Sample records for amorphous polyethylene terephthalate
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1.55 Micrometer Sub-Micron Finger, Interdigitated MSM Photodetector Arrays with Low Dark Current
2010-02-02
pf a- IGZO TFTs. IV. RF Characteristics of Room Temperature Deposited Indium Zinc Oxide Thin - Film Transistors Depletion-mode indium zinc...III. High Performance Indium Gallium Zinc Oxide Thin Film Transistors Fabricated On Polyethylene Terephthalate Substrates High-performance...amorphous (a-) InGaZnO-based thin film transistors (TFTs) were fabricated on flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates coated with indium
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Nayak, Kapileswar; Das, Sushanta; Nanavati, Hemant
2008-01-01
We present a framework for the development of elasticity and photoelasticity relationships for polyethylene terephthalate fiber networks, incorporating aspects of the primary molecular structure. Semicrystalline polymeric fiber networks are modeled as sequentially arranged crystalline and amorphous regions. Rotational isomeric states-Monte Carlo simulations of amorphous chains of up to 360 bonds (degree of polymerization, DP =60), confined between and bridging infinite impenetrable crystalline walls, have been characterized by Ω, the probability density of the intercrystal separation h, and Δβ, the polarizability anisotropy. lnΩ and Δβ have been modeled as functions of h, yielding the chain deformation relationships. The development has been extended to the fiber network to yield the photoelasticity relationships. We execute our framework by fitting to experimental stress-elongation data and employing the single fitted parameter to directly predict the birefringence-elongation behavior, without any further fitting. Incorporating the effect of strain-induced crystallization into the framework makes it physically more meaningful and yields accurate predictions of the birefringence-elongation behavior.
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Solvent-Induced Crystallization in Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) during Mass Transport
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ouyang, Hao
2001-03-01
The solvent transport in poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and related phase transformation were investigated. The data of mass sorption were analyzed according to Harmon¡¦s model for Case I (Fickian), Case II (swelling) and anomalous transport. This transport process in PET is accompanied by the induced crystallization of the original amorphous state. The transformation was studied by wide angle x-ray scattering (WAXS), small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS), Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC), density gradient column, and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR). During this process, the matrix is under a compressive strain that causes different kinetic path of crystallization as compared to that by thermal annealing. This state of strain will assist the development of the solvent-induced crystallization. It also can be explained in terms of the principle of Le Chatelier if the local equilibrium is assumed. The model regarding the crystallization was proposed in terms of the study of long period L, the crystal thickness lc and the thickness of amorphous layer la, obtained from the linear correlation function and interface distribution function.
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21 CFR 878.5000 - Nonabsorbable poly(ethylene terephthalate) surgical suture.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-04-01
... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Nonabsorbable poly(ethylene terephthalate... Devices § 878.5000 Nonabsorbable poly(ethylene terephthalate) surgical suture. (a) Identification. Nonabsorbable poly(ethylene terephthalate) surgical suture is a multifilament, nonabsorbable, sterile, flexible...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... production process for the manufacture of low density polyethylene in which a reaction pressure of about 15... terephthalate) (PET) manufacture using dimethyl terephthalate means the manufacturing of poly(ethylene.... Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) manufacture using terephthalic acid means the manufacturing of poly...
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Oxygen transport as a structure probe for heterogeneous polymeric systems
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hu, Yushan
Although permeability of small molecules is often measured as an important performance property, deeper analysis of the transport characteristics provides insight into polymer structure, especially if used in combination with other characterization techniques. Transport of small gas molecules senses the permeable amorphous structure and probes the nature of free volume. This work focuses on oxygen transport, supplemented with other methods of physical analysis, as a probe for: (1) the nature of free volume and crystalline morphology in the crystallized glassy state, (2) the nature of free volume and hierarchical structure in liquid crystalline polymers, and (3) the role of dispersed polyamide phase geometry on oxygen barrier properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/polyamide blends. In the first part, the improvement in oxygen-barrier properties of glassy polyesters by crystallization was examined. Examples included poly(ethylene naphthalate) (PEN), and a copolymer based on PET in which 55 mol% terephthalate was replaced with 4,4'-bibenzoate. Explanation of the unexpectedly high solubility of crystallized PEN required a two-phase transport model consisting of an impermeable crystalline phase of constant density and a permeable amorphous phase of variable density. The resulting relationship between oxygen solubility and amorphous phase density was consistent with free volume concepts of gas sorption. In the second part, oxygen barrier properties of liquid crystalline (LC) polyesters based on poly(diethylene glycol 4,4'-bibenzoate) (PDEGBB) were studied. This study extended the 2-phase transport model for oxygen transport of non-LC crystalline polymers to a smectic LCP. It was possible to systematically vary the solid state structure of (PDEGBB) from LC glass to crystallized LC glass. The results were consistent with a liquid crystalline state intermediate between the permeable amorphous glass and the impermeable 3-dimensional crystal. In this interpretation, LC order naturally led to inherently low gas solubility. In the third part, improvement of gas-barrier properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) by blending with an aromatic polyamide, either poly(m-xylylene adipamide) (MXD6) or a copolyamide based on MXD6 in which 12 mol% adipamide was replaced with isophthalamide (MXD6-12I), was studied. Aromatic polyamides provided higher barrier than aliphatic polyamides, and unlike aliphatic polyamides, the aromatic polyamides retained high barrier under conditions of high humidity, making them more suitable for beverage packaging applications. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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76 FR 54791 - Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Film From Korea
Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2011-09-02
... Terephthalate (PET) Film From Korea Determination On the basis of the record \\1\\ developed in the subject five... order on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film from Korea would not be likely to lead to continuation or... in USITC Publication 4254 (August 2011), entitled Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Film from Korea...
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Sequential pyrolysis of plastic to recover polystyrene HCL and terephthalic acid
Evans, Robert J.; Chum, Helena L.
1995-01-01
A process of pyrolyzing plastic waste feed streams containing polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, polystyrene and polyethylene to recover polystyrene HCl and terephthalic acid comprising: heating the plastic waste feed stream to a first temperature; adding an acid or base catalyst on an oxide or carbonate support; heating the plastic waste feed stream to pyrolyze polyethylene terephthalate and polyvinyl chloride; separating terephthalic acid or HCl; heating to a second temperature to pyrolyze polystyrene; separating styrene; heating the waste feed stream to a third temperature to pyrolyze polyethylene; and separating hydrocarbons.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Riande, E.; Guzman, J.; Roman, J.S.
The dipole moments of poly (thiodiethylene glycol terephthalate) chains were determined as a function of temperature by means of dielectric constant measurements in dioxane. The experimental results were found to be in fair agreement with theoretical results based on a rotational isomeric state model in which the required conformational energies were obtained from previous configurational analysis on poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(diethylene glycol terephthalate) and poly(thiodiethylene glycol). Since poly(thiodiethylene glycol terephthalate) can be considered an alternating copolymer of ethylene terephthalate and thioethylene units, its configuration-dependent properties were compared with those of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(ethylene sulfide). It was found the flexibility ofmore » the copolymer, as expressed by the partition function, intermediate to that of its parent homopolymers. The theoretical results also indicate that the dimensions of poly(thiodiethylene glycol) are similar to those of poly(ethylene terephthalate) while its dipole moment ratio resembles that of poly(ethylene sulfide).« less
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Sequential pyrolysis of plastic to recover polystyrene, HCl and terephthalic acid
Evans, R.J.; Chum, H.L.
1995-11-07
A process is described for pyrolyzing plastic waste feed streams containing polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, polystyrene and polyethylene to recover polystyrene, HCl and terephthalic acid comprising: heating the plastic waste feed stream to a first temperature; adding an acid or base catalyst on an oxide or carbonate support; heating the plastic waste feed stream to pyrolyze polyethylene terephthalate and polyvinyl chloride; separating terephthalic acid or HCl; heating to a second temperature to pyrolyze polystyrene; separating styrene; heating the waste feed stream to a third temperature to pyrolyze polyethylene; and separating hydrocarbons. 83 figs.
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2011-08-08
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From Brazil: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review... on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet, and strip (PET film) from Brazil. This administrative... antidumping duty order on PET film from Brazil. See Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet, and Strip From...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2011-02-22
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From Taiwan: Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review AGENCY... review of the antidumping duty order on polyethylene terephthalate film (PET Film) from Taiwan. See Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet, and Strip From Taiwan: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2011-04-01
... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [C-533-825] Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet and Strip From India: Extension of Time Limit for Preliminary Results of Countervailing... countervailing duty order on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet and strip from India covering the period...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2011-05-27
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From India: Final Results of Countervailing Duty New Shipper Review AGENCY... shipper review of polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet and strip (PET Film) from India for SRF Limited...-1398. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Background Since the issuance of Polyethylene Terephthalate Film...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2010-02-10
... Film, Sheet, and Strip from India: Final Results of Countervailing Duty Administrative Review AGENCY... of the countervailing duty order on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet, and strip (PET film) from India for the period January 1, 2007 through December 31, 2007. See Polyethylene Terephthalate Film...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2010-08-16
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From Brazil: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review... on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet, and strip (PET film) from Brazil. This administrative... on PET film from Brazil. See Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet, and Strip From Brazil, the...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2013-08-07
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From India: Preliminary Results of Countervailing Duty Administrative Review... countervailing duty (CVD) order on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet and strip (PET film) from India for the..., the products covered are all gauges of raw, pretreated, or primed polyethylene terephthalate film...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2011-07-07
... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [C-533-825] Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet and Strip From India: Rescission, in Part, of Countervailing Duty Administrative Review... order on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet and strip from India covering the period January 1, 2009...
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Desai, N P; Hubbell, J A
1992-01-01
Polyethylene terephthalate films surface modified with polyethylene oxide of mol wt 18,500 g/mol (18.5 k) by a previously described technique, were implanted in the peritoneal cavity of mice, along with their respective untreated controls, for periods of 1-28 d. The implants were retrieved and examined for tissue reactivity and cellular adherence. The control polyethylene terephthalate surfaces showed an initial inflammatory reaction followed by an extensive fibrotic response with a mean thickness of 60 microns at 28 d. By contrast, polyethylene oxide-modified polyethylene terephthalate showed only a mild inflammatory response and no fibrotic encapsulation throughout the implantation period: at 28 d a cellular monolayer was observed. Apparently either the polyethylene oxide-modified surface was stimulating less inflammation, which was in turn stimulating less fibroblastic overgrowth, or the cellular adhesion to the polyethylene oxide-modified surface was too weak to support cellular multilayers.
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2010-11-15
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From the People's Republic of China: Extension of Time Limit for the Final... the initiation of the antidumping duty administrative review on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet... the preliminary results of this review. See Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet, and Strip From the...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2011-05-27
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From India: Final Results of Antidumping Duty New Shipper Review AGENCY: Import... polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet and strip (PET Film) from India for SRF Limited (SRF), covering the... Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet, and Strip From India: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty New...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2012-12-07
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From the United Arab Emirates; Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty... the antidumping duty order on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet, and strip (PET Film) from the... covered by the order are all gauges of raw, pre- treated, or primed polyethylene terephthalate film...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2010-12-22
... Film, Sheet and Strip From India: Extension of Time Limit for Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty... review of the antidumping duty order on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet and strip from India for the period July 1, 2009, through December 31, 2009. See Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet and...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2013-12-30
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From the People's Republic of China: Initiation of Antidumping Duty New Shipper... order on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet, and strip (``PET film'') from the People's Republic of... order on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet, and strip from the PRC was published on November 10...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2010-10-25
... Film, Sheet and Strip From India: Extension of Time Limit for Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty... polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet and strip from India for the period July 1, 2009 through December 31, 2009. See Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet and Strip from India: Initiation of Antidumping Duty...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2011-04-01
... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-533-824] Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet and Strip From India: Extension of Time Limit for Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty... polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet and strip from India covering the period July 1, 2009, through June 30...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2010-11-12
... Film, Sheet and Strip From India: Extension of Time Limit for Preliminary Results of Countervailing... countervailing duty order on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet and strip from India for the period January 1, 2009, through December 31, 2009. See Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet and Strip from India...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2011-04-25
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From the United Arab Emirates: Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative... of administrative review of the antidumping duty order on polyethylene terephthalate film (PET Film... Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet, and Strip From the United Arab Emirates: Preliminary Results of...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2011-12-09
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From India: Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review AGENCY... review of the antidumping duty order on polyethylene terephthalate film (PET Film) from India.\\1\\ This...'' section below. \\1\\ See Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet, and Strip From India: Preliminary Results...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2012-04-04
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From the United Arab Emirates: Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative... administrative review of the antidumping duty order on polyethylene terephthalate film (PET Film) from the United.... \\1\\ See Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet, and Strip from the United Arab Emirates: Preliminary...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2011-04-04
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From Taiwan: Amended Final Results of Antidumping Duty Review AGENCY: Import... duty administrative review of polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet, and strip (PET Film) from Taiwan... amended (the Act). \\1\\ See Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet, and Strip From Taiwan: Final Results of...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2012-03-12
... Film, Sheet and Strip From India: Extension of Time Limit for Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty... review under the antidumping duty (AD) order on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet and strip from... Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet and Strip From India: Rescission, In Part, of Antidumping Duty...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2010-03-25
... Film, Sheet and Strip from Taiwan: Extension of Time Limit for Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty... the antidumping duty order on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet and strip from Taiwan for the... antidumping order on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet and strip from Taiwan was for the period of...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2011-09-16
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From the Republic of Korea: Revocation of Antidumping Duty Order AGENCY: Import... polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet, and strip (PET film) from the Republic of Korea. Pursuant to section...) determined that revocation of the existing antidumping duty order on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2010-11-19
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From the Republic of Korea: Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative... administrative review of the antidumping order on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet and strip (PET film) from the Republic of Korea (Korea). See Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet, and Strip from the...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2013-06-12
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From the People's Republic of China: Final Results of Antidumping Duty... polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet, and strip (``PET film'') from the People's Republic of China (``PRC..., 2011. \\1\\ See Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet, and Strip From the People's Republic of China...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2011-07-29
... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-520-803] Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet and Strip From the United Arab Emirates: Extension of Time Limit for Preliminary Results of... polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet and strip from the United Arab Emirates (UAE) for the period November 01...
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Analysis of strain-induced crystallinity in neutron-irradiated amorphous PET fiber
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Mallick, B.
2015-05-01
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fiber of 2.2 denier per filament has been irradiated with 4.44-MeV fast neutron beam at different low doses: 0.58-2,513.5 mGy. The variation of crystallinity because of neutron irradiation straining in PET filaments has been investigated. Study of the effects of irradiation by using X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry technique confirms the radiation-induced microstrain-dependent crystallinity of PET fiber.
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2011-01-07
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From the Republic of Korea: Final Results of the Expedited Third Five-Year...) initiated the third sunset review of the antidumping duty order on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet... order on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet, and strip from the Republic of Korea, pursuant to...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2013-07-15
...)] Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet, and Strip From India and Taiwan; Notice of Commission Determinations To... countervailing duty order on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet, and strip (``PET'' film) from India and the antidumping duty orders on PET film from India and Taiwan would be likely to lead to continuation or...
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Yottha Srithep; Alireza Javadi; Srikanth Pilla; Lih-Sheng Turng; Shaoqin Gong; Craig Clemons; Jun Peng
2011-01-01
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) resin is one of the most widely used thermoplastics, especially in packaging. Because thermal and hydrolytic degradations, recycled PET (RPET) exhibits poor mechanical properties and lacks moldability. The effects of adding elastomeric modifiers, chain extenders (CE), and poly(butylenes adipate-co-terephthalate), PBAT, as a toughener...
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Yong Lei; Qinglin Wu; Craig M. Clemons; Weihong Guo
2009-01-01
Blends based on recycled high density polyethylene (R-HDPE) and recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (R-PET) were made through reactive extrusion. The effects of maleated polyethylene (PE-g-MA), triblock copolymer of styrene and ethylene/butylene (SEBS), and 4,40-methylenedi(phenyl isocyanate) (MDI) on blend properties were studied. The 2% PE-g-MA improved the...
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76 FR 8770 - Polyethylene Terephthalate (Pet) Film From Korea
Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2011-02-15
... Terephthalate (Pet) Film From Korea AGENCY: United States International Trade Commission. ACTION: Notice of... concerning the antidumping duty order on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film from Korea. SUMMARY: The... order on PET film from Korea would be likely to lead to a continuation or recurrence of material injury...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2013-11-08
... Terephthalate Film, Sheet and Strip From India and Taiwan: Preliminary Results of the Second Sunset Review of... antidumping duty orders on Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet and Strip (``PET Film'') from India and...) 482-2371, respectively. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Background The antidumping duty orders on PET Film...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2011-07-07
... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-533-824] Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet and Strip From India: Rescission, in Part, of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review AGENCY... terephthalate film, sheet and strip from India covering the period July 1, 2009, through June 30, 2010. See...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2010-03-09
... Terephthalate Film, Sheet and Strip from India: Initiation of Antidumping Duty and Countervailing Duty New... of the antidumping (AD) and countervailing duty (CVD) orders on Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet and Strip (PET Film) from India. The Department determines that these requests are sufficient to...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2011-11-18
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From Korea: Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review and... terephthalate film, sheet, and strip (PET film) from Korea, covering the June 1, 2009, to May 31, 2010, period of review (POR).\\1\\ \\1\\ See Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet, and Strip from the Republic of...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2011-03-09
... Film, Sheet and Strip From India: Extension of Time Limit for Final Results of Countervailing Duty New... terephthalate film, sheet and strip from India for SRF Limited (SRF), covering the period January 1, 2009, through December 31, 2009. See Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet, and Strip From India: Preliminary...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2011-03-09
... Film, Sheet and Strip From India: Extension of Time Limit for Final Results of Antidumping Duty New... terephthalate film, sheet and strip from India for SRF Limited (SRF) covering the period July 1, 2009, through December 31, 2009. See Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet and Strip from India: Preliminary Results of...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2011-08-15
... Antidumping Duty Changed Circumstances Review: Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet, and Strip From the... Saehan with regard to the antidumping duty order on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet, and strip (PET film) from Korea, effective as of the date of publication of this notice in the Federal Register...
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhang, Zisheng; Sun, Bo; Yang, Jie; Wei, Yusheng; He, Shoujie
2017-04-01
Electrostatic separation technology has been proven to be an effective and environmentally friendly way of recycling electronic waste. In this study, this technology was applied to recycle waste solar panels. Mixed particles of silver and polyethylene terephthalate, silicon and polyethylene terephthalate, and silver and silicon were separated with a single-roll-type electrostatic separator. The influence of high voltage level, roll speed, radial position corona electrode and angular position of the corona electrode on the separation efficiency was studied. The experimental data showed that separation of silver/polyethylene terephthalate and silicon/polyethylene terephthalate needed a higher voltage level, while separation of silver and silicon needed a smaller angular position for the corona electrode and a higher roll speed. The change of the high voltage level, roll speed, radial position of the corona electrode, and angular position of the corona electrode has more influence on silicon separation efficiency than silver separation efficiency. An integrated process is proposed using a two-roll-type corona separator for multistage separation of a mixture of these three materials. The separation efficiency for silver and silicon were found to reach 96% and 98%, respectively.
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Yin, Kezhen; Zhou, Zheng; Schuele, Donald E; Wolak, Mason; Zhu, Lei; Baer, Eric
2016-06-01
Recently, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)-based multilayer films have demonstrated enhanced dielectric properties, combining high energy density and high dielectric breakdown strength from the component polymers. In this work, further enhanced dielectric properties were achieved through interface/interphase modulation and biaxial orientation for the poly(ethylene terephthalate)/poly(methyl methacrylate)/poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) [PET/PMMA/P(VDF-HFP)] three-component multilayer films. Because PMMA is miscible with P(VDF-HFP) and compatible with PET, the interfacial adhesion between PET and P(VDF-HFP) layers should be improved. Biaxial stretching of the as-extruded multilayer films induced formation of highly oriented fibrillar crystals in both P(VDF-HFP) and PET, resulting in improved dielectric properties with respect to the unstretched films. First, the parallel orientation of PVDF crystals reduced the dielectric loss from the αc relaxation in α crystals. Second, biaxial stretching constrained the amorphous phase in P(VDF-HFP) and thus the migrational loss from impurity ions was reduced. Third, biaxial stretching induced a significant amount of rigid amorphous phase in PET, further enhancing the breakdown strength of multilayer films. Due to the synergistic effects of improved interfacial adhesion and biaxial orientation, the PET/PMMA/P(VDF-HFP) 65-layer films with 8 vol % PMMA exhibited optimal dielectric properties with an energy density of 17.4 J/cm(3) at breakdown and the lowest dielectric loss. These three-component multilayer films are promising for future high-energy-density film capacitor applications.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yao, Kai; Wu, Xueyan; An, Zhentao
2017-01-01
A flexible shielding fabric with dense uniform coating was prepared after electrical deposition of amorphous Ni-Fe-P and Ni-P alloy on copper-coated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric. The effects of coating composition and the deposition rate were discussed by the current density, temperature and pH value. The morphology, composition, and structure of coating were analyzed by SEM, EDS, and XRD characterizations. The EMI shielding effectiveness and corrosion resistance were also tested. The results fabric possesses dense, smooth, and uniform coating, when the processing conditions are 60°C, pH=1.5, and current density =8.7A/dm2. The coating fabric consists of amorphous Ni-Fe-P alloy with 16.62% P (weight percent), which has excellent of corrosion resistance. By contrast the EMI shielding effectiveness of amorphous Ni-Fe-P was better than amorphous Ni-P. The EMI shielding effectiveness of this coated fabric achieves 69.20dB-80.30dB in a broad frequency range between 300 kHz˜1.5 GHz.
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2011-12-05
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From Korea: Notice of Rescission of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review... administrative review of the antidumping duty order on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet, [[Page 75871
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Enhancing the Dyeability of Polypropylene Fibers by Melt Blending with Polyethylene Terephthalate
Moradian, Siamak; Ameri, Farhad
2013-01-01
Attempts were made to modify polypropylene fibers by melt blending with polyethylene terephthalate in order to enhance the dyeability of the resultant fiber. Five blends of polypropylene/polyethylene terephthalate/compatibilizer were prepared and subsequently spun into fibers. Three disperse dyes were used to dye such modified fibers at boiling and 130°C. The dyeing performance of the blend fibers, as well as the morphological, chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties, of the corresponding blends was characterized by means of spectrophotometry, polarized optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FT-IR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and tensile testing. PMID:24288485
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Mechanical properties of injection-molded thermoplastic denture base resins.
Hamanaka, Ippei; Takahashi, Yutaka; Shimizu, Hiroshi
2011-03-01
To investigate the mechanical properties of injection-molded thermoplastic denture base resins. Four injection-molded thermoplastic resins (two polyamides, one polyethylene terephthalate, one polycarbonate) and, as a control, a conventional heat-polymerized polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), were used in this study. The flexural strength at the proportional limit (FS-PL), the elastic modulus, and the Charpy impact strength of the denture base resins were measured according to International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 1567 and ISO 1567:1999/Amd 1:2003. The descending order of the FS-PL was: conventional PMMA > polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate > two polyamides. The descending order of the elastic moduli was: conventional PMMA > polycarbonate > polyethylene terephthalate > two polyamides. The descending order of the Charpy impact strength was: polyamide (Nylon PACM12) > polycarbonate > polyamide (Nylon 12), polyethylene terephthalate > conventional PMMA. All of the injection-molded thermoplastic resins had significantly lower FS-PL, lower elastic moduli, and higher or similar impact strength compared to the conventional PMMA. The polyamide denture base resins had low FS-PL and low elastic moduli; one of them possessed very high impact strength, and the other had low impact strength. The polyethylene terephthalate denture base resin showed a moderately high FS-PL, moderate elastic modulus, and low impact strength. The polycarbonate denture base resin had a moderately high FS-PL, moderately high elastic modulus, and moderate impact strength.
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2011-08-05
... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [C-533-825] Polyethylene Terephthalate... AGENCY: Import Administration, International Trade Administration, Department of Commerce. SUMMARY: The Department of Commerce (the Department) is conducting an administrative review under the countervailing duty...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2011-12-09
... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [C-533-825] Polyethylene Terephthalate...: Import Administration, International Trade Administration, Department of Commerce. SUMMARY: On August 1, 2011, the Department of Commerce (the Department) issued the preliminary results of the administrative...
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21 CFR 878.5000 - Nonabsorbable poly(ethylene terephthalate) surgical suture.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-04-01
... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Nonabsorbable poly(ethylene terephthalate) surgical suture. 878.5000 Section 878.5000 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL DEVICES GENERAL AND PLASTIC SURGERY DEVICES Surgical...
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21 CFR 878.5000 - Nonabsorbable poly(ethylene terephthalate) surgical suture.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-04-01
... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Nonabsorbable poly(ethylene terephthalate) surgical suture. 878.5000 Section 878.5000 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL DEVICES GENERAL AND PLASTIC SURGERY DEVICES Surgical...
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21 CFR 878.5000 - Nonabsorbable poly(ethylene terephthalate) surgical suture.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-04-01
... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Nonabsorbable poly(ethylene terephthalate) surgical suture. 878.5000 Section 878.5000 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL DEVICES GENERAL AND PLASTIC SURGERY DEVICES Surgical...
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21 CFR 878.5000 - Nonabsorbable poly(ethylene terephthalate) surgical suture.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-04-01
... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Nonabsorbable poly(ethylene terephthalate) surgical suture. 878.5000 Section 878.5000 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL DEVICES GENERAL AND PLASTIC SURGERY DEVICES Surgical...
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78 FR 19647 - Initiation of Five-Year (“Sunset”) Review
Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2013-04-02
... 731-TA-933....... India Polyethylene Dana Mermelstein Terephthalate (Pet) (202) 482-1391. Film (2nd...-1391. Film (2nd Review). A-583-837 731-TA-934....... Taiwan Polyethylene Dana Mermelstein Terephthalate (Pet) (202) 482-1391. Film (2nd Review). With respect to the orders on Light-Walled Rectangular Pipe...
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21 CFR 177.1630 - Polyethylene phthalate polymers.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-04-01
... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Polyethylene phthalate polymers. 177.1630 Section... terephthalate copolyesters described in § 177.1315(b)(3), to which have been added optional substances, either...-cyclohexylene dimethylene terephthalate copolyesters described in § 177.1315(b)(3), to which have been added...
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21 CFR 177.1630 - Polyethylene phthalate polymers.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-04-01
... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Polyethylene phthalate polymers. 177.1630 Section... terephthalate copolyesters described in § 177.1315(b)(3), to which have been added optional substances, either...-cyclohexylene dimethylene terephthalate copolyesters described in § 177.1315(b)(3), to which have been added...
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21 CFR 177.1630 - Polyethylene phthalate polymers.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-04-01
... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Polyethylene phthalate polymers. 177.1630 Section... terephthalate copolyesters described in § 177.1315(b)(3), to which have been added optional substances, either...-cyclohexylene dimethylene terephthalate copolyesters described in § 177.1315(b)(3), to which have been added...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2013-08-09
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From Taiwan; Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review; 2011... duty order on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet, and strip (PET Film) from Taiwan. The period of.... (SMTC) (collectively, Shinkong), producer and exporter of PET Film from Taiwan. The Department...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2013-01-11
... Film, Sheet and Strip From India: Partial Rescission of Countervailing Duty Administrative Review; 2011... an administrative review of the countervailing duty (CVD) order on polyethylene terephthalate film...), SRF Limited (SRF), and Jindal Poly Films Limited of India (Jindal). The Department also received...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2011-08-05
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From Taiwan: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review... on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet, and strip (PET Film) from Taiwan. The [[Page 47541..., Shinkong), and Nan Ya Plastics Corporation, Ltd. (Nan Ya), producers and exporters of PET Film from Taiwan...
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77 FR 1668 - Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet and Strip From India: Rescission, in Part, of...
Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2012-01-11
... Film, Sheet and Strip From India: Rescission, in Part, of Countervailing Duty Administrative Review... (CVD) order on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet and strip from India covering the period January... companies: Ester Industries Limited (Ester), Garware Polyester Ltd. (Garware), Jindal Poly Films Limited of...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2012-02-21
... Film, Sheet and Strip from India: Preliminary Intent to Rescind Countervailing Duty Administrative... the countervailing duty (CVD) order on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet and strip from India...), Jindal Poly Films Limited of India (Jindal), Polyplex Corporation Ltd. (Polyplex), and SRF Limited (SRF...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2013-08-16
... Film, Sheet and Strip From Brazil: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review; 2011...Pont Teijin Films, Mitsubishi Polyester Film, Inc., SKC, Inc., and Toray Plastics (America), Inc... the antidumping duty order on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet and strip (PET film) from Brazil...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2011-09-20
... Film, Sheet and Strip From India: Rescission, In Part, of Countervailing Duty Administrative Review... an administrative review of the countervailing duty (CVD) order on polyethylene terephthalate film...., Jindal Poly Films Limited of India, Polyplex Corporation Ltd., and SRF Limited. The Department also...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2010-08-16
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From Taiwan: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review... antidumping duty order on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet, and strip (PET Film) from Taiwan. This...), producers and exporters of PET Film from Taiwan. The Department preliminarily determines that sales of PET...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2010-08-16
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From the People's Republic of China: Preliminary Results and Preliminary... antidumping duty order on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet, and strip (``PET film'') from the People's... Teijin Films, Mitsubishi Polyester Film, Inc., SKC, Inc., and Toray Plastics (America), Inc...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2012-04-02
... Film, Sheet and Strip From India: Rescission of Countervailing Duty Administrative Review AGENCY... (CVD) order on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet and strip from India covering the period January... companies: Ester Industries Limited (Ester), Garware Polyester Ltd. (Garware), Jindal Poly Films Limited of...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-04-01
... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Intracardiac patch or pledget made of... CARDIOVASCULAR DEVICES Cardiovascular Prosthetic Devices § 870.3470 Intracardiac patch or pledget made of... or pledget made of polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, or polytetrafluoroethylene is a fabric...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-04-01
... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Intracardiac patch or pledget made of... CARDIOVASCULAR DEVICES Cardiovascular Prosthetic Devices § 870.3470 Intracardiac patch or pledget made of... or pledget made of polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, or polytetrafluoroethylene is a fabric...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-04-01
... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Intracardiac patch or pledget made of... CARDIOVASCULAR DEVICES Cardiovascular Prosthetic Devices § 870.3470 Intracardiac patch or pledget made of... or pledget made of polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, or polytetrafluoroethylene is a fabric...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-04-01
... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Intracardiac patch or pledget made of... CARDIOVASCULAR DEVICES Cardiovascular Prosthetic Devices § 870.3470 Intracardiac patch or pledget made of... or pledget made of polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, or polytetrafluoroethylene is a fabric...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-04-01
... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Intracardiac patch or pledget made of... CARDIOVASCULAR DEVICES Cardiovascular Prosthetic Devices § 870.3470 Intracardiac patch or pledget made of... or pledget made of polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, or polytetrafluoroethylene is a fabric...
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ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Kamber, Nahrain E.; Tsujii, Yasuhito; Keets, Kate; Waymouth, Robert M.; Pratt, Russell C.; Nyce, Gregory W.; Hedrick, James L.
2010-01-01
The depolymerization of the plastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET or PETE) is described in this laboratory procedure. The transesterification reaction used to depolymerize PET employs a highly efficient N-heterocyclic carbene catalyst derived from a commercially available imidazolium ionic liquid. N-heterocyclic carbenes are potent nucleophilic…
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2011-02-22
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From the People's Republic of China: Final Results of the First Antidumping Duty... of the first administrative review of the antidumping duty order on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet, and strip (``PET film'') from the People's Republic of China (``PRC'').\\1\\ We gave interested...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2012-12-28
... Film, Sheet and Strip from Taiwan: Partial Rescission of the Antidumping Duty Administrative Review... an administrative review of the antidumping duty (AD) order on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet... Shinkong.\\3\\ On September 26, 2012, DuPont Teijin Films, one of the petitioners who requested the review...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2011-09-20
... Film, Sheet and Strip From India: Rescission, in Part, of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review AGENCY... review of the antidumping duty (AD) order on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet and strip from India... Petitioners \\1\\ for five companies: Ester Industries Limited, Garware Polyester Ltd., Jindal Poly Films...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2011-11-25
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From Brazil: Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review AGENCY... administrative review of the antidumping duty order on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet, and strip (PET film) from Brazil for the period November 1, 2009 through October 31, 2010. We gave interested parties...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2012-01-25
... Film, Sheet and Strip From India: Rescission, in Part, of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review AGENCY... polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet and strip from India covering the period July 1, 2010, through June 30...), Garware Polyester Ltd. (Garware), Jindal Poly Films Limited of India (Jindal), Polyplex [[Page 3731...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2011-10-03
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From the People's Republic of China: Extension of Preliminary Results of... for the preliminary results of the administrative review of polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet, and strip (``PET film'') from the People's Republic of China (``PRC''). This review covers the period...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2013-12-24
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From the United Arab Emirates; Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty... film, sheet, and strip (PET Film) from the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The period of review (POR) is... covered by the order are all gauges of raw, pre- treated, or primed polyethylene terephthalate film...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2011-08-05
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From India: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review AGENCY... on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet, and strip (PET Film) from India. This review covers one respondent, Ester Industries Ltd. (Ester), a producer and exporter of PET Film from India. The Department...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2013-01-11
... Film, Sheet and Strip From India: Partial Rescission of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review; 2011...) order on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet and strip from India covering the period July 1, 2011...), Polyplex Corporation Ltd. (Polyplex), SRF Limited (SRF), and Jindal Poly Films Limited of India (Jindal).\\3...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2011-12-07
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From the United Arab Emirates: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty... antidumping duty order on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet, and strip (PET Film) from the United Arab Emirates (UAE). This review covers the respondent, JBF RAK LLC (JBF), a producer and exporter of PET Film...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2012-05-30
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From Brazil: Notice of Rescission of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review... response to a request from DuPont Teijin Films, Mitsubishi Polyester Film, Inc., SKC, Inc., and Toray... an administrative review of the antidumping duty order on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet, and...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2010-12-02
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From Brazil: Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review AGENCY... administrative review of the antidumping duty order on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet, and strip (PET film) from Brazil for the period November 6, 2008, through October 31, 2009. We gave interested parties...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2010-12-28
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From India: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty New Shipper Review AGENCY... antidumping duty order on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet, and strip (PET film) from India in response... Teijin Films, Mitsubishi Polyester Film, Inc., SKC, Inc. and Toray Plastics (America), Inc. (petitioners...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2010-12-17
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From the United Arab Emirates: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty... antidumping duty order on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet, and strip (PET Film) from the United Arab...), producers and exporters of PET Film from the UAE. The Department preliminarily determines that sales of PET...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2010-07-14
... Film, Sheet, and Strip from the Republic of Korea: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty... on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet and strip (PET film) from the Republic of Korea (Korea... of ``Opportunity to Request Administrative Review'' of the antidumping duty order on PET film from...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2013-02-11
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From India: Final Results of Administrative Review of the Antidumping Duty Order... administrative review of the antidumping duty order on polyethylene terephthalate film (PET Film) from India.\\1\\ This review covers three respondents, Jindal Poly Films Ltd (Jindal), Polyplex Corporation Ltd...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2013-08-07
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From India: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review; 2011... duty order on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet, and strip (PET Film) from India. The period of... Films Limited (Jindal), SRF Limited (SRF), and Polyplex Corporation Ltd. (Polyplex). Jindal and SRF were...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2011-07-08
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From the Republic of Korea: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty... antidumping duty order on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet and strip (PET film) from the Republic of... antidumping duty order on PET film from Korea. See Antidumping or Countervailing Duty Order, Finding, or...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2013-05-21
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From the United Arab Emirates: Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative... preliminary results of administrative review of the antidumping duty order on polyethylene terephthalate film (PET Film) from the United Arab Emirates.\\1\\ This review covers two producers/exporters of subject...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2011-07-18
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From the People's Republic of China: Extension of Preliminary Results of... for the preliminary results of the administrative review of polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet, and strip (``PET film'') from the People's Republic of China (``PRC''). This review covers the period...
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USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database
In the U.S., concerns over the long-term sustainability of peat, perlite, and other media components have led to searches for alternative materials. FiberFill, a synthetic fiber made of recyclable polyethylene terephthalate, and Tencel, a cellulose fiber, are new materials with potential as substra...
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Experimental study of auxetic behavior of cellular structure
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chentsov, A. V.; Lisovenko, D. S.
2018-04-01
The uniaxial tension of two-dimensional auxetic cellular constructions is studied experimentally. Samples were made of nonauxetic polyethylene terephthalate (PET-A amorphous) and subjected to monotonous uniaxial tension until the last moment when they still remained plane. As a result of the experimental data analysis, comparison of the mechanical properties is given for a faultless sample and constructions in which one horizontal or vertical element in the central area of the sample was removed. It is shown that the lack of one horizontal element of the construction has little influence on the auxetic properties of these constructions unlike the structures with one vertical element being absent.
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Effect of mechanical loading on the electrical durability of polymers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Slutsker, A. I.; Veliev, T. M.; Alieva, I. K.; Alekperov, V. A.; Polikarpov, Yu. I.; Karov, D. D.
2017-01-01
A decrease in the electrical durability, which is defined as an amount of time required for dielectric breakdown at a constant electric field strength, of polyethylene and Lavsan (polyethylene terephthalate) films under tensile loading is registered in a temperature range from 100 to 300 K. It is established that the pulling apart of the axes of neighbor chain molecules in consequence of tensile loading gives rise to a decrease in the energy level of the intermolecular electron traps. In the amorphous region of a polymer, this accelerates the release of electrons from the traps through over-barrier transitions at higher temperatures ranging from about 230 to 350 K and quantum tunneling transitions at lower temperatures in the range from about 80 to 200 K. As a result, the time required for the formation of a critical space charge, i.e., the waiting period of dielectric breakdown, decreases, which means a reduction in the electrical durability of polymers.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Q Ma; B Mao; P Cebe
2011-12-31
We investigate the interaction of the polymer matrix and filler in electrospun nanofibers using advanced thermal analysis methods. In particular, we study the ability of silicon dioxide nanoparticles to affect the phase structure of poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET. SiO{sub 2} nanoparticles (either unmodified or modified with silane) ranging from 0 to 2.0 wt% in PET were electrospun from hexafluoro-2-propanol solutions. The morphologies of both the electrospun (ES) nanofibers and the SiO{sub 2} powders were observed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, while the amorphous or crystalline nature of the fibers was determined by real-time wide-angle X-ray scattering. The fractions of themore » crystal, mobile amorphous, and rigid amorphous phases of the non-woven, nanofibrous composite mats were quantified by using heat capacity measurements. The amount of the immobilized polymer layer, the rigid amorphous fraction, was obtained from the specific reversing heat capacity for both as-spun amorphous fibers and isothermally crystallized fibers. Existence of the rigid amorphous phase in the absence of crystallinity was verified in nanocomposite fibers, and two origins for confinement of the rigid amorphous fraction are proposed. Thermal analysis of electrospun fibers, including quasi-isothermal methods, provides new insights to quantitatively characterize the polymer matrix phase structure and thermal transitions, such as devitrification of the rigid amorphous fraction.« less
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Herrero, M.; Martinez-Gallegos, S.; Labajos, F.M.
2011-11-15
Conventional and microwave heating routes have been used to prepare PET-LDH (polyethylene terephthalate-layered double hydroxide) composites with 1-10 wt% LDH by in situ polymerization. To enhance the compatibility between PET and the LDH, terephthalate or dodecyl sulphate had been previously intercalated in the LDH. PXRD and TEM were used to detect the degree of dispersion of the filler and the type of the polymeric composites obtained, and FTIR spectroscopy confirmed that the polymerization process had taken place. The thermal stability of these composites, as studied by thermogravimetric analysis, was enhanced when the microwave heating method was applied. Dodecyl sulphate wasmore » more effective than terephthalate to exfoliate the samples, which only occurred for the terephthalate ones under microwave irradiation. - Graphical abstract: Conventional and microwave heating routes were used to prepare PET-LDH (polyethylene terephthalate-layered double hydroxide) composites with 1-10 wt% LDH by in situ polymerization. To enhance the compatibility between PET and the LDH, terephthalate or dodecyl sulphate was previously intercalated into the LDH. The microwave process improves the dispersion and the thermal stability of nanocomposites due to the interaction of the microwave radiation and the dipolar properties of EG and the homogeneous heating. Highlights: > LDH-PET compatibility is enhanced by preintercalation of organic anions. > Dodecylsulphate performance is much better than that of terephthalate. > Microwave heating improves the thermal stability of the composites. > Microwave heating improves as well the dispersion of the inorganic phase.« less
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2010-07-14
... Film, Sheet and Strip From the United Arab Emirates: Extension of Time Limit for Preliminary Results of... polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet and strip from the United Arab Emirates (UAE) for the period November 06... analysis of all information on the record, specifically considering the cost and affiliation issues in this...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2010-12-10
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From Taiwan: Extension of Time Limit for Final Results of the Antidumping Duty... preliminary results of this review. See Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet, and Strip From Taiwan... Results and to issue a post-preliminary analysis regarding whether to use an alternate cost methodology...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2012-03-12
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From the People's Republic of China: Final Results of the 2009-2010 Antidumping... review of polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet, and strip (``PET film'') from the People's Republic of... this review. We invited interested parties to comment on our Preliminary Results. Based on our analysis...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2011-05-10
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From the Republic of Korea: Initiation and Preliminary Results of Antidumping... changed circumstances review of the antidumping duty order on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet and strip (PET film) from the Republic of Korea (Korea) pursuant to section 751(b) of the Tariff Act of 1930...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2013-02-11
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From Taiwan: Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review; 2010-2011... administrative review of the antidumping duty order on polyethylene terephthalate film (PET Film) from Taiwan.\\1...), producers and exporters of PET Film from Taiwan. Based on the results of our analysis of the comments...
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ramakrishna, M.; Kumari, Juhi; Venkanna, K.; Agarwal, Pratima
2018-05-01
In this paper, we report a-Si:H solar cells fabricated on flexible Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and corning glass. The a-Si:H thin films were prepared at low substrate temperature (110oC) on corning 1737 glass with different rf powers. The influence of rf power on structural and optoelectronic properties of i-a-Si:H were studied. The films deposited at rf power 50W show less broadening of <ɛ2> peak. This indicates these films are more ordered. With this optimized parameter for i-layer, solar cells fabricated on flexible PET substrate show best efficiency of 3.3% whereas on corning glass 3.82%.
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Profiles in garbage: Polyethylene terephthalate
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Miller, C.
1997-11-01
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a plastic resin used primarily to make bottles. Soft drinks -- along with salad dressing, fruit juices, peanut butter, and other household and consumer products -- use PET bottles. PET also is used for film, sheeting for cups and food trays, oven-safe trays, and other uses. PET is a relatively new packaging resin, first commercialized in the early 1970s. Because it is an ``engineered`` resin, PET is more expensive than commodity resins such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and, for the same reason, it is usually the highest valued plastic recyclable.
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Comment on "A bacterium that degrades and assimilates poly(ethylene terephthalate)".
Yang, Yu; Yang, Jun; Jiang, Lei
2016-08-19
Yoshida et al (Report, 11 March 2016, p. 1196) reported that the bacterium Ideonella sakaiensis 201-F6 can degrade and assimilate poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). However, the authors exaggerated degradation efficiency using a low-crystallinity PET and presented no straightforward experiments to verify depolymerization and assimilation of PET. Thus, the authors' conclusions are rather misleading. Copyright © 2016, American Association for the Advancement of Science.
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Improved Aerogel Vacuum Thermal Insulation
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Ruemmele, Warren P.; Bue, Grant C.
2009-01-01
An improved design concept for aerogel vacuum thermal-insulation panels calls for multiple layers of aerogel sandwiched between layers of aluminized Mylar (or equivalent) poly(ethylene terephthalate), as depicted in the figure. This concept is applicable to both the rigid (brick) form and the flexible (blanket) form of aerogel vacuum thermal-insulation panels. Heretofore, the fabrication of a typical aerogel vacuum insulating panel has involved encapsulation of a single layer of aerogel in poly(ethylene terephthalate) and pumping of gases out of the aerogel-filled volume. A multilayer panel according to the improved design concept is fabricated in basically the same way: Multiple alternating layers of aerogel and aluminized poly(ethylene terephthalate) are assembled, then encapsulated in an outer layer of poly(ethylene terephthalate), and then the volume containing the multilayer structure is evacuated as in the single-layer case. The multilayer concept makes it possible to reduce effective thermal conductivity of a panel below that of a comparable single-layer panel, without adding weight or incurring other performance penalties. Implementation of the multilayer concept is simple and relatively inexpensive, involving only a few additional fabrication steps to assemble the multiple layers prior to evacuation. For a panel of the blanket type, the multilayer concept, affords the additional advantage of reduced stiffness.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Azmi, N. B.; Khalid, F. S.; Irwan, J. M.; Mazenan, P. N.; Zahir, Z.; Shahidan, S.
2018-04-01
This study is focuses to the performance of composite sand cement brick containing recycle concrete aggregate and waste polyethylene terephthalate. The objective is to determine the mechanical properties such as compressive strength and water absorption of composite brick containing recycled concrete aggregate and polyethylene terephthalate waste and to determine the optimum mix ratio of bricks containing recycled concrete aggregate and polyethylene terephthalate waste. The bricks specimens were prepared by using 100% natural sand, they were then replaced by RCA at 25%, 50% and 75% with proportions of PET consists of 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0% and 2.5% by weight of natural sand. Based on the results of compressive strength, it indicates that the replacement of RCA shows an increasing strength as the strength starts to increase from 25% to 50% for both mix design ratio. The strength for RCA 75% volume of replacement started to decrease as the volume of PET increase. However, the result of water absorption with 50% RCA and 1.0% PET show less permeable compared to control brick at both mix design ratio. Thus, one would expect the density of brick decrease and the water absorption to increase as the RCA and PET content is increased.
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Han, Zhenzhen; Wang, Yao; Wang, Jiuxing; Wang, Shichao; Zhuang, Hongwei; Liu, Jixian; Huang, Linjun; Wang, Yanxin; Wang, Wei; Belfiore, Laurence A.; Tang, Jianguo
2018-01-01
In this research contribution, the primary objective was to enhance the crystallization behavior of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). To accomplish this tack, three kinds of new nucleating agents SiO2-diethylene glycol-LMPET (PET-3), SiO2-triethylene glycol–LMPET(PET-4) and SiO2-tetraethylene glycol-LMPET (PET-5) nucleating agents were prepared via grafting different oligomers (diethylene glycol; triethylene glycol and tetraethylene glycol) to the surface of nano-SiO2 and then linking to the low molecular weight poly(ethylene terephthalate) (LMPET). These nano-particle nucleating agents facilitated the crystallization of PET. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies of the composites that pure PET blended with PET-3, PET-4 and PET-5 indicated that the longer ethoxy segment in the nucleating agents exhibited (i) higher degrees of crystallinity; (ii) faster rates of crystallization; and (iii) higher crystallization temperatures. The Jeziorny method was employed to analyze the non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of the composites. These works demonstrated that the PET-3, PET-4 and PET-5 were attractive nucleating agents for poly(ethylene terephthalate), and the longer the chain length of the ethoxy segment in the nucleating agents, the more efficient the nucleation effect. PMID:29641456
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Panseri, S; Martino, P A; Cagnardi, P; Celano, G; Tedesco, D; Castrica, M; Balzaretti, C; Chiesa, L M
2018-05-30
This study was designated to ascertain the effectiveness of polylactic acid (PLA) based packaging solution to store red fresh meat during its refrigerated shelf-life. Recently the attention in the packaging industry regarding the use of bioplastics has been shifting from compostable/biodegradable materials toward biobased materials. Steaks obtained from semimembranous muscle of Piemontese beef were packaged in PLA trays closed with a lid made of PLA film and for comparison purposed in a conventional reference package consisting of a amorphous polyethylene terephthalate/polyethylene (APET/PET) trays and wrapped in plastic film of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The packaging under modified atmosphere MAP was carried out by using a gas mixture of 66% O 2 , 25% CO 2 and 9%N 2 . By using PLA packaging combination it was possible to maintain an optimum red colour together with a reduced content of volatile compounds associated to off-flavours of meat samples particularly related to the oxidation phenomena. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sheikh Khalid, Faisal; Bazilah Azmi, Nurul; Natasya Mazenan, Puteri; Shahidan, Shahiron; Ali, Noorwirdawati
2018-03-01
This research focuses on the performance of composite sand cement brick containing recycle concrete aggregate and waste polyethylene terephthalate. This study aims to determine the mechanical properties such as compressive strength and water absorption of composite brick containing recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste. The bricks specimens were prepared by using 100% natural sand, they were then replaced by RCA at 25%, 50% and 75% with proportions of PET consists of 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% by weight of natural sand. Based on the results of compressive strength, only RCA 25% with 0.5% PET achieve lower strength than normal bricks while others showed a high strength. However, all design mix reaches strength more than 7N/mm2 as expected. Besides that, the most favorable mix design that achieves high compressive strength is 75% of RCA with 0.5% PET.
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A bacterium that degrades and assimilates poly(ethylene terephthalate).
Yoshida, Shosuke; Hiraga, Kazumi; Takehana, Toshihiko; Taniguchi, Ikuo; Yamaji, Hironao; Maeda, Yasuhito; Toyohara, Kiyotsuna; Miyamoto, Kenji; Kimura, Yoshiharu; Oda, Kohei
2016-03-11
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is used extensively worldwide in plastic products, and its accumulation in the environment has become a global concern. Because the ability to enzymatically degrade PET has been thought to be limited to a few fungal species, biodegradation is not yet a viable remediation or recycling strategy. By screening natural microbial communities exposed to PET in the environment, we isolated a novel bacterium, Ideonella sakaiensis 201-F6, that is able to use PET as its major energy and carbon source. When grown on PET, this strain produces two enzymes capable of hydrolyzing PET and the reaction intermediate, mono(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalic acid. Both enzymes are required to enzymatically convert PET efficiently into its two environmentally benign monomers, terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol. Copyright © 2016, American Association for the Advancement of Science.
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Response to Comment on "A bacterium that degrades and assimilates poly(ethylene terephthalate)".
Yoshida, Shosuke; Hiraga, Kazumi; Takehana, Toshihiko; Taniguchi, Ikuo; Yamaji, Hironao; Maeda, Yasuhito; Toyohara, Kiyotsuna; Miyamoto, Kenji; Kimura, Yoshiharu; Oda, Kohei
2016-08-19
Yang et al suggest that the use of low-crystallinity poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) exaggerates our results. However, the primary focus of our study was identifying an organism capable of the biological degradation and assimilation of PET, regardless of its crystallinity. We provide additional PET depolymerization data that further support several other lines of data showing PET assimilation by growing cells of Ideonella sakaiensis. Copyright © 2016, American Association for the Advancement of Science.
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Comparative surface dynamics of amorphous and semicrystalline polymer films
Becker, James S.; Brown, Ryan D.; Killelea, Daniel R.; Yuan, Hanqiu; Sibener, S. J.
2011-01-01
The surface dynamics of amorphous and semicrystalline polymer films have been measured using helium atom scattering. Time-of-flight data were collected to resolve the elastic and inelastic scattering components in the diffuse scattering of neutral helium atoms from the surface of a thin poly(ethylene terephthalate) film. Debye–Waller attenuation was observed for both the amorphous and semicrystalline phases of the polymer by recording the decay of elastically scattered helium atoms with increasing surface temperature. Thermal attenuation measurements in the specular scattering geometry yielded perpendicular mean-square displacements of 2.7•10-4 Å2 K-1 and 3.1•10-4 Å2 K-1 for the amorphous and semicrystalline surfaces, respectively. The semicrystalline surface was consistently ∼15% softer than the amorphous across a variety of perpendicular momentum transfers. The Debye–Waller factors were also measured at off-specular angles to characterize the parallel mean-square displacements, which were found to increase by an order of magnitude over the perpendicular mean-square displacements for both surfaces. In contrast to the perpendicular motion, the semicrystalline state was ∼25% stiffer than the amorphous phase in the surface plane. These results were uniquely accessed through low-energy neutral helium atom scattering due to the highly surface-sensitive and nonperturbative nature of these interactions. The goal of tailoring the chemical and physical properties of complex advanced materials requires an improved understanding of interfacial dynamics, information that is obtainable through atomic beam scattering methods. PMID:20713734
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-10-01
... of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene napthalate (PEN), polyamide (Nylon) or a blend of PET, PEN, ethyl vinyl alcohol (EVOH) and/or Nylon. (b) Material with seams, cracks, laminations or...
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Rebollar, Esther; Pérez, Susana; Hernández, Jaime J; Martín-Fabiani, Ignacio; Rueda, Daniel R; Ezquerra, Tiberio A; Castillejo, Marta
2011-05-03
In this work we evaluate the potential of grazing incidence X-ray scattering techniques in the investigation of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSSs) in a series of strongly absorbing model spin-coated polymer films which are amorphous, such as poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(trimethylene terephthalate), and poly(carbonate bisphenol A), and in a weaker absorbing polymer, such as semicrystalline poly(vinylidene fluoride), over a narrow range of fluences. Irradiation was performed with pulses of 6 ns at 266 nm, and LIPSSs with period lengths similar to the laser wavelength and parallel to the laser polarization direction are formed by devitrification of the film surface at temperatures above the characteristic glass transition temperature of the polymers. No crystallization of the surface is induced by laser irradiation, and crystallinity of the material prevents LIPSS formation. The structural information obtained by both atomic force microscopy and grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) correlates satisfactorily. Comparison of experimental and simulated GISAXS patterns suggests that LIPSSs can be well described considering a quasi-one-dimensional paracrystalline lattice and that irradiation parameters have an influence on the order of such a lattice.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kumeeva, T. Yu.; Prorokova, N. P.
2018-02-01
The surface properties of ultradisperse polytetrafluoroethylene coatings on polyethylene terephthalate materials modified in a supercritical carbon dioxide medium with co-solvent additions (aliphatic alcohols) were analyzed. An atomic force microscopy study revealed the peculiarities of the morphology of the hydrophobic coatings formed in the presence of co-solvents. The contribution of the co-solvents to the formation of the surface layer with a low surface energy was evaluated from the surface energy components of the modified polyester material. The stability of the coatings against dry friction was analyzed.
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Structural insight into molecular mechanism of poly(ethylene terephthalate) degradation.
Joo, Seongjoon; Cho, In Jin; Seo, Hogyun; Son, Hyeoncheol Francis; Sagong, Hye-Young; Shin, Tae Joo; Choi, So Young; Lee, Sang Yup; Kim, Kyung-Jin
2018-01-26
Plastics, including poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), possess many desirable characteristics and thus are widely used in daily life. However, non-biodegradability, once thought to be an advantage offered by plastics, is causing major environmental problem. Recently, a PET-degrading bacterium, Ideonella sakaiensis, was identified and suggested for possible use in degradation and/or recycling of PET. However, the molecular mechanism of PET degradation is not known. Here we report the crystal structure of I. sakaiensis PETase (IsPETase) at 1.5 Å resolution. IsPETase has a Ser-His-Asp catalytic triad at its active site and contains an optimal substrate binding site to accommodate four monohydroxyethyl terephthalate (MHET) moieties of PET. Based on structural and site-directed mutagenesis experiments, the detailed process of PET degradation into MHET, terephthalic acid, and ethylene glycol is suggested. Moreover, other PETase candidates potentially having high PET-degrading activities are suggested based on phylogenetic tree analysis of 69 PETase-like proteins.
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Chen, Kun-Neng; Yang, Cheng-Fu; Wu, Chia-Ching; Chen, Yu-Hsin
2017-02-24
We investigated the structural, optical, and electrical properties of amorphous IGZO/silver/amorphous IGZO (α-IGZO/Ag/α-IGZO) triple-layer structures that were deposited at room temperature on Eagle XG glass and flexible polyethylene terephthalate substrates through the sputtering method. Thin Ag layers with different thicknesses were inserted between two IGZO layers to form a triple-layer structure. Ag was used because of its lower absorption and resistivity. Field emission scanning electron microscopy measurements of the triple-layer structures revealed that the thicknesses of the Ag layers ranged from 13 to 41 nm. The thickness of the Ag layer had a large effect on the electrical and optical properties of the electrodes. The optimum thickness of the Ag metal thin film could be evaluated according to the optical transmittance, electrical conductivity, and figure of merit of the electrode. This study demonstrates that the α-IGZO/Ag/α-IGZO triple-layer transparent electrode can be fabricated with low sheet resistance (4.2 Ω/□) and high optical transmittance (88.1%) at room temperature without postannealing processing on the deposited thin films.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Colomban, Philippe
2013-03-01
The coupled mechanical and Raman/infrared (IR) analysis of the (nano)structure and texture of synthetic and natural polymer fibres (polyamides (PA66), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), poly(paraphenylene benzobisoxazole) (PBO), keratin/hair, Bombyx mori, Gonometa rufobrunea/postica Antheraea/Tussah silkworms and Nephila Madagascarensis spider silks) is applied so as to differentiate between crystalline and amorphous macromolecules. Bonding is very similar in the two cases but a broader distribution of conformations is observed for the amorphous macromolecules. These conclusions are then used to discuss the modifications induced by the application of a tensile or compressive stress, including the effects of fatigue. Detailed attention is paid to water and the inter-chain coupling for which the importance of hydrogen bonding is reconsidered. The significant role of the ‘amorphous’ bonds/domains in the process of fracture/fatigue is shown. Invited talk at the 6th International Workshop on Advanced Materials Science and Nanotechnology IWAMSN2012, 30 October-2 November 2012, Ha Long, Vietnam.
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A novel preparation of milk protein/polyethylene terephthalate fabric
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhou, J. F.; Zheng, D. D.; Zhong, L.; Zhang, F. X.; Zhang, G. X.
2016-07-01
In this work, -NH2 groups were introduced to polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers by nitration and reduction method, and then milk protein was grafted on the nitrated and reduced PET (NR PET) fibers by sucrose glycidyl ether crosslinking agent. FTIR suggested the milk protein was successfully grafted on PET fiber surface. SEM images showed a layer of substance covered on the PET fiber surface. DSC demonstrated an excellent thermal stability of milk protein/PET fiber. The moisture regain was improved by milk protein/PET fiber. Moreover, the crease recovery angle and stiffness were retained by the milk protein/PET fabric.
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Optical data storage and metallization of polymers
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Roland, C. M.; Sonnenschein, M. F.
1991-01-01
The utilization of polymers as media for optical data storage offers many potential benefits and consequently has been widely explored. New developments in thermal imaging are described, wherein high resolution lithography is accomplished without thermal smearing. The emphasis was on the use of poly(ethylene terephthalate) film, which simultaneously serves as both the substrate and the data storage medium. Both physical and chemical changes can be induced by the application of heat and, thereby, serve as a mechanism for high resolution optical data storage in polymers. The extension of the technique to obtain high resolution selective metallization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) is also described.
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Fleming, Oliver S; Kazarian, Sergei G
2004-04-01
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) film was exposed to supercritical (sc) CO(2) and confocal Raman microscopy was used to investigate the morphological changes induced. The study evaluates the use of oil and dry objectives in confocal mode to obtain depth profiles of PET film. These results were compared with the data obtained by mapping of the film cross-section. A significant gradient of degree of crystallinity normal to the surface of PET film down to 60 microm has been observed. The gradient of the degree of morphological changes are functions of exposure time and pressure.
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Waste product profile: Polyethylene terephthalate
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Miller, C.
1996-02-01
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a plastic resin used primarily to make bottles. Soft drinks are the primary product packaged in PET. Salad dressing, peanut butter, and other household and consumer products also use PET bottles. PET is also used for film, sheeting for cups and food trays, ovenable trays, and other uses. PET is a relatively new packaging resin, first commercialized in the early `70s. Because it is an ``engineered`` resin, it is more expensive than commodity resins such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE). The primary market for recycled PET is the fiber industry, which uses PET for carpet fiber, sweatersmore » and other clothing, and for other uses. Recycled PET can also be used for food and beverage containers. Export markets, particularly Asian countries, are becoming increasingly important.« less
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de Castro, Aline Machado; Carniel, Adriano; Nicomedes Junior, José; da Conceição Gomes, Absai; Valoni, Érika
2017-06-01
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is one of the most consumed plastics in the world. The development of efficient technologies for its depolymerization for monomers reuse is highly encouraged, since current recycling rates are still very low. In this study, 16 commercial lipases and cutinases were evaluated for their abilities to catalyze the hydrolysis of two PET samples. Humicola insolens cutinase showed the best performance and was then used in reactions on other PET sources, solely or in combination with the efficient mono(hydroxyethyl terephthalate)-converting lipase from Candida antarctica. Synergy degrees of the final titers of up to 2.2 (i.e., more than double of the concentration when both enzymes were used, as compared to their use alone) were found, with increased terephthalic acid formation rates, reaching a maximum of 59,989 µmol/L (9.36 g/L). These findings open up new possibilities for the conversion of post-consumer PET packages into their minimal monomers, which can be used as drop in at existing industrial facilities.
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Mecozzi, Mauro; Pietroletti, Marco; Monakhova, Yulia B
2016-05-15
We inserted 190 FTIR spectra of plastic samples in a digital database and submitted it to Independent Component Analysis (ICA) to extract the "pure" plastic polymers present. These identified plastics were polypropylene (PP), high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene terephthalate (HDPET), low density polyethylene terephthalate (LDPET), polystyrene (PS), Nylon (NL), polyethylene oxide (OPE), and Teflon (TEF) and they were used to establish the similarity with unknown plastics using the correlation coefficient (r), and the crosscorrelation function (CC). For samples with r<0.8 we determined the Mahalanobis Distance (MD) as additional tool of identification. For instance, for the four plastic fragments found in the Carretta carretta, one plastic sample was assigned to OPE due to its r=0.87; for all the other three plastic samples, due to the r values ranging between 0.83 and0.70, the support of MD suggested LDPET and OPE as co-polymer constituents. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Biswas, A.; Lotha, S.; Gupta, R.; Avasthi, D. K.; Paul, S. N.
2002-04-01
Thin films (13 μm) of polyethelene terephthalate (PET) are irradiated by different swift metallic heavy ions (180 MeV Ag14+ and 200 MeV Au15+) with the projectile linear energy transfer (LET) (˜10-14 keV/nm), respectively. LET dependence on the molecular structural changes in PFT irradiated at different ion fluences has been studied by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The study has revealed that beyond a critical LET entirely different pathways of amorphization beginning with partial recrystallization at lower ion fluence impact occurs in PET, contrary to the earlier established results. At considerably higher LET (˜14 keV/nm), the most characteristic crystalline stretching and bending vibration bands such as at 850 cm-1 (CH2 rocking), 972 cm-1 (C=O stretching), 1341 and 1471 cm-1 (CH2 bending) in PET have shown a significant rise in the respective infrared absorbance intensities upon lower ion fluence (˜1011 ions/cm2) impact. The absence of previously reported unsaturations such as alkynes at both the LET beam used are also observed. Interestingly, the aromatic system also appears to be unstable and participating in the modification process, particularly at the higher LET (˜14 KeV/nm). Possible interpretations are discussed.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kihara, Naoto; Odaka, Hidefumi; Kuboyama, Daiki; Onoshima, Daisuke; Ishikawa, Kenji; Baba, Yoshinobu; Hori, Masaru
2018-03-01
Although membrane filters are indispensable in biochemical analysis fields, most methods for through-hole fabrication are complex and inefficient. We developed a simple method of fabricating poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) membrane filters with a precise arrangement of through-holes for the isolation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) based on their size. By photolithography and dry etching, highly packed 380,000 through-holes with a diameter of 7 µm were able to cover a whole area with a diameter of 13 mm. Device fabrication for the size-based capture of rare cells in blood such as CTCs is realized in this study.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kudoyarov, M. F.; Kozlovskii, M. A.; Patrova, M. Ya.; Potokin, I. L.; Ankudinov, A. V.
2016-07-01
The possibility of performing an energy-efficient variant of irradiation of 20-μm-thick polyethylene terephthalate films to obtain track membranes was considered. Irradiation was done on both sides of a film with a beam of 53.4-MeV Ar+8 ions having energy insufficient for a through track to be formed. The characteristics of the resulting track membrane samples were studied. It was found that these membranes can be used in some cases as a basis for fabrication of composite gas-separating membranes.
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Transparent and flexible heaters based on Al:ZnO degenerate semiconductor
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Roul, Monee K.; Obasogie, Brandon; Kogo, Gilbert; Skuza, J. R.; Mundle, R. M.; Pradhan, A. K.
2017-10-01
We report on high performance transparent Al:ZnO (AZO) thin film heaters on flexible polymer (polyethylene terephthalate) and glass substrates which demonstrate low sheet resistivity. AZO thin films were grown by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering at low Ts (below 200 °C) on flexible, transparent polyethylene terephthalate substrates that show stable and reproducible results by applying low (<10 V) voltages. This study also examined identical AZO thin films on glass substrates that showed highly reproducible heating effects due to the Joule heating effect. The potential applications are foldable and wearable electronics, pain/injury therapy smart windows, automobile window defrosters, and low-cost power electronics.
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Wi, Rinbok; Imran, Muhammad; Lee, Kyoung G; Yoon, Sun Hong; Cho, Bong Gyoo; Kim, Do Hyun
2011-07-01
Zinc oxide (ZnO) and cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles were deposited on the surface of preformed silica spheres with diameters ranging from 60 to 750 nm. Ultrasonic irradiation was employed to promote the deposition of the metal oxide nanoparticles on the surface of silica. Silica-supported zinc oxide or cerium oxide was used as a catalyst in the glycolysis of polyethylene terephthalate, one of the key processes in the depolymerization of polyethylene terephthalate. The effect of the support size on the catalytic activity was studied in terms of monomer yield, and the monomer concentration was analyzed via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The morphologies and surface properties of the catalysts were characterized using a scanning electron microscope, a transmission electron microscope, and a BET surface area analyzer, while the monomer was characterized via HPLC and nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy. Both the zinc oxide and cerium oxide deposited on a smaller support showed better distribution and less aggregation. The high specific surface area of the smaller support catalysts provided a large number of active sites. The highest monomer yield was obtained with a catalyst of 60-nm silica support.
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2013-07-29
... or Jacky Arrowsmith at 202-482-1396 or 202-482-5255, respectively, AD/CVD Operations, Office 6... terephthalate film (PET Film) from India and Taiwan, pursuant to section 751(c) of the Tariff Act of 1930, as..., Office of Investigations, International Trade Commission, regarding ``Sunset Reviews Initiated on April 2...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2012-12-10
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From the People's Republic of China: Preliminary Results of Administrative... terephthalate film, sheet, and strip (``PET film'') from the People's Republic of China (``PRC''), covering the...: Scope of Order The products covered by the order are all gauges of raw, pre- treated, or primed PET film...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2013-12-26
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From the People's Republic of China: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty... terephthalate film, sheet, and strip (``PET film'') from the People's Republic of China (``PRC''). The period of... covered by the order are all gauges of raw, pre- treated, or primed PET film, whether extruded or co...
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Chen, Kun-Neng; Yang, Cheng-Fu; Wu, Chia-Ching; Chen, Yu-Hsin
2017-01-01
We investigated the structural, optical, and electrical properties of amorphous IGZO/silver/amorphous IGZO (α-IGZO/Ag/α-IGZO) triple-layer structures that were deposited at room temperature on Eagle XG glass and flexible polyethylene terephthalate substrates through the sputtering method. Thin Ag layers with different thicknesses were inserted between two IGZO layers to form a triple-layer structure. Ag was used because of its lower absorption and resistivity. Field emission scanning electron microscopy measurements of the triple-layer structures revealed that the thicknesses of the Ag layers ranged from 13 to 41 nm. The thickness of the Ag layer had a large effect on the electrical and optical properties of the electrodes. The optimum thickness of the Ag metal thin film could be evaluated according to the optical transmittance, electrical conductivity, and figure of merit of the electrode. This study demonstrates that the α-IGZO/Ag/α-IGZO triple-layer transparent electrode can be fabricated with low sheet resistance (4.2 Ω/□) and high optical transmittance (88.1%) at room temperature without postannealing processing on the deposited thin films. PMID:28772586
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Measuring the significance of pearlescence in real-time bottle forming
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Nixon, J.; Menary, G.; Yan, S.
2018-05-01
This work examines the optical properties of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles during the stretch-blow-moulding (SBM) process. PET has a relatively large process window with regards to process parameters, however if the boundaries are pushed, the resultant bottle can become insufficient for consumer requirements. One aspect of this process is the onset of pearlescence in the bottle material, where the bottle becomes opaque due to elevated stress whitening. Experimental trials were carried out using a modified free-stretch-blow machine where the deforming bottle was examined in free air. The strain values of the deformation were measured using digital image correlation (DIC) and the optical properties were measured relative to the initial amorphous PET preform. The results reveal that process parameters can significantly affect pearlescence. The detrimental level of pearlescence may be predicted therefore reducing the probability of poorly formed bottles.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Prakasarao, Ch Surya; D'souza, Slavia Deeksha; Hazarika, Pratim; Karthiselva N., S.; Ramesh Babu, R.; Kovendhan, M.; Kumar, R. Arockia; Joseph, D. Paul
2018-04-01
The need for transparent conducting electrodes with high transmittance, low sheet resistance and flexibility to replace Indium Tin Oxide is ever growing. We have deposited and studied the performance of ultra-thin Cu-Ag-Au tri-layer films over a flexible poly-ethylene terephthalate substrate. Scotch tape test showed good adhesion of the metallic film. Transmittance of the tri-layer was around 40 % in visible region. Optical profiler measurements were done to study the surface features. The XRD pattern revealed that film was amorphous. Sheet resistance measured by four probe technique was around 7.7 Ohm/Δ and was stable up to 423 K. The transport parameters by Hall effect showed high conductivity and carrier concentration with a mobility of 5.58 cm2/Vs. Tests performed in an indigenously designed bending unit indicated the films to be stable both mechanically and electrically even after 50,000 bending cycles.
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2013-08-05
... (PET) Film, Sheet, and Strip From India: Final Results of the Expedited Second Sunset Review of the... terephthalate (PET) film, sheet, and strip (``PET film'') from India. The Department finds that revocation of...: Background The CVD order on PET film from India was published on July 1, 2002. See Notice of Countervailing...
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Microbial degradation of aliphatic and aliphatic-aromatic co-polyesters.
Shah, Aamer Ali; Kato, Satoshi; Shintani, Noboru; Kamini, Numbi Ramudu; Nakajima-Kambe, Toshiaki
2014-04-01
Biodegradable plastics (BPs) have attracted much attention since more than a decade because they can easily be degraded by microorganisms in the environment. The development of aliphatic-aromatic co-polyesters has combined excellent mechanical properties with biodegradability and an ideal replacement for the conventional nondegradable thermoplastics. The microorganisms degrading these polyesters are widely distributed in various environments. Although various aliphatic, aromatic, and aliphatic-aromatic co-polyester-degrading microorganisms and their enzymes have been studied and characterized, there are still many groups of microorganisms and enzymes with varying properties awaiting various applications. In this review, we have reported some new microorganisms and their enzymes which could degrade various aliphatic, aromatic, as well as aliphatic-aromatic co-polyesters like poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), poly(butylene succinate)-co-(butylene adipate) (PBSA), poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), poly(ethylene succinate) (PES), poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(3-hydoxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalterate) (PHB/PHBV), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT), poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate (PBAT), poly(butylene succinate-co-terephthalate) (PBST), and poly(butylene succinate/terephthalate/isophthalate)-co-(lactate) (PBSTIL). The mechanism of degradation of aliphatic as well as aliphatic-aromatic co-polyesters has also been discussed. The degradation ability of microorganisms against various polyesters might be useful for the treatment and recycling of biodegradable wastes or bioremediation of the polyester-contaminated environments.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zaidi, N. A.; Rosli, Muhamad Farizuan; Effendi, M. S. M.; Abdullah, Mohamad Hariri
2017-09-01
For almost all injection molding applications of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) plastic was analyzed the strength, durability and stiffness of properties by using Finite Element Method (FEM) for jointing system of wood furniture. The FEM was utilized for analyzing the PET jointing system for Oak and Pine as wood based material of furniture. The difference pattern design of PET as wood jointing furniture gives the difference value of strength furniture itself. The results show the wood specimen with grooves and eclipse pattern design PET jointing give lower global estimated error is 28.90%, compare to the rectangular and non-grooves wood specimen of global estimated error is 63.21%.
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Effect of [gamma]-irradiation on latent tracks of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hiroki, A.; Asano, M.; Yamaki, T.; Yoshida, M.
2005-04-01
The pre-treatment effect of γ-irradiation on latent tracks of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films bombarded with swift heavy ions was investigated by electric conductometry and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation. The Xe-ion bombarded PET films were etched for 6 h in 0.2 M NaOH aqueous solution at 70 °C to prepare track-etched membranes. As γ-irradiation doses increased in the range of 0-160 kGy, the surface pore diameter obtained by SEM observation decreased while that obtained by conductometry became large. This inconsistent result between the two methods was due to an increase in the crosslinked region in the latent tracks caused by γ-irradiation.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Buchalla, Rainer; Begley, Timothy H.
2006-01-01
Low-molecular-weight (low-MW) constituents of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), irradiated with 60Co gamma rays at 25 and 50 kGy, were analyzed by HPLC-MS with atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization (APCI). Consistent with earlier results, the concentrations of the major compounds that are present in the non-irradiated PET do not change perceptibly. However, we find a small but significant increase in terephthalic acid ethylester, from less than 1 mg/kg in the non-irradiated control to ca. 2 mg/kg after 50 kGy, which has not been described before. The finding is important because it gives an impression of the sensitivity of the analytical method. Additionally, it shows that even very radiation-resistant polymers can form measurable amounts of low-MW radiolysis products. The potential and limitations of LC-MS for the analysis of radiolysis products and unidentified migrants are briefly discussed in the context of the question: How can we validate our analytical methods for unknown analytes?
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gisario, Annamaria; Veniali, Francesco; Barletta, Massimiliano; Tagliaferri, Vincenzo; Vesco, Silvia
2017-03-01
Joining of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) PET and its biodegradable derivatives is of high relevance to ensure good productive rate, low cost and operational safety for fabrication of medical and electronic devices, sport equipments as well as for manufacturing of food and drug packaging solutions. In the present investigation, granules of PET and PETs modified by organic additives, which promote biodegradation of the polymeric chains, were prepared by extrusion compounding. The achieved granules were subsequently re-extruded to shape thin (330 μm) flat sheets. Substrates cut from these sheets were joined by Laser Transmission Welding (LTW) with a continuous wave High Power Diode Laser (cw-HPDL). First, based on a qualitative evaluation of the welded joints, the most suitable operational windows for PETs laser joining were identified. Second, characterization of the mechanical properties of the welded joints was performed by tensile tests. Accordingly, Young's modulus of PET and biodegradable PET blends was studied by Takayanagi's model and, based on the experimental results, a novel predicting analytical model derived from the mixture rule was developed. Lastly, material degradation of the polymeric joints was evaluated by FT-IR analysis, thus allowing to identify the main routes to thermal degradation of PET and, especially, of biodegradable PET blends during laser processing.
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21 CFR 177.1630 - Polyethylene phthalate polymers.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-04-01
... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Polyethylene phthalate polymers. 177.1630 Section....1315(b)(3), to which have been added optional substances, either as constituents of the base sheet or... terephthalate copolyesters described in § 177.1315(b)(3), to which have been added optional substances, either...
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Utilization of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in asphalt pavement: A review
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ahmad, A. F.; Razali, A. R.; Razelan, I. S. M.
2017-05-01
The quantity of plastics used throughout the world is increasing every year. Municipal solid wastes (MSW), manufacturing processes and service industries produce a lot of waste plastic materials. The increasing awareness among consumers about the environment has contributed to the concerns over disposal of generated wastes. The growing number of plastic materials every year and limited landfill conditions causes many alternatives exist for the disposal of plastic waste. This paper provides a summary of the study on the utilization of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in road construction. Data from researcher show that PET can improve some properties of modified asphalt mixture. Having considered the economic and environmental prudent angles, utilization of PET as an additive to asphalt mixture is suitable to be used for road pavement.
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Liu, Jiawei; Xu, Guanbao; Dong, Weiliang; Xu, Ning; Xin, Fengxue; Ma, Jiangfeng; Fang, Yan; Zhou, Jie; Jiang, Min
2018-06-01
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a synthetic polyester material made of diethyl terephthalate (DET) monomers, is widely used in plastic products of daily life and caused serious pollution to the global environment. Microbial metabolism is the major degradation pathway responsible for DET degradation in natural soil; however, the microbial DET-degradation mechanism remains unclear. In this study, the newly isolated strain WL-3, identified as belonging to the genus Delftia, was found to be able to degrade 94% of 5 g·L -1 of DET and utilize it as the sole carbon source for growth within 7 days. Furthermore, strain WL-3 was capable of stable DET degradation under a wide range of pH values (6.0-9.0) and temperatures (20-42°C) with the optimal pH and temperature of 7.0 and 30°C respectively. Furthermore, the biochemical pathway of DET degradation by strain WL-3 was proposed based on the identified degradation intermediates. DET is first transformed into terephthalic acid (TPA) by the hydrolysis of two ester bonds, which is subsequently converted to protocatechuic acid (PCA) and further mineralized. SEM observations revealed obvious cracks on the surface of PET film after inoculation of 2 months with strain WL-3, indicating the strain's potential for the bioremediation of PET-contaminated environments. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Research Team Engineers a Better Plastic-Degrading Enzyme | News | NREL
polyethylene terephthalate, or PET. While working to solve the crystal structure of PETase-a recently determine its structure to aid in protein engineering, but we ended up going a step further and accidentally discovery that PETase can also degrade polyethylene furandicarboxylate, or PEF, a bio-based substitute for
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Blends of polyester ionomers with polar polymers: Interactions, reactions, and compatibilization
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Boykin, Timothy Lamar
The compatibility of amorphous and semicrystalline polyester ionomers with various polar polymers (i.e., polyesters and polyamides) has been investigated for their potential use as minor component compatibilizers. The degree of compatibility (i.e., ranging from incompatible to miscible) between the polyester ionomers and the polar polymers was determined by evaluating the effect of blend composition on the melting behavior and phase behavior of binary blends. In addition, the origin of compatibility and/or incompatibility for each of the binary blends (i.e., polyamide/ionomer and polyester/ionomer) was determined by evaluating blends prepared by both solution and melt mixed methods. Subsequent to investigation of the binary blends, the effect of polyester ionomer addition on the compatibility of polyamide/polyester blends was investigated by evaluating the mechanical properties and phase morphology of ionomer compatibilized polyamide/polyester blends. Polyester ionomers (amorphous and semicrystalline) were shown to exhibit a high degree of compatibility (even miscibility) with polyamides, such as nylon 6,6 (N66). Compatibility was attributed to specific interactions between the metal counterion of the polyester ionomer and the amide groups of N66. The degree of compatibility (or miscibility) was shown to be dependent on the counterion type of the ionomer, with the highest degree exhibited by blends containing the divalent form of the polyester ionomers. Although polyester ionomers were shown to exhibit incompatibility with both poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT), increasing the time of melt processing significantly enhanced the compatibility of the polyester ionomers with both PET and PBT. The observed enhancement in compatibility was attributed to ester-ester interchange between the polyester blend components, which was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy. The addition of polyester ionomers as a minor component compatibilizer (i.e., 2 to 5 wt%) resulted in significant enhancement in the impact strength and a dramatic improvement in the tensile properties compared to uncompatibilized blends of nylon 6,6 (N66) with poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT). This behavior was attributed to an increase in the interfacial adhesion between the phase-separated domains due to strong interactions between the polyester ionomer and N66. The placement of the ionomer compatibilizer at the N66/PBT interface was facilitated by pre-extrusion of the polyester ionomer with PBT, prior to extrusion with N66.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Han, Jin-Woo; Kang, Hee-Jin; Kim, Jong-Yeon; Kim, Gwi-Yeol; Seo, Dae-Shik
2006-12-01
In this study, inorganic multilayer thin-film encapsulation is adopted for the first time to protect an organic layer from moisture and oxygen. Inorganic multilayer thin-film encapsulation is deposited onto poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) using an electron beam and sputtering. The SiON/SiO2 and parylene layer show the most suitable properties. Under these conditions, the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) for PET can be reduced from a level of 0.57 g m-2 day-1 (bare substrate) to 1× 10-5 g m-2 day-1 after the application of a SiON and SiO2 layer. These results indicate that PET/parylene/SiO2/SiON barrier coatings have high potential for flexible organic light-emitting diode (OLED) applications.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kuzminova, Anna; Vandrovcová, Marta; Shelemin, Artem; Kylián, Ondřej; Choukourov, Andrei; Hanuš, Jan; Bačáková, Lucie; Slavínská, Danka; Biederman, Hynek
2015-12-01
In this contribution an effect of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) sustained in air at atmospheric pressure on surface properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) foils is studied. It is found that exposure of PET to DBD plasma leads to rapid changes of surface chemical composition, wettability, surface morphology as well as mechanical properties of PET surface. In addition, based on biological tests that were performed using two cell types (Saos-2 human osteoblast-like cells and HUVEC human umbilical vein endothelial cells), it may be concluded that DBD plasma treatment positively influences cell growth on PET. This effect was found to be connected predominantly with increased surface energy and oxygen content of the surface of treated PET foils.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hatta, M. N. M.; Hashim, M. S.; Hussin, R.; Aida, S.; Kamdi, Z.; Ainuddin, AR; Yunos, MZ
2017-10-01
In this study, carbon nanostructures were synthesized from High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) and Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste by single-stage chemical vapour deposition (CVD) method. In CVD, iron was used as catalyst and pyrolitic of carbon source was conducted at temperature 700, 800 and 900°C for 30 minutes. Argon gas was used as carrier gas with flow at 90 sccm. The synthesized carbon nanostructures were characterized by FESEM, EDS and calculation of carbon yield (%). FESEM micrograph shows that the carbon nanostructures were only grown as nanofilament when synthesized from PET waste. The synthesization of carbon nanostructure at 700°C was produced smooth and the smallest diameter nanofilament compared to others. The carbon yield of synthesized carbon nanostructures from PET was lower from HDPE. Furthermore, the carbon yield is recorded to increase with increasing of reaction temperature for all samples. Elemental study by EDS analysis were carried out and the formation of carbon nanostructures was confirmed after CVD process. Utilization of polymer waste to produce carbon nanostructures is beneficial to ensure that the carbon nanotechnology will be sustained in future.
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Detecting strain in birefringent materials using spectral polarimetry
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Garner, Harold R. (Inventor); Ragucci, Anthony J. (Inventor); Cisar, Alan J. (Inventor); Huebschman, Michael L. (Inventor)
2010-01-01
A method, computer program product and system for analyzing multispectral images from a plurality of regions of birefringent material, such as a polymer film, using polarized light and a corresponding polar analyzer to identify differential strain in the birefringent material. For example, the birefringement material may be low-density polyethylene (LDPE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinylidene chloride, polyester, nylon, or cellophane film. Optionally, the method includes generating a real-time quantitative strain map.
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Optical Properties of Multilayer CdSe/POLYMER Structures
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Red'Ko, V. P.; Voitenkov, A. I.; Kovalenko, O. E.
The effects of preparation condition, concentration and size of particles upon optical and photoelectrical characteristics of multilayer structures CdSe/polyethylene terephthalate obtained by electron-beam evaporation were investigated.
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Indium oxide-based transparent conductive films deposited by reactive sputtering using alloy targets
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Miyazaki, Yusuke; Maruyama, Eri; Jia, Junjun; Machinaga, Hironobu; Shigesato, Yuzo
2017-04-01
High-quality transparent conductive oxide (TCO) films, Sn-doped In2O3 (ITO) and In2O3-ZnO (IZO), were successfully deposited on either synthetic silica or polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates in the “transition region” by reactive dc magnetron sputtering using In-Zn and In-Sn alloy targets, respectively, with a specially designed plasma emission feedback system. The composition, crystallinity, surface morphology, and electrical and optical properties of the films were analyzed. All of the IZO films were amorphous, whereas the ITO films were polycrystalline over a wide range of deposition conditions. The minimum resistivities of the IZO and ITO films deposited on the heated PET substrates at 150 °C were 3.3 × 10-4 and 5.4 × 10-4 Ω·cm, respectively. By applying rf bias to unheated PET substrates, ITO films with a resistivity of 4.4 × 10-4 Ω·cm were deposited at a dc self-bias voltage of -60 V.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Li, Jing; Tian, Xiubo; Gong, Chunzhi; Yang, Shiqin; Fu, Ricky K. Y.; Chu, Paul K.
2009-12-01
A hybrid radio-frequency (rf)/direct-current (dc) system has been developed to control the biasing effects during deposition of diamondlike carbon (DLC) films onto the inner wall of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles. An additional dc bias is coupled to the rf electrode to produce the effect of equivalent rf self-biasing. This allows more flexible control of the deposition of the DLC films which are intended to improve the gas barrier characteristics. The experimental results demonstrate that the additional dc bias improves the adhesion strength between the DLC film and PET, although the enhancement in the gas barrier properties is not significantly larger compared to the one without dc bias. The apparatus and methodology have practical importance in the food and beverage industry.
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Li, Hong; Chen, Chen; Ge, Yunsheng; Chen, Shiyi
2014-05-01
To enhance graft ligamentization after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, human fibronectin (FN) was coated on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) ligaments by spray painting. The FN-coated PET ligaments were investigated in vitro using rat mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). MSCs cultured on FN-coated grafts resulted in similar cell densities and amounts of proliferating cells with control grafts without coating. The FN-coated group not only gave rise to MSC-derived collagen-like tissues but also enhanced the expression of collagen-I gene. Furthermore, rat ACL reconstruction models were used to evaluate the effect of the FN coating in vivo. The FN coating significantly promoted new ligament tissue regeneration into the graft fibers. In conclusion, sprayed FN coating had a positive effect to enhance graft ligamentization of PET artificial ligament.
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Masaoka, Satoshi
2007-06-01
A pulsed power supply was used to generate a corona discharge on a polyethylene terephthalate bottle, to conduct plasma sterilization at atmospheric pressure. Before generating such a discharge, minute quantities of water were attached to the inner surface of the bottle and to the surface of a high voltage (HV) electrode inserted into the bottle. Next, high-voltage pulses of electricity were discharged between electrodes for 6.0s, while rotating the bottle. The resulting spore log reduction values of Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus niger on the inner surface of the bottle were 5.5 and 6 or higher, respectively, and those on the HV electrode surface were each 6 or higher for both strains. The presence of the by-products gaseous ozone, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric ions resulting from the electrical discharge was confirmed.
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Compatibility Assessment of Fuel System Infrastructure Plastics with Bio-oil and Diesel Fuel
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Kass, Michael D.; Janke, Christopher James; Connatser, Raynella M.
We report that bio-oil derived via fast pyrolysis is being developed as a renewable fuel option for petroleum distillates. The compatibility of neat bio-oil with 18 plastic types was evaluated using neat diesel fuel as the baseline. The plastic materials included polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyoxymethylene (POM), POM copolymer, high density polyethylene (HDPE), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), polythiourea (PTU), four nylon grades, and four thermosetting resins. Specimens of each material were immersed in the test fuels for a period of 16 weeks to achieve full saturation. Except formore » PP and HDPE, the plastic materials underwent higher volume expansion in bio-oil than in the baseline diesel (which was negligible in most cases). This volume increase corresponds to the higher polarity of the bio-oil. PPS, PET, and PTFE were unaffected by bio-oil exposure, but modest swelling (between 2 and 5%) occurred for the two acetals (POM and POM copolymer), Nylon-12, PBT, PETG, and the four resin grades. More moderate swelling (8–15%) was noted for Nylon-6, Nylon-6/6, and Nylon-11, and excessive swell (>40%) occurred for PTU. The nonpolar nature of PP and HDPE matches that of diesel, leading to higher solubility (swell) in this fuel type. Finally, the relatively low volume expansion following exposure indicates that many of the existing infrastructure plastics (excluding PTU) should be suitable for use with bio-oil.« less
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Duong, Tu Van; Van Humbeeck, Jan; Van den Mooter, Guy
2015-07-06
The reproducibility and consistency of physicochemical properties and pharmaceutical performance are major concerns during preparation of solid dispersions. The crystallization kinetics of drug/polyethylene glycol solid dispersions, an important factor that is governed by the properties of both drug and polymer has not been adequately explored, especially in systems containing high drug loadings. In this paper, by using standard and modulated differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray powder diffraction, we describe the influence of drug loading on crystallization behavior of dispersions made up of indomethacin and polyethylene glycol 6000. Higher drug loading increases the amorphicity of the polymer and inhibits the crystallization of PEG. At 52% drug loading, polyethylene glycol was completely transformed to the amorphous state. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first detailed investigation of the solubilization effect of a low molecular weight drug on a semicrystalline polymer in their dispersions. In mixtures containing up to 55% indomethacin, the dispersions exhibited distinct glass transition events resulting from amorphous-amorphous phase separation which generates polymer-rich and drug-rich domains upon the solidification of supercooled polyethylene glycol, whereas samples containing at least 60% drug showed a single amorphous phase during the period in which crystallization normally occurs. The current study demonstrates a wide range in physicochemical properties of drug/polyethylene glycol solid dispersions as a result of the complex nature in crystallization of this system, which should be taken into account during preparation and storage.
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Kim, Jinku; Yaszemski, Michael J.; Lu, Lichun
2010-01-01
Novel biodegradable injectable poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) based macromers were synthesized by reacting low molecular weight PEG (MW: 200) and dicarboxylic acids such as sebacic acid or terephthalic acid. Chemical structures of the resulting polymers were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy characterizations. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that these polymers were completely amorphous above room temperature. After photopolymerization, dynamic elastic shear modulus of the crosslinked polymers was up to 1.5 MPa and compressive modulus was up to 2.2 MPa depending on the polymer composition. The in vitro degradation study showed that mass losses of these polymers were gradually decreased over 23 weeks of period in simulated body fluid. By incorporating up to 30 wt% of 2-hydroxyethyl methylmethacrylate (HEMA) into the crosslinking network, the dynamic elastic modulus and compressive modulus was significantly increased up to 7.2 MPa and 3.2 MPa, respectively. HEMA incorporation also accelerated degradation as indicated by significantly higher mass loss of up to 27% after 20 weeks of incubation. Cytocompatability studies using osteoblasts and neural cells revealed that cell metabolic activity on these polymers with or without HEMA was close to the control tissue culture polystyrene. The PEG based macromers developed in this study may be useful as scaffolds or cell carriers for tissue engineering applications. PMID:18655146
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Synthesis and Verification of Biobased Terephthalic Acid from Furfural
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Tachibana, Yuya; Kimura, Saori; Kasuya, Ken-Ichi
2015-02-01
Exploiting biomass as an alternative to petrochemicals for the production of commodity plastics is vitally important if we are to become a more sustainable society. Here, we report a synthetic route for the production of terephthalic acid (TPA), the monomer of the widely used thermoplastic polymer poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), from the biomass-derived starting material furfural. Biobased furfural was oxidised and dehydrated to give maleic anhydride, which was further reacted with biobased furan to give its Diels-Alder (DA) adduct. The dehydration of the DA adduct gave phthalic anhydride, which was converted via phthalic acid and dipotassium phthalate to TPA. The biobased carbon content of the TPA was measured by accelerator mass spectroscopy and the TPA was found to be made of 100% biobased carbon.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bumai, Yu. A.; Volobuev, V. S.; Valeev, V. F.; Dolgikh, N. I.; Lukashevich, M. G.; Khaibullin, R. I.; Nuzhdin, V. I.; Odzhaev, V. B.
2012-11-01
Metal-polymer composites are obtained by implantation of 30 keV silver ions at doses D = 1•1016-1.5•1017 cm-2 and ion current densities j = 4.0 μA/cm2 in films of polyethylene terephthalate. The spectral dependences of the reflection, transmission, and extinction coefficients for wavelengths of 190-1100 nm are studied. The reflection bands at λ1 = 205 nm and λ2 = 260 nm are found to be enhanced for light incident on the unimplanted side. Surface plasmon resonances on the silver nanoparticles are investigated. The refractive index of the modified layer is calculated and the sizes of the silver nanoparticles are estimated using a two-layer model of this structure together with the optical measurements. Depending on the implantation dose, these are found to vary over 1.3-2.8 and 5-20 nm, respectively.
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Rebollar, Esther; Pérez, Susana; Hernández, Margarita; Domingo, Concepción; Martín, Margarita; Ezquerra, Tiberio A; García-Ruiz, Josefa P; Castillejo, Marta
2014-09-07
This work reports on the formation of different types of structures on the surface of polymer films upon UV laser irradiation. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) was irradiated with nanosecond UV pulses at 193 and 266 nm. The polarization of the laser beam and the irradiation angle of incidence were varied, giving rise to laser induced surface structures with different shapes and periodicities. The irradiated surfaces were topographically characterized by atomic force microscopy and the chemical modifications induced by laser irradiation were inspected via micro-Raman and fluorescence spectroscopies. Contact angle measurements were performed with different liquids, and the results evaluated in terms of surface free energy components. Finally, in order to test the influence of surface properties for a potential application, the modified surfaces were used for mesenchymal stem cell culture assays and the effect of nanostructure and surface chemistry on cell adhesion was evaluated.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zuo, Zewen; Zhu, Kai; Gu, Chuan; Wen, Yibing; Cui, Guanglei; Qu, Jun
2016-08-01
Transparent, flexible surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates were fabricated by metalization of structured polyethylene terephthalate (PET) sheets. The resultant Ag-coated structured PET SERS substrates were revealed to be highly sensitive with good reproducibility and stability, an enhancement factor of 3 × 106 was acquired, which can be attributed mainly to the presence of plentiful multiple-type hot spots within the quasi-three-dimensional surface of the structured PET obtained by oxygen plasma etching. In addition, detections of model molecules on fruit skin were also carried out, demonstrating the great potential of the Ag-coated structured PET in in-situ detection of analyte on irregular objects. Importantly, the technique used for the preparation of such substrate is completely compatible with well-established silicon device technologies, and large-area fabrication with low cost can be readily realized.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yang, Zhao-Ping; Xin, Chun-Ling; Guo, Ya-Feng; Luo, Yi-Wei; He, Ya-Dong
2016-05-01
Improving the melt viscoelasticity of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is a well-known method to obtain foamable PET. The aim of this study is to prepare high melt strength PET and evaluate the influence of rheological properties of PET on the foaming behavior. For this purpose, pyromelliticdianhydride was used as the chain extender to modify a linear PET through melt reactive processing. The rheological properties of the unmodified and modified PETs were measured by a dynamic rheometer. Results showed that the modified PET had higher complex viscosity than the unmodified one. Furthermore, the batch foaming by using supercritical CO2 as a blowing agent was carried to evaluate the foamability of modified PETs. It was found that an enlarged foaming temperature window was obtained for modified PETs compared to unmodified PET. Moreover, the modified PETs foams exhibited higher expansion ratio, smaller cell size and higher cell density at high temperatures than the neat PET.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Juhasz, Z.; Sulik, B.; Racz, R.
2010-12-15
A relatively large yield of neutralized atoms was observed when 3 keV Ar{sup 7+} ions were guided trough polyethylene terephthalate nanocapillaries. Time and deposited-charge dependence of the angular distribution of both the guided ions and the neutrals was measured simultaneously using a two-dimensional multichannel plate detector. The yield of neutrals increased significantly faster than that of guided ions and saturated typically at a few percent level. In accordance with earlier observations, both the yield and the mean emission angle of the guided ions exhibited strong oscillations. For the atoms, the equilibrium was achieved not only faster, but also without significantmore » oscillations in yield and angular position. A phase analysis of these time dependencies provides insight into the dynamic features of the self-organizing mechanisms, which leads to ion guiding in insulating nanocapillaries.« less
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Teall, Oliver; Pilegis, Martins; Sweeney, John; Gough, Tim; Thompson, Glen; Jefferson, Anthony; Lark, Robert; Gardner, Diane
2017-04-01
The shrinkage force exerted by restrained shape memory polymers (SMPs) can potentially be used to close cracks in structural concrete. This paper describes the physical processing and experimental work undertaken to develop high shrinkage die-drawn polyethylene terephthalate (PET) SMP tendons for use within a crack closure system. The extrusion and die-drawing procedure used to manufacture a series of PET tendon samples is described. The results from a set of restrained shrinkage tests, undertaken at differing activation temperatures, are also presented along with the mechanical properties of the most promising samples. The stress developed within the tendons is found to be related to the activation temperature, the cross-sectional area and to the draw rate used during manufacture. Comparisons with commercially-available PET strip samples used in previous research are made, demonstrating an increase in restrained shrinkage stress by a factor of two for manufactured PET filament samples.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Sakaike, Kohei; Akazawa, Muneki; Nakamura, Shogo
2013-12-02
A low-temperature local-layer technique for transferring a single-crystalline silicon (c-Si) film by using a meniscus force was proposed, and an n-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) was fabricated on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate. It was demonstrated that it is possible to transfer and form c-Si films in the required shape at the required position on PET substrates at extremely low temperatures by utilizing a meniscus force. The proposed technique for layer transfer was applied for fabricating high-performance c-Si MOSFETs on a PET substrate. The fabricated MOSFET showed a high on/off ratio of more than 10{sup 8} and a high field-effect mobilitymore » of 609 cm{sup 2} V{sup −1} s{sup −1}.« less
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Effect of sputtering parameters on optical and electrical properties of ITO films on PET substrates
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Tseng, Kun-San; Lo, Yu-Lung
2013-11-01
The optical and electrical properties of indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films deposited on flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates using a DC magnetron sputtering technique are investigated as a function of the deposition time, the argon flow rate and the target-substrate distance. It is found that all of the ITO films contain a high fraction of amorphous phase. The volume fraction of crystallite precipitates in the amorphous host increases with an increasing deposition time or a reducing argon flow rate. The deposition time and argon flow rate have higher effects on the optical transparency of the ITO films than the target-substrate distance has. Increasing film thickness is not the only reason for the transmittance reduced. It is found that an increase of the extinction coefficient by increasing deposition time or an increase of the refractive index by decreasing argon flow rate also reduces the transmittance of thin film. For a constant deposition time, the resistivity of the ITO films reduces with a reducing argon flow rate or a reducing target-substrate distance. For a constant argon flow rate, a critical value of the deposition time exists at which both the resistivity and the effect of the target-substrate distance are minimized. Finally, it is concluded that the film resistivity has low sensitivity to the target-substrate distance if the best deposition conditions which mostly attain the lowest resistivity are matched.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Adachi, Kazunari; Uchiyama, Kenta; Kuriyama, Takashi; Miyata, Ken; Hisamatsu, Tokuro
2009-11-01
The authors previously determined that thermal effects are not a dominant factor in the ultrasonic joining of very low density polyethylene (VLDPE) films using torsional vibration. Now, to confirm that the plastic materials are not “melted” by mechanically generated heat in the joining, they have conducted joining experiments for thin poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films. The temperature at the interface of two PET films of 0.1 mm thickness only increased to approximately 100 °C, and no trace of liquidation of the material was observed at the interface under a polarizing microscope. Investigation using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) revealed that the “melting point” of PET is about 260 °C, and an ultrasonically joined specimen showed no significant difference in thermal characteristics compared with an intact PET film. It was also determined that the PET films cannot be joined even after being pressed together for a period of 30 min or longer at approximately 150 °C. From the results obtained using the microscope and the DSC, the authors conclude that melting of the materials plays essentially no role in ultrasonic plastic joining.
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Synthesis and Verification of Biobased Terephthalic Acid from Furfural
Tachibana, Yuya; Kimura, Saori; Kasuya, Ken-ichi
2015-01-01
Exploiting biomass as an alternative to petrochemicals for the production of commodity plastics is vitally important if we are to become a more sustainable society. Here, we report a synthetic route for the production of terephthalic acid (TPA), the monomer of the widely used thermoplastic polymer poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), from the biomass-derived starting material furfural. Biobased furfural was oxidised and dehydrated to give maleic anhydride, which was further reacted with biobased furan to give its Diels-Alder (DA) adduct. The dehydration of the DA adduct gave phthalic anhydride, which was converted via phthalic acid and dipotassium phthalate to TPA. The biobased carbon content of the TPA was measured by accelerator mass spectroscopy and the TPA was found to be made of 100% biobased carbon. PMID:25648201
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Pouliot, Roxane; Azhari, Rosa; Qanadilo, Hala F; Mahmood, Tahir A; Triantafyllou, Michael S; Langer, Robert
2004-01-01
This study presents the development of a biosynthetic fish skin to be used on aquatic robots that can emulate fish. Smoothness of the external surface is desired in improving high propulsive efficiency and maneuvering agility of autonomous underwater vehicles such as the RoboTuna (Triantafyllou, M., and Triantafyllou, G. Sci. Am. 272, 64, 1995). An initial step was to determine the seeding density and select a polymer for the scaffolds. The attachment and proliferation of chinook salmon embryo (CHSE-214) and brown bullhead (BB) cells were studied on different compositions of a poly(ethylene glycol terephthalate) (PEGT) and poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) copolymer (Polyactive). Polymer films were used, cast of three different compositions of PEGT/PBT (weight ratios of 55/45, 60/40, and 70/30) and two different molecular masses of PEGT (300 and 1000 Da). When a 55 wt% and a 300-Da molecular mass form of PEGT was used, maximum attachment and proliferation of CHSE-214 and BB cells were achieved. Histological studies and immunostaining indicate the presence of collagen and cytokeratins in the extracellular matrix formed after 14 days of culture. Porous scaffolds of PEGT/PBT copolymers were also used for three-dimensional tissue engineering of fish skin, using BB cells. Overall, our results indicate that fish cells can attach, proliferate, and express fish skin components on dense and porous Polyactive scaffolds.
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Tomsej, Tomas; Horak, Jiri; Tomsejova, Sarka; Krpec, Kamil; Klanova, Jana; Dej, Milan; Hopan, Frantisek
2018-04-01
The aim of this study was to simulate a banned but widely spread practice of co-combustion of plastic with wood in a small residential boiler and to quantify its impact on emissions of gaseous pollutants, particulate matter (PM), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene (135TPB), a new tracer of polyethylene plastic combustion. Supermarket polyethylene shopping bags (PE) and polyethylene terephthalate bottles (PET) were burnt as supplementary fuels with beech logs (BL) in an old-type 20 kW over-fire boiler both at a nominal and reduced heat output. An impact of co-combustion was more pronounced at the nominal heat output: an increase in emissions of PM, total organic carbon (TOC), toxic equivalent (TEQ) of 7 carcinogenic PAHs (c-PAHs) and a higher ratio of c-PAHs TEQ in particulate phase was observed during co-combustion of both plastics. 135TPB was found in emissions from both plastics both at a nominal and reduced output. In contrast to findings reported in the literature, 135TPB was a dominant compound detected by mass spectrometry on m/z 306 exclusively in emissions from co-combustion of PE. Surprisingly, six other even more abundant compounds of unknown identity were found on this m/z in emissions from co-combustion of PET. One of these unknown compounds was identified as p-quaterphenyl (pQ). Principal component analysis revealed strong correlation among 135TPB, pQ and five unknown compounds. pQ seems to be suitable tracers of polyethylene terephthalate plastic co-combustion, while 135TPB proved its suitability to be an all-purpose tracer of polyethylene plastics combustion. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Safety assessment of modified terephthalate polymers as used in cosmetics.
Becker, Lillian C; Bergfeld, Wilma F; Belsito, Donald V; Hill, Ronald A; Klaassen, Curtis D; Liebler, Daniel C; Marks, James G; Shank, Ronald C; Slaga, Thomas J; Snyder, Paul W; Andersen, F Alan
2014-01-01
The safety of 6 modified terephthalate polymers as cosmetic ingredients was assessed. These ingredients mostly function as exfoliants, bulking agents, hair fixatives, and viscosity-increasing agents-nonaqueous. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is used in leave-on products up to 100% and in rinse-off products up to 2%. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel (Panel) considered that the PET used in cosmetics is chemically equivalent to that used in medical devices. The Panel determined that the Food and Drug Administration's determination of safety of PET in several medical devices, which included human and animal safety data, can be used as the basis for the determination of safety of PET and related polymers used in cosmetics. Use studies of cosmetic eye products that contain PET demonstrated no ocular irritation or dermal sensitization. The Panel concluded that modified terephthalate polymers were safe as cosmetic ingredients in the practices of use and concentration described in this safety assessment. © The Author(s) 2014.
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Lightweight concrete with enhanced neutron shielding
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Brindza, Paul Daniel; Metzger, Bert Clayton
A lightweight concrete containing polyethylene terephthalate in an amount of 20% by total volume. The concrete is enriched with hydrogen and is therefore highly effective at thermalizing neutrons. The concrete can be used independently or as a component of an advanced neutron radiation shielding system.
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Electrical conduction in 100 keV Kr+ ion implanted poly (ethylene terephthalate)
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Goyal, P. K.; Kumar, V.; Gupta, Renu; Mahendia, S.; Anita, Kumar, S.
2012-06-01
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) samples have been implanted to 100 keV Kr+ ions at the fluences 1×1015-- 1×1016 cm-2. From I-V characteristics, the conduction mechanism was found to be shifted from ohmic to space charge limited conduction (SCLC) after implantation. The surface conductivity of these implanted samples was found to increase with increasing implantation dose. The structural alterations in the Raman spectra of implanted PET samples indicate that such an increase in the conductivity may be attributed to the formation of conjugated double bonded carbonaceous structure in the implanted layer of PET.
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Tanskanen, A; Karppinen, M
2018-06-12
Iron terephthalate coordination network thin films can be fabricated using the state-of-the-art gas-phase atomic/molecular layer deposition (ALD/MLD) technique in a highly controlled manner. Iron is an Earth-abundant and nonhazardous transition metal, and with its rich variety of potential applications an interesting metal constituent for the inorganic-organic coordination network films. Our work underlines the role of the metal precursor used when aiming at in-situ ALD/MLD growth of crystalline inorganic-organic thin films. We obtain crystalline iron terephthalate films when FeCl 3 is employed as the iron source whereas depositions based on the bulkier Fe(acac) 3 precursor yield amorphous films. The chemical composition and structure of the films are investigated with GIXRD, XRR, FTIR and XPS.
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H-ZSM5 Catalyzed co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastics
USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database
This study aims at addressing two important problems vital to agriculture, disposal of agricultural plastics and production of drop-in fuels from biomass via co-pyrolysis of both feedstocks. Mixtures of biomass (switchgrass, cellulose, xylan and lignin) and plastic (polyethylene terephthalate (PET),...
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Hydrophilic-impermeable modified polyethylene terephthalate for selective endothelialization
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chetouane, D.; Fafet, J. F.; Barbet, R.; Dieval, F.
2017-10-01
The aim of this study was to create a modified polyethylene terephthalate (PET) responding to vascular implants’ requirements, mainly with a surface promoting selective endothelialization. The surface alteration was carried out by hydrophilic functionalization in an alkaline solution with the presence of specific surfactant (TA). The carboxylic groups resulting from this reaction were quantified by colorimetric titration using bleu toluidine O dye (TBO). A single-sided coating process was then optimized to cover the PET surface by micro spherical structures’ polymeric layer. This coating provided to the PET surface high impermeability to the water under a pressure of 120 mmHg and enhanced its hydrophilic property. This spherical topography reduced the adhesion of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSC) by 37% and inhibited their proliferation after 3 days by 50%. The hydrophilic functionalized PET (PET-TA) surface decreased the MSC adhesion by 50% and promoted HUVEC attachment with a number twice more important than the number of HUVEC adhered onto non treated-PET.
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Melt rheological properties of nucleated PET/MWCNT nanocomposites
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gaonkar, Amita; Murudkar, Vrishali; Deshpande, V. D.
2018-05-01
This work investigates the effect of precipitated Polyethylene Terephthalate (p-PET) and loading of Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) on morphology and rheology of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)/MWCNT nanocomposites. As received PET and Self-Nucleated PET (Nuc-PET) nanocomposites with different loadings of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were prepared by melt mixing technique. Synthesized reorganized PET crystallizes rapidly from the melt and it is used in small quantities as a self-nucleating agent to make Nuc-PET. In the present study, Rheological properties of nanocomposites are obtained and results show with increase in MWCNT loading complex viscosity of nanocomposites increases. Nonterminal solid like rheological behavior of PET nanocomposites were observed at low frequencies, which indicates the formation of the network like structures of MWCNT in nanocomposites. Morphological and rheological properties of self-nucleated PET nanocomposites improved significantly may be due to self-nucleating agent p-PET. Morphological properties were studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). SEM shows better dispersion of MWCNT in Nuc-PET nanocomposites.
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Rashid, Ahmed Nafis; Tsuru, Kanji; Ishikawa, Kunio
2015-05-01
Ozone (O3 ) treatment of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in distilled water was performed in the presence and absence of calcium (Ca(2+) ). PET was oxidized and thus carboxylic and hydroxyl functional groups were introduced on its surface after O3 treatment, regardless of the presence or absence of Ca(2+) . In the case of O3 treatment with Ca(2+) , PET surface was modified with Ca(2+) . Ca(2+) immobilization was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectrometric analysis. Hydrophilicity was investigated by measuring contact angles (CA). CA of PET decreased significantly after ozonation. Surface topography of PET before and after ozone treatment was observed by scanning electron microscopy, and showed no morphological changes. In vitro studies showed enhanced rat bone marrow cell responses on the O3 -treated PET surface. Ca(2+) -O3 oxidation at 37°C for 6 h is expected to be an effective method to fabricate PET with good biocompatibility. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Li, Hong; Ge, Yunsheng; Zhang, Pengyun; Wu, Lingxiang; Chen, Shiyi
2012-01-01
Surface coating with an organic layer-by-layer self-assembled template of chitosan and hyaluronic acid on a poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) artificial ligament was designed for the promotion and enhancement of graft-to-bone healing after artificial ligament implantation in a bone tunnel. The results of in vitro culturing of MC3T3-E1 mouse osteoblastic cells supported the hypothesis that the layer-by-layer coating of chitosan and hyaluronic acid could promote the cell compatibility of grafts and could promote osteoblast proliferation. A rabbit extra-articular tendon-to-bone healing model was used to evaluate the effect of this kind of surface-modified stainless artificial ligament in vivo. The final results proved that this organic compound coating could significantly promote and enhance new bone formation at the graft-bone interface histologically and, correspondingly, the experimental group with coating had significantly higher biomechanical properties compared with controls at 8 weeks (P < 0.05).
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Pat, Suat; Özen, Soner; Korkmaz, Şadan
2018-01-01
We report the influence of Sn doping on microstructure, surface, and optical properties of GaN thin films deposited on glass and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate. Sn-doped GaN thin films have been deposited by thermionic vacuum arc (TVA) at low temperature. TVA is a rapid deposition technology for thin film growth. Surface and optical properties of the thin films were presented. Grain size, height distribution, roughness values were determined. Grain sizes were calculated as 20 nm and 13 nm for glass and PET substrates, respectively. Nano crystalline forms were shown by field emission scanning electron microscopy. Optical band gap values were determined by optical methods and photoluminescence measurement. The optical band gap values of Sn doped GaN on glass and PET were determined to be approximately ˜3.40 eV and ˜3.47 eV, respectively. As a result, TVA is a rapid and low temperature deposition technology for the Sn doped GaN deposited on glass and PET substrate.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Deldime, Michèle; Dewez, Jean-Luc; Schneider, Yves-Jacques; Marchand-Brynaert, Jacqueline
1995-09-01
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films and track-etched microporous membranes of two different porosities were pretreated by hydrolysis and/or oxidation in order to enhance the amount of carboxyl chain-ends displayed on their surface. The reactivity of these carboxyl functions was determined by derivatization assays in which the reactions were carried out under conditions likely to be encountered in the coupling of water-soluble biochemical signals on the surface of biomaterials. Original reagents, fluorine-labelled and/or 3H-labelled aminoacid compounds, were used. The derivatized PET samples were examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to characterize their apparent surfaces, and by liquid scintillation counting (LSC) to quantify the amount of tags fixed on their open surfaces. Using this dual assay technique, we analyzed the surface of microporous membranes which are currently used as substrates for cell culture systems.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Jalali Dil, Ebrahim; Kim, Samuel C.; Saffar, Amir; Ajji, Abdellah; Zare, Richard N.; Sattayapiwat, Annie; Esguerra, Vanessa; Bowen, Raffick A. R.
2018-06-01
The surface chemistry and surface energy of chemically modified polyethylene terephthalate (PET) blood collection tubes (BCTs) were studied and the results showed a significant increase in hydrophilicity and polarity of modified PET surface. The surface modification created nanometer-sized, needle-like asperities through molecular segregation at the surface. The surface dynamics of the modified PET was examined by tracking its surface properties over a 280-day period. The results showed surface rearrangement toward a surface with lower surface energy and fewer nanometer-sized asperities. Thromboelastography (TEG) was used to evaluate and compare the thrombogenicity of the inner walls of various types of BCTs. The TEG tracings and data from various types of BCTs demonstrated differences in the reactionand coagulation times but not in clot strength. The performance of the modified tubes in free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4) hormone tests was examined, and it was found that the interference of modified PET tubes was negligible compared to that of commercially available PET BCTs.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lin, Chiao-Chi; Lyu, Yadong; Yu, Li-Chieh; Gu, Xiaohong
2016-09-01
Channel cracking fragmentation testing and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy were utilized to study mechanical and chemical degradation of a multilayered backsheet after outdoor and accelerated laboratory aging. A model sample of commercial PPE backsheet, namely polyethylene terephthalate/polyethylene terephthalate/ethylene vinyl acetate (PET/PET/EVA) was investigated. Outdoor aging was performed in Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA for up to 510 days, and complementary accelerated laboratory aging was conducted on the NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) SPHERE (Simulated Photodegradation via High Energy Radiant Exposure). Fracture energy, mode I stress intensity factor and film strength were analyzed using an analytical model based on channel cracking fragmentation testing results. The correlation between mechanical and chemical degradation was discussed for both outdoor and accelerated laboratory aging. The results of this work provide preliminary understanding on failure mechanism of backsheets after weathering, laying the groundwork for linking outdoor and indoor accelerated laboratory testing for multilayer photovoltaic backsheets.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Sun, Jian; Liu, Dajiang; Young, Robert P.
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is of significant commercial importance, but is difficult to recycle. Chemical inertness and resistance to biodegradation make the recycling of PET challenging and most solvents for PET are highly toxic. In this work, we demonstrate for the first time that a low cost (~$1.2/kg) and biocompatible ionic liquid (IL), cholinium phosphate ([Ch]3[PO4]) can play bifunctional roles in PET solubilization and glycolytic degradation. High loading of PET (10 wt%) is readily dissolved in [Ch]3[PO4] at relatively low temperatures (120 °C, 1h) and even in water-rich conditions. Tandem in situ confocal microscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy studiesmore » give detailed information on the solubilization mechanism in terms of morphological and chemical changes that occur. In depth analysis of PET-IL solution reveals that the high PET solubilization in [Ch]3[PO4] can be ascribed to significant PET depolymerization. Acid precipitation yields terephthalic acid as the dominant depolymerized monomer with a theoretical yield of ~95%. Further exploration shows that in the presence of ethylene glycol, [Ch]3[PO4] catalyzed glycolysis of PET can efficiently occur with ~100% PET conversion and ~60.6% bis(2-hydroxyethyl)terephthalate (BHET) yield under metal free conditions. The IL can be reused at least three times without an apparent decrease in activity. NMR analysis reveals that strong hydrogen bond interactions between EG and the IL play an important role for EG activation and promotion of the glycolysis reaction. This study opens up avenues for exploring environmentally benign and efficient technology of ILs for solubilizing and recycling postconsumer polyester plastics.« less
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Papageorgiou, George Z; Tsanaktsis, Vasilios; Bikiaris, Dimitrios N
2014-05-07
Poly(ethylene-2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PEF) is a new alipharomatic polyester that can be prepared from monomers derived from renewable resources like furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural. For this reason it has gained high interest recently. In the present work it was synthesized from the dimethylester of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid and ethylene glycol by applying the two-stage melt polycondensation method. The thermal behavior of PEF was studied in comparison to its terephthalate and naphthalate homologues poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(ethylene naphthalate) (PEN), which were also synthesized following the same procedure. The equilibrium melting point of PEF was found to be 265 °C while the heat of fusion for the pure crystalline PEF was estimated to be about 137 J g(-1). The crystallization kinetics was analyzed using various models. PET showed faster crystallization rates than PEN and this in turn showed faster crystallization than PEF, under both isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. The spherulitic morphology of PEF during isothermal crystallization was investigated by polarized light microscopy (PLM). A large nucleation density and a small spherulite size were observed for PEF even at low supercoolings, in contrast to PET or PEN. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that PEF is thermally stable up to 325 °C and the temperature for the maximum degradation rate was 438 °C. These values were a little lower than those for PET or PEN.
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2011-11-03
... contains SV information, including possible surrogate financial statements, from Thailand and India. The record of this proceeding contains one Thailand company financial statement submitted by Petitioners... that the financial statement of Polyplex (Thailand) does not permit the Department to calculate...
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75 FR 53711 - Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Film From Korea
Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2010-09-01
... and demand conditions or business cycle for the Domestic Like Product that have occurred in the United... of business proprietary information (BPI) under an administrative protective order (APO) and APO..., a U.S. or foreign trade or business association, or another interested party (including an...
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Wang, Feng-Xia; Lin, Jian; Gu, Wei-Bing; Liu, Yong-Qiang; Wu, Hao-Di; Pan, Ge-Bo
2013-03-25
Nanowire networks of zinc octaethylporphyrin (ZnOEP) were printed using an aerosol-jet printer on a poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) flexible substrate. The prototype photodetector based on the as-printed network exhibited high photosensitivity, fast photoresponse, and excellent mechanical stability.
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Combating oil spill problem using plastic waste.
Saleem, Junaid; Ning, Chao; Barford, John; McKay, Gordon
2015-10-01
Thermoplastic polymers (such as polypropylene, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and high density polyethylene (HDPE)) constitute 5-15% of municipal solid waste produced across the world. A huge quantity of plastic waste is disposed of each year and is mostly either discarded in landfills or incinerated. On the other hand, the usage of synthetic polymers as oil sorbents, in particular, polyolefins, including polypropylene (PP), and polyethylene (PE) are the most commonly used oil sorbent materials mainly due to their low cost. However, they possess relatively low oil absorption capacities. In this work, we provide an innovative way to produce a value-added product such as oil-sorbent film with high practical oil uptake values in terms of g/g from waste HDPE bottles for rapid oil spill remedy. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Varaprasad, Kokkarachedu; Pariguana, Manuel; Raghavendra, Gownolla Malegowd; Jayaramudu, Tippabattini; Sadiku, Emmanuel Rotimi
2017-01-01
The present investigation describes the development of metal-oxide polymer nanocomposite films from biodegradable poly-ε-caprolactone, disposed poly(ethylene terephthalate) oil bottles monomer and zinc oxide-copper oxide nanoparticles. The terephthalic acid and zinc oxide-copper oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by using a temperature-dependent precipitation technique and double precipitation method, respectively. The terephthalic acid synthesized was confirmed by FTIR analysis and furthermore, it was characterized by thermal analysis. The as-prepared CuO-ZnO nanoparticles structure was confirmed by XRD analysis and its morphology was analyzed by SEM/EDS and TEM. Furthermore, the metal-oxide polymer nanocomposite films have excellent mechanical properties, with tensile strength and modulus better than pure films. The metal-oxide polymer nanocomposite films that were successfully developed show a relatively brighter colour when compared to CuO film. These new metal-oxide polymer nanocomposite films can replace many non-degradable plastics. The new metal-oxide polymer nanocomposite films developed are envisaged to be suitable for use in industrial and domestic packaging applications. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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78 FR 60253 - Initiation of Five-Year (“Sunset”) Review
Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2013-10-01
...: October 1, 2013. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: The Department official identified in the Initiation of... Brazil Polyethylene Dana Mermelstein Terephthalate (202) 482-1391. (Pet) Film (1st Review) A-570-924 731... August 16, 2013. See Certification of Factual Information To Import Administration During Antidumping and...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2013-09-03
... for October 2013 The following Sunset Reviews are scheduled for initiation in October 2013 and will...) Brazil (A-351-841) (1st Review). 482-1391. Polyethylene Terephthalate (Pet) Film from China Dana... Sunset Review of suspended investigations is scheduled for initiation in October 2013.. [[Page 54235...
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USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database
In the first part of our study we determined permeability, diffusion, and solubility coefficients of gaseous chlorine dioxide (ClO2) through the following packaging material: biaxial-oriented polypropylene (BOPP); polyethylene terephthalate (PET); poly lactic acid (PLA); multilayer structure of ethy...
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Powder Production From Waste Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Water Bottles
2014-06-01
10 5. References 1. Van Brederode, R. A.; Steinkamp, R. A. Crosslinkable Polymer Powder and Laminate . U.S. Patent 42256560A, 1980, http...16. Parquette, B.; Giri, A.; Daniel, J.; O’Brien,D. J.; Brennan,S.; Cho, K.; Tzeng, J. Cryomilling of Thermoplastic Powder for Prepreg Applications
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21 CFR 177.2800 - Textiles and textile fibers.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-04-01
... ethyl sulfate For use only as a lubricant in the manufacture of polyethylene terephthalate fibers...-octadecenamido)ethyl-2-imidazolinium ethyl sulfate. Hexylene glycol (2-methyl,-2,4-pentanediol) Isobutyl alcohol Isopropyl alcohol Kerosene Methyl ester of sulfated ricebran oil Mineral oil For use only at a level not to...
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21 CFR 177.2800 - Textiles and textile fibers.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-04-01
... ethyl sulfate For use only as a lubricant in the manufacture of polyethylene terephthalate fibers...-octadecenamido)ethyl-2-imidazolinium ethyl sulfate. Hexylene glycol (2-methyl,-2,4-pentanediol) Isobutyl alcohol Isopropyl alcohol Kerosene Methyl ester of sulfated ricebran oil Mineral oil For use only at a level not to...
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USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database
Effects of dielectric barrier discharge atmospheric cold plasma (DACP) treatment on the inactivation of Salmonella and the storability of grape tomato were investigated. Grape tomatoes, with or without inoculation with Salmonella, were packaged in a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) commercial clamsh...
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Liu, Bing; He, Lihui; Wang, Liping; Li, Tao; Li, Changcheng; Liu, Huayi; Luo, Yunzi; Bao, Rui
2018-03-30
Compared with traditional recycle strategies, biodegradation provides a sustainable solution for poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) wastes disposal. PETase, a newly identified enzyme from Ideonella sakaiensis, has high efficiency and specificity towards PET, which provides a prominent prospect on PET degradation. Based on the biochemical analysis, we propose that the wide substrate-binding pocket is critical for its excellent property on crystallized PET hydrolysis. Structure-guided site-directed mutagenesis exhibited improvement in PETase catalytic efficiency, providing valuable insight on how the molecular engineering of PETase can optimize its application in biocatalysis. © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yang, Chien-Sheng
The purpose of this research has been to (1) explore materials prepared using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) at 110sp°C for amorphous silicon thin film transistors (TFT's) fabricated on low temperature compatible, large area flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates, and (2) develop full self-alignment technology using selective area n+ PECVD for source/drain contacts of amorphous silicon TFT's. For item (1), silicon nitride films, as gate dielectrics of TFT's, were deposited using SiHsb4+NHsb3, SiHsb4+NHsb3+Nsb2, SiHsb4+NHsb3+He, or SiHsb4+NHsb3+Hsb2 gases. Good quality silicon nitride films can be deposited using a SiHsb4+NHsb3 gas with high NHsb3/SiHsb4 ratios, or using a SiHsb4+NHsb3+Nsb2 gas with moderate NHsb3/SiHsb4 ratios. A chemical model was proposed to explain the Nsb2 dilution effect. This model includes calculations of (a) the electron energy distribution function in a plasma, (b) rate constants of electron impact dissociation, and (3) the (NHsbx) / (SiHsby) ratio in a plasma. The Nsb2 dilution was shown to have a effect of shifting the electron energy distribution into high energy, thus enhancing the (NHsbx) / (SiHsbyrbrack ratio in a plasma and promoting the deposition of N-rich silicon nitride films, which leads to decreased trap state density and a shift in trap state density to deeper in the gap. Amorphous silicon were formed successfully at 110sp°C on large area glass and plastic(PET) substrates. Linear mobilities are 0.33 and 0.12 cmsp2/Vs for TFT's on glass and plastic substrates, respectively. ON/OFF current ratios exceed 10sp7 for TFT's on glass and 10sp6 for TFT's on PET. For item (2), a novel full self-alignment process was developed for amorphous silicon TFT's. This process includes (1) back-exposure using the bottom gate metal as the mask, and (2) selective area n+ micro-crystalline silicon PECVD for source/drain contacts of amorphous silicon TFT's. TFT's fabricated using the full self-alignment process showed linear mobilities ranging from 0.5 to 1.0 cmsp2/Vs.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Fu, Guopeng; Dempsey, Janel; Izaki, Kosuke; Adachi, Kaoru; Tsukahara, Yasuhisa; Kyu, Thein
2017-08-01
In an effort to fabricate highly conductive, stable solid-state polymer electrolyte membranes (PEM), polyethylene glycol bis-carbamate (PEGBC) was synthesized via condensation reaction between polyethylene glycol diamine and ethylene carbonate. Subsequently, dimethacrylate groups were chemically attached to both ends of PEGBC to afford polyethylene glycol-bis-carbamate dimethacrylate (PEGBCDMA) precursor having crosslinking capability. The melt-mixed ternary mixtures consisting of PEGBCDMA, succinonitrile plasticizer, and lithium trifluorosulphonyl imide salt were completely miscible in a wide compositional range. Upon photo-crosslinking, the neat PEGBCDMA network was completely amorphous exhibiting higher tensile strength, modulus, and extensibility relative to polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) counterpart. Likewise, the succinonitrile-plasticized PEM network containing PEGBCDMA remained completely amorphous and transparent upon photo-crosslinking, showing superionic conductivity, improved thermal stability, and superior tensile properties with improved capacity retention during charge/discharge cycling as compared to the PEGDA-based PEM.
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2010-12-28
... Statistics (IMF Statistics) for SRF. SRF received exemptions from import duties and central sales taxes (CST... Territory Sales Tax Exemption program, we have used SRF's total sales of subject merchandise as the... were certified by an accountant. The total values of the GOI redemption document reflect the import and...
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Genome Sequence of “Thalassospira australica” NP3b2T Isolated from St. Kilda Beach, Tasman Sea
López-Pérez, Mario; Webb, Hayden K.; Crawford, Russell J.
2014-01-01
Here, we present the draft genome of “Thalassospira australica” NP3b2T, a potential poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) plastic biodegrader. This genomic information will enhance information on the genetic basis of metabolic pathways for the degradation of PET plastic. PMID:25395631
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2011-12-09
... Results). DATES: Effective Date: December 9, 2011. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Gene Calvert or Emily Halle, AD/CVD Operations, Office 6, Import Administration, International Trade Administration, U.S... that it would not be responding to the Department's questionnaire and that it would not be...
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Hayes, P.M.
1960-02-16
A beta particle counter adapted to use an end window made of polyethylene terephthalate was designed. The extreme thinness of the film results in a correspondingly high transmission of incident low-energy beta particles by the window. As a consequence, the counting efficiency of the present counter is over 40% greater than counters using conventional mica end windows.
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2013-10-01
... conditions or business cycle for the Domestic Like Product that have occurred in the United States or in the... Official, at 202-205-3088. Limited disclosure of business proprietary information (BPI) under an... trade/business association; import/export Subject Merchandise from more than one Subject Country; or...
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Masmoudi, Fatma; Fenouillot, Françoise; Mehri, Afef; Jaziri, Mohamed; Ammar, Emna
2018-06-05
In the present study, the recycled post-consumption polyethylene terephthalate (PET) flakes were investigated as possible raw materials for the production of food packaging. After heating at 220 °C for 1 h, a steaming stage was conducted as a control test to assess the quality of the product. Different samples were characterized by 1 H-NMR, FT-IR, DSC/TGA analysis, viscosity index (VI), and trace metals analysis. The results showed that the recycled post-consumed PET flakes' properties were generally conform to the standard norms of PET except the color of some flakes turned to yellow. Subsequently, a complementary study was undertaken to assess whether the material could be possibly reused for food packaging. For this purpose, rheological, thermal, and mechanical characterizations were performed. The results of the comparative study between the virgin and the recycled PET flakes concluded that the PET recycling affected the rheological properties but did not have any significant effect on their thermal and mechanical characteristics. Hence, it was deduced that the post-consumed PET flakes could be reused as a packaging material except food products.
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In situ synthesis of TiO2/polyethylene terephthalate hybrid nanocomposites at low temperature
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Peng, Xinyan; Ding, Enyong; Xue, Feng
2012-06-01
TiO2 nanoflowers were in situ grown on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) non-woven fabric by hydrolysis of TiCl4 in aqueous solution in the presence of nanocrystal cellulose grafted PET fabric (NCC-g-PET) at a low temperature of 70 °C. Nanocrystal cellulose (NCC) pre-grafted on PET fabric acted as hydrophilic substrate and morphology inducing agent to promote the nucleation and crystal growth of TiO2. Detailed information on the synthetic process was presented. The resulting samples were characterized using FE-SEM, EDS, ATR-IR, Raman microscopy, XRD and TG analysis. The photocatalytic activity of the samples was evaluated by the degradation of orange methyl under solar light. Characteristic results indicate that rutile TiO2 nanoflowers have grown abundantly on PET non-woven fabric, and the established hydrogen bonding strengthens the interfacial interaction between the inorganic particles and the polymeric substrates. The methyl orange decoloration test under natural solar light demonstrates that this TiO2/PET hybrid nanocomposites exhibit excellent self-cleaning performance which is expected to have a good potential for commercialization.
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Takahashi, Yutaka; Hamanaka, Ippei; Shimizu, Hiroshi
2012-07-01
This study investigated the effect of thermal shock on the mechanical properties of injection-molded thermoplastic denture base resins. Four thermoplastic resins (two polyamides, one polyethylene terephthalate, one polycarbonate) and, as a control, a conventional heat-polymerized polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), were tested. Specimens of each denture base material were fabricated according to ISO 1567 and were either thermocycled or not thermocycled (n = 10). The flexural strength at the proportional limit (FS-PL), the elastic modulus and the Charpy impact strength of the denture base materials were estimated. Thermocycling significantly decreased the FS-PL of one of the polyamides and the PMMA and it significantly increased the FS-PL of one of the polyamides. In addition, thermocycling significantly decreased the elastic modulus of one of the polyamides and significantly increased the elastic moduli of one of the polyamides, the polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate and PMMA. Thermocycling significantly decreased the impact strength of one of the polyamides and the polycarbonate. The mechanical properties of injection-molded thermoplastic denture base resins changed after themocycling.
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2012-01-01
We investigated the optical, electrical, structural, and surface properties of roll-to-roll [R2R] sputter-grown flexible IZO/Ag/IZO/Ag [IAIA] multilayer films on polyethylene terephthalate substrates as a function of the top indium zinc oxide [IZO] thickness. It was found that the optical transmittance of the IAIA multilayer was significantly influenced by the top IZO layer thickness, which was grown on identical AIA multilayers. However, the sheet resistance of the IAIA multilayer was maintained between the range 5.01 to 5.1 Ω/square regardless of the top IZO thickness because the sheet resistance of the IAIA multilayer was mainly dependent on the thickness of the Ag layers. Notably, the optimized IAIA multilayer had a constant resistance change (ΔR/R0) under repeated outer bending tests with a radius of 10 mm. The mechanical integrity of the R2R-sputtered IAIA multilayer indicated that hybridization of an IZO and Ag metal layer is a promising flexible electrode scheme for the next-generation flexible optoelectronics. PMID:22222144
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Zhang, Chao; Gray, Matthew H.; Tirawat, Robert
Thin oxide and metal films deposited on polymer substrates is an emerging technology for advanced reflectors for concentrated solar power applications, due to their unique combination of light weight, flexibility and inexpensive manufacture. Thus far, there is little knowledge on the mechanical integrity or structural persistence of such multi-layer thin film systems under long-term environmental aging. In this paper, the cracking of a brittle titanium dioxide layer deposited onto elasto-plastic poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) substrate is studied through a combination of experiment and modeling. In-situ fragmentation tests have been conducted to monitor the onset and evolution of cracks both on pristinemore » and on samples aged with ultraviolet (UV) light. An analytical model is presented to simulate the cracking behavior and to predict the effects of UV aging. Based on preliminary experimental observation, the effect of aging is divided into three aspects and analyzed independently: mechanical property degradation of the polymer substrate; degradation of the interlayer between substrate and oxide coating; and internal stress-induced cracks on the oxide coating.« less
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Irena, Gancarz; Jolanta, Bryjak; Karolina, Zynek
2009-07-01
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) film was modified by reaction with hydrazine (HD), ethylenediamine (EDA), 1,2-diaminopropane (1,2-DAP) and 1,3-diaminopropane (1,3-DAP). The maximal amount of amine functionalities introduced in the chosen conditions on the surface was found as 0.07, 3.35, 0.76 and 1.99 nmol cm -2 for HD, EDA, 1,2-DAP and 1,3-DAP respectively. During the modification process etching of the sample and an increase of stiffness takes place. FTIR-ATR spectra prove that the surface chemistry after modification in amine solution is very complex. The lack of clear correlation between the surface tension and surface concentration of amine functionalities seems to confirm that. For immobilization purpose invertase, laccase and tyrosinase were used. The amount of covalently attached proteins at first increases with the increase of surface concentration of amine groups but after reaching a certain level of amine groups, decrease of the immobilization level was observed. All enzymes tested showed highest activity for a moderate level of aminolysis and this activity had the highest values for EDA-modified PET.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Korolkov, Ilya V.; Güven, Olgun; Mashentseva, Anastassiya A.; Atıcı, Ayse Bakar; Gorin, Yevgeniy G.; Zdorovets, Maxim V.; Taltenov, Abzal A.
2017-01-01
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) PET, track-etched membranes (TeMs) with 400 nm average pore size were UV-grafted with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) after oxidation of inner surfaces by H2O2/UV system. Carboxylate groups of grafted PAA chains were easily complexed with Cu2+ ions in aqueous solutions. These ions were converted into metallic copper nanoparticles (NPs) by radiation-induced reduction of copper ions in aqueous-alcohol solution by gamma rays in the dose range of 46-250 kGy. Copper ions chelating with -COOH groups of PAA chains grafted on PET TeMs form polymer-metal ion complex that prevent the formation of agglomerates during reduction of copper ions to metallic nanoparticles. The detailed analysis by X-Ray diffraction technique (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirmed the deposition of copper nanoparticles with the average size of 70 nm on the inner surface of nanochannels of PET TeMs. Samples were also investigated by FTIR, ESR spectroscopies to follow copper ion reduction.
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Azad, M A K; Krause, Tobias; Danter, Leon; Baars, Albert; Koch, Kerstin; Barthlott, Wilhelm
2017-06-06
Fog-collecting meshes show a great potential in ensuring the availability of a supply of sustainable freshwater in certain arid regions. In most cases, the meshes are made of hydrophilic smooth fibers. Based on the study of plant surfaces, we analyzed the fog collection using various polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers with different cross sections and surface structures with the aim of developing optimized biomimetic fog collectors. Water droplet movement and the onset of dripping from fiber samples were compared. Fibers with round, oval, and rectangular cross sections with round edges showed higher fog-collection performance than those with other cross sections. However, other parameters, for example, width, surface structure, wettability, and so forth, also influenced the performance. The directional delivery of the collected fog droplets by wavy/v-shaped microgrooves on the surface of the fibers enhances the formation of a water film and their fog collection. A numerical simulation of the water droplet spreading behavior strongly supports these findings. Therefore, our study suggests the use of fibers with a round cross section, a microgrooved surface, and an optimized width for an efficient fog collection.
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Mendivil-Escalante, José Miguel; Gómez-Soberón, José Manuel; Almaral-Sánchez, Jorge Luis; Cabrera-Covarrubias, Francisca Guadalupe
2017-01-01
In the field of construction, sustainable building materials are currently undergoing a process of technological development. This study aims to contribute to understanding the behavior of the fundamental properties of concretes prepared with recycled coarse aggregates that incorporate a polyethylene terephthalate (PET)-based additive in their matrix (produced by synthesis and glycolysis of recycled PET bottles) in an attempt to reduce their high porosity. Techniques to measure the gas adsorption, water porosity, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to evaluate the effect of the additive on the physical, mechanical and microstructural properties of these concretes. Porosity reductions of up to 30.60% are achieved with the addition of 1%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 7% and 9% of the additive, defining a new state in the behavioral model of the additive (the overdosage point) in the concrete matrix; in addition, the porous network of these concretes and their correlation with other physical and mechanical properties are also explained. PMID:28772540
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Mendivil-Escalante, José Miguel; Gómez-Soberón, José Manuel; Almaral-Sánchez, Jorge Luis; Cabrera-Covarrubias, Francisca Guadalupe
2017-02-14
In the field of construction, sustainable building materials are currently undergoing a process of technological development. This study aims to contribute to understanding the behavior of the fundamental properties of concretes prepared with recycled coarse aggregates that incorporate a polyethylene terephthalate (PET)-based additive in their matrix (produced by synthesis and glycolysis of recycled PET bottles) in an attempt to reduce their high porosity. Techniques to measure the gas adsorption, water porosity, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to evaluate the effect of the additive on the physical, mechanical and microstructural properties of these concretes. Porosity reductions of up to 30.60% are achieved with the addition of 1%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 7% and 9% of the additive, defining a new state in the behavioral model of the additive (the overdosage point) in the concrete matrix; in addition, the porous network of these concretes and their correlation with other physical and mechanical properties are also explained.
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Lin, Xiuyi; Yu, Jing; Li, Hedong; Lam, Jeffery Y K; Shih, Kaimin; Sham, Ivan M L; Leung, Christopher K Y
2018-05-26
As an important portion of the total plastic waste bulk but lack of reuse and recycling, the enormous amounts of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) solid wastes have led to serious environmental issues. This study explores the feasibility of recycling PET solid wastes as short fibers in Strain-Hardening Cementitious Composites (SHCCs), which exhibit strain-hardening and multiple cracking under tension, and therefore have clear advantages over conventional concrete for many construction applications. Based on micromechanical modeling, fiber dispersion and alkali resistance, the size of recycled PET fibers was first determined. Then the hydrophobic PET surface was treated with NaOH solution followed by a silane coupling agent to achieve the dual purpose of improving the fiber/matrix interfacial frictional bond (from 0.64 MPa to 0.80 MPa) and enhancing the alkali resistance for applications in alkaline cementitious environment. With surface treatment, recycling PET wastes as fibers in SHCCs is a promising approach to significantly reduce the material cost of SHCCs while disposing hazardous PET wastes in construction industry. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Wang, Chong-Qing; Wang, Hui; Liu, You-Nian
2015-01-01
Recycling is an effective way to manage plastic wastes and receives considerable attention. Since plastic mixtures are difficult to recycle because of their intrinsic characteristics, separation of mixed plastics is the key problem for recycling. Separation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) from municipal waste plastics (MWP) by froth flotation combined with alkaline pretreatment was investigated for recycling industry. The effect of process variables was estimated by L9 (3(4)) orthogonal array of experiments and single factor experiments. The optimum conditions of alkaline pretreatment are 10 wt% sodium hydroxide, 20 min and 70°C. After alkaline pretreatment under optimum conditions, flotation separation PET from acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, polystyrene, polycarbonate or polyvinyl chloride was achieved with high purity and efficiency. The purity of PET is up to 98.46% and the recovery is above 92.47%. A flow sheet of separation PET from MWP by a combination of froth flotation and sink float separation was designed. This study facilitates industrial application of plastics flotation and provides technical insights into recycling of waste plastics. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Izzatie, N. I.; Basha, M. H.; Uemura, Y.; Hashim, M. S. M.; Amin, N. A. M.; Hamid, M. F.
2017-10-01
In this work, co-pyrolysis of rice straw and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was carried out at different temperatures (450,500,550, and 600°C) at ratio 1:1 by using fixed bed drop-type pyrolyzer. The purpose of this work is to determine the effect of pyrolysis temperature on the product yield. As the temperature increased, the pyrolysis oil increased until it reaches certain high temperature (600°C), the pyrolysis oil decreased as of more NCG were produced. The temperature 550°C is considered as the optimum pyrolysis temperature since it produced the highest amount of pyrolysis oil with 36 wt.%. In pyrolysis oil, the calorific value (13.98kJ/g) was low because of the presence of high water content (52.46 wt.%). Main chemicals group from pyrolysis oil were an aldehyde, ketones, acids, aromatics, and phenol and all compound have abundant of hydrogen and carbon were identified. Co-pyrolysis of rice straw and PET produced a higher amount of carbon oxides and recycling back the NCG could increase liquid and char yields.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wang, Mingjun; Fang, Guojia; Yuan, Longyan; Huang, Huihui; Sun, Zhenhua; Liu, Nishuang; Xia, Shanhong; Zhao, Xingzhong
2009-05-01
The electrochromic (EC) property of WO3 nanoparticles grown on vertically self-aligned ZnO nanorods (ZNRs) is reported. An electrochromic character display based on WO3 nanoparticle-modified ZnO nanorod arrays on a flexible substrate has been fabricated and demonstrated. The ZNRs were first synthesized on ZnO-seed-coated In2O3:Sn (ITO) glass (1 cm2 cell) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) (4 cm2 cell) substrates by a low temperature hydrothermal method, and then amorphous WO3 nanoparticles were grown directly on the surface of the ZNRs by the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method. The ZNR-based EC device shows high transparence, good electrochromic stability and fast switching speed (4.2 and 4 s for coloration and bleaching, respectively, for a 1 cm2 cell). The good performance of the ZNR electrode-based EC display can be attributed to the large surface area, high crystallinity and good electron transport properties of the ZNR arrays. Its high contrast, fast switching, good memory and flexible characteristics indicate it is a promising candidate for flexible electrochromic displays or electronic paper.
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Terahertz spectroscopic analysis of crystal orientation in polymers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Azeyanagi, Chisato; Kaneko, Takuya; Ohki, Yoshimichi
2018-05-01
Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) is attracting keen attention as a new spectroscopic tool for characterizing various materials. In this research, the possibility of analyzing the crystal orientation in a crystalline polymer by THz-TDS is investigated by measuring angle-resolved THz absorption spectra for sheets of poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(ethylene naphthalate), and poly(phenylene sulfide). The resultant angle dependence of the absorption intensity of each polymer is similar to that of the crystal orientation examined using pole figures of X-ray diffraction. More specifically, THz-TDS can indicate the alignment of molecules in polymers.
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USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database
The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of steam autoclaving on the properties of PET, data which could ultimately be applied to determine the most likely end use of this potentially huge waste stream. Through the course of the study it was determined that stretch blow molding in bottle ...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2013-11-01
... months on or after November 2013, the Department does not intend to extend the 90- day deadline unless... Review: Not later than the last day of November 2013,\\1\\ interested parties may request administrative... BRAZIL: Circular Welded Non-Alloy Steel Pipe A-351-809... 11/1/12-10/31/13 Polyethylene Terephthalate...
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NRL/NAVSEA Research and Related
2009-03-30
leading to production of monomeric hydroxyl carboxylic acids which in turn can be metabolized by bacteria (3). The hydrolytic degradation proceeds either...in most instances higher than that exhibited by poly(ethylene terephthalate) ( PET ). A search for new biodegradable aliphatic esters with more...Boltorn• polyols) attracted our attention as potentially very interesting candidates for the aforementioned applications because of their degradable
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ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Erk, Kendra A.; Rhein, Morgan; Krafcik, Matthew J.; Ydstie, Sophie
2015-01-01
An educational activity is described in which the structure and physical properties of disposable plastic cups were directly related to the method of processing. The mechanical properties of specimens cut from the walls of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PETE) cups, oriented parallel and perpendicular to the thermoforming direction, were measured in…
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Genome Sequence of "Thalassospira australica" NP3b2T Isolated from St. Kilda Beach, Tasman Sea.
López-Pérez, Mario; Rodriguez-Valera, Francisco; Webb, Hayden K; Crawford, Russell J; Ivanova, Elena P
2014-11-13
Here, we present the draft genome of "Thalassospira australica" NP3b2(T), a potential poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) plastic biodegrader. This genomic information will enhance information on the genetic basis of metabolic pathways for the degradation of PET plastic. Copyright © 2014 López-Pérez et al.
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Intrinsic bond strength of metal films on polymer substrates
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Wheeler, Donald R.; Osaki, Hiroyuki
1990-01-01
A semiquantitative method for the measurement of the intrinsic bond strength between elastic substrates and elastic films that fail by brittle fracture is described. Measurements on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET)-Ni couple were used to verify the essential features of the analysis. It was found that the interfacial shear strength of Ni on PET doubled after ion etching.
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2013-04-01
... and demand conditions or business cycle for the Domestic Like Product that have occurred in the United..., at 202-205-3088. Limited disclosure of business proprietary information (BPI) under an administrative... to This Notice of Institution: If you are a domestic producer, union/worker group, or trade/business...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2010-09-15
..., whether by electroplating or hot-dipping one or more times), phosphate cement, and paint. Head styles... control and thus should be assessed a single antidumping duty rate. See, e.g., Polyethylene Terephthalate... independence through the absence of both de jure and de facto government control over export activities. Id...
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The perspectives, information and conclusions conveyed in research project abstracts, progress reports, final reports, journal abstracts and journal publications convey the viewpoints of the principal investigator and may not represent the views and policies of ORD and EPA. Concl...
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The perspectives, information and conclusions conveyed in research project abstracts, progress reports, final reports, journal abstracts and journal publications convey the viewpoints of the principal investigator and may not represent the views and policies of ORD and EPA. Concl...
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The perspectives, information and conclusions conveyed in research project abstracts, progress reports, final reports, journal abstracts and journal publications convey the viewpoints of the principal investigator and may not represent the views and policies of ORD and EPA. Concl...
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The perspectives, information and conclusions conveyed in research project abstracts, progress reports, final reports, journal abstracts and journal publications convey the viewpoints of the principal investigator and may not represent the views and policies of ORD and EPA. Concl...
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The perspectives, information and conclusions conveyed in research project abstracts, progress reports, final reports, journal abstracts and journal publications convey the viewpoints of the principal investigator and may not represent the views and policies of ORD and EPA. Concl...
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The perspectives, information and conclusions conveyed in research project abstracts, progress reports, final reports, journal abstracts and journal publications convey the viewpoints of the principal investigator and may not represent the views and policies of ORD and EPA. Concl...
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The perspectives, information and conclusions conveyed in research project abstracts, progress reports, final reports, journal abstracts and journal publications convey the viewpoints of the principal investigator and may not represent the views and policies of ORD and EPA. Concl...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2012-08-06
... if they are made at different marketing stages (or their equivalent). See 19 CFR 351.412(c)(2... for determining that there is a difference in the stages of marketing.\\47\\ In order to determine whether the comparison market sales were at different stages in the marketing process than the U.S. sales...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2013-08-23
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From the People's Republic of China: Notice of Court Decision Not in Harmony..., available at: http://ia.ita.doc.gov/remands (``PET Film Final Remand''). Consistent with the decision of the... that the final judgment in this case is not in harmony with the Department's PET Film Final Results \\2...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2013-02-08
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From the People's Republic of China: Notice of Court Decision Not in Harmony... 15, 2012, available at: http://ia.ita.doc.gov/remands (``PET Film Final Remand''); see also Fuwei... with the Department's PET Film Final Results \\2\\ and is amending the final results with respect to...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2012-03-27
... Film, Sheet, and Strip (PET Film) From Taiwan: Extension of Time Limit for the Preliminary Results of... the antidumping duty order on PET Film from Taiwan covering the period July 1, 2010 through June 30... preliminary results of the administrative review of PET Film from Taiwan within this time limit. The...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2011-03-10
... Film, Sheet, and Strip (PET Film) From Taiwan: Extension of Time Limit for the Preliminary Results of... antidumping duty order on PET Film from Taiwan covering the period July 1, 2009, through June 30, 2010. See... preliminary results of the administrative review of PET Film from Taiwan within this time limit. Specifically...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2013-03-05
... Film, Sheet, and Strip From Taiwan: Notice of Correction to the Final Results of the 2010-2011... film, sheet, and strip (PET Film) from Taiwan.\\1\\ The period of review covered July 1, 2010, through... an incorrect case number associated with PET Film from Taiwan (i.e., incorrect case number A-533-824...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2012-08-06
.... Sales are made at different LOTs if they are made at different marketing stages (or their equivalent... determining that there is a difference in the stages of marketing.\\18\\ In order to determine whether the comparison market sales were at different stages in the marketing process than the U.S. sales, we reviewed...
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USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database
Leafy greens continue to be a significant vector for foodborne pathogens, including Escherichia coli O157:H7. Dielectric barrier discharge atmospheric cold plasma (ACP) treatment is a promising method for microbial decontamination of produce. An important aspect of this technology is the potential f...
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USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database
The effects of dielectric barrier discharge atmospheric cold plasma (DACP) treatment on the inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and aerobic microorganisms in Romaine lettuce packaged in a conventional commercial plastic container were evaluated during storage at 4 degrees C for 7 days. Effects ...
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ai, Yuewei; Zheng, Kang; Shin, Yung C.; Wu, Benxin
2018-07-01
The laser transmission welding of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and titanium alloy Ti6Al4V involving the evaluating of the resultant geometry and quality of welds is investigated using a fiber laser in this paper. A 3D transient numerical model considering the melting and fluid flow is developed to predict the weld geometry and porosity formation. The temperature field, molten pool and liquid flow are simulated with varying laser power and welding speed based on the model. It is observed that the weld geometry predictions from the numerical simulation are in good agreement with the experimental data. The results show that the porosity consistently appears in the high temperature region due to the decomposition of PET. In addition, it has also been found that the molten pool with a vortex flow pattern is formed only in the PET layer and the welding processing parameters have significant effects on the fluid flow, which eventually affects the heat transfer, molten pool geometry and weld formation. Consequently, it is shown adopting appropriate welding processing parameters based on the proposed model is essential for the sound weld without defects.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wang, Guixia; Babaahmadi, Vahid; He, Nanfei; Liu, Yixin; Pan, Qin; Montazer, Majid; Gao, Wei
2017-11-01
All solid-state micro-supercapacitors (MSC) have emerged as attractive energy-storage units for portable and wearable electronics. Here, we describe a textile-based solid-state MSC via laser scribing of graphene oxide (GO) coatings on a flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric. The laser-scribed graphene oxide layers (LGO) possess three-dimensionally porous structure suitable for electrochemical-double-layer formation. To improve the wash fastness and the flexibility of the as-prepared MSCs, glutaraldehyde (GA) was employed to crosslink the GO layers and PVA-gel electrolyte onto the PET fabric. The resultant all solid-state MSCs exhibited excellent flexibility, high areal specific capacitance (756 μF·cm-2 at 20 mV·s-1), and good rate capability when subject to bending and laundering. Furthermore, the MSC device showed a high power density of about 1.4 W·cm-3 and an energy density of 5.3 × 10-5 Wh·cm-3, and retained 98.3% of its initial capacitance after 1000 cycles at a current density of 0.5 mA·cm-2. This work is the first demonstration of in-plane MSCs on PET fabric surfaces with enhanced durability and flexibility.
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PET fiber fabrics modified with bioactive titanium oxide for bone substitutes.
Kokubo, Tadashi; Ueda, Takahiro; Kawashita, Masakazu; Ikuhara, Yuichi; Takaoka, Gikan H; Nakamura, Takashi
2008-02-01
A rectangular specimen of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was soaked in a titania solution composed of titanium isopropoxide, water, ethanol and nitric acid at 25 degrees C for 1 h. An amorphous titanium oxide was formed uniformly on the surface of PET specimen, but did not form an apatite on its surface in a simulated body fluid (SBF) within 3 d. The PET plate formed with the amorphous titanium oxide was subsequently soaked in water or HCl solutions with different concentrations at 80 degrees C for different periods of time. The titanium oxide on PET was transformed into nano-sized anatase by the water treatment and into nano-sized brookite by 0.10 M HCl treatment at 80 degrees C for 8 d. The former did not form the apatite on its surface in SBF within 3 d, whereas the latter formed the apatite uniformly on its surface. Adhesive strength of the titanium oxide and apatite layers to PET plate was increased by pre-treatment of PET with 2 wt% NaOH solution at 40 degrees C for 2 h. A two-dimensional fabric of PET fibers 24 microm in diameter was subjected to the NaOH pre-treatment at 40 degrees C, titania solution treatment at 25 degrees C and subsequent 0.10 M HCl treatment at 80 degrees C. Thus treated PET fabric formed the apatite uniformly on surfaces of individual fibers constituting the fabric in SBF within 3 d. Two or three dimensional PET fabrics modified with the nano-sized brookite on surfaces of the individual fibers constituting the fabric by the present method are believed to be useful as flexible bone substitutes, since they could be integrated with living bone through the apatite formed on their constituent fibers.
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Structure/property development in aPET during large strain, solid phase polymer processing
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Martin, Peter; Mohamed, Raja Roslan Raja
2015-12-01
Amorphous Polyethylene terephthalate (aPET) is increasingly of interest for the polymer packaging industry due to its blend of excellent mechanical properties and most importantly its ease of recyclability. Among the major commercial polymers it is almost unique in the degree of improvement in mechanical properties that can be obtained through process-induced strain. For many years these unique properties have been very successfully exploited in the injection stretch blow molding process, where it is deliberately stretched to very large strains using extremely high pressures. However, the material is now also being used in much lower pressure processes such as thermoforming where its properties are often not fully exploited. In this work the change in structure and properties of aPET with strain is systematically investigated using a high speed biaxial stretching machine. The aim was to demonstrate how the properties of the material could be controlled by large strain, high temperature biaxial stretching processes such as thermoforming and blow molding. The results show that property changes in the material are driven by orientation and the onset of rapid strain hardening at large strains. This in turn is shown to vary strongly with process-induced parameters such as the strain rate and the mode and magnitude of biaxial deformation.
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Testing of flat conductor cable to Underwriters Laboratory standards UL719 and UL83
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Loggins, R. W.; Herndon, R. H.
1974-01-01
The flat conductor cable (FCC) which was tested consisted of three AWG No. 12 flat copper conductors laminated between two films of polyethylene terephthalate (Mylar) insulation with a self-extinguishing polyester adhesive. Results of the tests conducted on this cable, according to specifications, warrants the use of this FCC for electrical interconnections in a surface nonmetallic protective covering.
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Core Scientific Effort for Biosurface Studies (TASK I).
1992-06-30
using acrylamide (I) and both monosubstituted and disubstituted (on nitrogen) acrylamide derivatives (II and LI). CH2 = CH-CO-NH2 CH2 = CH-CO-NHR...of seven different monomers onto poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET. The grafted monomers are: acrylamide , N- isopropylacrylamide, N,N...comprehensive study (as an M.S. thesis) of the grafting of acrylamide on to surface- treated polyolefins is nearing completion. Acrylamide can be
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Structural insight into catalytic mechanism of PET hydrolase.
Han, Xu; Liu, Weidong; Huang, Jian-Wen; Ma, Jiantao; Zheng, Yingying; Ko, Tzu-Ping; Xu, Limin; Cheng, Ya-Shan; Chen, Chun-Chi; Guo, Rey-Ting
2017-12-13
PET hydrolase (PETase), which hydrolyzes polyethylene terephthalate (PET) into soluble building blocks, provides an attractive avenue for the bioconversion of plastics. Here we present the structures of a novel PETase from the PET-consuming microbe Ideonella sakaiensis in complex with substrate and product analogs. Through structural analyses, mutagenesis, and activity measurements, a substrate-binding mode is proposed, and several features critical for catalysis are elucidated.
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ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Brown, Daniel W.; And Others
This document comprises three progress reports for a 5-year environmental aging study aimed at establishing the lifetimes of magnetic tapes and the poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) base of photographic and electronic film under archival storage conditions. The first annual report (1982) introduces the rationale for the project, provides…
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Graham, Alexander J; Banu, Ana-Maria; Düren, Tina; Greenaway, Alex; McKellar, Scott C; Mowat, John P S; Ward, Kenneth; Wright, Paul A; Moggach, Stephen A
2014-06-18
Previous high-pressure experiments have shown that pressure-transmitting fluids composed of small molecules can be forced inside the pores of metal organic framework materials, where they can cause phase transitions and amorphization and can even induce porosity in conventionally nonporous materials. Here we report a combined high-pressure diffraction and computational study of the structural response to methanol uptake at high pressure on a scandium terephthalate MOF (Sc2BDC3, BDC = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate) and its nitro-functionalized derivative (Sc2(NO2-BDC)3) and compare it to direct compression behavior in a nonpenetrative hydrostatic fluid, Fluorinert-77. In Fluorinert-77, Sc2BDC3 displays amorphization above 0.1 GPa, reversible upon pressure release, whereas Sc2(NO2-BDC)3 undergoes a phase transition (C2/c to Fdd2) to a denser but topologically identical polymorph. In the presence of methanol, the reversible amorphization of Sc2BDC3 and the displacive phase transition of the nitro-form are completely inhibited (at least up to 3 GPa). Upon uptake of methanol on Sc2BDC3, the methanol molecules are found by diffraction to occupy two sites, with preferential relative filling of one site compared to the other: grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations support these experimental observations, and molecular dynamics simulations reveal the likely orientations of the methanol molecules, which are controlled at least in part by H-bonding interactions between guests. As well as revealing the atomistic origin of the stabilization of these MOFs against nonpenetrative hydrostatic fluids at high pressure, this study demonstrates a novel high-pressure approach to study adsorption within a porous framework as a function of increasing guest content, and so to determine the most energetically favorable adsorption sites.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Kumar, Vijay; Sonkawade, R. G.; Ali, Yasir
2012-06-05
We report the effects of heavy ion irradiation on the optical, structural, and chemical properties of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film used in commercial bottled water. PET bottles were exposed with 120 MeV Ni ions at fluences varying from 3 x 10{sup 10} to 3 x 10{sup 12} ion/cm{sup 2}. The modifications so induced were analyzed by using UV-Vis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Substantial decrease in optical band gap is observed with the increase in ion fluence. In the FTIR spectra, most of bands are decreased due the degradation of the molecular structure. XRD measurements showmore » the decrease in peak intensity, which reflects the loss of crystallinity after irradiation.« less
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Mueller matrix characterization of flexible plastic substrates
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hong, Nina; Synowicki, Ron A.; Hilfiker, James N.
2017-11-01
This work reports on Mueller matrix spectroscopic ellipsometry characterization of various flexible plastic substrates that are optically anisotropic with varying degrees of birefringence. The samples are divided into three groups according to the suggested characterization strategy: low birefringence, high birefringence, and twisted birefringence. The first group includes poly(methyl methacrylate) and cyclic olefin copolymer substrates. These are modeled with biaxial anisotropy for the real part of the refractive index while the imaginary part is approximated as isotropic due to small light absorption. The second group includes polyethylene terephthalate and polyethylene naphthalate substrates, which are modeled with biaxial anisotropy for both real and imaginary refractive indices. Lastly, a polyimide substrate is described as two birefringent layers with twisted in-plane orientation.
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Leelaphiwat, Pattarin; Auras, Rafael A; Burgess, Gary J; Harte, Janice B; Chonhenchob, Vanee
2018-03-01
Aroma permeation through packaging material is an important factor when designing a package for food products. The masses of aroma compounds permeating through films over time were measured at 25 °C using a quasi-isostatic system. A model was proposed for estimating the permeability coefficients (P) of key aroma compounds present in fresh herbs (i.e. eucalyptol, estragole, linalool and citral) through major plastic films used by the food industry [i.e. low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP), nylon (Nylon), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), metalised-polyethylene terephthalate (MPET) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA)]. Solubility coefficients (S) were estimated from the amount of aroma compound sorbed in the films. Diffusion coefficients (D) were estimated following from the relation P = D*S. P and D for all four aroma compounds were highest in LDPE, except for eucalyptol, which P was slightly higher in PLA. The solubility coefficients and contact angles were highest in PLA suggesting the highest affinity of PLA to these aroma compounds. The theoretical solubility parameters were correlated with the solubility coefficients for estragole and citral, but not for eucalyptol and linalool. The preliminary P, D and S of eucalyptol, estragole, linalool and citral through LDPE, PP, Nylon, PET, MPET and PLA can be useful in selecting the proper packaging material for preserving these specific aroma compounds in food products and can potentially be used for estimating the shelf life of food products based on aroma loss. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Improvement of PET surface hydrophilicity and roughness through blending
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Kolahchi, Ahmad Rezaei; Ajji, Abdellah; Carreau, Pierre J.
Controlling the adhesion of the polymer surface is a key issue in surface science, since polymers have been a commonly used material for many years. The surface modification in this study includes two different aspects. One is to enhance the hydrophilicity and the other is to create the roughness on the PET film surface. In this study we developed a novel and simple approach to modify polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film surface through polymer blending in twin-screw extruder. One example described in the study uses polyethylene glycol (PEG) in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) host to modify a PET film surface. Low contentmore » of polystyrene (PS) as a third component was used in the system to increase the rate of migration of PEG to the surface of the film. Surface enrichment of PEG was observed at the polymer/air interface of the polymer film containing PET-PEG-PS whereas for the PET-PEG binary blend more PEG was distributed within the bulk of the sample. Furthermore, a novel method to create roughness at the PET film surface was proposed. In order to roughen the surface of PET film, a small amount of PKHH phenoxy resin to change PS/PET interfacial tension was used. The compatibility effect of PKHH causes the formation of smaller PS droplets, which were able to migrate more easily through PET matrix. Consequently, resulting in a locally elevated concentration of PS near the surface of the film. The local concentration of PS eventually reached a level where a co-continuous morphology occurred, resulting in theinstabilities on the surface of the film.« less
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Pressure-jump induced rapid solidification of melt: a method of preparing amorphous materials
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Liu, Xiuru; Jia, Ru; Zhang, Doudou; Yuan, Chaosheng; Shao, Chunguang; Hong, Shiming
2018-04-01
By using a self-designed pressure-jump apparatus, we investigated the melt solidification behavior in rapid compression process for several kinds of materials, such as elementary sulfur, polymer polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) and poly-ethylene-terephthalate, alloy La68Al10Cu20Co2 and Nd60Cu20Ni10Al10. Experimental results clearly show that their melts could be solidified to be amorphous states through the rapid compression process. Bulk amorphous PEEK with 24 mm in diameter and 12 mm in height was prepared, which exceeds the size obtained by melt quenching method. The bulk amorphous sulfur thus obtained exhibited extraordinarily high thermal stability, and an abnormal exothermic transition to liquid sulfur was observed at around 396 K for the first time. Furthermore, it is suggested that the glass transition pressure and critical compression rate exist to form the amorphous phase. This approach of rapid compression is very attractive not only because it is a new technique of make bulk amorphous materials, but also because novel properties are expected in the amorphous materials solidified by the pressure-jump within milliseconds or microseconds.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chen, Ruey Shan; Ahmad, Sahrim; Ghani, Mohd Hafizuddin Ab; Salleh, Mohd Nazry
2014-09-01
Biocomposites of recycled high density polyethylene / recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rHDPE/rPET) blend incorporated with rice husk flour (RHF) were prepared using a corotating twin screw extruder. Maleic anhydride polyethylene (MAPE) was added as a coupling agent to improve the fibre-matrix interface adhesion. The effect of high filler loadings (50-90 wt%) on morphology and tensile properties of compatibilized rHDPE/rPET blend was investigated. The results of our study shown that composite with 70 wt% exhibited the highest tensile strength and Young's modulus, which are 22 MPa and 1752 MPa, respectively. The elongation at break decreased with increasing percentage of RHF. SEM micrograph confirmed fillers dispersion, morphological interaction and enhanced interfacial bonding between recycled polymer blends and rice husk. It can be concluded that the optimum RHF content is 70 wt% with maximum tensile strength.
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2012-11-05
.../31/12 Refined Brown Aluminum Oxide, A-570-882 11/1/11-10/31/12 Seamless Carbon and Alloy Steel..., C-570-921 1/1/11 -12/31/11 Seamless Carbon and Alloy Steel Standard, Line, 1/1/11-12/31/11 and... Circular Welded Non-Alloy Steel Pipe, A- 11/1/11-10/31/12 351-809 Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet...
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Flexible Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Based on Vertical ZnO Nanowire Arrays
2011-01-01
Flexible dye-sensitized solar cells are fabricated using vertically aligned ZnO nanowire arrays that are transferred onto ITO-coated poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrates using a simple peel-off process. The solar cells demonstrate an energy conversion efficiency of 0.44% with good bending tolerance. This technique paves a new route for building large-scale cost-effective flexible photovoltaic and optoelectronic devices. PMID:27502660
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Espinosa, G.; Golzarri, J. I.; Vazquez-Lopez, C.; Trejo, R.; Lopez, K.; Rickards, J.
2014-07-01
In the study of the sensitivity of materials to be used as nuclear track detectors, it was found that commercial polyethylene terephthalate (PET) from Ciel® water bottles, commercial roof cover polycarbonate, and recycled packaging strips (recycled PET), can be used as nuclear track detectors. These three commercial materials present nuclear tracks when bombarded by 2.27 MeV nitrogen ions produced in a Pelletron particle accelerator, and by fission fragments from a 252Cf source (79.4 and 103.8 MeV), after a chemical etching with a 6.25M KOH solution, or with a 6.25M KOH solution with 20% methanol, both solutions at 60±1°C. As an example, the nitrogen ions deposit approximately 1 keV/nm in the form of ionization and excitation at the surface of PET, as calculated using the SRIM code. The fission fragments deposit up to 9 keV/nm at the surface, in both cases generating sufficient free radicals to initiate the track formation process. However, 5 MeV alpha particles, typical of radon (222Rn) emissions, deposit only 0.12 keV/nm, do not present tracks after the chemical etching process. This valuable information could be very useful for further studies of new materials in nuclear track methodology.
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Fan, Ying-Ying; Zheng, Jian-Lun; Ren, Jing-Hua; Luo, Jun; Cui, Xin-Yi; Ma, Lena Q
2014-09-01
We investigated effects of storage temperature and duration on release of antimony (Sb) and bisphenol A (BPA) from 16 brands of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) drinking water bottles in China. After 1-week storage, Sb release increased from 1.88-8.32 ng/L at 4 °C, to 2.10-18.4 ng/L at 25 °C and to 20.3-2604 ng/L at 70 °C. The corresponding releases for BPA were less at 0.26-18.7, 0.62-22.6, and 2.89-38.9 ng/L. Both Sb and BPA release increased with storage duration up to 4-week, but their releasing rates decreased with storage time, indicating that Sb and BPA release from PET bottles may become stable under long term storage. Human health risk was evaluated based on the worst case, i.e., storage at 70 °C for 4-week. Chronic daily intake (CDI) caused by BPA release was below USEPA regulation, Sb release in one brand exceeded USEPA regulated CDI (400 ng/kg bw/d) with values of 409 and 1430 ng/kg bw/d for adult and children. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Akyildiz, Halil I.; Jur, Jesse S., E-mail: jsjur@ncsu.edu
2015-03-15
The effect of exposure conditions and surface area on hybrid material formation during sequential vapor infiltrations of trimethylaluminum (TMA) into polyamide 6 (PA6) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers is investigated. Mass gain of the fabric samples after infiltration was examined to elucidate the reaction extent with increasing number of sequential TMA single exposures, defined as the times for a TMA dose and a hold period. An interdependent relationship between dosing time and holding time on the hybrid material formation is observed for TMA exposure PET, exhibited as a linear trend between the mass gain and total exposure (dose time ×more » hold time × number of sequential exposures). Deviation from this linear relationship is only observed under very long dose or hold times. In comparison, amount of hybrid material formed during sequential exposures to PA6 fibers is found to be highly dependent on amount of TMA dosed. Increasing the surface area of the fiber by altering its cross-sectional dimension is shown to have little on the reaction behavior but does allow for improved diffusion of the TMA into the fiber. This work allows for the projection of exposure parameters necessary for future high-throughput hybrid modifications to polymer materials.« less
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An approach to the usage of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste as roadway pavement material.
Gürü, Metin; Çubuk, M Kürşat; Arslan, Deniz; Farzanian, S Ali; Bilici, İbrahim
2014-08-30
This study investigates an application area for Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottle waste which has become an environmental problem in recent decades as being a considerable part of the total plastic waste bulk. Two novel additive materials, namely Thin Liquid Polyol PET (TLPP) and Viscous Polyol PET (VPP), were chemically derived from waste PET bottles and used to modify the base asphalt separately for this aim. The effects of TLPP and VPP on the asphalt and hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixture properties were detected through conventional tests (Penetration, Softening Point, Ductility, Marshall Stability, Nicholson Stripping) and Superpave methods (Rotational Viscosity, Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR), Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR)). Also, chemical structures were described by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) equipped with Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) techniques. Since TLPP and VPP were determined to improve the low temperature performance and fatigue resistance of the asphalt as well as the Marshall Stability and stripping resistance of the HMA mixtures based on the results of the applied tests, the usage of PET waste as an asphalt roadway pavement material offers an alternative and a beneficial way of disposal of this ecologically hazardous material. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zuo, Biao; Xu, Jianquan; Sun, Shuzheng; Liu, Yue; Yang, Juping; Zhang, Li; Wang, Xinping
2016-06-01
Crystallization is an important property of polymeric materials. In conventional viewpoint, the transformation of disordered chains into crystals is usually a spatially homogeneous process (i.e., it occurs simultaneously throughout the sample), that is, the crystallization rate at each local position within the sample is almost the same. Here, we show that crystallization of ultra-thin poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films can occur in the heterogeneous way, exhibiting a stepwise crystallization process. We found that the layered distribution of glass transition dynamics of thin film modifies the corresponding crystallization behavior, giving rise to the layered distribution of the crystallization kinetics of PET films, with an 11-nm-thick surface layer having faster crystallization rate and the underlying layer showing bulk-like behavior. The layered distribution in crystallization kinetics results in a particular stepwise crystallization behavior during heating the sample, with the two cold-crystallization temperatures separated by up to 20 K. Meanwhile, interfacial interaction is crucial for the occurrence of the heterogeneous crystallization, as the thin film crystallizes simultaneously if the interfacial interaction is relatively strong. We anticipate that this mechanism of stepwise crystallization of thin polymeric films will allow new insight into the chain organization in confined environments and permit independent manipulation of localized properties of nanomaterials.
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Durable grafting of silkworm pupa protein onto the surface of polyethylene terephthalate fibers.
Zhou, Jianfeng; Zheng, Dandan; Zhang, Fengxiu; Zhang, Guangxian
2016-12-01
In this paper, reactive -NH2 groups (8.36×10(-6)mol/g fabric) were introduced to the surface of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabrics by a nitration and reduction method, and epoxy groups were introduced to silkworm pupa protein (SPP) by reaction with epoxy chloropropane. PET-SPP composite fabrics were then prepared by reaction of these two precursors. The results showed that the SPP was firmly grafted onto the PET fabric surface and that the hydrophilicity of the fabric was markedly improved by the grafting of SPP. SEM images revealed a layer of substance covering the surface of the PET fibers, and XPS investigation showed that the nitrogen content of the PET-SPP fabric was higher than that of the original PET fabric (2.32% vs 0%). ATR-FTIR adsorption bands at 1653 and 1543cm(-1) suggested the successful grafting of SPP onto the PET fabric surface. The DSC and TG of the PET fibers demonstrated that the thermal stability of the original PET fibers was maintained well by the SPP-grafted PET fibers. The breaking strength, bending rigidity, air permeability, and crease recovery angle of the original PET fabric were also retained by the SPP-grafted PET fabric. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Aljoumaa, Khaled; Abboudi, Maher
2016-01-01
Semi-crystalline polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was aged under the effect of natural UV exposure and outdoor temperature during 670 days. The variation in the mechanical and thermal properties beside to the morphology was tracked by applying different analytical techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and wide angle X-ray diffraction, in addition to tensile strength and hardness measurements. It has been confirmed that the ageing process is the results of physical trend only. The aged PET showed a decrease in both tensile strength and strain with an increase in the degree of crystallinity of aged PET samples during the whole period. These changes in crystallinity were examined by various analysis methods: density, calorimetric and infrared spectroscopy. New peaks in FTIR analysis at 1115 and 1090 cm-1 were characterized and proved that this technique is considered to be an easy tool to track the change in the surface crystallinity of aged PET samples directly. The results of this study showed that an augmentation in the degree of crystallinity of outdoor aged PET samples from 18 to 36 %, accompanied with a decrease in tensile strength from 167.9 to 133.7 MPa. Moreover, a good exponential correlation was found between the degree of crystallinity and the mechanical properties of the aged PET.
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Zhu, Chunhong; Nagaishi, Tomoki; Shi, Jian; Lee, Hoik; Wong, Pok Yin; Sui, Jianhua; Hyodo, Kenji; Kim, Ick Soo
2017-08-09
In this study, a novel membrane for the separator in a lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery was proposed via a mechanically pressed process with a poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) nanofiber subject and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) microfiber support. Important physical properties, such as surface morphology, wettability, and heat stability were considered for the PET-reinforced PVDF nanofiber (PRPN) hybrid separator. Images of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the PRPN hybrid separator had a homogeneous pore size and high porosity. It can wet out in battery electrolytes completely and quickly, satisfying wettability requirements. Moreover, the electrolyte uptake was higher than that of dry-laid and wet-laid nonwovens. For heat stability, no shrink occurred even when the heating temperature reached 135 °C, demonstrating thermal and dimensional stability. Moreover, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that the PRPN hybrid separator possessed a shutdown temperature of 131 °C, which is the same as conventional separators. Also, the meltdown temperature reached 252 °C, which is higher than the shutdown temperature, and thus can protect against internal cell shorts. The proposed PRPN hybrid separator is a strong candidate material for utilization in Li-ion batteries.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Zuo, Biao, E-mail: chemizuo@zstu.edu.cn, E-mail: wxinping@yahoo.com; Xu, Jianquan; Sun, Shuzheng
2016-06-21
Crystallization is an important property of polymeric materials. In conventional viewpoint, the transformation of disordered chains into crystals is usually a spatially homogeneous process (i.e., it occurs simultaneously throughout the sample), that is, the crystallization rate at each local position within the sample is almost the same. Here, we show that crystallization of ultra-thin poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films can occur in the heterogeneous way, exhibiting a stepwise crystallization process. We found that the layered distribution of glass transition dynamics of thin film modifies the corresponding crystallization behavior, giving rise to the layered distribution of the crystallization kinetics of PET films,more » with an 11-nm-thick surface layer having faster crystallization rate and the underlying layer showing bulk-like behavior. The layered distribution in crystallization kinetics results in a particular stepwise crystallization behavior during heating the sample, with the two cold-crystallization temperatures separated by up to 20 K. Meanwhile, interfacial interaction is crucial for the occurrence of the heterogeneous crystallization, as the thin film crystallizes simultaneously if the interfacial interaction is relatively strong. We anticipate that this mechanism of stepwise crystallization of thin polymeric films will allow new insight into the chain organization in confined environments and permit independent manipulation of localized properties of nanomaterials.« less
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Tóth, A.; Veres, M.; Kereszturi, K.; Mohai, M.; Bertóti, I.; Szépvölgyi, J.
2011-10-01
The surfaces of untreated and helium plasma-based ion implantation (He PBII) treated poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) samples were characterised by reflectance colorimetry, contact angle studies and measurements of surface electrical resistance. The results were related to the structural and compositional data obtained by the authors earlier on parallel samples by XPS and Raman spectroscopy. Inverse correlations between lightness and ID/ IG ratio and between chroma and ID/ IG ratio were obtained, suggesting that the PBII-treated PET samples darken and their colourfulness decreases with the increase of the portion of aromatic sp 2 carbon rings in the chemical structure of the modified layer. Direct correlation between water contact angle and the ID/ IG ratio and inverse correlations between surface energy and ID/ IG ratio and between dispersive component of surface energy and ID/ IG ratio were found, reflecting that surface wettability, surface energy and its dispersive component decrease with the formation of surface structure, characterised again by enhanced portion of aromatic sp 2 carbon rings. The surface electrical resistance decreased with the increase of the surface C-content determined by XPS and also with the increase of the surface concentration of conjugated double bonds, reflected by the increase of the π → π* shake-up satellite of the C 1s peak.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ahmad, A. F.; Razali, A. R.; Razelan, I. S. M.; Jalil, S. S. A.; Noh, M. S. M.; Idris, A. A.
2017-05-01
Plastic bottle for recycling can be found from the household waste stream, and most of them are made from Polyethylene Terephthalate. In this research, PET is utilized to explore the potential prospects to upgrade asphalt mixture properties. The objectives include deciding the best measure of PET to be used. For experimental, Marshall mix design was utilized to determine the ideal bitumen binder content and to test the modified mixture properties. The samples were created per the requirement for aggregate course wearing (ACW14) using the Standard Specification of Road Work (SSRW) in Malaysia. 20 samples were utilized to determine the binder content, and 30 samples were used to research the impact of modifying asphalt mixtures. 2%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of PET by weight of the optimum binder content (4.8%) were tested. Optimum PET content is 10%, and the result shows a good stability with 16.824kN, 2.32g/cm3 bulk density, void filled with bitumen (VFB) with 71.35%, flow with 3.2248mm, air void (AV) with 4.53%, and void of mineral aggregate (VMA) with 15.15%. The outcomes showed that PET modifier gives better engineering properties. Therefore, 10% of PET by the weight of binder content was suggested as the best amount of the modifier.
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Wang, Chongqing; Wang, Hui; Fu, Jiangang; Zhang, Lingling; Luo, Chengcheng; Liu, Younian
2015-11-01
Surface modification with potassium permanganate (KMnO4) solution was developed for separation of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste plastics. The floatability of PVC decreases with increasing of KMnO4 concentration, treatment time, temperature and stirring rate, while that of PET is unaffected. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis confirms that mechanism of surface modification may be due to oxidization reactions occurred on PVC surface. The optimum conditions are KMnO4 concentration 1.25 mM/L, treatment time 50 min, temperature 60°C, stirring rate 300 r/min, frother concentration 17.5 g/L and flotation time 1 min. PVC and PET with different particle sizes were separated efficiently through two-stage flotation. Additionally, after ultrasonic assisted surface modification, separation of PVC and PET with different mass ratios was obtained efficiently through one-stage flotation. The purity and the recovery of the obtained products after flotation separation are up to 99.30% and 99.73%, respectively. A flotation process was designed for flotation separation of PVC and PET plastics combined with surface modification. This study provides technical insights into physical separation of plastic wastes for recycling industry. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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2016-01-01
The aim of the study was to evaluate the activity of high-polyphenolic black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) and bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) juices against bacterial strains Asaia lannensis and Asaia bogorensis isolated as spoilage of commercial soft drinks. The composition of fruit juices was evaluated using chromatographic techniques HPLC and LC-MS. The adhesion to glass, polystyrene, and polyethylene terephthalate in two different culture media was evaluated by luminometry and the plate count method. The major anthocyanins in the V. myrtillus were petunidin-3-glucoside, malvidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside, and delphinidin-3-glucoside, while in R. nigrum delphinidin-3-rutinoside and cyanidin-3-rutinoside were detected. The LC-MS analysis showed presence of anthocyanins (delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, and malvidin derivatives), phenolic acids (chlorogenic and neochlorogenic acids), flavonols (quercetin-3-glucoside, quercetin-3-rutinoside), and flavanols (procyanidin B2 and procyanidin type A2). Additionally, in the bilberry juice A type procyanidin trimer was detected. The adhesion of Asaia spp. cells depended on the type of medium, carbon sources, and the type of abiotic surfaces. We noted that the adhesion was significantly stronger in minimal medium containing sucrose. The addition of bilberry and black currant juices notably reduced bacterial growth as well as cell adhesion to polyethylene terephthalate surfaces. PMID:27747228
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Deng, Xiaolong; Yu Nikiforov, Anton; Coenye, Tom; Cools, Pieter; Aziz, Gaelle; Morent, Rino; De Geyter, Nathalie; Leys, Christophe
2015-01-01
An antimicrobial nano-silver non-woven polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric has been prepared in a three step process. The fabrics were first pretreated by depositing a layer of organosilicon thin film using an atmospheric pressure plasma system, then silver nano-particles (AgNPs) were incorporated into the fabrics by a dipping-dry process, and finally the nano-particles were covered by a second organosilicon layer of 10-50 nm, which acts as a barrier layer. Different surface characterization techniques like SEM and XPS have been implemented to study the morphology and the chemical composition of the nano-silver fabrics. Based on these techniques, a uniform immobilization of AgNPs in the PET matrix has been observed. The antimicrobial activity of the treated fabrics has also been tested using P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and C. albicans. It reveals that the thickness of the barrier layer has a strong effect on the bacterial reduction of the fabrics. The durability and stability of the AgNPs on the fabrics has also been investigated in a washing process. By doing so, it is confirmed that the barrier layer can effectively prevent the release of AgNPs and that the thickness of the barrier layer is an important parameter to control the silver ions release. PMID:25951432
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A vidicon camera for real time X-ray diffraction studies on polymers using synchrotron radiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Prieske, W.; Riekel, C.; Koch, M. H. J.; Zachmann, H. G.
1983-04-01
A Westinghouse Vidicon camera with a ZnS(Ag) or Gd 2S 2O: Tb covered fiber optics plate has been used to study the change in the structure of oriented polyethylene terephthalate during heat treament. The data were stored on videotape. Once completed, the system will allow to read out the pictures via an analogue/digital converter into a PDP11/24 computer.
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2012-06-01
Nanotube MWCNT Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube PET Polyethylene Terephthalate 4H-SiC 4-H Silicon Carbide AlGaAs Aluminum Gallium Arsenide...nanotubes ( MWCNTs ). SWCNTs are structured with one layer of graphene rolled into a CNT. MWCNTs are contrastingly composed of 23 multiple layers...simulation 19 times to extract cell parameters at #varying widths set cellWidth=200 loop steps=19 go atlas #Constants which are used to set the
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Evaluation of biodegradable plastics for rubber seedling applications
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Mansor, Mohd Khairulniza; Dayang Habibah A. I., H.; Kamal, Mazlina Mustafa
2015-08-01
The main negative consequence of conventional plastics in agriculture is related to handling the wastes plasticand the associated environmental impact. Hence, a study of different types of potentially biodegradable plastics used for nursery applications have been evaluated on its mechanical,water absorption propertiesand Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy. Supplied samples from different companies were designated as SF, CF and CO. Most of the polybags exhibited mechanical properties quite similar to the conventional plastics (polybag LDPE). CO polybag which is based on PVA however had extensively higher tensile strength and water absorption properties. FTIR study revealed a characteristics absorbance of conventional plastic, SF, CF and CO biodegradable polybag are associated with polyethylene, poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), polyethylene and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) structures respectively.
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Effect of compatibilizer on impact and morphological analysis of recycled HDPE/PET blends
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Salleh, Mohd Nazry; Ahmad, Sahrim; Ghani, Mohd Hafizuddin Ab
Blends based on recycled high density polyethylene (rHDPE) and recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) were prepared using a corotating twin screw extruder. PET and HDPE are incompatible polymers and their blends showed poor properties. Compatibilization is a step to obtain blends with good mechanical properties and in this work, ethylene glycidyl methacrylate copolymer (E-GMA) was used as a compatibilizing agent. The effect of blends based on rHDPE and rPET with and without a compatibilizer, E-GMA were examined. From the studies clearly showed that the addition of 5% E-GMA increased the impact strength. SEM analysis of rHDPE/rPET blends confirmed the morphological interactionmore » and improved interfacial bonding between two phases.« less
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Molecular origins of anisotropic shock propagation in crystalline and amorphous polyethylene
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
O'Connor, Thomas C.; Elder, Robert M.; Sliozberg, Yelena R.; Sirk, Timothy W.; Andzelm, Jan W.; Robbins, Mark O.
2018-03-01
Molecular dynamics simulations are used to analyze shock propagation in amorphous and crystalline polyethylene. Results for the shock velocity Us are compared to predictions from Pastine's equation of state and hydrostatic theory. The results agree with Pastine at high impact velocities. At low velocities the yield stress becomes important, increasing the shock velocity and leading to anisotropy in the crystalline response. Detailed analysis of changes in atomic order reveals the origin of the anisotropic response. For shock along the polymer backbone, an elastic front is followed by a plastic front where chains buckle with a characteristic wavelength. Shock perpendicular to the chain backbone can produce plastic deformation or transitions to different orthorhombic or monoclinic structures, depending on the impact speed and direction. Tensile loading does not produce stable shocks: Amorphous systems craze and fracture while for crystals the front broadens linearly with time.
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Solubilization of Genistein in Poly(Ethylene Glycol) via Eutectic Crystal Melting
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Buddhiranon, Sasiwimon; Kyu, Thein
2012-02-01
Genistein (5,7,4'-trihydroxyisoflavone) is a phytoestrogen found in soybean. It possesses various biological/pharmacological functions, e.g., tyrosine kinase inhibitory, anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial activities. However, genistein has poor water solubility and skin permeability, which have seemingly prohibited the progress to preclinical evaluation. Eutectic melting approach has been performed as a means of solubilizing genistein in poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). Eutectic phase diagrams of blends containing genistein and PEG having three different molecular weights, i.e., 44k, 7k, and 500 g/mol, were established by means of DSC and compared with the theoretical liquidus and solidus lines, calculated self-consistently by taking into consideration all interactions including amorphous-amorphous, crystal-amorphous, amorphous-crystal, and crystal-crystal interactions. The eutectic temperatures were found to decrease with decreasing molecular weight of PEG. Guided by the phase diagram, it was found that genistein can be dissolved in PEG500 up to ˜7 wt% at room temperature. More importantly, the solubility of genistein in PEG can be improved to meet the end-use criteria of the PEG/genistein mixtures.
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Danso, Dominik; Schmeisser, Christel; Chow, Jennifer; Zimmermann, Wolfgang; Wei, Ren; Leggewie, Christian; Li, Xiangzhen; Hazen, Terry; Streit, Wolfgang R
2018-04-15
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the most important synthetic polymers used today. Unfortunately, the polymers accumulate in nature and to date no highly active enzymes are known that can degrade it at high velocity. Enzymes involved in PET degradation are mainly α- and β-hydrolases, like cutinases and related enzymes (EC 3.1.1). Currently, only a small number of such enzymes are well characterized. In this work, a search algorithm was developed that identified 504 possible PET hydrolase candidate genes from various databases. A further global search that comprised more than 16 Gb of sequence information within 108 marine and 25 terrestrial metagenomes obtained from the Integrated Microbial Genome (IMG) database detected 349 putative PET hydrolases. Heterologous expression of four such candidate enzymes verified the function of these enzymes and confirmed the usefulness of the developed search algorithm. In this way, two novel and thermostable enzymes with high potential for downstream application were partially characterized. Clustering of 504 novel enzyme candidates based on amino acid similarities indicated that PET hydrolases mainly occur in the phyla of Actinobacteria , Proteobacteria , and Bacteroidetes Within the Proteobacteria , the Betaproteobacteria , Deltaproteobacteria , and Gammaproteobacteria were the main hosts. Remarkably enough, in the marine environment, bacteria affiliated with the phylum Bacteroidetes appear to be the main hosts of PET hydrolase genes, rather than Actinobacteria or Proteobacteria , as observed for the terrestrial metagenomes. Our data further imply that PET hydrolases are truly rare enzymes. The highest occurrence of 1.5 hits/Mb was observed in sequences from a sample site containing crude oil. IMPORTANCE Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) accumulates in our environment without significant microbial conversion. Although a few PET hydrolases are already known, it is still unknown how frequently they appear and with which main bacterial phyla they are affiliated. In this study, deep sequence mining of protein databases and metagenomes demonstrated that PET hydrolases indeed occur at very low frequencies in the environment. Furthermore, it was possible to link them to phyla that were previously not known to harbor such enzymes. This work contributes novel knowledge on the phylogenetic relationships, the recent evolution, and the global distribution of PET hydrolases. Finally, we describe the biochemical traits of four novel PET hydrolases. Copyright © 2018 Danso et al.
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Danso, Dominik; Schmeisser, Christel; Chow, Jennifer; Wei, Ren; Leggewie, Christian; Li, Xiangzhen
2018-01-01
ABSTRACT Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the most important synthetic polymers used today. Unfortunately, the polymers accumulate in nature and to date no highly active enzymes are known that can degrade it at high velocity. Enzymes involved in PET degradation are mainly α- and β-hydrolases, like cutinases and related enzymes (EC 3.1.1). Currently, only a small number of such enzymes are well characterized. In this work, a search algorithm was developed that identified 504 possible PET hydrolase candidate genes from various databases. A further global search that comprised more than 16 Gb of sequence information within 108 marine and 25 terrestrial metagenomes obtained from the Integrated Microbial Genome (IMG) database detected 349 putative PET hydrolases. Heterologous expression of four such candidate enzymes verified the function of these enzymes and confirmed the usefulness of the developed search algorithm. In this way, two novel and thermostable enzymes with high potential for downstream application were partially characterized. Clustering of 504 novel enzyme candidates based on amino acid similarities indicated that PET hydrolases mainly occur in the phyla of Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Within the Proteobacteria, the Betaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, and Gammaproteobacteria were the main hosts. Remarkably enough, in the marine environment, bacteria affiliated with the phylum Bacteroidetes appear to be the main hosts of PET hydrolase genes, rather than Actinobacteria or Proteobacteria, as observed for the terrestrial metagenomes. Our data further imply that PET hydrolases are truly rare enzymes. The highest occurrence of 1.5 hits/Mb was observed in sequences from a sample site containing crude oil. IMPORTANCE Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) accumulates in our environment without significant microbial conversion. Although a few PET hydrolases are already known, it is still unknown how frequently they appear and with which main bacterial phyla they are affiliated. In this study, deep sequence mining of protein databases and metagenomes demonstrated that PET hydrolases indeed occur at very low frequencies in the environment. Furthermore, it was possible to link them to phyla that were previously not known to harbor such enzymes. This work contributes novel knowledge on the phylogenetic relationships, the recent evolution, and the global distribution of PET hydrolases. Finally, we describe the biochemical traits of four novel PET hydrolases. PMID:29427431
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Franz, R
2002-01-01
Stimulated by new ecology-driven European and national regulations, news routes of recycling waste appear on the market. Since food packages represent a large percentage of the plastics consumption and since they have a short lifetime, an important approach consists in making new packages from post-consumer used packages. On the other hand, food-packaging regulations in Europe require that packaging materials must be safe. Therefore, potential mass transfer (migration) of harmful recycling-related substances to the food must be excluded and test methods to ensure the safety-in-use of recycled materials for food packaging are needled. As a consequence of this situation, a European research project FAIR-CT98-4318, with the acronym 'Recyclability', was initiated. The project consists of three sections each focusing on a different class of recycled materials: polyethylene terephthalate (PET), paper and board, and plastics covered by functional barriers. The project consortium consists of 28 project members from 11 EU countries. In addition, the project is during its lifetime in discussion with the US Food and Drug Administrations (FDA) to consider also US FDA regulatory viewpoints and to aim, as a consequence, to harmonizable conclusions and recommendations. The paper introduces the project and presents an overview of the project work progress.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ghoniem, Engy; Mori, Shinsuke; Abdel-Moniem, Ahmed
2016-08-01
A controlled high powered CO2 laser system is used to reduce and pattern graphene oxide (GO) film supported onto a flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate. The laser reduced graphene oxide (rGO) film is characterized and evaluated electrochemically in the absence and presence of an overlying anodicaly deposited thin film of pseuodcapactive MnO2 as electrodes for supercapacitor applications using aqueous electrolyte. The laser treatment of the GO film leads to an overlapped structure of defective multi-layer rGO sheets with an electrical conductivity of 273 S m-1. The rGO and MnO2/rGO electrodes exhibit specific capacitance in the range of 82-107 and 172-368 Fg-1 at applied current range of 0.1-1.0 mA cm-2 and retain 98 and 95% of their initial capacitances after 2000 cycles at a current density of 1.0 mA cm-2, respectively. Also, the rGO is assigned as an electrode material for flexible conventionally stacked and interdigitated in-plane supercapacitor structures using gel electrolyte. Three electrode architectures of 2, 4, and 6 sub-electrodes are studied for the interdigital in-plane design. The device with interdigital 6 sub-electrodes architecture I-PS(6) delivers power density of 537.1 Wcm-3 and an energy density of 0.45 mWh cm-3.
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Exposure to antimony from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) trays used in ready-to-eat meals.
Haldimann, M; Blanc, A; Dudler, V
2007-08-01
Antimony residues, a result of the use of a polycondensation catalyst in the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) oven-proof trays, were analysed in ready-to-eat meals. The toxicity of antimony has raised concerns about consumer safety; therefore, the migration of small fractions of these residues into ready meals and foods as a result of cooking directly in the PET trays was studied. A straightforward approach of measuring real samples was selected to obtain accurate exposure data. Background antimony concentration was determined separately from a series of lunch meals, which ranged from not detectable to 3.4 microg kg(-1). Microwave and conventional oven-cooking caused a distinct increase in the concentration of antimony in food and ready meals of 0-17 and 8-38 microg kg(-1), respectively, depending, to a certain extent, on the industrial preparations. The migrated quantities of antimony corresponded to 3-13 microg. For comparison, PET roasting bags and ready-made dough products in PET baking dishes were also evaluated. About half of the products prepared at a temperature of 180 degrees C exceeded the specific migration limit set for food contact material by the European Commission. However, the migrated amounts of antimony relative to the accepted tolerable daily intake (TDI) show that exposure from this type of food is currently not of toxicological concern.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Akyildiz, Halil I.; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695; Mousa, Moataz Bellah M.
Exposing a polymer to sequential organometallic vapor infiltration (SVI) under low pressure conditions can significantly modify the polymer's chemical, mechanical, and optical properties. We demonstrate that SVI of trimethylaluminum into polyethylene terephthalate (PET) can also proceed readily at atmospheric pressure, and at 60 °C the extent of reaction determined by mass uptake is independent of pressure between 2.5 Torr and 760 Torr. At 120 °C, however, the mass gain is 50% larger at 2.5 Torr relative to that at 760 Torr, indicating that the precursor diffusion in the chamber and fiber matrix decreases at higher source pressure. Mass gain decreases, in general, as the SVI processmore » temperature increases both at 2.5 Torr and 760 Torr attributed to the faster reaction kinetics forming a barrier layer, which prevents further diffusion of the reactive species. The resulting PET/Al-O{sub x} product shows high photoluminescence compared to untreated fibers. A physical mask on the polymer during infiltration at 760 Torr is replicated in the underlying polymer, producing an image in the polymer that is visible under UV illumination. Because of the reduced precursor diffusivity during exposure at 760 Torr, the image shows improved resolution compared to SVI performed under typical 2.5 Torr conditions.« less
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kim, Sang-Woo; Kim, Kwang-Seok; Park, Myeongkoo; Nah, Wansoo; Kim, Dae Up; Lee, Cheul-Ro; Jung, Seung-Boo; Kim, Jong-Woong
2018-05-01
Though a percolated network of silver nanowires (AgNWs) has been considered the most promising flexible transparent electrode because of it high conductivity, high transmittance, and excellent flexibility, fabrication of AgNW-based transmission lines designed to conduct high frequency signals has been scarcely reported. The fabrication and performance of extremely thin (1.4 µm thick) and low lossy (smaller than - 17 dB for reflection coefficient corresponding to 2.5 GHz) transmission lines with unprecedented transparency (higher than 90% for the entire visible light spectrum) are demonstrated in this study. AgNWs deposited onto a 1.4 µm-thick polyethylene terephthalate (PET) sheet were irradiated by intense-pulsed-light to selectively raise their temperature. The intensive photon energy delivered to the AgNWs simultaneously caused the active diffusion of Ag atoms and plasmonic welding, resulting in large drops in resistivity without drastic changes in their physical shape or the optical transmittance of the films. Furthermore, absorption of heat also thermally activated the underlying polymer and causing it to react with the surface of the AgNWs—this results in enhanced adhesion between the AgNWs and the PET. Measurements and simulation of specially designed coplanar waveguide circuits revealed that the fabricated electrode could simultaneously provide excellent transmission characteristics and mechanical stability and transparency.
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Al-Otoum, Fatima; Al-Ghouti, Mohammad A; Costa, Ozeas S; Khraisheh, Majeda
2017-11-12
Prosperity in Qatar and the consequent stresses on water resources resulted in a sustainable increase in the bottled drinking water market. Reports on health concerns and possible migration of chemicals from the plastic material into the water have driven the current investigation. This study aims to address the extent of antimony (Sb) leaching from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) water bottles subject to temperature variations (24-50 °C) due to Qatar's hot climate and improper storage conditions. A representative basket including 66 different imported and locally produced water bottles was considered. The concentrations of Sb in bottled water ranged from 0.168 to 2.263 μg/L at 24 °C and from 0.240 to 6.110 μg/L at 50 °C. Antimony concentrations in PET bottles at 24 °C was significantly lower than those at 50 °C (p = 0.0142), indicating that the temperature was a principal factor affecting the release of Sb from the plastic into the water. Although the detected Sb amounts were below the guidelines endorsed by WHO and Qatar (standard 5 μg/L) at 24 °C, the concentration measured at 50 °C was higher than the recommended WHO values (6.11 μg/L).
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Montuori, P; Jover, E; Morgantini, M; Bayona, J M; Triassi, M
2008-04-01
Phthalic acid and phthalate esters are of growing interest due to their significant usage and potential toxicity. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and glass are both widely used materials for bottled drinking water. In this study, phthalic acid (PhA), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), diisobutyl phthalate (DiisoBP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) were analysed in a large number of Italian bottled water samples. These samples showed different concentrations of phthalates are nearly 20 times higher in samples bottled in PET than those from glass bottles with total levels of phthalates of 3.52 and 0.19 microg l(-1), respectively. However, the observed levels do not represent a significant exposure pathway when considering the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) reference dose (an estimate of a daily oral exposure to the human population, including sensitive subgroups, that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime). In addition, no significant correlation was found between the phthalate concentrations and the physicochemical properties of the different water samples, apart from the still/sparkling water parameter for the PET samples. In this instance, slightly higher concentrations were observed for the PET bottled still water samples than for the sparkling water samples, although no explanation has been found yet.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Al-asadi, M.; Miskolczi, N.
2018-05-01
In this work the pyrolysis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) containing real waste plastic was investigated using different Ni loaded catalysts: Ni/ZSM-5, Ni/y-zeolite, Ni/β-zeolite and Ni/natural zeolite (clinoptilolite). Raw materials were pyrolyzed in a horizontal tubular reactor between 600 and 900°C using 10% of catalysts. It was found, that both temperature increasing and catalysts presence can increase the gas yields, however owing to gasification reactions, the pyrolysis oil yield decreased with increasing temperature. Ni/y-zeolite catalyst had the most benefit in gas yield increasing at low temperature; however Ni/ZSM-5 showed advanced property in gas yield increasing at high temperature. Gases contained hydrogen, carbon oxides and hydrocarbons, which composition was significantly affected by catalysts. Ni loaded zeolites favoured to the formation of hydrogen and branched hydrocarbons; furthermore the concentrations of both CO and CO2 were also increased as function of elevated temperature. That phenomenon was attributed to the further decomposition of PET, especially to the side chain scission reactions. Owing to the Boudouard reaction, the ratio of CO2/CO can increased with temperature. Pyrolysis oils were the mixtures of n-saturated, n-unsaturated, branched, oxygen free aromatics and oxygenated hydrocarbons. Temperature increasing has a significant effect to the aromatization and isomerization reactions, while the catalysts can efficiently decreased the concentration of oxygen containing compounds.
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Franz, R; Welle, F
2002-05-01
Of all the plastics used for packaging, due to its low diffusivity and chemical inertness, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is one of the favoured candidate plastics for closed-loop recycling for new packaging applications. In the work reported here, a PET-recycling process was investigated with respect to its cleaning efficiency and compliance of the PET recyclate with food law. The key technology of the investigated PET-recycling process to remove contaminants consists of a predecontamination-extruder combination. At the end of the recycling process, there is either a pelletizing system or downstream equipment to produce preforms or flat sheets. Therefore, the process has two process options, an inline production of PET preforms and a batch option producing PET pellets. In the case of possible misuse of PET bottles by the consumer, the inline process produces higher concentrations in the bottle wall of the recyclate containing preforms. Owing to the dilution of the PET output material by large amounts of uncontaminated PET, the batch option is the less critical process in terms of consumer protection. Regarding an appropriate testing procedure for the evaluation of a bottle-to-bottle recycling process, both process options have their own specific requirements with respect to the design of a challenge test. A novel challenge test approach to the inline mode of a recycling process is presented here.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Wang, Chong-Qing; Wang, Hui, E-mail: huiwang1968@163.com; Liu, You-Nian
Highlights: • Factors of NaOH treatment were studied by orthogonal and single factor experiments. • Mechanism of alkaline treatment for facilitating flotation was manifested. • Flotation separation of PET was achieved with high purity and efficiency. • A flow sheet of purification PET from MWP was designed. - Abstract: Recycling is an effective way to manage plastic wastes and receives considerable attention. Since plastic mixtures are difficult to recycle because of their intrinsic characteristics, separation of mixed plastics is the key problem for recycling. Separation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) from municipal waste plastics (MWP) by froth flotation combined with alkalinemore » pretreatment was investigated for recycling industry. The effect of process variables was estimated by L{sub 9} (3{sup 4}) orthogonal array of experiments and single factor experiments. The optimum conditions of alkaline pretreatment are 10 wt% sodium hydroxide, 20 min and 70 °C. After alkaline pretreatment under optimum conditions, flotation separation PET from acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene, polystyrene, polycarbonate or polyvinyl chloride was achieved with high purity and efficiency. The purity of PET is up to 98.46% and the recovery is above 92.47%. A flow sheet of separation PET from MWP by a combination of froth flotation and sink float separation was designed. This study facilitates industrial application of plastics flotation and provides technical insights into recycling of waste plastics.« less
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Gallarato, L A; Mulko, L E; Dardanelli, M S; Barbero, C A; Acevedo, D F; Yslas, E I
2017-02-01
Biofilm Formation is a survival strategy for microorganisms to adapt to their environment. Microbial cells in biofilm become tolerant and resistant to antibiotics and immune responses, increasing the difficulties for the clinical treatment of microbial infections. The surface chemistry and the micro/nano-topography of solid interfaces play a major role in mediating microorganism activity and adhesion. The effect of the surface chemical composition and topography on the adhesion and viability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied. Polymeric (polyethylene terephthalate) surfaces were covered with a conducting polymer (polyaniline, PANI) film by in-situ polymerization and microstructured by Direct Laser Interference Patterning (DLIP). The viability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the different surfaces was investigated. The physicochemical properties of the surfaces were characterized by water contact angle measurements, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Bacterial biofilms were imaged by atomic force and scanning electron microscopies. The bacterial viability decreased on PANI compared with the substrate (polyethylene terephthalate) and it decreased even more upon micro-structuring the PANI films. In addition, the biofilm reduction could be improved using polymers with different chemical composition and/or the same polymer with different topographies. Both methods presented diminish the bacterial attachment and biofilm formation. These findings present a high impact related to materials for biomedical engineer applications regarding medical devices, as prostheses or catheters. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Devlaminck, Dries J G; Rahman, Md Mahbubor; Dash, Mamoni; Samal, Sangram Keshari; Watté, Jan; Van Vlierberghe, Sandra; Dubruel, Peter
2018-06-15
The complete removal of remaining polymer debris after stripping of optical fiber cables is essential for high precision connection between two fibers. It can be anticipated that electrospun porous membranes as cleaning wipes are able to trap and retain polymer debris within their pores. Impregnation of an oil-in-water emulsion as cleaning agent lowers the interfacial tension between debris and the optical fiber thereby enabling the straightforward removal of polymer debris from the optical fiber. Electrospun membranes of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and cellulose acetate (CA) were obtained with fiber diameters of 0.430 μm and 2 μm respectively. The oil-in-water emulsion was formulated with 10 wt% medium chain triglyceride (MCT) and 10 wt% Tween 80 surfactant in an aqueous phosphate buffer solution. In a scoring range from 0 to 5 for which the score 0 indicated superior cleaning and the score 5 referred to the least efficient cleaning, the electrospun fiber mats (without emulsion) scored within the range of 2-4 while emulsion impregnated electrospun fiber mats revealed the best score of 0. A drastic improvement was thus clearly evident from the obtained results when the cleaning emulsion was applied. The materials developed herein thus represent a new class of soft cleaning agents for optical fibers. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Shi, Qin; Zhang, Chen; Su, Yuan; Zhang, Jie; Zhou, Dongshan; Cai, Ting
2017-07-03
This study aims to investigate the crystallization behavior and molecular dynamics of amorphous griseofulvin (GSF) in the presence of low-concentration poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). We observe that the addition of 3% w/w PEO remarkably increases the crystal growth rate of GSF by two orders of magnitude in both the supercooled liquid and glassy states. The liquid dynamics of amorphous GSF in the presence and absence of PEO are characterized by dielectric spectroscopy. With an increase of the PEO content, the α-relaxation times of the systems decrease, indicating the increase of global molecular mobility. The couplings between molecular mobility and crystallization kinetics of GSF systems show strong time-dependences below T g . The overlapping of α-relaxation times of GSF in presence and absence of PEO as a function of T g /T suggest the "plasticization" effect of PEO additives. However, the crystallization kinetics of amorphous GSF containing low-concentration PEO do not overlap with those of pure GSF on a T g /T scale. The remarkable accelerating effect of crystal growth of amorphous GSF by low-concentration PEO can be partially attributed to the increase of global mobility. The high segmental mobility of PEO is expected to strongly affect the crystal growth rates of GSF. These findings are relevant for understanding and predicting the physical stability of amorphous pharmaceutical solid dispersions.
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Applications and societal benefits of plastics.
Andrady, Anthony L; Neal, Mike A
2009-07-27
This article explains the history, from 1600 BC to 2008, of materials that are today termed 'plastics'. It includes production volumes and current consumption patterns of five main commodity plastics: polypropylene, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene and polyethylene terephthalate. The use of additives to modify the properties of these plastics and any associated safety, in use, issues for the resulting polymeric materials are described. A comparison is made with the thermal and barrier properties of other materials to demonstrate the versatility of plastics. Societal benefits for health, safety, energy saving and material conservation are described, and the particular advantages of plastics in society are outlined. Concerns relating to littering and trends in recycling of plastics are also described. Finally, we give predictions for some of the potential applications of plastic over the next 20 years.
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Applications and societal benefits of plastics
Andrady, Anthony L.; Neal, Mike A.
2009-01-01
This article explains the history, from 1600 BC to 2008, of materials that are today termed ‘plastics’. It includes production volumes and current consumption patterns of five main commodity plastics: polypropylene, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene and polyethylene terephthalate. The use of additives to modify the properties of these plastics and any associated safety, in use, issues for the resulting polymeric materials are described. A comparison is made with the thermal and barrier properties of other materials to demonstrate the versatility of plastics. Societal benefits for health, safety, energy saving and material conservation are described, and the particular advantages of plastics in society are outlined. Concerns relating to littering and trends in recycling of plastics are also described. Finally, we give predictions for some of the potential applications of plastic over the next 20 years. PMID:19528050
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Effects of gamma radiation on commercial food packaging films—study of changes in UV/VIS spectra
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Moura, E. A. B.; Ortiz, A. V.; Wiebeck, H.; Paula, A. B. A.; Silva, A. L. A.; Silva, L. G. A.
2004-09-01
The effects of gamma irradiation doses up to 100 kGy on the optical properties of different commercial packaging films were studied in this paper. The packaging films analyzed were: polyethylene "LDPE", amide 6-amide 6.6 copolymer "PA6-PA6.6" and poly(ethylene terephthalate) "PET". An investigation on film samples before and after irradiation was performed by UV/VIS spectroscopy. The results showed that, in the absorption spectra of irradiated LDPE and PA6-PA6.6 films, a red-shift in the wavelength of the UV cutoff and a marked reduction in % transmittance (at low wavelengths) occur with increasing radiation dose. With respect to PET samples, no significant changes were observed in either light absorption or transmittance.
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Radiation Hard Active Media R&D for CMS Hadron Endcap Calorimetry
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Tiras, Emrah; CMS-HCAL Collaboration
2015-04-01
The High Luminosity LHC era imposes unprecedented radiation conditions on the CMS detectors targeting a factor of 5-10 higher than the LHC design luminosity. The CMS detectors will need to be upgraded in order to withstand these conditions yet maintain/improve the physics measurement capabilities. One of the upgrade options is reconstructing the CMS Endcap Calorimeters with a shashlik design electromagnetic section and replacing active media of the hadronic section with radiation-hard scintillation materials. In this context, we have studied various radiation-hard materials such as Polyethylene Naphthalate (PEN), Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), HEM and quartz plates coated with various organic materials such as p-Terphenyl (pTp), Gallium doped Zinc Oxide (ZnO:Ga) and Anthracene. Here we discuss the related test beam activities, laboratory measurements and recent developments.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lim, J. H.; Ratnam, M. M.; Azid, I. A.; Mutharasu, D.
2011-11-01
Young's moduli of various epoxy coated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) micro-cantilevers were determined from the deflection results obtained using the phase-shift shadow moiré (PSSM) method. The filler materials for epoxy coatings were aluminum and graphite powders that were mixed with epoxy at various percentages. Young's moduli were calculated from theory based on the deflection results. The PET micro-cantilever coated with aluminum-epoxy coating showed increasing value of Young's modulus when the ratios of the aluminum-epoxy were increased. The graphite-epoxy coating on the PET micro-cantilever also showed the same trend. The experimental results also show that Young's modulus of the graphite-epoxy coating is higher than aluminum-epoxy coating in comparison at the same mixing ratio.
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NRC, SPI, and chasing arrows: Is there common ground
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Rabasca, L.
After negotiating for 15 months, issuing three white papers, and conducting consumer research, the National Recycling Coalition (NRC, Washington, DC) and the Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc. (SPI, Washington, DC), have agreed to disagree on the use of the familiar chasing arrows logo in SPI's seven-number resin identification code. The desired end result of the talks and debates was supposed to be a plan to change legislation requiring 39 states to use SPI's current resin identification code and a commitment to remove the old code from durable goods and flexible packaging. Ultimately, these actions could have improved markets formore » polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) by reducing contamination caused by confusion over what is actually recycled versus what is merely recyclable.« less
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Jiang, Dongyue; Park, Sung-Yong
2016-05-21
Technical advances in electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) over the past few years have extended our attraction to three-dimensional (3D) devices capable of providing more flexibility and functionality with larger volumetric capacity than conventional 2D planar ones. However, typical 3D EWOD devices require complex and expensive fabrication processes for patterning and wiring of pixelated electrodes that also restrict the minimum droplet size to be manipulated. Here, we present a flexible single-sided continuous optoelectrowetting (SCOEW) device which is not only fabricated by a spin-coating method without the need for patterning and wiring processes, but also enables light-driven 3D droplet manipulations. To provide photoconductive properties, previous optoelectrowetting (OEW) devices have used amorphous silicon (a-Si) typically fabricated through high-temperature processes over 300 °C such as CVD or PECVD. However, most of the commercially-available flexible substrates such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) experience serious thermal deformation under such high-temperature processes. Because of this compatibility issue of conventional OEW devices with flexible substrates, light-driven 3D droplet manipulations have not yet been demonstrated on flexible substrates. Our study overcomes this compatibility issue by using a polymer-based photoconductive material, titanium oxide phthalocyanine (TiOPc) and thus SCOEW devices can be simply fabricated on flexible substrates through a low-cost, spin-coating method. In this paper, analytical studies were conducted to understand the effects of light patterns on static contact angles and EWOD forces. For experimental validations of our study, flexible SCOEW devices were successfully fabricated through the TiOPc-based spin-coating method and light-driven droplet manipulations (e.g. transportation, merging, and splitting) have been demonstrated on various 3D terrains such as inclined, vertical, upside-down, and curved surfaces. Our flexible SCOEW technology offers the benefits of device simplicity, flexibility, and functionality over conventional EWOD and OEW devices by enabling optical droplet manipulations on a 3D featureless surface.
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Study of oxygen scavenging PET-based films activated by water
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Rossi, Gabriella; Scarfato, Paola; Incarnato, Loredana
2016-05-01
In this work an active barrier system consisting of a thin and transparent film based on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was studied. Dynamic oxygen absorption measurements were performed at different values of relative humidity and temperature, pointing out that humidity is a key factor in activating the oxidation of the polymer sample. Moreover, the thermal and optical properties of the films were investigated and a good correlation was found between the crystallinity increase and the consequent transparency reduction occurring after the oxygen absorption.
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Methacrylate derivatives incorporating pyroglutamic acid.
Smith, Tara J; Mathias, Lon J
2002-01-01
Methacrylates containing pyroglutamic acid were synthesized in good yields. Methyl alpha-pyroglutamyl methylacrylate (PyMM) and methyl alpha-pyroglutamidoundecanoyl methylacrylate (PyUM) give very fast photopolymerization rates both in homopolymerizations and with widely used commercial monomers N-vinyl pyrrolidinone (NVP) and hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). Soluble or cross-linked homopolymers can be obtained depending upon polymerization temperature. Pyroglutamic methacrylates polymerize without added initiator in the melt. Solution cast, photocured, and thermally cured coatings gave good to excellent adhesion to poly(ethylene terephthalate) and glass surfaces.
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Puppulin, Leonardo; Zhu, Wenliang; Sugano, Nobuhiko
2014-01-01
Three types of commercially available ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) acetabular cups currently used in total hip arthroplasty have been studied by means of Raman micro-spectroscopy to unfold the microstructural modification induced by the oxidative degradation after accelerated aging with and without lipid absorption. The three investigated materials were produced by three different manufacturing procedures, as follows: irradiation followed by remelting, one-step irradiation followed by annealing, 3-step irradiation and annealing. Clear microstructural differences were observed in terms of phase contents (i.e. amorphous, crystalline and intermediate phase fraction). The three-step annealed material showed the highest crystallinity fraction in the bulk, while the remelted polyethylene is clearly characterized by the lowest content of crystalline phase and the highest content of amorphous phase. After accelerated aging either with or without lipids, the amount of amorphous phase decreased in all the samples as a consequence of the oxidation-induced recrystallization. The most remarkable variations of phase contents were detected in the remelted and in the single-step annealed materials. The presence of lipids triggered oxidative degradation especially in the remelted polyethylene. Such experimental evidence might be explained by the highest amount of amorphous phase in which lipids can be absorbed prior to accelerated aging. The results of these spectroscopic characterizations help to rationalize the complex effect of different irradiation and post-irradiation treatments on the UHMWPE microstructure and gives useful information on how significantly any single step of the manufacturing procedures might affect the oxidative degradation of the polymer. PMID:25179830
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wetzel, J.; Tiras, E.; Bilki, B.; Onel, Y.; Winn, D.
2016-08-01
Polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) and polyethylene teraphthalate (PET) are cheap and common polyester plastics used throughout the world in the manufacturing of bottled drinks, containers for foodstuffs, and fibers used in clothing. These plastics are also known organic scintillators with very good scintillation properties. As particle physics experiments increase in energy and particle flux density, so does radiation exposure to detector materials. It is therefore important that scintillators be tested for radiation tolerance at these generally unheard of doses. We tested samples of PEN and PET using laser stimulated emission on separate tiles exposed to 1 Mrad and 10 Mrad gamma rays with a 137Cs source. PEN exposed to 1.4 Mrad and 14 Mrad emit 71.4% and 46.7% of the light of an undamaged tile, respectively, and maximally recover to 85.9% and 79.5% after 5 and 9 days, respectively. PET exposed to 1.4 Mrad and 14 Mrad emit 35.0% and 12.2% light, respectively, and maximally recover to 93.5% and 80.0% after 22 and 60 days, respectively.
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Combating oil spill problem using plastic waste
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Saleem, Junaid, E-mail: junaidupm@gmail.com; Ning, Chao; Barford, John
Highlights: • Up-cycling one type of pollution i.e. plastic waste and successfully using it to combat the other type of pollution i.e. oil spill. • Synthesized oil sorbent that has extremely high oil uptake of 90 g/g after prolonged dripping of 1 h. • Synthesized porous oil sorbent film which not only facilitates in oil sorption but also increases the affinity between sorbent and oil by means of adhesion. - Abstract: Thermoplastic polymers (such as polypropylene, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and high density polyethylene (HDPE)) constitute 5–15% of municipal solid waste produced across the world. A huge quantity of plasticmore » waste is disposed of each year and is mostly either discarded in landfills or incinerated. On the other hand, the usage of synthetic polymers as oil sorbents, in particular, polyolefins, including polypropylene (PP), and polyethylene (PE) are the most commonly used oil sorbent materials mainly due to their low cost. However, they possess relatively low oil absorption capacities. In this work, we provide an innovative way to produce a value-added product such as oil-sorbent film with high practical oil uptake values in terms of g/g from waste HDPE bottles for rapid oil spill remedy.« less
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Wilkes, R A; Aristilde, L
2017-09-01
Synthetic plastics, which are widely present in materials of everyday use, are ubiquitous and slowly-degrading polymers in environmental wastes. Of special interest are the capabilities of microorganisms to accelerate their degradation. Members of the metabolically diverse genus Pseudomonas are of particular interest due to their capabilities to degrade and metabolize synthetic plastics. Pseudomonas species isolated from environmental matrices have been identified to degrade polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polyurethane, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene succinate, polyethylene glycol and polyvinyl alcohol at varying degrees of efficiency. Here, we present a review of the current knowledge on the factors that control the ability of Pseudomonas sp. to process these different plastic polymers and their by-products. These factors include cell surface attachment within biofilms, catalytic enzymes involved in oxidation or hydrolysis of the plastic polymer, metabolic pathways responsible for uptake and assimilation of plastic fragments and chemical factors that are advantageous or inhibitory to the biodegradation process. We also highlight future research directions required in order to harness fully the capabilities of Pseudomonas sp. in bioremediation strategies towards eliminating plastic wastes. © 2017 The Society for Applied Microbiology.
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HPLC study of migration of terephthalic acid and isophthalic acid from PET bottles into edible oils.
Khaneghah, Amin Mousavi; Limbo, Sara; Shoeibi, Shahram; Mazinani, Somayeh
2014-08-01
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) containers for food oil packaging were evaluated with a newly established determination method for terephthalic acid (TPA) and isophthalic acid (IPA). The analysis of monomers, TPA and IPA that migrate from PET bottles into oils was performed using high-pressure liquid chromatography with a diode array detector. Three types of commercial oils (sunflower oil, canola oil and blended oil which included sunflower oil, soy bean oil and cottonseed oil) were bottled in PET containers. These samples were incubated for 10 days at 49 °C as accelerated test condition. The means of recovery for this method varied from 70% to 72% and from 101% to 111% for TPA and IPA, respectively. The results showed that the amounts of specific migration of TPA and IPA into the samples conform to European Union legislation that identifies specific migration limits. More important, the results highlighted a different behavior of migration as a function of the fatty acid profile. Previous investigations have been performed with food simulants such as HB307 or 20% ethanol but our study used real food samples and determined trace amounts of the migrated compounds. Further investigation will be needed to better explain the influence of fatty acid conformation on migration of PET monomers. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Kumagai, Shogo; Grause, Guido; Kameda, Tomohito; Yoshioka, Toshiaki
2014-03-18
The possibility of simultaneous recovery of benzene and metals from the hydrolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)-based materials such as X-ray films, magnetic tape, and prepaid cards under a steam atmosphere at a temperature of 450 °C was evaluated. The hydrolysis resulted in metal-containing carbonaceous residue and volatile terephthalic acid (TPA). The effects of metals and additives on the recovery process were also investigated. All metals were quantitatively recovered, and silver, maghemite (γ-Fe2O3), and anatase (TiO2) were recovered without any changes in their crystal structures or compositions. In a second step, TPA was decarboxylized in the presence of calcium oxide (CaO) at 700 °C, producing benzene with an average yield of 34% and purity of 76%. Maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) incorporated in magnetic tape and prepaid cards could decarboxylate TPA. Aluminum present in the prepaid cards produced hydrogen by the reaction with steam. However, the presence of metals had no adverse influence on the recovery of benzene-rich oil in the presence of CaO. Therefore, this method can be applied to PET-based materials containing inorganic substances, which cannot be recycled effectively otherwise.
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Matkovska, Liubov; Iurzhenko, Maksym; Mamunya, Yevgen; Tkachenko, Igor; Demchenko, Valeriy; Synyuk, Volodymyr; Shadrin, Andriy; Boiteux, Gisele
2017-12-01
The article is concerned with hybrid amorphous polymers synthesized basing on epoxy oligomer of diglycide aliphatic ester of polyethylene glycol that was cured by polyethylene polyamine and lithium perchlorate salt. Structural peculiarities of organic-inorganic polymer composites were studied by differential scanning calorimetry, wide-angle X-ray spectra, infrared spectroscopic, scanning electron microscopy, elemental analysis, and transmission and reflective optical microscopy. On the one hand, the results showed that the introduction of LiClO 4 salt into epoxy polymer leads to formation of the coordinative metal-polymer complexes of donor-acceptor type between central Li + ion and ligand. On the other hand, the appearance of amorphous microinclusions, probably of inorganic nature, was also found.
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Micromechanical modelling of polyethylene
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Alvarado Contreras, Jose Andres
2008-10-01
The increasing use of polyethylene in diverse applications motivates the need for understanding how its molecular properties relate to the overall behaviour of the material. Although microstructure and mechanical properties of polymers have been the subject of several studies, the irreversible microstructural rearrangements occurring at large deformations are not completely understood. The purpose of this thesis is to describe how the concepts of Continuum Damage Mechanics can be applied to modelling of polyethylene materials under different loading conditions. The first part of the thesis consists of the theoretical formulation and numerical implementation of a three-dimensional micromechanical model for crystalline polyethylene. Based on the theory of shear slip on crystallographic planes, the proposed model is expressed in the framework of viscoplasticity coupled with degradation at large deformations. Earlier models aid in the interpretation of the mechanical behaviour of crystalline polyethylene under different loading conditions; however, they cannot predict the microstructural damage caused by deformation. The model, originally due to Parks and Ahzi (199o), was further developed in the light of the concept of Continuum Damage Mechanics to consider the original microstructure, the particular irreversible rearrangements, and the deformation mechanisms. Damage mechanics has been a matter of intensive research by many authors, yet it has not been introduced to the micromodelling of semicrystalline polymeric materials such as polyethylene. Regarding the material representation, the microstructure is simplified as an aggregate of randomly oriented and perfectly bonded crystals. To simulate large deformations, the new constitutive model attempts to take into account existence of intracrystalline microcracks. The second part of the work presents the theoretical formulation and numerical implementation of a three-dimensional constitutive model for the mechanical behaviour of semicrystalline polyethylene. The model proposed herein attempts to describe the deformation and degradation process in semicrystalline polyethylene following the approach of damage mechanics. Structural degradation, an important phenomenon at large deformations, has not received sufficient attention in the literature. The modifications to the constitutive equations consist essentially of introducing the concept of Continuum Damage Mechanics to describe the rupture of the intermolecular (van der Waals) bonds that hold crystals as coherent structures. In order to model the mechanical behaviour, the material morphology is simplified as a collection of inclusions comprising the crystalline and amorphous phases with their characteristic average volume fractions. In the spatial arrangement, each inclusion consists of crystalline material lying in a thin lamella attached to an amorphous layer. To consider microstructural damage, two different approaches are analyzed. The first approach assumes damage occurs only in the crystalline phase, i.e., degradation of the amorphous phase is ignored. The second approach considers the effect of damage on the mechanical behaviour of both the amorphous and crystalline phases. To illustrate the proposed constitutive formulations, the models were used to predict the responses of crystalline and semicrystalline polyethylene under uniaxial tension and simple shear. The numerical simulations were compared with experimental data previously obtained by Bartczak et al. (1994), G'Sell and Jonas (1981), G'Sell et al. (1983), Hillmansen et al. (2000), and Li et al. (2001). Our model's predictions show a consistently good agreement with the experimental results and a significant improvement with respect to the ones obtained by Parks and Ahzi (1990), Schoenfeld et al. (1995), Yang and Chen (2001), Lee et al. (i993b), Lee et al. (1993a), and Nikolov et al. (2006). The newly proposed formulations demonstrate that these types of constitutive models based on Continuum Damage Mechanics are appropriate for predicting large deformations and failure in polyethylene materials.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Garcia-Cruz, Alvaro; Lee, Michael; Marote, Pedro; Zine, Nadia; Sigaud, Monique; Bonhomme, Anne; Pruna, Raquel; Lopez, Manuel; Bausells, Joan; Jaffrezic, Nicole; Errachid, Abdelhamid
2016-08-01
Highly efficient nano-engineering tools will certainly revolutionize the biomedical and sensing devices research and development in the years to come. Here, we present a novel high performance conducting poly(pyrrole) nanowires (PPy-NW) patterning technology on thermoplastic surfaces (poly(ethylene terephthalate (PETE), poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate (PEN), polyimide (PI), and cyclic olefin copolymer) using nanocontact printing and controlled chemical polymerization (nCP-CCP) technique. The technique uses a commercial compact disk as a template to produce nanopatterned polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamps. The PDMS nanopatterned stamp was applied to print the PPy-NWs and the developed technology of nCP-CCP produced 3D conducting nanostructures. This new and very promising nanopatterning technology was achieved in a single step and with a low cost of fabrication over large areas.
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Bayer, Forrest L
2002-01-01
Studies were undertaken to determine the composition of five different types of post-consumer polyethylene terephthalate (PET) feedstreams to ascertain the relative amounts of food containers and non-food containers. Deposit post-consumer PET feedstreams contained approximately 100% food containers, whereas curbside feedstreams contained from 0.04 to 6% non-food containers. Analysis of the PET containers from the different type feedstreams after the containers were subjected to a commercial PET wash system and after processing with a proprietary decontamination technology was accomplished to determine the levels of compounds in the post-consumer PET after the various stages of processing. Comprehensive thermal desorption/GC/MS, purge and trap GC/MS purge and trap GC quantitation, PET dissolution and extraction GC analysis and PET dissolution HPLC analysis established the types and concentrations of compounds that absorb in the PET from the various types of postconsumer feedstreams. A total of 121 compounds were identified in the five different feedstreams. The concentration of absorbed compounds remaining in the deposit material and the non-food applications material after the commercial wash was 28 and 39mgkg(-1) respectively. Analysis of the feedstreams after subjecting the material to a proprietary decontamination process demonstrated the ability of removing all the absorbed compounds to a level below the level of the threshold of regulation. The safety of sourcing of post-consumer PET from food use applications verses non-food use applications of PET has been established.
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Johnson, David R; Tian, Fang; Roman, Maxine J; Decker, Eric A; Goddard, Julie M
2015-05-27
Foods such as bulk oils, salad dressings, and nutritionally fortified beverages that are susceptible to oxidative degradation are often packaged in poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) bottles with metal chelators added to the food to maintain product quality. In the present work, a metal-chelating active packaging material is designed and characterized, in which poly(hydroxamic acid) (PHA) metal-chelating moieties were grafted from the surface of PET. Biomimetic PHA groups were grafted in a two-step UV-initiated process without the use of a photoinitiator. Surface characterization of the films by attenuated total reflective Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) suggested successful grafting and conversion of poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate) (PHEA) to PHA chelating moieties from the surface of PET. Colorimetric (ferrozine) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) assays demonstrated the ability of PET-g-PHA to chelate iron in a low-pH (3.0) environment containing a competitive metal chelator (citric acid). Lipid oxidation studies demonstrated the antioxidant activity of PET-g-PHA films in inhibiting iron-promoted oxidation in an acidified oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion model system (pH 3.0). Particle size and ζ-potential analysis indicated that the addition of PET-g-PHA films did not affect the physical stability of the emulsion system. This work suggests that biomimetic chelating moieties can be grafted from PET and effectively inhibit iron-promoted degradation reactions, enabling removal of metal-chelating additives from product formulations.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Ang, P. C.; Ibrahim, K.; Pakhuruddin, M. Z.
2015-04-24
One way to realize low-cost thin film silicon (Si) solar cells fabrication is by depositing the films with high-deposition rate and manufacturing-compatible electron beam (e-beam) evaporation onto inexpensive foreign substrates such as glass or plastic. Most of the ongoing research is reported on e-beam evaporation of Si films on glass substrates to make polycrystalline solar cells but works combining both e-beam evaporation and plastic substrates are still scarce in the literature. This paper studies electrical properties and surface morphology of 1 µm electron beam evaporated Al-doped p-type silicon thin films on textured polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate for application as anmore » absorber layer in solar cells. In this work, Si thin films with different doping concentrations (including an undoped reference) are prepared by e-beam evaporation. Energy dispersion X-ray (EDX) showed that the Si films are uniformly doped by Al dopant atoms. With increased Al/Si ratio, doping concentration increased while both resistivity and carrier mobility of the films showed opposite relationships. Root mean square (RMS) surface roughness increased. Overall, the Al-doped Si film with Al/Si ratio of 2% (doping concentration = 1.57×10{sup 16} atoms/cm{sup 3}) has been found to provide the optimum properties of a p-type absorber layer for fabrication of thin film Si solar cells on PET substrate.« less
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Foolmaun, Rajendra Kumar; Ramjeeawon, Toolseeram
2012-09-01
The annual rise in population growth coupled with the flourishing tourism industry in Mauritius has lead to a considerable increase in the amount of solid waste generated. In parallel, the disposal of non-biodegradable wastes, especially plastic packaging and plastic bottles, has also shown a steady rise. Improper disposal of used polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles constitutes an eyesore to the environmental landscape and is a threat to the flourishing tourism industry. It is of utmost importance, therefore, to determine a suitable disposal method for used PET bottles which is not only environmentally efficient but is also cost effective. This study investigated the environmental impacts and the cost effectiveness of four selected disposal alternatives for used PET bottles in Mauritius. The four disposal routes investigated were: 100% landfilling; 75% incineration with energy recovery and 25% landfilling; 40% flake production (partial recycling) and 60% landfilling; and 75% flake production and 25% landfilling. Environmental impacts of the disposal alternatives were determined using ISO standardized life cycle assessment (LCA) and with the support of SimaPro 7.1 software. Cost effectiveness was determined using life cycle costing (LCC). Collected data were entered into a constructed Excel-based model to calculate the different cost categories, Net present values, damage costs and payback periods. LCA and LCC results indicated that 75% flake production and 25% landfilling was the most environmentally efficient and cost-effective disposal route for used PET bottles in Mauritius.
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Käppler, Andrea; Windrich, Frank; Löder, Martin G J; Malanin, Mikhail; Fischer, Dieter; Labrenz, Matthias; Eichhorn, Klaus-Jochen; Voit, Brigitte
2015-09-01
The presence of microplastics in aquatic ecosystems is a topical problem and leads to the need of appropriate and reliable analytical methods to distinctly identify and to quantify these particles in environmental samples. As an example transmission, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) imaging can be used to analyze samples directly on filters without any visual presorting, when the environmental sample was afore extracted, purified, and filtered. However, this analytical approach is strongly restricted by the limited IR transparency of conventional filter materials. Within this study, we describe a novel silicon (Si) filter substrate produced by photolithographic microstructuring, which guarantees sufficient transparency for the broad mid-infrared region of 4000-600 cm(-1). This filter type features holes with a diameter of 10 μm and exhibits adequate mechanical stability. Furthermore, it will be shown that our Si filter substrate allows a distinct identification of the most common microplastics, polyethylene (PE), and polypropylene (PP), in the characteristic fingerprint region (1400-600 cm(-1)). Moreover, using the Si filter substrate, a differentiation of microparticles of polyesters having quite similar chemical structure, like polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), is now possible, which facilitates a visualization of their distribution within a microplastic sample by FTIR imaging. Finally, this Si filter can also be used as substrate for Raman microscopy-a second complementary spectroscopic technique-to identify microplastic samples.
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Dasdia, T; Bazzaco, S; Bottero, L; Buffa, R; Ferrero, S; Campanelli, G; Dolfini, E
1998-01-01
A new in vitro method to evaluate the early critical interactions between synthetic prosthetic materials and growing tissues is reported. The correct spatial organization and proper cell to cell interaction required to mimic the in vivo environment was obtained in a 3-dimensional (3-D) embryo organ culture. The clot formed by plasma and chick-embryo extract provided a natural 3-D extracellular matrix that was able to support the growth and differentiation of intestinal tissue dissected from 12-day-old chick embryos. Different materials used for the repair of abdominal wall defects were taken as standards; all the prosthetic materials were devoid of any evident cytotoxic potential over a 10-day culture period, so they did not interfere with the organogenesis process. A polyglactin mesh (Vicryl) was fully incorporated into the growing tissue, but early signs of its degradation were detectable. The biologically inert materials polyethylene terephthalate (Mersilene) and polypropylene (Marlex, Prolene, and Herniamesh) retained their structural integrity when incubated with cultured tissue at 37 degrees C, and they did not hinder cellular proliferation or fibroblast migration. However, the outgrowth behavior was very different while the connective tissue invaded the interstices of the polyethylene terephthalate mesh; the explants and the migrating cells were repelled by hydrophobic polypropylene meshes. These findings are in agreement with other reported results in in vivo studies. Therefore, this method can be considered as reliable and predictable for the evaluation of biopolymers.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Nikam, Pravin N.; Deshpande, Vineeta D.
2016-05-01
Polymer nanocomposites based on metal oxide (ceramic) nanoparticles are a new class of materials with unique properties and designed for various applications such as electronic device packaging, insulation, fabrication and automotive industries. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/alumina (Al2O3) nanocomposites with filler content between 1 wt% and 5 wt% were prepared by melt compounding method using co-rotating twin screw extruder and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and precision LCR meter techniques. The results revealed that proper uniform dispersion at lower content up to 2 wt% of nano-alumina observed by using TEM. Aggregation of nanoparticles was observed at higher content of alumina examined by using SEM and TEM. The frequency dependences of the alternating current (AC) conductivity (σAC) of PET/alumina nanocomposites on the filler content and DC bias were investigated in the frequency range of 20Hz - 1MHz. The results showed that the AC and direct current (DC) conductivity increases with increasing DC bias and nano-alumina content upto 3 wt%. It follows the Jonscher's universal power law of solids. It revealed that σAC of PET/alumina nanocomposites can be well characterized by the DC conductivity (σDC), critical frequency (ωc), critical exponent of the power law (s). Roll of DC bias potential led to an increase of DC conductivity (σDC) due to the creation of additional conducting paths with the polymer nanocomposites and percolation behavior achieved through co-continuous morphology.
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Franz, Roland; Gmeiner, Margit; Gruner, Anita; Kemmer, Diana; Welle, Frank
2016-01-01
ABSTRACT Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles are widely used as packaging material for natural mineral water. However, trace levels of acetaldehyde can migrate into natural mineral water during the shelf life and might influence the taste of the PET bottled water. 2-Aminobenzamide is widely used during PET bottle production as a scavenging agent for acetaldehyde. The aim of this study was the determination of the migration kinetics of 2-aminobenzamide into natural mineral water as well as into 20% ethanol. From the migration kinetics, the diffusion coefficients of 2-aminobenzamide in PET at 23 and 40°C were determined to be 4.2 × 10− 16 and 4.2 × 10− 15 cm2 s–1, respectively. The diffusion coefficient for 20% ethanol at 40°C was determined to be 7.7 × 10− 15 cm2 s–1, which indicates that 20% ethanol is causing swelling of the PET polymer. From a comparison of migration values between 23 and 40°C, acceleration factors of 9.7 when using water as contact medium and 18.1 for 20% ethanol as simulant can be derived for definition of appropriate accelerated test conditions at 40°C. The European Union regulatory acceleration test based on 80 kJ mol–1 as conservative activation energy overestimates the experimentally determined acceleration rates by a factor of 1.6 and 3.1, respectively. PMID:26666986
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Surface pre-treatment for barrier coatings on polyethylene terephthalate
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bahre, H.; Bahroun, K.; Behm, H.; Steves, S.; Awakowicz, P.; Böke, M.; Hopmann, Ch; Winter, J.
2013-02-01
Polymers have favourable properties such as light weight, flexibility and transparency. Consequently, this makes them suitable for food packaging, organic light-emitting diodes and flexible solar cells. Nonetheless, raw plastics do not possess sufficient barrier functionality against oxygen and water vapour, which is of paramount importance for most applications. A widespread solution is to deposit thin silicon oxide layers using plasma processes. However, silicon oxide layers do not always fulfil the requirements concerning adhesion and barrier performance when deposited on films. Thus, plasma pre-treatment is often necessary. To analyse the influence of a plasma-based pre-treatment on barrier performance, different plasma pre-treatments on three reactor setups were applied to a very smooth polyethylene terephthalate film before depositing a silicon oxide barrier layer. In this paper, the influence of oxygen and argon plasma pre-treatments towards the barrier performance is discussed examining the chemical and topological change of the film. It was observed that a short one-to-ten-second plasma treatment can reduce the oxygen transmission rate by a factor of five. The surface chemistry and the surface topography change significantly for these short treatment times, leading to an increased surface energy. The surface roughness rises slowly due to the development of small spots in the nanometre range. For very long treatment times, surface roughness of the order of the barrier layer's thickness results in a complete loss of barrier properties. During plasma pre-treatment, the trade-off between surface activation and roughening of the surface has to be carefully considered.
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Solar Disinfection of Viruses in Polyethylene Terephthalate Bottles
Carratalà, Anna; Dionisio Calado, Alex; Mattle, Michael J.; Meierhofer, Regula; Luzi, Samuel
2015-01-01
Solar disinfection (SODIS) of drinking water in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles is a simple, efficient point-of-use technique for the inactivation of many bacterial pathogens. In contrast, the efficiency of SODIS against viruses is not well known. In this work, we studied the inactivation of bacteriophages (MS2 and ϕX174) and human viruses (echovirus 11 and adenovirus type 2) by SODIS. We conducted experiments in PET bottles exposed to (simulated) sunlight at different temperatures (15, 22, 26, and 40°C) and in water sources of diverse compositions and origins (India and Switzerland). Good inactivation of MS2 (>6-log inactivation after exposure to a total fluence of 1.34 kJ/cm2) was achieved in Swiss tap water at 22°C, while less-efficient inactivation was observed in Indian waters and for echovirus (1.5-log inactivation at the same fluence). The DNA viruses studied, ϕX174 and adenovirus, were resistant to SODIS, and the inactivation observed was equivalent to that occurring in the dark. High temperatures enhanced MS2 inactivation substantially; at 40°C, 3-log inactivation was achieved in Swiss tap water after exposure to a fluence of only 0.18 kJ/cm2. Overall, our findings demonstrate that SODIS may reduce the load of single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses, such as echoviruses, particularly at high temperatures and in photoreactive matrices. In contrast, complementary measures may be needed to ensure efficient inactivation during SODIS of DNA viruses resistant to oxidation. PMID:26497451
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Kollamaram, Gayathri; Hopkins, Simon C; Glowacki, Bartek A; Croker, Denise M; Walker, Gavin M
2018-03-30
Drop-on-demand inkjet printing is a potential enabling technology both for continuous manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and for personalized medicine, but its use is often restricted to low-viscosity solutions and nano-suspensions. In the present study, a robust electromagnetic (valvejet) inkjet technology has been successfully applied to deposit prototype dosage forms from solutions with a wide range of viscosities, and from suspensions with particle sizes exceeding 2 μm. A detailed solid-state study of paracetamol, printed from a solution ink on hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), revealed that the morphology of the substrate and its chemical interactions can have a considerable influence on polymorphic selectivity. Paracetamol ink crystallized exclusively into form II when printed on a smooth polyethylene terephthalate substrate, and exclusively into form I when in sufficient proximity to the rough surface of the HPMC substrate to be influenced by confinement in pores and chemical interactions. The relative standard deviation in the strength of the dosage forms was <4% in all cases, for doses as low as 0.8 mg, demonstrating the accuracy and reproducibility associated with electromagnetic inkjet technology. Good adhesion of indomethacin on HPMC was achieved using a suspension ink with hydroxypropyl cellulose, but not on an alternative polyethylene terephthalate substrate, emphasising the need to tailor the binder to the substrate. Future work will focus on lower-dose drugs, for which dosing flexibility and fixed dose combinations are of particular interest. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ahmadi, Eltefat; Fauzi, Ahmad; Hussin, Hashim; Baharun, Norlia; Ariffin, Kamar Shah; Rezan, Sheikh Abdul
2017-04-01
An innovative and sustainable carbothermal reduction and nitridation (CTRN) process of ilmenite (FeTiO3) using a mixture of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and coal as the primary reductant under an H2-N2 atmosphere was proposed. The use of PET as an alternative source of carbon not only enhances the porosity of the pellets but also results in the separation of Fe from titanium oxycarbonitride (TiO x C y N z ) particles because of the differences in surface tension. The experiments were carried out at 1250°C for 3 h using four different PET contents ranging from 25wt% to 100wt% in the reductant. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in conjunction with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and LECO elemental analysis were used to study the phases and microstructures of the reduced samples. In the case of 75wt% PET, iron distinctly separated from the synthesized TiO x C y N z phase. With increasing PET content in the sample, the reduction and nitridation rates substantially increased. The synthesis of an oxycarbonitride with stoichiometry of TiO0.02C0.13N0.85 with minimal intermediate titanium sub-oxides was achieved. The results also showed that the iron particles formed from CTRN of FeTiO3 exhibited a spherical morphology, which is conducive for Fe removal via the Becher process.
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Abou-Yousef, Hussein; Khattab, Tawfik A; Youssef, Yehia A; Al-Balakocy, Naser; Kamel, Samir
2017-08-01
A simple, portable and highly sensitive naked-eye test strip is successfully prepared for optical detection of gaseous and aqueous alkaline analytes. Novel pH-sensory tricyanofuran-hydrazone (TCFH) disperse colorant containing a hydrazone recognition functional moiety is successfully synthesized via azo-coupling reaction between active methyl-containing tricyanofuran (TCF) heterocycle and diazonium salt of 4-aminobenzaldehyde followed by Knoevenagel condensation with malononitrile. UV-vis absorption spectra display solvatochromism and reversible color changes of the TCFH solution in dimethyl sulfoxide in response to pH variations. We investigate the preparation of hydrophobic cellulose/polyethylene terephthalate composites characterized by their high affinity for disperse dyes. Composite films made from CA, Cell/CA, PET/CA, and Cell/PET-CA are produced via solvent-casting procedure using 10-30% modified cellulose or modified polyethylene terephthalate. The mechanical properties and morphologies of these composite films are investigated. The prepared pH-sensory hydrazone-based disperse dye is then applied to dye the produced cellulose-based composite films employing the high temperature pressure dyeing procedure. The produced halochromic PET-CA-TCFH test strip provide an instant visible signal from orange to purple upon exposure to alkaline conditions as proved by the coloration measurements. The sensor strip exhibits high sensitivity and quick detection toward ammonia in both of aqueous and vapor phases by naked-eye observations at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Vaquette, Cédryck; Viateau, Véronique; Guérard, Sandra; Anagnostou, Fani; Manassero, Mathieu; Castner, David G.; Migonney, Véronique
2013-01-01
This study investigates the impact of polystyrene sodium sulfonate (PolyNaSS) grafting onto the osseointegration of a polyethylene terephthalate artificial ligament (Ligament Advanced Reinforcement System, LARS™) used for Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL). The performance of grafted and non-grafted ligaments was assessed in vitro by culturing human osteoblasts under osteogenic induction and this demonstrated that the surface modification was capable of up-regulating the secretion of ALP and induced higher level of mineralisation as measured 6 weeks post-seeding by Micro-Computed Tomography. Grafted and non-grafted LARS™ were subsequently implanted in an ovine model for ACL reconstruction and the ligament-to-bone interface was evaluated by histology and biomechanical testing 3 and 12 months post-implantation. The grafted ligaments exhibited more frequent direct ligament-to-bone contact and bone formation in the core of the ligament at the later time point than the nongrafted specimens, the grafting also significantly reduced the fibrous encapsulation of the ligament 12 months post-implantation. However, this improved osseo-integration was not translated into a significant increase in the biomechanical pull-out loads. These results provide evidences that PolyNaSS grafting improved the osseo-integration of the artificial ligament within the bone tunnels. This might positively influence the outcome of the surgical reconstructions, as higher ligament stability is believed to limit micro-movement and therefore permits earlier and enhanced healing. PMID:23790438
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Wang, Chun-Hui; Guo, Zhong-Shang; Pang, Fei; Zhang, Li-Yuan; Yan, Ming; Yan, Jin-Hong; Li, Ke-Wen; Li, Xiao-Jie; Li, Yong; Bi, Long; Han, Yi-Sheng
2015-07-22
The objective of this study was to investigate whether surface coating with graphene could enhance the surface bioactivation of PET-based artificial ligaments to accelerate graft-to-bone healing after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. In an in vitro study, the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells and their differentiation on the scaffolds were quantified via 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and real-time polymerase chain reaction assays. The significantly higher optical-density values and transcription levels of osteoblast-specific genes indicated that graphene modification could promote the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells and accelerate their specific differentiation into osteogenic lineages on scaffolds. In an in vivo test, rabbits were used to establish an extra-articular graft-to-bone healing model. At 4, 8, and 12 weeks after surgery, biomechanical tests, microcomputed tomography analysis, and histological observations were performed. The final results demonstrated that the microstructural parameters, the average mineral apposition rate of the bone, and the biomechanical properties of the graphene-coated polyethylene terephthalate (PET)-based artificial ligament (G-PET-AL) group were significantly higher than those of the PET-AL graft group (P < 0.05). The results of Van Gieson staining indicated that in the G-PET-AL group, there was more newly formed bone than there was in the group in which nongraphene-coated PET-ALs were used. In conclusion, graphene exhibits considerable potential for enhancing the surface bioactivation of materials.
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Cai, Xianmei; Yuan, Jiang; Chen, Shuangchun; Li, Pengfei; Li, Li; Shen, Jian
2014-03-01
Poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) has been widely adopted as a scaffold biomaterial, but further hemocompatibility improvement is still needed for wide biomedical applications. Inspired by the composition of adhesive proteins in mussels, we propose to use self-polymerized dopamine to form a surface-adherent polydopamine layer onto PET sheet, followed by Michael addition with N,N-dimethylethylenediamine (DMDA) to build tertiary amine, and final zwitterions(sulfobetaine and carboxybetaine) construction through ring-opening reaction. Physicochemical properties of substrates were demonstrated by water contact angle measurement, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The hemocompatibility was evaluated by platelet adhesion, hemolytic, and protein adsorption. The results showed that the zwitterions immobilized PET endowed with improved resistance to nonspecific protein adsorption and platelet adhesion as well as nonhemolytic. The zwitterions with desirable hemocompatibility can be readily tailored to catheter for various biomedical applications. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ogura, I.; Kotake, M.; Ata, S.; Honda, K.
2017-06-01
The release of free carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and CNTs partly embedded in matrix debris into the air may occur during mechanical and abrasion processes involving CNT composites. Since the harmful effects of CNT-matrix mixtures have not yet been fully evaluated, it is considered that any exposure to CNTs, including CNT-matrix mixtures, should be measured and controlled. Thermal carbon analysis, such as Method 5040 of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, is one of the most reliable quantitative methods for measuring CNTs in the air. However, when CNTs are released together with polymer matrices, this technique may be inapplicable. In this study, we evaluated the potential for using thermal carbon analysis to determine CNTs in the presence of polymer matrices. Our results showed that thermal carbon analysis was potentially capable of determining CNTs in distinction from polyamide 12, polybutylene terephthalate, polypropylene, and polyoxymethylene. However, it was difficult to determine CNTs in the presence of polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polyetheretherketone, or polyamide 6.
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Mechanical Properties of ZTO, ITO, and a-Si:H Multilayer Films for Flexible Thin Film Solar Cells.
Hengst, Claudia; Menzel, Siegfried B; Rane, Gayatri K; Smirnov, Vladimir; Wilken, Karen; Leszczynska, Barbara; Fischer, Dustin; Prager, Nicole
2017-03-01
The behavior of bi- and trilayer coating systems for flexible a-Si:H based solar cells consisting of a barrier, an electrode, and an absorption layer is studied under mechanical load. First, the film morphology, stress, Young's modulus, and crack onset strain (COS) were analyzed for single film coatings of various thickness on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates. In order to demonstrate the role of the microstructure of a single film on the mechanical behavior of the whole multilayer coating, two sets of InSnOx (indium tin oxide, ITO) conductive coatings were prepared. Whereas a characteristic grain-subgrain structure was observed in ITO-1 films, grain growth was suppressed in ITO-2 films. ITO-1 bilayer coatings showed two-step failure under tensile load with cracks propagating along the ITO-1/a-Si:H-interface, whereas channeling cracks in comparable bi- and trilayers based on amorphous ITO-2 run through all constituent layers. A two-step failure is preferable from an application point of view, as it may lead to only a degradation of the performance instead of the ultimate failure of the device. Hence, the results demonstrate the importance of a fine-tuning of film microstructure not only for excellent electrical properties, but also for a high mechanical performance of flexible devices (e.g., a-Si:H based solar cells) during fabrication in a roll-to-roll process or under service.
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Mechanical Properties of ZTO, ITO, and a-Si:H Multilayer Films for Flexible Thin Film Solar Cells
Hengst, Claudia; Menzel, Siegfried B; Rane, Gayatri K; Smirnov, Vladimir; Wilken, Karen; Leszczynska, Barbara; Fischer, Dustin; Prager, Nicole
2017-01-01
The behavior of bi- and trilayer coating systems for flexible a-Si:H based solar cells consisting of a barrier, an electrode, and an absorption layer is studied under mechanical load. First, the film morphology, stress, Young’s modulus, and crack onset strain (COS) were analyzed for single film coatings of various thickness on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates. In order to demonstrate the role of the microstructure of a single film on the mechanical behavior of the whole multilayer coating, two sets of InSnOx (indium tin oxide, ITO) conductive coatings were prepared. Whereas a characteristic grain–subgrain structure was observed in ITO-1 films, grain growth was suppressed in ITO-2 films. ITO-1 bilayer coatings showed two-step failure under tensile load with cracks propagating along the ITO-1/a-Si:H-interface, whereas channeling cracks in comparable bi- and trilayers based on amorphous ITO-2 run through all constituent layers. A two-step failure is preferable from an application point of view, as it may lead to only a degradation of the performance instead of the ultimate failure of the device. Hence, the results demonstrate the importance of a fine-tuning of film microstructure not only for excellent electrical properties, but also for a high mechanical performance of flexible devices (e.g., a-Si:H based solar cells) during fabrication in a roll-to-roll process or under service. PMID:28772609
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Electric Charge Accumulation in Polar and Non-Polar Polymers under Electron Beam Irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Nagasawa, Kenichiro; Honjoh, Masato; Takada, Tatsuo; Miyake, Hiroaki; Tanaka, Yasuhiro
The electric charge accumulation under an electron beam irradiation (40 keV and 60 keV) was measured by using the pressure wave propagation (PWP) method in the dielectric insulation materials, such as polar polymeric films (polycarbonate (PC), polyethylene-naphthalate (PEN), polyimide (PI), and polyethylene-terephthalate (PET)) and non-polar polymeric films (polystyrene (PS), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)). The PE and PTFE (non-polar polymers) showed the properties of large amount of electric charge accumulation over 50 C/m3 and long saturation time over 80 minutes. The PP and PS (non-polar polymer) showed the properties of middle amount of charge accumulation about 20 C/m3 and middle saturation time about 1 to 20 minutes. The PC, PEN, PI and PET (polar polymers) showed the properties of small amount of charge accumulation about 5 to 20 C/m3 and within short saturation time about 1.0 minutes. This paper summarizes the relationship between the properties of charge accumulation and chemical structural formula, and compares between the electro static potential distribution with negative charged polymer and its chemical structural formula.
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Suhrhoff, Tim Jesper; Scholz-Böttcher, Barbara M
2016-01-15
Four common consumer plastic samples (polyethylene, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinylchloride) were studied to investigate the impact of physical parameters such as turbulence, salinity and UV irradiance on leaching behavior of selected plastic components. Polymers were exposed to two different salinities (i.e. 0 and 35 g/kg), UV radiation and turbulence. Additives (e.g. bisphenol A, phthalates, citrates, and Irgafos® 168 phosphate) and oligomers were detected in initial plastics and aqueous extracts. Identification and quantification was performed by GC-FID/MS. Bisphenol A and citrate based additives are leached easier compared to phthalates. The print highly contributed to the chemical burden of the analyzed polyethylene bag. The study underlines a positive relationship between turbulence and magnitude of leaching. Salinity had a minor impact that differs for each analyte. Global annual release of additives from assessed plastics into marine environments is estimated to be between 35 and 917 tons, of which most are derived from plasticized polyvinylchloride. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Hild, Nora; Fuhrer, Roland; Mohn, Dirk; Bubenhofer, Stephanie B; Grass, Robert N; Luechinger, Norman A; Feldman, Kirill; Dora, Claudio; Stark, Wendelin J
2012-10-01
Polyethylene is widely used as a component of implants in medicine. Composites made of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) containing different amounts of amorphous calcium phosphate nanoparticles were investigated concerning their in vitro biomedical performance. The nanoparticles were produced by flame spray synthesis and extruded with HDPE, the latter complying with Food and Drug Administration regulations. Mechanical properties such as Young's modulus and contact angle as well as in vitro biomineralization of the nanocomposites hot-pressed into thin films were evaluated. The deposition of a hydroxyapatite layer occurred upon immersion in simulated body fluid. Additionally, a cell culture study with human mesenchymal stem cells for six weeks allowed a primary assessment of the cytocompatibility. Viability assays (alamarBlue and lactate dehydrogenase detection) proved the absence of cytotoxic effects of the scaffolds. Microscopic images after hematoxylin and eosin staining confirmed typical growth and morphology. A preliminary experiment analyzed the alkaline phosphatase activity after two weeks. These findings motivate further investigations on bioactive HDPE in bone tissue engineering.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chen, Yujing; Noda, Isao; Jung, Young Mee
2018-06-01
The 3-hydroxyhexanoate (HHx) molar fraction has a great effect on the property of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHx). In the present study, we investigated the influence of HHx comonomer molar fraction on the thermal property of PHBHx with 3.9 mol% (PHBHx3.9) and 13 mol% HHx (PHBHx13) comonomer content and their polyethylene glycol (PEG) blends in thin films by temperature-dependent infrared-reflection absorbance spectroscopy (IRRAS) and two-dimensional correlation (2D-COS) analysis. 2D-COS analysis demonstrated that there are two distinct amorphous bands of Cdbnd O stretching of PHBHx13 during the heating process, respectively at 1752 and 1760 cm-1, while PHBHx3.9 only shows one amorphous band at 1756 cm-1. This is due to the increase of HHx content from 3.9 mol % to 13 mol % increases the amorphous state of PHBHx. Furthermore, with incorporation of 30 wt% PEG, an additional amorphous band at 1746 cm-1 was observed in the case of 70/30 PHBHx3.9/PEG during the heating process, while this band was absent in the case of 70/30 PHBHx13/PEG, suggesting that the influence of PEG on PHBH3.9 is different from PHBHx13.
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2012-03-29
PET bottle degradation due to storage at elevated temperatures. Results have direct... bottle degradation of chemical and aesthetic drinking water characteristics with extended storage at...elevated temperatures. To elucidate the impact of bottled water storage practices
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Thermally driven self-healing using copper nanofiber heater
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lee, Min Wook; Jo, Hong Seok; Yoon, Sam S.; Yarin, Alexander L.
2017-07-01
Nano-textured transparent heaters made of copper nanofibers (CuNFs) are used to facilitate accelerated self-healing of bromobutyl rubber (BIIR). The heater and BIIR layer are separately deposited on each side of a transparent flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate. A pre-notched crack on the BIIR layer was bridged due to heating facilitated by CuNFs. In the corrosion test, a cracked BIIR layer covered a steel substrate. An accelerated self-healing of the crack due to the transparent copper nanofiber heater facilitated an anti-corrosion protective effect of the BIIR layer.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhang, Weizhou; Wang, Kai; Yan, Wei; Guo, Weihong
2017-10-01
New toughened poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT)/poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) (40/60 wt%) blends were obtained by melting with Glycidyl methacrylate grafted poly(ethylene octane) copolymer (POE-g-GMA), varying the POE-g-GMA content up to 20 wt%, in a twin-screw extruder, followed by injection molding. The influence of POE-g-GMA on the properties of the PBT/PET blends was investigated by mechanical testing, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis, gel fractions analysis, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The mechanical testing results indicated that the incorporation of POE-g-GMA led to increases in the notched impact strength and decreases in the tensile strength, flexural strength, and flexural modulus. When POE-g-GMA content reached 20 wt%, the notched impact strength (8.0 kJ m-2) was achieved for the PBT/PET/POE-g-GMA blends. FT-IR results proved that some PBT/PET/POE-g-GMA copolymers were produced, which improved the compatibility between POE-g-GMA and the PBT/PET matrix. The extent of crosslinking was observed by gel fraction measurements. DMA results further testified chain-extending and micro-crosslink reactions occurred between POE-g-GMA and PBT/PET blends. In addition, the reactions induced by POE-g-GMA affected the crystallization behavior of PBT/PET blends obviously, as observed from DSC results. By means of SEM observation of the impact fracture surface morphology, and the discussion of the micro-crosslink reaction process between the epoxide-containing elastomers and PBT/PET matrix, the toughening mechanism was proposed to be taken into account the shear yielding of PBT/PET matrix and cavitation of elastomer particles.
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Zhang, Kai; Xiong, Xiong; Hu, Hongjuan; Wu, Chenxi; Bi, Yonghong; Wu, Yonghong; Zhou, Bingsheng; Lam, Paul K S; Liu, Jiantong
2017-04-04
Microplastic pollution in inland waters is receiving growing attentions. Reservoirs are suspected to be particularly vulnerable to microplastic pollution. However, very limited information is currently available on pollution characteristics of microplastics in reservoir ecosystems. This work studied the distribution and characteristics of microplastics in the backwater area of Xiangxi River, a typical tributary of the Three Gorges Reservoir. Microplastics were detected in both surface water and sediment with concentrations ranging from 0.55 × 10 5 to 342 × 10 5 items km -2 and 80 to 864 items m -2 , respectively. Polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene were identified in surface water, whereas polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyethylene terephthalate, and pigments were observed in sediment. In addition, microplastics were also detected in the digestion tracts of 25.7% of fish samples, and polyethylene and nylon were identified. Redundancy analysis indicates a weak correlation between microplastics and water quality variables but a negative correlation with water level of the reservoir and Secchi depth. Results from this study confirm the presence of high abundance microplastics in reservoir impacted tributaries, and suggest that water level regulated hydrodynamic condition and input of nonpoint sources are important regulators for microplastic accumulation and distribution in the backwater area of reservoir tributaries.
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A high-throughput assay for enzymatic polyester hydrolysis activity by fluorimetric detection.
Wei, Ren; Oeser, Thorsten; Billig, Susan; Zimmermann, Wolfgang
2012-12-01
A fluorimetric assay for the fast determination of the activity of polyester-hydrolyzing enzymes in a large number of samples has been developed. Terephthalic acid (TPA) is a main product of the enzymatic hydrolysis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a synthetic polyester. Terephthalate has been quantified following its conversion to the fluorescent 2-hydroxyterephthalate by an iron autoxidation-mediated generation of free hydroxyl radicals. The assay proved to be robust at different buffer concentrations, reaction times, pH values, and in the presence of proteins. A validation of the assay was performed by analyzing TPA formation from PET films and nanoparticles catalyzed by a polyester hydrolase from Thermobifida fusca KW3 in a 96-well microplate format. The results showed a close correlation (R(2) = 0.99) with those obtained by a considerably more tedious and time-consuming HPLC method, suggesting the aptness of the fluorimetric assay for a high-throughput screening for polyester hydrolases. The method described in this paper will facilitate the detection and development of biocatalysts for the modification and degradation of synthetic polymers. The fluorimetric assay can be used to quantify the amount of TPA obtained as the final degradation product of the enzymatic hydrolysis of PET. In a microplate format, this assay can be applied for the high-throughput screening of polyester hydrolases. Copyright © 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
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Supercritical methanol for polyethylene terephthalate depolymerization: Observation using simulator
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Genta, Minoru; Iwaya, Tomoko; Sasaki, Mitsuru
2007-07-01
To apply PET depolymerization in supercritical methanol to commercial recycling, the benefits of supercritical methanol usage in PET depolymerization was investigated from the viewpoint of the reaction rate and energy demands. PET was depolymerized in a batch reactor at 573 K in supercritical methanol under 14.7 MPa and in vapor methanol under 0.98 MPa in our previous work. The main products of both reactions were the PET monomers of dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) and ethylene glycol (EG). The rate of PET depolymerization in supercritical methanol was faster than that of PET depolymerization in vapor methanol. This indicates supercritical fluid is beneficialmore » in reducing reaction time without the use of a catalyst. We depicted the simple process flow of PET depolymerization in supercritical methanol and in vapor methanol, and by simulation evaluated the total heat demand of each process. In this simulation, bis-hydroxyethyl terephthalate (BHET) was used as a model component of PET. The total heat demand of PET depolymerization in supercritical methanol was 2.35 x 10{sup 6} kJ/kmol Produced-DMT. That of PET depolymerization in vapor methanol was 2.84 x 10{sup 6} kJ/kmol Produced-DMT. The smaller total heat demand of PET depolymerization in supercritical methanol clearly reveals the advantage of using supercritical fluid in terms of energy savings.« less
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yang, Sung Mo; Hong, Sera; Kim, Sang Youl
2018-05-01
We introduce a simple method to determine the in-plane birefringence of transparent flexible films by using transmission spectroscopic ellipsometry. The pseudo-ellipsometric constants which can represent their sample azimuthal angle dependent characteristics are introduced. The effect of in-plane birefringence and sample azimuthal angle on the pseudo ellipsometric constants is calculated using Jones matrix formalism, and the observed sample azimuthal angle dependence of measured pseudo-ellipsometric data is well understood. Wavelength dependence of in-plane birefringence is expressed in terms of the Sellmeier dispersion equation. The best fit pseudo-ellipsometric spectra to the measured ones at the sample azimuthal angles of every 15° from 0 to 90° are searched. The dispersion coefficients of the Sellmeier equation and the azimuthal angle of the optic axis are determined for polycarbonate (PC), poly(ethylene naphthalate) (PEN), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), polyimide (PI), and colorless polyimide (CPI) films.
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Three-Dimensional Printing with Biomass-Derived PEF for Carbon-Neutral Manufacturing.
Kucherov, Fedor A; Gordeev, Evgeny G; Kashin, Alexey S; Ananikov, Valentine P
2017-12-11
Biomass-derived poly(ethylene-2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PEF) has been used for fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing. A complete cycle from cellulose to the printed object has been performed. The printed PEF objects created in the present study show higher chemical resistance than objects printed with commonly available materials (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polylactic acid (PLA), glycol-modified poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PETG)). The studied PEF polymer has shown key advantages for 3D printing: optimal adhesion, thermoplasticity, lack of delamination and low heat shrinkage. The high thermal stability of PEF and relatively low temperature that is necessary for extrusion are optimal for recycling printed objects and minimizing waste. Several successive cycles of 3D printing and recycling were successfully shown. The suggested approach for extending additive manufacturing to carbon-neutral materials opens a new direction in the field of sustainable development. © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
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Pankow, Joel W; Jorgensen, Gary J; Terwilliger, Kent M; Glick, Stephen H; Isomaki, Nora; Harkonen, Kari; Turkulainen, Tommy
2015-04-21
A moisture barrier, device or product having a moisture barrier or a method of fabricating a moisture barrier having at least a polymer layer, and interfacial layer, and a barrier layer. The polymer layer may be fabricated from any suitable polymer including, but not limited to, fluoropolymers such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), or ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE). The interfacial layer may be formed by atomic layer deposition (ALD). In embodiments featuring an ALD interfacial layer, the deposited interfacial substance may be, but is not limited to, Al.sub.2O.sub.3, AlSiO.sub.x, TiO.sub.2, and an Al.sub.2O.sub.3/TiO.sub.2 laminate. The barrier layer associated with the interfacial layer may be deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). The barrier layer may be a SiO.sub.xN.sub.y film.
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Modeling cutinase enzyme regulation in polyethylene terepthalate plastic biodegradation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Apri, M.; Silmi, M.; Heryanto, T. E.; Moeis, M. R.
2016-04-01
PET (Polyethylene terephthalate) is a plastic material that is commonly used in our daily life. The high production of PET and others plastics that can be up to three hundred million tons per year, is not matched by its degradation rate and hence leads to environmental pollution. To overcome this problem, we develop a biodegradation system. This system utilizes LC Cutinase enzyme produced by engineered escherichia coli bacteria to degrade PET. To make the system works efficaciously, it is important to understand the mechanism underlying its enzyme regulation. Therefore, we construct a mathematical model to describe the regulation of LC Cutinase production. The stability of the model is analyzed. We show that the designated biodegradation system can give an oscillatory behavior that is very important to control the amount of inclusion body (the miss-folded proteins that reduce the efficiency of the biodegradation system).
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Modeling cutinase enzyme regulation in polyethylene terepthalate plastic biodegradation
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Apri, M., E-mail: m.apri@math.itb.ac.id; Silmi, M.; Heryanto, T. E.
PET (Polyethylene terephthalate) is a plastic material that is commonly used in our daily life. The high production of PET and others plastics that can be up to three hundred million tons per year, is not matched by its degradation rate and hence leads to environmental pollution. To overcome this problem, we develop a biodegradation system. This system utilizes LC Cutinase enzyme produced by engineered escherichia coli bacteria to degrade PET. To make the system works efficaciously, it is important to understand the mechanism underlying its enzyme regulation. Therefore, we construct a mathematical model to describe the regulation of LCmore » Cutinase production. The stability of the model is analyzed. We show that the designated biodegradation system can give an oscillatory behavior that is very important to control the amount of inclusion body (the miss-folded proteins that reduce the efficiency of the biodegradation system).« less
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Assessment of floating plastic debris in surface water along the Seine River.
Gasperi, Johnny; Dris, Rachid; Bonin, Tiffany; Rocher, Vincent; Tassin, Bruno
2014-12-01
This study is intended to examine the quality and quantity of floating plastic debris in the River Seine through use of an extensive regional network of floating debris-retention booms; it is one of the first attempts to provide reliable information on such debris at a large regional scale. Plastic debris represented between 0.8% and 5.1% of total debris collected by weight. A significant proportion consisted of food wrappers/containers and plastic cutlery, probably originating from voluntary or involuntary dumping, urban discharges and surface runoff. Most plastic items are made of polypropylene, polyethylene and, to a lesser extent, polyethylene terephthalate. By extrapolation, some 27 tons of floating plastic debris are intercepted annually by this network; corresponding to 2.3 g per Parisian inhabitant per year. Such data could serve to provide a first evaluation of floating plastic inputs conveyed by rivers. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Occurrence of extractable ink residuals in packaging materials used in the Czech Republic.
Dupáková, Z; Dobiás, J; Votavová, L; Klaudisová, K; Voldrich, M
2010-01-01
Residues of printing ink components were determined in 94 samples of packaging materials commercially used in the Czech Republic for food packaging. The samples tested included printed polyethylene and polypropylene films, co-extruded and laminated films, paperboard beverages boxes, foils for thermo sealing of polystyrene cups, and polypropylene cups. Printing ink components were extracted with diethylether, then separated and determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Fifty compounds potentially originating from printing were isolated, identified and quantified. No acute health risk for consumers were identified, even though several findings of high levels of photo-initiators (e.g. in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films for thermo sealing of polystyrene cups) as well as plasticizers (acetyl tributyl citrate, tributyl aconitate, 2-butoxyethyl oleate and 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate in co-extruded films) indicate that their real migration into food and/or food simulants needs to be undertaken for a proper safety evaluation.
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Thermal properties of polyethylene reinforced with recycled–poly (ethylene terephthalate) flakes.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ruqiyah Nik Hassan, Nik; Mazni Ismail, Noor; Ghazali, Suriati; Nuruzzaman, Dewan Muhammad
2018-04-01
In this study, recycled plastic bottles (RPET) were used as a filler in high density polyethylene (HDPE) thermoplastic. The plastic sheet of RPET/HDPE was prepared by using hot and cold press machine. The effects of RPET addition and hot press process to the thermal properties of the composite RPET/HDPE were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric (TGA). Results from DSC analysis show that the melting point of HDPE slightly shifted to a higher temperature for about 2°C to 4°C with the addition of RPET as a filler. The starting degradation temperature of RPET/HDPE composite examined from TGA analysis also seen to be slightly increased. It was observed that the incorporation of recycled PET flakes into HDPE is achievable using hot press process with slight improvement seen in both melting point and thermal stability of the composite compared to the neat HDPE.
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Biodegradability of Plastics: Challenges and Misconceptions.
Kubowicz, Stephan; Booth, Andy M
2017-11-07
Plastics are one of the most widely used materials and, in most cases, they are designed to have long life times. Thus, plastics contain a complex blend of stabilizers that prevent them from degrading too quickly. Unfortunately, many of the most advantageous properties of plastics such as their chemical, physical and biological inertness and durability present challenges when plastic is released into the environment. Common plastics such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) are extremely persistent in the environment, where they undergo very slow fragmentation (projected to take centuries) into small particles through photo-, physical, and biological degradation processes 1 . The fragmentation of the material into increasingly smaller pieces is an unavoidable stage of the degradation process. Ultimately, plastic materials degrade to micron-sized particles (microplastics), which are persistent in the environment and present a potential source of harm for organisms.
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Copolymerization modification of poly (butylene itaconate)
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gao, Chuanhui; Wang, Jing; Han, Shijian; Hu, Zunfu; Liu, Yuetao
2017-08-01
A series of copolyesters-poly (butylene itaconate) (PBI) was synthesized by melt polycondensation from itaconic acid (IA) and 1,4-butanediol (BDO). On this basis, dimethyl terephthalate (DMT), adipic acid (AP) and sebacic acid (SA), respectively, was selected as the third comonomer component to modify PBI to poly (butylene itaconate-co-butylene terephthalate) (PBIT), poly (butylene itaconate-co-butylene adipate) (PBIA) and (butylene itaconate-co-butylene sebacate) (PBIS), of which structure and physical properties were characterized by FT-IR, 1H-NMR, GPC, DSC and TG. The results showed that PBI was amorphous material, and the molecular weight and the initial thermal decomposition temperature of PBI were 1108, 244°C, respectively. Compared to PBI, the molecular weight and the thermal stability of copolyesters (PBIA, PBIT and PBIS) could be increased by this treatment. Particularly, the molecular weight of PBIS was increased to 12,321, 12 times more than PBI, the initial thermal decomposition temperature was improved to 336°C, and PBIS had good crystallization performance.
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Roll-to-roll continuous patterning and transfer of graphene via dispersive adhesion
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Choi, Taejun; Kim, Sang Jin; Park, Subeom; Hwang, Taek Yong; Jeon, Youngro; Hong, Byung Hee
2015-04-01
We present a roll-to-roll, continuous patterning and transfer of graphene sheets capable of residue-free and fast patterning. The graphene sheet is supported with dispersive adhesion. Graphene is continuously patterned by the difference in adhesion forces with a pre-defined embossed roller. The patterned graphene sheet adheres to the polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/silicone with very low strength and can be easily transferred to various substrates without the aid of any heating mechanism. The width of the patterned film was 120 mm and a production rate of 15 m min-1 for patterning was achieved. Large-area uniformity was confirmed by observing the optical images on 4 inch Si wafer and Raman mapping spectra for 50 × 50 mm2.We present a roll-to-roll, continuous patterning and transfer of graphene sheets capable of residue-free and fast patterning. The graphene sheet is supported with dispersive adhesion. Graphene is continuously patterned by the difference in adhesion forces with a pre-defined embossed roller. The patterned graphene sheet adheres to the polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/silicone with very low strength and can be easily transferred to various substrates without the aid of any heating mechanism. The width of the patterned film was 120 mm and a production rate of 15 m min-1 for patterning was achieved. Large-area uniformity was confirmed by observing the optical images on 4 inch Si wafer and Raman mapping spectra for 50 × 50 mm2. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: 10.1039/c4nr06991a
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Bubble column and CFD simulation for chemical recycling of polyethylene terephthalate
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Alzuhairi, Mohammed
2018-05-01
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is an important simulation tool, which uses powerful computer to get optimal design in industrial processes. New approach technique of bubble column for three phases has been used with respect to chemical recycling of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET). The porous ceramic has been used in thin plate (5 mm) with a narrow pore size distribution. Excellent agreement between CFD has been predicted and experimental profiles of hold-up and velocity close to wall have been observed for a column diameter 0.08 m, column height 0.15 m (HD), and superficial gas velocity (VG) 0.05 m/s. The main purpose of the current study is to highlight depolymerization of PET chemically by using the close system of Ethylene Glycol, PET-Catalyzed, and Nitrogen glycolysis process in bubble column of three phases technique by using Nano catalyst, SiO2 with various weight percent (0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5) based on PET weight and preheated Nitrogen up to 100° C by extra heater in bubble column reactor. The depolymerization time could be reduced in order to improve heat and mass transfer in comparison with the traditional methods. Little amount not exceeding 0.01% of Nano SiO2 is enough for completing depolymerization. The final product of PET depolymerization has full characterization by FTIR, AFM, CHN tests and has been used as a vital additive for Bitumen, it has been investigated as a moisture-proof, water seepage-proof material, and as a tough resistant to environmental conditions.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Kass, Michael D.; West, Brian H.
The compatibility of key fuel system infrastructure plastics with 39 bio-blendstock fuel candidates was examined using Hansen solubility analysis. Fuel types included multiple alcohols, esters, ethers, ketones, alkenes and one alkane. These compounds were evaluated as neat molecules and as blends with the gasoline surrogate, dodecane, and a mix of dodecane and 10% ethanol (E10D). The plastics included polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyoxymethylene (POM), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polypropylene (PP), high density polyethylene (HDPE), along with several nylon grades. These materials have been rigorously studied with other fuel types, and their volume change resultsmore » were found to correspond well with their predicted solubility levels.The compatibility was assessed using Hansen solubility parameters and in many instances peak solubility occurred for blends rather than the neat fuel components. The results showed that good compatibilities can be expected for PPS, PVDF, PET, nylons, acetal, PEI, PVC, HDPE and PBT. PTFE showed potential incompatibilities at low blend concentrations, especially when E10D was used as the base fuel blend. Although, the nylons show good overall compatibility, the results do indicate that mid-range and high alcohol contents may not be suitable for Nylon 6 and Nylon 11 in applications requiring low volume swell. Poor potential compatibility was limited to two plastic types; PETG exposed to mid and high blend levels of the ethers and PP exposed to sabinene and the aromatics. In general, the data showed good compatibility for the majority of the candidate fuels and plastics.« less
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Solar Disinfection of Viruses in Polyethylene Terephthalate Bottles.
Carratalà, Anna; Dionisio Calado, Alex; Mattle, Michael J; Meierhofer, Regula; Luzi, Samuel; Kohn, Tamar
2016-01-01
Solar disinfection (SODIS) of drinking water in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles is a simple, efficient point-of-use technique for the inactivation of many bacterial pathogens. In contrast, the efficiency of SODIS against viruses is not well known. In this work, we studied the inactivation of bacteriophages (MS2 and ϕX174) and human viruses (echovirus 11 and adenovirus type 2) by SODIS. We conducted experiments in PET bottles exposed to (simulated) sunlight at different temperatures (15, 22, 26, and 40°C) and in water sources of diverse compositions and origins (India and Switzerland). Good inactivation of MS2 (>6-log inactivation after exposure to a total fluence of 1.34 kJ/cm(2)) was achieved in Swiss tap water at 22°C, while less-efficient inactivation was observed in Indian waters and for echovirus (1.5-log inactivation at the same fluence). The DNA viruses studied, ϕX174 and adenovirus, were resistant to SODIS, and the inactivation observed was equivalent to that occurring in the dark. High temperatures enhanced MS2 inactivation substantially; at 40°C, 3-log inactivation was achieved in Swiss tap water after exposure to a fluence of only 0.18 kJ/cm(2). Overall, our findings demonstrate that SODIS may reduce the load of single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses, such as echoviruses, particularly at high temperatures and in photoreactive matrices. In contrast, complementary measures may be needed to ensure efficient inactivation during SODIS of DNA viruses resistant to oxidation. Copyright © 2015, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Ding Wanyu; Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams, Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024; Li Li
2013-03-14
The super-thin silicon oxynitride (SiO{sub x}N{sub y}) films were deposited onto the N doped polyethylene terephthalate (PET) surface. Varying the N doping parameters, the different chemical bond structures were obtained at the interface between the SiO{sub x}N{sub y} film and the PET surface. X-ray photoelectron spectra results showed that at the initial stage of SiO{sub x}N{sub y} film growth, the C=N bonds could be broken and C-N-Si crosslink bonds could be formed at the interface of SiO{sub x}N{sub y}/PET, which C=N bonds could be formed onto the PET surface during the N doping process. At these positions, the SiO{sub x}N{submore » y} film could be crosslinked well onto the PET surface. Meanwhile, the doped N could crosslink the [SiO{sub 4}] and [SiN{sub 4}] tetrahedrons, which could easily form the dense layer structure at the initial stage of SiO{sub x}N{sub y} film growth, instead of the ring and/or chain structures of [SiO{sub 4}] tetrahedrons crosslinked by O. Finally, from the point of applying SiO{sub x}N{sub y}/PET complex as the substrate, the present work reveals a simple way to crosslink them, as well as the crosslink model and physicochemical mechanism happened at the interface of complex.« less
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Nikam, Pravin N., E-mail: pravinya26@gmail.com; Deshpande, Vineeta D., E-mail: drdeshpandevd@gmail.com
Polymer nanocomposites based on metal oxide (ceramic) nanoparticles are a new class of materials with unique properties and designed for various applications such as electronic device packaging, insulation, fabrication and automotive industries. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/alumina (Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}) nanocomposites with filler content between 1 wt% and 5 wt% were prepared by melt compounding method using co-rotating twin screw extruder and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and precision LCR meter techniques. The results revealed that proper uniform dispersion at lower content up to 2 wt% of nano-alumina observed by using TEM. Aggregation of nanoparticles was observedmore » at higher content of alumina examined by using SEM and TEM. The frequency dependences of the alternating current (AC) conductivity (σ{sub AC}) of PET/alumina nanocomposites on the filler content and DC bias were investigated in the frequency range of 20Hz - 1MHz. The results showed that the AC and direct current (DC) conductivity increases with increasing DC bias and nano-alumina content upto 3 wt%. It follows the Jonscher’s universal power law of solids. It revealed that σ{sub AC} of PET/alumina nanocomposites can be well characterized by the DC conductivity (σ{sub DC}), critical frequency (ω{sub c}), critical exponent of the power law (s). Roll of DC bias potential led to an increase of DC conductivity (σ{sub DC}) due to the creation of additional conducting paths with the polymer nanocomposites and percolation behavior achieved through co-continuous morphology.« less
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Molecular dynamics simulation of three plastic additives' diffusion in polyethylene terephthalate.
Li, Bo; Wang, Zhi-Wei; Lin, Qin-Bao; Hu, Chang-Ying
2017-06-01
Accurate diffusion coefficient data of additives in a polymer are of paramount importance for estimating the migration of the additives over time. This paper shows how this diffusion coefficient can be estimated for three plastic additives [2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-methylphenyl) (UV-P), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)] in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) using the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation method. MD simulations were performed at temperatures of 293-433 K. The diffusion coefficient was calculated through the Einstein relationship connecting the data of mean-square displacement at different times. Comparison of the diffusion coefficients simulated by the MD simulation technique, predicted by the Piringer model and experiments, showed that, except for a few samples, the MD-simulated values were in agreement with the experimental values within one order of magnitude. Furthermore, the diffusion process for additives is discussed in detail, and four factors - the interaction energy between additive molecules and PET, fractional free volume, molecular shape and size, and self-diffusion of the polymer - are proposed to illustrate the microscopic diffusion mechanism. The movement trajectories of additives in PET cell models suggested that the additive molecules oscillate slowly rather than hopping for a long time. Occasionally, when a sufficiently large hole was created adjacently, the molecule could undergo spatial motion by jumping into the free-volume hole and consequently start a continuous oscillation and hop. The results indicate that MD simulation is a useful approach for predicting the microstructure and diffusion coefficient of plastic additives, and help to estimate the migration level of additives from PET packaging.
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Kass, Michael D.; West, Brian H.
2018-01-03
The compatibility of key fuel system infrastructure plastics with 39 bio-blendstock fuel candidates was examined using Hansen solubility analysis. Fuel types included multiple alcohols, esters, ethers, ketones, alkenes and one alkane. These compounds were evaluated as neat molecules and as blends with the gasoline surrogate, dodecane, and a mix of dodecane and 10% ethanol (E10D). The plastics included polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyoxymethylene (POM), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polypropylene (PP), high density polyethylene (HDPE), along with several nylon grades. These materials have been rigorously studied with other fuel types, and their volume change resultsmore » were found to correspond well with their predicted solubility levels.The compatibility was assessed using Hansen solubility parameters and in many instances peak solubility occurred for blends rather than the neat fuel components. The results showed that good compatibilities can be expected for PPS, PVDF, PET, nylons, acetal, PEI, PVC, HDPE and PBT. PTFE showed potential incompatibilities at low blend concentrations, especially when E10D was used as the base fuel blend. Although, the nylons show good overall compatibility, the results do indicate that mid-range and high alcohol contents may not be suitable for Nylon 6 and Nylon 11 in applications requiring low volume swell. Poor potential compatibility was limited to two plastic types; PETG exposed to mid and high blend levels of the ethers and PP exposed to sabinene and the aromatics. In general, the data showed good compatibility for the majority of the candidate fuels and plastics.« less
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Shlar, Ilya; Droby, Samir; Rodov, Victor
2018-04-01
Bacterial contamination is a growing concern worldwide. The aim of this work was to develop an antimicrobial coating based on curcumin-cyclodextrin inclusion complex and using polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film as a support matrix. After a pre-treatment aimed to provide sufficient electric charge to the PET surface, it was electrostatically coated with repeated multilayers comprising alternately deposited positively-charged poly-l-lysine (PLL) and negatively-charged poly-l-glutamic acid (PLGA) and carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin (CMBCD). The coatings had an architecture (PLL-PLGA) 6 -(PLL-PLGA-PLL-CMBCD) n , with the number of repeated multilayers n varying from 5 to 20. The CMBCD molecules were either covalently cross-linked using carbodiimide crosslinker chemistry or left unbound. The surface morphology, structure and elemental composition of the coatings were analysed by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. To impart antimicrobial properties to the coatings they were loaded with a natural phenolic compound curcumin forming inclusion complexes with β-cyclodextrin. The non-cross-linked coatings showed bactericidal activity towards Escherichia coli in the dark, and this activity was further enhanced upon illumination with white light. Curcumin was released from the non-cross-linked coatings into an aqueous medium in the form of cyclodextrin inclusion complex. After the cross-linking, the coating lost its dark antimicrobial activity but retained the photodynamic properties. Stabilized cross-linked curcumin-loaded coatings can serve a basis for developing photoactivated antimicrobial surfaces controlling bacterial contamination and spread. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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El Essawy, Noha A; Konsowa, Abdelaziz H; Elnouby, Mohamed; Farag, Hassan A
2017-03-01
Nowadays our planet suffers from an accumulation of plastic products that have the potential to cause great harm to the environment in the form of air, water, and land pollution. Plastic water bottles have become a great problem in the environment because of the large numbers consumed throughout the world. Certain types of plastic bottles can be recycled but most of them are not. This paper describes an economical solvent-free process that converts polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles waste into carbon nanostructure materials via thermal dissociation in a closed system under autogenic pressure together with additives and/or catalyst, which can act as cluster nuclei for carbon nanostructure materials such as fullerenes and carbon nanotubes. This research succeeded in producing and controlling the microstructure of various forms of carbon nanoparticles from the PET waste by optimizing the preparation parameters in terms of time, additives, and amounts of catalyst. Plastic water bottles are becoming a growing segment of the municipal solid waste stream in the world; some are recycled but many are left in landfill sites. Recycling PET bottles waste can positively impact the environment in several ways: for instance, reduced waste, resource conservation, energy conservation, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and decreasing the amount of pollution in air and water sources. The main novelty of the present work is based on the acquisition of high-value carbon-based nanomaterials from PET waste by a simple solvent-free chemical technique. Thus, the prepared materials are considered to be promising, cheap, eco-friendly materials that may find use in different applications.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gwon, Sung-Jin; Choi, Jae-Hak; Sohn, Joon-Yong; An, Sung-Jun; Ihm, Young-Eon; Nho, Young-Chang
2008-08-01
Micro-porous polyethylene separator was modified by radiation grafting of methyl methacrylate in order to improve its affinity with a liquid electrolyte. The degree of grafting (DOG) increased with the monomer concentration and grafting time. The morphological change of the modified separator was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The degree of crystallinity upon grafting was reduced due to the formation of an amorphous PMMA layer. The electrolyte uptake and the ionic conductivity of the separator increased with an increase in the DOG. The ionic conductivity reached 2.0 mS/cm for the grafted polyethylene separator with 127 wt% DOG.
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On the mechanism of charge transport in low density polyethylene
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Upadhyay, Avnish K.; Reddy, C. C.
2017-08-01
Polyethylene based polymeric insulators, are being increasingly used in the power industry for their inherent advantages over conventional insulation materials. Specifically, modern power cables are almost made with these materials, replacing the mass-impregnated oil-paper cable technology. However, for ultra-high dc voltage applications, the use of these polymeric cables is hindered by ununderstood charge transport and accumulation. The conventional conduction mechanisms (Pool-Frenkel, Schottky, etc.) fail to track high-field charge transport in low density polyethylene, which is semi-crystalline in nature. Until now, attention was devoted mainly to the amorphous region of the material. In this paper, authors propose a novel mechanism for conduction in low density polyethylene, which could successfully track experimental results. As an implication, a novel, substantial relationship is established for electrical conductivity that could be effectively used for understanding conduction and breakdown in polyethylene, which is vital for successful development of ultra-high voltage dc cables.
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Guillemet, Baptiste; Faatz, Michael; Gröhn, Franziska; Wegner, Gerhard; Gnanou, Yves
2006-02-14
Particles of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC), formed in situ from calcium chloride by the slow release of carbon dioxide by alkaline hydrolysis of dimethyl carbonate in water, are stabilized against coalescence in the presence of very small amounts of double hydrophilic block copolymers (DHBCs) composed of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) blocks. Under optimized conditions, spherical particles of ACC with diameters less than 100 nm and narrow size distribution are obtained at a concentration of only 3 ppm of PEO-b-PAA as additive. Equivalent triblock or star DHBCs are compared to diblock copolymers. The results are interpreted assuming an interaction of the PAA blocks with the surface of the liquid droplets of the concentrated CaCO3 phase, formed by phase separation from the initially homogeneous reaction mixture. The adsorption layer of the block copolymer protects the liquid precursor of ACC from coalescence and/or coagulation.
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Ultra fast polymer network blue phase liquid crystals
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hussain, Zakir; Masutani, Akira; Danner, David; Pleis, Frank; Hollfelder, Nadine; Nelles, Gabriele; Kilickiran, Pinar
2011-06-01
Polymer-stabilization of blue phase liquid crystal systems within a host polymer network are reported, which enables ultrafast switching flexible displays. Our newly developed method to stabilize the blue phase in an existing polymer network (e.g., that of a polymer network liquid crystal; PNLC) has shown wide temperature stability and fast response speeds. Systems where the blue phase is stabilized in an already existing polymer network are attractive candidates for ultrafast LCDs. The technology also promises to be applied to flexible PNLC and/or polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) displays using plastic substrate such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
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From dead leaves to sustainable organic resistive switching memory.
Sun, Bai; Zhu, Shouhui; Mao, Shuangsuo; Zheng, Pingping; Xia, Yudong; Yang, Feng; Lei, Ming; Zhao, Yong
2018-03-01
An environmental-friendly, sustainable, pollution-free, biodegradable, flexible and wearable electronic device hold advanced potential applications. Here, an organic resistive switching memory device with Ag/Leaves/Ti/PET structure on a flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate was fabricated for the first time. We observed an obvious resistive switching memory characteristic with large switching resistance ratio and stable cycle performance at room temperature. This work demonstrates that leaves, a useless waste, can be properly treated to make useful devices. Furthermore, the as-fabricated devices can be degraded naturally without damage to the environment. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Tensile and fatigue behaviors of printed Ag thin films on flexible substrates
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sim, Gi-Dong; Won, Sejeong; Lee, Soon-Bok
2012-11-01
Flexible electronics using nanoparticle (NP) printing has been highlighted as a key technology enabling eco-friendly, low-cost, and large-area fabrication. For NP-based printing to be used as a successive alternative to photolithography and vacuum deposition, stretchability and long term reliability must be considered. This paper reports the stretchability and fatigue behavior of 100 nm thick NP-based silver thin films printed on polyethylene-terephthalate substrate and compares it to films deposited by electron-beam evaporation. NP-based films show stretchability and fatigue life comparable to evaporated films with intergranular fracture as the dominant failure mechanism.
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Upcycling: converting waste plastics into paramagnetic, conducting, solid, pure carbon microspheres.
Pol, Vilas Ganpat
2010-06-15
The recent tremendous increase in the volume of waste plastics (WP) will have a harmful environmental impact on the health of living beings. Hundreds of years are required to degrade WP in atmospheric conditions. Hence, in coming years, in addition to traditional recycling services, innovative "upcycling" processes are necessary. This article presents an environmentally benign, solvent-free autogenic process that converts various WP [low density polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polystyrene (PS), or their mixtures] into carbon microspheres (CMSs), an industrially significant, value-added product. The thermal dissociation of these individual or mixed WP in a closed reactor under autogenic pressure ( approximately 1000 psi) produced dry, pure powder of CMSs. In this paper, the optimization of process parameters such as the effect of mixing of WP with other materials, and the role of reaction temperature and time are reported. Employing advanced analytical techniques, the atomic structure, composition, and morphology of as-obtained CMSs were analyzed. The room-temperature paramagnetism in CMSs prepared from waste LDPE, HDPE, and PS was further studied by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The conducting and paramagnetic nature of CMSs holds promise for their potential applications in toners, printers, paints, batteries, lubricants, and tires.
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Rochman, Chelsea M; Hoh, Eunha; Hentschel, Brian T; Kaye, Shawn
2013-02-05
Concerns regarding marine plastic pollution and its affinity for chemical pollutants led us to quantify relationships between different types of mass-produced plastic and organic contaminants in an urban bay. At five locations in San Diego Bay, CA, we measured sorption of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) throughout a 12-month period to the five most common types of mass-produced plastic: polyethylene terephthalate (PET), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), and polypropylene (PP). During this long-term field experiment, sorption rates and concentrations of PCBs and PAHs varied significantly among plastic types and among locations. Our data suggest that for PAHs and PCBs, PET and PVC reach equilibrium in the marine environment much faster than HDPE, LDPE, and PP. Most importantly, concentrations of PAHs and PCBs sorbed to HDPE, LDPE, and PP were consistently much greater than concentrations sorbed to PET and PVC. These data imply that products made from HDPE, LDPE, and PP pose a greater risk than products made from PET and PVC of concentrating these hazardous chemicals onto fragmented plastic debris ingested by marine animals.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Fang, Feng, E-mail: fangfeng@seu.edu.cn; Zhang, Yeyu; Wu, Xiaoqin
2015-08-15
Graphical abstract: The best SnO{sub 2}:N TCO film: about 80% transmittance and 9.1 × 10{sup −4} Ω cm. - Highlights: • Nitrogen-doped tin oxide film was deposited on PET by RF-magnetron sputtering. • Effects of oxygen partial pressure on the properties of thin films were investigated. • For SnO{sub 2}:N film, visible light transmittance was 80% and electrical resistivity was 9.1 × 10{sup −4} Ω cm. - Abstract: Nitrogen-doped tin oxide (SnO{sub 2}:N) thin films were deposited on flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates at room temperature by RF-magnetron sputtering. Effects of oxygen partial pressure (0–4%) on electrical and optical propertiesmore » of thin films were investigated. Experimental results showed that SnO{sub 2}:N films were amorphous state, and O/Sn ratios of SnO{sub 2}:N films were deviated from the standard stoichiometry 2:1. Optical band gap of SnO{sub 2}:N films increased from approximately 3.10 eV to 3.42 eV as oxygen partial pressure increased from 0% to 4%. For SnO{sub 2}:N thin films deposited on PET, transmittance was about 80% in the visible light region. The best transparent conductive oxide (TCO) deposited on flexible PET substrates was SnO{sub 2}:N thin films preparing at 2% oxygen partial pressure, the transmittance was about 80% and electrical conductivity was about 9.1 × 10{sup −4} Ω cm.« less
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Optical multilayers with an amorphous fluoropolymer
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Chow, R.; Loomis, G.E.; Lindsey, E.F.
1994-07-01
Multilayered coatings were made by physical vapor deposition (PVD) of a perfluorinated amorphous polymer, Teflon AF2400, together with other optical materials. A high reflector at 1064 run was made with ZnS and AF2400. An all-organic 1064-nm reflector was made from AF2400 and polyethylene. Oxide (HfO{sub 2}, SiO{sub 2}) compatibility was also tested. Each multilayer system adhered to itself. The multilayers were influenced by coating stress and unintentional temperature rises during PVD deposition.
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Mah, Pei T; Novakovic, Dunja; Saarinen, Jukka; Van Landeghem, Stijn; Peltonen, Leena; Laaksonen, Timo; Isomäki, Antti; Strachan, Clare J
2017-05-01
To investigate the effect of compression on the crystallization behavior in amorphous tablets using sum frequency generation (SFG) microscopy imaging and more established analytical methods. Tablets containing neat amorphous griseofulvin with/without excipients (silica, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and polyethylene glycol (PEG)) were prepared. They were analyzed upon preparation and storage using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and SFG microscopy. Compression-induced crystallization occurred predominantly on the surface of the neat amorphous griseofulvin tablets, with minimal crystallinity being detected in the core of the tablets. The presence of various types of excipients was not able to mitigate the compression-induced surface crystallization of the amorphous griseofulvin tablets. However, the excipients affected the crystallization rate of amorphous griseofulvin in the core of the tablet upon compression and storage. SFG microscopy can be used in combination with ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and SEM to understand the crystallization behaviour of amorphous tablets upon compression and storage. When selecting excipients for amorphous formulations, it is important to consider the effect of the excipients on the physical stability of the amorphous formulations.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Elder, Robert M.; O'Connor, Thomas C.; Chantawansri, Tanya L.; Sliozberg, Yelena R.; Sirk, Timothy W.; Yeh, In-Chul; Robbins, Mark O.; Andzelm, Jan W.
2017-09-01
Semicrystalline polyethylene (PE) is attractive for a variety of mechanically demanding applications, where shock compression can occur. Although often highly crystalline, PE invariably contains nanoscale amorphous domains that influence shock propagation. Our objective in this work is to study the effects of such domains. To this end, we adopt a novel approach wherein we parametrize a simple continuum-level theory based on the shock impedance from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Using this theory, we predict how crystalline/amorphous interfaces attenuate shocks via energy reflection due to the impedance mismatch between the phases. The theory predicts that these interfaces attenuate weak shocks more effectively than strong shocks. We compare the theory to explicit nonequilibrium MD simulations of compressive shocks in semicrystalline PE containing nanometer-scale amorphous regions of varying size, where we analyze the pressure response and reflection of energy. The theory and simulations show good agreement for strong shocks (≥1.0 km /s ), but for weak shocks (<1.0 km /s ) the simulations show enhanced energy reflection relative to the continuum predictions. Furthermore, the simulations show an effect not captured by the continuum theory: the size of amorphous regions is important. The theory assumes a sharp (discontinuous) interface between two bulk phases and a sharp change in thermodynamic and hydrodynamic quantities at the shock front. However, the simulations show that when amorphous domains are narrow—with widths comparable to the shock front—reflection is reduced compared to the predictions. We identify several nanoscale mechanisms that reduce the impedance mismatch, and thus reduce reflection, at thin amorphous domains. First, the two-wave elastic-plastic structure of shocks in crystalline PE allows the faster-moving elastic precursor wave to compress small amorphous domains before the plastic wave arrives. Second, confinement between stiff, ordered crystalline domains increases the stiffness and chain ordering in small amorphous regions. Moreover, in terms of stiffness the interfaces are similar in width to the shock front, which may contribute to the underprediction of the theory for weak shocks, where the shock front is widest. We conclude by discussing the significance of these results, namely, how they can be applied to tune shock attenuation for particular applications.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Elabid, Amel E. A.; Zhang, Jie; Shi, Jianjun; Guo, Ying; Ding, Ke; Zhang, Jing
2016-07-01
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fiber and textile is one of the largest synthetic polymer commodity in the world. The great energy consumption and pollution caused by the high temperature and pressure dyeing of PET fibers and fabrics with disperse dyes has been caused concern these years. In this study, an atmospheric pressure plasma with fine and uniform filament discharge operated at 20 kHz has been used to improve the low temperature dyeability of PET fabric at 95 °C with three cation disperse dyes: Red 73, Blue 183 and Yellow 211. The dyes uptake percentage of the treated PET fabrics was observed to increase as twice as much of untreated fabric. The color strength rate was increased more than 20%. The reducing of the water contact angle and the raising of the capillary height of treated PET fabric strip indicate its hydrophilicity improvement. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) results display nano to micro size of etching pits appeared uniformly on the fiber surface of the treated PET. Simultaneously, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis indicates an increase of the oxygen content in the surface caused by the introduction of polar groups such as Cdbnd O and COOH. The rough surface with improved polar oxygen groups showed hydrophilicity and affinity to C.I. dispersive dyes and is believed to be caused by the strong and very fine filament discharge appearing randomly at one place at an instant but evenly at many places at a longer period. This increases the diffusion and absorption of the C.I. disperse dyes on the PET fiber surface, which improve its low temperature dyeability.
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Baumjohann, Nina; Harms, Diedrich
2015-01-01
During storage, acetaldehyde migration from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles can affect the quality of mineral water even in the low µg l(-1) range negatively, as it features a fruity or plastic-like off-flavour. For a sensitive and fast analysis of acetaldehyde in mineral water, a new analysis method of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) derivatisation followed by HPLC-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) was developed. Acetaldehyde was directly derivatised in the mineral water sample avoiding extraction and/or pre-concentration steps and then analysed by reversed-phase HPLC-ESI-MS/MS using multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM). Along with method development, the optimum molar excess of DNPH in contrast to acetaldehyde was studied for the mineral water matrix, because no specific and robust data were yet available for this critical parameter. Best results were obtained by using a calibration via the derivatisation reaction. Without any analyte enrichment or extraction, an LOD of 0.5 µg l(-1) and an LOQ of 1.9 µg l(-1) were achieved. Using the developed method, mineral water samples packed in PET bottles from Germany were analysed and the correlation between the acetaldehyde concentration and other characteristics of the samples was evaluated illustrating the applicability of the method. Besides a relationship between bottle size and CO2 content of the mineral water and acetaldehyde migration, a correlation with acetaldehyde migration and the material composition of the bottle, e.g. recycled PET, was noted. Investigating the light influence on the acetaldehyde migration with a newly developed, reproducible light exposure setup, a significant increase of the acetaldehyde concentration in carbonated mineral water samples was observed.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Li, Mengmeng; Wang, Shiwen; Jiang, Jia; Sun, Jiashu; Li, Yuzhuo; Huang, Deyong; Long, Yun-Ze; Zheng, Wenfu; Chen, Shiyi; Jiang, Xingyu
2015-04-01
The Ligament Advanced Reinforcement System (LARS) has been considered as a promising graft for ligament reconstruction. To improve its biocompatibility and effectiveness on new bone formation, we modified the surface of a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) ligament with nanoscale silica using atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and silica polymerization. The modified ligament is tested by both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Human osteoblast testing in vitro exhibits an ~21% higher value in cell viability for silica-modified grafts compared with original grafts. Animal testing in vivo shows that there is new formed bone in the case of a nanoscale silica-coated ligament. These results demonstrate that our approach for nanoscale silica surface modification on LARS could be potentially applied for ligament reconstruction.The Ligament Advanced Reinforcement System (LARS) has been considered as a promising graft for ligament reconstruction. To improve its biocompatibility and effectiveness on new bone formation, we modified the surface of a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) ligament with nanoscale silica using atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and silica polymerization. The modified ligament is tested by both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Human osteoblast testing in vitro exhibits an ~21% higher value in cell viability for silica-modified grafts compared with original grafts. Animal testing in vivo shows that there is new formed bone in the case of a nanoscale silica-coated ligament. These results demonstrate that our approach for nanoscale silica surface modification on LARS could be potentially applied for ligament reconstruction. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: 10.1039/c5nr01439e
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Chung, Bu Young; Kyung, Minji; Lim, Seong Kwang; Choi, Seul Min; Lim, Duck Soo; Kwack, Seung Jun; Kim, Hyung Sik; Lee, Byung-Mu
2013-01-01
Plasticizers or plastic materials such as phthalates, bisphenol-A (BPA), and styrene are widely used in the plastic industry and are suspected endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC). Although plastic materials such as polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) are not EDC and are considered to be safe, their potential properties as EDC have not been fully investigated. In this study, plastic samples eluted from plastic food containers (PP or PET) were investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats using Hershberger and uterotrophic assays. In the Hershberger assay, 6-wk-old castrated male rats were orally treated for 10 consecutive days with plastic effluent at 3 different doses (5 ml/kg) or vehicle control (corn oil, 1 ml/100 g) to determine the presence of both anti-androgenic and androgenic effects. Testosterone (0.4 mg/ml/kg) was subcutaneously administered for androgenic evaluation as a positive control, whereas testosterone (0.4 mg/ml/kg) and flutamide (3 mg/kg/day) were administered to a positive control group for anti-androgenic evaluation. The presence of any anti-androgenic or androgenic activities of plastic effluent was not detected. Sex accessory tissues such as ventral prostate or seminal vesicle showed no significant differences in weight between treated and control groups. For the uterotrophic assay, immature female rats were treated with plastic effluent at three different doses (5 ml/kg), with vehicle control (corn oil, 1 ml/100 g), or with ethinyl estradiol (3 μg/kg/d) for 3 d. There were no significant differences between test and control groups in vagina or uterine weight. Data suggest that effluents from plastic food containers do not appear to produce significant adverse effects according to Hershberger and uterotrophic assays.
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Study on the leaching of phthalates from polyethylene terephthalate bottles into mineral water.
Keresztes, Szilvia; Tatár, Enikő; Czégény, Zsuzsanna; Záray, Gyula; Mihucz, Victor G
2013-08-01
Carbonated and non-carbonated mineral water samples bottled in 0.5-L, 1.5-L and 2.0-L polyethylene terephthalate (PET) containers belonging to three different water brands commercialized in Hungary were studied in order to determine their phthalate content by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Among the six investigated phthalates, diisobutyl phthalate, di-n-butyl-phthalate, benzyl-butyl phthalate and di(2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were determined in non-carbonated samples as follows: <3.0 ng L(-1)-0.2 μg L(-1), <6.6 ng L(-1)-0.8 μg L(-1), <6.0 ng L(-1)-0.1 μg L(-1) and <16.0 ng L(-1)-1.7 μg L(-1), respectively. Any of the above-mentioned phthalate esters could be detected in carbonated mineral water samples. DEHP was the most abundant phthalate in the investigated samples. It could be detected after 44 days of storage at 22 °C and its leaching was the most pronounced when samples were stored over 1200 days. Mineral water purchased in PET bottles of 0.5L had the highest phthalate concentrations compared to those obtained for waters of the identical brand bottled in 1.5-L or 2.0-L PET containers due to the higher surface/volume ratio. No clear trend could be established for phthalate leaching when water samples were kept at higher temperatures (max. 60 °C) showing improper storage conditions. Phthalate determination by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometric measurements in the plastic material as well as in the aqueous phase proved the importance of the quality of PET raw material used for the production of the pre-form (virgin vs. polymer containing recycled PET). Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Robust identification of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastics through Bayesian decision.
Zulkifley, Mohd Asyraf; Mustafa, Mohd Marzuki; Hussain, Aini; Mustapha, Aouache; Ramli, Suzaimah
2014-01-01
Recycling is one of the most efficient methods for environmental friendly waste management. Among municipal wastes, plastics are the most common material that can be easily recycled and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of its major types. PET material is used in consumer goods packaging such as drinking bottles, toiletry containers, food packaging and many more. Usually, a recycling process is tailored to a specific material for optimal purification and decontamination to obtain high grade recyclable material. The quantity and quality of the sorting process are limited by the capacity of human workers that suffer from fatigue and boredom. Several automated sorting systems have been proposed in the literature that include using chemical, proximity and vision sensors. The main advantages of vision based sensors are its environmentally friendly approach, non-intrusive detection and capability of high throughput. However, the existing methods rely heavily on deterministic approaches that make them less accurate as the variations in PET plastic waste appearance are too high. We proposed a probabilistic approach of modeling the PET material by analyzing the reflection region and its surrounding. Three parameters are modeled by Gaussian and exponential distributions: color, size and distance of the reflection region. The final classification is made through a supervised training method of likelihood ratio test. The main novelty of the proposed method is the probabilistic approach in integrating various PET material signatures that are contaminated by stains under constant lighting changes. The system is evaluated by using four performance metrics: precision, recall, accuracy and error. Our system performed the best in all evaluation metrics compared to the benchmark methods. The system can be further improved by fusing all neighborhood information in decision making and by implementing the system in a graphics processing unit for faster processing speed.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ahmadi, Eltefat; Hamid, Sheikh Abdul Rezan Sheikh Abdul; Hussin, Hashim; Baharun, Norlia; Ariffin, Kamar Shah; Ramakrishnan, Sivakumar; Fauzi, M. N. Ahmad; Ismail, Hanafi
2017-07-01
In this paper, the carbothermal reduction and nitridation (CTRN) of Malaysian ilmenite has been studied as a part of crucial steps involved in reduction and subsequent chlorination processes for synthesizing titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) from nitrided Malaysian ilmenite concentrates. In CTRN, waste plastics such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) could be utilized as an alternative source of carbon reductant. In this study, titanium oxycarbonitride (TiOxCyNz) separated from iron (Fe) phase was synthesized by non-isothermal CTRN of Malaysian ilmenite under H2-N2 atmosphere by utilizing a mixture of Sarawak Mukah-Balingan coal and PET as reducing agents in a horizontal tube furnace. Experiments have been carried out in the temperature range of 1150-1250°C for 3 hours with various ratios of PET to coal (25 wt.% PET, 50 wt.% PET, and 75 wt.% PET). X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) methods of analysis were conducted to assess the microstructures and chemical compositions of the unreduced and reduced samples. The results indicated that utilizing PET had a significant effect on iron separation from titanium oxycarbonitride (TiO0.02C0.13N0.85) at 1250°C with a mixture of 75 wt.% PET. Furthermore, XRD and SEM studies demonstrated that with increasing PET weight ratio in the mixtures, the rate of conversion increased and a low-carbon TiOxCyNz with minimal intermediate titanium sub-oxides was synthesized. The method of applying PET as potential reductant for CTRN of ilmenite has beneficial side effects in sustainable recycling of waste PET.
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Tanasupawat, Somboon; Takehana, Toshihiko; Yoshida, Shosuke; Hiraga, Kazumi; Oda, Kohei
2016-08-01
A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium, designed strain 201-F6T, was isolated from a microbial consortium that degrades poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) collected in Sakai city, Japan, and was characterized on the basis of a polyphasic taxonomic study. The cells were motile with a polar flagellum. The strain contained cytochrome oxidase and catalase. It grew within the pH range 5.5-9.0 (optimally at pH 7-7.5) and at 15-42 ºC (optimally at 30-37 ºC). The major isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone with eight isoprene units (Q-8). C16 : 0, C17 : 0 cyclo, C18 :1ω7c and C12 : 0 2-OH were the predominant cellular fatty acids. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. The G+C content of genomic DNA was 70.4 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis using the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain 201-F6T was affiliated to the genus Ideonella, and was closely related to Ideonella dechloratans LMG 28178T (97.7 %) and Ideonella azotifigens JCM 15503T (96.6 %). Strain 201-F6T could be clearly distinguished from the related species of the genus Ideonella by its physiological and biochemical characteristics as well as by its phylogenetic position and DNA-DNA relatedness. Therefore, the strain represents a novel species of the genus Ideonella, for which the name Ideonella sakaiensis sp. nov. (type strain 201-F6T=NBRC 110686T=TISTR 2288T) is proposed.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yuliusman; Nasruddin; Sanal, A.; Bernama, A.; Haris, F.; Ramadhan, I. T.
2017-02-01
The main problem is the process of natural gas storage and distribution, because in normal conditions of natural gas in the gas phase causes the storage capacity be small and efficient to use. The technology is commonly used Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) and Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). The weakness of this technology safety level is low because the requirement for high-pressure CNG (250 bar) and LNG requires a low temperature (-161°C). It takes innovation in the storage of natural gas using the technology ANG (Adsorbed Natural Gas) with activated carbon as an adsorbent, causing natural gas can be stored in a low pressure of about 34.5. In this research, preparation of activated carbon using waste plastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET). PET plastic waste is a good raw material for making activated carbon because of its availability and the price is a lot cheaper. Besides plastic PET has the appropriate characteristics as activated carbon raw material required for the storage of natural gas because the material is hard and has a high carbon content of about 62.5% wt. The process of making activated carbon done is carbonized at a temperature of 400 ° C and physical activation using CO2 gas at a temperature of 975 ° C. The parameters varied in the activation process is the flow rate of carbon dioxide and activation time. The results obtained in the carbonization process yield of 21.47%, while the yield on the activation process by 62%. At the optimum process conditions, the CO2 flow rate of 200 ml/min and the activation time of 240 minutes, the value % burn off amounted to 86.69% and a surface area of 1591.72 m2/g.
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Robust Identification of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Plastics through Bayesian Decision
Zulkifley, Mohd Asyraf; Mustafa, Mohd Marzuki; Hussain, Aini; Mustapha, Aouache; Ramli, Suzaimah
2014-01-01
Recycling is one of the most efficient methods for environmental friendly waste management. Among municipal wastes, plastics are the most common material that can be easily recycled and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of its major types. PET material is used in consumer goods packaging such as drinking bottles, toiletry containers, food packaging and many more. Usually, a recycling process is tailored to a specific material for optimal purification and decontamination to obtain high grade recyclable material. The quantity and quality of the sorting process are limited by the capacity of human workers that suffer from fatigue and boredom. Several automated sorting systems have been proposed in the literature that include using chemical, proximity and vision sensors. The main advantages of vision based sensors are its environmentally friendly approach, non-intrusive detection and capability of high throughput. However, the existing methods rely heavily on deterministic approaches that make them less accurate as the variations in PET plastic waste appearance are too high. We proposed a probabilistic approach of modeling the PET material by analyzing the reflection region and its surrounding. Three parameters are modeled by Gaussian and exponential distributions: color, size and distance of the reflection region. The final classification is made through a supervised training method of likelihood ratio test. The main novelty of the proposed method is the probabilistic approach in integrating various PET material signatures that are contaminated by stains under constant lighting changes. The system is evaluated by using four performance metrics: precision, recall, accuracy and error. Our system performed the best in all evaluation metrics compared to the benchmark methods. The system can be further improved by fusing all neighborhood information in decision making and by implementing the system in a graphics processing unit for faster processing speed. PMID:25485630
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Zhang, Peng; Han, Fei; Li, Yunxia; Chen, Jiwu; Chen, Tianwu; Zhi, Yunlong; Jiang, Jia; Lin, Chao; Chen, Shiyi; Zhao, Peng
2016-01-01
The Ligament Advanced Reinforcement System has recently been widely used as the primary graft of choice in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. But the biological graft-bone healing still remains a problem. Previous studies have shown that simvastatin (SIM) stimulates bone formation. The objective of this study was to investigate whether surface coating with collagen containing low-dose SIM microsphere could enhance the surface biocompatibility of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) artificial ligaments to accelerate graft-to-bone healing. The in vitro studies demonstrated that bone marrow stromal cells on the collagen-coated PET scaffolds (COL/PET) and simvastatin/collagen-coated PET scaffolds (SIM/COL/PET) proliferated vigorously. Compared with the PET group and the COL/PET group, SIM could induce bone marrow stromal cells' osteoblastic differentiation, high alkaline phosphatase activity, more mineralization deposition, and more expression of osteoblast-related genes, such as osteocalcin, runt-related transcription factor 2, bone morphogenetic protein-2, and vascular endothelial growth factor, in the SIM/COL/PET group. In vivo, rabbits received ACL reconstruction with different scaffolds. Histological analysis demonstrated that graft-bone healing was significantly greater with angiogenesis and osteogenesis in the SIM/COL/PET group than the other groups. In addition, biomechanical testing at the eighth week demonstrated a significant increase in the ultimate failure load and stiffness in the SIM/COL/PET group. The low dose of SIM-sustained release from SIM/COL/PET promoted the graft-bone healing via its effect on both angiogenesis and osteogenesis. This study suggested that collagen containing low-dose SIM microsphere coating on the surface of PET artificial ligaments could be potentially applied for ACL reconstruction.
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Alternative polymer separation technology by centrifugal force in a melted state.
Dobrovszky, Károly; Ronkay, Ferenc
2014-11-01
In order to upgrade polymer waste during recycling, separation should take place at high purity. The present research was aimed to develop a novel, alternative separation opportunity, where the polymer fractions were separated by centrifugal force in melted state. The efficiency of the constructed separation equipment was verified by two immiscible plastics (polyethylene terephthalate, PET; low density polyethylene, LDPE), which have a high difference of density, and of which large quantities can also be found in the municipal solid waste. The results show that the developed equipment is suitable not only for separating dry blended mixtures of PET/LDPE into pure components again, but also for separating prefabricated polymer blends. By this process it becomes possible to recover pure polymer substances from multi-component products during the recycling process. The adequacy of results was verified by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurement as well as optical microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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A discrimination model in waste plastics sorting using NIR hyperspectral imaging system.
Zheng, Yan; Bai, Jiarui; Xu, Jingna; Li, Xiayang; Zhang, Yimin
2018-02-01
Classification of plastics is important in the recycling industry. A plastic identification model in the near infrared spectroscopy wavelength range 1000-2500 nm is proposed for the characterization and sorting of waste plastics using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polystyrene (PS), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The model is built by the feature wavelengths of standard samples applying the principle component analysis (PCA), and the accuracy, property and cross-validation of the model were analyzed. The model just contains a simple equation, center of mass coordinates, and radial distance, with which it is easy to develop classification and sorting software. A hyperspectral imaging system (HIS) with the identification model verified its practical application by using the unknown plastics. Results showed that the identification accuracy of unknown samples is 100%. All results suggested that the discrimination model was potential to an on-line characterization and sorting platform of waste plastics based on HIS. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Ohno, Hiroyuki; Suzuki, Masako; Kawamura, Yoko
2011-01-01
The amount of evaporation residue was investigated as an index of total amount of non-volatile substances that migrated from plastic kitchen utensils into four food-simulating solvents (water, 4% acetic acid, 20% ethanol and heptane). The samples were 71 products made of 12 types of plastics for food contact use. The amount was determined in accordance with the Japanese testing method. The quantitation limit was 5 µg/mL. In the cases of polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, acrylonitrile styrene resin, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene resin, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polymethylpentene, polymethylmethacrylate and polyethylene terephthalate samples, the amount was highest for heptane and very low for the other solvents. On the other hand, in the cases of melamine resin and polyamide samples, the amount was highest for 4% acetic acid or 20% ethanol and lowest for heptane. These results enabled the selection of the most suitable solvent, and the rapid and efficient determination of evaporation residue.
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Microplastic in a macro filter feeder: Humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae.
Besseling, E; Foekema, E M; Van Franeker, J A; Leopold, M F; Kühn, S; Bravo Rebolledo, E L; Heße, E; Mielke, L; IJzer, J; Kamminga, P; Koelmans, A A
2015-06-15
Marine filter feeders are exposed to microplastic because of their selection of small particles as food source. Baleen whales feed by filtering small particles from large water volumes. Macroplastic was found in baleen whales before. This study is the first to show the presence of microplastic in intestines of a baleen whale (Megaptera novaeangliae). Contents of its gastrointestinal tract were sieved, dissolved in 10% potassium hydroxide and washed. From the remaining dried material, potential synthetic polymer particles were selected based on density and appearance, and analysed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Several polymer types (polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinylchloride, polyethylene terephthalate, nylon) were found, in varying particle shapes: sheets, fragments and threads with a size of 1mm to 17cm. This diversity in polymer types and particle shapes, can be interpreted as a representation of the varying characteristics of marine plastic and the unselective way of ingestion by M. novaeangliae. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Use of indicator chemicals to characterize the plastic fragments ingested by Laysan albatross.
Nilsen, Frances; David Hyrenbach, K; Fang, Jiasong; Jensen, Brenda
2014-10-15
Laysan albatross (Phoebastria immutabilis) ingest plastic marine debris of a wide range of shape, sizes and sources. To better characterize this plastic and provide insights regarding its provenance and persistence in the environment, we developed a simple method to classify plastic fragments of unknown origin according to the resin codes used by the Society of Plastics Industry. Known plastics were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) to identify indicator chemicals characteristic of each plastic resin. Application of this method to fragments of ingested plastic debris from boluses of Laysan albatross from Kure Atoll, Hawai'i, yielded proportions of 0.8% High Density Polyethylene, 6.8% Polystyrene, 8.5% Polyethylene Terephthalate, 20.5% Polyvinyl Chloride and 68.4% Polypropylene. Some fragments were composed of multiple resin types. These results suggest that infrequently recycled plastics are the dominant fragments ingested by albatross, and that these are the most prevalent and persistent resin types in the marine environment. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Pollutant content in marine debris and characterization by thermal decomposition.
Iñiguez, M E; Conesa, J A; Fullana, A
2017-04-15
Marine debris (MDs) produces a wide variety of negative environmental, economic, safety, health and cultural impacts. Most marine litter has a very low decomposition rate (plastics), leading to a gradual accumulation in the coastal and marine environment. Characterization of the MDs has been done in terms of their pollutant content: PAHs, ClBzs, ClPhs, BrPhs, PCDD/Fs and PCBs. The results show that MDs is not a very contaminated waste. Also, thermal decomposition of MDs materials has been studied in a thermobalance at different atmospheres and heating rates. Below 400-500K, the atmosphere does not affect the thermal degradation of the mentioned waste. However, at temperatures between 500 and 800K the presence of oxygen accelerates the decomposition. Also, a kinetic model is proposed for the combustion of the MDs, and the decomposition is compared with that of their main constituents, i.e., polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), polypropylene (PP), nylon and polyethylene-terephthalate (PET). Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Plastic debris and microplastics along the beaches of the Strait of Hormuz, Persian Gulf.
Naji, Abolfazl; Esmaili, Zinat; Khan, Farhan R
2017-01-30
Currently little is known about the prevalence of plastics and microplastics (MPs) in the Persian Gulf. Five sampling stations were selected along the Strait of Hormuz (Iran) that exhibited different levels of industrialization and urbanization, and included a marine protected area. Debris was observed and sediments were collected for MPs extraction via fluidization/floatation methodology. The order of MP abundance (par/kg) generally reflected the level of anthropogenic activity: Bostanu (1258±291)>Gorsozan (122±23)>Khor-e-Yekshabeh (26±6)>Suru (14±4)>Khor-e-Azini (2±1). Across all sites fibers dominated (83%, 11% film, 6% fragments). FT-IR analysis showed polyethylene (PE), nylon, and PET (polyethylene terephthalate) were the commonly recovered polymers. Likely sources include beach debris, discarded fishing gear, and urban and industrial outflows that contain fibers from clothes. This study provides a 'snapshot' of MP pollution and longitudinal studies are required to fully understand plastic contamination in the region. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Wetting of crystalline polymer surfaces: A molecular dynamics simulation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Fan, Cun Feng; Caǧin, Tahir
1995-11-01
Molecular dynamics has been used to study the wetting of model polymer surfaces, the crystal surfaces of polyethylene (PE), poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE), and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) by water and methylene iodide. In the simulation a liquid droplet is placed on a model surface and constant temperature, rigid body molecular dynamics is carried out while the model surface is kept fixed. A generally defined microscopic contact angle between a liquid droplet and a solid surface is quantitatively calculated from the volume of the droplet and the interfacial area between the droplet and the surface. The simulation results agree with the trend in experimental data for both water and methylene iodide. The shape of the droplets on the surface is analyzed and no obvious anisotropy of the droplets is seen in the surface plane, even though the crystal surfaces are highly oriented. The surface free energies of the model polymer surfaces are estimated from their contact angles with the two different liquid droplets.
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Irreversible, direct bonding of nanoporous polymer membranes to PDMS or glass microdevices.
Aran, Kiana; Sasso, Lawrence A; Kamdar, Neal; Zahn, Jeffrey D
2010-03-07
A method for integrating porous polymer membranes such as polycarbonate, polyethersulfone and polyethylene terephthalate to microfluidic devices is described. The use of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane as a chemical crosslinking agent was extended to integrate membranes with PDMS and glass microfluidic channels. A strong, irreversible bond between the membranes and microfluidic structure was achieved. The bonding strength in the APTES treated devices was significantly greater than in devices fabricated using either a PDMS "glue" or two-part epoxy bonding method. Evaluation of a filtering microdevice and the pore structure via SEM indicates the APTES conjugation does not significantly alter the membrane transport function and pore morphology.
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Several factors influencing the fabrication of rigid foam-film solar concentrators
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ubaidullaev, A. K.; Kagan, M. B.; Ataullaev, O. Kh.; Sobirov, O. Iu.; Rabbimov, R. T.
The strength of adhesion between the reflecting film base of an expanded-sheet concentrator and a fixative coating (epoxy resin or polyurethane foam) is studied. According to experiments on the separation of the reflecting surface of a metallized polyethylene terephthalate film from a rigid polymer coating, the stressed state of the inflated reflecting film base before the application of the coating is one cause of adhesion loss. Other important factors identified were the thermal expansion coefficients of the aluminum substrate and polymer coating, as well as the contact temperature. Increased adhesion was obtained with additions of 10-12 percent chromium oxide or 12-18 percent aluminum oxide.
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High-performance flexible microwave passives on plastic
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ma, Zhenqiang; Seo, Jung-Hun; Cho, Sang June; Zhou, Weidong
2014-06-01
We report the demonstration of bendable inductors, capacitors and switches fabricated on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate that can operate at high microwave frequencies. By employing bendable dielectric and single crystalline semiconductor materials, spiral inductors and metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors with high quality factors and high resonance frequencies and single-pole, single-throw (SPST) switches were archived. The effects of mechanical bending on the performance of inductors, capacitors and switches were also measured and analyzed. We further investigated the highest possible resonance frequencies and quality factors of inductors and capacitors and, high frequency responses and insertion loss. These demonstrations will lead to flexible radio-frequency and microwave systems in the future.
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An ultrasensitive and low-cost graphene sensor based on layer-by-layer nano self-assembly
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhang, Bo; Cui, Tianhong
2011-02-01
The flexible cancer sensor based on layer-by-layer self-assembled graphene reported in this letter demonstrates features including ultrahigh sensitivity and low cost due to graphene material properties in nature, self-assembly technique, and polyethylene terephthalate substrate. According to the conductance change of self-assembled graphene, the label free and labeled graphene sensors are capable of detecting very low concentrations of prostate specific antigen down to 4 fg/ml (0.11 fM) and 0.4 pg/ml (11 fM), respectively, which are three orders of magnitude lower than carbon nanotube sensors under the same conditions of design, manufacture, and measurement.
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Recycling policies and programmes for PET drink bottles in Mexico.
Schwanse, Elvira
2011-09-01
Transition and emerging economies confront a steadily increasing generation of municipal solid waste in the form of disposable packaging. The following article reports the situation of soft drink bottles made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in Mexico. Since 2002 schemes following the European Green Dot principle have been partly implemented to place responsibility on the producer, mainly soft drink bottlers. Private stakeholders are responsible for national recovery activities. Meanwhile Government presence to promote recovery is absent. Of post-consumer PET 75% is exported, and the newly created bottle-to-bottle (BTB) PET industry is confronted with bottlenecks in their post-consumer PET supply.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Tian, Yazhou; Gong, Jiangfeng; Zhu, Weihua
2017-11-01
Vertically-aligned Co(OH)2 nanosheets were cathodically electrodeposited on a piece of gold coated polyethylene terephthalate (Au-PET) as an electrode material for supercapacitor. The Co(OH)2 electrode showed a high capacitance of 2695 F g-1 at 8 A g-1 in 1 M KOH aqueous electrolyte. Besides, the films were employed to assemble symmetric all-solid-state supercapacitors with PVA/LiCl gel served as solid electrolyte. The device exhibits an areal capacitance of 50.5 μF cm-2 at the current density of 2 μA cm-2 accompanied by excellent cycle stability.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Curcó, David; Casanovas, Jordi; Roca, Marc; Alemán, Carlos
2005-07-01
A method for generating atomistic models of dense amorphous polymers is presented. The method is organized in a two-steps procedure. First, structures are generated using an algorithm that minimizes the torsional strain. After this, a relaxation algorithm is applied to minimize the non-bonding interactions. Two alternative relaxation methods, which are based simple minimization and Concerted Rotation techniques, have been implemented. The performance of the method has been checked by simulating polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon 6, poly(L,D-lactic acid) and polyglycolic acid.
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Parnis, J. Mark; Browne, Mark A.; Serrato, Sebastian; Reiner, Eric J.; Robson, Matthew; Young, Thomas; Diamond, Miriam L.; Teh, Swee J.
2017-01-01
We examined whether environmentally relevant concentrations of different types of microplastics, with or without PCBs, directly affect freshwater prey and indirectly affect their predators. Asian clams (Corbicula fluminea) were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene, polyvinylchloride (PVC) or polystyrene with and without polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) for 28 days. Their predators, white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus), were exposed to clams from each treatment for 28 days. In both species, we examined bioaccumulation of PCBs and effects (i.e., immunohistochemistry, histology, behavior, condition, mortality) across several levels of biological organization. PCBs were not detected in prey or predator, and thus differences in bioaccumulation of PCBs among polymers and biomagnification in predators could not be measured. One of the main objectives of this study was to test the hypothesis that bioaccumulation of PCBs would differ among polymer types. Because we could not answer this question experimentally, a bioaccumulation model was run and predicted that concentrations of PCBs in clams exposed to polyethylene and polystyrene would be greater than PET and PVC. Observed effects, although subtle, seemed to be due to microplastics rather than PCBs alone. For example, histopathology showed tubular dilation in clams exposed to microplastics with PCBs, with only mild effects in clams exposed to PCBs alone. PMID:29108004
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Rochman, Chelsea M.; Manzano, Carlos; Hentschel, Brian T.; Massey Simonich, Staci L.; Hoh, Eunha
2014-01-01
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on virgin polystyrene (PS) and PS marine debris led us to examine PS as a source and sink for PAHs in the marine environment. At two locations in San Diego Bay, we measured sorption of PAHs to PS pellets, sampling at 0, 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. We detected 25 PAHs using a new analytical method with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Several congeners were detected on samples before deployment. After deployment, some concentrations decreased (1,3-dimethylnaphthalene and 2,6-methylnaphthalene) while most increased (2-methylanthracene and all parent PAHs (PPAHs) except fluorene and fluoranthene), suggesting PS debris is a source and sink for PAHs. When comparing sorbed concentrations of PPAHs on PS to the five most common polymers (polyethylene terephthalate (PET), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), and polypropylene (PP)), PS sorbed greater concentrations than PP, PET and PVC, similar to HDPE and LDPE. Most strikingly, at 0 months, PPAHs on PS ranged from 8-200 times greater than on PET, HDPE, PVC, LDPE, and PP. The combination of greater PAHs in virgin pellets and large sorption suggests that PS may pose a greater risk of exposure to PAHs upon ingestion. PMID:24341360
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Rochman, Chelsea M; Manzano, Carlos; Hentschel, Brian T; Simonich, Staci L Massey; Hoh, Eunha
2013-12-17
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on virgin polystyrene (PS) and PS marine debris led us to examine PS as a source and sink for PAHs in the marine environment. At two locations in San Diego Bay, we measured sorption of PAHs to PS pellets, sampling at 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. We detected 25 PAHs using a new analytical method with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Several congeners were detected on samples before deployment. After deployment, some concentrations decreased (1,3-dimethylnaphthalene and 2,6-methylnaphthalene), while most increased [2-methylanthracene and all parent PAHs (PPAHs), except fluorene and fluoranthene], suggesting that PS debris is a source and sink for PAHs. When sorbed concentrations of PPAHs on PS are compared to the five most common polymers [polyethylene terephthalate (PET), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), and polypropylene (PP)], PS sorbed greater concentrations than PP, PET, and PVC, similar to HDPE and LDPE. Most strikingly, at 0 months, PPAHs on PS ranged from 8 to 200 times greater than on PET, HDPE, PVC, LDPE, and PP. The combination of greater PAHs in virgin pellets and large sorption suggests that PS may pose a greater risk of exposure to PAHs upon ingestion.
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Lam, Jeun-Yan; Shih, Chien-Chung; Lee, Wen-Ya; Chueh, Chu-Chen; Jang, Guang-Way; Huang, Cheng-Jyun; Tung, Shih-Huang; Chen, Wen-Chang
2018-05-30
Exploiting biomass has raised great interest as an alternative to the fossil resources for environmental protection. In this respect, polyethylene furanoate (PEF), one of the bio-based polyesters, thus reveals a great potential to replace the commonly used polyethylene terephthalate (PET) on account of its better mechanical, gas barrier, and thermal properties. Herein, a bio-based, flexible, conductive film is successfully developed by coupling a PEF plastic substrate with silver nanowires (Ag NWs). Besides the appealing advantage of renewable biomass, PEF also exhibits a good transparency around 90% in the visible wavelength range, and its constituent polar furan moiety is revealed to enable an intense interaction with Ag NWs to largely enhance the adhesion of Ag NWs grown above, as exemplified by the superior bending and peeling durability than the currently prevailing PET substrate. Finally, the efficiency of conductive PEF/Ag NWs film in fabricating efficient flexible organic thin-film transistor and organic photovoltaic (OPV) is demonstrated. The OPV device achieves a power conversion efficiency of 6.7%, which is superior to the device based on ITO/PEN device, manifesting the promising merit of the bio-based PEF for flexible electronic applications. © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
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Task 3 - Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste. Semiannual report, November 1, 1996--March 31, 1997
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Ness, Robert O.; Aulich, Ted R.
1997-12-31
Over the last 50 years, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has produced a wide variety of radioactive wastes from activities associated with nuclear defense and nuclear power generation. These wastes include low-level radioactive solid wastes, mixed wastes, and transuranic (TRU) wastes. A portion of these wastes consists of high- organic-content materials, such as resins, plastics, and other polymers; synthetic and natural rubbers; cellulosic-based materials; and oils, organic solvents, and chlorinated organic solvents. Many of these wastes contain hazardous and/or pyrophoric materials in addition to radioactive species. Physical forms of the waste include ion-exchange resins used to remove radioactive elementsmore » from nuclear reactor cooling water, lab equipment and tools (e.g., measurement and containment vessels, hoses, wrappings, equipment coverings and components, and countertops), oil products (e.g., vacuum pump and lubrication oils), bags and other storage containers (for liquids, solids, and gases), solvents, gloves, lab coats and anti-contamination clothing, and other items. Major polymer and chemical groups found in high-organic-content radioactive wastes include polyvinyl chloride (PVC), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP), Teflon(TM), polystyrene (PS), nylon, latex, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), vinyl, high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polycarbonate, nitriles, Tygon(R), butyl, and Tyvec(R).« less
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Pol, V.
2010-06-15
The recent tremendous increase in the volume of waste plastics (WP) will have a harmful environmental impact on the health of living beings. Hundreds of years are required to degrade WP in atmospheric conditions. Hence, in coming years, in addition to traditional recycling services, innovative 'upcycling' processes are necessary. This article presents an environmentally benign, solvent-free autogenic process that converts various WP [low density polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polystyrene (PS), or their mixtures] into carbon microspheres (CMSs), an industrially significant, value-added product. The thermal dissociation of these individual or mixed WP in a closed reactormore » under autogenic pressure (1000 psi) produced dry, pure powder of CMSs. In this paper, the optimization of process parameters such as the effect of mixing of WP with other materials, and the role of reaction temperature and time are reported. Employing advanced analytical techniques, the atomic structure, composition, and morphology of as-obtained CMSs were analyzed. The room-temperature paramagnetism in CMSs prepared from waste LDPE, HDPE, and PS was further studied by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The conducting and paramagnetic nature of CMSs holds promise for their potential applications in toners, printers, paints, batteries, lubricants, and tires.« less
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Scott, Evan A.; Nichols, Michael D.; Cordova, Lee H.; George, Brandon J.; Jun, Young-Shin; Elbert, Donald L.
2008-01-01
Late-term thrombosis on drug-eluting stents is an emerging problem that might be addressed using extremely thin, biologically-active hydrogel coatings. We report a dip-coating strategy to covalently link poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to substrates, producing coatings with <≈100 nm thickness. Gelation of PEG-octavinylsulfone with amines in either bovine serum albumin (BSA) or PEG-octaamine was monitored by dynamic light scattering (DLS), revealing the presence of microgels before macrogelation. NMR also revealed extremely high end group conversions prior to macrogelation, consistent with the formation of highly crosslinked microgels and deviation from Flory-Stockmayer theory. Before macrogelation, the reacting solutions were diluted and incubated with nucleophile-functionalized surfaces. Using optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy (OWLS) and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D), we identified a highly hydrated, protein-resistant layer with a thickness of approximately 75 nm. Atomic force microscopy in buffered water revealed the presence of coalesced spheres of various sizes but with diameters less than about 100 nm. Microgel-coated glass or poly(ethylene terephthalate) exhibited reduced protein adsorption and cell adhesion. Cellular interactions with the surface could be controlled by using different proteins to cap unreacted vinylsulfone groups within the coating. PMID:18771802
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Plastics in the North Atlantic garbage patch: A boat-microbe for hitchhikers and plastic degraders.
Debroas, Didier; Mone, Anne; Ter Halle, Alexandra
2017-12-01
Plastic is a broad name given to different polymers with high molecular weight that impact wildlife. Their fragmentation leads to a continuum of debris sizes (meso to microplastics) entrapped in gyres and colonized by microorganisms. In the present work, the structure of eukaryotes, bacteria and Archaea was studied by a metabarcoding approach, and statistical analysis associated with network building was used to define a core microbiome at the plastic surface. Most of the bacteria significantly associated with the plastic waste originated from non-marine ecosystems, and numerous species can be considered as hitchhikers, whereas others act as keystone species (e.g., Rhodobacterales, Rhizobiales, Streptomycetales and Cyanobacteria) in the biofilm. The chemical analysis provides evidence for a specific colonization of the polymers. Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria significantly dominated mesoplastics consisting of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and polystyrene. Polyethylene was also dominated by these bacterial classes and Actinobacteria. Microplastics were made of polyethylene but differed in their crystallinity, and the majorities were colonized by Betaproteobacteria. Our study indicated that the bacteria inhabiting plastics harboured distinct metabolisms from those present in the surrounding water. For instance, the metabolic pathway involved in xenobiotic degradation was overrepresented on the plastic surface. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Pierre, Cynthia; Torkelson, John
2009-03-01
A major challenge for the most effective recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) concerns the fact that initial melt processing of PET into a product leads to substantial degradation of molecular weight. Thus, recycled PET has insufficient melt viscosity for reuse in high-value applications such as melt-blowing of PET bottles. Academic and industrial research has tried to remedy this situation by synthesis and use of ``chain extenders'' that can lead to branched PET (with higher melt viscosity than the linear recycled PET) via condensation reactions with functional groups on the PET. Here we show that simple processing of PET via solid-state shear pulverization (SSSP) leads to enhanced PET melt viscosity without need for chemical additives. We hypothesize that this branching results from low levels of chain scission accompanying SSSP, leading to formation of polymeric radicals that participate in chain transfer and combination reactions with other PET chains and thereby to in situ branch formation. The pulverized PET exhibits vastly enhanced crystallization kinetics, eliminating the need to employ cold crystallization to achieve maximum PET crystallinity. Results of SSSP processing of PET will be compared to results obtained with poly(butylene terephthalate).
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Improving the circular economy via hydrothermal processing of high-density waste plastics.
Helmer Pedersen, Thomas; Conti, Federica
2017-10-01
Rising environmental concerns on climate changes are causing an increasing attention on circular economies. The plastic economy, in particular, is in focus due to the accelerating consumption of plastics, mainly derived from virgin feedstock, combined with the lack of plastic recycling strategies. This work presents a novel outlook on the potential of using supercritical hydrothermal processing of waste plastic fractions for tertiary recycling. The study investigates hydrothermal processing of nine different, high-density types of plastics into original resin monomers and other value-added chemical compounds. The outlook presents conversion yields, carbon balances, and chemical details on the products obtained. It is found that all the investigated resins are prone to hydrothermal treatment, and that high yields of monomers and high value compounds (up to nearly 100%), suitable for chemicals and fuels applications, can be obtained. For instance, for polycarbonate, styrene-butadiene, poly(lactic acid), poly(ethylene terephthalate), and poly(butylene terephthalate), original monomeric compounds can be reclaimed for manufacturing new resins. The promising results presented demonstrate that hydrothermal processing of high-density plastics is a prospective technology for increasing the circularity of the plastic economy. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chen, Huipeng
Recent studies suggest that there are three phase fractions in semicrystalline polymers, the crystalline, the mobile amorphous and the rigid amorphous phases. Due to the distinct properties of the rigid amorphous fraction, RAF, it has been investigated for more than twenty years. In this thesis, a general method using quasi-isothermal temperature-modulated differential scaning calorimetry, DSC, is provided for the first time to obtain the temperature dependent RAF and the other two fractions, crystalline fraction and mobile amorphous fraction, MAF. For poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET, our results show RAF was vitrified during quasi-isothermal cooling after crystallization had been completed and became totally devitrified during quasi-isothermal heating before the start of melting. Several years after people initially discovered the existence of RAF, another issue arose relating to the physical location of RAF and mobile amorphous fraction, MAF, within a lamellar stack model. Two very different models to describe the location of RAF were proposed. In the Heterogeneous Stack Model, HET, RAF is located outside the lamellar stacks. In the Homogeneous Stack Model, HSM, RAF was located inside the lamellar stacks. To determine the lamellar structure of semicrystalline polymers comprising three phase, a general method is given in this thesis by using a combination of the DSC and small angle X-ray scattering, SAXS techniques. It has been applied to Nylon 6, isotactic polystyrene, iPS, and PET. It was found for all of these materials, the HSM model is correct to describe the lamellar structure. In addition to the determination of lamellar structures, this method can also provide the exact fraction of MAF inside and outside lamellar stacks for binary polymer blends. For binary polymer blends, MAF, normally is located partially inside and partially outside the lamellar stacks. However, the quantification of the MAF inside and outside the lamellar stacks has now been provided and is applied to the iPS/atactic polystyrene, aPS, blends. The fractions of MAF inside and outside the lamellar stacks were quantified for the first time. For A/B binary polymer blends, it has been reported that if B is already crystalline, the crystalline fraction would serve as a restriction on the subsequent growth of the crystallizable partner A, while amorphous fraction could be diffused from the crystalline growth front of the crystallizing A component. Considering the effect of RAF on binary blends, a new concept is provided: like the crystals, the RAF of one polymer component may inhibit the growth of crystals of the other blend partner. The non-isothermal crystallization of PET/poly(lactic acid), PLA, blends were investigated and the results confirmed the new concept is correct: PET forms a large amount of RAF and inhibits crystal formation in PLA. Then, we broadened the concept of RAF and investigated the RAF in recent 'hot' materials, polymer nanocomposites. It was found the fraction of RAF greatly increased with a small amount of multi-wall carbon nanotubes, MWCNT, loading in PET electrospun, ES, fibers. A general model is given for polymer ES fibers with MWCNTs: the addition of MWCNTs causes polymer chains in the ES fibers to become more extended, (ie, more stretched), resulting in more confinement of PET chains and an increase in the RAF.
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Polymer nanocomposites for lithium battery applications
Sandi-Tapia, Giselle; Gregar, Kathleen Carrado
2006-07-18
A single ion-conducting nanocomposite of a substantially amorphous polyethylene ether and a negatively charged synthetic smectite clay useful as an electrolyte. Excess SiO2 improves conductivity and when combined with synthetic hectorite forms superior membranes for batteries. A method of making membranes is also disclosed.
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Low temperature growth of gallium oxide thin films via plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition.
O'Donoghue, Richard; Rechmann, Julian; Aghaee, Morteza; Rogalla, Detlef; Becker, Hans-Werner; Creatore, Mariadriana; Wieck, Andreas Dirk; Devi, Anjana
2017-12-21
Herein we describe an efficient low temperature (60-160 °C) plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) process for gallium oxide (Ga 2 O 3 ) thin films using hexakis(dimethylamido)digallium [Ga(NMe 2 ) 3 ] 2 with oxygen (O 2 ) plasma on Si(100). The use of O 2 plasma was found to have a significant improvement on the growth rate and deposition temperature when compared to former Ga 2 O 3 processes. The process yielded the second highest growth rates (1.5 Å per cycle) in terms of Ga 2 O 3 ALD and the lowest temperature to date for the ALD growth of Ga 2 O 3 and typical ALD characteristics were determined. From in situ quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) studies and ex situ ellipsometry measurements, it was deduced that the process is initially substrate-inhibited. Complementary analytical techniques were employed to investigate the crystallinity (grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction), composition (Rutherford backscattering analysis/nuclear reaction analysis/X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), morphology (X-ray reflectivity/atomic force microscopy) which revealed the formation of amorphous, homogeneous and nearly stoichiometric Ga 2 O 3 thin films of high purity (carbon and nitrogen <2 at.%) under optimised process conditions. Tauc plots obtained via UV-Vis spectroscopy yielded a band gap of 4.9 eV and the transmittance values were more than 80%. Upon annealing at 1000 °C, the transformation to oxygen rich polycrystalline β-gallium oxide took place, which also resulted in the densification and roughening of the layer, accompanied by a slight reduction in the band gap. This work outlines a fast and efficient method for the low temperature ALD growth of Ga 2 O 3 thin films and provides the means to deposit Ga 2 O 3 upon thermally sensitive polymers like polyethylene terephthalate.
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Zhu, Guanghui; Carrillo, Jan-Michael Y.; Sujan, Achintya; ...
2018-01-01
Porous organic cage (POCs) are explored as a support for hazardous gas sorbents. The molecular mixing between the POC and methylated poly(ethylene imine) was observed and resulted in the improvement of mass transfer and thermal stability of the composite material.
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Preparation and dyeing of super hydrophilic polyethylene terephthalate fabric
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zheng, D. D.; Zhou, J. F.; Xu, F.; Zhang, F. X.; Zhang, G. X.
2016-07-01
In this study, the dyeing properties of PET fabrics modified with sulfuric acid was investigated using disperse red E-4B and disperse blue 2BLNG-L at high temperature and high pressure. The results revealed that the sulfuric acid modification improved the K/S value of dyeing PET fabrics, and the modified PET fabric could be dyed uniformly. The a, b, C, L and H of modified PET fabric were almost the same as that of original PET fabric. The water contact angles were still 0o after 10s, indicating that the hydrophilic property of modified PET fabrics still kept excellent. The wash fastness of dyed PET fabrics after modification was generally good.
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Self-powered p-NiO/n-ZnO heterojunction ultraviolet photodetectors fabricated on plastic substrates
Hasan, Md Rezaul; Xie, Ting; Barron, Sara C.; Liu, Guannan; Nguyen, Nhan V.; Motayed, Abhishek; Rao, Mulpuri V.; Debnath, Ratan
2016-01-01
A self-powered ultraviolet (UV) photodetector (PD) based on p-NiO and n-ZnO was fabricated using low-temperature sputtering technique on indium doped tin oxide (ITO) coated plastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates. The p-n heterojunction showed very fast temporal photoresponse with excellent quantum efficiency of over 63% under UV illumination at an applied reverse bias of 1.2 V. The engineered ultrathin Ti/Au top metal contacts and UV transparent PET/ITO substrates allowed the PDs to be illuminated through either front or back side. Morphology, structural, chemical and optical properties of sputtered NiO and ZnO films were also investigated. PMID:26900532
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Bacterial adhesion capacity on food service contact surfaces.
Fink, Rok; Okanovič, Denis; Dražič, Goran; Abram, Anže; Oder, Martina; Jevšnik, Mojca; Bohinc, Klemen
2017-06-01
The aim of this study was to analyse the adhesion of E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus on food contact materials, such as polyethylene terephthalate, silicone, aluminium, Teflon and glass. Surface roughness, streaming potential and contact angle were measured. Bacterial properties by contact angle and specific charge density were characterised. The bacterial adhesion analysis using staining method and scanning electron microscopy showed the lowest adhesion on smooth aluminium and hydrophobic Teflon for most of the bacteria. However, our study indicates that hydrophobic bacteria with high specific charge density attach to those surfaces more intensively. In food services, safety could be increased by selecting material with low adhesion to prevent cross contamination.
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Water-assisted extrusion of bio-based PETG/clay nanocomposites
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lee, Naeun; Lee, Sangmook
2018-02-01
Bio-based polyethylene terephthalate glycol-modified (PETG)/clay nanocomposites were prepared using the water-assisted extrusion process. The effects of different types of clay and clay mixing methods (with or without the use of water) and the resulting nanocomposites properties were investigated by measuring the rheological and tensile properties and morphologies. The valuable properties were achieved when Cloisite 30B was mixed in a slurry state. The results of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies showed that the nano-clay was well dispersed within the PETG matrix. This shows that the slurry process could be an effective exfoliation method for many nanocomposites systems as well as for bio-based PETG/clay nanocomposites.
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An Exploratory Study of Thermoelectrostatic Power Generation for Space Flight Applications
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Beam, Benjamin H.
1960-01-01
A study has been made of a process in which a solar heating cycle is combined with an electrostatic cycle for generating electrical power for space vehicle applications. The power unit, referred to as a thermoelectrostatic generator, is a thin film, solid dielectric capacitor alternately heated by solar radiation and cooled by radiant emission. The theory of operation to extract electrical power is presented. Results of an experiment to illustrate the principle are described. Estimates of the performance of this type of device in space in the vicinity of earth are included. Values of specific power of several kilowatts per kilogram of generator weight are calculated for such a device employing polyethylene terephthalate dielectric.
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Effect of ionizing radiation on structural and conductive properties of copper nanotubes
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zdorovets, M. V.; Borgekov, D. B.; Kenzhina, I. E.; Kozlovskiy, A. L.
2018-01-01
The use of electron radiation is an effective tool for stimulating a controlled modification of structural and conductive properties of nanomaterials in modern materials science. The paper presents the results of studies of the influence of various types of radiation on structural and conductive properties of copper nanotubes obtained by electrochemical synthesis in pores of templates based on polyethylene terephthalate. Such methods as SEM, X-ray diffraction and EDS show that irradiation with a stream of high-energy electrons with doses of 50-250 kGy makes it possible to modify the crystal structure of nanotubes, increasing their conductivity and decreasing the resistance of nanostructures without destroying the structure.
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Infrared radiation of thin plastic films.
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Tien, C. L.; Chan, C. K.; Cunnington, G. R.
1972-01-01
A combined analytical and experimental study is presented for infrared radiation characteristics of thin plastic films with and without a metal substrate. On the basis of the thin-film analysis, a simple analytical technique is developed for determining band-averaged optical constants of thin plastic films from spectral normal transmittance data for two different film thicknesses. Specifically, the band-averaged optical constants of polyethylene terephthalate and polyimide were obtained from transmittance measurements of films with thicknesses in the range of 0.25 to 3 mil. The spectral normal reflectance and total normal emittance of the film side of singly aluminized films are calculated by use of optical constants; the results compare favorably with measured values.
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Effect of pH on ion current through conical nanopores
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chander, M.; Kumar, R.; Kumar, S.; Kumar, N.
2018-05-01
Here, we examined ionic current behavior of conical nanopores at different pH and a fixed ion concentration of potassium halide (KCl). Conical shaped nanopores have been developed by chemical etching technique in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) membrane/foil of thickness 12 micron. For this we employed a self-assembled electrochemical cell having two chambers and the foil was fitted in the centre of cell. The nanopores were produced in the foil using etching and stopping solutions. The experimental results show that ionic current rectification (ICR) occurs through synthesized conical nanopores. Further, ion current increases significantly with increase of voltage from the base side of nanopores to the tip side at fixed pH of electrolyte.
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Leake, D L; Habal, M B
1977-04-01
Our experience using a new technique for reconstructing contour defects of facial bones has been presented. It employs particulate, cancellous bone and an implantable prosthesis accurately fabricated of polyether urethane and polyethylene terephthalate cloth mesh which can be produced in a variety of configurations. A mannequin made of these materials displaying the various parts of the craniofacial complex that have been restored or are currently under investigation is shown in Figure 10. Large cranial vault defects, orbital floors, mandibles including chin augmentation, and nasal bone deformities have been successfully restored in man. Restoration of the pinna of the ear is currently being evaluated in laboratory animals.
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Microplastic Pollution in Table Salts from China.
Yang, Dongqi; Shi, Huahong; Li, Lan; Li, Jiana; Jabeen, Khalida; Kolandhasamy, Prabhu
2015-11-17
Microplastics have been found in seas all over the world. We hypothesize that sea salts might contain microplastics, because they are directly supplied by seawater. To test our hypothesis, we collected 15 brands of sea salts, lake salts, and rock/well salts from supermarkets throughout China. The microplastics content was 550-681 particles/kg in sea salts, 43-364 particles/kg in lake salts, and 7-204 particles/kg in rock/well salts. In sea salts, fragments and fibers were the prevalent types of particles compared with pellets and sheets. Microplastics measuring less than 200 μm represented the majority of the particles, accounting for 55% of the total microplastics, and the most common microplastics were polyethylene terephthalate, followed by polyethylene and cellophane in sea salts. The abundance of microplastics in sea salts was significantly higher than that in lake salts and rock/well salts. This result indicates that sea products, such as sea salts, are contaminated by microplastics. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on microplastic pollution in abiotic sea products.
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McGoran, A R; Clark, P F; Morritt, D
2017-01-01
Like many urban catchments, the River Thames in London is contaminated with plastics. This pollutant is recorded on the river banks, in the benthic environment and in the water column. The present study was conducted to assess the extent of microplastic ingestion in two River Thames fish species, the European flounder (Platichthys flesus) and European smelt (Osmerus eperlanus). Samples were collected from two sites in Kent, England; Erith and Isle of Grain/Sheppey, near Sheerness, with the latter being more estuarine. The results revealed that up to 75% of sampled European flounder had plastic fibres in the gut compared with only 20% of smelt. This difference may be related to their diverse feeding behaviours: European flounder are benthic feeders whilst European smelt are pelagic predators. The fibres were predominantly red or black polyamides and other fibres included acrylic, nylon, polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate and there was no difference in occurrence between the sites sampled. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Laskarakis, A.; Gravalidis, C.; Logothetidis, S.
2004-02-01
The continuously increasing application of polymeric materials in many scientific and technological fields has motivated an extensive use of polymer surface treatments, which modify the physical and chemical properties of polymer surfaces leading to surface activation and promotion of the surface adhesion. Fourier transform IR spectroscopic ellipsometry (FTIRSE) and phase modulated ellipsometry (PME) in the IR and Vis-FUV spectral regions respectively have been employed for in situ and real time monitoring of the structural changes on the polymer surface obtained by Ar + ion bombardment. The polymers were industrially supplied polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) membranes. The Ar + ion bombardment has found to change the chemical bonding of the films and especially the amount of the CO, C-C and CC groups. The detailed study of the FTIRSE spectra reveals important information about the effect of the Ar + ion bombardment on each of the above bonding groups. Also, the modification of the characteristic features, attributed to electronic transitions in specific bonds of PET and PEN macromolecules, has been studied using PME.
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Numerical simulation of viscoelastic layer rearrangement in polymer melts using OpenFOAM®
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Köpplmayr, Thomas, E-mail: tkoepplmayr@gmail.com; Mayrhofer, Elias
In addition to their shear-thinning behavior, polymer melts are characterized by first and second normal stress differences, which cause secondary motions. Polymer coextrusion processes involve viscoelastic two-phase flows that influence layer formation. Using polymer melts with different pigmentation makes visible the layers deformed by second normal stress differences. We used a new solver for the OpenFOAM CFD toolbox which handles viscoelastic two-phase flows. A derivative of the volume-of-fluid (VoF) methodology was employed to describe the interface. Different types of polymer melt, such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were investigated. In a coextrusion process, the less viscousmore » phase usually tends to encapsulate the more viscous one. However, the different viscoelastic properties of the melts also influence interface deformation. The materials were characterized by small-amplitude oscillatory-shear rheometry, and a multimode Giesekus model was used to fit shear viscosity, storage and loss modulus. Our simulations also took interfacial tension into account. Experimental observations and corresponding numerical simulations were found to be in good accordance.« less
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Adrados, A; de Marco, I; Caballero, B M; López, A; Laresgoiti, M F; Torres, A
2012-05-01
Pyrolysis may be an alternative for the reclamation of rejected streams of waste from sorting plants where packing and packaging plastic waste is separated and classified. These rejected streams consist of many different materials (e.g., polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), aluminum, tetra-brik, and film) for which an attempt at complete separation is not technically possible or economically viable, and they are typically sent to landfills or incinerators. For this study, a simulated plastic mixture and a real waste sample from a sorting plant were pyrolyzed using a non-stirred semi-batch reactor. Red mud, a byproduct of the aluminum industry, was used as a catalyst. Despite the fact that the samples had a similar volume of material, there were noteworthy differences in the pyrolysis yields. The real waste sample resulted, after pyrolysis, in higher gas and solid yields and consequently produced less liquid. There were also significant differences noted in the compositions of the compared pyrolysis products. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Plastic ingestion by a generalist seabird on the coast of Uruguay.
Lenzi, Javier; Burgues, María Fernanda; Carrizo, Daniel; Machín, Emanuel; Teixeira-de Mello, Franco
2016-06-15
We analyzed plastic ingestion by Kelp Gull (Larus dominicanus) from 806 pellets collected between 2011 and 2013. Employing a Raman spectroscopy, we characterized those polymers used to produce the plastics ingested. Debris was recorded in 143 pellets (%FO=17.7%, n=202, 92.58g). Plastic was found in 119 pellets (%FO=83%) and non-plastic occurred in 56 pellets (%FO=39%). The most important debris category was plastic film with 55.3% (n=79). Plastic bags were observed in 19 pellets (%FO=2.4%, weight=25.02g). Glass was the second most important component (%FO=18.9%) followed by plastic fragments (%FO=17.8%). Plastic debris represented the 65.3% of the debris fragments (n=132, weight=58.84g), and was composed by polyethylene (52%), polypropylene (26%), polyamide (12%), polystyrene (6%), polyvinyl chloride (2%), and polyethylene terephthalate (2%). How plastics were obtained by gulls and the effects on individuals are discussed, as well as environmental considerations about plastic pollution on coastal environments. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Microbial enzymes for the recycling of recalcitrant petroleum-based plastics: how far are we?
Wei, Ren; Zimmermann, Wolfgang
2017-11-01
Petroleum-based plastics have replaced many natural materials in their former applications. With their excellent properties, they have found widespread uses in almost every area of human life. However, the high recalcitrance of many synthetic plastics results in their long persistence in the environment, and the growing amount of plastic waste ending up in landfills and in the oceans has become a global concern. In recent years, a number of microbial enzymes capable of modifying or degrading recalcitrant synthetic polymers have been identified. They are emerging as candidates for the development of biocatalytic plastic recycling processes, by which valuable raw materials can be recovered in an environmentally sustainable way. This review is focused on microbial biocatalysts involved in the degradation of the synthetic plastics polyethylene, polystyrene, polyurethane and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Recent progress in the application of polyester hydrolases for the recovery of PET building blocks and challenges for the application of these enzymes in alternative plastic waste recycling processes will be discussed. © 2017 The Authors. Microbial Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd and Society for Applied Microbiology.
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Zhou, Hui; Wu, Chunfei; Onwudili, Jude A; Meng, Aihong; Zhang, Yanguo; Williams, Paul T
2015-02-01
The formation of 2-4 ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from the pyrolysis of nine different municipal solid waste fractions (xylan, cellulose, lignin, pectin, starch, polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET)) were investigated in a fixed bed furnace at 800 °C. The mass distribution of pyrolysis was also reported. The results showed that PS generated the most total PAH, followed by PVC, PET, and lignin. More PAH were detected from the pyrolysis of plastics than the pyrolysis of biomass. In the biomass group, lignin generated more PAH than others. Naphthalene was the most abundant PAH, and the amount of 1-methynaphthalene and 2-methynaphthalene was also notable. Phenanthrene and fluorene were the most abundant 3-ring PAH, while benzo[a]anthracene and chrysene were notable in the tar of PS, PVC, and PET. 2-ring PAH dominated all tar samples, and varied from 40 wt.% to 70 wt.%. For PS, PET and lignin, PAH may be generated directly from the aromatic structure of the feedstock. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Oxidation of alkylaromatics - Analysis of an innovation
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Pohlman, H.P.; Leipold, H.A.; Meyer, D.H.
The effort by Standard Oil Co. (Indiana) through its subsidiary, Amoco Chemicals Corporation, to develop and commercialize a process for oxidizing alkylaromatics to their corresponding carboxylic acids is one of the major success stories in the chemical industry in the last 25 years. It represents the dedicated efforts of many people both within and outside the company who developed and applied state-of-the-art knowledge in many different technologies (1-3). The initial catalyzed air oxidation process scheme produced a variety of aromatic acids, but this paper focuses on the single product process for producing terephthalic acid from paraxylene. The commercial importance ofmore » terephthalic acid and its di-ester, dimethylterephthalate, lies in the production of poly-(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). This linear polymer is used in the manufacture of polyester fiber for clothing and home furnishing and industrial applications such as tire cord and conveyor belts. PET is also the base material for audio and video recording tapes and photographic films. Laminated polyester finds application in a variety of food packaging items while, as a molding resin, PET is used to make shatter-proof, lightweight bottles for soft drinks and, most recently, for alcoholic beverages (4-16). We believe there are several key lessons which can be learned from this innovation: 1. It is important to set good objectives, compatible with resources and opportunities of the company. 2. The key invention may be found outside the organization, no matter how hard we try or how good our own people are. 3. Firm commitment by management brings out the best in people. 4. Aggressive commercialization may be more effective than first completing all possible development work. It is necessary, however, to obtain good fundamental data if one wants to skip expensive pilot plants.« less
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Gamerith, Caroline; Vastano, Marco; Ghorbanpour, Sahar M.; Zitzenbacher, Sabine; Ribitsch, Doris; Zumstein, Michael T.; Sander, Michael; Herrero Acero, Enrique; Pellis, Alessandro; Guebitz, Georg M.
2017-01-01
To study hydrolysis of aromatic and aliphatic polyesters cutinase 1 from Thermobifida cellulosilytica (Thc_Cut1) was expressed in P. pastoris. No significant differences between the expression of native Thc_Cut1 and of two glycosylation site knock out mutants (Thc_Cut1_koAsn and Thc_Cut1_koST) concerning the total extracellular protein concentration and volumetric activity were observed. Hydrolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) was shown for all three enzymes based on quantification of released products by HPLC and similar concentrations of released terephthalic acid (TPA) and mono(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (MHET) were detected for all enzymes. Both tested aliphatic polyesters poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) were hydrolyzed by Thc_Cut1 and Thc_Cut1_koST, although PBS was hydrolyzed to significantly higher extent than PHBV. These findings were also confirmed via quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) analysis; for PHBV only a small mass change was observed while the mass of PBS thin films decreased by 93% upon enzymatic hydrolysis with Thc_Cut1. Although both enzymes led to similar concentrations of released products upon hydrolysis of PET and PHBV, Thc_Cut1_koST was found to be significantly more active on PBS than the native Thc_Cut1. Hydrolysis of PBS films by Thc_Cut1 and Thc_Cut1_koST was followed by weight loss and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Within 96 h of hydrolysis up to 92 and 41% of weight loss were detected with Thc_Cut1_koST and Thc_Cut1, respectively. Furthermore, SEM characterization of PBS films clearly showed that enzyme tretment resulted in morphological changes of the film surface. PMID:28596765
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Preparative crystallization of a single chain antibody using an aqueous two-phase system.
Huettmann, Hauke; Berkemeyer, Matthias; Buchinger, Wolfgang; Jungbauer, Alois
2014-11-01
A simultaneous crystallization and aqueous two-phase extraction of a single chain antibody was developed, demonstrating process integration. The process conditions were designed to form an aqueous two-phase system, and to favor crystallization, using sodium sulfate and PEG-2000. At sufficiently high concentrations of PEG, a second phase was generated in which the protein crystallization occurred simultaneously. The single chain antibody crystals were partitioned to the top, polyethylene glycol-rich phase. The crystal nucleation took place in the sodium sulfate-rich phase and at the phase boundary, whereas crystal growth was progressing mainly in the polyethylene glycol-rich phase. The crystals in the polyethylene glycol-rich phase grew to a size of >50 µm. Additionally, polyethylene glycol acted as an anti-solvent, thus, it influenced the crystallization yield. A phase diagram with an undersaturation zone, crystallization area, and amorphous precipitation zone was established. Only small differences in polyethylene glycol concentration caused significant shifts of the crystallization yield. An increase of the polyethylene glycol content from 2% (w/v) to 4% (w/v) increased the yield from approximately 63-87%, respectively. Our results show that crystallization in aqueous two-phase systems is an opportunity to foster process integration. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hou, Lei; Bi, Siyi; Zhao, Hang; Xu, Yumeng; Mu, Yuhang; Lu, Yinxiang
2017-05-01
High corrosion resistant Cu-Co-P coatings were firstly prepared on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate by electroless plating in combination with UV/ozonolysis irradiation under optimized cobalt sulfate heptahydrate concentration, pH value, plating temperature and time. The copper polyalloy/PET composite can be obtained in three steps, namely: (i) the generation of oxygen-containing functionalities (carboxylic groups) onto PET surface through UV irradiation combined with ozone, (ii) Cu seeding catalysts were obtained after being immersed into cupric citrate and NaBH4 solutions subsequently, and (iii) Cu-Co-P polyalloy metallization using electroless plating bath. Attenuated total reflection fourier transformation infrared spectrometer (ATR-FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), water contact angle measurement and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) were utilized to track the surface changes during the whole process. The electroless plating conditions were optimized by an orthogonal experiment (L9(3)4) for Cu-Co-P coating as follows: CoSO4·7H2O addition of 0.08 M, pH value, plating temperature and time were set on 10.0, 35 °C and 25 min, respectively. Under the optimal conditions, copper polyalloy possessed high adhesive strength and the lowest surface resistance (8.06 Ω/sq), while maintaining reliability even after over 1000 times of bending and mechanical stress. The results of scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) measurements showed that Cu-Co-P layer formed on PET surface was imparted with fine uniformity and high compactness. Electrochemical test revealed the optimized Cu-Co-P coatings exhibited high corrosion resistance in NaCl, NaOH and HCl solutions, respectively. The excellent electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE >99.999% at frequency ranging from 30 MHz to 1000 MHz) of copper polyalloy/PET composites was confirmed by the spectrum analyzer. Therefore, this copper polyalloy will have potential applications in microelectronics packaging and coatings for anti-corrosion and electromagnetic interference shielding.
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Song, Yoon S; Koontz, John L; Juskelis, Rima O; Zhao, Yang
2013-01-01
The migration of low molecular weight organic compounds through polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films was determined by using a custom permeation cell assembly. Fatty food simulant (Miglyol 812) was added to the receptor chamber, while the donor chamber was filled with 1% and 10% (v/v) migrant compounds spiked in simulant. The permeation cell was maintained at 40°C, 66°C, 100°C or 121°C for up to 25 days of polymer film exposure time. Migrants in Miglyol were directly quantified without a liquid-liquid extraction step by headspace-GC-MS analysis. Experimental diffusion coefficients (DP) of toluene, benzyl alcohol, ethyl butyrate and methyl salicylate through PET film were determined. Results from Limm's diffusion model showed that the predicted DP values for PET were all greater than the experimental values. DP values predicted by Piringer's diffusion model were also greater than those determined experimentally at 66°C, 100°C and 121°C. However, Piringer's model led to the underestimation of benzyl alcohol (Áp = 3.7) and methyl salicylate (Áp = 4.0) diffusion at 40°C with its revised "upper-bound" Áp value of 3.1 at temperatures below the glass transition temperature (Tg) of PET (<70°C). This implies that input parameters of Piringer's model may need to be revised to ensure a margin of safety for consumers. On the other hand, at temperatures greater than the Tg, both models appear too conservative and unrealistic. The highest estimated Áp value from Piringer's model was 2.6 for methyl salicylate, which was much lower than the "upper-bound" Áp value of 6.4 for PET. Therefore, it may be necessary further to refine "upper-bound" Áp values for PET such that Piringer's model does not significantly underestimate or overestimate the migration of organic compounds dependent upon the temperature condition of the food contact material.
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Kiani, Amin; Ahmadloo, Mahsa; Shariatifar, Nabi; Moazzen, Mojtaba; Baghani, Abbas Norouzian; Khaniki, GholamReza Jahed; Taghinezhad, Ali; Kouhpayeh, Amin; Mousavi Khaneghah, Amin; Ghajarbeygi, Peyman
2018-05-01
In the current study, a novel magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) technique combined with a gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) was developed to determine the phthalate ester content of bottled Doogh samples. Doogh is a yogurt-based drinking beverage, which is frequently consumed in Middle East and Balkans. It is produced by stirring yogurt in Chern separation machine and consists of substances such as water, yogurt, and salt in addition to aqueous extracts of native herbs. The magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-Fe 3 O 4 ) were used as adsorbents of phthalate acid esters (PAEs) due to a superior adsorption capability of hydrophobic compounds. In this context, the quantity of the extractable migrated phthalate esters (dibutyl phthalate (DBP), dimethyl phthalate (DMP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-N-octyl phthalate (DNOP), and bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)) from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles into Doogh samples was measured. The correlation between the concentration of migrated PAEs and some factors such as the type of Doogh (gaseous and without gas), difference in brand (five brands), volume (1500 and 300 mL), and the storage time also was investigated. The migration level into Doogh samples was increased by incorporating of gas as well as increasing the volume of PET bottles. Also, with elaborating of storage time, the migration of some phthalates such as DEHP (the mean from 2419.85 ng L -1 in the first week to 2716.15 ng L -1 in the second month), DEP, and total phthalate was increased. However, no significant difference in concentrations of migrated phthalate esters among different examined brands was noted. Finally, the concentration of migrated PAEs from bottle into all the examined Doogh samples was below the defined standards by EPA; 6 μg/L for DEHP in drinking water. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Coceancigh, Herman; Tran-Ba, Khanh-Hoa; Siepser, Natasha; ...
2017-09-27
Here in this study, the longitudinally controlled modification of the inner surfaces of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) track-etched pores was explored using an electrochemically assisted Cu(I)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) click reaction. Cylindrical or conical PET track-etched pores were first decorated with ethynyl groups via the amidation of surface -COOH groups, filled with a solution containing Cu(II) and azide-tagged fluorescent dye, and then sandwiched between comb-shaped and planar gold electrodes. Cu(I) was produced at the comb-shaped working electrode by the reduction of Cu(II); it diffused along the pores toward the other electrode and catalyzed CuAAC between an azide-tagged fluorescent dye and amore » pore-tethered ethynyl group. The modification efficiency of cylindrical pores (ca. 1 μm in diameter) was assessed from planar and cross-sectional fluorescence microscope images of modified membranes. Planar images showed that pore modification took place only above the teeth of the comb-shaped electrode with a higher reaction yield for longer Cu(II) reduction times. Cross-sectional images revealed micrometer-scale gradient modification along the pore axis, which reflected a Cu(I) concentration profile within the pores, as supported by finite-element computer simulations. The reported approach was applicable to the asymmetric modification of cylindrical pores with two different fluorescent dyes in the opposite directions and also for the selective visualization of the tip and base openings of conical pores (ca. 3.5 μm in base diameter and ca. 1 μm in tip diameter). Lastly, the method based on electrochemically assisted CuAAC provides a controlled means to fabricate asymmetrically modified nanoporous membranes and, in the future, will be applicable for chemical separations and the development of sequential catalytic reactors.« less
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Coceancigh, Herman; Tran-Ba, Khanh-Hoa; Siepser, Natasha
Here in this study, the longitudinally controlled modification of the inner surfaces of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) track-etched pores was explored using an electrochemically assisted Cu(I)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) click reaction. Cylindrical or conical PET track-etched pores were first decorated with ethynyl groups via the amidation of surface -COOH groups, filled with a solution containing Cu(II) and azide-tagged fluorescent dye, and then sandwiched between comb-shaped and planar gold electrodes. Cu(I) was produced at the comb-shaped working electrode by the reduction of Cu(II); it diffused along the pores toward the other electrode and catalyzed CuAAC between an azide-tagged fluorescent dye and amore » pore-tethered ethynyl group. The modification efficiency of cylindrical pores (ca. 1 μm in diameter) was assessed from planar and cross-sectional fluorescence microscope images of modified membranes. Planar images showed that pore modification took place only above the teeth of the comb-shaped electrode with a higher reaction yield for longer Cu(II) reduction times. Cross-sectional images revealed micrometer-scale gradient modification along the pore axis, which reflected a Cu(I) concentration profile within the pores, as supported by finite-element computer simulations. The reported approach was applicable to the asymmetric modification of cylindrical pores with two different fluorescent dyes in the opposite directions and also for the selective visualization of the tip and base openings of conical pores (ca. 3.5 μm in base diameter and ca. 1 μm in tip diameter). Lastly, the method based on electrochemically assisted CuAAC provides a controlled means to fabricate asymmetrically modified nanoporous membranes and, in the future, will be applicable for chemical separations and the development of sequential catalytic reactors.« less
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van Manen, Henk-Jan; van Apeldoorn, Aart A; Verrijk, Ruud; van Blitterswijk, Clemens A; Otto, Cees
2007-01-01
Micro- and nanospheres composed of biodegradable polymers show promise as versatile devices for the controlled delivery of biopharmaceuticals. Whereas important properties such as drug release profiles, biocompatibility, and (bio)degradability have been determined for many types of biodegradable particles, information about particle degradation inside phagocytic cells is usually lacking. Here, we report the use of confocal Raman microscopy to obtain chemical information about cross-linked dextran hydrogel microspheres and amphiphilic poly(ethylene glycol)-terephthalate/poly(butylene terephthalate) (PEGT/PBT) microspheres inside RAW 264.7 macrophage phagosomes. Using quantitative Raman microspectroscopy, we show that the dextran concentration inside phagocytosed dextran microspheres decreases with cell incubation time. In contrast to dextran microspheres, we did not observe PEGT/PBT microsphere degradation after 1 week of internalization by macrophages, confirming previous studies showing that dextran microsphere degradation proceeds faster than PEGT/PBT degradation. Raman microscopy further showed the conversion of macrophages to lipid-laden foam cells upon prolonged incubation with both types of microspheres, suggesting that a cellular inflammatory response is induced by these biomaterials in cell culture. Our results exemplify the power of Raman microscopy to characterize microsphere degradation in cells and offer exciting prospects for this technique as a noninvasive, label-free optical tool in biomaterials histology and tissue engineering. PMID:17722552
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Ali, Wazed; Sultana, Parveen; Joshi, Mangala; Rajendran, Subbiyan
2016-07-01
Neem oil, a natural antibacterial agent from neem tree (Azadarichtaindica) has been used to impart antibacterial activity to polyester fabrics. Solvent induced polymer modification method was used and that facilitated the easy entry of neem molecules into the compact structure of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polyester. The polyester fabric was treated with trichloroacetic acid-methylene chloride (TCAMC) solvent system at room temperature prior to treatment with neem oil. The concentration of TCAMC and the treatment time were optimised. XRD and SEM results showed that the TCAMC treatment causes polymer modification and morphological changes in the PET polyester. Antibacterial activity of TCAMC pre-treated and neem-oil-treated polyester fabric was tested using AATCC qualitative and quantitative methods. Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms were used to determine the antimicrobial activity. It was observed that the treated fabric registers substantial antimicrobial activity against both the Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) and the Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) and the effect increases with the increase in concentration of TCAMC treatment. The antibacterial effect remains substantial even after 25 launderings. A kinetic growth study involving the effect of antibacterial activity at various incubation times was carried out. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Liu, Wendong; Liu, Xueyao; Fangteng, Jiaozi; Wang, Shuli; Fang, Liping; Shen, Huaizhong; Xiang, Siyuan; Sun, Hongchen; Yang, Bai
2014-10-01
This paper presents a facile method to fabricate bioinspired polyethylene terephthalate (PET) nanocone arrays via colloidal lithography. The aspect ratio (AR) of the nanocones can be finely modulated ranging from 1 to 6 by regulating the etching time. The samples with the AR value of 6 can present underwater superoleophobicity with the underwater oil contact angle (OCA) of 171.8°. The as-prepared PET nanocone arrays perform anti-bioadhesion behavior, which inhibits the formation of the actin cytoskeleton when it used as the substrate for cell culture. Moreover, the oil wettability is temperature controlled after modifying the PET nanocone arrays with PNIPAAm film, and the oil wettability of the functionalized nanocone arrays can be transformed from the superoleophobic state with OCA about 151° to the oleophilic state with OCA about 25° reversibly. Due to the high-throughput, parallel fabrication and cost-efficiency of this method, it will be favourable for researchers to introduce oleophobic properties to various substrate and device surfaces. Due to the superoleophobicity and simple functionalizing properties, the PET nanocone arrays are very promising surfaces for anti-adhesion, self-cleaning and have potential applications in material, medical, and biological fields.This paper presents a facile method to fabricate bioinspired polyethylene terephthalate (PET) nanocone arrays via colloidal lithography. The aspect ratio (AR) of the nanocones can be finely modulated ranging from 1 to 6 by regulating the etching time. The samples with the AR value of 6 can present underwater superoleophobicity with the underwater oil contact angle (OCA) of 171.8°. The as-prepared PET nanocone arrays perform anti-bioadhesion behavior, which inhibits the formation of the actin cytoskeleton when it used as the substrate for cell culture. Moreover, the oil wettability is temperature controlled after modifying the PET nanocone arrays with PNIPAAm film, and the oil wettability of the functionalized nanocone arrays can be transformed from the superoleophobic state with OCA about 151° to the oleophilic state with OCA about 25° reversibly. Due to the high-throughput, parallel fabrication and cost-efficiency of this method, it will be favourable for researchers to introduce oleophobic properties to various substrate and device surfaces. Due to the superoleophobicity and simple functionalizing properties, the PET nanocone arrays are very promising surfaces for anti-adhesion, self-cleaning and have potential applications in material, medical, and biological fields. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: The optical microscopy image of the self-assembled 2D PS microspheres over a large area, the diameter of the PS microsphere is 580 nm; The top-view SEM image of the PET nanocone arrays over a large area, the AR of the nanocone is 6; The SEM image of the PET nanocone arrays obtained after 30 min etching; The optical image of the water droplet on the PET nanocone arrays with an AR of 6; The schematic illustration of the nanocone arrays modification with PNIPAAm; High resolution XPS spectra of the PNIPAAm modified PET nanocone arrays. See DOI: 10.1039/c4nr04471a
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Somersall, A. C.; Guillet, J. E.
1983-01-01
A computer model was developed which can generate realistic concentration versus time profiles of the chemical species formed during photooxidation of hydrocarbon polymers using as input data a set of elementary reactions with corresponding rate constants and initial conditions. The results of computer simulation have been shown to be consistent with the general experimental observations of the photooxidation of polyethylene exposed to sunlight at ambient temperatures. The useful lifetime (5% oxidation) of the unstabilized polyethylene is predicted to vary from a few months in hot weather (100 F) to almost two years in cool weather (45 F) with an apparent net activation energy of 10 kcal/mol. Modelling studies of alternate mechanisms for stabilization of clear, amorphous, linear polyethylene suggest that the optimum stabilizer would be a molecularly dispensed additive in very low concentration which can trap peroxy radicals and also decompose hydroperoxides.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Shofner, Meisha; Lee, Ji Hoon
2012-02-01
Compatible component interfaces in polymer nanocomposites can be used to facilitate a dispersed morphology and improved physical properties as has been shown extensively in experimental results concerning amorphous matrix nanocomposites. In this research, a block copolymer compatibilized interface is employed in a semi-crystalline matrix to prevent large scale nanoparticle clustering and enable microstructure construction with post-processing drawing. The specific materials used are hydroxyapatite nanoparticles coated with a polyethylene oxide-b-polymethacrylic acid block copolymer and a polyethylene oxide matrix. Two particle shapes are used: spherical and needle-shaped. Characterization of the dynamic mechanical properties indicated that the two nanoparticle systems provided similar levels of reinforcement to the matrix. For the needle-shaped nanoparticles, the post-processing step increased matrix crystallinity and changed the thermomechanical reinforcement trends. These results will be used to further refine the post-processing parameters to achieve a nanocomposite microstructure with triangulated arrays of nanoparticles.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Jiang, Yuan; Zhang, Menglun; Duan, Xuexin; Zhang, Hao; Pang, Wei
2017-07-01
In this paper, a 2.6 GHz air-gap type thin film piezoelectric MEMS resonator was fabricated on a flexible polyethylene terephthalate film. A fabrication process combining transfer printing and hot-embossing was adopted to form a free-standing structure. The flexible radio frequency MEMS resonator possesses a quality factor of 946 and an effective coupling coefficient of 5.10%, and retains its high performance at a substrate bending radius of 1 cm. The achieved performance is comparable to that of conventional resonators on rigid silicon wafers. Our demonstration provides a viable approach to realizing universal MEMS devices on flexible polymer substrates, which is of great significance for building future fully integrated and multi-functional wireless flexible electronic systems.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zemljič, Lidija Fras; Tkavc, Tina; Vesel, Alenka; Šauperl, Olivera
2013-01-01
In this paper advanced surface treatment of PET plastic film is presented for introduction of antimicrobial properties as a potential application for food (as for example meat) packaging material. Adsorption/desorption of chitosan onto PET plastic film surface was studied using several analytical techniques such as: X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and titrations. Kinetic desorption of chitosan from PET surface was analysed by polyelectrolyte titration and spectrophotometric Ninhydrine reaction. Standard antimicrobial test ASTM E2149-01 was performed for functionalised PET materials in order to determine their antimicrobial properties; i. e. to measure the reductions of some of the meat pathogens; such as bacteria Salmonella enterica, Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes and fungi Candida albicans.
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Nanoink bridge-induced capillary pen printing for chemical sensors.
Kahng, Seong-Joong; Cerwyn, Chiew; Dincau, Brian M; Kim, Jong-Hoon; Novosselov, Igor V; Anantram, M P; Chung, Jae-Hyun
2018-08-17
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are used as a key component for chemical sensors. For miniature scale design, a continuous printing method is preferred for electrical conductance without damaging the substrate. In this paper, a non-contact capillary pen printing method is presented by the formation of a nanoink bridge between the nib of a capillary pen and a polyethylene terephthalate film. A critical parameter for stable printing is the advancing contact angle at the bridge meniscus, which is a function of substrate temperature and printing speed. The printed pattern including dots, lines, and films of SWCNTs are characterized by morphology, optical transparency, and electrical properties. Gas and pH sensors fabricated using the non-contact printing method are demonstrated as applications.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Podkościelny, P.; Nieszporek, K.
2007-01-01
Surface heterogeneity of activated carbons is usually characterized by adsorption energy distribution (AED) functions which can be estimated from the experimental adsorption isotherms by inverting integral equation. The experimental data of phenol adsorption from aqueous solution on activated carbons prepared from polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) have been taken from literature. AED functions for phenol adsorption, generated by application of regularization method have been verified. The Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulation technique has been used as verification tool. The definitive stage of verification was comparison of experimental adsorption data and those obtained by utilization GCMC simulations. Necessary information for performing of simulations has been provided by parameters of AED functions calculated by regularization method.
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Sun, Bai; Zhang, Xuejiao; Zhou, Guangdong; Yu, Tian; Mao, Shuangsuo; Zhu, Shouhui; Zhao, Yong; Xia, Yudong
2018-06-15
In this work, a flexible resistive switching memory device based on ZnO film was fabricated using a foldable Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film as substrate while Ag and Ti acts top and bottom electrode. Our as-prepared device represents an outstanding nonvolatile memory behavior with good "write-read-erase-read" stability at room temperature. Finally, a physical model of Ag conductive filament is constructed to understanding the observed memory characteristics. The work provides a new way for the preparation of flexible memory devices based on ZnO films, and especially provides an experimental basis for the exploration of high-performance and portable nonvolatile resistance random memory (RRAM). Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Semitransparent organic solar cells with hybrid monolayer graphene/metal grid as top electrodes
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lin, Peng; Choy, Wallace C. H.; Zhang, Di; Xie, Fengxian; Xin, Jianzhuo; Leung, C. W.
2013-03-01
Hybrid transparent monolayer graphene/metal grid is proposed as top electrode of semitransparent organic solar cells. The hybrid electrode using gold grid on flexible polyethylene terephthalate substrate shows very low sheet resistance of 22 ± 3 Ω/□ and high optical transmittance of 81.4%, which is comparable to conventional indium tin oxide/glass electrode. Using lamination process, the layer of poly(3,4-ethylenedioythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) doped with D-sorbitol plays an important role in the electrical performance of the laminated devices. In addition, the devices show best power convention efficiency of 3.1% and fill factor of 55.0%, which are much better than those of similar graphene-based semitransparent organic solar cells.
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An ultralight and thin metasurface for radar-infrared bi-stealth applications
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhang, C.; Yang, J.; Yuan, W.; Zhao, J.; Dai, J. Y.; Guo, T. C.; Liang, J.; Xu, G. Y.; Cheng, Q.; Cui, T. J.
2017-11-01
We present a thin metasurface with large microwave absorptivity and low infrared emissivity simultaneously. By properly tuning the resonance peaks and impedance of the meta-atom, broadband microwave absorptivity greater than 90% from 8.2 to 16.0 GHz is achieved. In the meantime, owing to large coverage of periodic metal patches on the top surface, low infrared emissivity is exhibited in the infrared region (IR) of 8 µm-14 µm. The excellent agreement between numerical simulation and experimental result demonstrates the good performance of the proposed metasurface. Due to the usage of polymethacrylimide (PMI) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as the substrate, the metasurface is especially advantageous for the light weight, making it a favorite in real engineering applications.
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Takenaka, Kosuke; Miyazaki, Atsushi; Uchida, Giichiro; Setsuhara, Yuichi
2015-03-01
Molecular-structure variation of organic materials irradiated with atmospheric pressure He plasma jet have been investigated. Optical emission spectrum in the atmospheric-pressure He plasma jet has been measured. The spectrum shows considerable emissions of He lines, and the emission of O and N radicals attributed to air. Variation in molecular structure of Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film surface irradiated with the atmospheric-pressure He plasma jet has been observed via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). These results via XPS and FT-IR indicate that the PET surface irradiated with the atmospheric-pressure He plasma jet was oxidized by chemical and/or physical effect due to irradiation of active species.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ding, Lei; Wang, Lu-Wei; Zhou, Lei; Zhang, Fang-hui
2016-12-01
An out-coupling membrane embedded with a scattering film of SiO2 spheres and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic was successfully developed for 150 × 150 mm2 green OLEDs. Comparing with a reference OLED panel, an approximately 1-fold enhancement in the forward emission was obtained with an out-coupling membrane adhered to the surface of the external glass substrate of the panel. Moreover, it was verified that the emission color at different viewing angles can be stabilized without apparent spectral distortion. Particularly, the uniformity of the large-area OLEDs was greatly improved. Theoretical calculation clarified that the improved performance of the lighting panels is primarily attributed to the effect of particle scattering.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Thantirige, Rukshan M.; John, Jacob; Pradhan, Nihar R.; Carter, Kenneth R.; Tuominen, Mark T.
2016-06-01
Here, we report wafer scale fabrication of densely packed Fe nanostripe-based magnetic thin films on a flexible substrate and their magnetic anisotropy properties. We find that Fe nanostripes exhibit large in-plane uniaxial anisotropy and nearly square hysteresis loops with energy products (BHmax) exceeding 3 MGOe at room temperature. High density Fe nanostripes were fabricated on 70 nm flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) gratings, which were made by a roll-to-roll (R2R) UV nanoimprint lithography technique. We observed large in-plane uniaxial anisotropies along the long dimension of nanostripes that can be attributed to the shape. Temperature dependent hysteresis measurements confirm that the magnetization reversal is driven by non-coherent rotation reversal processes.
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Recovery of monomers from recycled plastics
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Sharp, L.L.; Ness, R.O. Jr.; Sosa, J.M.
1995-10-01
Plastics make up approximately 20% by volume of the material disposed of in landfills in the United States. The increased interest in recycling has focused attention on ways to expand our current recycling efforts. Types of commodity plastics typically found in a postconsumer stream include high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polystyrene (PS). In addition to plastics such as these, a number of organic and inorganic constituents will be present, including paper, paint, food, and various metals. These constituents are present as a result of introduction intomore » the plastics during manufacturing (to give a plastic product selective properties) or as residual matter from use by the consumer. The Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) is one of several groups in the United States and Europe that, over the last several years, has worked toward developing a process to thermally break down postconsumer plastics to hydrocarbon liquids and gases. Such a process, sometimes referred to as thermal depolymerization, thermal recycling, or feedstock recycling, produces hydrocarbon liquids and gases that could be used for the manufacture of new plastics or other petroleum products. The specific slate of products depends on processing conditions. Subsequent studies have identified several relatively high-value products possible from the process, including ethylene (C{sub 2}{sup -}), propylene (C{sub 3}{sup -}), and butylenes. Past work at the EERC has also indicated that optimal processing conditions exist for these olefin yields. The proposed the EPA work is based on information, presented here, that was obtained in studies completed at the EERC under the sponsorship of the American Plastics Council (APC) and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).« less
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The impact of electron beam irradiation on Low density polyethylene and Ethylene vinyl acetate
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sabet, Maziyar; Soleimani, Hassan
2017-05-01
Improvement of measured gel content, hardness, tensile strength and elongation at break of Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) have confirmed positive effect of electron beam irradiation on EVA. Results obtained from both gel content tests show that degree of cross-linking in amorphous regions is dependent on dose. A significant improvement in tensile strength of neat EVA samples is obtained upon electron-beam radiation up to 210 kGy. Similarly, hardness properties of Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) improvewith increasing electron beam irradiation. This article deals with the impacts of electron beam (EB) irradiation on the properties of LDPE and Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate (EVA) as the two common based formulations for wire and cable applications.
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Petry, Ina; Löbmann, Korbinian; Grohganz, Holger; Rades, Thomas; Leopold, Claudia S
2017-10-01
A promising approach to improve the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs and to overcome the stability issues related to the plain amorphous form of the drugs, is the formulation of drugs as co-amorphous systems. Although polymer coatings have been proven very useful with regard to tablet stability and modifying drug release, there is little known on coating co-amorphous formulations. Hence, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether polymer coating of co-amorphous formulations is possible without inducing recrystallization. Tablets containing either a physical mixture of crystalline indomethacin and arginine or co-amorphous indomethacin-arginine were coated with a water soluble polyvinyl alcohol-polyethylene glycol graft copolymer (Kollicoat® Protect) and stored at 23°C/0% RH and 23°C/75% RH. The solid state properties of the coated tablets were analyzed by XRPD and FTIR and the drug release behavior was tested for up to 4h in phosphate buffer pH 4.5. The results showed that the co-amorphous formulation did not recrystallize during the coating process or during storage at both storage conditions for up to three months, which confirmed the high physical stability of this co-amorphous system. Furthermore, the applied coating could partially inhibit recrystallization of indomethacin during drug release testing, as coated tablets reached a higher level of supersaturation compared to the respective uncoated formulations and showed a lower decrease of the dissolved indomethacin concentration upon precipitation. Thus, the applied coating enhanced the AUC of the dissolution curve of the co-amorphous tablets by about 30%. In conclusion, coatings might improve the bioavailability of co-amorphous formulations. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Rochman, Chelsea M; Hentschel, Brian T; Teh, Swee J
2014-01-01
Concerns regarding plastic debris and its ability to accumulate large concentrations of priority pollutants in the aquatic environment led us to quantify relationships between different types of mass-produced plastic and metals in seawater. At three locations in San Diego Bay, we measured the accumulation of nine targeted metals (aluminum, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, zinc, cadmium and lead) sampling at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months, to five plastic types: polyethylene terephthalate (PET), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), and polypropylene (PP). Accumulation patterns were not consistent over space and time, and in general all types of plastic tended to accumulate similar concentrations of metals. When we did observe significant differences among concentrations of metals at a single sampling period or location in San Diego Bay, we found that HDPE typically accumulated lesser concentrations of metals than the other four polymers. Furthermore, over the 12-month study period, concentrations of all metals increased over time, and chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, zinc and lead did not reach saturation on at least one plastic type during the entire 12-month exposure. This suggests that plastic debris may accumulate greater concentrations of metals the longer it remains at sea. Overall, our work shows that a complex mixture of metals, including those listed as priority pollutants by the US EPA (Cd, Ni, Zn and Pb), can be found on plastic debris composed of various plastic types.
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Félix, Juliana S; Isella, Francesca; Bosetti, Osvaldo; Nerín, Cristina
2012-07-01
Adhesives used in food packaging to glue different materials can provide several substances as potential migrants, and the identification of potential migrants and migration tests are required to assess safety in the use of adhesives. Solid-phase microextraction in headspace mode and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) and ChemSpider and SciFinder databases were used as powerful tools to identify the potential migrants in the polyurethane (PU) adhesives and also in the individual plastic films (polyethylene terephthalate, polyamide, polypropylene, polyethylene, and polyethylene/ethyl vinyl alcohol). Migration tests were carried out by using Tenax(®) and isooctane as food simulants, and the migrants were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. More than 63 volatile and semivolatile compounds considered as potential migrants were detected either in the adhesives or in the films. Migration tests showed two non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) coming from PU adhesives that migrated through the laminates into Tenax(®) and into isooctane. Identification of these NIAS was achieved through their mass spectra, and 1,6-dioxacyclododecane-7,12-dione and 1,4,7-trioxacyclotridecane-8,13-dione were confirmed. Caprolactam migrated into isooctane, and its origin was the external plastic film in the multilayer, demonstrating real diffusion through the multilayer structure. Comparison of the migration values between the simulants and conditions will be shown and discussed.
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Rochman, Chelsea M.; Hentschel, Brian T.; Teh, Swee J.
2014-01-01
Concerns regarding plastic debris and its ability to accumulate large concentrations of priority pollutants in the aquatic environment led us to quantify relationships between different types of mass-produced plastic and metals in seawater. At three locations in San Diego Bay, we measured the accumulation of nine targeted metals (aluminum, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, zinc, cadmium and lead) sampling at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months, to five plastic types: polyethylene terephthalate (PET), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), and polypropylene (PP). Accumulation patterns were not consistent over space and time, and in general all types of plastic tended to accumulate similar concentrations of metals. When we did observe significant differences among concentrations of metals at a single sampling period or location in San Diego Bay, we found that HDPE typically accumulated lesser concentrations of metals than the other four polymers. Furthermore, over the 12-month study period, concentrations of all metals increased over time, and chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, zinc and lead did not reach saturation on at least one plastic type during the entire 12-month exposure. This suggests that plastic debris may accumulate greater concentrations of metals the longer it remains at sea. Overall, our work shows that a complex mixture of metals, including those listed as priority pollutants by the US EPA (Cd, Ni, Zn and Pb), can be found on plastic debris composed of various plastic types. PMID:24454866
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Photo Initiated Chemical Vapour Deposition To Increase Polymer Hydrophobicity
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bérard, Ariane; Patience, Gregory S.; Chouinard, Gérald; Tavares, Jason R.
2016-08-01
Apple growers face new challenges to produce organic apples and now many cover orchards with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) nets to exclude insects, rather than spraying insecticides. However, rainwater- associated wetness favours the development of apple scabs, Venturia inaequalis, whose lesions accumulate on the leaves and fruit causing unsightly spots. Treating the nets with a superhydrophobic coating should reduce the amount of water that passes through the net. Here we treat HDPE and polyethylene terephthalate using photo-initiated chemical vapour deposition (PICVD). We placed polymer samples in a quartz tube and passed a mixture of H2 and CO through it while a UVC lamp (254 nm) illuminated the surface. After the treatment, the contact angle between water droplets and the surface increased by an average of 20°. The contact angle of samples placed 70 cm from the entrance of the tube was higher than those at 45 cm and 20 cm. The PICVD-treated HDPE achieved a contact angle of 124°. Nets spray coated with a solvent-based commercial product achieved 180° but water ingress was, surprisingly, higher than that for nets with a lower contact angle.
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The Mediterranean Plastic Soup: synthetic polymers in Mediterranean surface waters.
Suaria, Giuseppe; Avio, Carlo G; Mineo, Annabella; Lattin, Gwendolyn L; Magaldi, Marcello G; Belmonte, Genuario; Moore, Charles J; Regoli, Francesco; Aliani, Stefano
2016-11-23
The Mediterranean Sea has been recently proposed as one of the most impacted regions of the world with regards to microplastics, however the polymeric composition of these floating particles is still largely unknown. Here we present the results of a large-scale survey of neustonic micro- and meso-plastics floating in Mediterranean waters, providing the first extensive characterization of their chemical identity as well as detailed information on their abundance and geographical distribution. All particles >700 μm collected in our samples were identified through FT-IR analysis (n = 4050 particles), shedding for the first time light on the polymeric diversity of this emerging pollutant. Sixteen different classes of synthetic materials were identified. Low-density polymers such as polyethylene and polypropylene were the most abundant compounds, followed by polyamides, plastic-based paints, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene and polyvinyl alcohol. Less frequent polymers included polyethylene terephthalate, polyisoprene, poly(vinyl stearate), ethylene-vinyl acetate, polyepoxide, paraffin wax and polycaprolactone, a biodegradable polyester reported for the first time floating in off-shore waters. Geographical differences in sample composition were also observed, demonstrating sub-basin scale heterogeneity in plastics distribution and likely reflecting a complex interplay between pollution sources, sinks and residence times of different polymers at sea.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hodgson, Steven C.; Orbell, John D.; Bigger, Stephen W.; Scheirs, John
2000-06-01
A simple project is described for introducing students to some experimental procedures commonly used to measure the effects of thermal treatment on synthetic polymers. The thermally induced changes that occur in the commodity polymers low-density polyethylene (LDPE), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) are examined as a function of the time of thermal treatment in an air-circulating oven. In particular, simple procedures are described for determining (i) the polymer hydroperoxide (POOH) content and carbonyl index (CI) of LDPE, (ii) the extent of whitening of PET, and (iii) the extent of discoloration or "yellowing" of PVC, all of which change during thermal treatment. The POOH content of LDPE is determined using a ferrometric method and the CI of this polymer is measured by both Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and a staining technique involving 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. The thermal oxidation of LDPE and the kinetics of formation of its POOH and carbonyl species are discussed with reference to the accepted mechanism for the autooxidation of polyolefins. The whitening of PET and the yellowing of PVC during thermal treatment are explained by means of a crystallization process and a "zip" dehydrochlorination reaction, respectively.
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Formation of porous networks on polymeric surfaces by femtosecond laser micromachining
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Assaf, Youssef; Kietzig, Anne-Marie
2017-02-01
In this study, porous network structures were successfully created on various polymer surfaces by femtosecond laser micromachining. Six different polymers (poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), high density poly(ethylene) (HDPE), poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(carbonate) (PC), and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)) were machined at different fluences and pulse numbers, and the resulting structures were identified and compared by lacunarity analysis. At low fluence and pulse numbers, porous networks were confirmed to form on all materials except PLA. Furthermore, all networks except for PMMA were shown to bundle up at high fluence and pulse numbers. In the case of PC, a complete breakdown of the structure at such conditions was observed. Operation slightly above threshold fluence and at low pulse numbers is therefore recommended for porous network formation. Finally, the thickness over which these structures formed was measured and compared to two intrinsic material dependent parameters: the single pulse threshold fluence and the incubation coefficient. Results indicate that a lower threshold fluence at operating conditions favors material removal over structure formation and is hence detrimental to porous network formation. Favorable machining conditions and material-dependent parameters for the formation of porous networks on polymer surfaces have thus been identified.
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Rodríguez Chialanza, Mauricio; Sierra, Ignacio; Pérez Parada, Andrés; Fornaro, Laura
2018-06-01
There are several techniques used to analyze microplastics. These are often based on a combination of visual and spectroscopic techniques. Here we introduce an alternative workflow for identification and mass quantitation through a combination of optical microscopy with image analysis (IA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). We studied four synthetic polymers with environmental concern: low and high density polyethylene (LDPE and HDPE, respectively), polypropylene (PP), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Selected experiments were conducted to investigate (i) particle characterization and counting procedures based on image analysis with open-source software, (ii) chemical identification of microplastics based on DSC signal processing, (iii) dependence of particle size on DSC signal, and (iv) quantitation of microplastics mass based on DSC signal. We describe the potential and limitations of these techniques to increase reliability for microplastic analysis. Particle size demonstrated to have particular incidence in the qualitative and quantitative performance of DSC signals. Both, identification (based on characteristic onset temperature) and mass quantitation (based on heat flow) showed to be affected by particle size. As a result, a proper sample treatment which includes sieving of suspended particles is particularly required for this analytical approach.
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Direct liquefaction of plastics and coprocessing of coal with plastics
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Huffman, G.P.; Feng, Z.; Mahajan, V.
1995-12-31
The objectives of this work were to optimize reaction conditions for the direct liquefaction of waste plastics and the coprocessing of coal with waste plastics. In previous work, the direct liquefaction of medium and high density polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PPE), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), and a mixed plastic waste, and the coliquefaction of these plastics with coals of three different ranks was studied. The results established that a solid acid catalyst (HZSM-5 zeolite) was highly active for the liquefaction of the plastics alone, typically giving oil yields of 80-95% and total conversions of 90-100% at temperatures of 430-450 {degrees}C. In themore » coliquefaction experiments, 50:50 mixtures of plastic and coal were used with a tetralin solvent (tetralin:solid = 3:2). Using approximately 1% of the HZSM-5 catalyst and a nanoscale iron catalyst, oil yields of 50-70% and total conversion of 80-90% were typical. In the current year, further investigations were conducted of the liquefaction of PE, PPE, and a commingled waste plastic obtained from the American Plastics Council (APC), and the coprocessing of PE, PPE and the APC plastic with Black Thunder subbituminous coal. Several different catalysts were used in these studies.« less
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Xevgenos, D; Athanasopoulos, N; Kostazos, P K; Manolakos, D E; Moustakas, K; Malamis, D; Loizidou, M
2015-05-01
Waste management in Greece relies heavily on unsustainable waste practices (mainly landfills and in certain cases uncontrolled dumping of untreated waste). Even though major improvements have been achieved in the recycling of municipal solid waste during recent years, there are some barriers that hinder the achievement of high recycling rates. Source separation of municipal solid waste has been recognised as a promising solution to produce high-quality recycled materials that can be easily directed to secondary materials markets. This article presents an innovative miniature waste separator/compressor that has been designed and developed for the source separation of municipal solid waste at a household level. The design of the system is in line with the Waste Framework Directive (2008/98/EC), since it allows for the separate collection (and compression) of municipal solid waste, namely: plastic (polyethylene terephthalate and high-density polyethylene), paper (cardboard and Tetrapak) and metal (aluminium and tin cans). It has been designed through the use of suitable software tools (LS-DYNA, INVENTROR and COMSOL). The results from the simulations, as well as the whole design process and philosophy, are discussed in this article. © The Author(s) 2015.
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The Mediterranean Plastic Soup: synthetic polymers in Mediterranean surface waters
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Suaria, Giuseppe; Avio, Carlo G.; Mineo, Annabella; Lattin, Gwendolyn L.; Magaldi, Marcello G.; Belmonte, Genuario; Moore, Charles J.; Regoli, Francesco; Aliani, Stefano
2016-11-01
The Mediterranean Sea has been recently proposed as one of the most impacted regions of the world with regards to microplastics, however the polymeric composition of these floating particles is still largely unknown. Here we present the results of a large-scale survey of neustonic micro- and meso-plastics floating in Mediterranean waters, providing the first extensive characterization of their chemical identity as well as detailed information on their abundance and geographical distribution. All particles >700 μm collected in our samples were identified through FT-IR analysis (n = 4050 particles), shedding for the first time light on the polymeric diversity of this emerging pollutant. Sixteen different classes of synthetic materials were identified. Low-density polymers such as polyethylene and polypropylene were the most abundant compounds, followed by polyamides, plastic-based paints, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene and polyvinyl alcohol. Less frequent polymers included polyethylene terephthalate, polyisoprene, poly(vinyl stearate), ethylene-vinyl acetate, polyepoxide, paraffin wax and polycaprolactone, a biodegradable polyester reported for the first time floating in off-shore waters. Geographical differences in sample composition were also observed, demonstrating sub-basin scale heterogeneity in plastics distribution and likely reflecting a complex interplay between pollution sources, sinks and residence times of different polymers at sea.
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Wang, Chu; Gao, Wei; Liang, Yong; Wang, Yawei; Jiang, Guibin
2018-03-21
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are widely used in domestic polymeric products as plasticizers and fire retardants. In this study, concentrations and congener profiles of short-chain and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs) were investigated in domestic polymeric products, including plastics, rubber and food packaging in China. The average concentrations of SCCPs in polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE) and food packaging were 234, 3968, 150 and 188 ng/g, respectively and the corresponding average concentrations of MCCPs in these samples were 37.4, 2537, 208 and 644 ng/g, respectively. The concentrations of CPs in rubber and polyvinylchloride (PVC) were significantly higher than in other matrices. The highest concentrations of SCCPs and MCCPs were found in a PVC cable sheath with 191 mg/g and 145 mg/g, respectively. Congener group profiles analysis indicated C 11 - and C 13 -congener groups were predominant in carbon homologues of SCCPs, and C 14 -congener groups were predominant in MCCPs. High levels of SCCPs and MCCPs in domestic polymeric products implied that they might be a significant source to the environment and human exposure. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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Comparisons of microplastic pollution between mudflats and sandy beaches in Hong Kong.
Lo, Hoi-Shing; Xu, Xiaoyu; Wong, Chun-Yuen; Cheung, Siu-Gin
2018-05-01
Most of the previous studies of microplastic pollution on coastal habitats focused on high energy beaches although low energy areas such as mudflats are supposed to retain more microplastics, not to mention that mudflats are biologically more diverse. We quantified and characterized microplastics from 10 mudflats and 10 sandy beaches in Hong Kong spanning from the eastern to western waters. Sediment samples were collected at 1.0 m and 1.5 m above chart datum (CD) and at the strandline. Abundance of microplastics ranged between 0.58 and 2116 items kg -1 sediment with that on mudflats being ten times more than on beaches. Polyethylene (46.9%) was the most abundant and followed by polypropylene (13.8%) and polyethylene terephthalate (13.5%). Expanded polystyrene was the most abundant in the strandline samples but not at 1.0 m and 1.5 m above CD. Although previous studies have concluded that the input from Pearl River is a major source of microplastics on Hong Kong shores, this study has demonstrated that the contribution of local pollution sources such as discharge from sewage treatment plants to microplastic pollution should not be neglected. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Ha, Jae-Won; Back, Kyeong-Hwan; Kim, Yoon-Hee; Kang, Dong-Hyun
2016-08-01
In this study, the efficacy of using UV-C light to inactivate sliced cheese inoculated with Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes and, packaged with 0.07 mm films of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinylchloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), and polyethylene (PE) was investigated. The results show that compared with PET and PVC, PP and PE films showed significantly reduced levels of the three pathogens compared to inoculated but non-treated controls. Therefore, PP and PE films of different thicknesses (0.07 mm, 0.10 mm, and 0.13 mm) were then evaluated for pathogen reduction of inoculated sliced cheese samples. Compared with 0.10 and 0.13 mm, 0.07 mm thick PP and PE films did not show statistically significant reductions compared to non-packaged treated samples. Moreover, there were no statistically significant differences between the efficacy of PP and PE films. These results suggest that adjusted PP or PE film packaging in conjunction with UV-C radiation can be applied to control foodborne pathogens in the dairy industry. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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Compatibility of the totally replaced hip. Reduction of wear by amorphous diamond coating.
Santavirta, Seppo
2003-12-01
Particulate wear debris in totally replaced hips causes adverse local host reactions. The extreme form of such a reaction, aggressive granulomatosis, was found to be a distinct condition and different from simple aseptic loosening. Reactive and adaptive tissues around the totally replaced hip were made of proliferation of local fibroblast like cells and activated macrophages. Methylmethacrylate and high-molecular-weight polyethylene were shown to be essentially immunologically inert implant materials, but in small particulate form functioned as cellular irritants initiating local biological reactions leading to loosening of the implants. Chromium-cobalt-molybdenum is the most popular metallic implant material; it is hard and tough, and the bearings of this metal are partially self-polishing. In total hip implants, prerequisites for longevity of the replaced hip are good biocompatibility of the materials and sufficient tribological properties of the bearings. The third key issue is that the bearing must minimize frictional shear at the prosthetic bone-implant interface to be compatible with long-term survival. Some of the approaches to meet these demands are alumina-on-alumina and metal-on-metal designs, as well as the use of highly crosslinked polyethylene for the acetabular component. In order to avoid the wear-based deleterious properties of the conventional total hip prosthesis materials or coatings, the present work included biological and tribological testing of amorphous diamond. Previous experiments had demonstrated that a high adhesion of tetrahedral amorphous carbon coatings to a substrate can be achieved by using mixing layers or interlayers. Amorphous diamond was found to be biologically inert, and simulator testing indicated excellent wear properties for conventional total hip prostheses, in which either the ball or both bearing surfaces were coated with hydrogen-free tetrahedral amorphous diamond films. Simulator testing with such total hip prostheses showed no measurable wear or detectable delamination after 15,000,000 test cycles corresponding to 15 years of clinical use. The present work clearly shows that wear is one of the basic problems with totally replaced hips. Diamond coating of the bearing surfaces appears to be an attractive solution to improve longevity of the totally replaced hip.
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The Role of Benzoate in Anaerobic Degradation of Terephthalate
Kleerebezem, Robbert; Pol, Look W. Hulshoff; Lettinga, Gatze
1999-01-01
The effects of acetate, benzoate, and periods without substrate on the anaerobic degradation of terephthalate (1,4-benzene-dicarboxylate) by a syntrophic methanogenic culture were studied. The culture had been enriched on terephthalate and was capable of benzoate degradation without a lag phase. When incubated with a mixture of benzoate and terephthalate, subsequent degradation with preference for benzoate was observed. Both benzoate and acetate inhibited the anaerobic degradation of terephthalate. The observed inhibition is partially irreversible, resulting in a decrease (or even a complete loss) of the terephthalate-degrading activity after complete degradation of benzoate or acetate. Irreversible inhibition was characteristic for terephthalate degradation only because the inhibition of benzoate degradation by acetate could well be described by reversible noncompetitive product inhibition. Terephthalate degradation was furthermore irreversibly inhibited by periods without substrate of only a few hours. The inhibition of terephthalate degradation due to periods without substrate could be overcome through incubation of the culture with a mixture of benzoate and terephthalate. In this case no influence of a period without substrate was observed. Based on these observations it is postulated that decarboxylation of terephthalate, resulting in the formation of benzoate, is strictly dependent on the concomitant fermentation of benzoate. In the presence of higher concentrations of benzoate, however, benzoate is the favored substrate over terephthalate, and the culture loses its ability to degrade terephthalate. In order to overcome the inhibition of terephthalate degradation by benzoate and acetate, a two-stage reactor system is suggested for the treatment of wastewater generated during terephthalic acid production. PMID:10049877
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Microwell Scaffolds for the Extrahepatic Transplantation of Islets of Langerhans
Buitinga, Mijke; Truckenmüller, Roman; Engelse, Marten A.; Moroni, Lorenzo; Ten Hoopen, Hetty W. M.; van Blitterswijk, Clemens A.; de Koning, Eelco JP.; van Apeldoorn, Aart A.; Karperien, Marcel
2013-01-01
Allogeneic islet transplantation into the liver has the potential to restore normoglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes. However, the suboptimal microenvironment for islets in the liver is likely to be involved in the progressive islet dysfunction that is often observed post-transplantation. This study validates a novel microwell scaffold platform to be used for the extrahepatic transplantation of islet of Langerhans. Scaffolds were fabricated from either a thin polymer film or an electrospun mesh of poly(ethylene oxide terephthalate)-poly(butylene terephthalate) (PEOT/PBT) block copolymer (composition: 4000PEOT30PBT70) and were imprinted with microwells, ∼400 µm in diameter and ∼350 µm in depth. The water contact angle and water uptake were 39±2° and 52.1±4.0 wt%, respectively. The glucose flux through electrospun scaffolds was three times higher than for thin film scaffolds, indicating enhanced nutrient diffusion. Human islets cultured in microwell scaffolds for seven days showed insulin release and insulin content comparable to those of free-floating control islets. Islet morphology and insulin and glucagon expression were maintained during culture in the microwell scaffolds. Our results indicate that the microwell scaffold platform prevents islet aggregation by confinement of individual islets in separate microwells, preserves the islet’s native rounded morphology, and provides a protective environment without impairing islet functionality, making it a promising platform for use in extrahepatic islet transplantation. PMID:23737999
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Thuringische builds large PET plant in Germany
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Alperowicz, N.
1993-02-03
East Germany fibers producer Thuringische Faser AG Schwarza (TFS; Rudolstadt) is entering the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) business. The company, owned by India's Dalmia Group (New Delhi), is building an 80,000-m.t./year PET granulate plant, one of the largest in Europe, for completion at the end of 1995. The product will be used to make PET bottles and film for food packaging. TFS will need to buy 70,000 m.t./year of purified terephthalic acid and 27,000 m.t./year of ethylene glycol to feed the new plant. When acquiring TFS, Dalmia's chairman, Sanjay Dalmia, pledged to invest DM150 million ($95.4 million) in the Germany firmmore » and keep 1,200 of the 3,000 workers. John Brown Deutsche Engineering (Essen) has been awarded a contract covering engineering, know-how, and turnkey supply of the complete plant, and will share of the complete plant, and will share the work with Austrian associate, Voest John Brown Industrieanlagenbau (Linz). The company, which completed against Zimmer (Frankfurt), will use its own technology. TFS, with 1992 sales of DM120 million, has capacities to produce 20,000 m.t/year of viscose staple fiber, 18,000 m.t./year of nylon-6 filament yarn, and 6,300 m.t./year of textile-grade polyester granulate, which will be converted to produce bottle-grade PET.« less
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Assessment of femtosecond laser induced periodic surface structures on polymer films.
Rebollar, Esther; Vázquez de Aldana, Javier R; Martín-Fabiani, Ignacio; Hernández, Margarita; Rueda, Daniel R; Ezquerra, Tiberio A; Domingo, Concepción; Moreno, Pablo; Castillejo, Marta
2013-07-21
In this work we present the formation of laser induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) on spin-coated thin films of several model aromatic polymers including poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(trimethylene terephthalate) and poly carbonate bis-phenol A upon irradiation with femtosecond pulses of 795 and 265 nm at fluences well below the ablation threshold. LIPSS are formed with period lengths similar to the laser wavelength and parallel to the direction of the laser polarization vector. Formation of LIPSS upon IR irradiation at 795 nm, a wavelength at which the polymers absorb weakly, contrasts with the absence of LIPSS in this spectral range upon irradiation with nanosecond pulses. Real and reciprocal space characterization of LIPSS obtained by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering (GISAXS), respectively, yields well correlated morphological information. Comparison of experimental and simulated GISAXS patterns suggests that LIPSS can be suitably described considering a quasi-one-dimensional paracrystalline lattice and that irradiation parameters have an influence on the order of such a lattice. Fluorescence measurements, after laser irradiation, provide indirect information about dynamics and structure of the polymer at the molecular level. Our results indicate that the LIPSS are formed by interference of the incident and surface scattered waves. As a result of this process, heating of the polymer surface above its glass transition temperature takes place enabling LIPSS formation.
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Synthesis of cellulose diacetate based copolymer electrospun nanofibers for tissues scaffold
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Liang, Wencheng; Hou, Jia; Fang, Xiangchen; Bai, Fudong; Zhu, Tonghe; Gao, Feifei; Wei, Chao; Mo, Xiumei; Lang, Meidong
2018-06-01
In this study, a novel cellulose diacetate based copolymer used as tissues scaffold, cellulose diacetate-graft-poly(ethylene terephthalate) (CDA-g-PET) was developed by "graft onto" strategy using 3-Isocyanatomethyl-3,5,5-trimethylcyc-lohexyl isocyanate (IPDI) as a coupling reagent of cellulose diacetate and poly(ethylene terephthalate), and using dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride salt ([Bmim]Cl) as catalysts. CDA-g-PET copolymers with five different grafting ratios were obtained by the regulation of the reaction time. It was proved by the FT-IR spectra of the purified copolymers that PET had been successfully grafted onto CDA backbone. Afterwards, CDA-g-PET nanofibers were fabricated via electrospinning and further were cross-linked by means of treating in glutaraldehyde (25%wt) aqueous solution for 48 h. The uniform and smooth fiber morphology was proved by SEM and the diameter decreased with the increase of grafting ratio. Moreover, the value of TGA revealed that the grafting PET onto CDA backbone would improve heat-resistant quality of CDA and help to improve the ability of thermo processing. The graft of PET onto CDA significantly enhanced mechanical property of copolymer compared with CDA. The results of hemolysis ratio indicated that hemolysis ratio has decreased compared with CDA, highlighting the potential application in the field of contacting with blood. In vitro cell viability indicated that CDA-g-PET would enhance biocompatibility compared with CDA.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Konishi, Satoshi; Nakagami, Chise; Kobayashi, Taizo; Tonomura, Wataru; Kaizuma, Yoshihiro
2015-04-01
In this work, a lift-off process with bi-layer photoresist patterns was applied to the formation of hydrophobic/hydrophilic micropatterns on practical polymer substrates used in healthcare diagnostic commercial products. The bi-layer photoresist patterns with undercut structures made it possible to peel the conformal-coated silicon oxide (SiOx) films from substrates. SiOx and silicon carbide (SiCx) layers were deposited by pulsed plasma chemical vapor deposition (PPCVD) method which can form roughened surfaces to enhance hydrophilicity of SiOx and hydrophobicity of SiCx. Microfluidic applications using hydrophobic/hydrophilic patterns were also demonstrated on low-cost substrates such as poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and paper films.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Smolyanskii, A. S.; Kozlova, N. V.; Zheltova, A. V.; Aksyutina, A. S.; Shvedov, A. S.; Lakeev, S. G.
2015-07-01
Light scattering and interference patterns are studied in the optical absorption spectra of nuclear filters based on polyethylene terephthalate fi lms modifi ed by dry aerosol deposition of silver nano- and microparticles. Surface plasmon polaritons and localized plasmons formed by the passage of light through porous silver films are found to have an effect on the diffraction and interference modes. The thickness of silver nano- and microparticle coatings on the surface of the nuclear fi lters was determined from the shift in the interference patterns in the optical absorption spectra of the modified nuclear filters relative to the original nuclear filters. A correlation was found between the estimated coating thickness and the average surface roughness of the nuclear filters modified by layers of silver nano- and microparticles.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Li, Guoxin; Tang, Xiaoning; Zhang, Xiaoxiao; Qian, Y. J.; Kong, Deyi
2017-11-01
Flexible micro-perforated panel has unique advantages in noise reduction due to its good flexibility compared with traditional rigid micro-perforated panel. In this paper, flexible micro-perforated panel was prepared by computer numerical control (CNC) milling machine. Three kinds of plastics including polyvinylchloride (PVC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and polyimide (PI) were taken as the matrix materials to prepare flexible micro-perforated panel. It has been found that flexible micro-perforated panel made of PET possessing good porosity and proper density, elastic modulus and poisson ratio exhibited the best acoustic absorption properties. The effects of various structural parameters including perforation diameter, perforation ratio, thickness and air gap have also been investigated, which would be helpful to the optimization of acoustic absorption properties.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Khlebnikov, Nikolai; Polyakov, Evgenii; Borisov, Sergei; Barashev, Nikolai; Biramov, Emir; Maltceva, Anastasia; Vereshchagin, Artem; Khartov, Stas; Voronin, Anton
2016-01-01
In this article, the principle and examples composite materials obtained by deposition of metal compound coatings on polymer film substrates by the ion-plasma sputtering method are presented. A synergistic effect is to obtain the materials with structural properties of the polymer substrate and the surface properties of the metal deposited coatings. The technology of sputtering of TiN coatings of various thicknesses on polyethylene terephthalate films is discussed. The obtained composites are characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is shown. The examples of application of this method, such as receiving nanocomposite track membranes and flexible transparent electrodes, are considered.
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White organic light-emitting diodes with 4 nm metal electrode
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lenk, Simone; Schwab, Tobias; Schubert, Sylvio; Müller-Meskamp, Lars; Leo, Karl; Gather, Malte C.; Reineke, Sebastian
2015-10-01
We investigate metal layers with a thickness of only a few nanometers as anode replacement for indium tin oxide (ITO) in white organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). The ultrathin metal electrodes prove to be an excellent alternative that can, with regard to the angular dependence and efficiency of the OLED devices, outperform the ITO reference. Furthermore, unlike ITO, the thin composite metal electrodes are readily compatible with demanding architectures (e.g., top-emission or transparent OLEDs, device unit stacking, etc.) and flexible substrates. Here, we compare the sheet resistance of both types of electrodes on polyethylene terephthalate for different bending radii. The electrical performance of ITO breaks down at a radius of 10 mm, while the metal electrode remains intact even at radii smaller than 1 mm.
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Film transfer enabled by nanosheet seed layers on arbitrary sacrificial substrates
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Dral, A. P.; Nijland, M.; Koster, G.
An approach for film transfer is demonstrated that makes use of seed layers of nanosheets on arbitrary sacrificial substrates. Epitaxial SrTiO{sub 3}, SrRuO{sub 3}, and BiFeO{sub 3} films were grown on Ca{sub 2}Nb{sub 3}O{sub 10} nanosheet seed layers on phlogopite mica substrates. Cleavage of the mica substrates enabled film transfer to flexible polyethylene terephthalate substrates. Electron backscatter diffraction, X-ray diffraction, and atomic force microscopy confirmed that crystal orientation and film morphology remained intact during transfer. The generic nature of this approach is illustrated by growing films on zinc oxide substrates with a nanosheet seed layer. Film transfer to a flexiblemore » substrate was accomplished via acid etching.« less
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Pulsed laser deposition of transparent conductive oxide thin films on flexible substrates
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Socol, G.; Socol, M.; Stefan, N.; Axente, E.; Popescu-Pelin, G.; Craciun, D.; Duta, L.; Mihailescu, C. N.; Mihailescu, I. N.; Stanculescu, A.; Visan, D.; Sava, V.; Galca, A. C.; Luculescu, C. R.; Craciun, V.
2012-11-01
The influence of target-substrate distance during pulsed laser deposition of indium zinc oxide (IZO), indium tin oxide (ITO) and aluminium-doped zinc oxide (AZO) thin films grown on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates was investigated. It was found that the properties of such flexible transparent conductive oxide (TCO)/PET electrodes critically depend on this parameter. The TCO films that were deposited at distances of 6 and 8 cm exhibited an optical transmittance higher than 90% in the visible range and electrical resistivities around 5 × 10-4 Ω cm. In addition to these excellent electrical and optical characteristics the films grown at 8 cm distance were homogenous, smooth, adherent, and without cracks or any other extended defects, being suitable for opto-electronic device applications.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ali, Mubarak; Bayer, Veronika; Schiedt, Birgitta; Neumann, Reinhard; Ensinger, Wolfgang
2008-12-01
We have developed a facile and reproducible method for surfactant-controlled track-etching and chemical functionalization of single asymmetric nanochannels in PET (polyethylene terephthalate) membranes. Carboxyl groups present on the channel surface were converted into pentafluorophenyl esters using EDC/PFP (N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N'-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride/pentafluorophenol) coupling chemistry. The resulting amine-reactive esters were further covalently coupled with ethylenediamine or propylamine in order to manipulate the charge polarity and hydrophilicity of the nanochannels, respectively. Characterization of the modified channels was done by measuring their current-voltage (I-V) curves as well as their permselectivity before and after the chemical modification. The electrostatic/hydrophobic association of bovine serum albumin on the channel surface was observed through the change in rectification behaviour upon the variation of pH values.
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Copper cladding on polymer surfaces by ionization-assisted deposition
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kohno, Tomoki; Tanaka, Kuniaki; Usui, Hiroaki
2018-03-01
Copper thin films were prepared on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and polyimide (PI) substrates by an ionization-assisted vapor deposition method. The films had a polycrystalline structure, and their crystallite size decreased with increasing ion acceleration voltage V a. Ion acceleration was effective in reducing the surface roughness of the films. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy revealed that the copper/polymer interface showed increased corrugation with increasing V a. The increase in V a also induced the chemical modification of polymer chains of the PET substrate, but the PI substrate underwent smaller modification after ion bombardment. Most importantly, the adhesion strength between the copper film and the PET substrate increased with increasing V a. It was concluded that ionization-assisted deposition is a promising technique for preparing metal clad layers on flexible polymer substrates.
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Key product development based on cyclo olefin polymer for LCD-TV
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Konishi, Yuichiro; Kobayashi, Masahi; Arakawa, Kouhei
2006-09-01
Cyclo Olefin Polymer (COP), which was developed by Zeon Corporation, is well known and used as an optical plastic in optical markets, having unique properties such as high light transmission, low water absorption, low birefringence etc. Optes Inc, who is ZEON CORPORATION's affiliate optical parts manufacturer, has succeeded in the development of high performance optical base films. These are used for retardation and polarizing films in LCD's (Liquid Crystal Displays), made from Cyclo Olefin Polymer with own film extrusion technologies. The Optical base film developed by Optes Inc has superior properties compared with those of existing products such as polycarbonate (PC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and Triacetate Cellulose (TAC) base in terms of low birefringence, high optical isotropy and high dimensional stability under high humidity and temperature conditions.