concepts of decision alternatives, outcomes, objectives, attributes and their states, attribute utility functions, and the necessary independence properties for the attribute states to be aggregated into a numerical representation of the preferences of the decision maker for the outcomes and decision alternatives.

Captivity Reduces Hippocampal Volume but not Survival of New Cells in a Food-Storing Bird

PubMed Central

Rabinowitz, Jeremy S.; Ali Imtiaz, Mubdiul; DeVoogd, Timothy J.

2010-01-01

In many naturalistic studies of the hippocampus wild animals are held in captivity. To see if captivity itself affects hippocampal structure, adult black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapilla) were caught in the fall, injected with bromodeoxyuridine to mark neurogenesis and alternately released back to the wild or held in captivity for 4–6 weeks. Wild birds were recaptured and perfused simultaneously with their captive counterparts. The hippocampus of the captive birds was 23% smaller than the wild birds, with no hemispheric differences in volume within groups. There was no statistically significant difference in the size of the telencephalon between groups, or in the number and density of surviving new cells. Proximate causes of the hippocampal volume change could include stress, lack of exercise, diminished social interaction or limited caching opportunity; a hippocampal-dependent activity. The results suggest the avian hippocampus - a structure essential for rapid, complex relational and spatial learning - is both plastic and sensitive, much as is the case in mammals, including humans. PMID:19813245

Space shuttle/food system. Volume 2, Appendix C: Food cooling techniques analysis. Appendix D: Package and stowage: Alternate concepts analysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1974-01-01

The relative penalties associated with various techniques for providing an onboard cold environment for storage of perishable food items, and for the development of packaging and vehicle stowage parameters were investigated in terms of the overall food system design analysis of space shuttle. The degrees of capability for maintaining both a 40 F to 45 F refrigerated temperature and a 0 F and 20 F frozen environment were assessed for the following cooling techniques: (1) phase change (heat sink) concept; (2) thermoelectric concept; (3) vapor cycle concept; and (4) expendable ammonia concept. The parameters considered in the analysis were weight, volume, and spacecraft power restrictions. Data were also produced for packaging and vehicle stowage parameters which are compatible with vehicle weight and volume specifications. Certain assumptions were made for food packaging sizes based on previously generated space shuttle menus. The results of the study are shown, along with the range of meal choices considered.

Captivity reduces hippocampal volume but not survival of new cells in a food-storing bird.

PubMed

Tarr, Bernard A; Rabinowitz, Jeremy S; Ali Imtiaz, Mubdiul; DeVoogd, Timothy J

2009-12-01

In many naturalistic studies of the hippocampus wild animals are held in captivity. To test if captivity itself affects hippocampal integrity, adult black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapilla) were caught in the fall, injected with bromodeoxyuridine to mark neurogenesis, and alternately released to the wild or held in captivity. The wild birds were recaptured after 4-6 weeks and perfused simultaneously with their captive counterparts. The hippocampus of captive birds was 23% smaller than wild birds, with no hemispheric differences in volume within groups. Between groups there was no statistically significant difference in the size of the telencephalon, or in the number and density of surviving new cells. Proximate causes of the reduced hippocampal volume could include stress, lack of exercise, diminished social interaction, or limited caching opportunity-a hippocampal-dependent activity. The results suggest the avian hippocampus-a structure essential for rapid, complex relational and spatial learning-is both plastic and sensitive, much as in mammals, including humans.

Earth observing system. Output data products and input requirements, version 2.0. Volume 2: Analysis of IDS input requirements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lu, Yun-Chi; Chang, Hyo Duck; Krupp, Brian; Kumar, Ravindra; Swaroop, Anand

1992-01-01

On 18 Jan. 1991, NASA confirmed 29 Inter-Disciplinary Science (IDS) teams, each involving a group of investigators, to conduct interdisciplinary research using data products from Earth Observing System (EOS) instruments. These studies are multi-disciplinary and require output data products from multiple EOS instruments, including both FI and PI instruments. The purpose of this volume is to provide information on output products expected from IDS investigators, required input data, and retrieval algorithms. Also included in this volume is the revised analysis of the 'best' and 'alternative' match data products for IDS input requirements. The original analysis presented in the August 1991 release of the SPSO Report was revised to incorporate the restructuring of the EOS platform. As a result of the reduced EOS payload, some of EOS instruments were deselected and their data products would not be available for IDS research. Information on these data products is also presented.

Principles of Economic Rationality in Mice.

PubMed

Rivalan, Marion; Winter, York; Nachev, Vladislav

2017-12-12

Humans and non-human animals frequently violate principles of economic rationality, such as transitivity, independence of irrelevant alternatives, and regularity. The conditions that lead to these violations are not completely understood. Here we report a study on mice tested in automated home-cage setups using rewards of drinking water. Rewards differed in one of two dimensions, volume or probability. Our results suggest that mouse choice conforms to the principles of economic rationality for options that differ along a single reward dimension. A psychometric analysis of mouse choices further revealed that mice responded more strongly to differences in probability than to differences in volume, despite equivalence in return rates. This study also demonstrates the synergistic effect between the principles of economic rationality and psychophysics in making quantitative predictions about choices of healthy laboratory mice. This opens up new possibilities for the analyses of multi-dimensional choice and the use of mice with cognitive impairments that may violate economic rationality.

Treatment with adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells and their conditioned media reverse carrageenan induced paw oedema in db/db mice.

PubMed

Shree, Nitya; Venkategowda, Sunil; Venkatranganna, M V; Bhonde, Ramesh R

2017-06-01

Mesenchymal stem cells are known for anti inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of human adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADMSCs) and its conditioned media (CM) on carrageenan induced acute inflammation in db/db mice. We injected 5×10 5 ADMSCs or the CM in the inflamed paw. We assessed the paw volume, serum IL6 levels and histopathology of the paw to reveal the anti inflammatory effect. We observed a single injection of hADMSCs or CM could reverse the inflammation within 24h as evidenced by reduction in paw volume, IL6 levels and histological examination. Our result equivocally demonstrates the role of CM in normalising the inflammation better than hADMSCs. This study will pave way for an alternative to anti inflammatory drugs. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Space station data system analysis/architecture study. Task 2: Options development, DR-5. Volume 2: Design options

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1985-01-01

The primary objective of Task 2 is the development of an information base that will support the conduct of trade studies and provide sufficient data to make key design/programmatic decisions. This includes: (1) the establishment of option categories that are most likely to influence Space Station Data System (SSDS) definition; (2) the identification of preferred options in each category; and (3) the characterization of these options with respect to performance attributes, constraints, cost and risk. This volume contains the options development for the design category. This category comprises alternative structures, configurations and techniques that can be used to develop designs that are responsive to the SSDS requirements. The specific areas discussed are software, including data base management and distributed operating systems; system architecture, including fault tolerance and system growth/automation/autonomy and system interfaces; time management; and system security/privacy. Also discussed are space communications and local area networking.

Bubble behavior characteristics based on virtual binocular stereo vision

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xue, Ting; Xu, Ling-shuang; Zhang, Shang-zhen

2018-01-01

The three-dimensional (3D) behavior characteristics of bubble rising in gas-liquid two-phase flow are of great importance to study bubbly flow mechanism and guide engineering practice. Based on the dual-perspective imaging of virtual binocular stereo vision, the 3D behavior characteristics of bubbles in gas-liquid two-phase flow are studied in detail, which effectively increases the projection information of bubbles to acquire more accurate behavior features. In this paper, the variations of bubble equivalent diameter, volume, velocity and trajectory in the rising process are estimated, and the factors affecting bubble behavior characteristics are analyzed. It is shown that the method is real-time and valid, the equivalent diameter of the rising bubble in the stagnant water is periodically changed, and the crests and troughs in the equivalent diameter curve appear alternately. The bubble behavior characteristics as well as the spiral amplitude are affected by the orifice diameter and the gas volume flow.

Integrated Application of Active Controls (IAAC) technology to an advanced subsonic transport project: Current and advanced act control system definition study. Volume 2: Appendices

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hanks, G. W.; Shomber, H. A.; Dethman, H. A.; Gratzer, L. B.; Maeshiro, A.; Gangsaas, D.; Blight, J. D.; Buchan, S. M.; Crumb, C. B.; Dorwart, R. J.

1981-01-01

The current status of the Active Controls Technology (ACT) for the advanced subsonic transport project is investigated through analysis of the systems technical data. Control systems technologies under examination include computerized reliability analysis, pitch axis fly by wire actuator, flaperon actuation system design trade study, control law synthesis and analysis, flutter mode control and gust load alleviation analysis, and implementation of alternative ACT systems. Extensive analysis of the computer techniques involved in each system is included.

Phase 3 study of selected tether applications in space. Volume 2: Study results

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1986-01-01

Engineering designs were developed relative to a tethered launch assist from the Shuttle for payloads up to 10,000 kg mass and the tethering of a 15,000 kg science platform from the space station. These designs are used for a cost benefit analysis which assesses the feasibility of using such systems as a practical alternative to what would otherwise be accomplished by conventional means. The term conventional as related to both these applications is intended to apply to the use of some form(s) of chemical propulsion system.

Army Command and Control Study-82 (ACCS-82). Volume II. Existing Structure and Alternatives.

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-09-30

telephone, facsimile, and air and motor messenger service) for the echelons of the corps headqvirters. 2. Capabilities. At full strength, the Corps...vehicles, generator sets, air conditioners , and C-E equipment. 3. Limitations. The Corps Radio Battalion is dependent upon: a. The Corps Signal Brigade...forces to defeat enemy land forces and to seize, occupy, and defend land areas. 1-6 (b) To organize, train and equip Army air defense units, including

Space Station crew safety alternatives study. Volume 2: Threat development

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Raasch, R. F.; Peercy, R. L., Jr.; Rockoff, L. A.

1985-01-01

The first 15 years of accumulated space station concepts for initial operational capability (IOC) during the early 1990's were considered. Twenty-five threats to the space station are identified and selected threats addressed as impacting safety criteria, escape and rescue, and human factors safety concerns. Of the 25 threats identified, eight are discussed including strategy options for threat control: fire, biological or toxic contamination, injury/illness, explosion, loss of pressurization, radiation, meteoroid penetration, and debris.

Space station crew safety alternatives study, volume 1

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Peercy, R. L., Jr.; Raasch, R. F.; Rockoff, L. A.

1985-01-01

The first 15 years of accumulated space station concepts for initial operational capability (IOC) during the early 1990's were considered. Twenty-five threats to the space station are identified and selected threats addressed as impacting safety criteria, escape and rescue, and human factors safety concerns. Of the 25 threats identified, eight are discussed including strategy options for threat control: fire, biological or toxic contamination, injury/illness, explosion, loss of pressurization, radiation, meteoroid penetration and debris.

A horizontal inflatable habitat for SEI

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kennedy, Kriss J.

The inflatable habitat described in this paper is a horizontally-oriented cylindrical pneumatic structure. It is part of NASA's ongoing effort to study inflatables as alternative habitats for the Space Exploration Initiative. This inflatable habitat provides a living and working environment for a crew of 12. It is an 8-m diameter by 45.34-m cylinder containing 2145 cu m of volume. Two levels of living and working areas make up the 547 sq m of floor space.

Study of Transport Properties and Structure of Extended-Chain Polymers.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-09-01

Thermometric devices disturb temperature. Unfeasible to use guarded electrodes or hotplates ". Surface and volume conductivities mixed. Numerical examples will...gold or aluminum onto appropriate portions of the surface. Alternatively, graphite pastes, silver pastes, conductive cements, or paints can be used. Care... aluminum box which was grounded to provide elec- 158 85 a) TOP VIEW GROUND WIRETELNBS ONNECTORLO samAewi E SHILDE ELIREDE ALUM5 INV O kv~~TO COVERBA7:E

Mini-Brayton heat source assembly design study. Volume 1: Space shuttle mission. [feasibility of Brayton isotope power system design

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1973-01-01

Conceptual design definitions of a heat source assembly for use in nominal 500 watt electrical (W(e)) 1200 W(e)and 2000 W(e) mini-Brayton isotope power systems are reported. The HSA is an independent package which maintains thermal and nuclear control of an isotope fueled heat source and transfers the thermal energy to a Brayton rotating unit turbine-alternator-compressor power conversion unit.

Altered cortical anatomical networks in temporal lobe epilepsy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lv, Bin; He, Huiguang; Lu, Jingjing; Li, Wenjing; Dai, Dai; Li, Meng; Jin, Zhengyu

2011-03-01

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is one of the most common epilepsy syndromes with focal seizures generated in the left or right temporal lobes. With the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), many evidences have demonstrated that the abnormalities in hippocampal volume and the distributed atrophies in cortical cortex. However, few studies have investigated if TLE patients have the alternation in the structural networks. In the present study, we used the cortical thickness to establish the morphological connectivity networks, and investigated the network properties using the graph theoretical methods. We found that all the morphological networks exhibited the small-world efficiency in left TLE, right TLE and normal groups. And the betweenness centrality analysis revealed that there were statistical inter-group differences in the right uncus region. Since the right uncus located at the right temporal lobe, these preliminary evidences may suggest that there are topological alternations of the cortical anatomical networks in TLE, especially for the right TLE.

Manufacture and Testing of an Activation Foil Package for Use in AFIDS

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-03-01

Miller. Nuclides and Isotopes , 16th ed. Lockheed Martin, 2002. 4. Broadhead, Bryan. Sr. Development Staff, Reactor and Fuel Cycle Analysis ...alternative, the concept of using liquid nitrous oxide inside a reactor to simulate large volumes of air was investigated. Simulation using the...weapon. We analyzed whether N2O could replicate large volumes of air in neutron transport experiments since one cubic centimeter of liquid N2O

Modeling Strongly Correlated Fermi Systems Using Ultra-Cold Atoms

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-06-28

the two-dimensional Hubbard model on a square lattice ( a model which is purported to describe the high-temperature superconducting cuprates...beams and (2) stroboscopically alternating the beams very rapidly (~100 kHz) such that the beams were never on simultaneously ( the atoms experience a ...gases relies on (1) using a large-volume, magnetic trap to compress the atomic gas to a volume that can be captured by an optical trap

Ideas, Concepts, Doctrine: Basic Thinking in the United States Air Force, 1961-1984. Volume 2

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-12-01

followed in this new second volume. Dr David MacIsaac, a$sociate director for research, Airpower Research Institute, stimulated much ofthe thinking...us a capability to observe and report the physical evidence of an enemy’s situation . This information is a vital requirement for the conduct of war...asking questions, suggesting alternatives, proposing objectives, stimulating progress .»79 As has been seen, McNamara immediately implemented

Technology assessment of future intercity passenger transportation systems. Volume 5: Workshop proceedings

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1976-01-01

Proceedings of a workshop conducted to identify and debate issues and impacts related to future transporation alternatives are presented. Results of the technology assessment of intercity transportation are reviewed.

Design of H2-O2 space shuttle APU. Volume 1: APU design

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Harris, E.

1974-01-01

The H2-O2 space shuttle auxiliary power unit (APU) program is a NASA-Lewis effort aimed at hardware demonstration of the technology required for potential use on the space shuttle. It has been shown that a hydrogen-oxygen power unit (APU) system is an attractive alternate to the space shuttle baseline hydrazine APU system for minimum weight. It has the capability for meeting many of the heat sink requirements for the space shuttle vehicle, thereby reducing the amount of expendable evaporants required for cooling in the baseline APU. Volume 1 of this report covers preliminary design and analysis of the current reference system and detail design of the test version of this reference system. Combustor test results are also included. Volume 2 contains the results of the analysis of an initial version of the reference system and the computer printouts of system performance. The APU consists of subsystems for propellant feed and conditioning, turbopower, and control. Propellant feed and conditioning contains all heat exchangers, valves, and the combustor. The turbopower subsystem contains a two-stage partial-admission pressure-modulated, 400-hp, 63,000-rpm turbine, a 0-to 4-g lubrication system, and a gearbox with output pads for two hydraulic pumps and an alternator (alternator not included on test unit). The electronic control functions include regulation of speed and system temperatures; and start-and-stop sequences, overspeed (rpm) and temperature limits, failsafe provisions, and automatic shutdown provisions.

Energy analysis of holographic lenses for solar concentration

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Marín-Sáez, Julia; Collados, M. Victoria; Chemisana, Daniel; Atencia, Jesús

2017-05-01

The use of volume and phase holographic elements in the design of photovoltaic solar concentrators has become very popular as an alternative solution to refractive systems, due to their high efficiency, low cost and possibilities of building integration. Angular and chromatic selectivity of volume holograms can affect their behavior as solar concentrators. In holographic lenses, angular and chromatic selectivity varies along the lens plane. Besides, considering that the holographic materials are not sensitive to the wavelengths for which the solar cells are most efficient, the reconstruction wavelength is usually different from the recording one. As a consequence, not all points of the lens work at Bragg condition for a defined incident direction or wavelength. A software tool that calculates the direction and efficiency of solar rays at the output of a volume holographic element has been developed in this study. It allows the analysis of the total energy that reaches the solar cell, taking into account the sun movement, the solar spectrum and the sensitivity of the solar cell. The dependence of the recording wavelength on the collected energy is studied with this software. As the recording angle is different along a holographic lens, some zones of the lens could not act as a volume hologram. The efficiency at the transition zones between volume and thin behavior in lenses recorded in Bayfol HX is experimentally analyzed in order to decide if the energy of generated higher diffraction orders has to be included in the simulation.

Separation and Depleted Uranium Fragments from Gun Test Catchment. Volume 2. Catchment System and Separations Methods

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-12-30

projectile fragments from target materials, principally sand. Phase I activities included (1) literature review of separations technology , (2) site visits, (3...the current operation, evaluation of alternative means for separation of DU from sand, a review of uranium mining technology for v possible...the current operation, evaluation of alternative means for separation of DU from sand, a review of uranium mining technology for possible

The use of an alternate side lying positioning strategy during inhalation therapy does not prolong nebulisation time in adults with Cystic Fibrosis: a randomised crossover trial.

PubMed

Dentice, Ruth L; Elkins, Mark R; Dwyer, Genevieve M; Bye, Peter T P

2018-01-08

Inhalation of nebulised medications is performed in upright sitting to maximise lung volumes. The pattern of deposition is poor for inhaled medications in people with Cystic Fibrosis. The pattern tends to be non-uniform and typically the upper lobes receive a reduced dose compared to the rest of the lung. One strategy that has been proposed as having the potential to improve homogeneity of deposition is to adopt an alternate side lying position for the inhalation procedure. This study sought to determine whether, among adults with Cystic Fibrosis, there is any disadvantage to delivery time of nebulised medications with a strategy of alternate side lying, compared to upright sitting. A randomised crossover trial with concealed allocation, intention-to-treat analysis and blinded assessors was undertaken. The participants were 24 adults with stable Cystic Fibrosis. They inhaled 4 mL of normal saline via an LC Star™ nebuliser twice within 24 h. In random order, participants sat upright throughout nebulisation, or alternated between left and right side lying at each minute during the nebulisation period. The nebuliser was stopped and weighed each minute until the residual volume was reached. The primary outcome was the time required for 3.5 mL to be delivered. The secondary outcomes were: respiratory rate; ratio of the volume delivered on right and left sides; and calculation of how long the periods in side lying can be extended without causing greater than 20% discrepancy in dose delivered in the two positions. The delivery time did not significantly differ between sitting and side lying (mean difference 0.58 min, 95% confidence interval (CI) -1.40 to 0.24). There was no significant correlation between delivery time, lung function or subject height (all R 2  < 0.4). Increasing side lying duration from 1 to 2 min did not significantly impact the dose delivered on each side. Turning each 3 min however, significantly worsened the disparity (mean ratio 1.32, 95% CI 1.24 to 1.40). Side lying during inhalation therapy does not prolong nebulisation time. 2-min periods should provide an equal dose in the two side lying positions. Prospectively registered on 4 July 2011; ACTRN12611000672954 .

Utilization of cone-beam CT for offline evaluation of target volume coverage during prostate image-guided radiotherapy based on bony anatomy alignment.

PubMed

Paluska, Petr; Hanus, Josef; Sefrova, Jana; Rouskova, Lucie; Grepl, Jakub; Jansa, Jan; Kasaova, Linda; Hodek, Miroslav; Zouhar, Milan; Vosmik, Milan; Petera, Jiri

2012-01-01

To assess target volume coverage during prostate image-guided radiotherapy based on bony anatomy alignment and to assess possibility of safety margin reduction. Implementation of IGRT should influence safety margins. Utilization of cone-beam CT provides current 3D anatomic information directly in irradiation position. Such information enables reconstruction of the actual dose distribution. Seventeen prostate patients were treated with daily bony anatomy image-guidance. Cone-beam CT (CBCT) scans were acquired once a week immediately after bony anatomy alignment. After the prostate, seminal vesicles, rectum and bladder were contoured, the delivered dose distribution was reconstructed. Target dose coverage was evaluated by the proportion of the CTV encompassed by the 95% isodose. Original plans employed a 1 cm safety margin. Alternative plans assuming a smaller 7 mm margin between CTV and PTV were evaluated in the same way. Rectal and bladder volumes were compared with the initial ones. Rectal and bladder volumes irradiated with doses higher than 75 Gy, 70 Gy, 60 Gy, 50 Gy and 40 Gy were analyzed. In 12% of reconstructed plans the prostate coverage was not sufficient. The prostate underdosage was observed in 5 patients. Coverage of seminal vesicles was not satisfactory in 3% of plans. Most of the target underdosage corresponded to excessive rectal or bladder filling. Evaluation of alternative plans assuming a smaller 7 mm margin revealed 22% and 11% of plans where prostate and seminal vesicles coverage, respectively, was compromised. These were distributed over 8 and 7 patients, respectively. Sufficient dose coverage of target volumes was not achieved for all patients. Reducing of safety margin is not acceptable. Initial rectal and bladder volumes cannot be considered representative for subsequent treatment.

Controlling the leakage of liquid bismuth cathode elements in ceramic crucibles used for the electrowinning process in pyroprocessing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Dae-Young; Hwang, Il-Soon; Lee, Jong-Hyeon

2016-09-01

Pyroprocessing has shown promise as an alternative to wet processing for the recycling of transuranics with a high proliferation resistance. However, a critical issue for pyroprocessing is the ceramic crucibles used in the electrowinning process. These ceramic crucibles are frequently damaged by thermal stress, which results in significant volumes of crucible waste that must be properly disposed. Transuranic waste (TRU) elements intrude throughout the pores of a damaged crucible. The volume of generated radioactive waste is a concern when dealing with nuclear power plants and decontamination issues. In this study, laser treatment and sintering were performed on the crucibles to minimize the TRU elements trapped within. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy was used to measure the intrusion depth of Li in the surface-treated ceramics.

Advanced Controller Developed for the Free-Piston Stirling Convertor

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gerber, Scott S.

2005-01-01

A free-piston Stirling power convertor is being considered as an advanced power-conversion technology for future NASA deep-space missions requiring long-life radioisotope power systems. The NASA Glenn Research Center has identified key areas where advanced technologies can enhance the capability of Stirling energy-conversion systems. One of these is power electronic controls. Current power-conversion technology for Glenn-tested Stirling systems consists of an engine-driven linear alternator generating an alternating-current voltage controlled by a tuning-capacitor-based alternating-current peak voltage load controller. The tuning capacitor keeps the internal alternator electromotive force (EMF) in phase with its respective current (i.e., passive power factor correction). The alternator EMF is related to the piston velocity, which must be kept in phase with the alternator current in order to achieve stable operation. This tuning capacitor, which adds volume and mass to the overall Stirling convertor, can be eliminated if the controller can actively drive the magnitude and phase of the alternator current.

The Puu Oo eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wolfe, E.W.

1988-01-01

The Puu Oo eruption is the most voluminous and longest-lived historical flank eruption of Kilauea volcano. A pattern of episodic lava discharge developed in which relatively brief periods of vigorous fountaining and high-volume flow production alternated with longer repose periods. The activity was intensely monitored, and results of the first 11/2 yrs of observation and measurement are reported, including geologic observations, lava sampling, temperature measurements, compositional analyses, petrologic study, studies of gas composition and the role of gases in the eruptive process, geodetic measurements during emplacement of the feeder dike, and seismic and electrical studies.

Analysis of space systems study for the space disposal of nuclear waste study report. Volume 2: Technical report

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1981-01-01

Reasonable space systems concepts were systematically identified and defined and a total system was evaluated for the space disposal of nuclear wastes. Areas studied include space destinations, space transportation options, launch site options payload protection approaches, and payload rescue techniques. Systems level cost and performance trades defined four alternative space systems which deliver payloads to the selected 0.85 AU heliocentric orbit destination at least as economically as the reference system without requiring removal of the protective radiation shield container. No concepts significantly less costly than the reference concept were identified.

Cerebrospinal fluid volume measurements in hydrocephalic rats.

PubMed

Basati, Sukhraaj; Desai, Bhargav; Alaraj, Ali; Charbel, Fady; Linninger, Andreas

2012-10-01

Object Experimental data about the evolution of intracranial volume and pressure in cases of hydrocephalus are limited due to the lack of available monitoring techniques. In this study, the authors validate intracranial CSF volume measurements within the lateral ventricle, while simultaneously using impedance sensors and pressure transducers in hydrocephalic animals. Methods A volume sensor was fabricated and connected to a catheter that was used as a shunt to withdraw CSF. In vitro bench-top calibration experiments were created to provide data for the animal experiments and to validate the sensors. To validate the measurement technique in a physiological system, hydrocephalus was induced in weanling rats by kaolin injection into the cisterna magna. At 28 days after induction, the sensor was implanted into the lateral ventricles. After sealing the skull using dental cement, an acute CSF drainage/infusion protocol consisting of 4 sequential phases was performed with a pump. Implant location was confirmed via radiography using intraventricular iohexol contrast administration. Results Controlled CSF shunting in vivo with hydrocephalic rats resulted in precise and accurate sensor measurements (r = 0.98). Shunting resulted in a 17.3% maximum measurement error between measured volume and actual volume as assessed by a Bland-Altman plot. A secondary outcome confirmed that both ventricular volume and intracranial pressure decreased during CSF shunting and increased during infusion. Ventricular enlargement consistent with successful hydrocephalus induction was confirmed using imaging, as well as postmortem. These results indicate that volume monitoring is feasible for clinical cases of hydrocephalus. Conclusions This work marks a departure from traditional shunting systems currently used to treat hydrocephalus. The overall clinical application is to provide alternative monitoring and treatment options for patients. Future work includes development and testing of a chronic (long-term) volume monitoring system.

Limitations of the planning organ at risk volume (PRV) concept.

PubMed

Stroom, Joep C; Heijmen, Ben J M

2006-09-01

Previously, we determined a planning target volume (PTV) margin recipe for geometrical errors in radiotherapy equal to M(T) = 2 Sigma + 0.7 sigma, with Sigma and sigma standard deviations describing systematic and random errors, respectively. In this paper, we investigated margins for organs at risk (OAR), yielding the so-called planning organ at risk volume (PRV). For critical organs with a maximum dose (D(max)) constraint, we calculated margins such that D(max) in the PRV is equal to the motion averaged D(max) in the (moving) clinical target volume (CTV). We studied margins for the spinal cord in 10 head-and-neck cases and 10 lung cases, each with two different clinical plans. For critical organs with a dose-volume constraint, we also investigated whether a margin recipe was feasible. For the 20 spinal cords considered, the average margin recipe found was: M(R) = 1.6 Sigma + 0.2 sigma with variations for systematic and random errors of 1.2 Sigma to 1.8 Sigma and -0.2 sigma to 0.6 sigma, respectively. The variations were due to differences in shape and position of the dose distributions with respect to the cords. The recipe also depended significantly on the volume definition of D(max). For critical organs with a dose-volume constraint, the PRV concept appears even less useful because a margin around, e.g., the rectum changes the volume in such a manner that dose-volume constraints stop making sense. The concept of PRV for planning of radiotherapy is of limited use. Therefore, alternative ways should be developed to include geometric uncertainties of OARs in radiotherapy planning.

Investigation of storage system designs and techniques for optimizing energy conservation in integrated utility systems. Volume 2: (Application of energy storage to IUS)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1976-01-01

The applicability of energy storage devices to any energy system depends on the performance and cost characteristics of the larger basic system. A comparative assessment of energy storage alternatives for application to IUS which addresses the systems aspects of the overall installation is described. Factors considered include: (1) descriptions of the two no-storage IUS baselines utilized as yardsticks for comparison throughout the study; (2) discussions of the assessment criteria and the selection framework employed; (3) a summary of the rationale utilized in selecting water storage as the primary energy storage candidate for near term application to IUS; (4) discussion of the integration aspects of water storage systems; and (5) an assessment of IUS with water storage in alternative climates.

Prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury: is simple oral hydration similar to intravenous? A systematic review of the evidence.

PubMed

Hiremath, Swapnil; Akbari, Ayub; Shabana, Wael; Fergusson, Dean A; Knoll, Greg A

2013-01-01

Pre-procedural intravenous fluid administration is an effective prophylaxis measure for contrast-induced acute kidney injury. For logistical ease, the oral route is an alternative to the intravenous. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of the oral to the intravenous route in prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials with a stratified analysis and metaregression. Databases included MEDLINE (1950 to November 23 2011), EMBASE (1947 to week 47 2011), Cochrane CENTRAL (3(rd) quarter 2011). Two reviewers identified relevant trials and abstracted data. SETTINGS AND POPULATION: Trials including patients undergoing a contrast enhanced procedure. Randomised controlled trial; adult (>18 years) population; comparison of oral versus intravenous volume expansion. Oral route of volume expansion compared to the intravenous route. Any measure of acute kidney injury, need for renal replacement therapy, hospitalization and death. Six trials including 513 patients met inclusion criteria. The summary odds ratio was 1.19 (95% CI 0.46, 3.10, p = 0.73) suggesting no difference between the two routes of volume expansion. There was significant heterogeneity (Cochran's Q = 11.65, p = 0.04; I(2) = 57). In the stratified analysis, inclusion of the five studies with a prespecified oral volume expansion protocol resulted in a shift towards oral volume expansion (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.37, 1.50, p = 0.42) and also resolved the heterogeneity (Q = 3.19, P = 0.53; I(2) = 0). Small number of studies identified; lack of hard clinical outcomes. The oral route may be as effective as the intravenous route for volume expansion for contrast-induced acute kidney injury prevention. Adequately powered trials with hard endpoints should be done given the potential advantages of oral (e.g. reduced patient burden and cost) over intravenous volume expansion.

Radiological study to evaluate the spreading of two volumes (10 vs. 20ml) of radiological contrast in the block of cutaneous branches of intercostal nerves in medial axillary line (BRILMA) in a porcine experimental model.

PubMed

Varela, O; Melone, A; López-Menchaca, R; Sevilla, R; Callejo, D; López-Álvarez, S; Román Fernández, A; García, S; Mantilla, I; Zaballos, M

2018-06-07

Interfascial blocks of the thoracic wall are being developed as an alternative to central blocks in breast surgery. However, there are few studies that have evaluated the anatomical extension of the local anaesthetic. The objective of this study was to analyse, using fluoroscopy, the spreading of two volumes (10 vs. 20ml) of radiological contrast in the serratus-intercostal plane block in an experimental pig model. Ten Large-White breed pigs were selected to have a bilateral ultrasound serratus-intercostal plane block performed, with the administering of 10ml and 20ml of iopamidol in the right and left hemithorax, respectively. The spreading of contrast was analysed by fluoroscopy. The Spearman test correlation was used to evaluate the relationship between the administered volume and radiological spreading. A value of P<.05 was considered significant. Twenty anaesthetic blocks were performed, being able to analyse 18 of them. The administration of 10ml of contrast was associated with a mean spreading of 2.28±0.31 (95% CI; 2.01-2.54) intercostal spaces, while the administration of 20ml showed a spreading of 3±0.25 (95% CI; 2.81-3.18) intercostal spaces. There was a significant correlation between the injected volume and the spreading of the contrast (Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.81; P=.0001). The results showed a spreading of volume subject to the serratus-intercostal plane block, although not maintaining a 1:1 ratio. Doubling the volume increased the blocked segments by 31%. These findings, if corroborated in the clinical practice, would allow a more precise adjustment in the anaesthetic volume administered. Copyright © 2018 Sociedad Española de Anestesiología, Reanimación y Terapéutica del Dolor. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

Teaching basic life support: a prospective randomized study on low-cost training strategies in secondary schools.

PubMed

Van Raemdonck, Veerle; Monsieurs, Koenraad G; Aerenhouts, Dirk; De Martelaer, Kristine

2014-08-01

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training at school is recommended. Limited school resources prevent implementation. The learning efficacy of low-cost training strategies is unknown. To evaluate the efficacy of different CPR learning strategies using low-cost didactic tools. Children (n=593, 15-16 years) were randomized to four training conditions: (1) manikin+teacher instruction (control group), (2) manikin+video instruction, (3) foam dice+plastic bag+peer training+teacher instruction, and (4) foam dice+plastic bag+peer training+video instruction. After a 50 min training, a 3 min CPR test on a manikin was performed using SkillReporting Software (Laerdal, Norway), and repeated after 6 months. The data of children without previous CPR training were analysed. Analysis of variance and the χ-test assessed differences between groups. Complete data sets were available for 165 pupils. Initially, group 3 scored lower on the mean ventilation volume (P<0.05). The control group scored better than the alternative groups (P<0.05) on the mean compression rate. After 6 months, the differences disappeared. All groups scored equally on ventilation volume (P=0.12), compression depth (P=0.11), compression rate (P=0.10), correct hand position (P=0.46) and number of correct compressions (P=0.76). Ventilation volume was sufficient in 32% of the pupils, 18% had a correct compression depth and 59% had a correct compression rate. Training efficacy with low-cost equipment was not different from training with a manikin. The outcome for all training strategies was suboptimal. The basics of CPR can be taught with alternative equipment if manikins are not available.

The deployment of carbon monoxide wireless sensor network (CO-WSN) for ambient air monitoring.

PubMed

Chaiwatpongsakorn, Chaichana; Lu, Mingming; Keener, Tim C; Khang, Soon-Jai

2014-06-16

Wireless sensor networks are becoming increasingly important as an alternative solution for environment monitoring because they can reduce cost and complexity. Also, they can improve reliability and data availability in places where traditional monitoring methods are difficult to site. In this study, a carbon monoxide wireless sensor network (CO-WSN) was developed to measure carbon monoxide concentrations at a major traffic intersection near the University of Cincinnati main campus. The system has been deployed over two weeks during Fall 2010, and Summer 2011-2012, traffic data was also recorded by using a manual traffic counter and a video camcorder to characterize vehicles at the intersection 24 h, particularly, during the morning and evening peak hour periods. According to the field test results, the 1 hr-average CO concentrations were found to range from 0.1-1.0 ppm which is lower than the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) 35 ppm on a one-hour averaging period. During rush hour periods, the traffic volume at the intersection varied from 2,067 to 3,076 vehicles per hour with 97% being passenger vehicles. Furthermore, the traffic volume based on a 1-h average showed good correlation (R2 = 0.87) with the 1-h average CO-WSN concentrations for morning and evening peak time periods whereas CO-WSN results provided a moderate correlation (R2 = 0.42) with 24 hours traffic volume due to fluctuated changes of meteorological conditions. It is concluded that the performance and the reliability of wireless ambient air monitoring networks can be used as an alternative method for real time air monitoring.

Space station needs, attributes and architectural options. Volume 4, attachment 1: Task 2 and 3 mission implementation and cost

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1983-01-01

Mission scenario analysis and architectural concepts, alternative systems concepts, mission operations and architectural development, architectural analysis trades, evolution, configuration, and technology development are assessed.

76 FR 71936 - Upper Deckers Creek Watershed, Preston County, WV

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-21

.... Alternatives under consideration include the addition of rural raw water supply as a project purpose and increasing the reservoir volume, evaluating other raw water supply sources, raising the top of the dam...

Condemnation : who should sit in judgment?.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1975-01-01

This report was written primarily for the legislator or researcher assigned to investigate alternative condemnation procedures. It attempted to draw together in one volume enough information to give the reader an appreciation of the problems that can...

Road Construction Safety Audit for Interstate Reconstruction. Volume 2.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1998-10-01

Traffic control alternatives associated with reconstruction projects on a rural interstate have been investigated in this research. Slab replacement projects, milling/resurfacing projects, and traffic controls in the vicinity of interstate ramps were...

Road Construction Safety Audit for Interstate Reconstruction. Volume 1.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1998-10-01

Traffic control alternatives associated with reconstruction projects on a rural interstate have been investigated in this research. Slab replacement projects, milling/resurfacing projects, and traffic controls in the vicinity of interstate ramps were...

A simple orchidometric method for the preliminary assessment of maturity status in male cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) used for nonclinical safety studies.

PubMed

Ku, Warren W; Pagliusi, Frank; Foley, George; Roesler, Alfred; Zimmerman, Thomas

2010-01-01

The identification and use of mature male non-human primates in nonclinical toxicology studies could be important for evaluating candidate drugs for which the profile of toxicity may differ depending on sexual maturity. This investigation sought to establish operational criteria to complement the current standard of histological evaluation for defining sexual maturity in male cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) used for toxicology studies, and to identify a practical non-invasive measure to select mature males for study. Retrospectively, the relationships between body weight, testicular weight and testis histology were established in control males (n=126) used in previous toxicology studies. Prospectively, testicular volumes were measured in-life by orchidometry using comparative scrotal palpation (n=23 males used for study), then compared to testicular weights measured at necropsy. Consistent with previous literature, a weak relationship was observed between body weight and testicular weight. There was, however, a very good relationship between testicular weight and histological maturation level, which was based upon microscopic examination of testes, epididymides and prostates. Orchidometric measurement of testicular volume was found to be a reasonable predictor of testicular weight and served to rapidly select sexually mature males for study, and a total testicular volume (left and right combined) of >20 ml correlated with the histological appearance of maturity. Based upon this preliminary exploratory study, the initial simple measurement of testicular volume by orchidometry may provide a non-invasive alternative approach for assessing the sexual maturity of male cynomolgus monkeys in research colonies or during toxicology studies that will require more thorough validation. Copyright 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Beneficial use of dredged material for habitat creation, enhancement, and restoration in New York-New Jersey Harbor.

PubMed

Yozzo, David J; Wilber, Pace; Will, Robert J

2004-10-01

A comprehensive Dredged Material Management Plan (DMMP) has been developed by the US Army Corps of Engineers, New York District (USACE-NYD) and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANY/NJ). The primary objective of the DMMP is to identify cost-effective and environmentally acceptable alternatives for the placement of dredged material derived from ongoing and proposed navigation improvements within the PANY/NJ. A significant portion of this dredged material is classified as unsuitable for open-ocean disposal. One suite of alternatives presented within the DMMP is the beneficial use of dredged material for habitat creation, enhancement, and restoration within the NY/NJ Harbor Estuary. Proposed beneficial use/habitat development projects include the use of dredged material for construction of artificial reefs, oyster reef restoration, intertidal wetland and mudflat creation, bathymetric recontouring, filling dead-end canals/basins, creation of bird/wildlife islands, and landfill/brownfields reclamation. Preliminary screening of the proposed beneficial use alternatives identified advantages, disadvantages, potential volumes, and estimated costs associated with each project type. Continued study of the proposed beneficial use alternatives has identified areas of environmental research or technology development where further investigation is warranted.

Quadrennial Review of Military Compensation (6th). Executive Summary. Volumes 1 thru 1C, and Volumes 2 thru 3

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-08-01

initiatives that began to implemented in Fiscal Year 1986, and there is insufficient data as yet to assess their actual separate or interactive effects. a...opportunities for physicians and to stimulate interaction between military and civilian physicians in the educational environment. 0 Medical Direct Early...increases in the supply of physicians as previously detailed in this chapter. Pay alternatives are presented independently because the interactive

Massive Photons: An Infrared Regularization Scheme for Lattice QCD+QED.

PubMed

Endres, Michael G; Shindler, Andrea; Tiburzi, Brian C; Walker-Loud, André

2016-08-12

Standard methods for including electromagnetic interactions in lattice quantum chromodynamics calculations result in power-law finite-volume corrections to physical quantities. Removing these by extrapolation requires costly computations at multiple volumes. We introduce a photon mass to alternatively regulate the infrared, and rely on effective field theory to remove its unphysical effects. Electromagnetic modifications to the hadron spectrum are reliably estimated with a precision and cost comparable to conventional approaches that utilize multiple larger volumes. A significant overall cost advantage emerges when accounting for ensemble generation. The proposed method may benefit lattice calculations involving multiple charged hadrons, as well as quantum many-body computations with long-range Coulomb interactions.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Avkshtol, V; Tanny, S; Reddy, K

Purpose: Stereotactic radiation therapy (SRT) provides an excellent alternative to embolization and surgical excision for the management of appropriately selected cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). The currently accepted standard for delineating AVMs is planar digital subtraction angiography (DSA). DSA can be used to acquire a 3D data set that preserves osseous structures (3D-DA) at the time of the angiography for SRT planning. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides an alternative noninvasive method of visualizing the AVM nidus with comparable spatial resolution. We utilized 3D-DA and T1 post-contrast MRI data to evaluate the differences in SRT target volumes. Methods: Four patients underwent 3D-DAmore » and high-resolution MRI. 3D T1 post-contrast images were obtained in all three reconstruction planes. A planning CT was fused with MRI and 3D-DA data sets. The AVMs were contoured utilizing one of the image sets at a time. Target volume, centroid, and maximum and minimum dimensions were analyzed for each patient. Results: Targets delineated using post-contrast MRI demonstrated a larger mean volume. AVMs >2 cc were found to have a larger difference between MRI and 3D-DA volumes. Larger AVMs also demonstrated a smaller relative uncertainty in contour centroid position (1 mm). AVM targets <2 cc had smaller absolute differences in volume, but larger differences in contour centroid position (2.5 mm). MRI targets demonstrated a more irregular shape compared to 3D-DA targets. Conclusions: Our preliminary data supports the use of MRI alone to delineate AVM targets >2 cc. The greater centroid stability for AVMs >2 cc ensures accurate target localization during image fusion. The larger MRI target volumes did not result in prohibitively greater volumes of normal brain tissue receiving the prescription dose. The larger centroid instability for AVMs <2 cc precludes the use of MRI alone for target delineation. We recommend incorporating a 3D-DA for these patients.« less

SU-E-J-35: Using CBCT as the Alternative Method of Assessing ITV Volume

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Liao, Y; Turian, J; Templeton, A

2015-06-15

Purpose To study the accuracy of Internal Target Volumes (ITVs) created on cone beam CT (CBCT) by comparing the visible target volume on CBCT to volumes (GTV, ITV, and PTV) outlined on free breathing (FB) CT and 4DCT. Methods A Quasar Cylindrical Motion Phantom with a 3cm diameter ball (14.14 cc) embedded within a cork insert was set up to simulate respiratory motion with a period of 4 seconds and amplitude of 2cm superioinferiorly and 1cm anterioposteriorly. FBCT and 4DCT images were acquired. A PTV-4D was created on the 4DCT by applying a uniform margin of 5mm to the ITV-CT.more » PTV-FB was created by applying a margin of the motion range plus 5mm, i.e. total of 1.5cm laterally and 2.5cm superioinferiorly to the GTV outlined on the FBCT. A dynamic conformal arc was planned to treat the PTV-FB with 1mm margin. A CBCT was acquired before the treatment, on which the target was delineated. During the treatment, the position of the target was monitored using the EPID in cine mode. Results ITV-CBCT and ITV-CT were measured to be 56.6 and 62.7cc, respectively, with a Dice Coefficient (DC) of 0.94 and disagreement in center of mass (COM) of 0.59 mm. On the other hand, GTV-FB was 11.47cc, 19% less than the known volume of the ball. PTV-FB and PTV-4D were 149 and 116 cc, with a DC of 0.71. Part of the ITV-CT was not enclosed by the PTV-FB despite the large margin. The cine EPID images have confirmed geometrical misses of the target. Similar under-coverage was observed in one clinical case and captured by the CBCT, where the implanted fiducials moved outside PTV-FB. Conclusion ITV-CBCT is in good agreement with ITV-CT. When 4DCT was not available, CBCT can be an effective alternative in determining and verifying the PTV margin.« less

Rehabilitation R&D Progress Reports 1996, Volume 34, May 1997

DTIC Science & Technology

1997-05-01

Arlington, VA 22230 PURPOSE!—Atrioventricular (AV) nodal alternans is a pathological cardiac condition characterized by a beat - to- beat alternation...regime where the AV nodal conduc- tion time alternated on a beat -to- beat basis. After using additive white noise to learn the dynamics of the underly... binaurally accord- ing to the NAL-R prescriptive formula. These groups will be followed over a period of 6 months and tested at monthly intervals. At each

Oyster Shell Dredging in Atchafalaya Bay and Adjacent Waters, Louisiana. Volume 2. Public Comments.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-11-01

alternatives to the proposed action." (NEPA Sec. 102(C)(iii)) To either renew the permits or deny the permits essentially provides no alternatives...of the more marine-oriented fishes found in the Gulf of Mexico enter these regions, essentially using them as nursery grounds. Shell dredging will...and the release in summer is probably essential to the sustained phytoplankton production observed in Fourleague Bay throughout the spring to fall

Propulsion and Energetics Panel Working Group 13 on Alternative Jet Engine Fuels. Volume 2. Main Report

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-07-01

twenty years the only economically available fuels for aircraft gas turbine engines will be those from the processing of conventional crude petroleum...alternative fuels in new aircraft engines. i.e. problems ir, combustors. turbines . and afterburners. and methods for their solution. - Fuel system...required expertise assigned to each task group. The three areas were. Supply and demand scenarios for aviation turbine fuels in the NATO Nations for the

USAF Advanced Terrestrial Energy Study. Volume 4. Analysis, Data, and Bibliography.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-04-01

OBJECTIVE OF THIS PROGRAM IS T0 DEVELOP A METHODOLOGY FOR PREDICTING LON(.o-TERM FUEL CELL PERFORM4ANCE FROM S"ORT-TEIM VESTING. APPLYING THE PERVURbATION...ION PROGRAM WAS DEVELOPED FOR ACTUALLY INSTALLINGP THE FUEL CELL POWER PLANT AT THE SANTA CLARA SIE DE SCh1PT ORS6 AIR POLLUTION DATtMENT;AUXILIARY...IV OF THE CERAMIC TECHNOLUGY READINESS PROGRAM TITL IMDNU) ADVANCED MATER IALS FUR ALTERNATIVE FUEL CAPABLE DIRECTLY FIRED HEAT ENGINES 36 - - - . r

Study of a tracking and data acquisition system for the 1990's. Volume 1: User community characteristics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mccreary, T.

1981-01-01

Projected 1990's experiments; navigation requirements and potentials; communications requirements associated with space experiments; alternative forecast options; and operational impacts on experiments are covered. A baseline of plans for the TDAS User Community, including a set of generic experiments developed to supplement existing planning for the 1990's time frame is generated. It includes extensive summaries of collected data, and a bibliography. The data are representative of inputs obtained from NASA planning sources through September 1981.

Winter Simulation Conference, Miami Beach, Fla., December 4-6, 1978, Proceedings. Volumes 1 & 2

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Highland, H. J. (Editor); Nielsen, N. R.; Hull, L. G.

1978-01-01

The papers report on the various aspects of simulation such as random variate generation, simulation optimization, ranking and selection of alternatives, model management, documentation, data bases, and instructional methods. Simulation studies in a wide variety of fields are described, including system design and scheduling, government and social systems, agriculture, computer systems, the military, transportation, corporate planning, ecosystems, health care, manufacturing and industrial systems, computer networks, education, energy, production planning and control, financial models, behavioral models, information systems, and inventory control.

Principles of cost-benefit analysis for ERTS experiments, volumes 1 and 2

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1973-01-01

The basic elements of a cost-benefit study are discussed along with special considerations for ERTS experiments. Elements required for a complete economic analysis of ERTS are considered to be: statement of objectives, specification of assumptions, enumeration of system alternatives, benefit analysis, cost analysis nonefficiency considerations, and final system selection. A hypothetical cost-benefit example is presented with the assumed objective of an increase in remote sensing surveys of grazing lands to better utilize available forage to lower meat prices.

Energy Conversion Alternatives Study (ECAS), Westinghouse phase 1. Volume 3: Combustors, furnaces and low-BTU gasifiers. [used in coal gasification and coal liquefaction (equipment specifications)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hamm, J. R.

1976-01-01

Information is presented on the design, performance, operating characteristics, cost, and development status of coal preparation equipment, combustion equipment, furnaces, low-Btu gasification processes, low-temperature carbonization processes, desulfurization processes, and pollution particulate removal equipment. The information was compiled for use by the various cycle concept leaders in determining the performance, capital costs, energy costs, and natural resource requirements of each of their system configurations.

Energy Conversion Alternatives Study (ECAS), General Electric Phase 1. Volume 3: Energy conversion subsystems and components. Part 3: Gasification, process fuels, and balance of plant

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Boothe, W. A.; Corman, J. C.; Johnson, G. G.; Cassel, T. A. V.

1976-01-01

Results are presented of an investigation of gasification and clean fuels from coal. Factors discussed include: coal and coal transportation costs; clean liquid and gas fuel process efficiencies and costs; and cost, performance, and environmental intrusion elements of the integrated low-Btu coal gasification system. Cost estimates for the balance-of-plant requirements associated with advanced energy conversion systems utilizing coal or coal-derived fuels are included.

Proceedings of the 2010 AFMS Medical Research Symposium. Volume 1. Plenary Sessions, Presentation and Poster Abstracts

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-03-15

associated with each alternative over time. 0945 Pilot Study of a Diabetes Prevention Program in a Military Community USAF, Lackland AFB, TX Lisa...based on the DPP), for individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS), is effective in decreasing risk for T2Dand CVD in a military community . Methods...decline in the number of MetS parameters from an average of three to two. Conclusion: Adults in a military community can decrease their BMI through

Solar power satellite system definition study. Part 2, volume 4: Microwave power transmission systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1977-01-01

A slotted waveguide planar array was established as the baseline design for the spaceborne transmitter antenna. Key aspects of efficient energy conversion at both ends of the power transfer link were analyzed and optimized alternate approaches in the areas of antenna and tube design are discussed. An integrated design concept was developed which meets design requirements, observes structural and thermal constraints, exhibits good performance and was developed in adequate depth to permit cost estimating at the subsystem/component level.

Optimal method for collection of umbilical cord blood: an Egyptian trial for a public cord blood bank.

PubMed

Bassiouny, M R; El-Chennawi, F; Mansour, A K; Yahia, S; Darwish, A

2015-06-01

Umbilical cord blood (UCB) contains stem cells and can be used as an alternative to bone marrow transplantation. Engraftment is dependent on the total nucleated cell (TNC) and CD34+ cell counts of the cord blood units. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of the method of collection of the UCB on the yield of the cord blood units. Informed consent was obtained from 100 eligible mothers for donation of cord blood. Both in utero and ex utero methods were used for collection. The cord blood volume was measured. The TNC and the CD34+ cell counts were enumerated. We have found that in utero collection gave significantly larger volumes of cord blood and higher TNC counts than ex utero collection. There was no significant difference between both methods regarding the CD34+ cell counts. This study revealed a significant correlation between the volume of the collected cord blood and both TNC and CD34+ cell counts. It is better to collect cord blood in utero before placental delivery to optimize the quality of the cord blood unit. © 2015 AABB.

Respiration monitoring by Electrical Bioimpedance (EBI) Technique in a group of healthy males. Calibration equations.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Balleza, M.; Vargas, M.; Kashina, S.; Huerta, M. R.; Delgadillo, I.; Moreno, G.

2017-01-01

Several research groups have proposed the electrical impedance tomography (EIT) in order to analyse lung ventilation. With the use of 16 electrodes, the EIT is capable to obtain a set of transversal section images of thorax. In previous works, we have obtained an alternating signal in terms of impedance corresponding to respiration from EIT images. Then, in order to transform those impedance changes into a measurable volume signal a set of calibration equations has been obtained. However, EIT technique is still expensive to attend outpatients in basics hospitals. For that reason, we propose the use of electrical bioimpedance (EBI) technique to monitor respiration behaviour. The aim of this study was to obtain a set of calibration equations to transform EBI impedance changes determined at 4 different frequencies into a measurable volume signal. In this study a group of 8 healthy males was assessed. From obtained results, a high mathematical adjustment in the group calibrations equations was evidenced. Then, the volume determinations obtained by EBI were compared with those obtained by our gold standard. Therefore, despite EBI does not provide a complete information about impedance vectors of lung compared with EIT, it is possible to monitor the respiration.

Expression of LRRC8/VRAC Currents in Xenopus Oocytes: Advantages and Caveats.

PubMed

Gaitán-Peñas, Héctor; Pusch, Michael; Estévez, Raúl

2018-03-02

Volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs) play a role in controlling cell volume by opening upon cell swelling. Apart from controlling cell volume, their function is important in many other physiological processes, such as transport of metabolites or drugs, and extracellular signal transduction. VRACs are formed by heteromers of the pannexin homologous protein LRRC8A (also named Swell1) with other LRRC8 members (B, C, D, and E). LRRC8 proteins are difficult to study, since they are expressed in all cells of our body, and the channel stoichiometry can be changed by overexpression, resulting in non-functional heteromers. Two different strategies have been developed to overcome this issue: complementation by transient transfection of LRRC8 genome-edited cell lines, and reconstitution in lipid bilayers. Alternatively, we have used Xenopus oocytes as a simple system to study LRRC8 proteins. Here, we have reviewed all previous experiments that have been performed with VRAC and LRRC8 proteins in Xenopus oocytes. We also discuss future strategies that may be used to perform structure-function analysis of the VRAC in oocytes and other systems, in order to understand its role in controlling multiple physiological functions.

A gEUD-based inverse planning technique for HDR prostate brachytherapy: Feasibility study

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Giantsoudi, D.; Department of Radiation Oncology, Francis H. Burr Proton Therapy Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Baltas, D.

2013-04-15

Purpose: The purpose of this work was to study the feasibility of a new inverse planning technique based on the generalized equivalent uniform dose for image-guided high dose rate (HDR) prostate cancer brachytherapy in comparison to conventional dose-volume based optimization. Methods: The quality of 12 clinical HDR brachytherapy implants for prostate utilizing HIPO (Hybrid Inverse Planning Optimization) is compared with alternative plans, which were produced through inverse planning using the generalized equivalent uniform dose (gEUD). All the common dose-volume indices for the prostate and the organs at risk were considered together with radiobiological measures. The clinical effectiveness of the differentmore » dose distributions was investigated by comparing dose volume histogram and gEUD evaluators. Results: Our results demonstrate the feasibility of gEUD-based inverse planning in HDR brachytherapy implants for prostate. A statistically significant decrease in D{sub 10} or/and final gEUD values for the organs at risk (urethra, bladder, and rectum) was found while improving dose homogeneity or dose conformity of the target volume. Conclusions: Following the promising results of gEUD-based optimization in intensity modulated radiation therapy treatment optimization, as reported in the literature, the implementation of a similar model in HDR brachytherapy treatment plan optimization is suggested by this study. The potential of improved sparing of organs at risk was shown for various gEUD-based optimization parameter protocols, which indicates the ability of this method to adapt to the user's preferences.« less

Pricing hospital care: Global budgets and marginal pricing strategies.

PubMed

Sutherland, Jason M

2015-08-01

The Canadian province of British Columbia (BC) is adding financial incentives to increase the volume of surgeries provided by hospitals using a marginal pricing approach. The objective of this study is to calculate marginal costs of surgeries based on assumptions regarding hospitals' availability of labor and equipment. This study is based on observational clinical, administrative and financial data generated by hospitals. Hospital inpatient and outpatient discharge summaries from the province are linked with detailed activity-based costing information, stratified by assigned case mix categorizations. To reflect a range of operating constraints governing hospitals' ability to increase their volume of surgeries, a number of scenarios are proposed. Under these scenarios, estimated marginal costs are calculated and compared to prices being offered as incentives to hospitals. Existing data can be used to support alternative strategies for pricing hospital care. Prices for inpatient surgeries do not generate positive margins under a range of operating scenarios. Hip and knee surgeries generate surpluses for hospitals even under the most costly labor conditions and are expected to generate additional volume. In health systems that wish to fine-tune financial incentives, setting prices that create incentives for additional volume should reflect knowledge of hospitals' underlying cost structures. Possible implications of mis-pricing include no response to the incentives or uneven increases in supply. Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Characteristics of SME biodiesel-fueled diesel particle emissions and the kinetics of oxidation.

PubMed

Jung, Heejung; Kittelson, David B; Zachariah, Michael R

2006-08-15

Biodiesel is one of the most promising alternative diesel fuels. As diesel emission regulations have become more stringent, the diesel particulate filter (DPF) has become an essential part of the aftertreatment system. Knowledge of kinetics of exhaust particle oxidation for alternative diesel fuels is useful in estimating the change in regeneration behavior of a DPF with such fuels. This study examines the characteristics of diesel particulate emissions as well as kinetics of particle oxidation using a 1996 John Deere T04045TF250 off-highway engine and 100% soy methyl ester (SME) biodiesel (B100) as fuel. Compared to standard D2 fuel, this B100 reduced particle size, number, and volume in the accumulation mode where most of the particle mass is found. At 75% load, number decreased by 38%, DGN decreased from 80 to 62 nm, and volume decreased by 82%. Part of this decrease is likely associated with the fact that the particles were more easily oxidized. Arrhenius parameters for the biodiesel fuel showed a 2-3times greater frequency factor and approximately 6 times higher oxidation rate compared to regular diesel fuel in the range of 700-825 degrees C. The faster oxidation kinetics should facilitate regeneration when used with a DPF.

Satellite Power Study (SPS) concept definition study (Exhibit D). Volume 1: Executive summary

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hanley, G. M.

1981-01-01

Efforts concentrated on updating of the Rockwell reference concept, definition of new system options, studies of special emphasis topics, further definition of the transportation system, and further program definition. The Rockwell reference satellite concept has a gallium arsenide (GaAs) solar cell array having flat concentrators with an effective concentration ratio of 1.83at end of life. Alternatives to this concept includes solid state power amplifiers or magnetrons for dc/RF conversion and multibandgap solar cells for solar to dc energy conversion. Two solid state concepts were studied. It was determined that the magnetron approach was the lowest mass and cost system.

3D morphometry using automated aortic segmentation in native MR angiography: an alternative to contrast enhanced MRA?

PubMed

Müller-Eschner, Matthias; Müller, Tobias; Biesdorf, Andreas; Wörz, Stefan; Rengier, Fabian; Böckler, Dittmar; Kauczor, Hans-Ulrich; Rohr, Karl; von Tengg-Kobligk, Hendrik

2014-04-01

Native-MR angiography (N-MRA) is considered an imaging alternative to contrast enhanced MR angiography (CE-MRA) for patients with renal insufficiency. Lower intraluminal contrast in N-MRA often leads to failure of the segmentation process in commercial algorithms. This study introduces an in-house 3D model-based segmentation approach used to compare both sequences by automatic 3D lumen segmentation, allowing for evaluation of differences of aortic lumen diameters as well as differences in length comparing both acquisition techniques at every possible location. Sixteen healthy volunteers underwent 1.5-T-MR Angiography (MRA). For each volunteer, two different MR sequences were performed, CE-MRA: gradient echo Turbo FLASH sequence and N-MRA: respiratory-and-cardiac-gated, T2-weighted 3D SSFP. Datasets were segmented using a 3D model-based ellipse-fitting approach with a single seed point placed manually above the celiac trunk. The segmented volumes were manually cropped from left subclavian artery to celiac trunk to avoid error due to side branches. Diameters, volumes and centerline length were computed for intraindividual comparison. For statistical analysis the Wilcoxon-Signed-Ranked-Test was used. Average centerline length obtained based on N-MRA was 239.0±23.4 mm compared to 238.6±23.5 mm for CE-MRA without significant difference (P=0.877). Average maximum diameter obtained based on N-MRA was 25.7±3.3 mm compared to 24.1±3.2 mm for CE-MRA (P<0.001). In agreement with the difference in diameters, volumes obtained based on N-MRA (100.1±35.4 cm(3)) were consistently and significantly larger compared to CE-MRA (89.2±30.0 cm(3)) (P<0.001). 3D morphometry shows highly similar centerline lengths for N-MRA and CE-MRA, but systematically higher diameters and volumes for N-MRA.

3D morphometry using automated aortic segmentation in native MR angiography: an alternative to contrast enhanced MRA?

PubMed Central

Müller-Eschner, Matthias; Müller, Tobias; Biesdorf, Andreas; Wörz, Stefan; Rengier, Fabian; Böckler, Dittmar; Kauczor, Hans-Ulrich; Rohr, Karl

2014-01-01

Introduction Native-MR angiography (N-MRA) is considered an imaging alternative to contrast enhanced MR angiography (CE-MRA) for patients with renal insufficiency. Lower intraluminal contrast in N-MRA often leads to failure of the segmentation process in commercial algorithms. This study introduces an in-house 3D model-based segmentation approach used to compare both sequences by automatic 3D lumen segmentation, allowing for evaluation of differences of aortic lumen diameters as well as differences in length comparing both acquisition techniques at every possible location. Methods and materials Sixteen healthy volunteers underwent 1.5-T-MR Angiography (MRA). For each volunteer, two different MR sequences were performed, CE-MRA: gradient echo Turbo FLASH sequence and N-MRA: respiratory-and-cardiac-gated, T2-weighted 3D SSFP. Datasets were segmented using a 3D model-based ellipse-fitting approach with a single seed point placed manually above the celiac trunk. The segmented volumes were manually cropped from left subclavian artery to celiac trunk to avoid error due to side branches. Diameters, volumes and centerline length were computed for intraindividual comparison. For statistical analysis the Wilcoxon-Signed-Ranked-Test was used. Results Average centerline length obtained based on N-MRA was 239.0±23.4 mm compared to 238.6±23.5 mm for CE-MRA without significant difference (P=0.877). Average maximum diameter obtained based on N-MRA was 25.7±3.3 mm compared to 24.1±3.2 mm for CE-MRA (P<0.001). In agreement with the difference in diameters, volumes obtained based on N-MRA (100.1±35.4 cm3) were consistently and significantly larger compared to CE-MRA (89.2±30.0 cm3) (P<0.001). Conclusions 3D morphometry shows highly similar centerline lengths for N-MRA and CE-MRA, but systematically higher diameters and volumes for N-MRA. PMID:24834406

Data volume reduction for imaging radar polarimetry

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zebker, Howard A. (Inventor); Held, Daniel N. (Inventor); Vanzyl, Jakob J. (Inventor); Dubois, Pascale C. (Inventor); Norikane, Lynne (Inventor)

1988-01-01

Two alternative methods are presented for digital reduction of synthetic aperture multipolarized radar data using scattering matrices, or using Stokes matrices, of four consecutive along-track pixels to produce averaged data for generating a synthetic polarization image.

Continuous prestressed concrete girder bridges volume 1 : literature review and preliminary designs.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2012-06-01

The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) is currently designing typical highway bridge structures as simply supported using standard precast, pretensioned girders. TxDOT is interested in developing additional economical design alternatives for ...

Application of alternative criteria and procedures to passenger railcars.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2015-05-01

Occupied volume integrity (OVI) refers to a : passenger railcars ability to preserve space for : passengers and crew during an accident. The : Federal Railroad Administrations (FRA) Office : of Research and Development (R&D) is : sponsoring res...

Data volume reduction for imaging radar polarimetry

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zebker, Howard A. (Inventor); Held, Daniel N. (Inventor); van Zul, Jakob J. (Inventor); Dubois, Pascale C. (Inventor); Norikane, Lynne (Inventor)

1989-01-01

Two alternative methods are disclosed for digital reduction of synthetic aperture multipolarized radar data using scattering matrices, or using Stokes matrices, of four consecutive along-track pixels to produce averaged data for generating a synthetic polarization image.

Science Notes.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

School Science Review, 1986

1986-01-01

Describes 26 different activities, experiments, demonstrations, and computer simulations in various topics in science. Includes instructional activities dealing with mural ecology, surface area/volume ratios, energy transfer in ecosystems, electrochemical simulations, alternating and direct current, terminal velocity, measuring the size of the…

Driver-vehicle effectiveness model : volume II : appendices

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1978-12-01

The Driver-Vehicle Effectiveness Model (DRIVEM) is a Monte Carlo simulation model intended for use by NHTSA to evaluate alternative vehicle subsystems or effects of legislative actions proposed to reduce the probability and severity of highway traffi...

High-throughput Titration of Luciferase-expressing Recombinant Viruses

PubMed Central

Garcia, Vanessa; Krishnan, Ramya; Davis, Colin; Batenchuk, Cory; Le Boeuf, Fabrice; Abdelbary, Hesham; Diallo, Jean-Simon

2014-01-01

Standard plaque assays to determine infectious viral titers can be time consuming, are not amenable to a high volume of samples, and cannot be done with viruses that do not form plaques. As an alternative to plaque assays, we have developed a high-throughput titration method that allows for the simultaneous titration of a high volume of samples in a single day. This approach involves infection of the samples with a Firefly luciferase tagged virus, transfer of the infected samples onto an appropriate permissive cell line, subsequent addition of luciferin, reading of plates in order to obtain luminescence readings, and finally the conversion from luminescence to viral titers. The assessment of cytotoxicity using a metabolic viability dye can be easily incorporated in the workflow in parallel and provide valuable information in the context of a drug screen. This technique provides a reliable, high-throughput method to determine viral titers as an alternative to a standard plaque assay. PMID:25285536

Alaska Regional Energy Resources Planning Project. Phase 2: coal, hydroelectric and energy alternatives. Volume I. Beluga Coal District Analysis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rutledge, G.; Lane, D.; Edblom, G.

This volume deals with the problems and procedures inherent in the development of the Beluga Coal District. Socio-economic implications of the development and management alternatives are discussed. A review of permits and approvals necessary for the initial development of Beluga Coal Field is presented. Major land tenure issues in the Beluga Coal District as well as existing transportation routes and proposed routes and sites are discussed. The various coal technologies which might be employed at Beluga are described. Transportation options and associated costs of transporting coal from the mine site area to a connecting point with a major, longer distancemore » transportation made and of transporting coal both within and outside (exportation) the state are discussed. Some environmental issues involved in the development of the Beluga Coal Field are presented. (DMC)« less

Thermonuclear inverse magnetic pumping power cycle for stellarator reactor

DOEpatents

Ho, Darwin D.; Kulsrud, Russell M.

1991-01-01

The plasma column in a stellarator is compressed and expanded alternatively in minor radius. First a plasma in thermal balance is compressed adiabatically. The volume of the compressed plasma is maintained until the plasma reaches a new thermal equilibrium. The plasma is then expanded to its original volume. As a result of the way a stellarator works, the plasma pressure during compression is less than the corresponding pressure during expansion. Therefore, negative work is done on the plasma over a complete cycle. This work manifests itself as a back-voltage in the toroidal field coils. Direct electrical energy is obtained from this voltage. Alternatively, after the compression step, the plasma can be expanded at constant pressure. The cycle can be made self-sustaining by operating a system of two stellarator reactors in tandem. Part of the energy derived from the expansion phase of a first stellarator reactor is used to compress the plasma in a second stellarator reactor.

Assessment of the derivative-moment transformation method for unsteady-load estimation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mohebbian, Ali; Rival, David E.

2012-08-01

It is often difficult, if not impossible, to measure the aerodynamic or hydrodynamic forces on a moving body. For this reason, a classical control-volume technique is typically applied to extract the unsteady forces. However, measuring the acceleration term within the volume of interest using particle image velocimetry (PIV) can be limited by optical access, reflections, as well as shadows. Therefore, in this study, an alternative approach, termed the derivative-moment transformation (DMT) method, is introduced and tested on a synthetic data set produced using numerical simulations. The test case involves the unsteady loading of a flat plate in a two-dimensional, laminar periodic gust. The results suggest that the DMT method can accurately predict the acceleration term so long as appropriate spatial and temporal resolutions are maintained. The major deficiency, which is more dominant for the direction of drag, was found to be the determination of pressure and unsteady terms in the wake. The effect of control-volume size was investigated, suggesting that larger domains work best by minimizing the associated error in the determination of the pressure field. When decreasing the control-volume size, wake vortices, which produce high gradients across the control surfaces, are found to substantially increase the level of error. On the other hand, it was shown that for large control volumes, and with realistic spatial resolution, the accuracy of the DMT method would also suffer. Therefore, a delicate compromise is required when selecting control-volume size in future experiments.

Megawatt Class Nuclear Space Power Systems (MCNSPS) conceptual design and evaluation report. Volume 4: Concepts selection, conceptual designs, recommendations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wetch, J. R.

1988-01-01

A study was conducted by NASA Lewis Research Center for the Triagency SP-100 program office. The objective was to determine which reactor, conversion and radiator technologies would best fulfill future Megawatt Class Nuclear Space Power System Requirements. The requirement was 10 megawatts for 5 years of full power operation and 10 years system life on orbit. A variety of liquid metal and gas cooled reactors, static and dynamic conversion systems, and passive and dynamic radiators were considered. Four concepts were selected for more detailed study: (1) a gas cooled reactor with closed cycle Brayton turbine-alternator conversion with heatpipe and pumped tube fin rejection, (2) a Lithium cooled reactor with a free piston Stirling engine-linear alternator and a pumped tube-fin radiator,(3) a Lithium cooled reactor with a Potassium Rankine turbine-alternator and heat pipe radiator, and (4) a Lithium cooled incore thermionic static conversion reactor with a heat pipe radiator. The systems recommended for further development to meet a 10 megawatt long life requirement are the Lithium cooled reactor with the K-Rankine conversion and heat pipe radiator, and the Lithium cooled incore thermionic reactor with heat pipe radiator.

Calibrating/testing meters in hot water test bench VM7

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kling, E.; Stolt, K.; Lau, P.; Mattiasson, K.

A Hot Water Test Bench, VM7, has been developed and constructed for the calibration and testing of volume and flowmeters, in a project at the National Volume Measurement Laboratory at the Swedish National Testing and Research Institute. The intended area of use includes use as a reference at audit measurements, e.g. for accredited laboratories, calibration of meters for the industry and for the testing of hot water meters. The objective of the project, which was initiated in 1989, was to design equipment with stable flow and with a minimal temperature drop even at very low flow rates. The principle of the design is a closed system with two pressure tanks at different pressures. The water is led from the high pressure tank through the test object and the volume standard, in the form of master meters or a piston prover alternatively, to the low pressure tank. Calibrations/tests are made comparing the indication of the test object to that of master meters covering the current flow rate. These are, in the same test cycle, calibrated to the piston prover. Alternatively, the test object can be calibrated directly to the piston prover.

A review of interventions to reduce inter-observer variability in volume delineation in radiation oncology.

PubMed

Vinod, Shalini K; Min, Myo; Jameson, Michael G; Holloway, Lois C

2016-06-01

Inter-observer variability (IOV) in target volume and organ-at-risk (OAR) delineation is a source of potential error in radiation therapy treatment. The aims of this study were to identify interventions shown to reduce IOV in volume delineation. Medline and Pubmed databases were queried for relevant articles using various keywords to identify articles which evaluated IOV in target or OAR delineation for multiple (>2) observers. The search was limited to English language articles and to those published from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2014. Reference lists of identified articles were scrutinised to identify relevant studies. Studies were included if they reported IOV in contouring before and after an intervention including the use of additional or alternative imaging. Fifty-six studies were identified. These were grouped into evaluation of guidelines (n = 9), teaching (n = 9), provision of an autocontour (n = 7) and the impact of imaging (n = 31) on IOV. Guidelines significantly reduced IOV in 7/9 studies. Teaching interventions reduced IOV in 8/9 studies, statistically significant in 4. The provision of an autocontour improved consistency of contouring in 6/7 studies, statistically significant in 5. The effect of additional imaging on IOV was variable. Pre-operative CT was useful in reducing IOV in contouring breast and liver cancers, PET scans in lung cancer, rectal cancer and lymphoma and MRI scans in OARs in head and neck cancers. Inter-observer variability in volume delineation can be reduced with the use of guidelines, provision of autocontours and teaching. The use of multimodality imaging is useful in certain tumour sites. © 2016 The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists.

Value engineering study report on Lower East Fork Poplar Creek Project. Alternative No. 3

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

The project under study is Alternative No. 3 as identified in the Feasibility Study dated August 1994. This alternative is identified as Excavation and Disposal of Commercial/DOE, Other, and Residential Remedial Unit Soil. The assumptions used for generating baseline costs are discussed in site associated costs. It is further described as follows: Soils with mercury concentrations greater than 200 ppM in the Commercial/DOE and Other Remedial Units and greater than 180 ppM in the Residential Remedial Unit [41,300m{sup 3} (54,000yd{sup 3} a volume equivalent to approximately 6,750 dump truck loads)] would be excavated and disposed of in an approved, linedmore » landfill at Y-12 with leachate collection and possible pretreatment of the leachate before discharge. Because 0.6 ha (1.5 acres) of wetland would be destroyed, wetlands banking would occur, whereby a 1.8-ha (4.5-acre) wetland would be constructed on DOE-owned land near K-25. Borrow soil would be obtained from the Y-12 West End Borrow Area or from excess soil located at Y-12 landfills to fill the excavation. It is estimated that 7.3 ha (18.2 acres, and area about the size of 17 football fields) of habitat would be adversely affected. This alternative would use BMPs to minimize any adverse affects and to comply substantively with regulatory requirements.« less

The Voronoi volume and molecular representation of molar volume: equilibrium simple fluids.

PubMed

Hunjan, Jagtar Singh; Eu, Byung Chan

2010-04-07

The Voronoi volume of simple fluids was previously made use of in connection with volume transport phenomena in nonequilibrium simple fluids. To investigate volume transport phenomena, it is important to develop a method to compute the Voronoi volume of fluids in nonequilibrium. In this work, as a first step to this goal, we investigate the equilibrium limit of the nonequilibrium Voronoi volume together with its attendant related molar (molal) and specific volumes. It is proved that the equilibrium Voronoi volume is equivalent to the molar (molal) volume. The latter, in turn, is proved equivalent to the specific volume. This chain of equivalences provides an alternative procedure of computing the equilibrium Voronoi volume from the molar volume/specific volume. We also show approximate methods of computing the Voronoi and molar volumes from the information on the pair correlation function. These methods may be employed for their quick estimation, but also provide some aspects of the fluid structure and its relation to the Voronoi volume. The Voronoi volume obtained from computer simulations is fitted to a function of temperature and pressure in the region above the triple point but below the critical point. Since the fitting function is given in terms of reduced variables for the Lennard-Jones (LJ) model and the kindred volumes (i.e., specific and molar volumes) are in essence equivalent to the equation of state, the formula obtained is a reduced equation state for simple fluids obeying the LJ model potential in the range of temperature and pressure examined and hence can be used for other simple fluids.

Dredging Optimization of an Inlet System for Adjacent Shore Protection Projects Using CMS and GenCade

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-07-01

Beaches + Anastasia cu y d/ yr Table 1. Measured Ebb-delta Volume of St. Augustine Inlet, Florida at the 30ft contour (Legault et al. 2012...along Anastasia State Park). The permeability of the terminal groins (between 0% and 100%) were estimated based on visual inspection of sand...lft) Percent volume change for the three reaches and the ebb-tidal delta are shown in Figure 15 for all modeled alternatives. Anastasia State

Reductions in aircraft particulate emissions due to the use of Fischer-Tropsch fuels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Beyersdorf, A. J.; Timko, M. T.; Ziemba, L. D.; Bulzan, D.; Corporan, E.; Herndon, S. C.; Howard, R.; Miake-Lye, R.; Thornhill, K. L.; Winstead, E.; Wey, C.; Yu, Z.; Anderson, B. E.

2013-06-01

The use of alternative fuels for aviation is likely to increase due to concerns over fuel security, price stability and the sustainability of fuel sources. Concurrent reductions in particulate emissions from these alternative fuels are expected because of changes in fuel composition including reduced sulfur and aromatic content. The NASA Alternative Aviation Fuel Experiment (AAFEX) was conducted in January-February 2009 to investigate the effects of synthetic fuels on gas-phase and particulate emissions. Standard petroleum JP-8 fuel, pure synthetic fuels produced from natural gas and coal feedstocks using the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process, and 50% blends of both fuels were tested in the CFM-56 engines on a DC-8 aircraft. To examine plume chemistry and particle evolution with time, samples were drawn from inlet probes positioned 1, 30, and 145 m downstream of the aircraft engines. No significant alteration to engine performance was measured when burning the alternative fuels. However, leaks in the aircraft fuel system were detected when operated with the pure FT fuels as a result of the absence of aromatic compounds in the fuel. Dramatic reductions in soot emissions were measured for both the pure FT fuels (reductions of 84% averaged over all powers) and blended fuels (64%) relative to the JP-8 baseline with the largest reductions at idle conditions. The alternative fuels also produced smaller soot (e.g. at 85% power, volume mean diameters were reduced from 78 nm for JP-8 to 51 nm for the FT fuel), which may reduce their ability to act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). The reductions in particulate emissions are expected for all alternative fuels with similar reductions in fuel sulfur and aromatic content regardless of the feedstock. As the plume cools downwind of the engine, nucleation-mode aerosols form. For the pure FT fuels, reductions (94% averaged over all powers) in downwind particle number emissions were similar to those measured at the exhaust plane (84%). However, the blended fuels had less of a reduction (reductions of 30-44%) than initially measured (64%). The likely explanation is that the reduced soot emissions in the blended fuel exhaust plume results in promotion of new particle formation microphysics, rather than coating on pre-existing soot particles, which is dominant in the JP-8 exhaust plume. Downwind particle volume emissions were reduced for both the pure (79 and 86% reductions) and blended FT fuels (36 and 46%) due to the large reductions in soot emissions. In addition, the alternative fuels had reduced particulate sulfate production (near-zero for FT fuels) due to decreased fuel sulfur content. To study the formation of volatile aerosols (defined as any aerosol formed as the plume ages) in more detail, tests were performed at varying ambient temperatures (-4 to 20 °C). At idle, particle number and volume emissions were reduced linearly with increasing ambient temperature, with best fit slopes corresponding to -1.2 × 106 # (kg fuel)-1 °C-1 for particle number emissions and -9.7 mm3 (kg fuel)-1 °C-1 for particle volume emissions. The temperature dependence of aerosol formation can have large effects on local air quality surrounding airports in cold regions. Aircraft produced aerosols in these regions will be much larger than levels expected based solely on measurements made directly at the engine exit plane. The majority (90% at idle) of the volatile aerosol mass formed as nucleation-mode aerosols with a smaller fraction as a soot coating. Conversion efficiencies of up to 3.8% were measured for the partitioning of gas-phase precursors (unburned hydrocarbons and SO2) to form volatile aerosols. Highest conversion efficiencies were measured at 45% power.

Gauge interactions theory and experiment

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zichichi, A.

This volume brings together physicists from around the world to report and discuss the exciting advances made recently in theoretical and experimental aspects of gauge interactions. Following a presentation of the theoretical foundations of and recent developments in gauge fields, the contrib utors fogus on supersymmetry, the derivation of Higgs particles from gauge fields, and heavy leptons. Other chapters discuss the use of quantum chromodynamics in describing basic interactions among quarks and gluons, in predicting the existence of glueballs, and in application to heavy flavor production in strong interactions. The editor, Antonino Zichichi, provides a study of the multiparticle hadronicmore » systems produced in highenergy soft (pp) interactions. Other interesting chapters deal with photon scattering at very high energies and theoretical alternatives to the electroweak model, and the volume concludes with proposals for future experimental facilities for European physics.« less

Large-scale dialysis of sample lipids

USGS Publications Warehouse

Meadows, Jill; Tillitt, Donald E.; Huckins, James; Schroeder, D.

1993-01-01

The use of a semipermeable membrane device (SPMD) for dialysis in an organic solvent phase is an efficient alternative approach to separation of contaminants from large amounts of lipid (up to 50 grams or more) prior to organic chemical analysis. Passive separation of contaminants can be accomplished with a minimum of equipment and a comparatively small volume of solvent. This study examines the effects of factors such as dialytic solvent, lipid type, dialytic solvent:lipid volume ratio, dialysis time, and temperature on the performance of polyethylene SPMDs during lipid-contaminant separations. The experimental conditions for maximal recoveries of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls with minimal lipid carryover are determined for the examined variables. When the dialytic procedure is optimized, very satisfactory and highly reproducible analyte recoveries can be obtained in a few days while separating > 90% of the lipid material in a single operation.

Systems for Lung Volume Standardization during Static and Dynamic MDCT-based Quantitative Assessment of Pulmonary Structure and Function

PubMed Central

Fuld, Matthew K.; Grout, Randall; Guo, Junfeng; Morgan, John H.; Hoffman, Eric A.

2013-01-01

Rationale and Objectives Multidetector-row Computed Tomography (MDCT) has emerged as a tool for quantitative assessment of parenchymal destruction, air trapping (density metrics) and airway remodeling (metrics relating airway wall and lumen geometry) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. Critical to the accuracy and interpretability of these MDCT-derived metrics is the assurance that the lungs are scanned during a breath-hold at a standardized volume. Materials and Methods A computer monitored turbine-based flow meter system was developed to control patient breath-holds and facilitate static imaging at fixed percentages of the vital capacity. Due to calibration challenges with gas density changes during multi-breath xenon-CT an alternative system was required. The design incorporated dual rolling seal pistons. Both systems were tested in a laboratory environment and human subject trials. Results The turbine-based system successfully controlled lung volumes in 32/37 subjects, having a linear relationship for CT measured air volume between repeated scans: for all scans, the mean and confidence interval of the differences (scan1-scan2) was −9 ml (−169, 151); for TLC alone 6 ml (−164, 177); for FRC alone, −23 ml (−172, 126). The dual-piston system successfully controlled lung volume in 31/41 subjects. Study failures related largely to subject non-compliance with verbal instruction and gas leaks around the mouthpiece. Conclusion We demonstrate the successful use of a turbine-based system for static lung volume control and demonstrate its inadequacies for dynamic xenon-CT studies. Implementation of a dual-rolling seal spirometer has been shown to adequately control lung volume for multi-breath wash-in xenon-CT studies. These systems coupled with proper patient coaching provide the tools for the use of CT to quantitate regional lung structure and function. The wash-in xenon-CT method for assessing regional lung function, while not necessarily practical for routine clinical studies, provides for a dynamic protocol against which newly emerging single breath, dual-energy xenon-CT measures can be validated. PMID:22555001

Systems for lung volume standardization during static and dynamic MDCT-based quantitative assessment of pulmonary structure and function.

PubMed

Fuld, Matthew K; Grout, Randall W; Guo, Junfeng; Morgan, John H; Hoffman, Eric A

2012-08-01

Multidetector-row computed tomography (MDCT) has emerged as a tool for quantitative assessment of parenchymal destruction, air trapping (density metrics), and airway remodeling (metrics relating airway wall and lumen geometry) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. Critical to the accuracy and interpretability of these MDCT-derived metrics is the assurance that the lungs are scanned during a breathhold at a standardized volume. A computer monitored turbine-based flow meter system was developed to control patient breathholds and facilitate static imaging at fixed percentages of the vital capacity. Because of calibration challenges with gas density changes during multibreath xenon CT, an alternative system was required. The design incorporated dual rolling seal pistons. Both systems were tested in a laboratory environment and human subject trials. The turbine-based system successfully controlled lung volumes in 32/37 subjects, having a linear relationship for CT measured air volume between repeated scans: for all scans, the mean and confidence interval of the differences (scan1-scan2) was -9 mL (-169, 151); for total lung capacity alone 6 mL (-164, 177); for functional residual capacity alone, -23 mL (-172, 126). The dual-piston system successfully controlled lung volume in 31/41 subjects. Study failures related largely to subject noncompliance with verbal instruction and gas leaks around the mouthpiece. We demonstrate the successful use of a turbine-based system for static lung volume control and demonstrate its inadequacies for dynamic xenon CT studies. Implementation of a dual-rolling seal spirometer has been shown to adequately control lung volume for multibreath wash-in xenon CT studies. These systems coupled with proper patient coaching provide the tools for the use of CT to quantitate regional lung structure and function. The wash-in xenon CT method for assessing regional lung function, although not necessarily practical for routine clinical studies, provides for a dynamic protocol against which newly emerging single breath, dual-energy xenon CT measures can be validated. Copyright © 2012 AUR. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Physiological adaptations to low-volume, high-intensity interval training in health and disease.

PubMed

Gibala, Martin J; Little, Jonathan P; Macdonald, Maureen J; Hawley, John A

2012-03-01

Exercise training is a clinically proven, cost-effective, primary intervention that delays and in many cases prevents the health burdens associated with many chronic diseases. However, the precise type and dose of exercise needed to accrue health benefits is a contentious issue with no clear consensus recommendations for the prevention of inactivity-related disorders and chronic diseases. A growing body of evidence demonstrates that high-intensity interval training (HIT) can serve as an effective alternate to traditional endurance-based training, inducing similar or even superior physiological adaptations in healthy individuals and diseased populations, at least when compared on a matched-work basis. While less well studied, low-volume HIT can also stimulate physiological remodelling comparable to moderate-intensity continuous training despite a substantially lower time commitment and reduced total exercise volume. Such findings are important given that 'lack of time' remains the most commonly cited barrier to regular exercise participation. Here we review some of the mechanisms responsible for improved skeletal muscle metabolic control and changes in cardiovascular function in response to low-volume HIT. We also consider the limited evidence regarding the potential application of HIT to people with, or at risk for, cardiometabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes. Finally, we provide insight on the utility of low-volume HIT for improving performance in athletes and highlight suggestions for future research.

Genetic and environmental influences on mean diffusivity and volume in subcortical brain regions.

PubMed

Gillespie, Nathan A; Neale, Michael C; Hagler, Donald J; Eyler, Lisa T; Fennema-Notestine, Christine; Franz, Carol E; Lyons, Michael J; McEvoy, Linda K; Dale, Anders M; Panizzon, Matthew S; Kremen, William S

2017-05-01

Increased mean diffusivity (MD) is hypothesized to reflect tissue degeneration and may provide subtle indicators of neuropathology as well as age-related brain changes in the absence of volumetric differences. Our aim was to determine the degree to which genetic and environmental variation in subcortical MD is distinct from variation in subcortical volume. Data were derived from a sample of 387 male twins (83 MZ twin pairs, 55 DZ twin pairs, and 111 incomplete twin pairs) who were MRI scanned as part of the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging. Quantitative estimates of MD and volume for 7 subcortical regions were obtained: thalamus, caudate nucleus, putamen, pallidum, hippocampus, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens. After adjusting for covariates, bivariate twin models were fitted to estimate the size and significance of phenotypic, genotypic, and environmental correlations between MD and volume at each subcortical region. With the exception of the amygdala, familial aggregation in MD was entirely explained by additive genetic factors across all subcortical regions with estimates ranging from 46 to 84%. Based on bivariate twin modeling, variation in subcortical MD appears to be both genetically and environmentally unrelated to individual differences in subcortical volume. Therefore, subcortical MD may be an alternative biomarker of brain morphology for complex traits worthy of future investigation. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2589-2598, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The effect of frequency on atmospheric pressure glow discharge in a pin-to-plate gap sustained by a resonant power supply

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang, Yong Sheng; Ding, Wei Dong; Wang, Ya Nan

More and more researchers have been attracted to the research of atmospheric pressure glow discharge (APGD) because of its great prospect in numerous industrial applications. Nevertheless, almost all of the industrial applications are based on achievement of stable, large-volume, and uniform APGD. In a previous study, stable filamentary APGD was obtained by applying a resonant power supply between pin-to-plate electrodes which could limit the peak value of discharge current to supress the glow-to-arc transition through a series-wound resonance principle. The filamentary APGD is centimeter-level in the length but only several millimeters in diameter. Therefore, in order to obtain large-volume andmore » uniform APGD, it is significant to study how to diffuse filamentary APGD in radial direction. With the increasing resonant frequency of alternating current discharge, excited particles (mainly including energetic electrons and trapped ions left from the previous half-cycle discharge) in the electrodes gap increase, which benefits obtaining stable self-sustaining APGD. In this paper, mechanism and law of the influence of resonant frequency on the diffusion of filamentary APGD in ambient air were studied. By comparing the photos of discharge plasma and waveforms of the discharge voltage and current, it is found that the volume of the glow discharge plasma enlarges as the resonant frequency of the power supply increases. It is very significant and anticipating to study how to obtain stable, large-volume, and uniform APGD in ambient air by the resonant power supply.« less

Radar based technology for non-contact monitoring of accumulation of blood in the head: A numerical study.

PubMed

Oziel, Moshe; Korenstein, Rafi; Rubinsky, Boris

2017-01-01

This theoretical study examines the use of radar to continuously monitor "accumulation of blood in the head" (ACBH) non-invasively and from a distance, after the location of a hematoma or hemorrhage in the brain was initially identified with conventional medical imaging. Current clinical practice is to monitor ABCH with multiple, subsequent, conventional medical imaging. The radar technology introduced in this study could provide a lower cost and safe alternative to multiple conventional medical imaging monitoring for ACBH. The goal of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of using radar to monitor changes in blood volume in the brain through a numerical simulation of ACBH monitoring from remote, with a directional spiral slot antennae, in 3-D models of the brain. The focus of this study is on evaluating the effect of frequencies on the antennae reading. To that end we performed the calculations for frequencies of 100 MHz, 500 MHz and 1 GHz. The analysis shows that the ACBH can be monitored with radar and the monitoring resolution improves with an increase in frequency, in the range studied. However, it also appears that when typical clinical dimensions of hematoma and hemorrhage are used, the variable ratio of blood volume radius and radar wavelength can bring the measurements into the Mie and Rayleigh regions of the radar cross section. In these regions there is an oscillatory change in signal with blood volume size. For some frequencies there is an increase in signal with an increase in volume while in others there is a decrease. While radar can be used to monitor ACBH non-invasively and from a distance, the observed Mie region dependent oscillatory relation between blood volume size and wavelength requires further investigation. Classifiers, multifrequency algorithms or ultra-wide band radar are possible solutions that should be explored in the future.

Radar based technology for non-contact monitoring of accumulation of blood in the head: A numerical study

PubMed Central

Korenstein, Rafi; Rubinsky, Boris

2017-01-01

Background This theoretical study examines the use of radar to continuously monitor “accumulation of blood in the head” (ACBH) non-invasively and from a distance, after the location of a hematoma or hemorrhage in the brain was initially identified with conventional medical imaging. Current clinical practice is to monitor ABCH with multiple, subsequent, conventional medical imaging. The radar technology introduced in this study could provide a lower cost and safe alternative to multiple conventional medical imaging monitoring for ACBH. Materials and methods The goal of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of using radar to monitor changes in blood volume in the brain through a numerical simulation of ACBH monitoring from remote, with a directional spiral slot antennae, in 3-D models of the brain. The focus of this study is on evaluating the effect of frequencies on the antennae reading. To that end we performed the calculations for frequencies of 100 MHz, 500 MHz and 1 GHz. Results and discussion The analysis shows that the ACBH can be monitored with radar and the monitoring resolution improves with an increase in frequency, in the range studied. However, it also appears that when typical clinical dimensions of hematoma and hemorrhage are used, the variable ratio of blood volume radius and radar wavelength can bring the measurements into the Mie and Rayleigh regions of the radar cross section. In these regions there is an oscillatory change in signal with blood volume size. For some frequencies there is an increase in signal with an increase in volume while in others there is a decrease. Conclusions While radar can be used to monitor ACBH non-invasively and from a distance, the observed Mie region dependent oscillatory relation between blood volume size and wavelength requires further investigation. Classifiers, multifrequency algorithms or ultra-wide band radar are possible solutions that should be explored in the future. PMID:29023544

Automotive technology status and projections. Volume 1: Executive summary

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dowdy, M.; Burke, A.; Schneider, H.; Edmiston, W.; Klose, G. J.; Heft, R.

1978-01-01

Fuel economy, exhaust emissions, multifuel capability, advanced materials and cost/manufacturability for both conventional and advanced alternative power systems were assessed. To insure valid comparisons of vehicles with alternative power systems, the concept of an Otto-Engine-Equivalent (OEE) vehicle was utilized. Each engine type was sized to provide equivalent vehicle performance. Sensitivity to different performance criteria was evaluated. Fuel economy projections are made for each engine type considering both the legislated emission standards and possible future emissions requirements.

Program Manager: Journal of the Defense Systems Management College. Volume 20, Number 4, July-August 1991

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-08-01

national aritificial intelligence technologies, phase is intended to establish a stable headline news when front-line which are key to linking computer and... intelligence and S&T own alternative. communities. There are experts from Assembly of potential material the S&T community through contin- alternatives...cidents to SEC. i chief inform him that he am earlier work, Designing Defense intelligent cififrhitathIeS’ysterns, and adds the current spin of -FEI

Solar power satellite system definition study. Volume 1: Executive summary, phase 3

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1980-01-01

Results of a three phase study of the Solar Power Satellite System are summarized. Various options and alternate systems were considered and the following conclusions were reached: antenna mounted solid state transmitters are potentially as cost effective as the klystron approach, althrough limited to 2500 megawatts net output; the free electron laser and optical diode laser appear most promising for laser power transmission; ground antenna siting need not be restricted to below 35 degrees of latitude; and nonrecurring cost reductions attainable by using a smaller Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle are highly attractive.

Energy Conversion Alternatives Study (ECAS), Westinghouse phase 1. Volume 6: Closed-cycle gas turbine systems. [energy conversion efficiency in electric power plants

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Amos, D. J.; Fentress, W. K.; Stahl, W. F.

1976-01-01

Both recuperated and bottomed closed cycle gas turbine systems in electric power plants were studied. All systems used a pressurizing gas turbine coupled with a pressurized furnace to heat the helium for the closed cycle gas turbine. Steam and organic vapors are used as Rankine bottoming fluids. Although plant efficiencies of over 40% are calculated for some plants, the resultant cost of electricity was found to be 8.75 mills/MJ (31.5 mills/kWh). These plants do not appear practical for coal or oil fired plants.

Heat treatment study 2

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Workman, Gary L.

1990-01-01

The microstructural variations in nickel based superalloys that result from modifications in processing were examined. These superalloys include MAR-M246(HF) and PWA1480. Alternate heat treatments for equiaxed as-cast specimens were studied and a sample matrix of 42 variations in the heat treatments were processed, as well as different directional solidification parameters. Variation in temperature and times for both solution and aging were performed. Photomicrographs were made of the microstructure and volume fraction analysis of primary gamma-prime and aged gamma-prime precipitates were performed. The results of the heat treatment, cooling rate, and directional solidification experiments are discussed.

Water Permeability Adjusts Resorption in Lung Epithelia to Increased Apical Surface Liquid Volumes.

PubMed

Schmidt, Hanna; Michel, Christiane; Braubach, Peter; Fauler, Michael; Neubauer, Daniel; Thompson, Kristin E; Frick, Manfred; Mizaikoff, Boris; Dietl, Paul; Wittekindt, Oliver H

2017-03-01

The apical surface liquid (ASL) layer covers the airways and forms a first line of defense against pathogens. Maintenance of ASL volume by airway epithelia is essential for maintaining lung function. The proteolytic activation of epithelial Na + channels is believed to be the dominating mechanism to cope with increases in ASL volumes. Alternative mechanisms, in particular increases in epithelial osmotic water permeability (P osm ), have so far been regarded as rather less important. However, most studies mainly addressed immediate effects upon apical volume expansion (AVE) and increases in ASL. This study addresses the response of lung epithelia to long-term AVE. NCI-H441 cells and primary human tracheal epithelial cells, both cultivated in air-liquid interface conditions, were used as models for the lung epithelium. AVE was established by adding isotonic solution to the apical surface of differentiated lung epithelia, and time course of ASL volume restoration was assessed by the deuterium oxide dilution method. Concomitant ion transport was investigated in Ussing chambers. We identified a low resorptive state immediately after AVE, which coincided with proteolytic ion transport activation within 10-15 minutes after AVE. The main clearance of excess ASL occurred during a delayed (hours after AVE) high resorptive state, which did not correlate with ion transport activation. Instead, high resorptive state onset coincided with an increase in P osm , which depended on aquaporin up-regulation. In summary, our data demonstrate that, aside from ion transport activation, modulation of P osm is a major mechanism to compensate for long-term AVE in lung epithelia.

Performance of alternative diamond interchange forms : volume I -- research report.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2017-01-01

Service interchanges connect freeways to arterial roads and are the backbone of the U.S. road network. Improving the operations of service interchanges is possible by applying one of several new solutions: diverging diamond, single point interchanges...

CleanFleet final report. Volume 8, fleet economics

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1995-12-01

The costs that face a fleet operator in implementing alternative motor fuels : into fleet operations are examined. The cost assessment is built upon a list of thirteen cost factors grouped into the three catagories: infrastructure costs, vehicle owni...

Tin Cans Revisited.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Verderber, Nadine L.

1992-01-01

Presents the use of spreadsheets as an alternative method for precalculus students to solve maximum or minimum problems involving surface area and volume. Concludes that students with less technical backgrounds can solve problems normally requiring calculus and suggests sources for additional problems. (MDH)

ERCMExpress. Volume 3, Issue 5

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Taylor, Matt

2007-01-01

The Emergency Response and Crisis Management (ECRM) Technical Assistance Center's newsletter "ERCMExpress" provides comprehensive information on key issues in school emergency management. Many nontraditional schools across the United States, such as storefront schools, rural schools, and alternative education facilities, face challenges…

Evaluation of origin-destination matrix estimation techniques to support aspects of traffic modeling.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2014-05-01

Travel demand forecasting models are used to predict future traffic volumes to evaluate : roadway improvement alternatives. Each of the metropolitan planning organizations (MPO) in : Alabama maintains a travel demand model to support planning efforts...

Study of space shuttle orbiter system management computer function. Volume 1: Analysis, baseline design

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1975-01-01

A system analysis of the shuttle orbiter baseline system management (SM) computer function is performed. This analysis results in an alternative SM design which is also described. The alternative design exhibits several improvements over the baseline, some of which are increased crew usability, improved flexibility, and improved growth potential. The analysis consists of two parts: an application assessment and an implementation assessment. The former is concerned with the SM user needs and design functional aspects. The latter is concerned with design flexibility, reliability, growth potential, and technical risk. The system analysis is supported by several topical investigations. These include: treatment of false alarms, treatment of off-line items, significant interface parameters, and a design evaluation checklist. An in-depth formulation of techniques, concepts, and guidelines for design of automated performance verification is discussed.

Computer-aided modeling and prediction of performance of the modified Lundell class of alternators in space station solar dynamic power systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Demerdash, Nabeel A. O.; Wang, Ren-Hong

1988-01-01

The main purpose of this project is the development of computer-aided models for purposes of studying the effects of various design changes on the parameters and performance characteristics of the modified Lundell class of alternators (MLA) as components of a solar dynamic power system supplying electric energy needs in the forthcoming space station. Key to this modeling effort is the computation of magnetic field distribution in MLAs. Since the nature of the magnetic field is three-dimensional, the first step in the investigation was to apply the finite element method to discretize volume, using the tetrahedron as the basic 3-D element. Details of the stator 3-D finite element grid are given. A preliminary look at the early stage of a 3-D rotor grid is presented.

Foot volume estimates based on a geometric algorithm in comparison to water displacement.

PubMed

Mayrovitz, H N; Sims, N; Litwin, B; Pfister, S

2005-03-01

Assessing lower extremity limb volume and its change during and after lymphedema therapy is important for determining treatment efficacy and documenting outcomes. Although leg volumes may be determined by tape measure and other methods, there is no metric method to routinely assess foot volumes. Exclusion of foot volumes can under- or overestimate therapeutic progress. Our aim was to develop and test a metric measurement procedure and algorithm for practicing therapists to use to estimate foot volumes. The method uses a caliper and ruler to measure foot dimensions at standardized locations and calculates foot volume (VM) by a mathematical algorithm. VM was compared to volumes measured by water displacement (Vw) in 30 subjects (60 feet) using regression analysis and limits of agreement (LOA). Vw and VM (mean +/- sd) were similar 857 +/- 150 ml vs. 859 +/- 154 ml, and were highly correlated VM = 1.00Vw + 1.67 ml, r = 0.965, p < 0.001. The LOA for absolute volume differences and percentages were respectively +/- 79.6 ml and +/- 9.28 %. These results indicate that this metric method can be a useful alternative to water displacement when foot volumes are needed, but the water displacement method is contraindicated, impractical to implement, too time consuming or is not available.

Modeling of turbulent transport as a volume process

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jennings, Mark J.; Morel, Thomas

1987-01-01

An alternative type of modeling was proposed for the turbulent transport terms in Reynolds-averaged equations. One particular implementation of the model was considered, based on the two-point velocity correlations. The model was found to reproduce the trends but not the magnitude of the nonisotropic behavior of the turbulent transport. Some interesting insights were developed concerning the shape of the contracted two-point correlation volume. This volume is strongly deformed by mean shear from the spherical shape found in unstrained flows. Of particular interest is the finding that the shape is sharply waisted, indicating preferential lines of communication, which should have a direct effect on turbulent transfer and on other processes.

Absorption properties of carbon dioxide enhanced-oil-recovery additives. Final Technical report, 12 May 1987-31 August 1989

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Patton, J.T.; Holbrook, S.T.

1990-01-01

The selection of the optimum foaming agent (surfactant) for enhancing oil production by carbon dioxide flooding is based on foamability and adsorption. Measurement of adsorption on carbonate cores from New Mexico reservoirs showed large adsorption differences between three commercial, high-foaming surfactants. An ethoxylated alcohol structure was least adsorbed, 0.64 mg/cc pore volume; an ethoxylated alcohol sulfate was next, 0.74 mg/cc pore volume; the highest adsorbed was a glyceryl sulfonate, 2.30 mg/cc pore volume. Commercial application of the foaming additive involves injecting alternate slugs of surfactant solution and carbon dioxide. Surfactant concentration should be determined to allow for the adsorption above.

Methods and apparatus for measuring the tightness of enclosures

DOEpatents

Modera, Mark P.; Sherman, Max H.

1987-01-13

Disclosed are methods and apparatus for measuring tightness of an enclosure such as a building by utilizing alternating pressurization techniques. One method comprises providing apparatus capable of causing an internal volume change for the enclosure, the apparatus including a means for determining the instantaneous volume change, and a means for determining the instantaneous pressure within the enclosure. The apparatus is operated within the enclosure to change the volume thereof, and at least one of the frequency and the displacement is adjusted to achieve a root mean square pressure in the enclosure approximately equal to a reference pressure. At that pressure, the leakage of the enclosure is determined from the instantaneous displacement and instantaneous pressure values.

Methods and apparatus for measuring the tightness of enclosures

DOEpatents

Modera, M.P.; Sherman, M.H.

1987-01-13

Disclosed are methods and apparatus for measuring tightness of an enclosure such as a building by utilizing alternating pressurization techniques. One method comprises providing apparatus capable of causing an internal volume change for the enclosure, the apparatus including a means for determining the instantaneous volume change, and a means for determining the instantaneous pressure within the enclosure. The apparatus is operated within the enclosure to change the volume thereof, and at least one of the frequency and the displacement is adjusted to achieve a root mean square pressure in the enclosure approximately equal to a reference pressure. At that pressure, the leakage of the enclosure is determined from the instantaneous displacement and instantaneous pressure values. 3 figs.

Oil Formation Volume Factor Determination Through a Fused Intelligence

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gholami, Amin

2016-12-01

Volume change of oil between reservoir condition and standard surface condition is called oil formation volume factor (FVF), which is very time, cost and labor intensive to determine. This study proposes an accurate, rapid and cost-effective approach for determining FVF from reservoir temperature, dissolved gas oil ratio, and specific gravity of both oil and dissolved gas. Firstly, structural risk minimization (SRM) principle of support vector regression (SVR) was employed to construct a robust model for estimating FVF from the aforementioned inputs. Subsequently, an alternating conditional expectation (ACE) was used for approximating optimal transformations of input/output data to a higher correlated data and consequently developing a sophisticated model between transformed data. Eventually, a committee machine with SVR and ACE was constructed through the use of hybrid genetic algorithm-pattern search (GA-PS). Committee machine integrates ACE and SVR models in an optimal linear combination such that makes benefit of both methods. A group of 342 data points was used for model development and a group of 219 data points was used for blind testing the constructed model. Results indicated that the committee machine performed better than individual models.

Diffusion of multiple species with excluded-volume effects.

PubMed

Bruna, Maria; Chapman, S Jonathan

2012-11-28

Stochastic models of diffusion with excluded-volume effects are used to model many biological and physical systems at a discrete level. The average properties of the population may be described by a continuum model based on partial differential equations. In this paper we consider multiple interacting subpopulations/species and study how the inter-species competition emerges at the population level. Each individual is described as a finite-size hard core interacting particle undergoing brownian motion. The link between the discrete stochastic equations of motion and the continuum model is considered systematically using the method of matched asymptotic expansions. The system for two species leads to a nonlinear cross-diffusion system for each subpopulation, which captures the enhancement of the effective diffusion rate due to excluded-volume interactions between particles of the same species, and the diminishment due to particles of the other species. This model can explain two alternative notions of the diffusion coefficient that are often confounded, namely collective diffusion and self-diffusion. Simulations of the discrete system show good agreement with the analytic results.

Current purpose and practice of hypertonic saline in neurosurgery: a review of the literature.

PubMed

Thongrong, Cattleya; Kong, Nicolas; Govindarajan, Barani; Allen, Duane; Mendel, Ehud; Bergese, Sergio D

2014-12-01

To review and summarize controversies and current concepts regarding the use of hypertonic saline during the perioperative period in neurosurgery. Relevant literature was searched on PubMed and Scopus electronic databases to identify all studies that have investigated the use of hypertonic saline in neurosurgery. Fluid management during the course of neurosurgical practice has been debated at length, especially strategies to control intracranial pressure and small volume resuscitation. The goal of fluid therapy includes minimizing cerebral edema, preserving intravascular volume, and maintaining cerebral perfusion pressure. Mannitol is widely recognized as the gold standard for treating intracranial hypertension but can result in systemic hypotension. Thus, hypertonic saline provides volume expansion and may improve cerebral and systemic hemodynamics. Recently published prospective data, however, regarding the use of osmotic agents fails to establish clear guidelines in neurosurgical patients. We suggest that hypertonic saline will emerge as an alternative to mannitol, especially for a long-term use or multiple doses are needed and lead to a great opportunity for collaborative research. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Exploring for the safer ventilation method in laparoscopic urologic patients? Conventional or low tidal?

PubMed

Ela, Yüksel; Bakı, Elif Doğan; Ateş, Mutlu; Kokulu, Serdar; Keleş, İbrahim; Karalar, Mustafa; Şenay, Hasan; Sıvacı, Remziye Gül

2014-11-01

To study the effects of low tidal volume with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on arterial blood gases of patients undergoing laparoscopic urologic surgeries. Eighty-six laparoscopic urologic patients were enrolled in this study. Patients were randomized into two groups according to the ventilatory settings. In the conventional group (Group C) (n=43), the tidal volume was 10 mL/kg, and the PEEP was set at 0 cm of H2O. In the low tidal volume with PEEP group (Group LP), the tidal volume was 6 mL/kg, with PEEP of 5 cm of H2O. In both groups total minute volume was 6 L/kg. Peak and plateau airway pressure (PPEAK and PPLAT, respectively) and arterial blood gases were recorded before pneumoperitoneum (PNP) (T1) and the first and third hour (T3) after PNP induction and also after extubation in the intensive care unit. Additionally, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and peripheral O2 saturation of hemoglobin were recorded. Heart rate, PPEAK, and PPLAT values were similar in both groups. Partial arterial O2 pressure values measured postoperatively were significantly higher in Group LP, whereas those measured before PNP induction were similar (P=.014 and P=.056, respectively). Compared with the baseline, partial arterial CO2 pressure values measured at T1 and at T3 after PNP induction were significantly higher in Group C than in Group LP (P<.001). The pH values of Group C at T1 and at T3 postoperatively were significantly lower than the values of Group LP (P<.001). Extubation times were significantly lower in Group LP. The results of the present study suggest that low tidal volume with PEEP application may be a good alternative for preventing high CO2 levels and yielding better oxygenation and lower extubation times in patients undergoing prolonged laparoscopic urology.

Is bigger always better? A critical appraisal of the use of volumetric analysis in the study of the hippocampus.

PubMed

Roth, Timothy C; Brodin, Anders; Smulders, Tom V; LaDage, Lara D; Pravosudov, Vladimir V

2010-03-27

A well-developed spatial memory is important for many animals, but appears especially important for scatter-hoarding species. Consequently, the scatter-hoarding system provides an excellent paradigm in which to study the integrative aspects of memory use within an ecological and evolutionary framework. One of the main tenets of this paradigm is that selection for enhanced spatial memory for cache locations should specialize the brain areas involved in memory. One such brain area is the hippocampus (Hp). Many studies have examined this adaptive specialization hypothesis, typically relating spatial memory to Hp volume. However, it is unclear how the volume of the Hp is related to its function for spatial memory. Thus, the goal of this article is to evaluate volume as a main measurement of the degree of morphological and physiological adaptation of the Hp as it relates to memory. We will briefly review the evidence for the specialization of memory in food-hoarding animals and discuss the philosophy behind volume as the main currency. We will then examine the problems associated with this approach, attempting to understand the advantages and limitations of using volume and discuss alternatives that might yield more specific hypotheses. Overall, there is strong evidence that the Hp is involved in the specialization of spatial memory in scatter-hoarding animals. However, volume may be only a coarse proxy for more relevant and subtle changes in the structure of the brain underlying changes in behaviour. To better understand the nature of this brain/memory relationship, we suggest focusing on more specific and relevant features of the Hp, such as the number or size of neurons, variation in connectivity depending on dendritic and axonal arborization and the number of synapses. These should generate more specific hypotheses derived from a solid theoretical background and should provide a better understanding of both neural mechanisms of memory and their evolution.

Puffing Topography and Nicotine Intake of Electronic Cigarette Users

PubMed Central

Behar, Rachel Z.; Hua, My; Talbot, Prue

2015-01-01

Background Prior electronic cigarette (EC) topography data are based on two video analyses with limited parameters. Alternate methods for measuring topography are needed to understand EC use and nicotine intake. Objectives This study evaluated EC topography with a CReSS Pocket device and quantified nicotine intake. Methods Validation tests on pressure drop, flow rate, and volume confirmed reliable performance of the CReSS Pocket device. Twenty participants used Blu Cigs and V2 Cigs for 10 minute intervals with a 10–15 minute break between brands. Brand order was reversed and repeated within 7 days Data were analyzed to determine puff duration, puff count, volume, flow rate, peak flow, and inter-puff interval. Nicotine intake was estimated from cartomizer fluid consumption and topography data. Results Nine patterns of EC use were identified. The average puff count and inter-puff interval were 32 puffs and 17.9 seconds. All participants, except one, took more than 20 puffs/10 minutes. The averages for puff duration (2.65 seconds/puff), volume/puff (51ml/puff), total puff volume (1,579 ml), EC fluid consumption (79.6 mg), flow rate (20 ml/s), and peak flow rate (27 ml/s) were determined for 10-minute sessions. All parameters except total puff count were significantly different for Blu versus V2 EC. Total volume for Blu versus V2 was four-times higher than for conventional cigarettes. Average nicotine intake for Blu and V2 across both sessions was 1.2 ± 0.5 mg and 1.4 ± 0.7 mg, respectively, which is similar to conventional smokers. Conclusions EC puffing topography was variable among participants in the study, but often similar within an individual between brands or days. Puff duration, inter-puff interval, and puff volume varied from conventional cigarette standards. Data on total puff volume and nicotine intake are consistent with compensatory usage of EC. These data can contribute to the development of a standard protocol for laboratory testing of EC products. PMID:25664463

Fluid overload in the ICU: evaluation and management.

PubMed

Claure-Del Granado, Rolando; Mehta, Ravindra L

2016-08-02

Fluid overload is frequently found in acute kidney injury patients in critical care units. Recent studies have shown the relationship of fluid overload with adverse outcomes; hence, manage and optimization of fluid balance becomes a central component of the management of critically ill patients. In critically ill patients, in order to restore cardiac output, systemic blood pressure and renal perfusion an adequate fluid resuscitation is essential. Achieving an appropriate level of volume management requires knowledge of the underlying pathophysiology, evaluation of volume status, and selection of appropriate solution for volume repletion, and maintenance and modulation of the tissue perfusion. Numerous recent studies have established a correlation between fluid overload and mortality in critically ill patients. Fluid overload recognition and assessment requires an accurate documentation of intakes and outputs; yet, there is a wide difference in how it is evaluated, reviewed and utilized. Accurate volume status evaluation is essential for appropriate therapy since errors of volume evaluation can result in either in lack of essential treatment or unnecessary fluid administration, and both scenarios are associated with increased mortality. There are several methods to evaluate fluid status; however, most of the tests currently used are fairly inaccurate. Diuretics, especially loop diuretics, remain a valid therapeutic alternative. Fluid overload refractory to medical therapy requires the application of extracorporeal therapies. In critically ill patients, fluid overload is related to increased mortality and also lead to several complications like pulmonary edema, cardiac failure, delayed wound healing, tissue breakdown, and impaired bowel function. Therefore, the evaluation of volume status is crucial in the early management of critically ill patients. Diuretics are frequently used as an initial therapy; however, due to their limited effectiveness the use of continuous renal replacement techniques are often required for fluid overload treatment. Successful fluid overload treatment depends on precise assessment of individual volume status, understanding the principles of fluid management with ultrafiltration, and clear treatment goals.

Passive continuous positive airway pressure ventilation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a randomized cross-over manikin simulation study.

PubMed

Winkler, Bernd E; Muellenbach, Ralf M; Wurmb, Thomas; Struck, Manuel F; Roewer, Norbert; Kranke, Peter

2017-02-01

While controlled ventilation is most frequently used during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), the application of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and passive ventilation of the lung synchronously with chest compressions and decompressions might represent a promising alternative approach. One benefit of CPAP during CPR is the reduction of peak airway pressures and therefore a potential enhancement in haemodynamics. We therefore evaluated the tidal volumes and airway pressures achieved during CPAP-CPR. During CPR with the LUCAS™ 2 compression device, a manikin model was passively ventilated at CPAP levels of 5, 10, 20 and 30 hPa with the Boussignac tracheal tube and the ventilators Evita ® V500, Medumat ® Transport, Oxylator ® EMX, Oxylog ® 2000, Oxylog ® 3000, Primus ® and Servo ® -i as well as the Wenoll ® diver rescue system. Tidal volumes and airway pressures during CPAP-CPR were recorded and analyzed. Tidal volumes during CPAP-CPR were higher than during compression-only CPR without positive airway pressure. The passively generated tidal volumes increased with increasing CPAP levels and were significantly influenced by the ventilators used. During ventilation at 20 hPa CPAP via a tracheal tube, the mean tidal volumes ranged from 125 ml (Medumat ® ) to 309 ml (Wenoll ® ) and the peak airway pressures from 23 hPa (Primus ® ) to 49 hPa (Oxylog ® 3000). Transport ventilators generated lower tidal volumes than intensive care ventilators or closed-circuit systems. Peak airway pressures during CPAP-CPR were lower than those during controlled ventilation CPR reported in literature. High peak airway pressures are known to limit the applicability of ventilation via facemask or via supraglottic airway devices and may adversely affect haemodynamics. Hence, the application of ventilators generating high tidal volumes with low peak airway pressures appears desirable during CPAP-CPR. The limited CPAP-CPR capabilities of transport ventilators in our study might be prerequisite for future developments of transport ventilators.

A Framework for Linear and Non-Linear Registration of Diffusion-Weighted MRIs Using Angular Interpolation

PubMed Central

Duarte-Carvajalino, Julio M.; Sapiro, Guillermo; Harel, Noam; Lenglet, Christophe

2013-01-01

Registration of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance images (DW-MRIs) is a key step for population studies, or construction of brain atlases, among other important tasks. Given the high dimensionality of the data, registration is usually performed by relying on scalar representative images, such as the fractional anisotropy (FA) and non-diffusion-weighted (b0) images, thereby ignoring much of the directional information conveyed by DW-MR datasets itself. Alternatively, model-based registration algorithms have been proposed to exploit information on the preferred fiber orientation(s) at each voxel. Models such as the diffusion tensor or orientation distribution function (ODF) have been used for this purpose. Tensor-based registration methods rely on a model that does not completely capture the information contained in DW-MRIs, and largely depends on the accurate estimation of tensors. ODF-based approaches are more recent and computationally challenging, but also better describe complex fiber configurations thereby potentially improving the accuracy of DW-MRI registration. A new algorithm based on angular interpolation of the diffusion-weighted volumes was proposed for affine registration, and does not rely on any specific local diffusion model. In this work, we first extensively compare the performance of registration algorithms based on (i) angular interpolation, (ii) non-diffusion-weighted scalar volume (b0), and (iii) diffusion tensor image (DTI). Moreover, we generalize the concept of angular interpolation (AI) to non-linear image registration, and implement it in the FMRIB Software Library (FSL). We demonstrate that AI registration of DW-MRIs is a powerful alternative to volume and tensor-based approaches. In particular, we show that AI improves the registration accuracy in many cases over existing state-of-the-art algorithms, while providing registered raw DW-MRI data, which can be used for any subsequent analysis. PMID:23596381

A New Fluidized Bed Bioreactor Based on Diversion-Type Microcapsule Suspension for Bioartificial Liver Systems

PubMed Central

Li, Jianzhou; Yu, Liang; Chen, Ermei; Zhu, Danhua; Zhang, Yimin; Li, LanJuan

2016-01-01

A fluidized bed bioreactor containing encapsulated hepatocytes may be a valuable alternative to a hollow fiber bioreactor for achieving the improved mass transfer and scale-up potential necessary for clinical use. However, a conventional fluidized bed bioreactor (FBB) operating under high perfusion velocity is incapable of providing the desired performance due to the resulting damage to cell-containing microcapsules and large void volume. In this study, we developed a novel diversion-type microcapsule-suspension fluidized bed bioreactor (DMFBB). The void volume in the bioreactor and stability of alginate/chitosan microcapsules were investigated under different flow rates. Cell viability, synthesis and metabolism functions, and expression of metabolizing enzymes at transcriptional levels in an encapsulated hepatocyte line (C3A cells) were determined. The void volume was significantly less in the novel bioreactor than in the conventional FBB. In addition, the microcapsules were less damaged in the DMFBB during the fluidization process as reflected by the results for microcapsule retention rates, swelling, and breakage. Encapsulated C3A cells exhibited greater viability and CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 activity in the DMFBB than in the FBB, although the increases in albumin and urea synthesis were less prominent. The transcription levels of several CYP450-related genes and an albumin-related gene were dramatically greater in cells in the DMFBB than in those in the FBB. Taken together, our results suggest that the DMFBB is a promising alternative for the design of a bioartificial liver system based on a fluidized bed bioreactor with encapsulated hepatocytes for treating patients with acute hepatic failure or other severe liver diseases. PMID:26840840

The Deployment of Carbon Monoxide Wireless Sensor Network (CO-WSN) for Ambient Air Monitoring

PubMed Central

Chaiwatpongsakorn, Chaichana; Lu, Mingming; Keener, Tim C.; Khang, Soon-Jai

2014-01-01

Wireless sensor networks are becoming increasingly important as an alternative solution for environment monitoring because they can reduce cost and complexity. Also, they can improve reliability and data availability in places where traditional monitoring methods are difficult to site. In this study, a carbon monoxide wireless sensor network (CO-WSN) was developed to measure carbon monoxide concentrations at a major traffic intersection near the University of Cincinnati main campus. The system has been deployed over two weeks during Fall 2010, and Summer 2011–2012, traffic data was also recorded by using a manual traffic counter and a video camcorder to characterize vehicles at the intersection 24 h, particularly, during the morning and evening peak hour periods. According to the field test results, the 1 hr-average CO concentrations were found to range from 0.1–1.0 ppm which is lower than the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) 35 ppm on a one-hour averaging period. During rush hour periods, the traffic volume at the intersection varied from 2,067 to 3,076 vehicles per hour with 97% being passenger vehicles. Furthermore, the traffic volume based on a 1-h average showed good correlation (R2 = 0.87) with the 1-h average CO-WSN concentrations for morning and evening peak time periods whereas CO-WSN results provided a moderate correlation (R2 = 0.42) with 24 hours traffic volume due to fluctuated changes of meteorological conditions. It is concluded that the performance and the reliability of wireless ambient air monitoring networks can be used as an alternative method for real time air monitoring. PMID:24937527

A Framework for Linear and Non-Linear Registration of Diffusion-Weighted MRIs Using Angular Interpolation.

PubMed

Duarte-Carvajalino, Julio M; Sapiro, Guillermo; Harel, Noam; Lenglet, Christophe

2013-01-01

Registration of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance images (DW-MRIs) is a key step for population studies, or construction of brain atlases, among other important tasks. Given the high dimensionality of the data, registration is usually performed by relying on scalar representative images, such as the fractional anisotropy (FA) and non-diffusion-weighted (b0) images, thereby ignoring much of the directional information conveyed by DW-MR datasets itself. Alternatively, model-based registration algorithms have been proposed to exploit information on the preferred fiber orientation(s) at each voxel. Models such as the diffusion tensor or orientation distribution function (ODF) have been used for this purpose. Tensor-based registration methods rely on a model that does not completely capture the information contained in DW-MRIs, and largely depends on the accurate estimation of tensors. ODF-based approaches are more recent and computationally challenging, but also better describe complex fiber configurations thereby potentially improving the accuracy of DW-MRI registration. A new algorithm based on angular interpolation of the diffusion-weighted volumes was proposed for affine registration, and does not rely on any specific local diffusion model. In this work, we first extensively compare the performance of registration algorithms based on (i) angular interpolation, (ii) non-diffusion-weighted scalar volume (b0), and (iii) diffusion tensor image (DTI). Moreover, we generalize the concept of angular interpolation (AI) to non-linear image registration, and implement it in the FMRIB Software Library (FSL). We demonstrate that AI registration of DW-MRIs is a powerful alternative to volume and tensor-based approaches. In particular, we show that AI improves the registration accuracy in many cases over existing state-of-the-art algorithms, while providing registered raw DW-MRI data, which can be used for any subsequent analysis.

Installation and laboratory evaluation of alternatives to conventional polymer modification for asphalt.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2015-01-01

The Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) specifies polymer-modified asphalt binders for certain asphalt : mixtures used on high-volume, high-priority routes. These binders must meet performance grade (PG) requirements for a PG : 76-22 binder ...

7 CFR 929.23 - Selection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... AND ORDERS; FRUITS, VEGETABLES, NUTS), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE CRANBERRIES GROWN IN STATES OF... percent of the total volume of cranberries produced during the fiscal year in which nominations for... alternate members from growers who market their cranberries through other than the major cooperative...

7 CFR 929.23 - Selection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... and Orders; Fruits, Vegetables, Nuts), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE CRANBERRIES GROWN IN STATES OF... percent of the total volume of cranberries produced during the fiscal year in which nominations for... alternate members from growers who market their cranberries through other than the major cooperative...

7 CFR 929.23 - Selection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... AND ORDERS; FRUITS, VEGETABLES, NUTS), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE CRANBERRIES GROWN IN STATES OF... percent of the total volume of cranberries produced during the fiscal year in which nominations for... alternate members from growers who market their cranberries through other than the major cooperative...

7 CFR 929.23 - Selection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... and Orders; Fruits, Vegetables, Nuts), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE CRANBERRIES GROWN IN STATES OF... percent of the total volume of cranberries produced during the fiscal year in which nominations for... alternate members from growers who market their cranberries through other than the major cooperative...