Atmospheric Chemistry of (CF3)2CHOCH3, (CF3)2CHOCHO, and CF3C(O)OCH3.

PubMed

Østerstrøm, Freja From; Wallington, Timothy J; Sulbaek Andersen, Mads P; Nielsen, Ole John

2015-10-22

Smog chambers with in situ FTIR detection were used to measure rate coefficients in 700 Torr of air and 296 ± 2 K of: k(Cl+(CF3)2CHOCH3) = (5.41 ± 1.63) × 10(-12), k(Cl+(CF3)2CHOCHO) = (9.44 ± 1.81) × 10(-15), k(Cl+CF3C(O)OCH3) = (6.28 ± 0.98) × 10(-14), k(OH+(CF3)2CHOCH3) = (1.86 ± 0.41) × 10(-13), and k(OH+(CF3)2CHOCHO) = (2.08 ± 0.63) × 10(-14) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1). The Cl atom initiated oxidation of (CF3)2CHOCH3 gives (CF3)2CHOCHO in a yield indistinguishable from 100%. The OH radical initiated oxidation of (CF3)2CHOCH3 gives the following products (molar yields): (CF3)2CHOCHO (76 ± 8)%, CF3C(O)OCH3 (16 ± 2)%, CF3C(O)CF3 (4 ± 1)%, and C(O)F2 (45 ± 5)%. The primary oxidation product (CF3)2CHOCHO reacts with Cl atoms to give secondary products (molar yields): CF3C(O)CF3 (67 ± 7)%, CF3C(O)OCHO (28 ± 3)%, and C(O)F2 (118 ± 12)%. CF3C(O)OCH3 reacts with Cl atoms to give: CF3C(O)OCHO (80 ± 8)% and C(O)F2 (6 ± 1)%. Atmospheric lifetimes of (CF3)2CHOCH3, (CF3)2CHOCHO, and CF3C(O)OCH3 were estimated to be 62 days, 1.5 years, and 220 days, respectively. The 100-year global warming potentials (GWPs) for (CF3)2CHOCH3, (CF3)2CHOCHO, and CF3C(O)OCH3 are estimated to be 6, 121, and 46, respectively. A comprehensive description of the atmospheric fate of (CF3)2CHOCH3 is presented.

Analysis of the kinetics and yields of OH radical production from the CH3OCH2 + O2 reaction in the temperature range 195-650 K: an experimental and computational study.

PubMed

Eskola, A J; Carr, S A; Shannon, R J; Wang, B; Blitz, M A; Pilling, M J; Seakins, P W; Robertson, S H

2014-08-28

The methoxymethyl radical, CH3OCH2, is an important intermediate in the low temperature combustion of dimethyl ether. The kinetics and yields of OH from the reaction of the methoxymethyl radical with O2 have been measured over the temperature and pressure ranges of 195-650 K and 5-500 Torr by detecting the hydroxyl radical using laser-induced fluorescence following the excimer laser photolysis (248 nm) of CH3OCH2Br. The reaction proceeds via the formation of an energized CH3OCH2O2 adduct, which either dissociates to OH + 2 H2CO or is collisionally stabilized by the buffer gas. At temperatures above 550 K, a secondary source of OH was observed consistent with thermal decomposition of stabilized CH3OCH2O2 radicals. In order to quantify OH production from the CH3OCH2 + O2 reaction, extensive relative and absolute OH yield measurements were performed over the same (T, P) conditions as the kinetic experiments. The reaction was studied at sufficiently low radical concentrations (∼10(11) cm(-3)) that secondary (radical + radical) reactions were unimportant and the rate coefficients could be extracted from simple bi- or triexponential analysis. Ab initio (CBS-GB3)/master equation calculations (using the program MESMER) of the CH3OCH2 + O2 system were also performed to better understand this combustion-related reaction as well as be able to extrapolate experimental results to higher temperatures and pressures. To obtain agreement with experimental results (both kinetics and yield data), energies of the key transition states were substantially reduced (by 20-40 kJ mol(-1)) from their ab initio values and the effect of hindered rotations in the CH3OCH2 and CH3OCH2OO intermediates were taken into account. The optimized master equation model was used to generate a set of pressure and temperature dependent rate coefficients for the component nine phenomenological reactions that describe the CH3OCH2 + O2 system, including four well-skipping reactions. The rate coefficients were

Characterization of Cu(II) and Cd(II) resistance mechanisms in Sphingobium sp. PHE-SPH and Ochrobactrum sp. PHE-OCH and their potential application in the bioremediation of heavy metal-phenanthrene co-contaminated sites.

PubMed

Chen, Chen; Lei, Wenrui; Lu, Min; Zhang, Jianan; Zhang, Zhou; Luo, Chunling; Chen, Yahua; Hong, Qing; Shen, Zhenguo

2016-04-01

Soil that is co-contaminated with heavy metals (HMs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is difficult to bioremediate due to the ability of toxic metals to inhibit PAH degradation by bacteria. We demonstrated the resistance mechanisms to Cu(II) and Cd(II) of two newly isolated strains of Sphingobium sp. PHE-SPH and Ochrobactrum sp. PHE-OCH and further tested their potential application in the bioremediation of HM-phenanthrene (PhA) co-contaminated sites. The PHE-SPH and PHE-OCH strains tolerated 4.63 and 4.34 mM Cu(II) and also showed tolerance to 0.48 and 1.52 mM Cd(II), respectively. Diverse resistance patterns were detected between the two strains. In PHE-OCH cells, the maximum accumulation of Cu(II) occurred in the cell wall, while the maximum accumulation was in the cytoplasm of PHE-SPH cells. This resulted in a sudden suppression of growth in PHE-OCH and a gradual inhibition in PHE-SPH as the concentration of Cu(II) increased. Organic acid production was markedly higher in PHE-OCH than in PHE-SPH, which may also have a role in the resistance mechanisms, and contributes to the higher Cd(II) tolerance of PHE-OCH. The factors involved in the absorption of Cu(II) or Cd(II) in PHE-SPH and PHE-OCH were identified as proteins and carbohydrates by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Furthermore, both strains showed the ability to efficiently degrade PhA and maintained this high degradation efficiency under HM stress. The high tolerance to HMs and the PhA degradation capacity make Sphingobium sp. PHE-SPH and Ochrobactrum sp. PHE-OCH excellent candidate organisms for the bioremediation of HM-PhA co-contaminated sites.

Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic characterization of LmACR2, an arsenate/antimonate reductase from Leishmania major

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bisacchi, Davide; Zhou, Yao; Rosen, Barry P.

2006-10-01

LmACR2 from L. major is the first rhodanese-like enzyme directly involved in the reduction of arsenate and antimonate to be crystallized. Diffraction data have been collected to 1.99 Å resolution using synchrotron X-rays. Arsenic is present in the biosphere owing either to the presence of pesticides and herbicides used in agricultural and industrial activities or to leaching from geological formations. The health effects of prolonged exposure to arsenic can be devastating and may lead to various forms of cancer. Antimony(V), which is chemically very similar to arsenic, is used instead in the treatment of leishmaniasis, an infection caused by themore » protozoan parasite Leishmania sp.; the reduction of pentavalent antimony contained in the drug Pentostam to the active trivalent form arises from the presence in the Leishmania genome of a gene, LmACR2, coding for the protein LmACR2 (14.5 kDa, 127 amino acids) that displays weak but significant sequence similarity to the catalytic domain of Cdc25 phosphatase and to rhodanese enzymes. For structural characterization, LmACR2 was overexpressed, purified to homogeneity and crystallized in a trigonal space group (P321 or P3{sub 1}21/P3{sub 2}21). The protein crystallized in two distinct trigonal crystal forms, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 111.0, c = 86.1 Å and a = b = 111.0, c = 175.6 Å, respectively. At a synchrotron beamline, the diffraction pattern extended to a resolution limit of 1.99 Å.« less

Antitumor activity of ginseng sapogenins, 25-OH-PPD and 25-OCH3-PPD, on gastric cancer cells.

PubMed

Zhao, Chen; Su, Guangyue; Wang, Xude; Zhang, Xiaoshu; Guo, Shuang; Zhao, Yuqing

2016-01-01

25-Hydroxyprotopanaxadiol (25-OH-PPD) and 25-methoxylprotopanaxadiol (25-OCH3-PPD), two ginseng sapogenins, have potent antitumor activity and their effects on gastric cancer (BGC-823, SGC-7901, MKN-28) cells and a gastric mucosa (GES-1) cell line are reported. Both compounds significantly inhibited the growth of gastric cancer cells, while having lesser inhibitory effects on GES-1 cells by MTT assay. A mechanistic study revealed that the two ginseng sapogenins could induce apoptosis in BGC-823 cells by morphological observation, DNA fragmentation, flow cytometry and western blot analysis. Besides, the apoptosis was inhibited by Ac-DEVD-CHO, a caspase 3 inhibitor, which was confirmed by cell viability analysis. These results indicate that 25-OH-PPD and 25-OCH3-PPD have potential to be promising agents for the treatment of gastric cancer.

Meta-analyses of microarrays of Arabidopsis asymmetric leaves1 (as1), as2 and their modifying mutants reveal a critical role for the ETT pathway in stabilization of adaxial-abaxial patterning and cell division during leaf development.

PubMed

Takahashi, Hiro; Iwakawa, Hidekazu; Ishibashi, Nanako; Kojima, Shoko; Matsumura, Yoko; Prananingrum, Pratiwi; Iwasaki, Mayumi; Takahashi, Anna; Ikezaki, Masaya; Luo, Lilan; Kobayashi, Takeshi; Machida, Yasunori; Machida, Chiyoko

2013-03-01

It is necessary to use algorithms to analyze gene expression data from DNA microarrays, such as in clustering and machine learning. Previously, we developed the knowledge-based fuzzy adaptive resonance theory (KB-FuzzyART), a clustering algorithm suitable for analyzing gene expression data, to find clues for identifying gene networks. Leaf primordia form around the shoot apical meristem (SAM), which consists of indeterminate stem cells. Upon initiation of leaf development, adaxial-abaxial patterning is crucial for lateral expansion, via cellular proliferation, and the formation of flat symmetric leaves. Many regulatory genes that specify such patterning have been identified. Analysis by the KB-FuzzyART and subsequent molecular and genetic analyses previously showed that ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1 (AS1) and AS2 repress the expression of some abaxial-determinant genes, such as AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR3 (ARF3)/ETTIN (ETT) and ARF4, which are responsible for defects in leaf adaxial-abaxial polarity in as1 and as2. In the present study, genetic analysis revealed that ARF3/ETT and ARF4 were regulated by modifier genes, BOBBER1 (BOB1) and ELONGATA3 (ELO3), together with AS1-AS2. We analyzed expression arrays with as2 elo3 and as2 bob1, and extracted genes downstream of ARF3/ETT by using KB-FuzzyART and molecular analyses. The results showed that expression of Kip-related protein (KRP) (for inhibitors of cyclin-dependent protein kinases) and Isopentenyltransferase (IPT) (for biosynthesis of cytokinin) genes were controlled by AS1-AS2 through ARF3/ETT and ARF4 functions, which suggests that the AS1-AS2-ETT pathway plays a critical role in controlling the cell division cycle and the biosynthesis of cytokinin around SAM to stabilize leaf development in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Isolation, structural determination, and evaluation of the biological activity of 20(S)-25-methoxyl-dammarane-3beta, 12beta, 20-triol [20(S)-25-OCH3-PPD], a novel natural product from Panax notoginseng.

PubMed

Zhao, Y; Wang, W; Han, L; Rayburn, E R; Hill, D L; Wang, H; Zhang, R

2007-01-01

Ginseng has been used extensively for medicinal purposes, with suggested utility for indications as diverse as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Herein we report the discovery and characterization of 20(S)-25-OCH3-PPD, a ginsenoside that inhibits growth and survival of cancer cells. The novel dammarane triterpene sapogenin (C31H56O4; molecular weight 492) was isolated from the total hydrolyzed saponins extracted from the leaves of Panax notoginseng using conventional and reverse-phase silica gel chromatography. Based on physicochemical characteristics and NMR data, the compound was identified as 20(S)-25-OCH3-PPD. The biological activities of 20(S)-25-OCH3-PPD and its known analogs, 20(S)-PPD and Rg3, were evaluated in 12 human cancer cell lines. In all cell lines, the order of cytotoxicity of the test compounds was 20(S)-25-OCH3-PPD > 20(S)-PPD > Rg3. 20(S)-25-OCH3-PPD also induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase, and inhibited proliferation in breast cancer cell lines, demonstrating its potent biological effects. In regard to cytotoxicity, the IC50 values of 20(S)-25-OCH3-PPD for most cell lines were in the lower microM range, a 5-15-fold greater cytotoxicity relative to 20(S)-PPD and a 10-100-fold increase over Rg3. These findings suggest a structure-activity relationship among dammarane-type sapogenins. The data presented here may provide a basis for the future development of 20(S)-25-OCH3-PPD as a novel anti-cancer agent.

Disproportionation and thermochemical sulfate reduction reactions in S-H20-Ch4 and S-D2O-CH4 systems from 200 to 340 °C at elevated pressures

USGS Publications Warehouse

Yuan, Shunda; Chou, I-Ming; Burruss, Robert A.

2013-01-01

Elemental sulfur, as a transient intermediate compound, by-product, or catalyst, plays significant roles in thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) reactions. However, the mechanisms of the reactions in S-H2O-hydrocarbons systems are not clear. To improve our understanding of reaction mechanisms, we conducted a series of experiments between 200 and 340 °C for S-H2O-CH4, S-D2O-CH4, and S-CH4-1m ZnBr2 systems in fused silica capillary capsules (FSCC). After a heating period ranging from 24 to 2160 hours (hrs), the quenched samples were analyzed by Raman spectroscopy. Combined with the in situ Raman spectra collected at high temperatures and pressures in the S-H2O and S-H2O-CH4 systems, our results showed that (1) the disproportionation of sulfur in the S-H2O-CH4 system occurred at temperatures above 200 °C and produced H2S, SO42-, and possibly trace amount of HSO4-; (2) sulfate (and bisulfate), in the presence of sulfur, can be reduced by methane between 250 and 340 °C to produce CO2 and H2S, and these TSR temperatures are much closer to those of the natural system (2O-CH4 system may take place simultaneously, with TSR being favored at higher temperatures; and (4) in the system S-D2O-CH4, both TSR and the competitive disproportionation reactions occurred simultaneously at temperatures above 300 °C, but these reactions were very slow at lower temperatures. Our observation of methane reaction at 250 °C in a laboratory time scale suggests that, in a geologic time scale, methane may be destroyed by TSR reactions at temperatures > 200 °C that can be reached by deep drilling for hydrocarbon resources.

Strong intramolecular Si-N interactions in the chlorosilanes Cl3-nHnSiOCH2CH2NMe2 (n = 1-3).

PubMed

Hagemann, Michael; Mix, Andreas; Berger, Raphael J F; Pape, Tania; Mitzel, Norbert W

2008-11-17

The compounds Cl 3SiOCH 2CH 2NMe 2 ( 1) and Cl 2HSiOCH 2CH 2NMe 2 ( 2) were prepared by reactions of lithium 2-(dimethylamino)ethanolate with SiCl 4 and HSiCl 3. The analogous reaction with H 2SiCl 2 gave ClH 2SiOCH 2CH 2NMe 2 ( 3), but only in a mixture with Cl 2HSiOCH 2CH 2NMe 2 ( 2), from which it could not be separated. All compounds were characterized by IR and NMR ( (1)H, (13)C, (29)Si) spectroscopy, 1 and 2 by elemental analyses and by determination of their crystal structures. Cl 3SiOCH 2CH 2NMe 2 ( 1) and Cl 2HSiOCH 2CH 2NMe 2 ( 2) crystallize as monomeric ring compounds with pentacoordinate silicon atoms participating in intramolecular Si-N bonds [2.060(2) A ( 1), 2.037(2) A ( 2)]. The dative bonds in 1 and 2 between the silicon and nitrogen atoms could also be proven to exist at low temperatures in solution in (1)H, (29)Si-HMBC-NMR experiments by detection of the scalar coupling between the (29)Si and the protons of the NCH 2 and NCH 3 groups. A function describing the chemical shift delta exp (29)Si dependent on the chemical shifts of the individual equilibrium components, the temperature, and the free enthalpy of reaction was worked out and fitted to the experimental VT-NMR data of 1 and 2. This provided values of the free reaction enthalpies of Delta G = -28.8 +/- 3.9 kJ x mol (-1) for 1 and Delta G = -22.3 +/- 0.4 kJ x mol (-1) for 2 and estimates for the chemical shifts of open-chain (index o) and ring conformers (index r) for 1 of delta r = -94 +/- 2 ppm and delta o = -36 +/- 5 ppm and for 2 of delta r = -82 +/- 1 ppm and delta o = -33 +/- 4 ppm. The value of delta r for 1 is very close to that obtained from a solid-state (29)Si MAS NMR spectrum. Quantumchemical calculations (up to MP2/TZVPP) gave largely differing geometries for 1 (with a Si...N distance of 3.072 A), but well reproduced the geometry of 2. These differences are due to Cl...H and Cl...C repulsions and solid state effects, which can be modeled by conductor-like screening model

A computational study of the addition of ReO3L (L = Cl(-), CH3, OCH3 and Cp) to ethenone.

PubMed

Aniagyei, Albert; Tia, Richard; Adei, Evans

2016-01-01

The periselectivity and chemoselectivity of the addition of transition metal oxides of the type ReO3L (L = Cl, CH3, OCH3 and Cp) to ethenone have been explored at the MO6 and B3LYP/LACVP* levels of theory. The activation barriers and reaction energies for the stepwise and concerted addition pathways involving multiple spin states have been computed. In the reaction of ReO3L (L = Cl(-), OCH3, CH3 and Cp) with ethenone, the concerted [2 + 2] addition of the metal oxide across the C=C and C=O double bond to form either metalla-2-oxetane-3-one or metalla-2,4-dioxolane is the most kinetically favored over the formation of metalla-2,5-dioxolane-3-one from the direct [3 + 2] addition pathway. The trends in activation and reaction energies for the formation of metalla-2-oxetane-3-one and metalla-2,4-dioxolane are Cp < Cl(-) < OCH3 < CH3 and Cp < OCH3 < CH3 < Cl(-) and for the reaction energies are Cp < OCH3 < Cl(-) < CH3 and Cp < CH3 < OCH3 < Cl CH3. The concerted [3 + 2] addition of the metal oxide across the C=C double of the ethenone to form species metalla-2,5-dioxolane-3-one is thermodynamically the most favored for the ligand L = Cp. The direct [2 + 2] addition pathways leading to the formations of metalla-2-oxetane-3-one and metalla-2,4-dioxolane is thermodynamically the most favored for the ligands L = OCH3 and Cl(-). The difference between the calculated [2 + 2] activation barriers for the addition of the metal oxide LReO3 across the C=C and C=O functionalities of ethenone are small except for the case of L = Cl(-) and OCH3. The rearrangement of the metalla-2-oxetane-3-one-metalla-2,5-dioxolane-3-one even though feasible, are unfavorable due to high activation energies of their rate-determining steps. For the rearrangement of the metalla-2-oxetane-3-one to metalla-2,5-dioxolane-3-one, the trends in activation barriers is found to follow the order OCH3 < Cl(-) < CH3 < Cp. The trends in the activation energies for

Monitoring the Softening of Aluminum-Alloy V95ochT2 Shapes by a Nondestructive Method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shigapov, A. I.; Klimova, T. A.; Il'inkova, T. A.

2015-09-01

Correlation relations between the strength and the electrical conductivity of aluminum shapes are determined. The properties of alloy V95ochT2 are studied after different temperature-and-time actions. It is shown that the "dark spots" appearing on the surface of such shapes can be evaluated by a nondestructive eddy-current method.

Conformational and spectroscopic study of xanthogen ethyl formates, ROC(S)SC(O)OCH2CH3. Isolation of CH3CH2OC(O)SH

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Juncal, Luciana C.; Cozzarín, Melina V.; Romano, Rosana M.

2015-03-01

ROC(S)SC(O)OCH2CH3, with R = CH3sbnd , (CH3)2CHsbnd and CH3(CH2)2sbnd , were obtained through the reaction between potassium xanthate salts, ROC(S)SK, and ethyl chloroformate, ClC(O)OCH2CH3. The liquid compounds were identified and characterized by 1H and 13C NMR and mass spectrometry. The conformations adopted by the molecules were studied by DFT methods. 6 conformers were theoretically predicted for R = CH3sbnd and (CH3)2CHsbnd , while the conformational flexibility of the n-propyl substituent increases the total number of feasible rotamers to 21. For the three molecules, the conformers can be associated in 3 groups, being the most stable the AS forms - the Cdbnd S double bond anti (A) with respect to the Csbnd S single bond and the Ssbnd C single bond syn (S) with respect to the Cdbnd O double bond - followed by AA and SS conformers. The vibrational spectra were interpreted in terms of the predicted conformational equilibrium, presenting the ν(Cdbnd O) spectral region signals corresponding to the three groups of conformers. A moderated pre-resonance Raman enhancement of the ν(Cdbnd S) vibrational mode of CH3(CH2)2OC(S)SC(O)OCH2CH3 was detected, when the excitation radiation approaches the energy of a n → π∗ electronic transition associated with the Cdbnd S chromophore. UV-visible spectra in different solvents were measured and interpreted in terms of TD-DFT calculations. The unknown molecule CH3CH2OC(O)SH was isolated by the UV-visible photolysis of CH3OC(S)SC(O)OCH2CH3 isolated in Ar matrix, and also obtained as a side-product of the reaction between potassium xanthate salts, ROC(S)SK, and ethyl chloroformate, ClC(O)OCH2CH3.

Low-k SiOCH Film Etching Process and Its Diagnostics Employing Ar/C5F10O/N2 Plasma

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nagai, Mikio; Hayashi, Takayuki; Hori, Masaru; Okamoto, Hidekazu

2006-09-01

We proposed an environmental harmonic etching gas of C5F10O (CF3CF2CF2OCFCF2), and demonstrated the etching of low-k SiOCH films employing a dual-frequency capacitively coupled etching system. Dissociative ionization cross sections for the electron impact ionizations of C5F10O and c-C4F8 gases have been measured by quadrupole mass spectroscopy (QMS). The dissociative ionization cross section of CF3+ from C5F10O gas was much higher than those of other ionic species, and 10 times higher than that of CF3+ from C4F8 gas. CF3+ is effective for increasing the etching rate of SiO2. As a result, the etching rate of SiOCH films using Ar/C5F10O/N2 plasma was about 1000 nm/min, which is much higher than that using Ar/C4F8/N2 plasma. The behaviours of fluorocarbon radicals in Ar/C5F10O/N2 plasma, which were measured by infrared diode laser absorption spectroscopy, were similar to those in Ar/C4F8/N2 plasma. The densities of CF and CF3 radicals were markedly decreased with increasing N2 flow rate. Etching rate was controlled by N2 flow rate. A vertical profile of SiOCH with a high etching rate and less microloading was realized using Ar/C5F10O/N2 plasma chemistry.

Thyroid function in 36 dogs with leishmaniosis due to Leishmania infantum before and during treatment with allopurinol with or without meglumine antimonate.

PubMed

Saridomichelakis, Manolis N; Xenoulis, Panagiotis G; Chatzis, Manolis K; Kasabalis, Dimitris; Steiner, Jörg M; Suchodolski, Jan S; Petanides, Theodoros

2013-10-18

Hypothyroidism may predispose to the development of canine leishmaniosis or it may appear during the course of the latter due to infiltration and destruction of the thyroid gland by infected macrophages. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate thyroid function through measurement of serum total thyroxin (tT₄), free thyroxin (fT₄), and canine thyroid stimulating hormone (cTSH) concentrations in 36 dogs with leishmaniosis, before and after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment with allopurinol with or without meglumine antimonate. Before treatment 27/36 (75%) dogs had serum tT₄ concentrations below the lower limit of the reference interval but only 2 of them had concurrently serum fT₄ concentrations below the lower limit of the reference interval and none had increased serum cTSH concentrations. During treatment there were no significant changes in serum tT₄ or fT₄ concentrations, whereas a significant increase in serum cTSH was observed. Two dogs had decreased serum tT₄ and fT₄ but normal cTSH concentrations before treatment and two other dogs had decreased serum tT₄ and increased cTSH, but normal fT₄ concentrations during the treatment period. Although hypothyroidism could not be definitively excluded in these dogs it is considered unlikely based on their overall hormonal profile, clinical presentation, and response to treatment. Therefore, hypothyroidism does not appear to be an important predisposing disease or a frequent complication of canine leishmaniosis. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Competing 1πσ* mediated dynamics in mequinol: O-H versus O-CH3 photodissociation pathways.

PubMed

Hadden, David J; Roberts, Gareth M; Karsili, Tolga N V; Ashfold, Michael N R; Stavros, Vasilios G

2012-10-14

Deactivation of excited electronic states through coupling to dissociative (1)πσ* states in heteroaromatic systems has received considerable attention in recent years, particularly as a mechanism that contributes to the ultraviolet (UV) photostability of numerous aromatic biomolecules and their chromophores. Recent studies have expanded upon this work to look at more complex species, which involves understanding competing dynamics on two different (1)πσ* potential energy surfaces (PESs) localized on different heteroatom hydride coordinates (O-H and N-H bonds) within the same molecule. In a similar spirit, the work presented here utilizes ultrafast time-resolved velocity map ion imaging to study competing dissociation pathways along (1)πσ* PESs in mequinol (p-methoxyphenol), localized at O-H and O-CH(3) bonds yielding H atoms or CH(3) radicals, respectively, over an excitation wavelength range of 298-238 nm and at 200 nm. H atom elimination is found to be operative via either tunneling under a conical intersection (CI) (298 ≥ λ ≥ 280 nm) or ultrafast internal conversion through appropriate CIs (λ ≤ 245 nm), both of which provide mechanisms for coupling onto the dissociative state associated with the O-H bond. In the intermediate wavelength range of 280 ≥ λ ≥ 245 nm, mediated H atom elimination is not observed. In contrast, we find that state driven CH(3) radical elimination is only observed in the excitation range 264 ≥ λ ≥ 238 nm. Interpretation of these experimental results is guided by: (i) high level complete active space with second order perturbation theory (CASPT2) calculations, which provide 1-D potential energy cuts of the ground and low lying singlet excited electronic states along the O-H and O-CH(3) bond coordinates; and (ii) calculated excitation energies using CASPT2 and the equation-of-motion coupled cluster with singles and doubles excitations (EOM-CCSD) formalism. From these comprehensive studies, we find that the dynamics

ALMA Detection of Interstellar Methoxymethanol (CH3OCH2OH)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McGuire, Brett A.; Shingledecker, Christopher N.; Willis, Eric R.; Burkhardt, Andrew M.; El-Abd, Samer; Motiyenko, Roman A.; Brogan, Crystal L.; Hunter, Todd R.; Margulès, Laurent; Guillemin, Jean-Claude; Garrod, Robin T.; Herbst, Eric; Remijan, Anthony J.

2017-12-01

We report the detection of interstellar methoxymethanol (CH3OCH2OH) in Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) Bands 6 and 7 toward the MM1 core in the high-mass star-forming region NGC 6334I at ∼0.″1–1″ spatial resolution. A column density of 4(2) × 1018 cm‑2 at T ex = 200 K is derived toward MM1, ∼34 times less abundant than methanol (CH3OH), and significantly higher than predicted by astrochemical models. Probable formation and destruction pathways are discussed, primarily through the reaction of the CH3OH photodissociation products, the methoxy (CH3O) and hydroxymethyl (CH2OH) radicals. Finally, we comment on the implications of these mechanisms on gas-phase versus grain-surface routes operative in the region, and the possibility of electron-induced dissociation of CH3OH rather than photodissociation.

Anharmonic Effect in CH3CH2C(=O)OCH2CH3 Decomposition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ding, Yang; Song, Liguo; Yao, Li; Xia, Wenwen

2017-12-01

In this paper, using the B3LYP functional and CCSD(T) method with 6-311++G** basis set, the harmonic and anharmonic rate constants in the unimolecular dissociation of ethyl propanoate have been calculated using Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus theory. The anharmonic rate constants of the title reaction have also been examined, the comparison shows that, the anharmonic effect especially in the case of high total energies and temperature for channels 3 to 6 is significant, so that the anharmonic effect cannot be neglected for unimolecular dissociation reaction of CH3CH2C(=O)OCH2CH3 both in microcanonical and canonical systems.

Synthesis, structure and reactivity of rare-earth metallacarborane alkyls [η(1):η(5)-O(CH2)2C2B9H9]Ln(σ:η(1)-CH2C6H4-o-NMe2)(THF)2.

PubMed

Yang, Jingying; Xie, Zuowei

2015-04-14

Rare-earth metallacarborane alkyls can be stabilized by the incorporation of a functional sidearm into both π and σ ligands. Reaction of [Me3NH][7,8-O(CH2)2-7,8-C2B9H10] with one equiv. of Ln(CH2C6H4-o-NMe2)3 gave metallacarborane alkyls [η(1):η(5)-O(CH2)2C2B9H9]Ln(σ:η(1)-CH2C6H4-o-NMe2)(THF)2 (Ln = Y (), Gd (), Er ()) via alkane elimination. They represent the first examples of rare-earth metallacarborane alkyls. Treatment of with RN[double bond, length as m-dash]C[double bond, length as m-dash]NR (R = Cy, (i)Pr) or 2-benzoylpyridine afforded the corresponding mono-insertion products [η(1):η(5)-O(CH2)2C2B9H9]Y[η(2)-(RN)2C(CH2C6H4-o-NMe2)](DME) (R = Cy (), (i)Pr ()) or [η(1):η(5)-O(CH2)2C2B9H9]Y[C5H4NC(Ph)(CH2C6H4-o-NMe2)O](THF)2 (), respectively. Complex also reacted with ArNCO or ArNC (Ar = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl, 2,6-dimethylphenyl) to give di-insertion products [η(1):η(5)-O(CH2)2C2B9H9]Y[OC([double bond, length as m-dash]NC6H3Me2)N(C6H3Me2)C(CH2C6H4-o-NMe2)O](THF)2 () or [η(1):η(5)-O(CH2)2C2B9H9]Y[C([double bond, length as m-dash]NC6H3(i)Pr2)C([double bond, length as m-dash]NC6H3(i)Pr2)(CH2C6H4-o-NMe2)](DME) (). These results showed that the reactivity pattern of the Ln-C σ bond in rare-earth metallacarborane alkyls was dependent on the nature of the unsaturated organic molecules. New complexes were characterized by various spectroscopic techniques and elemental analysis. Some were further confirmed by single-crystal X-ray analysis.

Porosity in low dielectric constant SiOCH films depth profiled by positron annihilation spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brusa, R. S.; Spagolla, M.; Karwasz, G. P.; Zecca, A.; Ottaviani, G.; Corni, F.; Bacchetta, M.; Carollo, E.

2004-03-01

The 3γ annihilation of orthopositronium and the Doppler broadening of the positron annihilation line have been measured by implanting low energy positrons in low dielectric constant (low-k) SiOCH films. The evolution and stability of film porosity with thermal treatments in the 400-900 °C temperature range has been studied. The films have been produced by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition and after annealing in N2 atmospheres at 480 °C have been treated in N2+He plasma. The minimum free volume of the pores in the as-produced samples has been estimated to correspond to that of a sphere with radius r=0.6 nm. The treatment in the N2 plasma was found to seal the pores up to 45 nm depth. Both the composition of the films (as obtained by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy and elastic recoil detection analysis) and the chemical environment of the pores probed by positrons were found to be very stable up to 600 °C thermal treatment. Above such a temperature a reduction of the hydrogen content accompanied by a change in the structure and in the chemical environment of the pores has been observed. In the samples thermal treated at 800-900 °C, the positronium formation is reduced by one-third respect with the as produced sample. In the annealed and as-produced films, a natural aging of 30 days in air was enough to contaminate the porosity, as pointed out by a strong reduction of the 3γ annihilations. The effect of contamination and the distribution of the pores were completely recovered after a thermal treatment at 400 °C. Artificial aging of SiOCH films in controlled atmospheres of H2, O2, H2O has shown that H2O is the more efficient contaminant in reducing the effective volume of the pores.

CH3OCH3 in Orion-KL: a striking similarity with HCOOCH3

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brouillet, N.; Despois, D.; Baudry, A.; Peng, T.-C.; Favre, C.; Wootten, A.; Remijan, A. J.; Wilson, T. L.; Combes, F.; Wlodarczak, G.

2013-02-01

Context. Orion-KL is a remarkable, nearby star-forming region where a recent explosive event has generated shocks that could have released complex molecules from the grain mantles. Aims: A comparison of the distribution of the different complex molecules will help in understanding their formation and constraining the chemical models. Methods: We used several data sets from the Plateau de Bure Interferometer to map the dimethyl ether emission with different arcsec spatial resolutions and different energy levels (from Eup = 18 to 330 K) to compare with our previous methyl formate maps. Results: Our data show remarkable similarity between the dimethyl ether (CH3OCH3) and the methyl formate (HCOOCH3) distributions even on a small scale (1.8″ × 0.8″ or ~500 AU). This long suspected similarity, seen from both observational and theoretical arguments, is demonstrated with unprecedented confidence, with a correlation coefficient of maps ~0.8. Conclusions: A common precursor is the simplest explanation of our correlation. Comparisons with previous laboratory work and chemical models suggest the major role of grain surface chemistry and a recent release, probably with little processing, of mantle molecules by shocks. In this case the CH3O radical produced from methanol ice would be the common precursor (whereas ethanol, C2H5OH, is produced from the radical CH2OH). The alternative gas phase scheme, where protonated methanol CH3OH+2 is the common precursor to produce methyl formate and dimethyl ether through reactions with HCOOH and CH3OH, is also compatible with our data. Our observations cannot yet definitely allow a choice between the different chemical processes, but the tight correlation between the distributions of HCOOCH3 and CH3OCH3 strongly contrasts with the different behavior we observe for the distributions of ethanol and formic acid. This provides a very significant constraint on models. Based on observations carried out with the IRAM Plateau de Bure

A Study of Structural Changes in Pressed Semiproducts from Aluminum Alloy V95ochT2 in the Range of Dark Spots

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shigapov, A. I.; Il'inkova, T. A.; Kuryntsev, S. V.; Petrova, E. P.

2017-01-01

Seven heats of alloy V95ochT2 are studied after a heat treatment imitating the conditions of the appearance of dark spots in the production process and anodic oxidizing (anodizing). The mechanical properties, the hardness, the structure, and the electrical conductivity of the alloy are determined. The causes and conditions of the appearance of dark spots are analyzed. The transparence of the film is shown to worsen upon formation of particles of second phase in the alloy.

On the Formation of the C2H6O Isomers Ethanol (C2H5OH) and Dimethyl Ether (CH3OCH3) in Star-forming Regions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bergantini, Alexandre; Maksyutenko, Pavlo; Kaiser, Ralf I.

2017-06-01

The structural isomers ethanol (CH3CH2OH) and dimethyl ether (CH3OCH3) were detected in several low-, intermediate-, and high-mass star-forming regions, including Sgr B2, Orion, and W33A, with the relative abundance ratios of ethanol/dimethyl ether varying from about 0.03 to 3.4. Until now, no experimental data regarding the formation mechanisms and branching ratios of these two species in laboratory simulation experiments could be provided. Here, we exploit tunable photoionization reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PI-ReTOF-MS) to detect and analyze the production of complex organic molecules (COMs) resulting from the exposure of water/methane (H2O/CH4) ices to energetic electrons. The main goal is to understand the formation mechanisms in star-forming regions of two C2H6O isomers: ethanol (CH3CH2OH) and dimethyl ether (CH3OCH3). The results show that the experimental branching ratios favor the synthesis of ethanol versus dimethyl ether (31 ± 11:1). This finding diverges from the abundances observed toward most star-forming regions, suggesting that production routes on interstellar grains to form dimethyl ether might be missing; alternatively, ethanol can be overproduced in the present simulation experiments, such as via radical-radical recombination pathways involving ethyl and hydroxyl radicals. Finally, the PI-ReTOF-MS data suggest the formation of methylacetylene (C3H4), ketene (CH2CO), propene (C3H6), vinyl alcohol (CH2CHOH), acetaldehyde (CH3CHO), and methyl hydroperoxide (CH3OOH), in addition to ethane (C2H6), methanol (CH3OH), and CO2 detected from infrared spectroscopy. The yield of all the confirmed species is also determined.

Rediscovering ancient glass technologies through the examination of opacifier crystals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lahlil, S.; Biron, I.; Galoisy, L.; Morin, G.

2008-07-01

The aim of the study is to understand how antimonate opacifying crystals were obtained throughout history. Two archaeological glass productions opacified with calcium and lead antimonates are studied in this paper, in order to rediscover ancient opaque glass technologies: Roman mosaic tesserae (1st cent. B.C. 4th cent. A.D.) and Nevers lampworking glass (18th cent. A.D.). The fine examination of crystalline phases and of the vitreous matrix is undertaken using various and complementary techniques. Results are compared with a modern reference production, for which the technological process is well known. We demonstrate that Ca-antimonate opacifiers in Roman mosaic tesserae, as well as in Nevers lampworking glass, were obtained by in situ crystallization. Nevertheless, Roman and Nevers glass would have undergone different firing processes. We propose that the addition of previously synthesized crystals or the use of “anime” could be the process used to obtain Pb-antimonate opacified glass, for both productions studied. We demonstrate that CaO, PbO and Sb2O3 concentrations in the bulk compositions and in the matrices, and their evolution with the crystallinity ratio, offer robust criteria for the distinction of the opacification process used. Also, the different crystalline structures help to provide information on the experimental conditions.

The effect of VUV radiation from Ar/O2 plasmas on low-k SiOCH films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, J.; Graves, D. B.

2011-08-01

The degradation of porous low-k materials, like SiOCH, under plasma processing continues to be a problem in the next generation of integrated-circuit fabrication. Due to the exposure of the film to many species during plasma treatment, such as photons, ions, radicals, etc, it is difficult to identify the mechanisms responsible for plasma-induced damage. Using a vacuum beam apparatus with a calibrated Xe vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) lamp, we show that 147 nm VUV photons and molecular O2 alone can damage these low-k materials. Using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, we show that VUV/O2 exposure causes a loss of methylated species, resulting in a hydrophilic, SiOx-like layer that is susceptible to H2O absorption, leading to an increased dielectric constant. The effect of VUV radiation on chemical modification of porous SiOCH films in the vacuum beam apparatus and in Ar and O2 plasma exposure was found to be a significant contributor to dielectric damage. Measurements of dielectric constant change using a mercury probe are consistent with chemical modification inferred from FTIR analysis. Furthermore, the extent of chemical modification appears to be limited by the penetration depth of the VUV photons, which is dependent on wavelength of radiation. The creation of a SiOx-like layer near the surface of the material, which grows deeper as more methyl is extracted, introduces a dynamic change of VUV absorption throughout the material over time. As a result, the rate of methyl loss is continuously changing during the exposure. We present a model that attempts to capture this dynamic behaviour and compare the model predictions to experimental data through a fitting parameter that represents the effective photo-induced methyl removal. While this model accurately simulates the methyl loss through VUV exposure by the Xe lamp and Ar plasma, the methyl loss from VUV photons in O2 plasma are only accurately depicted at longer exposure times. We conclude that other

Incremental change in cross sectional area in small endotracheal tubes: A call for more size options.

PubMed

Mortelliti, Caroline L; Mortelliti, Anthony J

2016-08-01

To elucidate the relatively large incremental percent change (IPC) in cross sectional area (CSA) in currently available small endotracheal tubes (ETTs), and to make recommendation for lesser incremental change in CSA in these smaller ETTs, in order to minimize iatrogenic airway injury. The CSAs of a commercially available line of ETTs were calculated, and the IPC of the CSA between consecutive size ETTs was calculated and graphed. The average IPC in CSA with large ETTs was applied to calculate identical IPC in the CSA for a theoretical, smaller ETT series, and the dimensions of a new theoretical series of proposed small ETTs were defined. The IPC of CSA in the larger (5.0-8.0 mm inner diameter (ID)) ETTs was 17.07%, and the IPC of CSA in the smaller ETTs (2.0-4.0 mm ID) is remarkably larger (38.08%). Applying the relatively smaller IPC of CSA from larger ETTs to a theoretical sequence of small ETTs, starting with the 2.5 mm ID ETT, suggests that intermediate sizes of small ETTs (ID 2.745 mm, 3.254 mm, and 3.859 mm) should exist. We recommend manufacturers produce additional small ETT size options at the intuitive intermediate sizes of 2.75 mm, 3.25 mm, and 3.75 mm ID in order to improve airway management for infants and small children. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Case study involving suctioning of an electromyographic endotracheal tube.

PubMed

Evanina, Eileen Youshock; Hanisak, Jill L

2005-04-01

The electromyographic endotracheal tube (EMG-ETT) is a relatively new tool used to measure integrity of the vocal cord structures during surgery. We describe a case in which an EMG-ETT was inserted for the operative period but not replaced with an ETT during the immediate postoperative period. Intensive care unit nurses had difficulty suctioning the EMG-ETT. The patient was not provided the pulmonary toilet necessary until the EMG-ETT was removed and replaced with a regular ETT. The purpose of this article is to make anesthesia providers aware that when mechanical ventilation is required during the postoperative period, the EMG-ETT should be removed and replaced with a regular ETT to facilitate pulmonary toilet.

The effect of bronchoscope rotation on tracheal tube orientation at the glottic level in a mannequin.

PubMed

Wong, David T; Yau, Brian; Thapar, Shikha; Adhikary, Sanjib D

2010-10-01

This study examined the effect of external fibreoptic bronchoscope (FOB) rotations on endotracheal tube (ETT) orientations at the glottic level. Using a mannequin, a nasal FOB was inserted for image capture. A second FOB with a preloaded ETT taped to its top was inserted orally into mid-trachea. The FOB with the taped ETT was rotated as a unit in the axial plane to five different external angles (-90°, -45°, 0°, +45°, +90°). At each external rotation, the ETT was advanced into the trachea. The image of the ETT at the glottic level was captured. Endotracheal tube orientation was quantified according to the glottic zone faced by the ETT. The ETT orientations were compared amongst the five external FOB rotations using the Kruskal-Wallis Test, while the ETT orientations at -90°, -45°, +45°, and +90° FOB rotations were compared with 0° rotation using the Mann-Whitney U test. There was a significant difference in the ETT orientations amongst the five FOB rotations (P < 0.001). The ETT orientations at -90°, -45°, +45°, and +90° FOB rotations were different from the 0° rotation (P < 0.001 for all comparisons). A -90° FOB rotation was most effective in turning the ETT tip away from the right laryngeal structures and the interarytenoid tissue. With the ETT loaded on a FOB, rotation of the FOB prior to advancing the ETT is effective in changing the ETT orientation at the glottis. A -90° FOB rotation is most effective in turning the ETT tip away from the right laryngeal structures and interarytenoid tissue.

Endotracheal tubes and fluid aspiration: an in vitro evaluation of new cuff technologies.

PubMed

Mariyaselvam, Maryanne Z; Marsh, Lucy L; Bamford, Sarah; Smith, Ann; Wise, Matt P; Williams, David W

2017-03-04

Aspiration of subglottic secretions past the endotracheal tube (ETT) cuff is a prerequisite for developing ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Subglottic secretion drainage (SSD) ETTs reduce aspiration of subglottic secretions and have demonstrated lower VAP rates. We compared the performance of seven SSD ETTs against a non-SSD ETT in preventing aspiration below inflated cuffs. ETTs were positioned vertically in 2 cm diameter cylinders. Four ml of a standard microbial suspension was added above inflated cuffs. After 1 h, aspiration was measured and ETTs demonstrating no leakage were subjected to rotational movement and evaluation over 24 h. Collected aspirated fluid was used to inoculate agar media and incubated aerobically at 37 °C for 24 h. The aspiration rate, volume and number of microorganisms that leaked past the cuff was measured. Experiments were repeated (×10) for each type of ETT, with new ETTs used for each repeat. Best performing ETTs were then tested in five different cylinder diameters (1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.2 and 2.4 cm). Experiments were repeated as above using sterile water. Volume and time taken for aspiration past the cuff was measured. Experiments were repeated (×10) for each type of ETT. Results were analysed using non-parametric tests for repeated measures. The PneuX ETT prevented aspiration past the cuff in all experiments. All other ETTs allowed aspiration, with considerable variability in performance. The PneuX ETT was statistically superior in reducing aspiration compared to the SealGuard (p < 0.009), KimVent (p < 0.002), TaperGuard (p < 0.004), Lanz (p < 0.001), ISIS (p < 0.001), SACETT (p < 0.001) and Soft Seal (p < 0.001) ETTs. Of the 4 ETTs tested in differing cylinder sizes, the PneuX significantly reduced aspiration across the range of diameters compared to the SealGuard (p < 0.0001), TaperGuard (p < 0.0001) and KimVent (p < 0.0001) ETTs. ETTs showed substantial variation in fluid

Characterization of a distonic isomer C6H5C+(OH)OCH2 of methyl benzoate radical cation by associative ion-molecule reactions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dechamps, Noémie; Flammang, Robert; Gerbaux, Pascal; Nam, Pham-Cam; Nguyen, Minh Tho

2006-03-01

The C6H5C+(OH)OCH2 radical cation, formally a distonic isomer of ionized methyl benzoate, has been prepared by dissociative ionization of neopentyl benzoate, as earlier suggested by Audier et al. [H.E. Audier, A. Milliet, G. Sozzi, S. Hammerum, Org. Mass. Spectrom. 25 (1990) 44]. Its distonic character has now been firmly established by its high reactivity towards neutral methyl isocyanide (ionized methylene transfer) producing N-methyl ketenimine ions. Other mass spectrometric experiments and ab initio quantum chemical calculations also concur with each other pointing toward the existence of a stable distonic radical cation.

Carbohydrate Metabolism and Carbon Fixation in Roseobacter denitrificans OCh114

PubMed Central

Tang, Kuo-Hsiang; Feng, Xueyang; Tang, Yinjie J.; Blankenship, Robert E.

2009-01-01

The Roseobacter clade of aerobic marine proteobacteria, which compose 10–25% of the total marine bacterial community, has been reported to fix CO2, although it has not been determined what pathway is involved. In this study, we report the first metabolic studies on carbohydrate utilization, CO2 assimilation, and amino acid biosynthesis in the phototrophic Roseobacter clade bacterium Roseobacter denitrificans OCh114. We develop a new minimal medium containing defined carbon source(s), in which the requirements of yeast extract reported previously for the growth of R. denitrificans can be replaced by vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin). Tracer experiments were carried out in R. denitrificans grown in a newly developed minimal medium containing isotopically labeled pyruvate, glucose or bicarbonate as a single carbon source or in combination. Through measurements of 13C-isotopomer labeling patterns in protein-derived amino acids, gene expression profiles, and enzymatic activity assays, we report that: (1) R. denitrificans uses the anaplerotic pathways mainly via the malic enzyme to fix 10–15% of protein carbon from CO2; (2) R. denitrificans employs the Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway for carbohydrate metabolism and the non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway for the biosynthesis of histidine, ATP, and coenzymes; (3) the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP, glycolysis) pathway is not active and the enzymatic activity of 6-phosphofructokinase (PFK) cannot be detected in R. denitrificans; and (4) isoleucine can be synthesized from both threonine-dependent (20% total flux) and citramalate-dependent (80% total flux) pathways using pyruvate as the sole carbon source. PMID:19794911

Novel device (AirWave) to assess endotracheal tube migration: a pilot study.

PubMed

Nacheli, Gustavo Cumbo; Sharma, Manish; Wang, Xiaofeng; Gupta, Amit; Guzman, Jorge A; Tonelli, Adriano R

2013-08-01

Little is known about endotracheal tube (ETT) migration during routine care among critically ill patients. AirWave is a novel device that uses sonar waves to measure ETT migration and obstructions in real time. The aim of the present study is to assess the accuracy of the AirWave to evaluate ETT migration. In addition, we determined the degree of variation in ETT position and tested whether more pronounced migration occurs in specific clinical scenarios. After institutional review board approval, we included mechanically ventilated patients from February 2012 to May 2012. A chest radiography (CXR) was obtained at baseline and 24 hours when clinically indicated. The ETT distance at the lips was recorded at baseline and every 4 hours. The AirWave system continuously recorded ETT position changes from baseline, and luminal obstructions. A total of 42 patients (age: 61 [SD ±13] years, men: 52%) were recruited. A total of 19 patients had measurements of ETT migration at 24 hours by the 3 methodologies used in this study. The mean (SD) of the ETT migration at 24 hours was +0.04 (1.2), -0.42 (0.7) and +0.34 (1.81) cm when measured by portable CXR, ETT distance at the teeth and AirWave device, respectively. Bland-Altman analysis of tube migration at 24 hours comparing the AirWave with CXR readings showed a bias of 0.1 cm with 95% limit of agreement of -3.8 and +4.3 cm. Comparison of tube migration at 24 hours determined by AirWave with ETT distance at the lips revealed a bias of -0.4 with 95% limit of agreement -3.7 to +3 cm, similar to the values observed between CXR and ETT distance at the lips (bias of -0.3 cm, 95% limit of agreement of -3.4 to +2.8 cm). Factors associated with ETT migration at 24 hours were ETT size and initial measurement from ETT tip to carina by portable CXR. AirWave detected in eight patients some degree of ETT obstruction (30% ± 9.6%) that resolved with prompt ETT catheter suction. The AirWave may provide useful information regarding ETT

High pressure Raman spectroscopy of H2O-CH3OH mixtures.

PubMed

Hsieh, Wen-Pin; Chien, Yu-Hsiang

2015-02-23

Complex intra-molecular interactions and the hydrogen-bonding network in H2O-volatile mixtures play critical roles in many dynamics processes in physical chemistry, biology, and Earth and planetary sciences. We used high pressure Raman spectroscopy to study the pressure evolution of vibrational frequencies and bonding behavior in H2O-CH3OH mixtures. We found that the presence of low CH3OH content in H2O increases the transition pressure where water crystallizes to ice VI, but does not significantly change the pressure where ice VI transforms to ice VII. Furthermore, the stiffening rates of C-H stretching frequencies dω/dP in CH3OH significantly decrease upon the crystallization of water, and the softening rates of the O-H stretching frequencies of ice VII are suppressed over a narrow pressure range, after which the frequencies of these modes shift with pressure in ways similar to pure CH3OH and ice VII, respectively. Such complex pressure evolution of Raman frequencies along with pronounced variations in Raman intensities of CH3OH within the sample, and the hysteresis of the water-ice VI phase transition suggest pressure-induced segregation of low content CH3OH from ice VII. These findings indicate the significant influence of volatiles on the crystallization of sub-surface ocean and thermal evolution within large icy planets and satellites.

Three-finger tracheal palpation to guide endotracheal tube depth in children.

PubMed

Gamble, Jonathan J; McKay, William P; Wang, Andrew F; Yip, Kinsha A; O'Brien, Jennifer M; Plewes, Christopher E

2014-10-01

Accurate endotracheal tube (ETT) depth is critical, especially in children. The current tools used to guide appropriate ETT depth have significant limitations. To evaluate the utility of tracheal palpation in the neck to guide appropriate ETT placement in children. A prospective observational study with a convenience sample of 50 children was conducted. During intubation, an investigator palpated the trachea with three fingertips side-by-side extending upward from the suprasternal notch. The anesthesiologist advanced the ETT slowly until palpated at the sternal notch. The investigator stated ETT palpation certainty as 'strongly felt', 'weakly felt', or 'not felt.' Final ETT position was determined by bronchoscopy and categorized as 'ETT too shallow' (tip in proximal ¼ of trachea), 'ETT too deep' (tip in distal ¼ of trachea), or 'ETT placement satisfactory' (between those extremes). Thirty boys and 20 girls undergoing dental surgery with nasal intubation were recruited (median age 4.4 years; range 2.0-10.8). The ETT (all ≥4 mm ID) was palpable at the sternal notch in all patients: 46 of 50 strongly palpable and 4 of 50 weakly palpable. The experimental methods led to satisfactory ETT placement in 49 of 50 patients, too deep in 1 of 50 patients. Compared with the Pediatrics Advanced Life Support (PALS) predictive formula, satisfactory placement would have been 41 of 50 patients (P < 0.008). Number needed to treat is 6.3 for improvement over the PALS method. The use of tracheal palpation to guide ETT placement has excellent clinical performance and better guides appropriate ETT depth than the PALS formula in our study population. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Prevention of airway fires: testing the safety of endotracheal tubes and surgical devices in a mechanical model.

PubMed

Roy, Soham; Smith, Lee P

2015-01-01

This study was designed to assess the ability of carbon dioxide (CO2) lasers and radiofrequency ablation devices (Coblator) (ArthoCare Corporation, Sunnyvale, CA) to ignite either a non-reinforced (polyvinylchloride) endotracheal tube (ETT) or an aluminum and fluoroplastic wrapped silicon ("laser safe") ETT at varying titrations of oxygen in a mechanical model of airway surgery. Non-reinforced and laser safe ETTs were suspended in a mechanical model imitating endoscopic airway surgery. A CO2 laser set at 5-30 watts was fired at the ETT at oxygen concentrations ranging from 21% to 88%. The process was repeated using a radiofrequency ablation (RFA) device. All trials were repeated to ensure accuracy. The CO2 laser ignited a fire when contacting a non-reinforced ETT in under 2 seconds at oxygen concentrations as low as 44%. The CO2 laser could not ignite a laser safe ETT under any conditions, unless it struck the non-reinforced distal tip of the ETT. With the RFA, a fire could not be ignited with either reinforced or non-reinforced ETTs. RFA presents no risk of ignition in simulated airway surgery. CO2 lasers should be utilized with a reinforced ETT or no ETT, as fires can easily ignite when lasers strike a non-reinforced ETT. Decreasing the fraction of inspired oxygen reduces the risk of fire. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

A Mechanistical Study on the Formation of Dimethyl Ether (CH3OCH3) and Ethanol (CH3CH2OH) in Methanol-containing Ices and Implications for the Chemistry of Star-forming Regions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bergantini, Alexandre; Góbi, Sándor; Abplanalp, Matthew J.; Kaiser, Ralf I.

2018-01-01

The underlying formation mechanisms of complex organic molecules (COMs)—in particular, structural isomers—in the interstellar medium (ISM) are largely elusive. Here, we report new experimental findings on the role of methanol (CH3OH) and methane (CH4) ices in the synthesis of two C2H6O isomers upon interaction with ionizing radiation: ethanol (CH3CH2OH) and dimethyl ether (CH3OCH3). The present study reproduces the interstellar abundance ratios of both species with ethanol to dimethyl ether branching ratios of (2.33 ± 0.14):1 suggesting that methanol and methane represents the key precursor to both isomers within interstellar ices. Exploiting isotopic labeling combined with reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Re-TOF-MS) after isomer selective vacuum ultra-violet (VUV) photoionization of the neutral molecules, we also determine the formation mechanisms of both isomers via radical–radical recombination versus carbene (CH2) insertion with the former pathway being predominant. Formation routes to higher molecular weight reaction products such as ethylene glycol (HOCH2CH2OH), dimethyl peroxide (CH3OOCH3), and methoxymethanol (CH3OCH2OH) are discussed briefly as well.

Hydrolysis and coordination behavior of ferrocenyl-phosphonodithiolate: Synthesis and structure of Cu 4[FcP(OCH 3)( μ-S)( μ3-S)] 4 [Fc = Fe( η5-C 5H 4)( η5-C 5H 5)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Shu-Lei; Wang, Xi-Ying; Duan, Taike; Leung, Wa-Hung; Zhang, Qian-Feng

2010-02-01

Treatment of the dimeric [FcP(S)( μ-S)] 2 [Fc = Fe( η5-C 5H 4)( η5-C 5H 5)] with the organic base Et 3N in methylene chloride solution resulted in the isolation of a multi-component compound [Et 3NH] 2[(FcPO 2S) 2CH 2][FcPS(OH) 2] 2·CH 2Cl 2 ( 1·CH 2Cl 2). The formation of the [(FcPO 2S) 2CH 2] 2- anion was due to the dechlorination of methylene chloride, it consists of two [FcPO 2S] 2- units bridging by a methylene group. Reaction of Na[FcP(OCH 3)S 2] with equal equivalent of [Cu(MeCN) 4][ClO 4] in methanol afforded a sole tetranuclear copper(I) complex Cu 4[FcP(OCH 3)( μ-S)( μ3-S)] 4 ( 2). The neutral complex 2 consists of a crystallographically centrosymmetric tetramer containing four CuS 3 arrays each of which has one μ-sulfur and two μ3-sulfur bridges.

Rotational Spectrum, Conformational Composition, and Quantum Chemical Calculations of Cyanomethyl Formate (HC(O)OCH2C≡N), a Compound of Potential Astrochemical Interest.

PubMed

Samdal, Svein; Møllendal, Harald; Carles, Sophie

2015-08-27

The rotational spectrum of cyanomethyl formate (HC(O)OCH2C≡N) has been recorded in the 12–123 GHz spectral range. The spectra of two conformers were assigned. The rotamer denoted I has a symmetry plane and two out-of plane hydrogen atoms belonging to the cyanomethyl (CH2CN) moiety. In the conformer called II, the cyanomethyl group is rotated 80.3° out of this plane. Conformer I has an energy that is 1.4(6) kJ/mol lower than the energy of II according to relative intensity measurements. A large number of rotational transitions have been assigned for the ground and vibrationally excited states of the two conformers and accurate spectroscopic constants have been obtained. These constants should predict frequencies of transitions outside the investigated spectral range with a very high degree of precision. It is suggested that cyanomethyl formate is a potential interstellar compound. This suggestion is based on the fact that its congener methyl formate (HC(O)OCH3) exists across a large variety of interstellar environments and the fact that cyanides are very prevalent in the Universe. The experimental work has been augmented by high-level quantum chemical calculations. The CCSD/cc-pVQZ calculations are found to predict structures of the two forms that are very close to the Born–Oppenheimer equilibrium structures. MP2/cc-pVTZ predictions of several vibration–rotation interaction constants were generally found to be rather inaccurate. A gas-phase reaction between methyl formate and the cyanomethyl radical CH2CN to produce a hydrogen atom and cyanomethyl formate was mimicked using MP2/cc-pVTZ calculations. It was found that this reaction is not favored thermodynamically. It is also conjectured that the possible formation of cyanomethyl formate might be catalyzed and take place on interstellar particles.

Distributed Denial of Service Attack Source Detection Using Efficient Traceback Technique (ETT) in Cloud-Assisted Healthcare Environment.

PubMed

Latif, Rabia; Abbas, Haider; Latif, Seemab; Masood, Ashraf

2016-07-01

Security and privacy are the first and foremost concerns that should be given special attention when dealing with Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). As WBAN sensors operate in an unattended environment and carry critical patient health information, Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack is one of the major attacks in WBAN environment that not only exhausts the available resources but also influence the reliability of information being transmitted. This research work is an extension of our previous work in which a machine learning based attack detection algorithm is proposed to detect DDoS attack in WBAN environment. However, in order to avoid complexity, no consideration was given to the traceback mechanism. During traceback, the challenge lies in reconstructing the attack path leading to identify the attack source. Among existing traceback techniques, Probabilistic Packet Marking (PPM) approach is the most commonly used technique in conventional IP- based networks. However, since marking probability assignment has significant effect on both the convergence time and performance of a scheme, it is not directly applicable in WBAN environment due to high convergence time and overhead on intermediate nodes. Therefore, in this paper we have proposed a new scheme called Efficient Traceback Technique (ETT) based on Dynamic Probability Packet Marking (DPPM) approach and uses MAC header in place of IP header. Instead of using fixed marking probability, the proposed scheme uses variable marking probability based on the number of hops travelled by a packet to reach the target node. Finally, path reconstruction algorithms are proposed to traceback an attacker. Evaluation and simulation results indicate that the proposed solution outperforms fixed PPM in terms of convergence time and computational overhead on nodes.

A Descriptive Analysis of Exercise Tolerance Test at Seremban Hospital : An Audit for the Year 2001

PubMed Central

Mohamed, Abdul Latiff; Nee, Chan Chee; Azzad, Ahmed

2004-01-01

Our purpose is to report on the epidemiological variables and their association with the results of the exercise tolerance test (ETT) in the series of patients referred for standard diagnostic ETT at Seremban Hospital during the year 2001. ETT is widely performed, but, in Malaysia, an analysis of the associations between the epidemiological data and the results of the ETT has not been presented. All patients referred for ETT at Seremban Hospital who underwent exercise treadmill tests for the year 2001 were taken as the study population. Demographic details and patients with established heart disease (i.e. prior coronary bypass surgery, myocardial infarction, or congestive heart failure) were noted. Clinical and ETT variables were collected retrospectively from the hospital records. Testing and data management were performed in a standardized fashion with a computer-assisted protocol. This study showed that there was no significant predictive epidemiological variable on the results of the ETT. However, it was found that there was statistically significant difference between the peak exercise time of males and females undergoing the ETT. PMID:22973128

An acoustical guidance and position monitoring system for endotracheal tubes.

PubMed

Mansfield, J P; Lyle, R P; Voorhees, W D; Wodicka, G R

1993-12-01

A prototype instrument to guide the placement and continuously monitor the position of an endotracheal tube (ETT) was developed. An incident audible sound pulse is introduced into the proximal ETT and detected as it travels down the ETT via a miniature microphone located in the wall. This pulse is then emitted from the tube tip into the airways and the reflected signal from the airways is detected by the microphone. A well defined reflection arises from the point where the total cross sectional area of the airways increases rapidly, and the difference in timing between detection of the incident pulse and this reflection is used to determine ETT position or movement. This reflection is not observed if the ETT is erroneously placed in the esophagus. The amplitude and polarity of an additional reflection that occurs at the ETT tip is used to estimate the cross-sectional area of the airway in which the ETT is placed. This combined information allows discrimination between tracheal and bronchial intubation and can be used to insure an adequate fit between the ETT and trachea. The instrument has proven extremely reliable in multiple intubations in eight canines and offers the potential to noninvasively and inexpensively monitor ETT position in a continuous manner.

Substrate Selectivity Check of the Ergothioneine Transporter.

PubMed

Tschirka, Julia; Kreisor, Madlen; Betz, Janina; Gründemann, Dirk

2018-06-01

The candidate vitamin ergothioneine (ET) is a unique antioxidant. Expression of the ET transporter (ETT) (gene symbol SLC22A4 ) in distinct cells is thought to signal intracellular ET activity, since we have previously shown that the ETT is highly selective for ET. Unfortunately, some continue to hold the ETT as a relevant drug transporter, using the misleading functional name OCTN1, novel organic cation transporter. The present study was provoked by two recent reports in which new ETT substrates were declared. Astonishingly, the transport efficiencies (TEs) of ETT for saracatinib and some nucleoside drugs were as high as the TE for ET. Here we examined, based on regulated expression of ETT from human and rat in 293 cells and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry quantification, the transport of several drugs. With the nucleosides cytarabine, gemcitabine, 2'-deoxycytidine, and 2'-deoxyadenosine, and the drugs saracatinib, ipratropium, metformin, and oxaliplatin, the uptake into cells expressing ETT was not increased over control cells. ETT-mediated uptake of gabapentin was detectable, but the TE was approximately 100-fold lower than the TE for ergothioneine (50-200 µ l/min per milligram of protein). In conclusion, the ETT remains highly specific for its physiologic substrate ergothioneine. Our results contradict several reports on additional substrates. The ETT does not provide multiple substrate specificities, and it is not a transporter of cationic drugs. Only compounds that are related to ET in substructure-for example, gabapentin, carnitine, and TEA-can be transported, but with very low efficiency. Thus, ETT persists as a specific molecular indicator of ET activity. Copyright © 2018 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.

Patency of paediatric endotracheal tubes for airway instrumentation.

PubMed

Elfgen, J; Buehler, P K; Thomas, J; Kemper, M; Imach, S; Weiss, M

2017-01-01

Airway exchange catheters (AEC) and fiberoptic bronchoscopes (FOB) for tracheal intubation are selected so that there is only a minimal gap between their outer and inner diameter of endotracheal tube (ETT) to minimize the risk of impingement during airway instrumentation. This study aimed to test the ease of passage of FOBs and AECs through paediatric ETT of different sizes and from different manufacturers when using current recommendations for dimensional equipment compatibility taken from text books and manufacturers information. Twelve different brands of cuffed and uncuffed ETT sized ID 2.5 to 5.0 mm were evaluated in an in vitro set-up. Ease of device passage as well as the locations of an impaired passage within the ETT were assessed. Redundant samples were used for same sized ETT and all measurements were triple-checked in randomized order. In total, 51 paired samples of uncuffed as well as cuffed paediatric ETT were tested. There were substantial differences in the ease of ETT passage concordantly for FOBs and AECs among different manufacturers, but also among the product lines from the same manufacturer for a given ID size. Restriction to passage most frequently was found near the endotracheal tube tip or as a gradually increasing resistance along the ETT shaft. Current recommendations for dimensional equipment compatibility AECs and FOBs with ETTs do not appear to be completely accurate for all ETT brands available. We recommend that specific equipment combinations always must be tested carefully together before attempting to use them in a patient. © 2016 The Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica Foundation. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Estimation of critical end-test torque using neuromuscular electrical stimulation of the quadriceps in humans.

PubMed

Janzen, Natalie R; Hight, Robert E; Patel, Darshit S; Campbell, Jason A; Larson, Rebecca D; Black, Christopher D

2018-05-02

Characterization of critical power/torque (CP/CT) during voluntary exercise requires maximal effort, making difficult for those with neuromuscular impairments. To address this issue we sought to determine if electrically stimulated intermittent isometric exercise resulted in a critical end-test torque (ETT) that behaved similar to voluntary CT. In the first experiment participants (n = 9) completed four bouts of stimulated exercise at a 3:2 duty cycle, at frequencies of 100, 50, 25 Hz, and a low frequency below ETT (Sub-ETT; ≤ 15 Hz). The second experiment (n = 20) consisted of four bouts at a 2:2 duty cycle-two bouts at 100 Hz, one at an intermediate frequency (15-30 Hz), and one at Sub-ETT. The third experiment (n = 12) consisted of two bouts at 50 Hz at a 3:2 duty* cycle with proximal blood flow occlusion during one of the bouts. ETT torque was similar (p ≥ 0.43) within and among stimulation frequencies in experiment 1. No fatigue was observed during the Sub-ETT bouts (p > 0.05). For experiment 2, ETT was similar at 100 Hz and at the intermediate frequency (p ≥ 0.29). Again, Sub-ETT stimulation did not result in fatigue (p > 0.05). Altering oxygen delivery by altering the duty cycle (3:2 vs. 2:2; p = 0.02) and by occlusion (p < 0.001) resulted in lower ETT values. Stimulated exercise resulted in an ETT that was consistent from day-to-day and similar regardless of initial torque, as long as that torque exceeded ETT, and was sensitive to oxygen delivery. As such we propose it represents a parameter similar to voluntary CT.

Randomized Pilot Trial of Two Modified Endotracheal Tubes To Prevent Ventilator-associated Pneumonia.

PubMed

Deem, Steven; Yanez, David; Sissons-Ross, Laura; Broeckel, Jo Ann Elrod; Daniel, Stephen; Treggiari, Miriam

2016-01-01

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a prevalent and costly nosocomial infection related to instrumentation of the airway with an endotracheal tube (ETT), enabling microaspiration of contaminated secretions. Modification of the ETT design to reduce microaspiration and/or biofilm formation may play an important role in VAP prevention. However, there is insufficient evidence to provide strong recommendations regarding the use of modified ETT and unaddressed safety concerns. We performed a pilot randomized controlled trial comparing two modified ETTs designed specifically to prevent VAP, with the standard ETT, to test the feasibility of and inform planning for a large, pivotal, randomized trial. This study was conducted with institutional review board approval under exception from informed consent. We randomized in a blinded fashion patients undergoing emergency endotracheal intubation both out of and in hospital to receive one of three different ETT types: (1) a polyurethane-cuffed tube (PUC-ETT), (2) a polyurethane-cuffed tube equipped with a port for continuous aspiration of subglottic secretions (PUC-CASS-ETT), or a (3) standard polyvinylchloride-cuffed tube (PVC-ETT). In addition to investigating feasibility and safety, the study coprimary end points were tracheal bacterial colonization reaching a cfu count >10(6) cfu per milliliter and the incidence of invasively diagnosed VAP. A total of 102 subjects were randomized and met the eligibility criteria. Randomization procedures performed well and integrity of blinding at randomization was maintained. The majority of intubations occurred in the hospital setting (n = 77), and the remainder occurred out of hospital (n = 25). Compared with the PVC-ETT, there were no significant differences in tracheal colonization for PUC-ETT (odds ratio [OR], 0.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.31-3.09) or for PUC-CASS-ETT (OR, 1.26; 95% CI, 0.42-3.76). There were no differences in the risk of invasively diagnosed VAP

Randomized Pilot Trial of Two Modified Endotracheal Tubes To Prevent Ventilator-associated Pneumonia

PubMed Central

Yanez, David; Sissons-Ross, Laura; Elrod Broeckel, Jo Ann; Daniel, Stephen; Treggiari, Miriam

2016-01-01

Rationale: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a prevalent and costly nosocomial infection related to instrumentation of the airway with an endotracheal tube (ETT), enabling microaspiration of contaminated secretions. Modification of the ETT design to reduce microaspiration and/or biofilm formation may play an important role in VAP prevention. However, there is insufficient evidence to provide strong recommendations regarding the use of modified ETT and unaddressed safety concerns. Objectives: We performed a pilot randomized controlled trial comparing two modified ETTs designed specifically to prevent VAP, with the standard ETT, to test the feasibility of and inform planning for a large, pivotal, randomized trial. Methods: This study was conducted with institutional review board approval under exception from informed consent. We randomized in a blinded fashion patients undergoing emergency endotracheal intubation both out of and in hospital to receive one of three different ETT types: (1) a polyurethane-cuffed tube (PUC-ETT), (2) a polyurethane-cuffed tube equipped with a port for continuous aspiration of subglottic secretions (PUC-CASS-ETT), or a (3) standard polyvinylchloride-cuffed tube (PVC-ETT). In addition to investigating feasibility and safety, the study coprimary end points were tracheal bacterial colonization reaching a cfu count >106 cfu per milliliter and the incidence of invasively diagnosed VAP. Measurements and Main Results: A total of 102 subjects were randomized and met the eligibility criteria. Randomization procedures performed well and integrity of blinding at randomization was maintained. The majority of intubations occurred in the hospital setting (n = 77), and the remainder occurred out of hospital (n = 25). Compared with the PVC-ETT, there were no significant differences in tracheal colonization for PUC-ETT (odds ratio [OR], 0.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.31–3.09) or for PUC-CASS-ETT (OR, 1.26; 95% CI, 0.42–3

Sorption-desorption of antimony species onto calcined hydrotalcite: Surface structure and control of competitive anions.

PubMed

Constantino, Leonel Vinicius; Quirino, Juliana Nunes; Abrão, Taufik; Parreira, Paulo Sérgio; Urbano, Alexandre; Santos, Maria Josefa

2018-02-15

Calcined hydrotalcite can be applied to remove anionic contaminants from aqueous systems such as antimony species due to its great anion exchange capacity and high surface area. Hence, this study evaluated antimonite and antimonate sorption-desorption processes onto calcined hydrotalcite in the presence of nitrate, sulfate and phosphate. Sorption and desorption experiments of antimonite and antimonate were carried out in batch equilibrium and the post-sorption solids were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF). Sorption data were better fitted by dual-mode Langmuir-Freundlich model (R 2 >0.99) and desorption data by Langmuir model. High maximum sorption capacities were found for the calcined hydrotalcite, ranging from 617 to 790meqkg -1 . The competing anions strongly affected the antimony sorption. EDXRF analysis and mathematical modelling showed that sulfate and phosphate presented higher effect on antimonite and antimonate sorption, respectively. High values for sorption efficiency (SE=99%) and sorption capacity were attributed to the sorbent small particles and the large surface area. Positive hysteresis indexes and low mobilization factors (MF>3%) suggest very low desorption capacity to antimony species from LDH. These calcined hydrotalcite characteristics are desirable for sorption of antimony species from aqueous solutions. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Tracheal-innominate artery fistula caused by the endotracheal tube tip: case report and investigation of a fatal complication of prolonged intubation.

PubMed

Siobal, M; Kallet, R H; Kraemer, R; Jonson, E; Lemons, D; Young, D; Campbell, A R; Schecter, W; Tang, J

2001-10-01

A patient with extensive burns was intubated with an 8.0 mm internal diameter endotracheal tube (ETT) equipped with a subglottic suction port (Mallinckrodt HiLo Evac). The ETT was secured to a left upper molar with wire sutures throughout the hospitalization course to ensure airway stability. On the 40th day of intubation, the patient exsanguinated and died from a tracheo-innominate artery fistula. Postmortem examination revealed a 1 cm lesion of the left anterior tracheal wall at the position of the ETT tip. The prolonged stationary position of the ETT was considered the primary factor responsible for the fistula. Yet tracheo-innominate artery fistula normally is associated with high cuff pressures rather than with the tube tip. The special ETT construction required for the subglottic suction feature was suspected to have increased tube rigidity and may have played a contributory role. The rigidity of the Mallinckrodt HiLo Evac was measured with a mechanical model and compared to 5 other commercially-available ETTs. Rigidity was expressed as the force generated by the ETT tip when the tube curvature was altered by 5 cm and 10 cm of flexion from its resting position. The mean force exerted by the Mallinckrodt HiLo Evac was 10.1 +/- 2.8 g at 5 cm of flexion and 17.7 +/- 5.1 g at 10 cm of flexion. This was significantly greater than all other ETT brands tested (by one-way analysis of variance and Student-Newman-Kuels test, p < 0.05). This case of fatal tracheo-innominate artery fistula formation associated with an ETT tip was unusual because of the extended duration of endotracheal intubation and the complexity of the patient's airway management problems. Our data suggest that the higher rigidity of the HiLo Evac ETT may have contributed to fistula development at the tube tip. However, we do not believe that the higher rigidity of the HiLo Evac ETT necessarily poses any greater risk than other ETTs under normal circumstances, in which the tube tip is not fixed in a

Effects of anatomical position on esophageal transit time: A biomagnetic diagnostic technique

PubMed Central

Cordova-Fraga, Teodoro; Sosa, Modesto; Wiechers, Carlos; la Roca-Chiapas, Jose Maria De; Moreles, Alejandro Maldonado; Bernal-Alvarado, Jesus; Huerta-Franco, Raquel

2008-01-01

AIM: To study the esophageal transit time (ETT) and compare its mean value among three anatomical inclinations of the body; and to analyze the correlation of ETT to body mass index (BMI). METHODS: A biomagnetic technique was implemented to perform this study: (1) The transit time of a magnetic marker (MM) through the esophagus was measured using two fluxgate sensors placed over the chest of 14 healthy subjects; (2) the ETT was assessed in three anatomical positions (at upright, fowler, and supine positions; 90º, 45º and 0º, respectively). RESULTS: ANOVA and Tuckey post-hoc tests demonstrated significant differences between ETT mean of the different positions. The ETT means were 5.2 ± 1.1 s, 6.1 ± 1.5 s, and 23.6 ± 9.2 s for 90º, 45º and 0º, respectively. Pearson correlation results were r = -0.716 and P < 0.001 by subjects’ anatomical position, and r = -0.024 and P > 0.05 according the subject’s BMI. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated that using this biomagnetic technique, it is possible to measure the ETT and the effects of the anatomical position on the ETT. PMID:18837088

The type III secretion system is involved in the invasion and intracellular survival of Escherichia coli K1 in human brain microvascular endothelial cells.

PubMed

Yao, Yufeng; Xie, Yi; Perace, Donna; Zhong, Yi; Lu, Jie; Tao, Jing; Guo, Xiaokui; Kim, Kwang Sik

2009-11-01

Type III secretion systems (T3SSs) have been documented in many Gram-negative bacteria, including enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. We have previously shown the existence of a putative T3SS in meningitis-causing E. coli K1 strains, referred to as E. coli type III secretion 2 (ETT2). The sequence of ETT2 in meningitis-causing E. coli K1 strain EC10 (O7:K1) revealed that ETT2 comprises the epr, epa and eiv genes, but bears mutations, deletions and insertions. We constructed the EC10 mutants deleted of ETT2 or eivA gene, and their contributions to bacterial pathogenesis were evaluated in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs). The deletion mutant of ETT2 exhibited defects in invasion and intracellular survival compared with the parental E. coli K1 strain EC10. The mutant deleted of eivA within ETT2 was also significantly defective in invasion and intracellular survival in HBMECs, and the defects of the eiv mutant were restored to the levels of the parent strain EC10 by transcomplementation. These findings suggest that ETT2 plays a role in the pathogenesis of E. coli K1 infection, including meningitis.

Utility of Pretest Probability and Exercise Treadmill Test in Korean Women with Suspected Coronary Artery Disease.

PubMed

Kim, Yong-Hyun; Shim, Wan-Joo; Kim, Myung-A; Hong, Kyung-Soon; Shin, Mi-Seung; Park, Seong-Mi; Cho, Kyoung Im; Kim, Mina; Kim, Sihun; Kim, Hak-Lyoung; Yoon, Hyun-Ju; Na, Jin-Oh; Kim, Sung-Eun

2016-06-01

Pretest probability (PTP) and an exercise treadmill test (ETT) are recommended for the initial evaluation of possible coronary artery disease (CAD), but the applicability of these tests in Korean women has not been evaluated. Korean women with PTP, ETT, and invasive coronary angiography results were enrolled. Across all PTP levels, PTP and ETT statistics were evaluated and independent CAD predictors obtained. Of the 335 patients (mean age 58.0 ± 10.2 years), 99 and 236 were in the low (LPTP) and intermediate PTP (IPTP) groups, respectively. The observed prevalence of CAD was significantly lower than the PTP. (7.1% vs. 9.1 ± 4.9% in LPTP, p < 0.001; 23.3% vs. 33.0 ± 15.1% in IPTP, p < 0.001) The ETT's sensitivity and positive predictive values (PPVs) appeared lower than previously reported (LPTP: 42.9% and 16.7%; IPTP: 61.8% and 37.0%), whereas the negative predictive values (NPVs) were higher (LPTP: 95.1%; IPTP: 85.4%). After multivariate adjustments, positive ETT (odds ratio 3.276, 95% confidence interval 1.643-6.532, p = 0.001) independently predicted the presence of CAD, but the PTP showed only marginal predictability (odds ratio 1.019, 95% confidence interval 0.998-1.041, p = 0.069). In Korean women, the observed prevalence of CAD was lower than the PTP, and PTP showed only marginal CAD predictability. Although a positive ETT independently predicted CAD, the ETT showed lower sensitivity and PPVs than previously reported. Despite the limited value of PTP and ETT, the high NPVs of ETT appear useful for saving patients from unnecessary further examinations.

Evaluating the effects of a 532-nm fiber-based KTP laser on transoral laser surgery supplies.

PubMed

Coughlan, Carolyn A; Verma, Sunil P

2013-11-01

The KTP laser has become commonplace in transoral head and neck surgery. The interactions of this laser with commonly used supplies in transoral surgery have not been formally examined. This study evaluates the effects of the KTP laser on surgical supplies. Experimental study. The study was conducted in an empty operating room at a university-affiliated medical center. An Aura XP 532-nm KTP laser with a 600-nm fiber was used in pulsed and continuous modes. The beam was focused at the shaft and balloon of 3 "laser-safe" endotracheal tubes (ETTs), a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) ETT, and a Codman surgical patty. Time to penetrate was recorded. Results The KTP laser beam was unable to penetrate any of the laser-resistant ETTs. It did react with the black number markings on the PVC ETT by producing sparks but was unable to penetrate the shaft of the ETT. The KTP laser was nonreactive with all ETT cuffs except in 1 of 3 trials with the outer balloon cuff of a Rusch Lasertubus ETT when the laser was used in a continuous mode. The KTP laser caused the production of a flame upon contact with the blue radiopaque strip of the surgical patty, even when the patty was wet. This study demonstrates that a number of safe ETT options may be used during transoral laser microsurgery with a KTP laser. In addition, Codman surgical patties are shown to be a significant fire risk in KTP laser surgery.

Validity of an Exercise Test Based on Habitual Gait Speed in Mobility-Limited Older Adults

PubMed Central

Li, Xin; Forman, Daniel E.; Kiely, Dan K.; LaRose, Sharon; Hirschberg, Ronald; Frontera, Walter R.; Bean, Jonathan F.

2013-01-01

Objective To evaluate whether a customized exercise tolerance testing (ETT) protocol based on an individual’s habitual gait speed (HGS) on level ground would be a valid mode of exercise testing older adults. Although ETT provides a useful means to risk-stratify adults, age-related declines in gait speed paradoxically limit the utility of standard ETT protocols for evaluating older adults. A customized ETT protocol may be a useful alternative to these standard methods, and this study hypothesized that this alternative approach would be valid. Design We performed a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a randomized controlled trial of older adults with observed mobility problems. Screening was performed using a treadmill-based ETT protocol customized for each individual’s HGS. We determined the content validity by assessing the results of the ETTs, and we evaluated the construct validity of treadmill time in relation to the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) and the Late Life Function and Disability Instrument (LLFDI). Setting Outpatient rehabilitation center. Participants Community-dwelling, mobility-limited older adults (N = 141). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Cardiac instability, ETT duration, peak heart rate, peak systolic blood pressure, PASE, and LLFDI. Results Acute cardiac instability was identified in 4 of the participants who underwent ETT. The remaining participants (n = 137, 68% female; mean age, 75.3y) were included in the subsequent analyses. Mean exercise duration was 9.39 minutes, with no significant differences in durations being observed after evaluating among tertiles by HGS status. Mean peak heart rate and mean peak systolic blood pressure were 126.6 beats/ min and 175.0mmHg, respectively. Within separate multivariate models, ETT duration in each of the 3 gait speed groups was significantly associated (P<.05) with PASE and LLFDI. Conclusions Mobility-limited older adults can complete this customized

Estimation of tracheal pressure and imposed expiratory work of breathing by the endotracheal tube, heat and moisture exchanger, and ventilator during mechanical ventilation.

PubMed

Uchiyama, Akinori; Yoshida, Takeshi; Yamanaka, Hidenori; Fujino, Yuji

2013-07-01

The resistance of the endotracheal tube (ETT), the heat and moisture exchanger (HME), and the ventilator may affect the patient's respiratory status. Although previous studies examined the inspiratory work of breathing (WOB), investigation of WOB in the expiratory phase is rare. We estimated tracheal pressure at the tip of the ETT (Ptrach) and calculated expiratory WOB imposed by the ETT, the HME, and the expiratory valve. We examined imposed expiratory WOB in patients under a continuous mandatory ventilation (CMV) mode and during spontaneous breathing trials (SBTs). We hypothesized that imposed expiratory WOB would increase with heightened ventilatory demand. We measured airway pressure (Paw) and respiratory flow (V). We estimated Ptrach using the equation Ptrach = Paw - K1 × V(K2) - 2.70 × V(L/s)(1.42). K1 and K2 were determined by the inner diameter (ID) of the ETT. Imposed expiratory WOB was calculated from the area of Ptrach above PEEP versus lung volume. We examined imposed expiratory WOB and imposed expiratory resistance in relation to mean expiratory flow. We examined 28 patients under CMV mode, and 29 during SBT. During both CMV and SBT, as mean expiratory flow increased, imposed expiratory WOB increased. The regression curves between mean expiratory flow (x) (L/s) and imposed expiratory WOB (y) (J/L) were y = 1.35x(0.83) (R(2) = 0.79) for 7 mm ID ETT under CMV, y = 1.12x(0.82) (R(2) = 0.73) for 8 mm ID ETT under CMV, y = 1.07x(1.04) (R(2) = 0.85) for 7 mm ID ETT during SBT, and y = 0.84x(0.93) (R(2) = 0.75) for 8 mm ID ETT during SBT. Levels of imposed expiratory WOB were affected by ETT diameter and ventilator mode. The reason for increasing imposed expiratory WOB was an increase in expiratory resistance imposed by the ETT and HME. Under mechanical ventilation, imposed expiratory WOB should be considered in patients with higher minute ventilation.

Evaluation of Endotracheal Tube Scraping on Airway Resistance.

PubMed

Scott, J Brady; Dubosky, Meagan N; Vines, David L; Sulaiman, Adewunmi S; Jendral, Kyle R; Singh, Gagan; Patel, Ankeet; Kaplan, Carl A; Gurka, David P; Balk, Robert A

2017-11-01

Spontaneous breathing trials (SBTs) are used to assess the readiness for discontinuation of mechanical ventilation. When airway resistance (R aw ) is elevated, the imposed work of breathing can lead to prolongation of mechanical ventilation. Biofilm and mucus build-up within the endotracheal tube (ETT) can increase R aw . Scraping the ETT can remove the biofilm build-up and decrease mechanical R aw . The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of ETT scraping on R aw . The secondary aim was to determine whether decreasing R aw would impact subsequent SBT success. Intubated, mechanically ventilated subjects were enrolled if they failed an SBT and had an R aw of > 10 cm H 2 O/L/s. SBT failure was based on institutional guidelines, and R aw was calculated by subtracting the difference between the measured peak and plateau pressures using a square flow waveform with an inspiratory flow set at 60 L/min. The endOclear device was inserted into the ETT and withdrawn per manufacturer's guidelines. Scraping was repeated until the ETT was cleared. Change in R aw was compared pre- and post-ETT scraping using a paired t test. A Mann-Whitney U test evaluated the difference in percentage change in R aw between SBT groups. Twenty-nine subjects completed the study. The mean pre- and post-ETT scraping R aw values were 15.17 ± 3.83 and 12.05 ± 3.19 cm H 2 O/L/s, respectively ( P < .001). Subsequent SBT success was 48%; however, there was no difference in percentage change in R aw between subsequent passed SBT (18.61% [interquartile range 8.90-33.93%]) and failed SBT (23.88% [interquartile range 0.00-34.80%]), U = 78.5, z = -0.284, P = .78. No adverse events were noted with ETT scraping. This study demonstrated that ETT scraping can reduce R aw . The decrease in R aw post-ETT scraping did not affect subsequent SBT success. Copyright © 2017 by Daedalus Enterprises.

Main Vacuum Technical Issues of Evacuated Tube Transportation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Y. P.; Li, S. S.; Wang, M. X.

In the future, Evacuated Tube Transportation (ETT) would be built and faster than jets. ETT tube with diameter 2∼4m and length over 1000 km will be the largest scale vacuum equipment on earth. This paper listed some main vacuum technical issues to be solved in ETT as follow. How to build ultra-large-scale vacuum chamber like ETT tube with low cost and high reliability? How to pump gas out off the ETT tube in short time? How to release heat or reduce temperature in the vacuum tube? Hot to avoid vacuum electricity discharge? How to manufacture vehicles with airproof shells and equip the life support system? How to detect leakage and find leakage position efficiently and fast as possible? Some relative solutions and suggestions are put up.

Pediatric Endotracheal Tube Cuff Pressures During Aeromedical Transport.

PubMed

Orsborn, Jonathan; Graham, James; Moss, Michele; Melguizo, Maria; Nick, Todd; Stroud, Michael

2016-01-01

Cuffed endotracheal tubes (ETTs) are frequently used in children, allowing fewer air leaks and helping prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia. Tracheal mucosal perfusion is compromised at an ETT cuff pressure (ETTCP) of 30 cm H2O with blood flow completely absent above 50 cm H2O. Our objective was to compare multiple pediatric-sized ETTCPs at ground level and various altitudes during aeromedical transport. Simulating the transport environment, 4 pediatric-sized mannequin heads were intubated with appropriately sized cuffed ETTs (3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0) and transported by helicopter or nonpressurized fixed-wing aircraft 20 times each. The ETTCP was set to 10 cm H2O before transport, and the pressure was measured with a standard manometer at 1000-ft intervals until reaching peak altitude or CP greater than 60 cm H2O. Ground elevation ranged from 400-650 ft mean sea level (MSL) and peak altitude from 3500 to 5000 ft MSL. Increased altitude caused a significant increase in ETTCP of all ETT sizes (P < 0.001). However, there is no statistical difference in pressures between ETT sizes (P = 0.28). On average, ETTCP in 3.0, 4.0, and 6.0 ETTs surpassed 30 cm H2O at approximately 1500 ft MSL and 50 cm H2O at approximately 2800 ft MSL. In the 5.0 ETT, the CP reached 30 cm H2O at 2000 ft MSL and 50 cm H2O at 3700 ft MSL. The ETTCP in pediatric-sized ETTs regularly exceed recommended pressure limits at relatively low altitudes. There is no additional pressure increase related to ETT size. This has the potential to decrease mucosal blood flow, possibly increasing risk of subsequent tracheal stenosis, rupture, and other complications.

Alkali oxide-tantalum, niobium and antimony oxide ionic conductors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Roth, R. S.; Brower, W. S.; Parker, H. S.; Minor, D. B.; Waring, J. L.

1975-01-01

The phase equilibrium relations of four systems were investigated in detail. These consisted of sodium and potassium antimonates with antimony oxide and tantalum and niobium oxide with rubidium oxide as far as the ratio 4Rb2O:llB2O5 (B=Nb, Ta). The ternary system NaSbO3-Sb2O4-NaF was investigated extensively to determine the actual composition of the body centered cubic sodium antimonate. Various other binary and ternary oxide systems involving alkali oxides were examined in lesser detail. The phases synthesized were screened by ion exchange methods to determine mobility of the mobility of the alkali ion within the niobium, tantalum or antimony oxide (fluoride) structural framework. Five structure types warranted further investigation; these structure types are (1) hexagonal tungsten bronze (HTB), (2) pyrochlore, (3) the hybrid HTB-pyrochlore hexagonal ordered phases, (4) body centered cubic antimonates and (5) 2K2O:3Nb2O5. Although all of these phases exhibit good ion exchange properties only the pyrochlore was prepared with Na(+) ions as an equilibrium phase and as a low porosity ceramic. Sb(+3) in the channel interferes with ionic conductivity in this case, although relatively good ionic conductivity was found for the metastable Na(+) ion exchanged analogs of RbTa2O5F and KTaWO6 pyrochlore phases.

Severed cuff inflation tubing of endotracheal tube: A novel way to prevent cuff deflation.

PubMed

Rao, Amrut K; Chaudhuri, Souvik; Joseph, Tim T; Kamble, Deependra; Gotur, Gopal; Venkatesh, Sandeep

2014-01-01

A well-secured endotracheal tube (ETT) is essential for safe anesthesia. The ETT has to be fixed with the adhesive plasters or with tie along with adhesive plasters appropriately. It is specially required in patients having beard, in intensive care unit (ICU) patients or in oral surgeries. If re-adjustment of the ETT is necessary, we should be cautious while removal of the plasters and tie, as there may be damage to the cuff inflation system. This can be a rare cause of ETT cuff leak, thus making maintenance of adequate ventilation difficult and requiring re-intubation. In a difficult airway scenario, it can be extremely challenging to re-intubate again. We report an incidence where the ETT cuff tubing was severed while attempting to re-adjust and re-fix the ETT and the patient required re-intubation. Retrospectively, we thought of and describe a safe, reliable and novel technique to prevent cuff deflation of the severed inflation tube. The technique can also be used to monitor cuff pressure in such scenarios.

A Novel Energetic Perchlorate Amine Salt: Synthesis, Properties, and Density Functional Theory Calculation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ma, Peng; Pan, Yong; Jiang, Juncheng; Zhu, Shunguan

2017-10-01

A novel explosive, ethylenediamine triethylenediamine tetraperchlorate (ETT), was synthesized by a rapid " one-pot" method. The molecular and crystal structures of ETT were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The purity of the ETT was characterized by hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (H-NMR) spectra and elemental analysis (EA). The chemical and physical properties of the co-crystal ETT were further explored including impact sensitivity, velocity of detonation, and thermal behavior. The impact sensitivity of the ETT (h50% = 9.50 cm) is much lower than that of its components, ethylenediamine diperchlorate (ED) (h50% = 5.60 cm) and triethylenediamine diperchlorate (TD) (h50% = 2.10 cm). The measured detonation velocity is 8956 m/s (ρ = 1.873 g/cm3), which is much higher than that of TNT (6900 m/s) or RDX (8350 m/s). The co-crystal ETT shows a unique thermal behavior with a decomposition peak temperature at 365 °C. Band structure and density of states (DOS) of the ETT were confirmed by the CASTEP code. The first-principles tight-binding method within the general gradient approximation (GGA) was employed to study the electronic band structure as well as the DOS and Fermi energy. Hirshfeld surfaces were applied to analyze the intermolecular interactions in the co-crystal, and the results showed that weak interaction was dominantly mediated by H … O hydrogen bond. By analyzing the bond length at different temperatures, N-H covalent bond is the trigger bond for the ETT.

Intramolecular and Lattice Dynamics in V6-nIVVnV O7(OCH3)12 Crystal

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yablokov, Yu. V.; Augustyniak-Jabłokow, M. A.; Borshch, S.; Daniel, C.; Hartl, H.

2006-08-01

Multi-nuclear mixed-valence clusters V4IVV2VO7(OCH3)12 were studied by X-band EPR in the temperature range 4.2-300 K. An isotropic exchange interactions between four VIV ions with individual spin Si=1/2 determine the energy levels structure of the compound with the total spin states S=0, 1, and 2, which are doubled and split due to the extra electron transfer. The spin-Hamiltonian approach was used for the analysis of the temperature dependences of the EPR spectra parameters and the cluster dynamics. Two types of the electron transfer are assumed: the single jump transfer leading to the splitting of the total spin states by intervals comparable in magnitude with the exchange parameter J≈100-150cm-1 and the double jump one resulting in dynamics. The dependence of the transition ratesνtr on the energy of the total spin states was observed. In particular, in the range 300-220 K the νtr ≈0.7×1010 cm-1 and below 180 K the νtr≈1×1010 cm-1 was estimated. The g-factors of the spin states were shown to depend on the values of the intermediate spins. A phase transition in the T-range 210-180 K leading to the change in the initial VIV ions localization was discovered.

Photodynamic therapy to destroy pneumonia associated microorganisms using external irradiation source

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bassi, Rosane; Myakawa, Walter; Navarro, Ricardo S.; Baptista, Alessandra; Ribeiro, Martha Simões; Nunez, Silvia Cristina

2018-02-01

An endotracheal tube (ETT) is required for the management of critically ill, mechanically ventilated patients. Ventilatorassociated pneumonia (VAP) affects patients hospitalized in intensive care units; its risk of occurrence is 1% to up 3% for each day of mechanical ventilation. The polymicrobial nature of VAP is established with mixed bacterial-fungal biofilms colonizing the ETT. The microbial interaction enhances the microbial pathogenesis contributing to high indexes of morbidity/mortality. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) could be a suitable therapy for decontamination of oral cavity and ETT at the same time, but the use of a fiber optics inside the ETT seems to not be appropriated since a cannula for secretion aspiration has to be introduced into the ETT to keep it's lumen. The aim of this study is to proof the concept that an external light source from a LED is capable of reach all areas of the ETT. We use a commercial ETT, 60μM methylene blue (MB), and a 660nm diode laser and calculated the transmission coefficient of light in different situations as only tube, tube with biofilm and biofilm+MB. The results prove that is possible to transmit light through the tube even in the presence of MB and biofilm although a high attenuation of about 60% was measured depending on the tested condition.

Sweden -- A Global Military Player?

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-21

www.regeringen.se/sb/d/9497/a/175367 (accessed January 5, 2012); Swedish Ministry of Defense, ―PFF:s planerings och översynsprocess – utvärdering...Defense, ―PFF:s planerings och översynsprocess – utvärdering 2011 – översättning av sammanfattning och slutsatser.‖ 32 European Parliament, Directorate...PFF:s planerings och översynsprocess – utvärdering 2011 – översättning av sammanfattning och slutsatser.‖ The Swedish Super Pumas have different

Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Antioxidant, and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities of Methoxy-substituted Benzohydrazide Derivatives

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Prachumrat, P.; Kobkeatthawin, T.; Ruanwas, P.; Boonnak, N.; Laphookhieo, S.; Kassim, M. B.; Chantrapromma, S.

2018-05-01

Eight methoxy substituted at the benzylidene moiety benzohydrazide derivatives [ R = 2-OCH3 ( 1), 3-OCH3 ( 2), 4-OCH3 ( 3), 2,3-(OCH3)2 ( 4), 3,4-(OCH3)2 ( 5), 2,4,5-(OCH3)3 ( 6), 2,4,6-(OCH3)3 ( 7), and 3,4,5-(OCH3)3 ( 8)] were synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR, FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The crystal structure of 4 was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction (sp. gr. Pbca, Z = 8). The molecule is slightly twisted with the dihedral angle between the two phenyl rings being 9.33(14)°. The methoxy group at the ortho position is twisted [C-O-C-C angle is-109.2(3)°] whereas the other at meta position is co-planar with the attached benzene ring. In the crystal packing, the molecules are linked into two-dimensional network parallel to the (001) plane by O-H···O, O-H···N, and N-H···O hydrogen bonds. Compounds 1-8 were evaluated for an antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities and the results suggested that the -OCH3 substituent was ineffective for bioactivity enhancement.

Tracheal palpation to assess endotracheal tube depth: an exploratory study.

PubMed

McKay, William P; Klonarakis, Jim; Pelivanov, Vladko; O'Brien, Jennifer M; Plewes, Chris

2014-03-01

Correct placement of the endotracheal tube (ETT) occurs when the distal tip is in mid-trachea. This study compares two techniques used to place the ETT at the correct depth during intubation: tracheal palpation vs placement at a fixed depth at the patient's teeth. With approval of the Research Ethics Board, we recruited American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I-II patients scheduled for elective surgery with tracheal intubation. Clinicians performing the tracheal intubations were asked to "advance the tube slowly once the tip is through the cords". An investigator palpated the patient's trachea with three fingers spread over the trachea from the larynx to the sternal notch. When the ETT tip was felt in the sternal notch, the ETT was immobilized and its position was determined by fibreoptic bronchoscopy. The position of the ETT tip was compared with our hospital standard, which is a depth at the incisors or gums of 23 cm for men and 21 cm for women. The primary outcome was the incidence of correct placement. Correct placement of the ETT was defined as a tip > 2.5 cm from the carina and > 3.5 cm below the vocal cords. Movement of the ETT tip was readily palpable in 77 of 92 patients studied, and bronchoscopy was performed in 85 patients. Placement by tracheal palpation resulted in more correct placements (71 [77%]; 95% confidence interval [CI] 74 to 81) than hospital standard depth at the incisors or gums (57 [61%]; 95% CI 58 to 66) (P = 0.037). The mean (SD) placement of the ETT tip in palpable subjects was 4.1 (1.7) cm above the carina, 1.9 cm (1.5-2.3 cm) below the ideal mid-tracheal position. Tracheal palpation requires no special equipment, takes only a few seconds to perform, and may improve ETT placement at the correct depth. Further studies are warranted.

MR Imaging of Uterine Epithelioid Trophoblastic Tumor: A Case Report

PubMed Central

KAGEYAMA, Sakiko; KANOTO, Masafumi; SUGAI, Yukio; SUTO, Takeshi; NAGASE, Satoru; OSAKABE, Mitsumasa; HOSOYA, Takaaki

2016-01-01

Epithelioid trophoblastic tumor (ETT) is a rare gestational trophoblastic neoplasm of chorionic-type intermediate trophoblasts, and it is most frequently located in the lower uterine segment and endocervix. Due to the epithelial-growth pattern with geographic necrosis exhibited by the neoplastic cells, ETT is commonly confused, both clinically and pathologically, with squamous cell carcinoma. Although there have been no previous reports of ETT focusing on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, we report a case of uterine ETT with special attention to the MRI findings referring to the pathological findings and MR images of previous reports. A 42-year-old Japanese woman (gravid 1, para 1) presented with uterus enlargement during screening, and complained of recent-onset lower abdominal pain. The MRI showed a solid tumor throughout the entire myometrium of the lower uterine segment, with the hemorrhagic cystic portion extending to the posterior subserosal space. Following hysterectomy, the final pathological diagnosis was ETT. An ETT is essentially a solid tumor composed of intermediate trophoblasts that exhibit an epithelial-like growth pattern and contain geographic necrosis with calcification. In our case, MRI revealed a non-specific-intensity solid tumor in the lower uterine segment with massive necrosis and hemorrhage extending to the subserosa. While it is difficult to distinguish between ETT and uterine carcinomas, recognition of certain tumor shapes and necrosis could enable more accurate diagnosis before treatment. PMID:27001388

Treatment of air pollution control residues with iron rich waste sulfuric acid: does it work for antimony (Sb)?

PubMed

Okkenhaug, Gudny; Breedveld, Gijs D; Kirkeng, Terje; Lægreid, Marit; Mæhlum, Trond; Mulder, Jan

2013-03-15

Antimony (Sb) in air pollution control (APC) residues from municipal solid waste incineration has gained increased focus due to strict Sb leaching limits set by the EU landfill directive. Here we study the chemical speciation and solubility of Sb at the APC treatment facility NOAH Langøya (Norway), where iron (Fe)-rich sulfuric acid (∼3.6M, 2.3% Fe(II)), a waste product from the industrial extraction of ilmenite, is used for neutralization. Antimony in water extracts of untreated APC residues occurred exclusively as pentavalent antimonate, even at low pH and Eh values. The Sb solubility increased substantially at pH<10, possibly due to the dissolution of ettringite (at alkaline pH) or calcium (Ca)-antimonate. Treated APC residues, stored anoxically in the laboratory, simulating the conditions at the NOAH Langøya landfill, gave rise to decreasing concentrations of Sb in porewater, occurring exclusively as Sb(V). Concentrations of Sb decreased from 87-918μgL(-1) (day 3) to 18-69μgL(-1) (day 600). We hypothesize that an initial sorption of Sb to Fe(II)-Fe(III) hydroxides (green rust) and eventually precipitation of Ca- and Fe-antimonates (tripuhyite; FeSbO4) occurred. We conclude that Fe-rich, sulfuric acid waste is efficient to immobilize Sb in APC residues from waste incineration. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A 72-hour study to test the efficacy and safety of the "Mucus Slurper" in mechanically ventilated sheep.

PubMed

Li Bassi, Gianluigi; Curto, Francesco; Zanella, Alberto; Stylianou, Mario; Kolobow, Theodor

2007-03-01

In patients intubated with endotracheal tubes (ETTs), suctioning is routinely performed to remove mucus from within the ETT and trachea. The Mucus Slurper is a novel ETT with built-in suction ports arranged radially at its tip. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the Mucus Slurper, compared with conventional tracheal suction, to prevent airway obstruction in sheep with the ETT and trachea oriented below horizontal. Prospective randomized animal study. Animal research facility at the National Institutes of Health. Twelve healthy sheep. Sheep were randomized to be intubated with either the Mucus Slurper (study group) or a Hi-Lo Tracheal Tube (Mallinckrodt, St. Louis, MO) (control group) and mechanically ventilated for 72 hrs. In the study group, automatic, timed tracheal aspiration lasted 0.3 secs, was repeated every 2 mins, and was synchronized with the early expiratory phase. In the control group, tracheal suction was performed every 6 hrs or as required. In the control group, tracheal secretions accumulated progressively within the ETT and the trachea. In the study group, all mucus that reached the tip of the Mucus Slurper was aspirated, keeping the lumen of the ETT, and proximal trachea, free from secretions. In the study group, expiratory water trap protein concentration, a crude index to measure mucus drainage through the ETT, was consistently less than the control group (p < .001). At autopsy, no macroscopic injury to the tracheal mucosa was found in either group. In the study group, the respiratory circuit was less colonized than in the control group. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in bacterial colonization of the lungs/bronchi. The Mucus Slurper, combined with orientation of the trachea below horizontal, prevents accumulation of secretions within the lumen of the ETT and trachea, without need for conventional tracheal suctioning.

The significance of early post-exercise ST segment normalization.

PubMed

Chow, Rudy; Fordyce, Christopher B; Gao, Min; Chan, Sammy; Gin, Kenneth; Bennett, Matthew

2015-01-01

The persistence of ST segment depression in recovery signifies a strongly positive exercise treadmill test (ETT). However, it is unclear if early recovery of ST segments portends a similar prognosis. We sought to determine if persistence of ST depression into recovery correlates with ischemic burden based on myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). This was a retrospective analysis of 853 consecutive patients referred for exercise MPI at a tertiary academic center over a 24-month period. Patients were stratified into three groups based on the results of the ETT: normal (negative ETT), persistence (positive ETT with >1mm ST segment depression at 1minute in recovery) and early normalization (positive ETT with <1mm ST segment depression at 1minute in recovery). Summed stress scores (SSSs) were calculated then for each patient, while the coronary anatomy was reported for the subset of patients who received coronary angiograms. A total of 513 patients had a negative ETT, 235 patients met criteria for early normalization, while 105 patients met criteria for persistence. The persistence group had a significantly greater SSS (8.48±7.77) than both the early normalization (4.34±4.98, p<0.001) and normal (4.47±5.31, p<0.001) groups. The SSSs of the early normalization and normal groups were not statistically different and met the prespecified non-inferiority margin (mean difference 0.12, -0.66=lower 95% CI, p<0.001). Among the 87 patients who underwent an angiogram, significant three-vessel or left main disease was seen in 39.3% of the persistence group compared with 5.9% of normal and 7.4% of early normalization groups. Among patients with an electrically positive ETT, recovery of ST segment depression within 1minute was associated with a lower SSS than patients with persistence of ST depression beyond 1minute. Furthermore, early ST segment recovery conferred a similar SSS to patients with a negative ETT. These results suggest that among patients evaluated for chest pain with

Altitude-Related Change in Endotracheal Tube Cuff Pressures in Helicopter EMS.

PubMed

Weisberg, Stacy N; McCall, Jonathan C; Tennyson, Joseph

2017-06-01

Over-inflation of endotracheal tube (ETT) cuffs has the potential to lead to scarring and stenosis of the trachea.1, 2,3, 4 The air inside an ETT cuff is subject to expansion as atmospheric pressure decreases, as happens with an increase in altitude. Emergency medical services helicopters are not pressurized, thereby providing a good environment for studying the effects of altitude changes ETT cuff pressures. This study aims to explore the relationship between altitude and ETT cuff pressures in a helicopter air-medical transport program. ETT cuffs were initially inflated in a nonstandardized manner and then adjusted to a pressure of 25 cmH 2 O. The pressure was again measured when the helicopter reached maximum altitude. A final pressure was recorded when the helicopter landed at the receiving facility. We enrolled 60 subjects in the study. The mean for initial tube cuff pressures was 70 cmH 2 O. Maximum altitude for the program ranged from 1,000-3,000 feet above sea level, with a change in altitude from 800-2,480 feet. Mean cuff pressure at altitude was 36.52 ± 8.56 cmH 2 O. Despite the significant change in cuff pressure at maximum altitude, there was no relationship found between the maximum altitude and the cuff pressures measured. Our study failed to demonstrate the expected linear relationship between ETT cuff pressures and the maximum altitude achieved during typical air-medical transportation in our system. At altitudes less than 3,000 feet above sea level, the effect of altitude change on ETT pressure is minimal and does not require a change in practice to saline-filled cuffs.

Endotracheal Tube Cuff Pressures in Patients Intubated Prior to Helicopter EMS Transport.

PubMed

Tennyson, Joseph; Ford-Webb, Tucker; Weisberg, Stacy; LeBlanc, Donald

2016-11-01

Endotracheal intubation is a common intervention in critical care patients undergoing helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) transportation. Measurement of endotracheal tube (ETT) cuff pressures is not common practice in patients referred to our service. Animal studies have demonstrated an association between the pressure of the ETT cuff on the tracheal mucosa and decreased blood flow leading to mucosal ischemia and scarring. Cuff pressures greater than 30 cmH 2 O impede mucosal capillary blood flow. Multiple prior studies have recommended 30 cmH 2 O as the maximum safe cuff inflation pressure. This study sought to evaluate the inflation pressures in ETT cuffs of patients presenting to HEMS. We enrolled a convenience sample of patients presenting to UMass Memorial LifeFlight who were intubated by the sending facility or emergency medical services (EMS) agency. Flight crews measured the ETT cuff pressures using a commercially available device. Those patients intubated by the flight crew were excluded from this analysis as the cuff was inflated with the manometer to a standardized pressure. Crews logged the results on a research form, and we analyzed the data using Microsoft Excel and an online statistical analysis tool. We analyzed data for 55 patients. There was a mean age of 57 years (range 18-90). The mean ETT cuff pressure was 70 (95% CI= [61-80]) cmH 2 O. The mean lies 40 cmH 2 O above the maximum accepted value of 30 cmH 2 O (p<0.0001). Eighty-four percent (84%) of patients encountered had pressures above the recommended maximum. The most frequently recorded pressure was >120 cmH 2 O, the maximum pressure on the analog gauge. Patients presenting to HEMS after intubation by the referral agency (EMS or hospital) have ETT cuffs inflated to pressures that are, on average, more than double the recommended maximum. These patients are at risk for tracheal mucosal injury and scarring from decreased mucosal capillary blood flow. Hospital and EMS providers should

H2O-CH4 and H2S-CH4 complexes: a direct comparison through molecular beam experiments and ab initio calculations.

PubMed

Cappelletti, David; Bartocci, Alessio; Frati, Federica; Roncaratti, Luiz F; Belpassi, Leonardo; Tarantelli, Francesco; Lakshmi, Prabha Aiswarya; Arunan, Elangannan; Pirani, Fernando

2015-11-11

New molecular beam scattering experiments have been performed to measure the total (elastic plus inelastic) cross sections as a function of the velocity in collisions between water and hydrogen sulfide projectile molecules and the methane target. Measured data have been exploited to characterize the range and strength of the intermolecular interaction in such systems, which are of relevance as they drive the gas phase molecular dynamics and the clathrate formation. Complementary information has been obtained by rotational spectra, recorded for the hydrogen sulfide-methane complex, with a pulsed nozzle Fourier transform microwave spectrometer. Extensive ab initio calculations have been performed to rationalize all the experimental findings. The combination of experimental and theoretical information has established the ground for the understanding of the nature of the interaction and allows for its basic components to be modelled, including charge transfer, in these weakly bound systems. The intermolecular potential for H2S-CH4 is significantly less anisotropic than for H2O-CH4, although both of them have potential minima that can be characterized as 'hydrogen bonded'.

Altitude-Related Change in Endotracheal Tube Cuff Pressures in Helicopter EMS

PubMed Central

Weisberg, Stacy N.; McCall, Jonathan C.; Tennyson, Joseph

2017-01-01

Introduction Over-inflation of endotracheal tube (ETT) cuffs has the potential to lead to scarring and stenosis of the trachea.1, 2,3, 4 The air inside an ETT cuff is subject to expansion as atmospheric pressure decreases, as happens with an increase in altitude. Emergency medical services helicopters are not pressurized, thereby providing a good environment for studying the effects of altitude changes ETT cuff pressures. This study aims to explore the relationship between altitude and ETT cuff pressures in a helicopter air-medical transport program. Methods ETT cuffs were initially inflated in a nonstandardized manner and then adjusted to a pressure of 25 cmH2O. The pressure was again measured when the helicopter reached maximum altitude. A final pressure was recorded when the helicopter landed at the receiving facility. Results We enrolled 60 subjects in the study. The mean for initial tube cuff pressures was 70 cmH2O. Maximum altitude for the program ranged from 1,000–3,000 feet above sea level, with a change in altitude from 800–2,480 feet. Mean cuff pressure at altitude was 36.52 ± 8.56 cmH2O. Despite the significant change in cuff pressure at maximum altitude, there was no relationship found between the maximum altitude and the cuff pressures measured. Conclusion Our study failed to demonstrate the expected linear relationship between ETT cuff pressures and the maximum altitude achieved during typical air-medical transportation in our system. At altitudes less than 3,000 feet above sea level, the effect of altitude change on ETT pressure is minimal and does not require a change in practice to saline-filled cuffs. PMID:28611883

Neural control of ventilation prevents both over-distension and de-recruitment of experimentally injured lungs.

PubMed

Brander, Lukas; Moerer, Onnen; Hedenstierna, Göran; Beck, Jennifer; Takala, Jukka; Slutsky, Arthur S; Sinderby, Christer

2017-03-01

Endogenous pulmonary reflexes may protect the lungs during mechanical ventilation. We aimed to assess integration of continuous neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (cNAVA), delivering assist in proportion to diaphragm's electrical activity during inspiration and expiration, and Hering-Breuer inflation and deflation reflexes on lung recruitment, distension, and aeration before and after acute lung injury (ALI). In 7 anesthetised rabbits with bilateral pneumothoraces, we identified adequate cNAVA level (cNAVA AL ) at the plateau in peak ventilator pressure during titration procedures before (healthy lungs with endotracheal tube, [HL ETT ]) and after ALI (endotracheal tube [ALI ETT ] and during non-invasive ventilation [ALI NIV ]). Following titration, cNAVA AL was maintained for 5min. In 2 rabbits, procedures were repeated after vagotomy (ALI ETT+VAG ). In 3 rabbits delivery of assist was temporarily modulated to provide assist on inspiration only. Computed tomography was performed before intubation, before ALI, during cNAVA titration, and after maintenance at cNAVA AL . During ALI ETT and ALI NIV , normally aerated lung-regions doubled and poorly aerated lung-regions decreased to less than a third (p<0.05) compared to HL ETT ; no over-distension was observed. Tidal volumes were<5ml/kg throughout. Removing assist during expiration resulted in lung de-recruitment during ALI ETT , but not during ALI NIV . During ALI ETT+VAG the expiratory portion of EAdi disappeared, resulting in cyclic lung collapse and recruitment. When using cNAVA in ALI, vagally mediated reflexes regulated lung recruitment preventing both lung over-distension and atelectasis. During non-invasive cNAVA the upper airway muscles play a role in preventing atelectasis. Future studies should be performed to compare these findings with conventional lung-protective approaches. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effects of Tribulus terrestris on monosodium iodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis pain in rats

PubMed Central

Park, Young Jin; Cho, Young-Rak; Oh, Joa Sub; Ahn, Eun-Kyung

2017-01-01

Tribulus terrestris L. (T. terrestris) has been used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of diuretic, lithontriptic, edema and urinary infections. Previous studies have indicated that it is effective in improving inflammation by regulating tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, nitric oxide (NO) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. However, the effects and mechanism of action of T. terrestris on osteoarthritis (OA) remain unknown. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of the ethanolic extract of T. terrestris (ETT) in a monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced OA animal model. OA was induced in LEW/SSNHSD rats by intra-articular injection of MIA. Morphometric changes and parameters of the tibial trabecular bone were determined using micro-computed tomography. The molecular mechanisms of ETT in OA were investigated using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and gelatin zymogram analysis. Treatment with ETT attenuated MIA-induced OA, and this effect was mediated by the downregulation of NO synthase 2, COX-2, TNF-α and IL-6. Furthermore, the ETT-mediated attenuation of OA was also dependent on the expression of matrix metalloproteinases-2 and −9. The results of the current study indicate that further evaluation of the mechanisms underlying the attenuation of MIA-induced OA by ETT are required, and may support the development of ETT as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as OA. PMID:28849084

Electrochemical storage cell containing a substituted anisole or di-anisole redox shuttle additive for overcharge protection and suitable for use in liquid organic and solid polymer electrolytes

DOEpatents

Kerr, John B.; Tian, Minmin

2000-01-01

A electrochemical cell is described comprising an anode, a cathode, a solid polymer electrolyte, and a redox shuttle additive to protect the cell against overcharging and a redox shuttle additive to protect the cell against overcharging selected from the group consisting of: (a) a substituted anisole having the general formula (in an uncharged state): ##STR1## where R.sub.1 is selected from the group consisting of H, OCH.sub.3, OCH.sub.2 CH.sub.3, and OCH.sub.2 phenyl, and R.sub.2 is selected from the group consisting of OCH.sub.3, OCH.sub.2 CH.sub.3, OCH.sub.2 phenyl, and O.sup.- Li.sup.+ ; and (b) a di-anisole compound having the general formula (in an uncharged state): ##STR2## where R is selected from the group consisting of -OCH.sub.3 and -CH.sub.3, m is either 1 or 0, n is either 1 or 0, and X is selected from the group consisting of -OCH.sub.3 (methoxy) or its lithium salt --O.sup.- Li.sup.+. The lithium salt of the di-anisole is the preferred form of the redox shuttle additive because the shuttle anion will then initially have a single negative charge, it loses two electrons when it is oxidized at the cathode, and then moves toward the anode as a single positively charged species where it is then reduced to a single negatively charged species by gaining back two electrons.

VAPOR PRESSURES, LIQUID MOLAR VOLUMES, VAPOR NON- IDEALITIES, AND CRITICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME FLUORINATED ETHERS: CF3OCF2OCF3, CF3OCF2 CF2H, c-CF2CF2CF2O, CF3OCF2H, AND CF3OCH3; AND OF CCl3F AND CF2ClH

EPA Science Inventory

Vapor pressures, compressibilities, expansivities, and molar volumes of the liquid phase have been measured between room temperature and the critical temperature for a series of fluorinated ethers: CF3OCF2OCF3, CF3OCF2CF2H, c-CF2CF2CF2O, CF3OCF2H, and CF3OCH3. Vapor-phase non-ide...

In Vitro Metabolism of 20(R)-25-Methoxyl-Dammarane-3, 12, 20-Triol from Panax notoginseng in Human, Monkey, Dog, Rat, and Mouse Liver Microsomes

PubMed Central

Li, Wei; Liu, Li; Sun, Baoshan; Guo, Zhenghong; Shi, Caihong; Zhao, Yuqing

2014-01-01

The present study characterized in vitro metabolites of 20(R)-25-methoxyl-dammarane-3β, 12β, 20-triol (20(R)-25-OCH3-PPD) in mouse, rat, dog, monkey and human liver microsomes. 20(R)-25-OCH3-PPD was incubated with liver microsomes in the presence of NADPH. The reaction mixtures and the metabolites were identified on the basis of their mass profiles using LC-Q/TOF and were quantified using triple quadrupole instrument by multiple reaction monitoring. A total of 7 metabolites (M1–M7) of the phase I metabolites were detected in all species. 25(R)-OCH3-PPD was metabolized by hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, and O-demethylation. Enzyme kinetic of 20(R)-25-OCH3-PPD metabolism was evaluated in rat and human hepatic microsomes. Incubations studies with selective chemical inhibitors demonstrated that the metabolism of 20(R)-25-OCH3-PPD was primarily mediated by CYP3A4. We conclude that 20(R)-25-OCH3-PPD was metabolized extensively in mammalian species of mouse, rat, dog, monkey, and human. CYP3A4-catalyzed oxygenation metabolism played an important role in the disposition of 25(R)-OCH3-PPD, especially at the C-20 hydroxyl group. PMID:24736630

Endotracheal Tube Cuff Pressures in Patients Intubated Prior to Helicopter EMS Transport

PubMed Central

Tennyson, Joseph; Ford-Webb, Tucker; Weisberg, Stacy; LeBlanc, Donald

2016-01-01

Introduction Endotracheal intubation is a common intervention in critical care patients undergoing helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) transportation. Measurement of endotracheal tube (ETT) cuff pressures is not common practice in patients referred to our service. Animal studies have demonstrated an association between the pressure of the ETT cuff on the tracheal mucosa and decreased blood flow leading to mucosal ischemia and scarring. Cuff pressures greater than 30 cmH2O impede mucosal capillary blood flow. Multiple prior studies have recommended 30 cmH2O as the maximum safe cuff inflation pressure. This study sought to evaluate the inflation pressures in ETT cuffs of patients presenting to HEMS. Methods We enrolled a convenience sample of patients presenting to UMass Memorial LifeFlight who were intubated by the sending facility or emergency medical services (EMS) agency. Flight crews measured the ETT cuff pressures using a commercially available device. Those patients intubated by the flight crew were excluded from this analysis as the cuff was inflated with the manometer to a standardized pressure. Crews logged the results on a research form, and we analyzed the data using Microsoft Excel and an online statistical analysis tool. Results We analyzed data for 55 patients. There was a mean age of 57 years (range 18–90). The mean ETT cuff pressure was 70 (95% CI= [61–80]) cmH2O. The mean lies 40 cmH2O above the maximum accepted value of 30 cmH2O (p<0.0001). Eighty-four percent (84%) of patients encountered had pressures above the recommended maximum. The most frequently recorded pressure was >120 cmH2O, the maximum pressure on the analog gauge. Conclusion Patients presenting to HEMS after intubation by the referral agency (EMS or hospital) have ETT cuffs inflated to pressures that are, on average, more than double the recommended maximum. These patients are at risk for tracheal mucosal injury and scarring from decreased mucosal capillary blood flow

40 CFR 421.142 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE... contained in sodium antimonate product Antimony 44.840 20.000 Arsenic 32.650 14.530 Mercury 3.906 1.562... Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average mg/kg (pounds per million pounds) of antimony metal...

Audit of Endotracheal Tube Suction in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit.

PubMed

Davies, Kylie; Bulsara, Max K; Ramelet, Anne-Sylvie; Monterosso, Leanne

2017-02-01

We report outcomes of a clinical audit examining criteria used in clinical practice to rationalize endotracheal tube (ETT) suction, and the extent these matched criteria in the Endotracheal Suction Assessment Tool(ESAT)©. A retrospective audit of patient notes ( N = 292) and analyses of criteria documented by pediatric intensive care nurses to rationalize ETT suction were undertaken. The median number of documented respiratory and ventilation status criteria per ETT suction event that matched the ESAT© criteria was 2 [Interquartile Range (IQR) 1-6]. All criteria listed within the ESAT© were documented within the reviewed notes. A direct link was established between criteria used for current clinical practice of ETT suction and the ESAT©. The ESAT©, therefore, reflects documented clinical decision making and could be used as both a clinical and educational guide for inexperienced pediatric critical care nurses. Modification to the ESAT © requires "preparation for extubation" to be added.

The minimal leak test technique for endotracheal cuff maintenance.

PubMed

Harvie, D A; Darvall, J N; Dodd, M; De La Cruz, A; Tacey, M; D'Costa, R L; Ward, D

2016-09-01

Endotracheal tube (ETT) cuff pressure management is an essential part of airway management in intubated and mechanically ventilated patients. Both under- and over-inflation of the ETT cuff can lead to patient complications, with an ideal pressure range of 20-30 cmH 2 O defined. A range of techniques are employed to ensure adequate ETT cuff inflation, with little comparative data. We performed an observational cross-sectional study in a tertiary metropolitan ICU, assessing the relationship between the minimal leak test and cuff manometry. Forty-five mechanically ventilated patients, over a three-month period, had ETT cuff manometry performed at the same time as their routine cuff maintenance (minimal leak test). Bedside nurse measurements were compared with investigator measurements. At the endpoint of cuff inflation, 20 of 45 patients (44%) had cuff pressures between 20 and 30 cmH 2 O; 11 of 45 patients (24%) had cuff pressures <20 cmH 2 O; 14 of 45 patients (31%) had cuff pressures ≥30 cmH 2 O. Univariate analysis demonstrated an association between both patient obesity and female gender requiring less ETT cuff volume ( P =0.008 and P <0.001 respectively), though this association was lost on multivariate analysis. No association was demonstrated between any measured variables and cuff pressures. Inter-operator reliability in performing the minimal leak test showed no evidence of bias between nurse and investigators (Pearson coefficient = 0.897). We conclude the minimal leak test for maintenance of ETT cuffs leads to both over- and under-inflation, and alternative techniques, such as cuff manometry, should be employed.

Front teeth-to-carina distance in children undergoing cardiac catheterization.

PubMed

Hunyady, Agnes I; Pieters, Benjamin; Johnston, Troy A; Jonmarker, Christer

2008-06-01

Knowledge of normal front teeth-to-carina distance (FT-C) might prevent accidental bronchial intubation. The aim of the current study was to measure FT-C and to examine whether the Morgan formula for oral intubation depth, i.e., endotracheal tube (ETT) position at front teeth (cm) = 0.10 x height (cm) + 5, gives appropriate guidance when intubating children of different ages. FT-C was measured in 170 infants and children, aged 1 day to 19 yr, undergoing cardiac catheterization. FT-C was obtained as the sum of the ETT length at the upper front teeth/dental ridge and the distance from the ETT tip to the carina. The latter measure was taken from an anterior-posterior chest x-ray. There was close linear correlation between FT-C and height: FT-C (cm) = 0.12 x height (cm) + 5.2, R = 0.98. The linear correlation coefficients (R) for FT-C versus weight and age were 0.78 and 0.91, respectively. If the Morgan formula had been used for intubation, the ETT tip would have been at 90 +/- 4% of FT-C. No patient would have been bronchially intubated, but the ETT tip would have been less than 0.5 cm from the carina in 13 infants. FT-C can be well predicted from the height/length of the child. The Morgan formula provides good guidance for intubation in children but can result in a distal ETT tip position in small infants. Careful auscultation is necessary to ensure correct tube position.

The impact of hospital-wide use of a tapered-cuff endotracheal tube on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia.

PubMed

Bowton, David L; Hite, R Duncan; Martin, R Shayn; Sherertz, Robert

2013-10-01

Aspiration of colonized oropharyngeal secretions is a major factor in the pathogenesis of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). A tapered-cuff endotracheal tube (ETT) has been demonstrated to reduce aspiration around the cuff. Whether these properties are efficacious in reducing VAP is not known. This 2-period, investigator-initiated observational study was designed to assess the efficacy of a tapered-cuff ETT to reduce the VAP rate. All intubated, mechanically ventilated patients over the age of 18 were included. During the baseline period a standard, barrel-shaped-cuff ETT (Mallinckrodt Hi-Lo) was used. All ETTs throughout the hospital were then replaced with a tapered-cuff ETT (TaperGuard). The primary outcome variable was the incidence of VAP per 1,000 ventilator days. We included 2,849 subjects, encompassing 15,250 ventilator days. The mean ± SD monthly VAP rate was 3.29 ± 1.79/1,000 ventilator days in the standard-cuff group and 2.77 ± 2.00/1,000 ventilator days in the tapered-cuff group (P = .65). While adherence to the VAP prevention bundle was high throughout the study, bundle adherence was significantly higher during the standard-cuff period (96.5 ± 2.7%) than in the tapered-cuff period (90.3 ± 3.5%, P = .01). In the setting of a VAP rate very near the average of ICUs in the United States, and where there was high adherence to a VAP prevention bundle, the use of a tapered-cuff ETT was not associated with a reduction in the VAP rate.

Assessing cognitive functioning in females with Rett syndrome by eye-tracking methodology.

PubMed

Ahonniska-Assa, Jaana; Polack, Orli; Saraf, Einat; Wine, Judy; Silberg, Tamar; Nissenkorn, Andreea; Ben-Zeev, Bruria

2018-01-01

While many individuals with severe developmental impairments learn to communicate with augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) devices, a significant number of individuals show major difficulties in the effective use of AAC. Recent technological innovations, i.e., eye-tracking technology (ETT), aim to improve the transparency of communication and may also enable a more valid cognitive assessment. To investigate whether ETT in forced-choice tasks can enable children with very severe motor and speech impairments to respond consistently, allowing a more reliable evaluation of their language comprehension. Participants were 17 girls with Rett syndrome (M = 6:06 years). Their ability to respond by eye gaze was first practiced with computer games using ETT. Afterwards, their receptive vocabulary was assessed using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-4 (PPVT-4). Target words were orally presented and participants responded by focusing their eyes on the preferred picture. Remarkable differences between the participants in receptive vocabulary were demonstrated using ETT. The verbal comprehension abilities of 32% of the participants ranged from low-average to mild cognitive impairment, and the other 68% of the participants showed moderate to severe impairment. Young age at the time of assessment was positively correlated with higher receptive vocabulary. The use of ETT seems to make the communicational signals of children with severe motor and communication impairments more easily understood. Early practice of ETT may improve the quality of communication and enable more reliable conclusions in learning and assessment sessions. Copyright © 2017 European Paediatric Neurology Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Vitamin K3 analogs induce selective tumor cytotoxicity in neuroblastoma.

PubMed

Kitano, Toru; Yoda, Hiroyuki; Tabata, Keiichi; Miura, Motofumi; Toriyama, Masaharu; Motohashi, Shigeyasu; Suzuki, Takashi

2012-01-01

We investigated the cytotoxicity of eight vitamin K3 (VK3) analogs against neuroblastoma cell lines (IMR-32, LA-N-1, NB-39, and SK-N-SH) and normal cell lines (human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and human dermal fibroblasts (HDF)) using a 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. 2-[(2-Methoxy)ethylthio]-3-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (VK3-OCH(3)) showed especially potent cytotoxic activities against neuroblastoma cells compared with normal cells. In a Hoechst 33342 staining experiment, apoptotic morphologies characterized by cell shrinkage, nuclear condensation, and nuclear fragmentation were observed in IMR-32 and LA-N-1 cells after 48 h of treatment with 10(-5) M of VK3-OCH(3). To clarify the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis induced by VK3-OCH(3), we examined the expression of apoptosis related proteins using a Proteome Profiler Array and western blotting. Heme oxygenase (HO)-1 was remarkably increased by VK3-OCH(3) compared with the control (173% in IMR-32 and 170% in LA-N-1 at 24 h). Moreover, caveolin-1 was induced by VK3-OCH(3) at 48 h. In addition, VK3-OCH(3) arrested the cell cycle at the G2/M phase in IMR-32 cells. These results suggest that VK3-OCH(3) exhibited a selective antitumor activity via HO-1-related mechanisms.

Effect of heat and moisture exchanger (HME) positioning on inspiratory gas humidification

PubMed Central

Inui, Daisuke; Oto, Jun; Nishimura, Masaji

2006-01-01

Background In mechanically ventilated patients, we investigated how positioning the heat and moisture exchanger (HME) at different places on the ventilator circuit affected inspiratory gas humidification. Methods Absolute humidity (AH) and temperature (TEMP) at the proximal end of endotracheal tube (ETT) were measured in ten mechanically ventilated patients. The HME was connected either directly proximal to the ETT (Site 1) or at before the circuit Y-piece (Site 2: distance from proximal end of ETT and Site 2 was about 19 cm) (Figure. 1). Two devices, Hygrobac S (Mallinckrodt Dar, Mirandola, Italy) and Thermovent HEPA (Smiths Medical International Ltd., Kent, UK) were tested. AH and TEMP were measured with a hygrometer (Moiscope, MERA Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). Results Hygrobac S provided significantly higher AH and TEMP at both sites than Thermovent HEPA. Both Hygrobac S and with Thermovent HEPA provided significantly higher AH and TEMP when placed proximally to the ETT. Conclusion Although placement proximal to the ETT improved both AH and TEMP in both HMEs tested, one HME performed better in the distal position than the other HME in the proximal position. We conclude the both the type and placement of HME can make a significant difference in maintaining AH and TEMP during adult ventilation. PMID:16895607

Effect of heat and moisture exchanger (HME) positioning on inspiratory gas humidification.

PubMed

Inui, Daisuke; Oto, Jun; Nishimura, Masaji

2006-08-08

In mechanically ventilated patients, we investigated how positioning the heat and moisture exchanger (HME) at different places on the ventilator circuit affected inspiratory gas humidification. Absolute humidity (AH) and temperature (TEMP) at the proximal end of endotracheal tube (ETT) were measured in ten mechanically ventilated patients. The HME was connected either directly proximal to the ETT (Site 1) or at before the circuit Y-piece (Site 2: distance from proximal end of ETT and Site 2 was about 19 cm) (Figure. 1). Two devices, Hygrobac S (Mallinckrodt Dar, Mirandola, Italy) and Thermovent HEPA (Smiths Medical International Ltd., Kent, UK) were tested. AH and TEMP were measured with a hygrometer (Moiscope, MERA Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). Hygrobac S provided significantly higher AH and TEMP at both sites than Thermovent HEPA. Both Hygrobac S and with Thermovent HEPA provided significantly higher AH and TEMP when placed proximally to the ETT. Although placement proximal to the ETT improved both AH and TEMP in both HMEs tested, one HME performed better in the distal position than the other HME in the proximal position. We conclude the both the type and placement of HME can make a significant difference in maintaining AH and TEMP during adult ventilation.

Community analysis of dental plaque and endotracheal tube biofilms from mechanically ventilated patients.

PubMed

Marino, Poala J; Wise, Matt P; Smith, Ann; Marchesi, Julian R; Riggio, Marcello P; Lewis, Michael A O; Williams, David W

2017-06-01

Mechanically ventilated patients are at risk for developing ventilator-associated pneumonia, and it has been reported that dental plaque provides a reservoir of respiratory pathogens that may aspirate to the lungs and endotracheal tube (ETT) biofilms. For the first time, metataxonomics was used to simultaneously characterize the microbiome of dental plaque, ETTs, and non-directed bronchial lavages (NBLs) in mechanically ventilated patients to determine similarities in respective microbial communities and therefore likely associations. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences from 34 samples of dental plaque, NBLs, and ETTs from 12 adult mechanically ventilated patients were analyzed. No significant differences in the microbial communities of these samples were evident. Detected bacteria were primarily oral species (e.g., Fusobacterium nucleatum, Streptococcus salivarius, Prevotella melaninogenica) with respiratory pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcuspneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae) also in high abundance. The high similarity between the microbiomes of dental plaque, NBLs, and ETTs suggests that the oral cavity is indeed an important site involved in microbial aspiration to the lower airway and ETT. As such, maintenance of good oral hygiene is likely to be highly important in limiting aspiration of bacteria in this vulnerable patient group. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Access to Ophthalmologists in States Where Optometrists Have Expanded Scope of Practice.

PubMed

Stein, Joshua D; Kapoor, Kapil G; Tootoo, Joshua L; Li, Ruiyang; Wagner, Alan; Andrews, Chris; Miranda, Marie Lynn

2018-01-01

As the United States considers how to best structure its health care services, specialty care availability is receiving increased focus. This study assesses whether patients lack reasonable access to ophthalmologists in states where optometrists have been granted expanded scope of practice. To determine the estimated travel time (ETT) to the nearest ophthalmologist office for persons residing in states that have expanded scope of practice for optometrists, and to quantify ETT to the nearest ophthalmologist for Medicare beneficiaries who received surgical care from optometrists in those states between 2008 and 2014. This study used data from the 2010 US census, a 2016 American Academy of Ophthalmology member database, and a data set of claims data for a random sample of 20% of beneficiaries enrolled in Medicare nationwide from 2008 to 2014 (n=14 063 725). Combining these sources with geographic information systems analysis, the ETT to the nearest ophthalmologist office was calculated for every resident of Kentucky, Oklahoma, and New Mexico. This study also assessed ETT to the nearest ophthalmologist for Medicare beneficiaries in those states who had received surgery from an optometrist from 2008 to 2014. Data analyses were conducted from July 2016 to July 2017. The proportion of residents of Kentucky, Oklahoma, and New Mexico who live within an ETT of 10, 30, 45, 60, or 90 minutes of the nearest ophthalmologist office. The study included 4 339 367 Kentucky residents, 3 751 351 Oklahoma residents, and 2 059 179 New Mexico residents. Of these, 5 140 547 (50.6%) were female. Racial/ethnic composition included 7 154 847 people (70.5%) who were white, 640 608 (6.3%) who were black, and 1 418 246 (14.0%) who were Hispanic. The mean (SD) age was 37.8 (22.8) years. More than 75% of residents in the 3 states lived within an ETT of 30 minutes to the nearest ophthalmology office, and 94% to 99% of residents lived within an ETT of 60 minutes to the

40 CFR 421.143 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Primary... sodium antimonate product Antimony 30.150 13.440 Arsenic 21.720 9.687 Mercury 2.344 0.937 (b) Fouled... any 1 day Maximum for monthly average mg/kg pounds per million pounds of antimony metal produced by...

Improved oral bioavailability of 20(R)-25-methoxyl-dammarane-3β, 12β, 20-triol using nanoemulsion based on phospholipid complex: design, characterization, and in vivo pharmacokinetics in rats

PubMed Central

Zhang, Xiangrong; Zhang, Yi; Guo, Shuang; Bai, Feifei; Wu, Tong; Zhao, Yuqing

2016-01-01

The aim of the study was to improve the oral absorption of the compound 25-OCH3-PPD with poor hydrophilicity and lipophilicity. 25-OCH3-PPD-phospholipid complex was prepared by solvent evaporation, then characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, and infrared absorption spectroscopy. The aqueous solubility and oil–water partition coefficient were compared with the free compound. A nanoemulsion loaded with 25-OCH3-PPD-phospholipid complex was developed by dissolving the complex in water in the presence of hydrophilic surfactant under sonication. After oral administration of the nanoemulsion and the suspension of 25-OCH3-PPD in rats, the concentrations of 25-OCH3-PPD in plasma were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method. The results showed that the solubility of the complex in water and n-octanol was enhanced. The oil–water partition coefficient improved 1.7 times. Peak plasma concentration and area under the curve(0–24 h) of the nanoemulsion of 25-OCH3-PPD-phospholipid complex were higher than that of free compound by 3.9- and 3.5-folds. PMID:27877020

Efficacy of Hi-Lo Evac Endotracheal Tube in Prevention of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Mechanically Ventilated Poisoned Patients.

PubMed

Ghoochani Khorasani, Ahmad; Shadnia, Shahin; Mashayekhian, Mohammad; Rahimi, Mitra; Aghabiklooei, Abbas

2016-01-01

Background. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is the most common health care-associated infection. To prevent this complication, aspiration of subglottic secretions using Hi-Lo Evac endotracheal tube (Evac ETT) is a recommended intervention. However, there are some reports on Evac ETT dysfunction. We aimed to compare the incidence of VAP (per ventilated patients) in severely ill poisoned patients who were intubated using Evac ETT versus conventional endotracheal tubes (C-ETT) in our toxicology ICU. Materials and Methods. In this clinical randomized trial, 91 eligible patients with an expected duration of mechanical ventilation of more than 48 hours were recruited and randomly assigned into two groups: (1) subglottic secretion drainage (SSD) group who were intubated by Evac ETT (n = 43) and (2) control group who were intubated by C-ETT (n = 48). Results. Of the 91 eligible patients, 56 (61.5%) were male. VAP was detected in 24 of 43 (55.8%) patients in the case group and 23 of 48 (47.9%) patients in the control group (P = 0.45). The most frequently isolated microorganisms were S. aureus (54.10%) and Acinetobacter spp. (19.68%). The incidence of VAP and ICU length of stay were not significantly different between the two groups, but duration of intubation was statistically different and was longer in the SSD group. Mortality rate was less in SSD group but without a significant difference (P = 0.68). Conclusion. The SSD procedure was performed intermittently with one-hour intervals using 10 mL syringe. Subglottic secretion drainage does not significantly reduce the incidence of VAP in patients receiving MV. This strategy appears to be ineffective in preventing VAP among ICU patients.

Auscultation versus Point-of-care Ultrasound to Determine Endotracheal versus Bronchial Intubation: A Diagnostic Accuracy Study.

PubMed

Ramsingh, Davinder; Frank, Ethan; Haughton, Robert; Schilling, John; Gimenez, Kimberly M; Banh, Esther; Rinehart, Joseph; Cannesson, Maxime

2016-05-01

Unrecognized malposition of the endotracheal tube (ETT) can lead to severe complications in patients under general anesthesia. The focus of this double-blinded randomized study was to assess the accuracy of point-of-care ultrasound in verifying the correct position of the ETT and to compare it with the accuracy of auscultation. Forty-two adult patients requiring general anesthesia with ETT were consented. Patients were randomized to right main bronchus, left main bronchus, or tracheal intubation. After randomization, the ETT was placed via fiber-optic visualization. Next, the location of the ETT was assessed using auscultation by a separate blinded anesthesiologist, followed by an ultrasound performed by a third blinded anesthesiologist. Ultrasound examination included assessment of tracheal dilation via cuff inflation with air and evaluation of pleural lung sliding. Statistical analysis included sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and interobserver agreement for the ultrasound examination (95% CI). In differentiating tracheal versus bronchial intubations, auscultation showed a sensitivity of 66% (0.39 to 0.87) and a specificity of 59% (0.39 to 0.77), whereas ultrasound showed a sensitivity of 93% (0.66 to 0.99) and specificity of 96% (0.79 to 1). Identification of tracheal versus bronchial intubation was 62% (26 of 42) in the auscultation group and 95% (40 of 42) in the ultrasound group (P = 0.0005) (CI for difference, 0.15 to 0.52), and the McNemar comparison showed statistically significant improvement with ultrasound (P < 0.0001). Interobserver agreement of ultrasound findings was 100%. Assessment of trachea and pleura via point-of-care ultrasound is superior to auscultation in determining the location of ETT.

Safety and tolerability of omecamtiv mecarbil during exercise in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and angina.

PubMed

Greenberg, Barry H; Chou, Willis; Saikali, Khalil G; Escandón, Rafael; Lee, Jacqueline H; Chen, Michael M; Treshkur, Tatyana; Megreladze, Irakli; Wasserman, Scott M; Eisenberg, Paul; Malik, Fady I; Wolff, Andrew A; Shaburishvili, Tamaz

2015-01-01

The goal of this study was to assess the safety and tolerability of omecamtiv mecarbil treatment during symptom-limited exercise in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and angina. These patients may have increased vulnerability to prolongation of the systolic ejection time. Omecamtiv mecarbil is a selective cardiac myosin activator that augments cardiac contractility in patients with systolic heart failure through a dose-dependent increase in systolic ejection time. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled study, patients with chronic heart failure were randomized 2:1 to receive omecamtiv mecarbil or placebo in 2 sequential cohorts of escalating doses designed to achieve plasma concentrations previously shown to increase systolic function. Patients underwent 2 symptom-limited exercise treadmill tests (ETTs) at baseline (ETT1 and ETT2) and again before the end of a 20-h infusion of omecamtiv mecarbil (ETT3). The primary pre-defined safety endpoint (i.e., the proportion of patients who stopped ETT3 because of angina at a stage earlier than baseline) was observed in 1 patient receiving placebo and none receiving omecamtiv mecarbil. No dose-dependent differences emerged in the proportion of patients stopping ETT3 for any reason or in the pattern of adverse events. Doses of omecamtiv mecarbil producing plasma concentrations previously shown to increase systolic function were well tolerated during exercise in these study patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and angina. There was no indication that treatment increased the likelihood of myocardial ischemia in this high-risk population. (Pharmacokinetics [PK] and Tolerability of Intravenous [IV] and Oral CK-1827452 in Patients With Ischemic Cardiomyopathy and Angina; NCT00682565). Copyright © 2015 American College of Cardiology Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Turner's syndrome and other forms of congenital hypogonadism impair quality of life and sexual function.

PubMed

Ros, Cristina; Alobid, Isam; Balasch, Juan; Mullol, Joaquim; Castelo-Branco, Camil

2013-06-01

We sought to assess the burden of Turner's syndrome (TS) and other congenital hypogonadisms (OCH) on quality of life (QOL) and sexual function. An observational study was undertaken in a gynecological endocrinology unit of a teaching hospital. Three cohorts of women aged 20-50 years were compared: 26 TS patients, 21 women with OCH and wild-type karyotype, and 41 healthy age-matched women who were included as controls. All subjects filled out the Medical Outcome Study Short Form (SF-36) and the Female Sexual Function Index. TS subjects had significantly worse QOL scores in physical functioning (P = .026) and role physical functioning (P = .032) whereas OCH showed significantly worse scores in physical functioning (P = .027) and bodily pain (P = .025) compared to controls. In all, 80% of OCH and 50% of TS patients declared sexual activity. Sexually active TS patients had poorer arousal outcomes (P = .009) and OCH women showed significantly worse scores in arousal (P = .002), orgasm (P = .007), pain (P = .001), and Female Sexual Function Index total score (P = .004) compared with healthy controls. No differences between sexually active and inactive TS women were found in SF-36 scores, clinical characteristics, or anthropomorphic characteristics. TS and OCH subjects presented impaired physical domains in QOL. Women with TS are less likely to be involved in sexual activity, arousal dysfunctions being their main symptom. Conversely, arousal, orgasm, pain, and total score were significantly affected in OCH subjects. Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Enthalpy of formation of anisole: implications for the controversy on the O-H bond dissociation enthalpy in phenol.

PubMed

Simões, Ricardo G; Agapito, Filipe; Diogo, Hermínio P; da Piedade, Manuel E Minas

2014-11-20

Significant discrepancies in the literature data for the enthalpy of formation of gaseous anisole, ΔfHmo(PhOCH3, g), have fueled an ongoing controversy regarding the most reliable enthalpy of formation of the phenoxy radical and of the gas phase O-H bond dissociation enthalpy, DHo(PhO-H), in phenol. In the present work ΔfHmo(PhOCH3, g) was reassessed using a combination of calorimetric determinations and high-level (W2-F12) ab initio calculations. Static-bomb combustion calorimetry led to the standard molar enthalpy of formation of liquid anisole at 298.15 K, ΔfHmo(PhOCH3, l) = −(117.1 ± 1.4) kJ·mol(-1). The corresponding enthalpy of vaporization was obtained as, ΔvapHmo(PhOCH3) = 46.41 ± 0.26 kJ·mol(-1), by Calvet-drop microcalorimetry. These results give ΔfHmo(PhOCH3, g) = −(70.7 ± 1.4) kJ·mol(-1), in excellent agreement with ΔfHmo(PhOCH3, g) = −(70.8 ± 3.2) kJ·mol(-1), obtained from the W2-F12 calculations. The ΔfHmo(PhOCH3, g) here recommended leads to ΔfHmo(PhO•, g) = 55.5 ± 2.4 kJ·mol(-)1 and DH°(PhO-H) = 368.1 ± 2.6 kJ·mol(-1).

Are specialized endotracheal tubes and heat-and-moisture exchangers cost-effective in preventing ventilator associated pneumonia?

PubMed

Gentile, Michael A; Siobal, Mark S

2010-02-01

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a common and serious complication of mechanical ventilation via an artificial airway. As with all nosocomial infections, VAP increases costs, morbidity, and mortality in the intensive care unit (ICU). VAP prevention is a multifaceted priority of the intensive care team, and can include the use of specialized artificial airways and heat-and-moisture exchangers (HME). Substantial evidence supports the use of endotracheal tubes (ETTs) that allow subglottic suctioning; silver-coated and antiseptic-impregnated ETTs; ETTs with thin-walled polyurethane cuffs; and HMEs, but these devices also can have adverse effects. Controversy still exists regarding the evidence, cost-effectiveness, and disadvantages and risks of these devices.

On the Formation of the C{sub 2}H{sub 6}O Isomers Ethanol (C{sub 2}H{sub 5}OH) and Dimethyl Ether (CH{sub 3}OCH{sub 3}) in Star-forming Regions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bergantini, Alexandre; Maksyutenko, Pavlo; Kaiser, Ralf I., E-mail: ralfk@hawaii.edu

The structural isomers ethanol (CH{sub 3}CH{sub 2}OH) and dimethyl ether (CH{sub 3}OCH{sub 3}) were detected in several low-, intermediate-, and high-mass star-forming regions, including Sgr B2, Orion, and W33A, with the relative abundance ratios of ethanol/dimethyl ether varying from about 0.03 to 3.4. Until now, no experimental data regarding the formation mechanisms and branching ratios of these two species in laboratory simulation experiments could be provided. Here, we exploit tunable photoionization reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PI-ReTOF-MS) to detect and analyze the production of complex organic molecules (COMs) resulting from the exposure of water/methane (H{sub 2}O/CH{sub 4}) ices to energetic electrons.more » The main goal is to understand the formation mechanisms in star-forming regions of two C{sub 2}H{sub 6}O isomers: ethanol (CH{sub 3}CH{sub 2}OH) and dimethyl ether (CH{sub 3}OCH{sub 3}). The results show that the experimental branching ratios favor the synthesis of ethanol versus dimethyl ether (31 ± 11:1). This finding diverges from the abundances observed toward most star-forming regions, suggesting that production routes on interstellar grains to form dimethyl ether might be missing; alternatively, ethanol can be overproduced in the present simulation experiments, such as via radical–radical recombination pathways involving ethyl and hydroxyl radicals. Finally, the PI-ReTOF-MS data suggest the formation of methylacetylene (C{sub 3}H{sub 4}), ketene (CH{sub 2}CO), propene (C{sub 3}H{sub 6}), vinyl alcohol (CH{sub 2}CHOH), acetaldehyde (CH{sub 3}CHO), and methyl hydroperoxide (CH{sub 3}OOH), in addition to ethane (C{sub 2}H{sub 6}), methanol (CH{sub 3}OH), and CO{sub 2} detected from infrared spectroscopy. The yield of all the confirmed species is also determined.« less

Bactericidal effects of silver plus titanium dioxide-coated endotracheal tubes on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus

PubMed Central

Tarquinio, Keiko M; Kothurkar, Nikhil K; Goswami, Dharendra Y; Sanders, Ronald C; Zaritsky, Arno L; LeVine, Ann Marie

2010-01-01

Purpose: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a nosocomial infection resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) are pathogens associated with VAP. Silver (Ag) coating of endotracheal tubes (ETTs) reduces bacterial colonization, however titanium dioxide (TiO2) coating has not been studied. Methods: Five types of ETT coatings were applied over silica layer: Ag, solgel TiO2, solgel TiO2 with Ag, Degussa P25 TiO2 (Degussa TiO2), and Degussa TiO2 with Ag. After ETTs were incubated with P. aeruginosa or S. aureus; colonization was determined quantitatively. Results: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and S. aureus grew for 5 days on standard ETTs. Compared to standard ETTs, P. aeruginosa growth was significantly inhibited by solgel TiO2 with Ag at 24 hours, and by Degussa TiO2 with Ag at 24 and 48 hours after inoculation. No significant difference in S. aureus growth was observed between the control and any of the five coatings for 5 days. Conclusion: In vitro, solgel TiO2 with Ag and Degussa TiO2 with Ag both attenuated P. aeruginosa growth, but demonstrated no effect on S. aureus colonization. Further studies using alternative coating and incorporating UV light exposure are needed to identify their potential utility in reducing VAP. PMID:20463933

Comparison of postoperative complication between Laryngeal Mask Airway and endotracheal tube during low-flow anesthesia with controlled ventilation

PubMed Central

Peirovifar, Ali; Eydi, Mahmood; Mirinejhad, Mir Mousa; Mahmoodpoor, Ata; Mohammadi, Afsaneh; EJ Golzari, Samad

2013-01-01

Objective: To compare the postoperative complications between Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) and endotracheal tube (ETT) during low-flow anesthesia with controlled ventilation. Methodology: Eighty adult Patients with ASA class I or II were randomly allocated into two forty-patient groups (ETT or LMA). Cuff pressure was monitored during anesthesia. After high uptake period, fresh gas flow (FGF) was decreased to 1 lit/min and isoflurane set to 1%. Monitoring during anesthesia included non-invasive blood pressure, ECG, ETCO2 and pulse oximetry. System leakage (>100 ml/min), rebreathing and any attempt to increase FGF to overcome the leak were monitored during anesthesia. Later, patients were extubated and transferred to Post Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU). In PACU, the incidence of sore throat, cough, difficulty in swallowing and shivering was monitored for all patients. Results: Leakage was observed in two and three cases in ETT and LMA groups respectively (P>0.05). Postoperative cough, sore throat and difficulty in swallowing were significantly less in LMA than ETT group. No significant difference was observed regarding ETCo2 values between 2 groups. Conclusion: If careful measures regarding insertion techniques, correct LMA position and routine monitoring of LMA cuff pressure are taken, LMA can be used as a safe alternative with lower incidence of post operation complication compared with ETT during low-flow controlled anesthesia with modern anesthetic machines. PMID:24353586

Tin(II) alkoxide hydrolysis products for use as base catalysts

DOEpatents

Boyle, Timothy J.

2002-01-01

Tin alkoxide compounds are provided with accessible electrons. The compounds are a polymeric tin alkoxide, [Sn(OCH.sub.2 C(CH.sub.3).sub.3).sub.2 ].sub.n, and the hydrolysis products Sn.sub.6 O.sub.4 (OCH.sub.2 C(CH.sub.3).sub.3).sub.4 and Sn.sub.5 O.sub.2 (OCH.sub.2 C(CH.sub.3).sub.3).sub.6. The hydrolysis products are formed by hydrolyzing the [Sn(OCH.sub.2 C(CH.sub.3).sub.3).sub.2 ].sub.n in a solvent with controlled amounts of water, between 0.1 and 2 moles of water per mole of the polymeric tin alkoxide.

Survey on Restoration of Endodontically Treated Anterior Teeth: A Questionnaire Based Study

PubMed Central

Ratnakar, P; Bhosgi, Rashmi; Metta, Kiran Kumar; Aggarwal, Kanika; Vinuta, S; Singh, Navneet

2014-01-01

Background: The aim of endodontic and restorative dentistry is the conservation of natural tooth structure. Endodontically treated tooth (ETT) undergoes loss of tooth structure and changes in physical characteristics. Therefore, proper selection of restoration for ETT is mandatory. The clinical approach of restoring ETT needs taking into considerations several issues. However, the best way to restore teeth after root canal treatment has long been and still a controversial subject to debate. Therefore, this study was carried out to detect the frequency of preferred methods of restoring ETT under different conditions. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire was framed and distributed among prosthodontists, endodontist and general practitioners of north India region to find out the frequency of best suitable material and method regarding restoration of ETT. 220 questionnaires were sent by electronic mail out of which 110 were received back. The questionnaire contained different methods of restoration of endodontically treated anterior teeth at different conditions (percentages) of remaining sound tooth structure. Respondents were asked to indicate their preferred method of restoration of those teeth. Results: Results showed that majority of respondents (51.82%) preferred to restore the tooth only with a tooth-color restorative material in condition A. In condition B, majority of respondents preferred to use tooth colored crown (44.55%) and prefabricated post and tooth colored restoration (24.5%). Whereas in condition C, most of the respondents preferred to use a cast post and core/crown (80.91%). Conclusion: From the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that the unrestored ETT is susceptible to fracture, which could lead to loss of tooth and that the maximum preservation of healthy tooth structure and use of restorative materials with mechanical properties similar to dental structure favor greater longevity of tooth restoration complex. PMID:25628482

Comparison of commercial and noncommercial endotracheal tube-securing devices.

PubMed

Fisher, Daniel F; Chenelle, Christopher T; Marchese, Andrew D; Kratohvil, Joseph P; Kacmarek, Robert M

2014-09-01

Tracheal intubation is used to establish a secure airway in patients who require mechanical ventilation. Unexpected extubation can have serious complications, including airway trauma and death. Various methods and devices have been developed to maintain endotracheal tube (ETT) security. Associated complications include pressure ulcers due to decreased tissue perfusion. Device consideration includes ease of use, rapid application, and low exerted pressure around the airway. Sixteen ETT holders were evaluated under a series of simulated clinical conditions. ETT security was tested by measuring distance displaced after a tug. Nine of the 16 methods could be evaluated for speed of moving the ETT to the opposite side of the mouth. Sensors located on a mannequin measured applied forces when the head was rotated vertically or horizontally. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance, with P < .05. Median displacement of the ETT by the tug test was 0 cm (interquartile range of 0.0-0.10 cm, P < .001). The mean time to move the ETT from one side of the mouth to the other ranged from 1.25 ± 0.2 s to 34.4 ± 3.4 s (P < .001). Forces applied to the face with a vertical head lift ranged from < 0.2 newtons (N) to a maximum of 3.52 N (P < .001). Forces applied to the face with a horizontal rotation ranged from < 0.2 N to 3.52 N (P < .001). Commercial devices produced greater force than noncommercial devices. Noncommercial airway holders exert less force on a patient's face than commercial devices. Airway stability is affected by the type of securing method. Many commercial holders allow for rapid but secure movement of the artificial airway from one side of the mouth to the other. Copyright © 2014 by Daedalus Enterprises.

An in vitro evaluation of aerosol delivery through tracheostomy and endotracheal tubes using different interfaces.

PubMed

Ari, Arzu; Harwood, Robert J; Sheard, Meryl M; Fink, James B

2012-07-01

Previous research reporting factors influencing aerosol delivery in intubated patients has been largely focused on the endotracheal tube (ETT) during mechanical ventilation, with little comparative analysis of effect of types of artificial airways and their interfaces on aerosol delivery during spontaneous breathing. The purpose of this study was to compare aerosol delivery via tracheostomy tube (TT) and ETT, using interfaces such as T-piece, tracheostomy collar, and manual resuscitation bag. A teaching manikin was intubated with either an ETT (8.0 mm inner diameter) and TT (8 mm inner diameter). Both bronchi were connected to a collecting filter, attached to a sinusoidal pump simulating the breathing pattern of a spontaneously breathing adult (tidal volume 450 mL, respiratory rate 20 breaths/min, inspiratory-expiratory ratio 1:2). Albuterol sulfate (2.5 mg/3 mL) was nebulized through a jet nebulizer, using each airway and interface as appropriate (n = 3). Drug on the filter was eluted and analyzed with spectrophotometry, and expressed as mean percent of loaded dose delivered. Descriptive statistics, the Student t test, and one-way analysis of variance were applied. A greater percentage of nominal dose was delivered via TT than ETT with both T-piece (13.79 ± 2.59% vs 9.05 ± 0.70%) and manual resuscitation bag (45.75 ± 1.8% vs 27.23 ± 8.98%, P = .038 and P = .025, respectively). Use of manual resuscitation bag with both TT and ETT increased lung dose more than 3-fold. Inhaled dose with tracheostomy collar was (6.92 ± 0.81%) less than T-piece with TT (P = .01). In this adult model of spontaneous ventilation, aerosol therapy through ETT was less efficient than TT, while the manual resuscitation bag was more efficient than T-piece or tracheostomy collar.

Primary Endoscopic Transnasal Transsphenoidal Surgery for Giant Pituitary Adenoma.

PubMed

Kuo, Chao-Hung; Yen, Yu-Shu; Wu, Jau-Ching; Chang, Peng-Yuan; Chang, Hsuan-Kan; Tu, Tsung-Hsi; Huang, Wen-Cheng; Cheng, Henrich

2016-07-01

Giant pituitary adenoma (>4 cm) remains challenging because the optimal surgical approach is uncertain. Consecutive patients with giant pituitary adenoma who underwent endoscopic transnasal transsphenoidal surgery (ETTS) as the first and primary treatment were retrospectively reviewed. Inclusion criteria were tumor diameter ≥4 cm in at least 1 direction, and tumor volume ≥10 cm(3). Exclusion criteria were follow-ups <2 years and diseases other than pituitary adenoma. All the clinical and radiologic outcomes were evaluated. A total of 38 patients, average age 50.8 years, were analyzed with a mean follow-up of 72.9 months. All patients underwent ETTS as the first and primary treatment, and 8 (21.1%) had complete resection without any evidence of recurrence at the latest follow-up. Overall, mean tumor volume decreased from 29.7 to 3.2 cm(3) after surgery. Residual and recurrent tumors (n = 30) were managed with 1 of the following: Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS), reoperation (redo ETTS), both GKRS and ETTS, medication, conventional radiotherapy, or none. At last follow-up, most of the patients had favorable outcomes, including 8 (21.1%) who were cured and 29 (76.3%) who had a stable residual condition without progression. Only 1 (2.6%) had late recurrence at 66 months after GKRS. The overall progression-free rate was 97.4%, with few complications. In this series of giant pituitary adenoma, primary (ie, the first) ETTS yielded complete resection and cure in 21.1%. Along with adjuvant therapies, including GKRS, most patients (97.4%) were stable and free of disease progression. Therefore, primary ETTS appeared to be an effective surgical approach for giant pituitary adenoma. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The H2O-CH3F Complex: a Combined Microwave and Infrared Spectroscopic Study Supported by Structure Calculations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gnanasekar, Sharon Priya; Goubet, Manuel; Arunan, Elangannan; Georges, Robert; Soulard, Pascale; Asselin, Pierre; Huet, T. R.; Pirali, Olivier

2015-06-01

The H2O-CH3F complex could have two geometries, one with a hydrogen bond and one with the newly proposed carbon bond. While in general carbon bonds are weaker than hydrogen bonds, this complex appears to have comparable energies for the two structures. Infrared (IR) and microwave (MW) spectroscopic measurements using, respectively, the Jet-AILES apparatus and the FTMW spectrometer at the PhLAM laboratory, have been carried out to determine the structure of this complex. The IR spectrum shows the formation of the CH3F- H2O hydrogen bonded complex and small red-shifts in OH frequency most probably due to (CH3F)m-(H2O)n clusters. Noticeably, addition of CH_3F in the mixture promotes the formation of small water clusters. Preliminary MW spectroscopic measurements indicate the formation of the hydrogen bonded complex. So far, we have no experimental evidence for the carbon bonded structure. However, calculations of the Ar-CH3F complex show three energetically equivalent structures: a T-shape, a "fluorine" bond and a carbon bond. The MW spectrum of the (Ar)n-CH3F complexes is currently under analysis. Mani, D; Arunan, E. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2013, 15, 14377. Cirtog, M; Asselin, P; Soulard, P; Tremblay, B; Madebene, B; Alikhani, M. E; Georges, R; Moudens, A; Goubet, M; Huet, T.R; Pirali, O; Roy, P. J. Phys. Chem. A. 2011, 115, 2523 Kassi, S; Petitprez, D; Wlodarczak, G. J. Mol. Struct. 2000, 517-518, 375

Technologic advances in endotracheal tubes for prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia.

PubMed

Fernandez, Juan F; Levine, Stephanie M; Restrepo, Marcos I

2012-07-01

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is associated with high morbidity, mortality, and costs. Interventions to prevent VAP are a high priority in the care of critically ill patients requiring mechanical ventilation (MV). Multiple interventions are recommended by evidence-based practice guidelines to prevent VAP, but there is a growing interest in those related to the endotracheal tube (ETT) as the main target linked to VAP. Microaspiration and biofilm formation are the two most important mechanisms implicated in the colonization of the tracheal bronchial tree and the development of VAP. Microaspiration occurs when there is distal migration of microorganisms present in the secretions accumulated above the ETT cuff. Biofilm formation has been described as the development of a network of secretions and attached microorganisms that migrate along the ETT cuff polymer and inside the lumen, facilitating the transfer to the sterile bronchial tree. Therefore, our objective was to review the literature related to recent advances in ETT technologies regarding their impact on the control of microaspiration and biofilm formation in patients on MV, and the subsequent impact on VAP.

40 CFR 421.146 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... pounds) of antimony contained in sodium antimonate product Antimony 30.150 13.440 Arsenic 21.720 9.687... metal produced by electrowinning Antimony 30.150 13.440 Arsenic 21.720 9.687 Mercury 2.344 0.937 (c... produced by electrowinning Antimony 60.310 26.870 Arsenic 43.430 19.370 Mercury 4.687 1.875 ...

40 CFR 421.143 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... sodium antimonate product Antimony 30.150 13.440 Arsenic 21.720 9.687 Mercury 2.344 0.937 (b) Fouled... electrowinning Antimony 30.150 13.440 Arsenic 21.720 9.687 Mercury 2.344 0.937 (c) Cathode Antimony Wash Water... electrowinning Antimony 60.310 26.870 Arsenic 43.430 19.370 Mercury 4.687 1.875 ...

Children's Implicit Learning of Graphotactic and Morphological Regularities

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pacton, Sbastien; Fayol, Michel; Perruchet, Pierre

2005-01-01

In French, the transcription of the same sound can be guided by both probabilistic graphotactic constraints (e.g., t is more often transcribed ette after -v than after -f) and morphological constraints (e.g., t is always transcribed ette when used as a diminutive suffix). Three experiments showed that pseudo-word spellings of 8-to 11-year-old…

Hydrogen bond formation between the naturally modified nucleobase and phosphate backbone

PubMed Central

Sheng, Jia; Zhang, Wen; Hassan, Abdalla E. A.; Gan, Jianhua; Soares, Alexei S.; Geng, Song; Ren, Yi; Huang, Zhen

2012-01-01

Natural RNAs, especially tRNAs, are extensively modified to tailor structure and function diversities. Uracil is the most modified nucleobase among all natural nucleobases. Interestingly, >76% of uracil modifications are located on its 5-position. We have investigated the natural 5-methoxy (5-O-CH3) modification of uracil in the context of A-form oligonucleotide duplex. Our X-ray crystal structure indicates first a H-bond formation between the uracil 5-O-CH3 and its 5′-phosphate. This novel H-bond is not observed when the oxygen of 5-O-CH3 is replaced with a larger atom (selenium or sulfur). The 5-O-CH3 modification does not cause significant structure and stability alterations. Moreover, our computational study is consistent with the experimental observation. The investigation on the uracil 5-position demonstrates the importance of this RNA modification at the atomic level. Our finding suggests a general interaction between the nucleobase and backbone and reveals a plausible function of the tRNA 5-O-CH3 modification, which might potentially rigidify the local conformation and facilitates translation. PMID:22641848

Exaggerated blood pressure response during exercise treadmill testing: functional and hemodynamic features, and risk factors.

PubMed

de Lima, Sandro G; de Albuquerque, Maria de F P M; de Oliveira, João R M; Ayres, Constância F J; da Cunha, José E G; de Oliveira, Danyllo F; de Lemos, Roberta R; de Souza, Manuela B R; e Silva, Odwaldo B

2012-07-01

The factors which contribute to an exaggerated blood pressure response (EBPR) during the exercise treadmill test (ETT) are not wholly understood. The association between the insertion/deletion polymorphisms of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and M235T of the angiotensinogen with EBPR during ETT still remains unstudied. To identify and compare the risk factors for hypertension between normotensive subjects with EBPR and those who exhibit a normal curve of blood pressure (BP) during ETT. In a series of EBPR cases from a historical cohort of normotensive individuals, a univariate analysis was performed to estimate the association of the studied factors with BP behavior during ETT. Additionally, logistic multivariate regression was conducted to analyze the joint effects of the variables. P-values above 0.05 were considered statistically significant. From a total of 10,027 analyzed examinations, only 219 met the criteria employed to define EBPR, which resulted in a prevalence of 12.6%. For the systolic component of the BP, hyperreactive subjects displayed a mean age and body mass index (BMI) significantly higher than the others (P=0.002 and <0.001, respectively). No association was observed between the polymorphisms cited above and EBPR. An analysis of the joint effect of variables has indicated that only age (P< 0.001) and BMI (P=0.001) were specifically associated with systolic BP during exercise. Age and BMI were the only factors that independently influenced EBPR during ETT.

Effects of Tribulus terrestris on monosodium iodoacetate‑induced osteoarthritis pain in rats.

PubMed

Park, Young Jin; Cho, Young-Rak; Oh, Joa Sub; Ahn, Eun-Kyung

2017-10-01

Tribulus terrestris L. (T. terrestris) has been used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of diuretic, lithontriptic, edema and urinary infections. Previous studies have indicated that it is effective in improving inflammation by regulating tumor necrosis factor‑α (TNF)‑α, interleukin (IL)‑6, IL‑10, nitric oxide (NO) and cyclooxygenase (COX)‑2. However, the effects and mechanism of action of T. terrestris on osteoarthritis (OA) remain unknown. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of the ethanolic extract of T. terrestris (ETT) in a monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)‑induced OA animal model. OA was induced in LEW/SSNHSD rats by intra‑articular injection of MIA. Morphometric changes and parameters of the tibial trabecular bone were determined using micro‑computed tomography. The molecular mechanisms of ETT in OA were investigated using reverse transcription‑polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and gelatin zymogram analysis. Treatment with ETT attenuated MIA‑induced OA, and this effect was mediated by the downregulation of NO synthase 2, COX‑2, TNF‑α and IL‑6. Furthermore, the ETT‑mediated attenuation of OA was also dependent on the expression of matrix metalloproteinases‑2 and ‑9. The results of the current study indicate that further evaluation of the mechanisms underlying the attenuation of MIA‑induced OA by ETT are required, and may support the development of ETT as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as OA.

Calcium score of coronary artery stratifies the risk of obstructive coronary artery diseases.

PubMed

Ibrahim, O; Oteh, M; Anwar, I R; Che Hassan, H H; Choor, C K; Hamzaini, A H; Rahman, M M

2013-01-01

Coronary heart disease is a major health problem in Malaysia with high morbidity and mortality. Common primary screening tool of cardiovascular risk stratification is exercise treadmill test (ETT). This communication is to determine the performance of coronary artery calcium score a new method to stratify the presence of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) in comparison to traditional ETT in patients having coronary artery diseases. Patients between 30 to 60 years old attended the ETT to screen for ischemic heart disease were recruited for Agatston coronary artery calcium score (CACS) of multi-sliced computed tomography (MSCT). Subsequently all patients underwent a full MSCT coronary angiography. The major determinant was the state of CAD whether obstructive (50% stenosis or more) or non-obstructive (less than 50% stenosis). All patients diagnosed with obstructive CAD on MSCT coronary angiogram were subjected to invasive coronary angiogram (ICA) to confirm the findings and planned the need for revascularization. The CACS was 100% sensitivity and 97.5% specificity in detecting obstructive CAD at the optimal cut-off value of 106.5 and above. The positive predictive value (PPV) at CACS ≥ 106 was 71.4% and the negative predictive value (NPV) was consistent at 100%. Compare to ETT, the CACS discriminative value and diagnostic performance was much better (PPV 71.4% vs. 45.5%), respectively. CACS can be a good diagnostic screening tool in patients suspected of CAD, and particularly within the non-diagnostic ETT subgroup with low to moderate cardiovascular risks.

Optimization of Ultrasound Transducer Positioning for Endotracheal Tube Placement Confirmation in Cadaveric Model.

PubMed

Lonchena, Tiffany; So, Sokpoleak; Ibinson, James; Roolf, Peter; Orebaugh, Steven L

2017-02-01

Sonography has been suggested as a possible means of endotracheal tube (ETT) placement confirmation. However, optimum ultrasound transducer placement has not been established. Using a cadaveric model, ETT placement by the sonographic appearance at the thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, and suprasternal notch in the upper airway was assessed to determine which ultrasound transducer placement offered the most optimal images for ETT confirmation in the airway. One provider intubated 5 cadavers, with the ultrasound transducer at each of the 3 levels, for a total of 30 intubations per specimen, while 2 providers assigned a visual score of 1 (subtle), 2 (clear), or 3 (pronounced) to each sonogram of the ETT in the airway. At the level of the thyroid cartilage, tracheal intubation was detected at a rate of 40%, with a median visualization scale of 1 (subtle movement). At the level of the cricoid cartilage, the visualization scale improved to a median of 2 (clear movement), with a 70% intubation detection rate. At the level of the suprasternal notch, 100% of the tracheal intubations were visualized on sonography, with a median score of 3 (pronounced movement). In comparing sonographic detection of ETT placement at 3 levels of the upper airway in a cadaveric model, our results clearly indicate that visualization was superior at the level of the suprasternal notch, with 100% of intubations detected with the best visualization scores. © 2017 by the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine.

Tolerability and performance of BIP endotracheal tubes with noble metal alloy coating--a randomized clinical evaluation study.

PubMed

Björling, Gunilla; Johansson, Dorota; Bergström, Linda; Jalal, Shah; Kohn, Ivar; Frostell, Claes; Kalman, Sigridur

2015-12-01

Hospital acquired infections worsen the outcome of patients treated in intensive care units and are costly. Coatings with silver or metal alloys may reduce or alter the formation of biofilm on invasive medical devices. An endotracheal tube (ETT) is used to connect the patient to a ventilator and coated tubes have been tested in relation to bacterial colonization and respiratory infection. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate and compare a coated and uncoated ETT for patient symptoms and local tracheal tolerability during short term clinical use. Degree of bacterial colonization was also described. A silver-palladium-gold alloy coating ('Bactiguard®'Infection Protection, BIP) has been extensively used on urinary tract catheters and lately also on central venous catheters. We performed a randomised, single-blinded, controlled, first in man, post Conformité Européenne (EC) certification and CE marking study, focused on Bactiguard® coated ETTs (BIP ETT). Thirty patients at a tertiary university hospital scheduled for upper abdominal elective surgery with an expected duration of anaesthesia of at least 3 h were randomised; BIP ETT (n = 20) or standard ETT (n = 10). The tolerability was assessed with a modified version of Quality of Life Head and Neck Module, QLQ-H&N35 and by inspection of the tracheal mucosa with a fibre-optic bronchoscope before intubation and at extubation. Adverse Events (AE) and bacterial adherence were also studied. Statistical evaluations were carried out with the Fisher's Exact Test, the Clopper-Pearson method, as well as a Proportional Odds Model. Differences between groups were identified in 2 of 8 patient related symptoms with regard to tolerability by QLQ-H&N35 (cough, p = 0.022 and dry mouth, p = 0.014 in the treatment group.). No mucosal damage was identified with bronchoscopy. A low level of bacterial colonization with normal flora, equal between groups, was seen after short-term of intubation (median 5 h). No

Effects of preoperative oral carbohydrate supplementation on postoperative metabolic stress response of patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery.

PubMed

Viganò, Jacopo; Cereda, Emanuele; Caccialanza, Riccardo; Carini, Roberta; Cameletti, Barbara; Spampinato, Marcello; Dionigi, Paolo

2012-08-01

The goal of the present study was to evaluate the effects of preoperative oral carbohydrate supplementation (OCH) on the postoperative metabolic stress response of patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery. The study was designed as a controlled, prospective, cohort study including 38 patients treated with OCH (800 mL the day before surgery and 400 mL within 3 h before the induction of anesthesia) and 38 controls matched for surgical procedure. Fasting glucose, insulin, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR index), cortisol, and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were assessed before and after surgery (postoperative day (POD) 1, 2, and 3). The administration of OCH resulted in lower fasting glucose, HOMA-IR index, cortisol, and IL-6 on both POD 1 and POD 2. At multivariable regression analyses, the reduction of these parameters was independent of sex, age, body mass index, and major abdominal surgery. Particularly, models including OCH treatment explained 70, 63, and 66 % of the variance of the increase in IL-6 levels at POD 1, POD 2, and POD 3, respectively. The effect of OCH on changes in glucose, insulin resistance, and cortisol on POD 1 and POD 2 disappeared after the inclusion of IL-6 in the models. Treatment with OCH was associated with attenuation of the postoperative metabolic stress response. We hypothesize that modulation of the inflammatory response is one of the mechanisms involved.

[Diversity analysis of biofilm bacteria on tracheal tubes removed from intubated neonates].

PubMed

Song, Chao; Yu, Jia-lin; Ai, Qing; Liu, Dong; Lu, Wei; Lu, Qi; Peng, Ning-ning

2013-08-01

The catheter-related infections caused by mechanical ventilation have become a intractable clinical problem, and it is related to the formation of bacterial biofilm (BF) on the surface of the implanted material. The majority of natural biofilms are formed by multiple bacterial species. However, there always only one or limited species were detected on tracheal tubes removed from intubated neonates by using traditional methods including bacterium culture and antigen detection. The aims of this study were to observe the bacterial communities diversity of BF on endotracheal tube (ETT), and discuss the difference between traditional bacterium culture methods and the use of molecular biology techniques on the basis of denatured gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), to provide new ideas for clinical prevention, diagnosis and treatment of bacterial infections. Thirty-five ETTs were obtained from 26 neonates on mechanical ventilator (from October 2012 to March 2013) in Department of Neonatology of Children's Hospital. Among the patients, 18 were boys and 8 girls, and 19 patients were < 37 weeks gestational age and 7 patients ≥ 37 weeks. DGGE profiling of 16S rDNA gene amplicons was used to assess the diversity of the bacterial population by using the software of quantity one. TA Cloning Kit and sequencing were used to investigate the distribution of bacteria and common dominant bacteria in ETT-BF. The mean bands of 35 ETTs cases were 13.8 ± 5.4 from 16S rDNA PCR-DGGE, and the mean Shanon-Wiener indexes was 2.42 ± 0.38. The 16 ETTs were collected in different stages of diseases from the 7 patients. The indwelling days of 6/7 patients' ETTs increased, the Shanon-siener indexes were decreased. Among the 6 cases from different basic illnesses, and there were different Shanon-siener indexes. The result of molecular cloning and sequencing for 24 dominant bands showed that 35 cases (100%) contained Klebsiella SP·, 28 cases (80%) had Pseudomonas SP·, 27 cases (77%) had

Energy drinks give you wings but also an abnormal exercise test.

PubMed

Choudhury, Tawfiqur R; Abdool, Muhammad A; Galasko, Gavin

2017-07-27

This is the case of a 53-year-old man with known coronary artery disease who underwent two exercise treadmill tests (ETT). The first test, which yielded an abnormal result, was undertaken shortly after he had drunk two cans of Red Bull, a popular energy drink (ED). A second ETT was undertaken 1 week later by the same team without EDs on board and the test result was normal. This case suggests that drinking EDs prior to an ETT could lead to a false positive result and should be discouraged prior to exercise testing. © BMJ Publishing Group Ltd (unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2017. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.

Interface-Located Photothermoelectric Effect of Organic Thermoelectric Materials in Enabling NIR Detection.

PubMed

Huang, Dazhen; Zou, Ye; Jiao, Fei; Zhang, Fengjiao; Zang, Yaping; Di, Chong-an; Xu, Wei; Zhu, Daoben

2015-05-06

Organic photothermoelectric (PTE) materials are promising candidates for various photodetection applications. Herein, we report on poly[Cux(Cu-ett)]:PVDF, which is an excellent polymeric thermoelectric composite, possesses unprecedented PTE properties. The NIR light irradiation on the poly[Cu(x)(Cu-ett)]:PVDF film could induce obvious enhancement in Seebeck coefficient from 52 ± 1.5 to 79 ± 5.0 μV/K. By taking advantage of prominent photothermoelectric effect of poly[Cu(x)(Cu-ett)]:PVDF, an unprecedented voltage of 12 mV was obtained. This excellent performance enables its promising applications in electricity generation from solar energy and NIR detection to a wide range of light intensities ranging from 1.7 mW/cm(2) to 17 W/cm(2).

40 CFR 421.142 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... contained in sodium antimonate product Antimony 44.840 20.000 Arsenic 32.650 14.530 Mercury 3.906 1.562... produced by electrowinning Antimony 44.840 20.000 Arsenic 32.650 14.530 Mercury 3.906 1.562 Total suspended... produced by electrowinning Antimony 89.680 40.000 Arsenic 65.310 29.060 Mercury 7.812 3.125 Total suspended...

Effects of Mo, Cr, and V Additions on Tensile and Charpy Impact Properties of API X80 Pipeline Steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Han, Seung Youb; Shin, Sang Yong; Seo, Chang-Hyo; Lee, Hakcheol; Bae, Jin-Ho; Kim, Kisoo; Lee, Sunghak; Kim, Nack J.

2009-08-01

In this study, four API X80 pipeline steels were fabricated by varying Mo, Cr, and V additions, and their microstructures and crystallographic orientations were analyzed to investigate the effects of their alloying compositions on tensile properties and Charpy impact properties. Because additions of Mo and V promoted the formation of fine acicular ferrite (AF) and granular bainite (GB) while prohibiting the formation of coarse GB, they increased the strength and upper-shelf energy (USE) and decreased the energy transition temperature (ETT). The addition of Cr promoted the formation of coarse GB and hard secondary phases, thereby leading to an increased effective grain size, ETT, and strength, and a decreased USE. The addition of V resulted in a higher strength, a higher USE, a smaller effective grain size, and a lower ETT, because it promoted the formation of fine and homogeneous of AF and GB. The steel that contains 0.3 wt pct Mo and 0.06 wt pct V without Cr had the highest USE and the lowest ETT, because its microstructure was composed of fine AF and GB while its maintained excellent tensile properties.

Changes in uncuffed endotracheal tube leak during laparoscopic inguinal herniorrhaphy in children.

PubMed

Noguchi, Akiko; Kuga, Kumiko; Tashiro, Naoki; Shimakawa, Yusuke; Shono, Takeshi; Hirakawa, Naomi; Sakaguchi, Yoshiro

2016-08-01

The present study was conducted to investigate changes in uncuffed endotracheal tube (ETT) leak during laparoscopic surgery. The study included 31 patients aged between 1 and 6 years scheduled for elective laparoscopic inguinal herniorrhaphy. Inspiratory and expiratory tidal volumes (TVi and TVe) were measured during mechanical ventilation, and ETT leak was calculated using the formula-ETT leak = (TVi - TVe)/TVi × 100 (%), assessed at the following time-points-5 min after the start of mechanical ventilation (T1, baseline), just before the start of surgery (T2), 5 min after the induction of pneumoperitoneum with 15° Trendelenburg tilt (T3), and at the end of surgery (T4). Additionally, leak pressure was assessed after successful tracheal intubation (T0, baseline) at T2, T3 and T4. Uncuffed ETT leak significantly decreased at T3 compared with T1 (baseline). Leak pressure significantly increased at T3 and T4 compared with T0 (baseline). Further studies are needed in order to determine whether the results are universal and associated with clinically significant outcomes.

Theoretical study on the reaction mechanism of CH 4 with CaO

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Hua-Qing; Hu, Chang-Wei; Qin, Song

2006-11-01

The reaction pathways and energetics for the reaction of methane with CaO are discussed on the singlet spin state potential energy surface at the B3LYP/6-311+G(2df,2p) and QCISD/6-311++G(3df,3pd)//B3LYP/6-311+G(2df,2p) levels of theory. The reaction of methane with CaO is proposed to proceed in the following reaction pathways: CaO + CH 4 → CaOCH 4 → [TS] → CaOH + CH 3, CaO + CH 4 → OCaCH 4 → [TS] → HOCaCH 3 → CaOH + CH 3 or [TS] → CaCH 3OH → Ca + CH 3OH, and OCaCH 4 → [TS] → HCaOCH 3 → CaOCH 3 + H or [TS] → CaCH 3OH → Ca + CH 3OH. The gas-phase methane-methanol conversion by CaO is suggested to proceed via two kinds of important reaction intermediates, HOCaCH 3 and HCaOCH 3, and the reaction pathway via the hydroxy intermediate (HOCaCH 3) is energetically more favorable than the other one via the methoxy intermediate (HCaOCH 3). The hydroxy intermediate HOCaCH 3 is predicted to be the energetically most preferred configuration in the reaction of CaO + CH 4. Meanwhile, these three product channels (CaOH + CH 3, CaOCH 3 + H and Ca + CH 3OH) are expected to compete with each other, and the formation of methyl radical is the most preferable pathway energetically. On the other hand, the intermediates HCaOCH 3 and HOCaCH 3 are predicted to be the energetically preferred configuration in the reaction of Ca + CH 3OH, which is precisely the reverse reaction of methane hydroxylation.

Automated control of endotracheal tube cuff pressure during simulated flight.

PubMed

Blakeman, Thomas; Rodriquez, Dario; Woods, James; Cox, Daniel; Elterman, Joel; Branson, Richard

2016-11-01

Successful mechanical ventilation requires that the airway be controlled by an endotracheal tube (ETT) with an inflatable cuff to seal the airway. Aeromedical evacuation represents a unique challenge in which to manage ETT cuffs. We evaluated three methods of automatic ETT cuff pressure adjustment during changes in altitude in an altitude chamber. Size 7.5 and 8.0 mm ETTs that are currently included in the Critical Care Air Transport Team allowance standard were used for the evaluation. Three automatic cuff pressure controllers-Intellicuff, Hamilton Medical; Pyton, ARM Medical; and Cuff Sentry, Outcome Solutions-were used to manage cuff pressures. The fourth group had cuff pressure set at sea level without further adjustment. Each ETT was inserted into a tracheal model and taken to 8,000 feet and then to 16,000 feet at 2,500 ft/min. Baseline cuff pressure at sea level was approximately 25 cm H2O. Mean cuff pressure at both altitudes with both size ETTs was as follows: Control arm, 141 ± 64 cm H2O; Pyton, 25 ± 0.8 cm H2O; Cuff Sentry, 22 ± 0.3 cm H2O; and Intellicuff, 29 ± 6.6 cm H2O. The mean time that cuff pressure was >30 cm H2O using Intellicuff at both altitudes was 2.8 ± 0.8 minutes. Pressure differences from baseline in the control arm and with Intellicuff were statistically significant. Cuff pressure with the Cuff Sentry tended to be lower than indicated on the device. Mean cuff pressures were within the recommended range with all three devices. Intellicuff had difficulty regulating the cuff pressure initially with increases in altitude but was able to reduce the pressure to a safe level during the stabilization period at each altitude. The Pyton and Cuff Sentry allowed the least variation in pressure throughout the evaluation, although the Cuff Sentry set pressure was less than the actual pressure. Therapeutic study, level V.

Ventilator associated pneumonia: evolving definitions and preventive strategies.

PubMed

Mietto, Cristina; Pinciroli, Riccardo; Patel, Niti; Berra, Lorenzo

2013-06-01

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is one of the most frequent hospital-acquired infections occurring in intubated patients. Because VAP is associated with higher mortality, morbidity, and costs, there is a need to solicit further research for effective preventive measures. VAP has been proposed as an indicator of quality of care. Clinical diagnosis has been criticized to have poor accuracy and reliability. Thus, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has introduced a new definition based upon objective and recordable data. Institutions are nowadays reporting a VAP zero rate in surveillance programs, which is in discrepancy with clinical data. This reduction has been highlighted in epidemiological studies, but it can only be attributed to a difference in patient selection, since no additional intervention has been taken to modify pathogenic mechanisms in these studies. The principal determinant of VAP development is the presence of the endotracheal tube (ETT). Contaminated oropharyngeal secretions pool over the ETT cuff and subsequently leak down to the lungs through a hydrostatic gradient. Impairment of mucociliary motility and cough reflex cannot counterbalance with a proper clearance of secretions. Lastly, biofilm develops on the inner ETT surface and acts as a reservoir for microorganism inoculum to the lungs. New preventive strategies are focused on the improvement of secretions drainage and prevention of bacterial colonization. The influence of gravity on mucus flow and body positioning can facilitate the clearance of distal airways, with decreased colonization of the respiratory tract. A different approach proposes ETT modifications to limit the leakage of oropharyngeal secretions: subglottic secretion drainage and cuffs innovations have been addressed to reduce VAP incidence. Moreover, coated-ETTs have been shown to prevent biofilm formation, although there is evidence that ETT clearance devices (Mucus Shaver) are required to preserve the

Comparison of the Force Required for Dislodgement Between Secured and Unsecured Airways.

PubMed

Davenport, Curtis; Martin-Gill, Christian; Wang, Henry E; Mayrose, James; Carlson, Jestin N

2018-05-01

Airway device placement and maintenance are of utmost importance when managing critically ill patients. The best method to secure airway devices is currently unknown. We sought to determine the force required to dislodge 4 types of airways with and without airway securing devices. We performed a prospective study using 4 commonly used airway devices (endotracheal tube [ETT], laryngeal mask airway [LMA], King laryngeal tube [King], and iGel) performed on 5 different mannequin models. All devices were removed twice per mannequin in random order, once unsecured and once secured as per manufacturers' recommendations; Thomas Tube Holder (Laerdal, Stavanger, Norway) for ETT, LMA, and King; custom tube holder for iGel. A digital force measuring device was attached to the exposed end of the airway device and gradually pulled vertically and perpendicular to the mannequin until the tube had been dislodged, defined as at least 4 cm of movement. Dislodgement force was reported as the maximum force recorded during dislodgement. We compared the relative difference in the secured and unsecured force for each device and between devices using a random-effects regression model accounting for variability in the manikins. The median dislodgment forces (interquartile range [IQR]) in pounds for each secured device were: ETT 13.3 (11.6, 14.1), LMA 16.6 (13.9, 18.3), King 21.7 (16.9, 25.1), and iGel 8 (6.8, 8.3). The median dislodgement forces for each unsecured device were: ETT 4.5 (4.3, 5), LMA 8.4 (6.8, 10.7), King 10.6 (8.2, 11.5), and iGel 3.9 (3.2, 4.2). The relative difference in dislodgement forces (95% confidence intervals) were higher for each device when secured: ETT 8.6 (6.2 to 11), LMA 8.8 (4.6 to 13), King 12.1 (7.2 to 16.6), iGel 4 (1.1 to 6.9). When compared to secured ETT, the King required greater dislodgement force (relative difference 8.6 [4.5-12.7]). The secured iGel required less force than the secured ETT (relative difference -4.8 [-8.9 to -0.8]). Compared with a

Protective effect of an aphrodisiac herb Tribulus terrestris Linn on cadmium-induced testicular damage

PubMed Central

Rajendar, B.; Bharavi, K.; Rao, G. S.; Kishore, P.V.S; Kumar, P. Ravi; Kumar, C.S.V Satish; Patel, T. Pankaj

2011-01-01

Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate whether Tribulus terrestris Linn (TT) could protect the cadmium (Cd)-induced testicular tissue peroxidation in rats and to explore the underlying mechanism of the same. Materials and Methods: In vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to know the protective effect of ethanolic extract of TT (eTT) in Cd toxicity. In in vitro studies, total antioxidant and ferrous metal ion chelating activity of TT was studied. In vivo studies were conducted in rats. A total of 40 Wistar strain adult male rats were divided into four groups. Group 1 served as control, while group 2 to 4 received CdCl2 (3 mg/kg b. wt. s/c once a week). In addition to Cd, group 3 and 4 rats also received eTT (5 mg/kg b.wt. daily as oral gavage) and α-tocopherol (75 mg/kg daily by oral gavage), respectively. At the end of 6th week, all the rats were sacrificed and the separated testes were weighted and processed for estimation of tissue peroxidation markers, antioxidant markers, functional markers, and Cd concentration. The testes were also subjected to histopathological screening. Results: In in vitro studies, the percentage of metal ion chelating activity of 50 μg/ml of eTT and α-tocopherol were 2.76 and 9.39, respectively, and the antioxidant capacity of eTT was equivalent to 0.063 μg of α-tocopherol/μg of eTT. In in vivo studies, administration of Cd significantly reduced the absolute and relative testicular weight, antioxidant markers such as superoxide dismutase and glutathione, and functional markers such as LDH and ALP, along with significant increase in peroxidation markers such as malondialdehyde and protein carbonyls in testicular tissue. Testes of Cd only-treated group showed histological insults like necrotic changes in seminiferous tubules and interstitium, shrunken tubules with desquamated basal lamina, vacuolization and destruction of sertoli cells, and degenerating Leydig cells. This group also had higher Cd levels in testicular

Discordance of exercise thallium testing with coronary arteriography in patients with atypical presentations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bungo, M. W.; Leland, O. S., Jr.

1983-01-01

Eighty-one patients with diagnostically difficult clinical presentations suggesting coronary artery disease underwent symptom-limited maximal-exercise treadmill testing (ETT) and exercise radionuclide scanning with thallium-201 followed by coronary angiography. Results showed that in nearly half of the patients (47%) these tests were in agreement, while either exercise thallium or ETT was positive in 94% of patients with coronary artery disease. It was found that agreement between exercise thallium and ETT tests predicted disease in 92% of the instances or excluded disease in 82% of the instances. It is concluded that despite frequent discord between these two tests in 53% of the cases, a significant gain in exclusive diagnostic capability is realized when applied to a patient population anticipated to have a disease prevalence equal to the 67% encountered in this study.

Constraining the Molecular Complexity in the Interstellar Medium—The Formation of Ethyl Methyl Ether (CH3OCH2CH3) in Star-forming Regions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bergantini, Alexandre; Frigge, Robert; Kaiser, Ralf I.

2018-05-01

We report the first confirmed synthesis of ethyl methyl ether (EME, CH3CH2OCH3) within astrophysical model ices containing water (H2O) and methane (CH4) exposed to ionizing radiation at ultra-low temperatures of 5 K. EME (also known as methoxyethane), was recently observed toward Orion KL and currently is the largest confirmed oxygen-bearing molecule found in the interstellar medium. Exploiting isomer-selective photoionization (PI) of the subliming molecules in the temperature-programmed desorption phase at 10.49, 9.92, and 9.70 eV, coupled with reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometry and isotopic substitution experiments (H2 18O–CH4), the detection of fragment ions of EME at m/z = 45 (C2H5O+) and m/z = 59 (C3H7O+), and probing the proton transfer in subliming ethanol–EME complexes via m/z = 61 (C3H9O+), the present study reveals that EME can be formed from suprathermal reactions initiated by cosmic rays and secondary electrons generated within astrophysical ices. The detection of EME in our experiments represents a significant advance in the understanding of formation pathways of complex organic molecules present in hot cores and helps to constrain astrochemical models on the formation of such species within molecular clouds.

Feasibility of a Novel Optoacoustic Device to Precisely Localize Endotracheal Tube Positioning in a Cadaver Model

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-11-02

million per year to U.S. hospitals [1,2]. Current methods of assessing ETT position include chest radiography, end- tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2...lasers to generate sound waves to determine the position of “labeled” ETTs within millimeters of accuracy. Laser optoacoustic imaging combines the merits...of optical tomography (high optical contrast) and ultrasound imaging (minimal scattering of acoustic waves ) to yield high contrast, sensitivity, and

COMPONENTS OF SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE CONNECTIVITY IN A LARGE OREGON (USA) RIVER--WHAT CAN BE RESTORED?

EPA Science Inventory

We conducted research on the Willamette River in western Oregon (USA) to determine the ecological functions of off-channel habitats (OCH). OCHs have declined in our 70 km study reach of the active floodplain since European settlement. Surface and subsurface connectivity between...

Ecological Functions of Off-Channel Habitats of the Willamette River, Oregon, Database and Documentation (1997-2001)

EPA Science Inventory

The database from the Ecological Functions of Off-Channel Habitats of the Willamette River, Oregon project (OCH Project) contains data collected from 1997 through 2001 from multiple research areas of the project, and project documents such as the OCH Research Plan, Quality Assura...

The Cytoplasmic Region of α-1,6-Mannosyltransferase Mnn9p Is Crucial for Retrograde Transport from the Golgi Apparatus to the Endoplasmic Reticulum in Saccharomyces cerevisiae▿ †

PubMed Central

Okamoto, Michiyo; Yoko-o, Takehiko; Miyakawa, Tokichi; Jigami, Yoshifumi

2008-01-01

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Och1p and Mnn9p mannosyltransferases are localized in the cis-Golgi. Attempts to live image Och1p and Mnn9p tagged with green fluorescent protein or red fluorescent protein, respectively, using a high-performance confocal laser scanning microscope system resulted in simultaneous visualization of the native proteins in a living cell. Our observations revealed that Och1p and Mnn9p are not always colocalized to the same cisternae. The difference in the dynamics of these mannosyltransferases may reflect differences in the mechanisms for their retention in the cis-Golgi, since it has been reported that Mnn9p cycles between the endoplasmic reticulum and the cis-Golgi whereas Och1p does not (Z. Todorow, A. Spang, E. Carmack, J. Yates, and R. Schekman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:13643-13648, 2000). We investigated the localization of chimeric proteins of Mnn9p and Och1p in sec12 and erd1 mutant cells. A chimeric protein, M16/O16, which consists of the N-terminal cytoplasmic region of Mnn9p and the transmembrane and luminal region of Och1p, behaved like Mnn9p, suggesting that the N-terminal cytoplasmic region is important for the intracellular dynamics of Mnn9p. This observation is supported by results from subcellular-fractionation experiments. Mutational analysis revealed that two arginine residues in the N-terminal region of Mnn9p are important for the chimeric protein to cycle between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. PMID:18083825

Discovery of the ergothioneine transporter

PubMed Central

Gründemann, Dirk; Harlfinger, Stephanie; Golz, Stefan; Geerts, Andreas; Lazar, Andreas; Berkels, Reinhard; Jung, Norma; Rubbert, Andrea; Schömig, Edgar

2005-01-01

Variants of the SLC22A4 gene are associated with susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease. SLC22A4 codes for an integral membrane protein, OCTN1, that has been presumed to carry organic cations like tetraethylammonium across the plasma membrane. Here, we show that the key substrate of this transporter is in fact ergothioneine (ET). Human OCTN1 was expressed in 293 cells. A substrate lead, stachydrine (alias proline betaine), was identified by liquid chromatography MS difference shading, a new substrate search strategy. Analysis of transport efficiency of stachydrine-related solutes, affinity, and Na+ dependence indicates that the physiological substrate is ET. Efficiency of transport of ET was as high as 195 μl per min per mg of protein. By contrast, the carnitine transporter OCTN2 from rat did not transport ET at all. Because ET is transported >100 times more efficiently than tetraethylammonium and carnitine, we propose the functional name ETT (ET transporter) instead of OCTN1. ET, all of which is absorbed from food, is an intracellular antioxidant with metal ion affinity. Its particular purpose is unresolved. Cells with expression of ETT accumulate ET to high levels and avidly retain it. By contrast, cells lacking ETT do not accumulate ET, because their plasma membrane is virtually impermeable for this compound. The real-time PCR expression profile of human ETT, with strong expression in CD71+ cells, is consistent with a pivotal function of ET in erythrocytes. Moreover, prominent expression of ETT in monocytes and SLC22A4 polymorphism associations suggest a protective role of ET in chronic inflammatory disorders. PMID:15795384

Pressure attenuation during high-frequency airway clearance therapy across different size endotracheal tubes: An in vitro study.

PubMed

Smallwood, Craig D; Bullock, Kevin J; Gouldstone, Andrew

2016-08-01

High-frequency airway clearance therapy is a positive pressure secretion clearance modality used in pediatric and adult applications. However, pressure attenuation across different size endotracheal tubes (ETT) has not been adequately described. This study quantifies attenuation in an in vitro model. The MetaNeb® System was used to deliver high-frequency pressure pulses to 3.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0mm ID ETTs connected to a test lung during mechanical ventilation. The experimental setup included a 3D-printed trachea model and imbedded pressure sensors. The pressure attenuation (Patt%) was calculated: Patt%=[(Pproximal-Pdistal)/Pproximal]x100. The effect of pulse frequency on Pdistal and Pproximal was quantified. Patt% was inversely and linearly related to ETT ID and (y=-7.924x+74.36; R(2)=0.9917, P=.0042 for 4.0Hz pulse frequency and y=-7.382+9.445, R(2)=0.9964, P=.0018 for 3.0Hz pulse frequency). Patt% across the 3.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0mm I.D. ETTs was 48.88±10.25%, 40.87±5.22%, 27.97±5.29%, and 9.90±1.9% respectively. Selecting the 4.0Hz frequency mode demonstrated higher Pproximal and Pdistal compared to the 3.0Hz frequency mode (P=.0049 and P=.0065). Observed Pdistal was <30cmH2O for all experiments. In an in vitro model, pressure attenuation was linearly related to the inner diameter of the endotracheal tube; with decreasing attenuation as the ETT size increased. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Low flow anesthesia: Efficacy and outcome of laryngeal mask airway versus pressure–optimized cuffed–endotracheal tube

PubMed Central

El-Seify, Zeinab A; Khattab, Ahmed Metwally; Shaaban, Ashraf; Radojevic, Dobrila; Jankovic, Ivanka

2010-01-01

Background Low flow anesthesia can lead to reduction of anesthetic gas and vapor consumption. Laryngeal mask airway (LMA) has proved to be an effective and safe airway device. The aim of this study is to assess the feasibility of laryngeal mask airway during controlled ventilation using low fresh gas flow (1.0 L/min) as compared to endotracheal tube (ETT). Patients and Methods Fifty nine non-smoking adult patients; ASA I or II, being scheduled for elective surgical procedures, with an expected duration of anesthesia 60 minutes or more, were randomly allocated into two groups - Group I (29 patients) had been ventilated using LMA size 4 for females and 5 for males respectively; and Group II (30 patients) were intubated using ETT. After 10 minutes of high fresh gas flow, the flow was reduced to 1 L/min. Patients were monitored for airway leakage, end-tidal CO2(ETCO2), inspiratory and expiratory isoflurane and nitrous oxide fraction concentrations, and postoperative airway-related complications. Results Two patients in the LMA-group developed initial airway leakage (6.9%) versus no patient in ETT-group. Cough and sore throat were significantly higher in ETT patients. There were no evidences of differences between both groups regarding ETCO2, uptake of gases, nor difficulty in swallowing. Conclusion: The laryngeal mask airway proved to be effective and safe in establishing an airtight seal during controlled ventilation under low fresh gas flow of 1 L/min, inducing less coughing and sore throat during the immediate postoperative period than did the ETT, with continuous measurement and readjustment of the tube cuff pressure. PMID:20668559

Discourse Markers in Chinese Conversational Narrative

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Xiao, Yang

2010-01-01

This study examines the indexicality of discourse markers (DMs) in Chinese conversational narrative. Drawing upon theoretical and methodological principles related to narrative dimensions (Ochs & Capps, 2001), narrative desires (Ochs, 1997, 2004), and narrative positioning (Bamberg, 1997), this work proposes an integrated analytical framework for…

Endotracheal tube and laryngeal mask airway cuff volume changes with altitude: a rule of thumb for aeromedical transport.

PubMed

Mann, Catherine; Parkinson, Neil; Bleetman, Anthony

2007-03-01

Helicopters and light (unpressurised) aircraft are used increasingly for the transport of ventilated patients. Most of these patients are ventilated through endotracheal tubes (ETTs), others through laryngeal mask airways (LMAs). The cuffs of both ETTs and LMAs inflate with increases in altitude as barometric pressure decreases (30 mbar/1000 feet). Tracheal mucosa perfusion becomes compromised at a pressure of approximately 30 cm H2O; critical perfusion pressure is 50 cm H2O. The change in dimensions of the inflated cuffs of a size 8 ETT and a size 5 LMA were measured with digital callipers at 1000 feet intervals in the unpressurised cabin of an Agusta 109 helicopter used by the Warwickshire and Northamptonshire Air Ambulance. A linear expansion in cuff dimensions as a function of altitude increase was identified. For ETTs, a formula for removal of air from the cuff with increasing altitude was calculated and is recommended for use in aeromedical transfers. This is 1/17x1.1 = 0.06 ml/1000 foot ascent/ml initial cuff inflation. The data for LMA cuff expansion failed to show significant correlation with altitude change. Further work is required to determine a similar rule of thumb for LMA cuff deflation.

Escherichia coli type III secretion system 2: a new kind of T3SS?

PubMed

Zhou, Mingxu; Guo, Zhiyan; Duan, Qiangde; Hardwidge, Philip R; Zhu, Guoqiang

2014-03-19

Type III secretion systems (T3SSs) are employed by Gram-negative bacteria to deliver effector proteins into the cytoplasm of infected host cells. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli use a T3SS to deliver effector proteins that result in the creation of the attaching and effacing lesions. The genome sequence of the Escherichia coli pathotype O157:H7 revealed the existence of a gene cluster encoding components of a second type III secretion system, the E. coli type III secretion system 2 (ETT2). Researchers have revealed that, although ETT2 may not be a functional secretion system in most (or all) strains, it still plays an important role in bacterial virulence. This article summarizes current knowledge regarding the E. coli ETT2, including its genetic characteristics, prevalence, function, association with virulence, and prospects for future work.

Synthesis, antityrosinase activity of curcumin analogues, and crystal structure of (1 E,4 E)-1,5-bis(4-ethoxyphenyl)penta-1,4-dien-3-one

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chantrapromma, S.; Ruanwas, P.; Boonnak, N.; Chantrapromma, K.; Fun, H.-K.

2016-12-01

Five derivatives of curcumin analogue ( R = OCH2CH3 ( 1), R = N(CH3)2 ( 2), R = 2,4,5-OCH3 ( 3), R = 2,4,6-OCH3 ( 4), and R = 3,4,5-OCH3 ( 5)) were synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR, FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The synthesized derivatives were screened for antityrosinase activity, and found that 4 and 5 possess such activity. The crystal structure of 1 was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction: monoclinic, sp. gr. P21/ c, a = 17.5728(15) Å, b = 5.9121(5) Å, c = 19.8269(13) Å, β = 121.155(5)°, Z = 4. The molecule 1 is twisted with the dihedral angle between two phenyl rings being 15.68(10)°. In the crystal packing, the molecules 1 are linked into chains by C-H···π interactions and further stacked by π···π interactions with the centroid-centroid distance of 3.9311(13) Å.

Reduction of Endotracheal Tube Connector Dead Space Improves Ventilation: A Bench Test on a Model Lung Simulating an Extremely Low Birth Weight Neonate.

PubMed

Ivanov, Vadim A

2016-02-01

The reduction of instrumental dead space is a recognized approach to preventing ventilation-induced lung injury in premature infants. However, there are no published data regarding the effectiveness of instrumental dead-space reduction in endotracheal tube (ETT) connectors. We tested the impact of the Y-piece/ETT connector pairs with reduced instrumental dead space on CO2 elimination in a model of the premature neonate lung. The standard ETT connector was compared with a low-dead-space ETT connector and with a standard connector equipped with an insert. We compared the setups by measuring the CO2 elimination rate in an artificial lung ventilated via the connectors. The lung was connected to a ventilator via a standard circuit, a 2.5-mm ETT, and one of the connectors under investigation. The ventilator was run in volume-controlled continuous mandatory ventilation mode. The low-dead-space ETT connector/Y-piece and insert-equipped standard connector/Y-piece pairs had instrumental dead space reduced by 36 and 67%, respectively. With set tidal volumes (VT) of 2.5, 5, and 10 mL, in comparison with the standard ETT connector, the low-dead-space connector reduced CO2 elimination time by 4.5% (P < .05), 4.4% (P < .01), and 7.1% (not significant), respectively. The insert-equipped standard connector reduced CO2 elimination time by 13.5, 25.1, and 16.1% (all P < .01). The low-dead-space connector increased inspiratory resistance by 17.8% (P < .01), 9.6% (P < .05), and 5.0% (not significant); the insert-equipped standard connector increased inspiratory resistance by 9.1, 8.4, and 5.9% (all not significant). The low-dead-space connector decreased expiratory resistance by 6.8% (P < .01) and 1.8% (not significant) and increased it by 1.4% (not significant); the insert-equipped standard connector decreased expiratory resistance by 1.5 and 1% and increased it by 1% (all not significant). The low-dead-space connector increased work of breathing by 4.7% (P < .01), 3.8% (P < .01), and

ORGANONICKEL CHEMISTRY IN THE CATALYTIC HYDRODECHLORINATION OF POLYCHLOROBIPHENYLS (PCBS): LIGAND STERIC EFFECTS AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF REACTION INTERMEDIATES. (R823526)

EPA Science Inventory

Abstract

Soluble homogeneous organophosphorus_¯¯nickel complexes have been used to detoxify polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by catalyzed hydrodechlorination using NaBH₂(OCH₂CH₂OCH₃)₂ as the hyd...

Managing endotracheal tube cuff pressure at altitude: a comparison of four methods.

PubMed

Britton, Tyler; Blakeman, Thomas C; Eggert, John; Rodriquez, Dario; Ortiz, Heather; Branson, Richard D

2014-09-01

Ascent to altitude results in the expansion of gases in closed spaces. The management of overinflation of the endotracheal tube (ETT) cuff at altitude is critical to prevent mucosal injury. We continuously measured ETT cuff pressures during a Critical Care Air Transport Team training flight to 8,000-ft cabin pressure using four methods of cuff pressure management. ETTs were placed in a tracheal model, and mechanical ventilation was performed. In the control ETT, the cuff was inflated to 20 mm Hg to 22 mm Hg and not manipulated. The manual method used a pressure manometer to adjust pressure at cruising altitude and after landing. A PressureEasy device was connected to the pilot balloon of the third tube and set to a pressure of 20 mm Hg to 22 mm Hg. The final method filled the balloon with 10 mL of saline. Both size 8.0-mm and 7.5-mm ETT were studied during three flights. In the control tube, pressure exceeded 70 mm Hg at cruising altitude. Manual management corrected for pressure at altitude but resulted in low cuff pressures upon landing (<10 mm Hg). The PressureEasy reduced the pressure change to a maximum of 36 mm Hg, but on landing, cuff pressures were less than 15 mm Hg. Saline inflation ameliorated cuff pressure changes at altitude, but initial pressures were 40 mm Hg. None of the three methods using air inflation managed to maintain cuff pressures below those associated with tracheal damage at altitude or above pressures associated with secretion aspiration during descent. Saline inflation minimizes altitude-related alteration in cuff pressure but creates excessive pressures at sea level. New techniques need to be developed.

Endotracheal tube placement by EMT-Basics in a rural EMS system.

PubMed

Pratt, Jeffrey C; Hirshberg, Alan J

2005-01-01

To evaluate the effectiveness of an intubation-training module and special-waiver project in which Emergency Medical Technician (EMT)-Basics were trained to perform endotracheal intubations in a rural community. This was a prospective observational study over a four-year period (July 1998 through May 2002) of all intubation attempts by EMT-Basics in the field. The authors observed intubation data, training methods, and quality-assurance methods of a special-waiver project agreed to by the State Department of Public Health to train and allow EMT-Basics to intubate patients. Data were from documentation unique to the project. Project documentation evaluated the placement and complication(s) of endotracheal tube (ETT) placement after arrival to the emergency department. An intubation attempt was defined as direct laryngoscopy. A successful attempt was defined as an appropriately sized ETT placed and secured in the trachea below the vocal cords and above the carina. Confirmation of placement in the field included accepted clinical methods and the use of qualitative colorimetric end-tidal carbon dioxide detectors. The EMT-Basics were trained using a paramedic curriculum, including operating room intubations on live adult patients. All patients were in either cardiopulmonary or respiratory arrest. Thirty-two intubations were performed by EMT-Basics. Thirty attempts were successful and two were unsuccessful (94%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 80-98%). Unsuccessful ETT placements were managed with accepted basic life support airway standards. There were no unrecognized esophageal ETT placements (0%; 95% CI 0-11%). This study demonstrated that with an intensive training program using selected highly motivated providers and close monitoring, a program of EMT-Basic ETT placement in a rural setting can achieve acceptable success rates in patients in cardiac or respiratory arrest.

Assessment of the effectiveness of a ventilator associated pneumonia prevention bundle that contains endotracheal tube with subglottic drainage and cuff pressure monitorization.

PubMed

Akdogan, Ozlem; Ersoy, Yasemin; Kuzucu, Ciğdem; Gedik, Ender; Togal, Turkan; Yetkin, Funda

The effectiveness of prevention bundles on the occurrence and mortality of ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) was evaluated in many studies. However, the effectiveness of endotracheal tube with subglottic secretion drainage (ETT-SD) and cuff pressure monitorization in VAP bundles have not been adequately assessed. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of VAP bundle containing ETT-SD and cuff pressure monitorization. This was a prospective, controlled study that was carried out between March 2011 and April 2012 including intubated patients. The study was conducted at the Anesthesiology Intensive Care Unit 1 and 2 (10 beds each) in a 898-bed university hospital. Occurrence of VAP and compliance with the parameters of the VAP prevention bundles were assessed daily. Patients intubated with the standard endotracheal tube were recruited as controls, mainly in the first six months of the study as ETT-SD and cuff pressure monometer had not yet been implemented. In the second term, patients intubated with ETT-SD were included as cases. Occurrence of VAP, mortality, and compliance with VAP prevention bundles were monitored. A total of 133 patients, 37 cases and 96 controls were recruited. VAP incidence declined from 40.82 to 22.16 per 1000 ventilator days among controls and cases, respectively (p<005). On average, VAP occurred 17.33±21.09 days in the case group and 10.43±7.83 days in the control group (p=0.04). However, mortality of cases and controls at the 14th and 30th days was not different. VAP prevention bundles including the utilization of ETT-SD, monitoring cuff pressure, and oral care with chlorhexidine were efficient in reducing the rate of VAP. Copyright © 2017 Sociedade Brasileira de Infectologia. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.

Exercise-induced ischemia initiates the second window of protection in humans independent of collateral recruitment.

PubMed

Lambiase, Pier D; Edwards, Richard J; Cusack, Michael R; Bucknall, Clifford A; Redwood, Simon R; Marber, Michael S

2003-04-02

This study was designed to examine if exercise-induced ischemia initiated late preconditioning in humans that becomes manifest during subsequent exercise and serial balloon occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). The existence of late preconditioning in humans is controversial. We therefore compared myocardial responses to exercise-induced and intracoronary balloon inflation-induced ischemia in two groups of patients subjected to different temporal patterns of ischemia. Thirty patients with stable angina secondary to single-vessel LAD disease underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) after two separate exercise tolerance test (ETT) protocols designed to investigate isolated early preconditioning (IEP) alone or the second window of protection (SWOP). The IEP subjects underwent three sequential ETTs at least two weeks before PCI. The SWOP subjects underwent five sequential ETTs commencing 24 h before PCI. During PCI there was no significant difference in intracoronary pressure-derived collateral flow index (CFI) between groups (IEP = 0.15 +/- 0.13, SWOP = 0.19 +/- 0.15). In SWOP patients, compared with the initial ETT, the ETT performed 24 h later had a 40% (p < 0.001) increase in time to 0.1-mV ST depression and a 60% (p < 0.05) decrease in ventricular ectopic frequency. During the first balloon inflation, peak ST elevation was reduced by 49% (p < 0.05) in the SWOP versus the IEP group, and the dependence on CFI observed in the IEP group was abolished (analysis of covariance, p < 0.05). The significant attenuation of ST elevation (47%, p < 0.005) seen at the time of the second inflation in the IEP patients was not seen in the SWOP patients. Exercise-induced ischemia triggers late preconditioning in humans, which becomes manifest during exercise and PCI. This is the first evidence that ischemia induced by coronary occlusion is attenuated in humans by a late preconditioning effect induced by exercise.

Tracheal tube cuff inflation guided by pressure volume loop closure associated with lower postoperative cuff-related complications: Prospective, randomized clinical trial.

PubMed

Almarakbi, Waleed A; Kaki, Abdullah M

2014-07-01

The main function of an endotracheal tube (ETT) cuff is to prevent aspiration. High cuff pressure is usually associated with postoperative complications. We tried to compare cuff inflation guided by pressure volume loop closure (PV-L) with those by just to seal technique (JS) and assess the postoperative incidence of sore throat, cough and hoarseness. In a prospective, randomized clinical trial, 100 patients' tracheas were intubated. In the first group (n = 50), ETT cuff inflation was guided by PV-L, while in the second group (n. = 50) the ETT cuff was inflated using the JS technique. Intracuff pressures and volumes were measured. The incidence of postoperative cuff-related complications was reported. Demographic data and durations of intubation were comparable between the groups. The use of PV-L was associated with a lesser amount of intracuff air [4.05 (3.7-4.5) vs 5 (4.8-5.5), P < 0.001] and lower cuff pressure than those in the JS group [18.25 (18-19) vs 33 (32-35), P ≤ 0.001]. The incidence of postextubation cuff-related complications was significantly less frequent among the PV-L group patients as compared with the JS group patients (P ≤ 0.009), except for hoarseness of voice, which was less frequent among the PV-L group, but not statistically significant (P ≤ 0.065). Multiple regression models for prediction of intra-cuff pressure after intubation and before extubation revealed a statistically significant association with the technique used for cuff inflation (P < 0.0001). The study confirms that PV-L-guided ETT cuff inflation is an effective way to seal the airway and associates with a lower ETT cuff pressure and lower incidence of cuff-related complications.

Endotracheal tube biofilm translocation in the lateral Trendelenburg position.

PubMed

Li Bassi, Gianluigi; Fernandez-Barat, Laia; Saucedo, Lina; Giunta, Valeria; Marti, Joan Daniel; Tavares Ranzani, Otavio; Aguilera Xiol, Eli; Rigol, Montserrat; Roca, Ignasi; Muñoz, Laura; Luque, Nestor; Esperatti, Mariano; Saco, Maria Adela; Ramirez, Jose; Vila, Jordi; Ferrer, Miguel; Torres, Antoni

2015-02-27

Laboratory studies demonstrated that the lateral Trendelenburg position (LTP) is superior to the semirecumbent position (SRP) in the prevention of ventilator-associated pulmonary infections. We assessed whether the LTP could also prevent pulmonary colonization and infections caused by an endotracheal tube (ETT) biofilm. Eighteen pigs were intubated with ETTs colonized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm. Pigs were positioned in LTP and randomized to be on mechanical ventilatin (MV) up to 24 hour, 48 hour, 48 hour with acute lung injury (ALI) by oleic acid and 72 hour. Bacteriologic and microscopy studies confirmed presence of biofilm within the ETT. Upon autopsy, samples from the proximal and distal airways were excised for P.aeruginosa quantification. Ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis (VAT) was confirmed by bronchial tissue culture ≥3 log colony forming units per gram (cfu/g). In pulmonary lobes with gross findings of pneumonia, ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) was confirmed by lung tissue culture ≥3 log cfu/g. P.aeruginosa colonized the internal lumen of 16 out of 18 ETTs (88.89%), and a mature biofilm was consistently present. P.aeruginosa colonization did not differ among groups, and was found in 23.6% of samples from the proximal airways, and in 7.1% from the distal bronchi (P = 0.001). Animals of the 24 hour group never developed respiratory infections, whereas 20%, 60% and 25% of the animals in group 48 hour, 48 hour-ALI and 72 hour developed P.aeruginosa VAT, respectively (P = 0.327). Nevertheless, VAP never developed. Our findings imply that during the course of invasive MV up to 72 hour, an ETT P.aeruginosa biofilm hastily colonizes the respiratory tract. Yet, the LTP compartmentalizes colonization and infection within the proximal airways and VAP never develops.

Randomized clinical trial to compare the effects of preoperative oral carbohydrate versus placebo on insulin resistance after colorectal surgery.

PubMed

Wang, Z G; Wang, Q; Wang, W J; Qin, H L

2010-03-01

Preoperative oral carbohydrate (OCH) reduces postoperative insulin resistance (PIR). This randomized trial investigated whether this effect is related to insulin-induced activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (PKB) signalling pathway. Patients with colorectal cancer scheduled for elective open resection were randomly assigned to preoperative OCH, fasting or placebo. Preoperative general well-being, insulin resistance before and immediately after surgery, and postoperative expression of PI3K, PKB, protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) in rectus abdominis muscle were evaluated. Patient and operative characteristics did not differ between groups. Subjective well-being was significantly better in OCH and placebo groups than in the fasting group, primarily because of reduced thirst (P = 0.005) and hunger (P = 0.041). PIR was significantly greater in fasting and placebo groups (P < 0.010). By the end of surgery, muscle PTK activity as well as PI3K and PKB levels were significantly increased in the OCH group compared with values in fasting and placebo groups (P < 0.050), but GLUT4 expression was unaffected. PIR involves the PI3K/PKB signalling pathway. Preoperative OCH intake improves preoperative subjective feelings of hunger and thirst compared with fasting, while attenuating PIR by stimulation of the PI3K/PKB pathway. (c) 2010 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Microgravity and clinorotation cause redistribution of free calcium in sweet clover columella cells

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hilaire, E.; Paulsen, A. Q.; Brown, C. S.; Guikema, J. A.; Spooner, B. S. (Principal Investigator)

1995-01-01

In higher plants, calcium redistribution is believed to be crucial for the root to respond to a change in the direction of the gravity vector. To test the effects of clinorotation and microgravity on calcium localization in higher plant roots, sweet clover (Melilotus alba L.) seedlings were germinated and grown for two days on a slow rotating clinostat or in microgravity on the US Space Shuttle flight STS-60. Subsequently, the tissue was treated with a fixative containing antimonate (a calcium precipitating agent) during clinorotation or in microgravity and processed for electron microscopy. In root columella cells of clinorotated plants, antimonate precipitates were localized adjacent to the cell wall in a unilateral manner. Columella cells exposed to microgravity were characterized by precipitates mostly located adjacent to the proximal and lateral cell wall. In all treatments some punctate precipitates were associated with vacuoles, amyloplasts, mitochondria, and euchromatin of the nucleus. A quantitative study revealed a decreased number of precipitates associated with the nucleus and the amyloplasts in columella cells exposed to microgravity as compared to ground controls. These data suggest that roots perceive a change in the gravitational field, as produced by clinorotation or space flights, and respond respectively differently by a redistribution of free calcium.

Ultrastructural Analysis of In Vivo Hypoglycemiant Effect of Two Polyoxometalates in Rats with Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes.

PubMed

Bâlici, Ştefana; Wankeu-Nya, Modeste; Rusu, Dan; Nicula, Gheorghe Z; Rusu, Mariana; Florea, Adrian; Matei, Horea

2015-10-01

Two polyoxometalates (POMs), synthesized through a self-assembling method, were used in the treatment of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. One of these nanocompounds [tris(vanadyl)-substituted tungsto-antimonate(III)-anions—POM1] was previously described in the literature, whereas the second [tris-butyltin-21-tungsto-9-antimonate(III)-anions—POM2], was prepared by us based on our original formula. In rats with STZ-induced diabetes treated with POMs (up to a cumulative dose of 4 mg/kg bodyweight at the end of the treatments), statistically significant reduced levels of blood glucose were measured after 3 weeks, as compared with the diabetic control groups (DCGs). Ultrastructural analysis of pancreatic β-cells (including the mean diameter of secretory vesicles and of their insulin granules) in the treated diabetic rats proved the POMs contribute to limitation of cellular degeneration triggered by STZ, as well as to the presence of increased amounts of insulin-containing vesicles as compared with the DCG. The two POMs also showed hepatoprotective properties when ultrastructural aspects of hepatocytes in the experimental groups of rats were studied. Based on our in vivo studies, we concluded that the two POMs tested achieved hypoglycemiant effects by preventing STZ-triggered apoptosis of pancreatic β-cells and stimulation of insulin synthesis.

Analysis of Investigational Drugs in Biological Fluids. Method Development and Routine Assay. Appendix A.

DTIC Science & Technology

1997-02-13

AMINOPROPIOPHENONE IN DOG PLASMA 0 OCH 3 CH2 CH3 OCH2CHOHCH 2 OH H2 N& p-Aminopropiophenone Guaifenesin (WR 000,302) Internal Standard APPROVALS: This Analytical...40 - 80 il VOLUME: RUN TIME: 14 min (PAPP: 10.7 min; Guaifenesin (Internal Standard): 8.5 min) DETECTOR Wavelength: 316 nm SETTINGS: Absorption Range

Theoretical insight into OH- and Cl-initiated oxidation of CF3OCH(CF3)2 and CF3OCF2CF2H & fate of CF3OC(X•)(CF3)2 and CF3OCF2CF2X• radicals (X=O, O2)

PubMed Central

Bai, Feng-Yang; Ma, Yuan; Lv, Shuang; Pan, Xiu-Mei; Jia, Xiu-Juan

2017-01-01

In this study, the mechanistic and kinetic analysis for reactions of CF3OCH(CF3)2 and CF3OCF2CF2H with OH radicals and Cl atoms have been performed at the CCSD(T)//B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level. Kinetic isotope effects for reactions CF3OCH(CF3)2/CF3OCD(CF3)2 and CF3OCF2CF2H/CF3OCF2CF2D with OH and Cl were estimated so as to provide the theoretical estimation for future laboratory investigation. All rate constants, computed by canonical variational transition state theory (CVT) with the small-curvature tunneling correction (SCT), are in reasonable agreement with the limited experimental data. Standard enthalpies of formation for the species were also calculated. Atmospheric lifetime and global warming potentials (GWPs) of the reaction species were estimated, the large lifetimes and GWPs show that the environmental impact of them cannot be ignored. The organic nitrates can be produced by the further oxidation of CF3OC(•)(CF3)2 and CF3OCF2CF2• in the presence of O2 and NO. The subsequent decomposition pathways of CF3OC(O•)(CF3)2 and CF3OCF2CF2O• radicals were studied in detail. The derived Arrhenius expressions for the rate coefficients over 230–350 K are: k T(1) = 5.00 × 10−24T3.57 exp(−849.73/T), k T(2) = 1.79 × 10−24T4.84 exp(−4262.65/T), kT(3) = 1.94 × 10−24 T4.18 exp(−884.26/T), and k T(4) = 9.44 × 10−28T5.25 exp(−913.45/T) cm3 molecule−1 s−1. PMID:28067283

Theoretical insight into OH- and Cl-initiated oxidation of CF3OCH(CF3)2 and CF3OCF2CF2H & fate of CF3OC(X•)(CF3)2 and CF3OCF2CF2X• radicals (X=O, O2)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bai, Feng-Yang; Ma, Yuan; Lv, Shuang; Pan, Xiu-Mei; Jia, Xiu-Juan

2017-01-01

In this study, the mechanistic and kinetic analysis for reactions of CF3OCH(CF3)2 and CF3OCF2CF2H with OH radicals and Cl atoms have been performed at the CCSD(T)//B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level. Kinetic isotope effects for reactions CF3OCH(CF3)2/CF3OCD(CF3)2 and CF3OCF2CF2H/CF3OCF2CF2D with OH and Cl were estimated so as to provide the theoretical estimation for future laboratory investigation. All rate constants, computed by canonical variational transition state theory (CVT) with the small-curvature tunneling correction (SCT), are in reasonable agreement with the limited experimental data. Standard enthalpies of formation for the species were also calculated. Atmospheric lifetime and global warming potentials (GWPs) of the reaction species were estimated, the large lifetimes and GWPs show that the environmental impact of them cannot be ignored. The organic nitrates can be produced by the further oxidation of CF3OC(•)(CF3)2 and CF3OCF2CF2• in the presence of O2 and NO. The subsequent decomposition pathways of CF3OC(O•)(CF3)2 and CF3OCF2CF2O• radicals were studied in detail. The derived Arrhenius expressions for the rate coefficients over 230-350 K are: k T(1) = 5.00 × 10-24T3.57 exp(-849.73/T), k T(2) = 1.79 × 10-24T4.84 exp(-4262.65/T), kT(3) = 1.94 × 10-24 T4.18 exp(-884.26/T), and k T(4) = 9.44 × 10-28T5.25 exp(-913.45/T) cm3 molecule-1 s-1.

Synthesis, antityrosinase activity of curcumin analogues, and crystal structure of (1E,4E)-1,5-bis(4-ethoxyphenyl)penta-1,4-dien-3-one

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chantrapromma, S., E-mail: suchada.c@psu.ac.th; Ruanwas, P.; Boonnak, N.

2016-12-15

Five derivatives of curcumin analogue (R = OCH{sub 2}CH{sub 3} (1), R = N(CH{sub 3}){sub 2} (2), R = 2,4,5-OCH{sub 3} (3), R = 2,4,6-OCH{sub 3} (4), and R = 3,4,5-OCH{sub 3} (5)) were synthesized and characterized by {sup 1}H NMR, FT-IR and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The synthesized derivatives were screened for antityrosinase activity, and found that 4 and 5 possess such activity. The crystal structure of 1 was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction: monoclinic, sp. gr. P2{sub 1}/c, a = 17.5728(15) Å, b = 5.9121(5) Å, c = 19.8269(13) Å, β = 121.155(5)°, Z = 4. The molecule 1more » is twisted with the dihedral angle between two phenyl rings being 15.68(10)°. In the crystal packing, the molecules 1 are linked into chains by C−H···π interactions and further stacked by π···π interactions with the centroid–centroid distance of 3.9311(13) Å.« less

The unusual amino acid l-ergothioneine is a physiologic cytoprotectant

PubMed Central

Paul, BD; Snyder, SH

2010-01-01

Ergothioneine (ET) is an unusual sulfur-containing derivative of the amino acid, histidine, which is derived exclusively through the diet. Although ET was isolated a century ago, its physiologic function has not been clearly established. Recently, a highly specific transporter for ET (ETT) was identified in mammalian tissues, which explains abundant tissue levels of ET and implies a physiologic role. Using RNA interference, we depleted cells of its transporter. Cells lacking ETT are more susceptible to oxidative stress, resulting in increased mitochondrial DNA damage, protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation. ETT is concentrated in mitochondria, suggesting a specific role in protecting mitochondrial components such as DNA from oxidative damage associated with mitochondrial generation of superoxide. In combating cytotoxic effects of pyrogallol, a known superoxide generator, ET is as potent as glutathione. Because of its dietary origin and the toxicity associated with its depletion, ET may represent a new vitamin whose physiologic roles include antioxidant cytoprotection. PMID:19911007

Intonation and expressivity: a single case study of classical western singing.

PubMed

Sundberg, Johan; Lã, Filipa M B; Himonides, Evangelos

2013-05-01

Previous studies have shown that singers tend to sharpen phrase-peak tones as compared with equally tempered tuning (ETT). Here we test the hypothesis that this can serve the purpose of musical expressivity. Data were drawn from earlier recordings, where a professional baritone sang excerpts as void of musical expression as he could (Neutral) and as expressive as in a concert (Concert). Fundamental frequency averaged over tones was examined and compared with ETT. Phrase-peak tones were sharper in excited examples, particularly in the Concert versions. These tones were flattened to ETT using the Melodyne software. The manipulated and original versions were presented pairwise to a musician panel that was asked to choose the more expressive version. By and large, the original versions were perceived as more expressive, thus supporting the common claim that intonation is a means for adding expressivity to a performance. Copyright © 2013 The Voice Foundation. All rights reserved.

The Synthesis and Characterization of Aromatic Hybrid Anderson–Evans POMs and their Serum Albumin Interactions: The Shift from Polar to Hydrophobic Interactions

PubMed Central

Al-Sayed, Emir; Blazevic, Amir; Roller, Alexander; Rompel, Annette

2015-01-01

Four aromatic hybrid Anderson polyoxomolybdates with Fe3+ or Mn3+ as the central heteroatom have been synthesized by using a pre-functionalization protocol and characterized by using single-crystal X-ray diffraction, FTIR, ESI-MS, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Structural analysis revealed the formation of (TBA)3[FeMo6O18{(OCH2)3CNHCOC6H5}2]⋅3.5 ACN (TBA-FeMo6-bzn; TBA=tetrabutylammonium, ACN=acetonitrile, bzn=TRIS-benzoic acid alkanolamide, TRIS–R=(HOCH2)3C–R)), (TBA)3[FeMo6O18{(OCH2)3CNHCOC8H7}2]⋅2.5 ACN (TBA-FeMo6-cin; cin=TRIS-cinnamic acid alkanolamide), (TBA)3[MnMo6O18{(OCH2)3CNHCOC6H5}2]⋅3.5 ACN (TBA-MnMo6-bzn), and (TBA)3[MnMo6O18{(OCH2)3CNHCOC8H7}2]⋅2.5 ACN (TBA-MnMo6-cin). To make these four compounds applicable in biological systems, an ion exchange was performed that gave the water-soluble (up to 80 mm) sodium salts Na3[FeMo6O18{(OCH2)3CNHCOC6H5}2] (Na-FeMo6-bzn), Na3[FeMo6O18{(OCH2)3CNHCOC8H7}2] (Na-FeMo6-cin), Na3[MnMo6O18{(OCH2)3CNHCOC6H5}2] (Na-MnMo6-bzn), and Na3[MnMo6O18{(OCH2)3CNHCOC8H7}2] (Na-MnMo6-cin). The hydrolytic stability of the sodium salts was examined by applying ESI-MS in the pH range of 4 to 9. Sodium dodecylsulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) showed that human and bovine serum albumin (HSA and BSA) remain intact in solutions that contain up to 100 equivalents of the sodium salts over more than 4 d at 20 °C. Tryptophan (Trp) fluorescence quenching was applied to study the interactions between the sodium salts and HSA and BSA at pH 5.5 and 7.4. The quenching constants were extracted by using Stern–Volmer analysis, which suggested the formation of a 1:1 POM–protein complex in all samples. It is suggested that the aromatic hybrid POM approaches subdomain IIA of HSA and exhibits hydrophobic interactions with its hydrophobic tails, whereas the Anderson core is stabilized through electrostatic interactions with polar amino acid side chains from, for example

Role of the ancillary ligand N,N-dimethylaminoethanol in the sensitization of Eu(III) and Tb(III) luminescence in dimeric beta-diketonates.

PubMed

Eliseeva, Svetlana V; Kotova, Oxana V; Gumy, Frédéric; Semenov, Sergey N; Kessler, Vadim G; Lepnev, Leonid S; Bünzli, Jean-Claude G; Kuzmina, Natalia P

2008-04-24

Two types of dimeric complexes [Ln2(hfa)6(mu2-O(CH2)2NHMe2)2] and [Ln(thd)2(mu2,eta2-O(CH2)2NMe2)]2 (Ln = YIII, EuIII, GdIII, TbIII, TmIII, LuIII; hfa- = hexafluoroacetylacetonato, thd- = dipivaloylmethanato) are obtained by reacting [Ln(hfa)3(H2O)2] and [Ln(thd)3], respectively, with N,N-dimethylaminoethanol in toluene and are fully characterized. X-ray single crystal analysis performed for the TbIII compounds confirms their dimeric structure. The coordination mode of N,N-dimethylaminoethanol depends on the nature of the beta-diketonate. In [Tb2(hfa)6(mu2-O(CH2)2NHMe2)2], eight-coordinate TbIII ions adopt distorted square antiprismatic coordination environments and are O-bridged by two zwitterionic N,N-dimethylaminoethanol ligands with a Tb1...Tb2 separation of 3.684(1) A. In [Tb(thd)2(mu2,eta2-O(CH2)2NMe2)]2, the N,N-dimethylaminoethanol acts as chelating-bridging O,N-donor anion and the TbIII ions are seven-coordinate; the Tb1...Tb1A separation amounts to 3.735(2) A within centrosymmetric dimers. The dimeric complexes are thermally stable up to 180 degrees C, as shown by thermogravimetric analysis, and their volatility is sufficient for quantitative sublimation under reduced pressure. The EuIII and TbIII dimers display metal-centered luminescence, particularly [Eu2(hfa)6(O(CH2)2NHMe2)2] (quantum yield Q(L)Ln = 58%) and [Tb(thd)2(O(CH2)2NMe2)]2 (32%). Consideration of energy migration paths within the dimers, based on the study of both pure and EuIII- or TbIII-doped (0.01-0.1 mol %) LuIII analogues, leads to the conclusion that both the beta-diketone and N,N-dimethylaminoethanol ligands contribute significantly to the sensitization process of the EuIII luminescence. The ancillary ligand increases considerably the luminescence of [Eu2(hfa)6(O(CH2)2NHMe2)2], compared to [Ln(hfa)3(H2O)2], through the formation of intra-ligand states while it is detrimental to TbIII luminescence in both beta-diketonates. Thin films of the most luminescent compound [Eu2(hfa)6(O(CH2

The effect of esophagogastroduodenoscopy probe insertion on the intracuff pressure of airway devices in children during general anesthesia.

PubMed

Balaban, Onur; Kamata, Mineto; Hakim, Mumin; Tumin, Dmitry; Tobias, Joseph D

2017-04-01

Given the size of the esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) probe and the compressibility of the pediatric airway, the EGD probe may increase the intracuff pressure (IP) of an airway device. The current study evaluated IP changes during EGD examination under general anesthesia in pediatric patients. Following the induction of anesthesia, a laryngeal mask airway (LMA) or endotracheal tube (ETT) was placed without neuromuscular blockade. The IP was measured at baseline, during EGD probe insertion, while the EGD probe was in place, and after probe removal. The study cohort included 101 patients (mean age 11.3 years). The airway was secured with an LMA and an ETT in 88 and 13 patients, respectively. The IP increased from 27 ± 15 cmH 2 O at baseline to 34 ± 17 cmH 2 O during probe insertion (p < 0.001), remained at 33 ± 16 cmH 2 O while the probe was in place, and decreased to 26 ± 14 cmH 2 O after probe removal. The IP of the LMA or ETT increased during EGD probe insertion and remained elevated while the probe was in place. High IP may compromise mucosal perfusion resulting in a sore throat when using an LMA or the potential for airway damage if an ETT is used. Removal of air from the cuff and titration of the IP should be considered after EGD insertion.

Use of a Flexible Intubating Scope in Combination with a Channeled Video Laryngoscope for Managing a Difficult Airway in the Emergency Department.

PubMed

Sowers, Nicholas; Kovacs, George

2016-02-01

Difficulty with intubation is not uncommon in the emergency setting. Video laryngoscopes (VLs) are commonly used to manage the difficult airway in the emergency department (ED). Intubation using a flexible bronchoscope, while considered the gold standard for managing the anticipated difficult airway in the operating room, is not commonly used in the ED. We present a case describing VL-assisted flexible scope intubation performed in the ED as a novel feasible approach to managing the difficult airway. A 65-year-old male, post cardiac arrest, with multiple unsuccessful attempts at prehospital intubation had rapid sequence intubation (RSI) performed and, despite obtaining a view with a King Vision™ VL, the skilled operator was unable to advance the endotracheal tube (ETT). An Ambu™ aScope3 flexible intubating scope (FIS) was placed through the ETT loaded in the channel of the King Vision and advanced through the cords to a position proximal to the carina. The ETT was then advanced easily over the FIS and down the trachea. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: Although video laryngoscopy is commonly used in the ED, intubation can prove difficult, despite having an adequate view of the glottis. Use of an FIS, however, through a channeled VL makes navigation of the ETT easier and facilitates tube advancement, which can be difficult with VL. Channeled VL-assisted use of an FIS is a viable option for managing the difficult airway. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The anatomical location and laterality of orbital cavernous haemangiomas.

PubMed

McNab, Alan A; Selva, Dinesh; Hardy, Thomas G; O'Donnell, Brett

2014-10-01

To determine the anatomical location and laterality of orbital cavernous haemangiomas (OCH). Retrospective case series. The records of 104 patients with OCH were analyzed. The anatomical location of each OCH defined by the location of a point at the centre of the lesion, and its laterality. There were 104 patients included in the study. No patient had more than one lesion. Sixteen (15.4%) were located in the anterior third of the orbit, 74 (71.2%) were in the middle third, and 14 (13.5%) in the posterior third. In the middle third, 10 of 74 (13.5%) were extraconal and 64 intraconal (86.5%), with 30 of 64 (46.9%) middle third intraconal lesions lying lateral to the optic nerve. Of 104 lesions, 56 (53.8%) were left sided, showing a trend towards a predilection for the left side (p = 0.065). If data from other published series which included data on laterality is added to our own data and analysed, 270 of 468 (57.7%) OCH occurred in the left orbit (p < 0.005). OCH may occur at almost any location within the orbit. The commonest location is the middle third of the orbit, in the intraconal space lateral to the optic nerve. This may reflect an origin of these lesions from the arterial side of the circulation, as there are more small arteries in the intraconal space lateral to the optic nerve than in other locations. A predilection for the left orbit remains unexplained.

Dimethylalkoxygallane incorporating a donor-functionalised alkoxide: the monomeric gas-phase structure.

PubMed

Knapp, Caroline E; Carmalt, Claire J; McMillan, Paul F; Wann, Derek A; Robertson, Heather E; Rankin, David W H

2008-12-28

The structure of the vapour produced upon heating the dimethylalkoxygallane [Me(2)GaOCH(2)CH(2)NMe(2)](2) has been studied by gas-phase electron diffraction and ab initio molecular orbital calculations; only the monomeric form [Me(2)GaOCH(2)CH(2)NMe(2)] is observed in the vapour, with the nitrogen atom forming a dative bond with the metal centre.

Oral Chloral Hydrate Compare with Rectal Thiopental in Pediatric Procedural Sedation and Analgesia; a Randomized Clinical Trial.

PubMed

Azizkhani, Reza; Kanani, Soheila; Sharifi, Ali; Golshani, Keihan; Masoumi, Babak; Ahmadi, Omid

2014-01-01

The increasing use of diagnostic imaging in pediatric medicine has resulted in growing need for procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA) to minimize motion artifacts during procedures. The drug of choice in pediatric PSA was not introduced until now. The aim of the present study was comparison of oral chloral hydrate (OCH) and rectal sodium thiopental (RST) in pediatric PSA. In the present randomized clinical trial, 2-6 years old pediatrics who referred for performing brain computed tomography scan was enrolled and were randomly divided in to two groups. OCH (50mg/kg) and RST (25mg/kg) were prescribed and a trained nurse recorded the time from drug prescription to receiving the conscious sedation (onset of action), the total period which the patient has the Ramsay score≥4 (duration of action), and adverse effect of agents. Mann-Whitney U test and chi-squared test, and Non-parametric analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were used for comparisons. One hundred and forty children were entered to two groups of OCH and RST, randomly. The patients of two groups had similar age, sex, weight, and baseline vital signs except for diastolic blood pressure (p<0.001). The onset of action in OCH and RST groups were 24.5±6.1and 28.7±5.2 minutes, respectively (p<0.001). Duration of action in OCH and RST groups were 12.9±2.8 minutes and 13.7±2.6 minutes, respectively (p=0.085). Non-parametric ANCOVA revealed that only diastolic blood pressure was affected by drug prescription (p=0.001). In 11(15.7%) patients in RST group, diarrhea was observed during 24 hours (p=0.001). Oxygen desaturation was observed only in two patients, both in OCH group. Each of the sedative has advantages and disadvantages that should be considered when selecting one for inducing short-term sedation. It seems that rectal sodium thiopental and oral chloral hydrate are equally effective in pediatric PSA and based on patient's condition we can administrate one of these agents.

The C- and N-Terminal Residues of Synthetic Heptapeptide Ion Channels Influence Transport Efficacy Through Phospholipid Bilayers

PubMed Central

Djedovič, Natasha; Ferdani, Riccardo; Harder, Egan; Pajewska, Jolanta; Pajewski, Robert; Weber, Michelle E.; Schlesinger, Paul H.; Gokel, George W.

2008-01-01

The synthetic peptide, R2N-COCH2OCH2CO-Gly-Gly-Gly-Pro-Gly-Gly-Gly-OR’, was shown to be selective for Cl- over K+ when R is n-octadecyl and R’ is benzyl. Nineteen heptapeptides have now been prepared in which the N-terminal and C-terminal residues have been varied. All of the N-terminal residues are dialkyl but the C-terminal chains are esters, 2° amides, or 3° amides. The compounds having varied N-terminal anchors and C-terminal benzyl groups are as follows: 1, R = n-propyl; 2, R = n-hexyl; 3, R = n-octyl; 4, R = n-decyl; 5, R = n-dodecyl; 6, R = n-tetradecyl; 7, R = n-hexadecyl; 8, R = n-octadecyl. Compounds 9-19 have R = n-octadecyl and C-terminal residues as follows: 9, OR’ = OCH2CH3; 10, OR’ = OCH(CH3)2; 11, OR’ = O(CH2)6CH3; 12, OR’ = OCH2-c-C6H11; 13, OR’ = O(CH2)9CH3; 14, OR’ = O (CH2)17CH3; 15, NR’2 = N[(CH2)6CH3]2; 16, NHR’ = NH(CH2)9CH3; 17, NR’2 = N[(CH2)9CH3]2; 18, NHR’ = NH(CH2)17CH3; 19, NR’2 = N[(CH2)17CH3]2. The highest anion transport activities were observed as follows. For the benzyl esters whose N-terminal residues were varied, i.e. 1-8, compound 3 was most active. For the C18 anchored esters 10-14, n-heptyl ester 11 was most active. For the C18 anchored, C-terminal amides 15-19, di-n-decylamide 17 was most active. It was concluded that both the C- and N-terminal anchors were important for channel function in the bilayer but that activity was lost unless only one of the two anchoring groups was dominant. PMID:19633728

Zwitterionic metal carboxylate complexes: In solid state

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nath, Bhaskar; Kalita, Dipjyoti; Baruah, Jubaraj B.

2012-07-01

A flexible dicarboxylic acid having composition [(CH(o-C5H4N)(p-C6H4OCH2CO2H)2] derived from corresponding bis-phenol reacts with various metal(II) acetates such as manganese(II), cobalt(II) and nickel(II) acetate leads to zwtterionic complexes with compositions [CH(o-C5H4N)(p-C6H4OCH2CO2){p-C6H4OCH2CO2M(H2O)5}].6H2O (where M = Mn, Co, Ni). The complexes are characterised by X-ray crystallography. These complexes have chiral center due to unsymmetric structure conferred to the ligand through coordination at only one carboxylate group of the ligand. In solid state these complexes are racemic.

Fermi surfaces and electronic topological transitions in metallic solid solutions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bruno, E.; Ginatempo, B.; Guiliano, E. S.; Ruban, A. V.; Vekilov, Yu. Kh.

1994-12-01

Notwithstanding the substitutional disorder, the Fermi surface of metallic alloys can be measured and computed. We show that, from the theoretical point of view, it is defined as the locus of the peaks of the Bloch Spectral Function (BSF). Such Fermi surfaces, on varying the atomic concentrations, may undergo changes of their topology, known as Electronic Topological Transitions (ETT). Thus, for instance, pockets of electrons or holes may appear or disappear, necks may open or close. ETTs cause anomalous behaviours of thermodynamic, transport and elastic properties of metals and constitute a fascinating field in the study of Fermi liquid systems. Although ETTs could be studied on pure systems as a function of the thermodynamic variables, nevertheless such a study would often require extreme conditions, and would lead to experimental difficulties. On the other hand, it is possible to explore the variations of atomic concentration, i.e. the valence electron per atom ratio, in metallic solid solutions with a relative experimental ease. In this paper we review the theoretical techniques for the determination of Fermi surfaces in metallic solid solutions and discuss some examples of ETTs, namely LiMg, ZrNb, NbMo, MoRe, AgPd, CdMg, NiW and NiTi alloys, also in connection with experimental data as thermoelectric power, resistivity, elastic constants and electron-phonon coupling and with the determinations of the electron momentum distribution function from Compton scattering and positron annihilation experiments. We show that the ab initio calculations of the electronic structure for the quoted systems, together with a careful determination of the BSF, are able to predict quantitatively ETTs at those concentrations where physical quantities display anomalies, so confirming directly ETT theory. Although it is not the purpose of the present review to give a full account of electronic structure calculation schemes, however, we briefly discuss the

Environmental risk assessment of hydrofluoroethers (HFEs).

PubMed

Tsai, Wen-Tien

2005-03-17

Hydrofluoroethers (HFEs) are being used as third generation replacements to chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) because of their nearly zero stratospheric ozone depletion and relatively low global warming potential. HFEs have been developed under commercial uses as cleaning solvents (incl., HFE-7500, C7F15OC2H5; HFE-7200, C4F9OC2H5; HFE-7100, C4F9CH3; HFE-7000, n-C3F7OCH3), blowing agents (incl., HFE-245mc, CF3CF2OCH3; HFC-356mec, CF3CHFCF2OCH3), refrigerants (incl., HFE-143a, CF3OCH3; HFE-134, CHF2OCHF2; HFE-245mc, CF3CF2OCH3), and dry etching agents in semiconductor manufacturing, (incl., HFE-227me, CF3OCHFCF3). From the environmental, ecological, and health points of view, it is important to understand their environmental risks for these HFEs from a diversity of commercial applications and industrial processes. This paper aims to introduce these HFEs with respect to physiochemical properties, commercial uses, and environmental hazards (i.e. global warming, photochemical potential, fire and explosion hazard, and environmental partition). Further, it addresses the updated data on the human toxicity, occupational exposure and potential health risk of commercial HFEs. It is concluded that there are few HFEs that still possess some environmental hazards, including global warming, flammability hazard and adverse effect of exposure. The partition coefficient for these HFEs has been estimated using the group contribution method; the values of logKow for commercial HFEs have been estimated to be below 3.5.

Inhibitors of choline uptake and metabolism cause developmental abnormalities in neurulating mouse embryos.

PubMed

Fisher, M C; Zeisel, S H; Mar, M H; Sadler, T W

2001-08-01

Choline is an essential nutrient in methylation, acetylcholine and phospholipid biosynthesis, and in cell signaling. The demand by an embryo or fetus for choline may place a pregnant woman and, subsequently, the developing conceptus at risk for choline deficiency. To determine whether a disruption in choline uptake and metabolism results in developmental abnormalities, early somite staged mouse embryos were exposed in vitro to either an inhibitor of choline uptake and metabolism, 2-dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE), or an inhibitor of phosphatidylcholine synthesis, 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-methyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine (ET-18-OCH(3)). Cell death following inhibitor exposure was investigated with LysoTracker Red and histology. Embryos exposed to 250-750 microM DMAE for 26 hr developed craniofacial hypoplasia and open neural tube defects in the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain regions. Embryos exposed to 125-275 microM ET-18-OCH(3) exhibited similar defects or expansion of the brain vesicles. ET-18-OCH(3)-affected embryos also had a distended neural tube at the posterior neuropore. Embryonic growth was reduced in embryos treated with either DMAE (375, 500, and 750 microM) or ET-18-OCH(3) (200 and 275 microM). Whole mount staining with LysoTracker Red and histological sections showed increased areas of cell death in embryos treated with 275 microM ET-18-OCH(3) for 6 hr, but there was no evidence of cell death in DMAE-exposed embryos. Inhibition of choline uptake and metabolism during neurulation results in growth retardation and developmental defects that affect the neural tube and face. Copyright 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

From CO2 to dimethyl carbonate with dialkyldimethoxystannanes: the key role of monomeric species.

PubMed

Kalhor, Mahboubeh Poor; Chermette, Henry; Chambrey, Stéphane; Ballivet-Tkatchenko, Danielle

2011-02-14

The formation of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) from CO(2) and methanol with the dimer [n-Bu(2)Sn(OCH(3))(2)](2) was investigated by experimental kinetics in support of DFT calculations. Under the reaction conditions (357-423 K, 10-20 MPa), identical initial rates are observed with three different reacting mixtures, CO(2)/toluene, supercritical CO(2), and CO(2)/methanol, and are consistent with the formation of monomeric di-n-butyltin(iv) species. An intramolecular mechanism is, therefore, proposed with an Arrhenius activation energy amounting to 104 ± 10 kJ mol(-1) for DMC synthesis. DFT calculations on the [(CH(3))(2)Sn(OCH(3))(2)](2)/CO(2) system show that the exothermic insertion of CO(2) into the Sn-OCH(3) bond occurs by a concerted Lewis acid-base interaction involving the tin center and the oxygen atom of the methoxy ligand. The Gibbs energy diagrams highlight that, under the reaction conditions, the dimer-monomer equilibrium is significantly shifted towards monomeric species, in agreement with the experimental kinetics. Importantly, the two Sn-OCH(3) bonds are prompt to insert CO(2). These results provide new insight into the reaction mechanism and catalyst design to enhance the turnover numbers.

Carboxylate and amino group coated silver nanoparticles as joining materials for copper-to-copper silver joints.

PubMed

Oestreicher, A; Röhrich, T; Lerch, M

2012-12-01

Organic silver complexes are introduced where silver is linked either with a carboxyl group or with an amino group. Upon heating, nanoparticles are generated if the respective ligands are long enough to act as stabilizing agents in the nanoparticulate regime. With decomposition and volatilization of the organic material, the sintering of silver occurs. The thermal characteristics of the carboxylates silver-n-octanoate, silver-n-decanoate, and AgOOC(CH2OCH2)2CH2OCH3 are compared with silver-n-alkylamines (n = 8, 9, and 12), and their thermal behavior is discussed based on thermogravimetry (TG) measurements. The consecutive stages of a metallization process are addressed based on the properties of AgOOC(CH2OCH2)2CH2OCH3, and the usable effects of the individual phases of this metal organic compound are analyzed by cross-sectional scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of silver joints. Selection criteria are addressed based on the thermal behavior. A mechanism for the joining process is proposed, considering formation and sintering of the nanoparticles. It was found that the bulk material can be used for low-temperature joining processes. Strong adherence to copper as a basic material can be achieved.

The Synthesis and Characterization of Aromatic Hybrid Anderson-Evans POMs and their Serum Albumin Interactions: The Shift from Polar to Hydrophobic Interactions.

PubMed

Al-Sayed, Emir; Blazevic, Amir; Roller, Alexander; Rompel, Annette

2015-12-01

Four aromatic hybrid Anderson polyoxomolybdates with Fe(3+) or Mn(3+) as the central heteroatom have been synthesized by using a pre-functionalization protocol and characterized by using single-crystal X-ray diffraction, FTIR, ESI-MS, (1) H NMR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Structural analysis revealed the formation of (TBA)3 [FeMo6 O18 {(OCH2 )3 CNHCOC6 H5 }2 ]⋅3.5 ACN (TBA-FeMo6 -bzn; TBA=tetrabutylammonium, ACN=acetonitrile, bzn=TRIS-benzoic acid alkanolamide, TRISR=(HOCH2 )3 CR)), (TBA)3 [FeMo6 O18 {(OCH2 )3 CNHCOC8 H7 }2 ]⋅2.5 ACN (TBA-FeMo6 -cin; cin=TRIS-cinnamic acid alkanolamide), (TBA)3 [MnMo6 O18 {(OCH2 )3 CNHCOC6 H5 }2 ]⋅3.5 ACN (TBA-MnMo6 -bzn), and (TBA)3 [MnMo6 O18 {(OCH2 )3 CNHCOC8 H7 }2 ]⋅2.5 ACN (TBA-MnMo6 -cin). To make these four compounds applicable in biological systems, an ion exchange was performed that gave the water-soluble (up to 80 mM) sodium salts Na3 [FeMo6 O18 {(OCH2 )3 CNHCOC6 H5 }2 ] (Na-FeMo6 -bzn), Na3 [FeMo6 O18 {(OCH2 )3 CNHCOC8 H7 }2 ] (Na-FeMo6 -cin), Na3 [MnMo6 O18 {(OCH2 )3 CNHCOC6 H5 }2 ] (Na-MnMo6 -bzn), and Na3 [MnMo6 O18 {(OCH2 )3 CNHCOC8 H7 }2 ] (Na-MnMo6 -cin). The hydrolytic stability of the sodium salts was examined by applying ESI-MS in the pH range of 4 to 9. Sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) showed that human and bovine serum albumin (HSA and BSA) remain intact in solutions that contain up to 100 equivalents of the sodium salts over more than 4 d at 20 °C. Tryptophan (Trp) fluorescence quenching was applied to study the interactions between the sodium salts and HSA and BSA at pH 5.5 and 7.4. The quenching constants were extracted by using Stern-Volmer analysis, which suggested the formation of a 1:1 POM-protein complex in all samples. It is suggested that the aromatic hybrid POM approaches subdomain IIA of HSA and exhibits hydrophobic interactions with its hydrophobic tails, whereas the Anderson core is stabilized through electrostatic

A comparison of a traditional endotracheal tube versus ETView SL in endotracheal intubation during different emergency conditions

PubMed Central

Truszewski, Zenon; Krajewski, Paweł; Fudalej, Marcin; Smereka, Jacek; Frass, Michael; Robak, Oliver; Nguyen, Bianka; Ruetzler, Kurt; Szarpak, Lukasz

2016-01-01

Abstract Background: Airway management is a crucial skill essential to paramedics and personnel working in Emergency Medical Services and Emergency Departments: Lack of practice, a difficult airway, or a trauma situation may limit the ability of paramedics to perform direct laryngoscopy during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Videoscope devices are alternatives for airway management in these situations. The ETView VivaSight SL (ETView; ETView Ltd., Misgav, Israel) is a new, single-lumen airway tube with an integrated high-resolution imaging camera. To assess if the ETView VivaSight SL can be a superior alternative to a standard endotracheal tube for intubation in an adult cadaver model, both during and without simulated CPR. Methods: ETView VivaSight SL tube was investigated via an interventional, randomized, crossover, cadaver study. A total of 52 paramedics participated in the intubation of human cadavers in three different scenarios: a normal airway at rest without concomitant chest compression (CC) (scenario A), a normal airway with uninterrupted CC (scenario B) and manual in-line stabilization (scenario C). Time and rate of success for intubation, the glottic view scale, and ease-of-use of ETView vs. sETT intubation were assessed for each emergency scenario. Results: The median time to intubation using ETView vs. sETT was compared for each of the aforementioned scenarios. For scenario A, time to first ventilation was achieved fastest for ETView, 19.5 [IQR, 16.5–22] sec, when compared to that of sETT at 21.5 [IQR, 20–25] sec (p = .013). In scenario B, the time for intubation using ETView was 21 [IQR, 18.5–24.5] sec (p < .001) and sETT was 27 [IQR, 24.5–31.5] sec. Time to first ventilation for scenario C was 23.5 [IQR, 19–25.5] sec for the ETView and 42.5 [IQR, 35–49.5] sec for sETT. Conclusions: In normal airways and situations with continuous chest compressions, the success rate for intubation of cadavers and the time to ventilation were

A comparison of a traditional endotracheal tube versus ETView SL in endotracheal intubation during different emergency conditions: A randomized, crossover cadaver trial.

PubMed

Truszewski, Zenon; Krajewski, Paweł; Fudalej, Marcin; Smereka, Jacek; Frass, Michael; Robak, Oliver; Nguyen, Bianka; Ruetzler, Kurt; Szarpak, Lukasz

2016-11-01

Airway management is a crucial skill essential to paramedics and personnel working in Emergency Medical Services and Emergency Departments: Lack of practice, a difficult airway, or a trauma situation may limit the ability of paramedics to perform direct laryngoscopy during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Videoscope devices are alternatives for airway management in these situations. The ETView VivaSight SL (ETView; ETView Ltd., Misgav, Israel) is a new, single-lumen airway tube with an integrated high-resolution imaging camera. To assess if the ETView VivaSight SL can be a superior alternative to a standard endotracheal tube for intubation in an adult cadaver model, both during and without simulated CPR. ETView VivaSight SL tube was investigated via an interventional, randomized, crossover, cadaver study. A total of 52 paramedics participated in the intubation of human cadavers in three different scenarios: a normal airway at rest without concomitant chest compression (CC) (scenario A), a normal airway with uninterrupted CC (scenario B) and manual in-line stabilization (scenario C). Time and rate of success for intubation, the glottic view scale, and ease-of-use of ETView vs. sETT intubation were assessed for each emergency scenario. The median time to intubation using ETView vs. sETT was compared for each of the aforementioned scenarios. For scenario A, time to first ventilation was achieved fastest for ETView, 19.5 [IQR, 16.5-22] sec, when compared to that of sETT at 21.5 [IQR, 20-25] sec (p = .013). In scenario B, the time for intubation using ETView was 21 [IQR, 18.5-24.5] sec (p < .001) and sETT was 27 [IQR, 24.5-31.5] sec. Time to first ventilation for scenario C was 23.5 [IQR, 19-25.5] sec for the ETView and 42.5 [IQR, 35-49.5] sec for sETT. In normal airways and situations with continuous chest compressions, the success rate for intubation of cadavers and the time to ventilation were improved with the ETView. The time to glottis view, tube insertion

Atraumatic intubation: experience using a 5.0 endotracheal tube without a stylet for laryngeal surgery.

PubMed

Moore, Jaime E; Hu, Amanda; Rutt, Amy; Green, Parmis; Hawkshaw, Mary; Sataloff, Robert T

2015-02-01

Vocal fold injury is a well-know complication of intubation, with rates reported as high as 69%. Laryngology textbooks recommend the use of a small endotracheal tube (ETT) to help avoid these complications and optimize visualization. Case reports have suggested that the rigid stylet can lead to laryngeal injury. Given the additional risks, intubation without the stylet is our preferred practice. There is limited documentation in the literature regarding this viewpoint. Our study investigated the feasibility of and potential barriers to intubation using 5.0 ETT without a stylet. Prospective study. Consecutive adult patients undergoing laryngeal surgery were recruited for intubation with a 5.0 ETT without a stylet. Demographic data, specialty and training level of the intubator, and factors that would predict a difficult intubation were recorded. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed. Findings of the participants (n = 67) included average American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification (2.2), average Mallampati score (1.7), average Cormack-Lehane grade (1.5), and average body mass index (28.0). Five patients (7.4%) required intubation using a stylet, and one of these five participants was intubated initially with a stylet. Of these five participants, 80% required use of a GlideScope (P < .001), and they had significantly higher ASA classification (P = .047) and number of intubation attempts (P = .042). One patient sustained an oropharyngeal injury during intubation with a stylet. No participants had laryngeal injury. Most patients can be intubated successfully using a 5.0 ETT without a stylet. There were no cases of laryngeal trauma with this technique. 2b. © 2014 The American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, Inc.

Prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia.

PubMed

Li Bassi, Gianluigi; Senussi, Tarek; Aguilera Xiol, Eli

2017-04-01

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is an iatrogenic disease. Here we appraise recent advancements in the development and testing of strategies to prevent VAP. We also provide recommendations on the most promising interventions that should be applied. In the last year, preventive bundles have consistently let to a reduction of VAP. A few trials on endotracheal tubes (ETTs) with novel cuffs failed to translate positive bench findings into clinical settings. In addition, meta-analyses confirmed the primary role of subglottic secretion aspiration in VAP prevention. A relatively new ETT, with an innovative cuff design, has been tested in clinical trials confirming potential value. Meta-analyses confirmed reduction of VAP with the use of chlorhexidine for oropharyngeal decontamination. However, prophylactic inhaled or oral antibiotics are ineffective. Finally, there is growing interest in orally ingested probiotics to prevent VAP. The results of ongoing studies on probiotics are much-awaited. In conclusion, in the past year, new evidence elucidated limitations of new ETT cuffs in the prevention of VAP; whereas, subglottic secretion aspiration proved consistent benefits. Modulation of oropharyngeal colonization with chlorhexidine decreases risks of VAP and should be widely implemented. Finally, preventive measures with proven preventive value should be grouped into bundles.

Durable Fluorocarbon-Based Coatings for Aircraft

DTIC Science & Technology

2000-11-01

synthesized two novel monomers, 2-fluoro-2- perfluorooctyl - 1,3-propanediol and 2-fluoro-2- perfluoro (2-ethylhexyl)-1,3-propanediol, and demonstrated that...propanediols, two branched perfluoroalkyl methanols, perfluoro -1H,1H-2-ethylhexanol (pefluoro-1-ethylpentyl methanol) and perfluoro - 1H,1H-2,2...malonates. Reduction of the perfluorinated malonates gave the perfluoroalkyl -branched 1,3-propanediols. R-OH + HBr R-Br cat. O O OCH 2CH3 OCH 2CH3 + O O

Theoretical studies on atmospheric chemistry of HFE-245mc and perfluoro-ethyl formate: Reaction with OH radicals, atmospheric fate of alkoxy radical and global warming potential

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lily, Makroni; Baidya, Bidisha; Chandra, Asit K.

2017-02-01

Theoretical studies have been performed on the kinetics, mechanism and thermochemistry of the hydrogen abstraction reactions of CF3CF2OCH3 (HFE-245mc) and CF3CF2OCHO with OH radical using DFT based M06-2X method. IRC calculation shows that both hydrogen abstraction reactions proceed via weakly bound hydrogen-bonded complex preceding to the formation of transition state. The rate coefficients calculated by canonical transition state theory along with Eckart's tunnelling correction at 298 K: k1(CF3CF2OCH3 + OH) = 1.09 × 10-14 and k2(CF3CF2OCHO + OH) = 1.03 × 10-14 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 are in very good agreement with the experimental values. The atmospheric implications of CF3CF2OCH3 and CF3CF2OCHO are also discussed.

Photoluminescence properties of a new orange-red-emitting Sm(3+)-La3SbO7 phosphor.

PubMed

Li, Zeng-Mei; Deng, Li-Gang; Zhao, Shan-Cang; Zhang, Shu-Qiu; Guo, Chang-Ying; Liang, Jing-Yun; Yue, Hui; Wan, Chun-Yan

2016-03-01

The antimonate compound La3SbO7 has high chemical stability, lattice stiffness and thermal stability. Orange-red-emitting antimonate-based phosphors La3SbO7:xSm(3+) (x = 0.02, 0.05, 0.08, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20 and 0.25) were synthesized. The phase structure and photoluminescence properties of these phosphors were investigated. The emission spectrum obtained on excitation at 407 nm contained exclusively the characteristic emissions of Sm(3+) at 568, 608, 654 and 716 nm, which correspond to the transitions from (4)G5/2 to (6)H5/2, (6)H7/2, (6)H9/2 and (6)H11/2 of Sm(3+), respectively. The strongest emission was located at 608 nm due to the (4)G5/2→(6)H7/2 transition of Sm(3+), generating bright orange-red light. The critical quenching concentration of Sm(3+) in La3SbO7:Sm(3+) phosphor was determined as 10% and the energy transfer between Sm(3+) was found to be through an exchange interaction. The International Commission on Illumination chromaticity coordinates of the La3SbO7:0.10Sm(3+) phosphors are located in the orange-red region. The La3SbO7:Sm(3+) phosphors may be potentially used as red phosphors for white light-emitting diodes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Preoperative oral carbohydrate improved postoperative insulin resistance in rats through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.

PubMed

Wang, Zhiguo; Liu, Yiqing; Li, Qi; Ruan, Canping; Wu, Bin; Wang, Qiang; Hu, Zhiqian; Qin, Huanlong

2015-01-01

Preoperative oral carbohydrate (OCH) improves postoperative insulin resistance (PIR) and insulin sensitivity. However, the exact mechanisms involved in the improvement of PIR with respect to preoperative OCH are still not clear. The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of preoperative OCH and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in reducing PIR in rats. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to PreOp, glucose, saline, and fasting groups. Rats in the PreOp, glucose, and saline groups received OCH, 5% glucose solution, and saline, respectively. Rats in the fasting group did not receive anything but were fasted 3 h before surgery. Blood glucose, insulin and leucine levels, and insulin resistance, secretion, and sensitivity indexes were measured before and after surgery. mRNA and protein (total and phosphorylated) levels of mTOR, IRS-1, PI3K, PKB/AKT, and GlUT4 were measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot in skeletal muscles. In the PIR experiment, blood glucose, serum insulin, insulin resistance, and serum leucine levels were all significantly lower in the PreOp group than in the other 3 groups (P<0.05) after surgery. HOMA-ISI were higher in the PreOp group vs the other 3 groups after surgery (P<0.05), and HOMA-b in the PreOp group was higher than that in the other 3 groups at 30 and 120 min after surgery. Additionally, post-operative phosphorylated IRS-1, PI3K, and AKT protein levels were significantly higher in the PreOp group than in the other 3 groups (P<0.05), but no significant differences were observed in their respective protein levels (P>0.05). OCH decreases postoperative insulin resistance and improves postoperative insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscles through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.

Differential apoptotic effect of wogonin and nor-wogonin via stimulation of ROS production in human leukemia cells.

PubMed

Chow, Jyh-Ming; Huang, Guan-Cheng; Shen, Shing-Chuan; Wu, Chin-Yen; Lin, Cheng-Wei; Chen, Yen-Chou

2008-04-01

We investigate the roles of methoxyl (OCH(3)) and hydroxyl (OH) substitutions at C8 of flavonoids on their apoptosis-inducing activities. Wogonin (Wog) and nor-wogonin (N-Wog) are structurally related flavonoids, and respectively contain an OH and OCH(3) at C8. In leukemia HL-60 cells, N-Wog exhibited more-potent cytotoxicity than Wog according to the MTT and LDH release assays, and the IC(50) values of Wog and N-Wog in HL-60 cells were 67.5 +/- 2.1 and 21.7 +/- 1.5 microM, respectively. Apoptotic characteristics including DNA ladders, apoptotic bodies, and hypodiploid cells accompanied by the induction of caspase 3 protein processing appeared in Wog- and N-Wog-treated HL-60 cells. Interestingly, an increase in intracellular peroxide production was detected in N-Wog- but not Wog-treated HL-60 cells by the DCHF-DA assay, and the reduction of intracellular peroxide by catalase (CAT) induced by N-Wog significantly reduced the N-Wog- but not the Wog-induced cytotoxic effect according to the MTT assay in accordance with the blocking of DNA ladder formation and caspase 3 and PARP protein processing elicited by N-Wog. We further analyzed the effect of six structurally related compounds, including 5-OH, 7-OH, 5,7-diOH, 5,7-diOCH(3), 7,8-diOCH(3), and 7-OCH(3)-8-OH flavones, on apoptosis induction in HL-60 cells. Results suggested that OH at C5 and C7 is essential for both the apoptosis-inducing activity of flavonoids, and OH at C8 may contribute to apoptosis induction ability. Evidence to support a distinct structure-activity relationship in apoptosis induction of flavonoids is provided for the first time in this study. 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Atmospheric chemistry of HFE-7000 (CF(3)CF (2)CF (2)OCH (3)) and 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butanol (CF (3)CF (2)CF (2)CH (2)OH): kinetic rate coefficients and temperature dependence of reactions with chlorine atoms.

PubMed

Díaz-de-Mera, Yolanda; Aranda, Alfonso; Bravo, Iván; Rodríguez, Diana; Rodríguez, Ana; Moreno, Elena

2008-10-01

The adverse environmental impacts of chlorinated hydrocarbons on the Earth's ozone layer have focused attention on the effort to replace these compounds by nonchlorinated substitutes with environmental acceptability. Hydrofluoroethers (HFEs) and fluorinated alcohols are currently being introduced in many applications for this purpose. Nevertheless, the presence of a great number of C-F bonds drives to atmospheric long-lived compounds with infrared absorption features. Thus, it is necessary to improve our knowledge about lifetimes and global warming potentials (GWP) for these compounds in order to get a complete evaluation of their environmental impact. Tropospheric degradation is expected to be initiated mainly by OH reactions in the gas phase. Nevertheless, Cl atoms reaction may also be important since rate constants are generally larger than those of OH. In the present work, we report the results obtained in the study of the reactions of Cl radicals with HFE-7000 (CF(3)CF(2)CF(2)OCH(3)) (1) and its isomer CF(3)CF(2)CF(2)CH(2)OH (2). Kinetic rate coefficients with Cl atoms have been measured using the discharge flow tube-mass spectrometric technique at 1 Torr of total pressure. The reactions of these chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) substitutes have been studied under pseudo-first-order kinetic conditions in excess of the fluorinated compounds over Cl atoms. The temperature ranges were 266-333 and 298-353 K for reactions of HFE-7000 and CF(3)CF(2)CF(2)CH(2)OH, respectively. The measured room temperature rate constants were k(Cl+CF(3)CF(2)CF(2)OCH(3)) = (1.24 +/- 0.28) x 10(-13) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1)and k(Cl+CF(3)CF(2)CF(2)CH(2)OH) = (8.35 +/- 1.63) x 10(-13) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) (errors are 2sigma + 10% to cover systematic errors). The Arrhenius expression for reaction 1 was k (1)(266-333 K) = (6.1 +/- 3.8) x 10(-13)exp[-(445 +/- 186)/T] cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) and k (2)(298-353 K) = (1.9 +/- 0.7) x 10(-12)exp[-(244 +/- 125)/T] cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) (errors

Chemistry within Molecular van der Waals Clusters

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-07-18

and Discussion 1) Stabilizing an Unstable Reagent within a Cluster a) 1, 1- Difluoroethane Clusters 2) Providing New Chemical Pathways a) Ammonia...1- difluoroethane clusters 24, the generation of (CH3 OCH 3 )nH3 O+ & (CH3 OCH 3 )nCH3 OH2 + ions from dimethyl ether dusters25 ,26, the generation of...Stabilizing an Unstable Reagent within a Cluster a) 1.1- Difluoroethane Clusters 24 The dominant reactive process which occurs within the majority of cluster

Influence of the creep ageing process on the fatigue properties of components from V95pchT2 (analog 7175T76) and V95ochT2 (analog 7475) aluminium alloys

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Larichkin, A.; Zakharchenko, K.; Gorev, B.; Kapustin, V.; Maksimovskiy, E.

2017-10-01

Influence of conditions of technological process of forming thick panels of a given geometry on fatigue limit of flat specimens from the V95ochT2 and V95pchT2 (analogues 7475 and 7175T76) alloys (Al-Mg-Cu-Zn) has been analysed. The process has been simulated experimentally on flat samples for temperatures 20, 165 and 420°C. The process includes: non-elastic strain in the range 10-5 - 10-2 s-1 up to 2% of total strain, followed by heat treatment according to T2 mode (quenching and aging). Fatigue life tests were carried out both on solid samples and on samples with a hole. It has been shown that resistance to fatigue of the observed alloys after forming at the annealing temperature (420°C) is comparable to the basic material resistance to fatigue. Meso-structure analysis showed absence of stress in grains. It is established that, on average, the shape of the grains is the same for a series of samples for different temperatures and loading rates. The results of testing samples with a hole showed that fatigue limit slightly decreases in samples which were previously deformed at (420°C), with respect to the durability of samples from the material in basic state. With an increase in rate of pre-strain, the relative number of cycles before destruction occurs increased.

New molecular imprinted voltammetric sensor for determination of ochratoxin A.

PubMed

Yola, Mehmet Lütfi; Gupta, Vinod Kumar; Atar, Necip

2016-04-01

In this report, a novel molecular imprinted voltammetric sensor based on silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) involved in a polyoxometalate (H3PW12O40, POM) functionalized reduced graphene oxide (rGO) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was presented for determination of ochrattoxin A (OCH). The developed surfaces were characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) method. OCH imprinted GCE was prepared via electropolymerization process of 100mM phenol as monomer in the presence of phosphate buffer solution (pH6.0) containing 25 mM OCH. The linearity range and the detection limit of the method were calculated as 5.0 × 10(-11) - 1.5 × 10(-9)M and 1.6 × 10(-11) M, respectively. The voltammetric sensor was applied to grape juice and wine samples with good selectivity and recovery. The stability of the voltammetric sensor was also reported. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Relationship Between Post-exercise Heart Rate Recovery and Changing Ratio of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Capacity.

PubMed

Kim, Ji-Hyun; Choe, Yu-Ri; Song, Min-Keun; Choi, In-Sung; Han, Jae-Young

2017-12-01

To determine whether heart rate recovery (HRR) following an exercise tolerance test (ETT) is correlated with a changing ratio of peak oxygen consumption (VO 2 ) and maximal metabolic equivalents (MET max ). A total of 60 acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients who underwent ETT at both assessment points - 3 weeks (T0) after the AMI attack and 3 months after T0 (T1) were included. After achieving a peak workload, the treadmill was stopped with a 5-minute cooldown period, and the patients recovered in a comfortable and relaxed seated position. HRR was defined as the difference between the maximal heart rate (HR max ) and the HR measured at specific time intervals - immediately after the cool down period (HRR-0) and 3 minutes after the completion of the ETT (HRR-3). HRR-0 and HRR-3 increased over time, whereas VO 2max and MET max did not show significant changes. There was a positive correlation between HRR at T0 and the exercise capacity at T0. HRR at T0 also showed a positive correlation with the exercise capacity at T1. There was no significant correlation between HRR measured at T0 and the change in the ratio of VO 2max and MET max , as calculated by subtracting VO 2max and MET max obtained at T0 from those obtained at T1, divided by VO 2max at T0 and multiplied by 100. Post-exercise HRR measured at 3 weeks after the AMI onset can reflect the exercise capacity 3 months after the first ETT. However, it may be difficult to correlate post-exercise HRR at T0 with the degree of increase in cardiopulmonary exercise capacity in patients with AMI.

Do Physicians Do What They Say?

PubMed Central

Wennberg, David E; Dickens, John D; Biener, Lois; Fowler, Floyd J; Soule, David N; Keller, Robert B

1997-01-01

OBJECTIVE Efforts to evaluate variations in cardiac procedures have focused on patient factors and differences in health care delivery systems. We wanted to assess how physicians’ inclination to test patients with coronary artery disease influences utilization patterns. SETTING AND SUBJECTS Physicians and the populations of Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont. DESIGN We conducted a survey of 263 family practitioners, internists, and cardiologists residing in 57 hospital service areas in Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont. Using patient scenarios, we assessed the clinicians’ inclinations to test during the evaluation of patients with coronary artery disease. Self-reported testing intensities were used to create three indices: a Catheterization Index, an Imaging Exercise Tolerance Test (ETT) Index, and a Nonimaging ETT Index. Using administrative data, age- and gender-adjusted population-based coronary angiography rates were calculated. Physicians were assigned to low (2.9/1,000), average (4.2/1,000), and high (5.8/1,000) coronary angiography rate areas, based on where they practice. Analysis of variance techniques were used to assess the relation of the index scores to the population-based coronary angiography rates and to physician specialties. RESULTS There was a positive relationship between the population-based coronary angiography rates and the self-reported scores of the Catheterization Index (p < .005) and the Imaging ETT Index (p = .01), but none was found for the Nonimaging ETT Index (p = .10). These relationships were evident in subanalyses of cardiologists and internists, but not of family practitioners. CONCLUSIONS Self-reported testing intensity by physicians is related to the population-based rates of coronary angiography. This relationship cuts across specialties, suggesting that there is a “medical signature” for the evaluation of patients with coronary artery disease.

Alternative approaches to ventilator-associated pneumonia prevention.

PubMed

Berra, L; Sampson, J; Fumagalli, J; Panigada, M; Kolobow, T

2011-03-01

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), which develops in patients receiving mechanical ventilation, is the most common nosocomial infection in patients with acute respiratory failure. The major mechanism of lower respiratory tract colonization is aspiration of bacteria-colonized secretions from the oropharynx into the lower airways. The hydrostatic pressure of the secretions that collect in the subglottic space, which is the area above the endotracheal tube (ETT) cuff, or aerosolization of bacteria from the secretions collected within the respiratory tubing may facilitate the leakage into the lower airways. Ideally, the elimination of the mechanisms responsible for aspiration would decrease the incidence of VAP. Several preventive measures have been tested in clinical trials with little success.Here we present the results of our efforts to develop novel approaches for the prevention of VAP. Specifically, we found that keeping ventilated patients in a lateral position, which eliminates gravitational forces, is feasible and possibly advantageous. Additionally, several novel medical devices have been recently developed to prevent bacterial biofilm formation from the ETT and breathing tubing. These devices include coated ETTs, mucus shavers and mucus slurpers. Prevention of ETT bacterial colonization showed decreased bacterial colonization of the respiratory circuit and of the lower respiratory tract in laboratory studies and clinical trials. Future large studies should be designed to test the hypothesis that VAP can be prevented with these novel strategies. While there is a current focus on the use of respiratory devices to prevent biofilm formation and microaspiration, it is important to remember that lower respiratory tract colonization is multifactorial. Prevention of VAP cannot be achieved solely by eliminating bacterial biofilm on respiratory devices, and more comprehensive care of the intubated patient needs to be implemented.

Electronic topological transitions in Zn under compression

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kechin, Vladimir V.

2001-01-01

The electronic structure of hcp Zn under pressure up to 10 GPa has been calculated self-consistently by means of the scalar relativistic tight-binding linear muffin-tin orbital method. The calculations show that three electronic topological transitions (ETT's) occur in Zn when the c/a axial ratio diminishes under compression. One transition occurs at c/a~=1.82 when the ``needles'' appear around the symmetry point K of the Brillouin zone. The other two transitions occur at c/a~=3, when the ``butterfly'' and ``cigar'' appear simultaneously both around the L point. It has been shown that these ETT's are responsible for a number of anomalies observed in Zn at compression.

The efficacy of elastic therapeutic tape variations on measures of ankle function and performance.

PubMed

Brogden, Christopher Michael; Marrin, Kelly; Page, Richard Michael; Greig, Matt

2018-04-23

To investigate the effects of different variations of elastic therapeutic taping (ETT) on tests used to screen for ankle injury risk and function. Randomized crossover. Laboratory. Twelve professional male soccer players completed three experimental trials: No tape (NT), RockTape™ (RT), and Kinesio™ Tape (KT) applied to the ankle complex. Clinical and functional ankle screening tests were used to assess the effects of ETT on measures of joint position sense, postural stability and ground reaction forces. KT (P = 0.04) and RT (P = 0.01) demonstrated significant improvements in end range joint position sense. When compared to NT, RT significantly (P = 0.02) improved mid-range joint position sense at 15°, and time to complete a drop landing task. No significant differences were observed for measures of postural stability (P ≥ 0.12) nor ground reaction force variables (P ≥ 0.33). Results advocate the use of ETT for proprioceptive and functional tasks when applied to the ankles of healthy male soccer players. However, a greater number of practical and significant differences were observed when RT only was applied, indicating that practitioners may potentially advocate the use of RT for tasks requiring proprioception and functional performance. Crown Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Calix

PubMed

Frkanec; Visnjevac; Kojic-Prodic; Zinic

2000-02-04

Chiral calix[4]arene derivatives with four O-(N-acetyl-PhgOMe), (1), (Phg denotes R-phenylglycine), or O-(N-acetyl-LeuOMe) (2) strands have been synthesised. Both compounds exist in chloroform in stable cone conformations with a noncovalently organised cavity at the lower rim that is formed by circular interstrand amidic hydrogen bonds. Such organisation affects both the selectivity and extraction/transport properties of 1 and 2 toward metal cations. Calix[4]arene derivatives with one OCH2COPhgOMe strand (3), two OCH2COPhgOMe strands (5) and with 1,3-OMe-2,4-(O-CH2COPhgOMe) substituents (4) at the lower rim have also been prepared. For 3, a conformation stabilised by a circular hydrogen-bond arrangement is found in chloroform, while 4 exists as a time-averaged C2 conformation with two intramolecular NH ...OCH3 hydrogen bonds. Compound 5 has a unique hydrogen-bonding motif in solution and in the solid state with two three-centred NH-.. O and two OH...O hydrogen bonds at the lower rim. This motif keeps 5 in the flattened cone conformation in chloroform. The X-ray structure analysis of 1 revealed a molecular structure with C2 symmetry; this structure is organised in infinite chains by intra- and intermolecular H bonds. The solid-state and solution structures of the [1-Na]ClO4 complex are identical, C4 symmetric cone conformations.

Perturbations in choline metabolism cause neural tube defects in mouse embryos in vitro.

PubMed

Fisher, Melanie C; Zeisel, Steven H; Mar, Mei-Heng; Sadler, Thomas W

2002-04-01

A role for choline during early stages of mammalian embryogenesis has not been established, although recent studies show that inhibitors of choline uptake and metabolism, 2-dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE), and 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-methyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine (ET-18-OCH3), produce neural tube defects in mouse embryos grown in vitro. To determine potential mechanisms responsible for these abnormalities, choline metabolism in the presence or absence of these inhibitors was evaluated in cultured, neurulating mouse embryos by using chromatographic techniques. Results showed that 90%-95% of 14C-choline was incorporated into phosphocholine and phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho), which was metabolized to sphingomyelin. Choline was oxidized to betaine, and betaine homocysteine methyltransferase was expressed. Acetylcholine was synthesized in yolk sacs, but 70 kDa choline acetyltransferase was undetectable by immunoblot. DMAE reduced embryonic choline uptake and inhibited phosphocholine, PtdCho, phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn), and sphingomyelin synthesis. ET-18-OCH3 also inhibited PtdCho synthesis. In embryos and yolk sacs incubated with 3H-ethanolamine, 95% of recovered label was PtdEtn, but PtdEtn was not converted to PtdCho, which suggested that phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase (PeMT) activity was absent. In ET-18-OCH3 treated yolk sacs, PtdEtn was increased, but PtdCho was still not generated through PeMT. Results suggest that endogenous PtdCho synthesis is important during neurulation and that perturbed choline metabolism contributes to neural tube defects produced by DMAE and ET-18-OCH3.

High Temperature Superconducting Compounds

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-11-30

broadened interest in superconductivity in both the engineering and scientific communities. Superconducting materials may be offered as a solution to a...YBa2Cu307- has been made. For yttrium, the tris( isopropoxide ) was used exclusively, while the use of both Ba(O-i-Pr)2 and Ba(OCH2Ch2OEt)2 (prepared in... solutions of Cu(acac)2, Ba(OCH2CH 2OEt)2 , and Y(O-i-Pr)3 were spin coated on SrTiO 3 (100) and fired under oxygen to give oriented (b axis normal to the

Resist Rolymers. 8. Thermolysis of Bromine Containing Acrylate Polymers.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-06-01

bromine containing polymers is particularly interesting because of their role as proven flame retardants . The bromine ...BrI IC COOH I -co2 (1 CH MeI I Br --- CH 2 ---- The presence of bromine on ester units apparently alters the principal mode of degradation of the...CH2---C C--- I I I I C-O C-O C C=O 0’ OCH2CH2Br 0 0 + ’OCH2CH 2Br (6) As described earlier6 bromoethoxy radical loose bromine atom at

Nitroaliphatic difluoroformals

DOEpatents

Peters, Howard M.; Simon, Jr., Robert L.

1978-01-01

Nitroaliphatic difluoroformals of the formula RCH.sub.2 OCF.sub.2 OCH.sub.2 R' wherein R = FC(NO.sub.2).sub.2 -- and R' = F.sub.2 C(NO.sub.2)-- or CF.sub.3 --; or R = R' = CF.sub.3 OCH.sub.2 C(NO.sub.2).sub.2 --. The compounds are prepared in accordance with the following reaction: ##STR1## carried out at temperatures of from about 95.degree. C to about 150.degree. C. The compounds are especially useful as energetic plasticizers in explosive compositions.

Optical and magnetic properties for metal halide-based organic-inorganic layered perovskites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shikoh, Eiji; Ando, Yasuo; Era, Masanao; Miyazaki, Terunobu

2001-05-01

Layered perovskites (RNH 3) 2CuCl 4, where R was methyl-benzene C 6H 5-CH 2, 1-methyl-naphthalene 1-C 10H 9-CH 2, 1-propyl-naphthalene 1-C 10H 9-O(CH 2) 3 and 1-butyl-naphthalene 1-C 10H 9-O(CH 2) 4, were synthesized. These complexes showed ferromagnetism, with different Curie temperatures, TC, depending on the structure of the molecule. The change of TC by taking into account the overlap of the electronic states between the organic and the inorganic layers were discussed.

Oral nano-delivery of anticancer ginsenoside 25-OCH3-PPD, a natural inhibitor of the MDM2 oncogene: Nanoparticle preparation, characterization, in vitro and in vivo anti-prostate cancer activity, and mechanisms of action.

PubMed

Voruganti, Sukesh; Qin, Jiang-Jiang; Sarkar, Sushanta; Nag, Subhasree; Walbi, Ismail A; Wang, Shu; Zhao, Yuqing; Wang, Wei; Zhang, Ruiwen

2015-08-28

The Mouse Double Minute 2 (MDM2) oncogene plays a critical role in cancer development and progression through p53-dependent and p53-independent mechanisms. Both natural and synthetic MDM2 inhibitors have been shown anticancer activity against several human cancers. We have recently identified a novel ginsenoside, 25-OCH3-PPD (GS25), one of the most active anticancer ginsenosides discovered thus far, and have demonstrated its MDM2 inhibition and anticancer activity in various human cancer models, including prostate cancer. However, the oral bioavailability of GS25 is limited, which hampers its further development as an oral anticancer agent. The present study was designed to develop a novel nanoparticle formulation for oral delivery of GS25. After GS25 was successfully encapsulated into PEG-PLGA nanoparticles (GS25NP) and its physicochemical properties were characterized, the efficiency of MDM2 targeting, anticancer efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and safety were evaluated in in vitro and in vivo models of human prostate cancer. Our results indicated that, compared with the unencapsulated GS25, GS25NP demonstrated better MDM2 inhibition, improved oral bioavailability and enhanced in vitro and in vivo activities. In conclusion, the validated nano-formulation for GS25 oral delivery improves its molecular targeting, oral bioavailability and anticancer efficacy, providing a basis for further development of GS25 as a novel agent for cancer therapy and prevention.

Diagnosing the occult contralateral inguinal hernia.

PubMed

Koehler, R H

2002-03-01

The incidence of bilateral inguinal hernias reported for total extra peritoneal (TEP) laparoscopic hernia repair, which reaches 45%, appears to be higher than that seen in studies of transabdominal laparoscopic and open repair. Given the unique ability of diagnostic laparoscopy to diagnose occult contralateral hernias (OCH) accurately, this study looked at how concurrent transabdominal diagnostic laparoscopy (TADL) would influence planned TEP repairs. A prospective study oF 100 consecutive TEP cases was conducted. All patients had diagnostic laparoscopy via a 5-mm 45 degrees scope through an umbilical incision with 15 mmHg of pneumoperitoneum, followed by laparoscopic TEPrepair. A contralateral occult hernia was diagnosed and repaired if a true peritoneal eventration through the inguinal region was observed. Among the 100 patients, preoperative diagnosis suggested 31 bilateral hernias (31%), whereas TADL confirmed 25 bilateral hernias (25%). Of these 25 bilateral hernias, TADL confirmed 16 that had been diagnosed preoperatively (64%), but excluded 15 contralateral hernias that were incorrectly diagnosed (37%). Transabdominal diagnostic laparoscopy found nine OCHs, representing 36% of all bilateral hernias and 13% of the 69 preoperatively determined unilateral hernias. The preoperative physician examination false-negative rate for contralateral hernias was 36%, and the false-positive rate was 37%. In 26 cases (26%), TADL changed the operative approach. In this study, patients believed to have unilateral inguinal hernias had OCHs in 13% of cases when examined by TADL. The actual bilateral hernia incidence was 25%, with a 37% false-positive rate for preoperatively diagnosed bilateral hernias. The high rate of bilateral hernias reported by the TEP approach alone suggests that some OCH findings may be an artifact of the TEP dissection. However, failure to search for an OCH could result in up to 13% of patients subsequently requiring a second repair. Because some

Conformational and spectroscopic study of xanthogen ethyl formates, ROC(S)SC(O)OCH₂CH₃. Isolation of CH₃CH₂OC(O)SH.

PubMed

Juncal, Luciana C; Cozzarín, Melina V; Romano, Rosana M

2015-03-15

ROC(S)SC(O)OCH2CH3, with R=CH3-, (CH3)2CH- and CH3(CH2)2-, were obtained through the reaction between potassium xanthate salts, ROC(S)SK, and ethyl chloroformate, ClC(O)OCH2CH3. The liquid compounds were identified and characterized by (1)H and (13)C NMR and mass spectrometry. The conformations adopted by the molecules were studied by DFT methods. 6 conformers were theoretically predicted for R=CH3- and (CH3)2CH-, while the conformational flexibility of the n-propyl substituent increases the total number of feasible rotamers to 21. For the three molecules, the conformers can be associated in 3 groups, being the most stable the AS forms - the C=S double bond anti (A) with respect to the C-S single bond and the S-C single bond syn (S) with respect to the C=O double bond - followed by AA and SS conformers. The vibrational spectra were interpreted in terms of the predicted conformational equilibrium, presenting the ν(C=O) spectral region signals corresponding to the three groups of conformers. A moderated pre-resonance Raman enhancement of the ν(C=S) vibrational mode of CH3(CH2)2OC(S)SC(O)OCH2CH3 was detected, when the excitation radiation approaches the energy of a n→π∗ electronic transition associated with the C=S chromophore. UV-visible spectra in different solvents were measured and interpreted in terms of TD-DFT calculations. The unknown molecule CH3CH2OC(O)SH was isolated by the UV-visible photolysis of CH3OC(S)SC(O)OCH2CH3 isolated in Ar matrix, and also obtained as a side-product of the reaction between potassium xanthate salts, ROC(S)SK, and ethyl chloroformate, ClC(O)OCH2CH3. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A novel airway device with tactile sensing capabilities for verifying correct endotracheal tube placement.

PubMed

Goethals, Pauwel; Chaobal, Harshu; Reynaerts, Dominiek; Schaner, David

2014-04-01

We present a new device for verifying endotracheal tube (ETT) position that uses specialized sensors intended to distinguish anatomical features of the trachea and esophagus. This device has the potential to increase the safety of resuscitation, surgery, and mechanical ventilation and decrease the morbidity, mortality, and health care costs associated with esophageal intubation and unintended extubation by potentially improving the process and maintenance of endotracheal intubation. The device consists of a tactile sensor connected to the airway occlusion cuff of an ETT. It is intended to detect the presence or absence of tracheal rings immediately upon inflation of the airway occlusion cuff. The initial study detailed here verifies that a prototype device can detect contours similar to tracheal rings in a tracheal model.

Wireless remote monitoring of myocardial ischemia using reconstructed 12-lead ECGs.

PubMed

Vukcevic, Vladan; Panescu, Dorin; Bojovic, Bosko; George, Samuel; Gussak, Ihor; Giga, Vojislav; Stankovic, Ivana

2010-01-01

CardioBip (CB) is a hand-held patient-activated device for recording and wireless transmission of reconstructed 12-lead ECG (12CB) based on patient specific matrices. It has 5 contact points: 3 precordial and 2 on the device top serving as limb leads when touched by index fingers. To determine whether CB could be used to monitor coronary disease (CAD) patients, we compared 12CB to simultaneous 12-lead ECGs (12L) in patients with CAD, pre-and post-exercise treadmill testing (ETT). The study goals were to assess: (1) whether 12CB can accurately reconstruct and wirelessly transmit 12-lead ECGs in CAD patients during ETT recovery; (2) whether 12CB can be used to evaluate ST segment changes in patients with exercise-induced ischemia.

Stable Aluminum Metal-Organic Frameworks (Al-MOFs) for Balanced CO2 and Water Selectivity.

PubMed

Li, Haiwei; Feng, Xiao; Ma, Dou; Zhang, Mengxi; Zhang, Yuanyuan; Liu, Yi; Zhang, Jinwei; Wang, Bo

2018-01-31

Three new Al-MOFs in the formation of [Al 4 (OH) 2 (OCH 3 ) 4 (OH-BDC) 3 ]·xH 2 O (BIT-72), [Al 4 (OH) 2 (OCH 3 ) 4 (CH 3 -BDC) 3 ]·xH 2 O (BIT-73) and {Al 4 (OH) 2 (OCH 3 ) 4 [(CH 3 ) 2 -BDC] 3 }·xH 2 O (BIT-74) have been synthesized by assembling Al 3+ ion with terephthalic acid ions decorated with monohydroxyl, monomethyl or dimethyl groups, respectively. All of these three MOFs exhibit high stability in boiling water and acidic conditions. Among them, BIT-72 shows the highest surface area of 1618 m 2 ·g -1 and IAST CO 2 /N 2 selectivity of 48, while BIT-73 and BIT-74 present moderate IAST CO 2 /N 2 selectivity and much lower H 2 O capacity below P/P 0 = 0.3. The high CO 2 /N 2 selectivity together with alleviative H 2 O sorption at low water relative pressure may provide promising potential in postcombustion CO 2 capture.

Atmospheric degradation of industrial fluorinated acrylates and methacrylates with Cl atoms at atmospheric pressure and 298 K

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rivela, Cynthia B.; Blanco, María B.; Teruel, Mariano A.

2018-04-01

The gas-phase reaction of Cl atom with 2,2,2-trifluoroethylacrylate (k1), 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropylacrylate (k2), 2,2,2-trifluoroethylmethacrylate (k3) and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropylmethacrylate (k4), have been investigated at 298 K and 1 atm using the relative method by gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detection (GC-FID). The values obtained are (in cm3 molecule-1 s-1): k1(Cl+CH2=CHC(O)OCH2CF3) = (2.41 ± 0.57) × 10-10, k2(Cl+CH2=CHC(O)OCH(CF3)2) = (1.39 ± 0.34) × 10-10, k3(Cl+CH2=C(CH3)C(O)OCH2CF3) = (2.22 ± 0.45) × 10-10, and k4(Cl +CH2=C(CH3)C(O)OCH(CF3)2 = (2.44 ± 0.52) × 10-10. Products identification studies were performed by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method, with on-fiber products derivatization using o-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl) hydroxylamine hydrochloride, coupled with gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection (GC-MS). Chloroacetone, trifluoroacetaldehyde and formaldehyde were observed as degradation products and a general mechanism is proposed. Additionally, reactivity trends and atmospheric implications are discussed. Significant ozone photochemical potentials (POCP) and acidification potentials lead to local and or regional impact of the esters under study although is expected to a have a minor impact on global warming and climate change.

Oral subchronic toxicity evaluation of a novel antitumor agent 25-methoxydammarane-3, 12, 20-triol from Panax notoginseng in Sprague-Dawley rats.

PubMed

Li, Wei; Zhang, Xiangrong; Xin, Yanfei; Xuan, Yaoxian; Liu, Jinping; Li, Pingya; Zhao, Yuqing

2016-06-01

Panax notoginseng and its main active ingredients ginsenosides have long been used as medicines and food additives in China. Comparing with the extensive uses and active researches of P. notoginseng and its products, the side effect and probable toxicity were rare. 25-Methoxydammarane-3,12,20-triol (25-OCH3-PPD), a novel dammarane-type triterpene sapogenin that was first isolated from the extract of P. notoginseng, was proven to have strong antitumor activities against prostate cancer, breast cancer and lung cancer. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential subchronic toxicity of 25-OCH3-PPD after it was repeatedly orally administered to Sprague-Dawley rats (5/sex/group/each time-point) at dose levels of 0, 150, 300 or 600 mg/kg/day for 13 weeks and 4-week recovery. No mortality and treatment-related toxicity effects were observed as a result of the administration of 25-OCH3-PPD at any dose level (150, 300 and 600 mg/kg) for 92 consecutive days. Although there were some statistical changes, such as increased weights in female rats and decreased organ weights and coefficients of the liver, spleen, kidney, and adrenal gland compared with the control group at the corresponding time, the autopsy and histopathological examination of the target organs did not show any abnormal responses. As a result, 25-OCH3-PPD was well tolerated by SD rat at doses of up to 600 mg/kg and that it is a potential candidate for therapeutic use. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Wogonin but not Nor-wogonin inhibits lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid-induced iNOS gene expression and NO production in macrophages.

PubMed

Huang, Guan-Cheng; Chow, Jyh-Ming; Shen, Shing-Chuan; Yang, Liang-Yo; Lin, Cheng-Wei; Chen, Yen-Chou

2007-08-01

Wogonin (Wog; 5,7-dihydroxy-8-methoxy flavone) has been shown to effectively inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression and nitric oxide production in our previous study. In the present study, we found that Nor-wogonin (N-Wog; 5,7,8-trihydroxyl flavone), a structural analogue of Wog with an OH substitution at C8, performed different effect on LPS- or lipoteichoic acid (LTA)-induced iNOS gene expression and nitric oxide (NO) production in macrophages. Wog, but not N-Wog, significantly inhibits LPS- or LTA-induced NO production through suppressing iNOS gene expression at both protein and mRNA without affecting NO donor sodium nitroprusside-induced NO production, NOS enzyme activity, and cells viability. Activation of JNKs (not ERKs) via phosphorylation induction, and an increase in c-Jun (not c-Fos) protein expression were involved in LPS- and LTA-treated RAW264.7 cells, and those events were blocked by Wog, but not N-Wog, addition. Furthermore, 5,7-diOH flavone, but not 5-OH flavone, 7-OH flavone, 5-OH-7-OCH(3) flavone, significantly inhibits LPS-induced iNOS protein expression and NO production, and 7,8-diOCH(3) flavone performs more effective inhibitory activity on LPS-induced NO production and iNOS protein expression than 7-OCH(3)-8-OH flavone. These data suggest that OHs at both C5 and C7 are essential for NO inhibition of flavonoids, and OCH(3) at C8 may contribute to this activity, and suppression of JNKs-c-Jun activation is involved.

Optimizing Travel Time to Outpatient Interventional Radiology Procedures in a Multi-Site Hospital System Using a Google Maps Application.

PubMed

Mandel, Jacob E; Morel-Ovalle, Louis; Boas, Franz E; Ziv, Etay; Yarmohammadi, Hooman; Deipolyi, Amy; Mohabir, Heeralall R; Erinjeri, Joseph P

2018-02-20

The purpose of this study is to determine whether a custom Google Maps application can optimize site selection when scheduling outpatient interventional radiology (IR) procedures within a multi-site hospital system. The Google Maps for Business Application Programming Interface (API) was used to develop an internal web application that uses real-time traffic data to determine estimated travel time (ETT; minutes) and estimated travel distance (ETD; miles) from a patient's home to each a nearby IR facility in our hospital system. Hypothetical patient home addresses based on the 33 cities comprising our institution's catchment area were used to determine the optimal IR site for hypothetical patients traveling from each city based on real-time traffic conditions. For 10/33 (30%) cities, there was discordance between the optimal IR site based on ETT and the optimal IR site based on ETD at non-rush hour time or rush hour time. By choosing to travel to an IR site based on ETT rather than ETD, patients from discordant cities were predicted to save an average of 7.29 min during non-rush hour (p = 0.03), and 28.80 min during rush hour (p < 0.001). Using a custom Google Maps application to schedule outpatients for IR procedures can effectively reduce patient travel time when more than one location providing IR procedures is available within the same hospital system.

Influence of different interfaces on synchrony during pressure support ventilation in a pediatric setting: a bench study.

PubMed

Conti, Giorgio; Gregoretti, Cesare; Spinazzola, Giorgia; Festa, Olimpia; Ferrone, Giuliano; Cipriani, Flora; Rossi, Marco; Piastra, Marco; Costa, Roberta

2015-04-01

In adults and children, patient-ventilator synchrony is strongly dependent on both the ventilator settings and interface used in applying positive pressure to the airway. The aim of this bench study was to determine whether different interfaces and ventilator settings may influence patient-ventilator interaction in pediatric models of normal and mixed obstructive and restrictive respiratory conditions. A test lung, connected to a pediatric mannequin using different interfaces (endotracheal tube [ETT], face mask, and helmet), was ventilated in pressure support ventilation mode testing 2 ventilator settings (pressurization time [Timepress]50%/cycling-off flow threshold [Trexp]25%, Timepress80%/Trexp60%), randomly applied. The test lung was set to simulate one pediatric patient with a healthy respiratory system and another with a mixed obstructive and restricted respiratory condition, at different breathing frequencies (f) (30, 40, and 50 breaths/min). We measured inspiratory trigger delay, pressurization time, expiratory trigger delay, and time of synchrony. At each breathing frequency, the helmet showed the longest inspiratory trigger delay compared with the ETT and face mask. At f30, the ETT had a reduced Tpress. The helmet had the shortest Tpress in the simulated child with a mixed obstructive and restricted respiratory condition, at f40 during Timepress50%/Trexp25% and at f50 during Timepress80%/Trexp60%. In the simulated child with a normal respiratory condition, the ETT presented the shortest Tpress value at f50 during Timepress80%/Trexp60%. Concerning the expiratory trigger delay, the helmet showed the best interaction at f30, but the worst at f40 and at f50. The helmet showed the shortest time of synchrony during all ventilator settings. The choice of the interface can influence patient-ventilator synchrony in a pediatric model breathing at increased f, thus making it more difficult to set the ventilator, particularly during noninvasive ventilation. The

Aerosol Delivery Using Jet Nebulizer and Vibrating Mesh Nebulizer During High Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation: An In Vitro Comparison.

PubMed

Fang, Tien-Pei; Lin, Hui-Ling; Chiu, Shu-Hua; Wang, Szu-Hui; DiBlasi, Robert M; Tsai, Ying-Huang; Fink, James B

2016-10-01

High frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) is used in critically ill patients with severe hypoxemic respiratory failure. The purpose of this in vitro study was to determine the efficiency of aerosol delivery with different lung parameters during simulated neonatal, pediatric, and adult HFOV. Sensormedics 3100A/B ventilators were used to deliver infant, pediatric, and adult HFOV. Two types of aerosol generators were chosen for testing: 1) a continuous jet nebulizer (JN) with a unit-dose of 5.0 mg/2.5 mL salbutamol sulfate diluted into 4 mL, and 2) a vibrating mesh nebulizer (VMN) with salbutamol sulfate were run to completion of aerosol generation. Both aerosol devices were placed 1) between the ventilator circuit and the endotracheal tube (ETT) (proximal position); and 2) at the inlet of the heated humidifier (distal position) (n = 5). Drug was collected on a bacterial filter placed distal to the ETT, and the drug eluted and analyzed with a UV Spectrophotometer at 276 nm. T- test and ANOVA tests were used for comparison (p < 0.05). The inhaled drug delivered by JN was 0%-0.6% of the nominal dose when placed at distal position, and 0%-3% at proximal position (p < 0.01), while the VMN was 0%-0.5% at distal and 8.6%-22.7% at proximal position (p < 0.01). Aerosol delivery during HFOV was greater with adult settings than pediatric and infant settings with VMN and JN (22.7%, 8.6%, and 17.4% respectively, p < 0.01). When the aerosol delivery device was placed at the distal position, negligible drug mass was observed (<0.5%), regardless of the nebulizer device used. During HFOV, aerosol delivery with the nebulizer placed at proximal was greater than placement distal from the ETT, with VMN delivering more drug than JN. The inhaled drug was delivery correlated positively with ETT size, MAP, and bias flow, and inversely proportional to power settings.

Prognostic Value of Exercise Treadmill Testing in Asymptomatic Chronic Nonischemic Mitral Regurgitation

PubMed Central

Supino, Phyllis G.; Borer, Jeffrey S.; Schuleri, Karlheinz; Gupta, Anuj; Hochreiter, Clare; Kligfield, Paul; Herrold, Edmund McM.; Preibisz, Jacek J.

2007-01-01

In many heart diseases, exercise treadmill testing(ETT) has useful functional correlates and/or prognostic value. However, its predictive value in mitral regurgitation(MR) is undefined. To determine whether ETT descriptors predict death or indications for mitral valve surgery among patients with MR, we prospectively followed, for 7±3 endpoint-free years, a cohort of 38 patients with chronic severe nonischemic MR who underwent modified Bruce ETT; all lacked surgical indications at study entry. Their baseline exercise descriptors also were compared with those from 46 patients with severe MR who, at entry, already had reached surgical indications. Endpoints during follow-up among the cohort included sudden death(n=1), heart failure symptoms(n=2), atrial fibrillation(n=4), LVEF<60%(n=2), LV systolic dimensions(IDs)≥45 mm(n=12) and LVIDs>40mm(n=11), LVEF<60%+LVIDs 45 mm(n=3), and heart failure+LVIDs 45mm+LVEF<60%(n=1). In univariate analysis, exercise duration(p=.004), chronotropic response(p=.007), percent predicted peak heart rate(p=.01) and heart rate recovery(p<.02) predicted events; in multivariate analysis, only exercise duration was predictive(p<.02). Average annual event risk was 5-fold lower(4.62%) with exercise duration≥15 minutes vs. <15 minutes(average annual risk=23.48%, p=.004). Relative risks among patients with and without exercise-inducible ST segment depression were comparable(≤1.3[NS]) whether defined at entry and/or during follow-up. Exercise duration, but not prevalence of exercise-inducible ST segment depression, was lower(p<.001) among patients with surgical indications at entry vs. initially endpoint-free patients. In conclusion, among asymptomatic patients with chronic severe nonischemic MR and no objective criteria for operation, progression to surgical indications generally is rapid. However, those with excellent exercise tolerance have a relatively benign course. Exercise-inducible ST segment depression has no prognostic value in this

Intraoperative Endotracheal Cuff Pressure Study: How Education and Availability of Manometers Help Guide Safer Pressures.

PubMed

Stevens, Gregory J; Warfel, Joel W; Aden, James K; Blackwell, Scott D

2018-02-13

Endotracheal intubation is a medical procedure that is often indicated in both the perioperative and critical care environments. Cuffed endotracheal tubes (ETT) allow for safer and more efficient delivery of positive pressure ventilation, as well as create a barrier to reduce the risk of micro-aspiration and anesthetic pollution in the operating room environment. Over-inflation of the endotracheal cuff can lead to serious and harmful sequelae. This study aimed to assess if departmental education paired with ready access to a manometer to assess cuff pressure would result in an improvement in the proportion of ETT cuff pressures in the goal range. A quality improvement study was conducted at the San Antonio Military Medical Center (SAMMC; Department of Defense hospital in San Antonio, TX). The initiative was divided into three key periods: pre-implementation, implementation, and post-implementation. During the pre-implementation period, ETT cuff pressures were obtained to assess the baseline state of ETT cuff pressures for patients in the operating room; the proportion of in-range (20-30 cmH2O) pressures was calculated. During the implementation phase, operating rooms were equipped with manometers and anesthesia departmental education was performed regarding the use of the manometers. Three months later, post-implementation cuff pressures were measured in the OR, and the proportion of in-range pressures was again calculated. The pre-implementation data showed an average cuff pressure of 48.92 cmH2O and a median of 38.5 cmH2O. Of the 100 pre-implementation pressures, 20 were in the goal range. Post-implementation data had an average cuff pressure of 41.96 cmH2O and a median of 30 cmH2O. A chi-squared test of pressures in the safe range from the pre-implementation versus post-implementation values yielded a highly significant p-value of 0.0003. The data from this study clearly demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in the proportion of in-range cuff

Risk factors for adverse drug reactions in pediatric inpatients: A cohort study.

PubMed

Andrade, Paulo Henrique Santos; Lobo, Iza Maria Fraga; da Silva, Wellington Barros

2017-01-01

The present study aims to identify the risk factors for adverse drug reactions (ADR) in pediatric inpatients. A prospective cohort study in one general pediatric ward in a hospital in Northeast Brazil was conducted in two stages: the first stage was conducted between August 17th and November 6th, 2015, and the second one between March 1st and August 25th, 2016. We included children aged 0-14 years 11 months hospitalized with a minimum stay of 48 hours. Observed outcomes were the ADR occurrence and the time until the first ADR observed. In the univariate analysis, the time to the first ADR was compared among groups using a log-rank test. For the multivariate analysis, the Cox regression model was used. A total of 173 children (208 admissions) and 66 ADR classified as "definite" and "probable" were identified. The incidence rate was 3/100 patient days. The gastro-intestinal system disorders were the main ADR observed (28.8%). In addition, 22.7% of the ADR were related to antibacterials for systemic use and 15.2% to general anesthesia. Prior history of ADR of the child [hazard ratio (HR) 2.44; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19-5.00], the use of meglumine antimonate (HR 4.98; 95% CI 1.21-20.54), antibacterial for systemic use (HR 2.75; 95% CI 1.08-6.98) and antiepileptic drugs (HR 3.84; 95% CI 1.40-10.56) were identified risk factors for ADR. We identified as risk factors the prior history of ADR of the child and the use of meglumine antimonate, antibacterial for systemic use and antiepileptic drugs.

Homogeneous and heterogeneous noncovalent dimers of formaldehyde and thioformaldehyde: structures, energetics, and vibrational frequencies.

PubMed

Van Dornshuld, Eric; Holy, Christina M; Tschumper, Gregory S

2014-05-08

This work provides the first characterization of five stationary points of the homogeneous thioformaldehyde dimer, (CH2S)2, and seven stationary points of the heterogeneous formaldehyde/thioformaldehyde dimer, CH2O/CH2S, with correlated ab initio electronic structure methods. Full geometry optimizations and corresponding harmonic vibrational frequencies were computed with second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) and 13 different density functionals in conjunction with triple-ζ basis sets augmented with diffuse and multiple sets of polarization functions. The MP2 results indicate that the three stationary points of (CH2S)2 and four of CH2O/CH2S are minima, in contrast to two stationary points of the formaldehyde dimer, (CH2O)2. Single-point energies were also computed using the explicitly correlated MP2-F12 and CCSD(T)-F12 methods and basis sets as large as heavy-aug-cc-pVTZ. The (CH2O)2 and CH2O/CH2S MP2 and MP2-F12 binding energies deviated from the CCSD(T)-F12 binding energies by no more than 0.2 and 0.4 kcal mol(-1), respectively. The (CH2O)2 and CH2O/CH2S global minimum is the same at every level of theory. However, the MP2 methods overbind (CH2S)2 by as much as 1.1 kcal mol(-1), effectively altering the energetic ordering of the thioformaldehyde dimer minima relative to the CCSD(T)-F12 energies. The CCSD(T)-F12 binding energies of the (CH2O)2 and CH2O/CH2S stationary points are quite similar, with the former ranging from around -2.4 to -4.6 kcal mol(-1) and the latter from about -1.1 to -4.4 kcal mol(-1). Corresponding (CH2S)2 stationary points have appreciably smaller CCSD(T)-F12 binding energies ranging from ca. -1.1 to -3.4 kcal mol(-1). The vibrational frequency shifts upon dimerization are also reported for each minimum on the MP2 potential energy surfaces.

Hot-hole extraction from quantum dot to molecular adsorbate.

PubMed

Singhal, Pallavi; Ghosh, Hirendra N

2015-03-09

Ultrafast thermalized and hot-hole-transfer processes have been investigated in CdSe quantum dot (QD)/catechol composite systems in which hole transfer from photoexcited QDs to the catechols is thermodynamically favorable. A series of catechol derivatives were selected with different electron-donating and -withdrawing groups, and the effect of these groups on hole transfer and charge recombination (CR) dynamics has been investigated. The hole-transfer time was determined using the fluorescence upconversion technique and found to be 2-10 ps depending on the molecular structure of the catechol derivatives. The hot-hole-transfer process was followed after monitoring 2S luminescence of CdSe QDs. Interestingly, hot-hole extraction was observed only in the CdSe/3-methoxycatechol (3-OCH3) composite system owing to the higher electron-donating property of the 3-methoxy group. To confirm the extraction of the hot hole and to monitor the CR reaction in CdSe QD/catechol composite systems, ultrafast transient absorption studies have been carried out. Ultrafast transient-absorption studies show that the bleach recovery kinetics of CdSe QD at the 2S excitonic position is much faster in the presence of 3-OCH3. This faster bleach recovery at the 2S position in CdSe/3-OCH3 suggests hot-hole transfer from CdSe QD to 3-OCH3. CR dynamics in CdSe QD/catechol composite systems was followed by monitoring the excitonic bleach at the 1S position and was found to decrease with free energy of the CR reaction. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Influence of residual stress on the adhesion and surface morphology of PECVD-coated polypropylene

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jaritz, Montgomery; Hopmann, Christian; Behm, Henrik; Kirchheim, Dennis; Wilski, Stefan; Grochla, Dario; Banko, Lars; Ludwig, Alfred; Böke, Marc; Winter, Jörg; Bahre, Hendrik; Dahlmann, Rainer

2017-11-01

The properties of plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) coatings on polymer materials depend to some extent on the surface and material properties of the substrate. Here, isotactic polypropylene (PP) substrates are coated with silicon oxide (SiO x ) films. Plasmas for the deposition of SiO x are energetic and oxidative due to the high amount of oxygen in the gas mixture. Residual stress measurements using single Si cantilever stress sensors showed that these coatings contain high compressive stress. To investigate the influence of the plasma and the coatings, residual stress, silicon organic (SiOCH) coatings with different thicknesses between the PP and the SiO x coating are used as a means to protect the substrate from the oxidative SiO x coating process. Pull-off tests are performed to analyse differences in the adhesion of these coating systems. It could be shown that the adhesion of the PECVD coatings on PP depends on the coatings’ residual stress. In a PP/SiOCH/SiO x -multilayer system the residual stress can be significantly reduced by increasing the thickness of the SiOCH coating, resulting in enhanced adhesion.

Technological study of ancient ceramics produced in Casteldurante (central Italy) during the Renaissance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Padeletti, G.; Fermo, P.; Gilardoni, S.; Galli, A.

In order to recover the ancient tradition concerning the materials used for the decoration, majolica shards produced during the Renaissance period in Casteldurante, a famous centre for ceramic production in Italy (Marche), have been examined. In the present study, pigments used for the decorations have been investigated by means of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and diffuse-reflectance UV-Vis spectroscopy. Ochre, lead antimonate yellow, copper-based pigment and smalt have been used as colourants to obtain respectively yellow-orange, yellow, green and blue decorations in accordance with what is reported by the ancient recipes.

Catalytic Antibodies for Prophylaxis/Treatment of Cyanide Poisoning

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-05-28

Other Synthetic Work As described in detail in the midterm report, the synthesis of a 2-napthyl-3-methylcyclo- hex-2-en- 1 -one derivative (E-l, Chart E...OCH 2-); 3.74 (t. 2H, J = 6.06 Hz, -OCH 2-); 3.4 (br s, 1 H, -OH); 1.96 (q, 2 H, J = 6.11 Hz, -CH2-). Synthesis of 4..[4-(3-Hydroxy- 1 -propyloxy)phenylj...2.05 (q, 2H. J = 6.0 Hz, -OH2.). Synthesis of 4-14-(3-Acetoxy- 1 .propyloxy)phenylJ-4-oxo-3-phenylbutflb-itrile. The ke’one C-3 (100 mg, 0.32 inmol) was

Lifshitz topological transitions, induced by doping and deformation in single-crystal bismuth wires

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nikolaeva, A. A.; Konopko, L. A.; Huber, T. E.; Kobylianskaya, A. K.; Para, Gh. I.

2017-02-01

The features associated with the manifestation of Lifshitz electron topological transitions (ETT) in glass-insulated bismuth wires upon qualitative changes to the topology of the Fermi surface are investigated. The variation of the energy spectrum parameters was implemented by doping Bi with an acceptor impurity Sn and using elastic strain of up to 2%, relative to the elongation in the weakly-doped p-type Bi wires. Pure and doped glass-insulated single-crystal bismuth with different diameters and (1011) orientations along the axis were prepared by the Ulitovsky liquid phase casting method. For the first time, ETT-induced anomalies are observed along the temperature dependences of the thermoemf α(T) as triple-changes of the α sign (given heavy doping of Bi wires with an acceptor impurity Sn). The concentration and energy position of the Σ-band given a high degree of bismuth doping with Sn was assessed using the Shubnikov-de Haas effect oscillations, which were detected both from L-electrons and from T-holes in magnetic fields of up to 14 T. It is shown that the Lifshitz electron-topological transitions with elastic deformation of weakly-doped p-type Bi wires are accompanied by anomalies along the deformation dependences of the thermoemf at low temperatures. The effect is interpreted in terms of the formation of a selective scattering channel of L-carriers into the T-band with a high density of states, which is in good agreement with existing theoretical ETT models.

Randomized clinical study comparing metallic and glass fiber post in restoration of endodontically treated teeth.

PubMed

Gbadebo, Olaide S; Ajayi, Deborah M; Oyekunle, Oyekunle O Dosumu; Shaba, Peter O

2014-01-01

Post-retained crowns are indicated for endodontically treated teeth (ETT) with severely damaged coronal tissue. Metallic custom and prefabricated posts have been used over the years, however, due to unacceptable color, extreme rigidity and corrosion, fiber posts, which are flexible, aesthetically pleasing and have modulus of elasticity comparable with dentin were introduced. To compare clinical performance of metallic and glass fiber posts in restoration of ETT. 40 ETT requiring post retained restorations were included. These teeth were randomly allocated into 2 groups. Twenty teeth were restored using a glass fiber-reinforced post (FRP) and 20 others received stainless steel parapost (PP), each in combination with composite core buildups. Patients were observed at 1 and 6 months after post placement and cementation of porcelain fused to metal (PFM) crown. Marginal gap consideration, post retention, post fracture, root fracture, crown fracture, crown decementation and loss of restoration were part of the data recorded. All teeth were assessed clinically and radiographically. Fisher's exact test was used for categorical values while log-rank test was used for descriptive statistical analysis. One tooth in the PP group failed, secondary to decementation of the PFM crown giving a 2.5% overall failure while none in the FRP group failed. The survival rate of FRP was thus 100% while it was 97.5% in the PP group. This however was not statistically significant (log-rank test, P = 0.32). Glass FRPs performed better than the metallic post based on short-term clinical performance.

Effect of ferrule on the fracture resistance of mandibular premolars with prefabricated posts and cores

PubMed Central

2017-01-01

PURPOSE This study evaluated fracture resistance with regard to ferrule lengths and post reinforcement on endodontically treated mandibular premolars incorporating a prefabricated post and resin core. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred extracted mandibular premolars were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=20): intact teeth (NR); endodontically treated teeth (ETT) without post (NP); ETT restored with a prefabricated post with ferrule lengths of either 0 mm (F0), 1 mm (F1), or 2 mm (F2). Prepared teeth were restored with metal crowns. A thermal cycling test was performed for 1,000 cycles. Loading was applied at an angle of 135 degrees to the axis of the tooth using a universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 2.54 mm/min. Fracture loads were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test using a statistical program (α=.05). RESULTS There were statistical differences in fracture loads among groups (P<.001). The fracture load of F2 (237.7 ± 83.4) was significantly higher than those of NP (155.6 ± 74.3 N), F0 (98.8 ± 43.3 N), and F1 (152.8 ± 78.5 N) (P=.011, P<.001, and P=.008, respectively). CONCLUSION Fracture resistance of ETT depends on the length of the ferrule, as shown by the significantly increased fracture resistance in the 2 mm ferrule group (F2) compared to the groups with shorter ferrule lengths (F0, F1) and without post (NP). PMID:29142639

Measures to prevent nosocomial infections during mechanical ventilation.

PubMed

Ramirez, Paula; Bassi, Gianluigi L; Torres, Antonio

2012-02-01

Endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation are lifesaving measures in critically ill patients. However, these interventions increase the risk of respiratory infections, particularly ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). VAP constitutes a serious burden for the healthcare system and worsens the patient's outcomes; thus, several preventive strategies have been implemented. This communication reviews the current knowledge on VAP pathogenesis and the latest preventive measures. Pathogen-laden oropharyngeal secretions leak across the endotracheal tube (ETT) cuff; thus, a continuous control of the internal cuff pressure and cuffs made of polyurethane improve sealing effectiveness and associated risks of infections. Subglottic secretions aspiration prevents VAP, and the latest evidence demonstrated a reduction in the incidence of late-onset VAP. The role of ETT biofilm in the pathogenesis of VAP is not fully elucidated. Nevertheless, antimicrobial-coated ETTs have showed beneficial effects in VAP incidence. Recent experimental evidence has challenged the benefits associated with the use of the semirecumbent position; yet, these findings need to be corroborated in clinical trials. The latest results from trials testing the effects of selective digestive decontamination (SDD) showed beneficial effects on patients' outcomes, but concerns remain regarding the emergence of bacterial resistance, specifically upon digestive tract re-colonization. The use of oropharyngeal decontamination with antiseptics and the use of probiotics are potential alternatives to SDD. There is consistent evidence that strategies affecting the primary mechanisms of VAP pathogenesis efficiently reduce the occurrence of the disease. Preventive measures should be implemented grouped into bundles to improve overall efficacy.

Activation of C-O and C-C bonds and formation of novel HAlOH-ether complexes: an EPR study of the reaction of ground-state Al atoms with methylethyl ether and diethyl ether.

PubMed

Brunet, François D; Feola, Julie C; Joly, Helen A

2012-03-15

Reaction mixtures, containing Al atoms and methylethyl ether (MEE) or diethyl ether (DEE) in an adamantane matrix, were prepared with the aid of a metal-atom reactor known as a rotating cryostat. The EPR spectra of the resulting products were recorded from 77-260 K, at 10 K intervals. Al atoms were found to insert into methyl-O, ethyl-O, and C-C bonds to form CH(3)AlOCH(2)CH(3), CH(3)OAlCH(2)CH(3), and CH(3)OCH(2)AlCH(3), respectively, in the case of MEE while DEE produced CH(3)CH(2)AlOCH(2)CH(3) and CH(3)AlCH(2)OCH(2)CH(3), respectively. From the intensity of the transition lines attributed to the Al atom C-O insertion products of MEE, insertion into the methyl-O bond is preferred. The Al hyperfine interaction (hfi) extracted from the EPR spectra of the C-O insertion products was greater than that of the C-C insertion products, that is, 5.4% greater for the DEE system and 7% greater for the MEE system. The increase in Al hfi is thought to arise from the increased electron-withdrawing ability of the substituents bonded to Al. Besides HAlOH, resulting from the reaction of Al atoms with adventitious water, novel mixed HAlOH:MEE and HAlOH:DEE complexes were identified with the aid of isotopic studies involving H(2)(17)O and D(2)O. The Al and H hfi of HAlOH were found to decrease upon complex formation. These findings are consistent with the nuclear hfi calculated using a density functional theory (DFT) method with close agreement between theory and experiment occurring at the B3LYP level using a 6-311+G(2df,p) basis set.

Characterization of supramolecular (H2O)18 water morphology and water-methanol (H2O)15(CH3OH)3 clusters in a novel phosphorus functionalized trimeric amino acid host.

PubMed

Raghuraman, Kannan; Katti, Kavita K; Barbour, Leonard J; Pillarsetty, Nagavarakishore; Barnes, Charles L; Katti, Kattesh V

2003-06-11

Phosphorus functionalized trimeric alanine compounds (l)- and (d)-P(CH(2)NHCH(CH(3))COOH)(3) 2 are prepared in 90% yields by the Mannich reaction of Tris(hydroxymethyl)phosphine 1 with (l)- or (d)- Alanine in aqueous media. The hydration properties of (l)-2 and (d)-2 in water and water-methanol mixtures are described. The crystal structure analysis of (l)-2.4H(2)O, reveals that the alanine molecules pack to form two-dimensional bilayers running parallel to (001). The layered structural motif depicts two closely packed monolayers of 2 each oriented with its phosphorus atoms projected at the center of the bilayer and adjacent monolayers are held together by hydrogen bonds between amine and carboxylate groups. The water bilayers are juxtaposed with the H-bonded alanine trimers leading to 18-membered (H(2)O)(18) water rings. Exposure of aqueous solution of (l)-2 and (d)-2 to methanol vapors resulted in closely packed (l)-2 and (d)-2 solvated with mixed water-methanol (H(2)O)(15)(CH(3)OH)(3) clusters. The O-O distances in the mixed methanol-water clusters of (l)-2.3H(2)O.CH(3)OH and (d)-2.3H(2)O.CH(3)OH (O-O(average) = 2.857 A) are nearly identical to the O-O distance observed in the supramolecular (H(2)O)(18) water structure (O-O(average) = 2.859 A) implying the retention of the hydrogen bonded structure in water despite the accommodation of hydrophobic methanol groups within the supramolecular (H(2)O)(15)(CH(3)OH)(3) framework. The O-O distances in (l)-2.3H(2)O.CH(3)OH and (d)-2.3H(2)O.CH(3)OH and in (H(2)O)(18) are very close to the O-O distance reported for liquid water (2.85 A).

Cuffed endotracheal tubes in children: the effect of the size of the cuffed endotracheal tube on intracuff pressure.

PubMed

Krishna, Senthil G; Hakim, Mumin; Sebastian, Roby; Dellinger, Heather L; Tumin, Dmitry; Tobias, Joseph D

2017-05-01

In children, the size of the cuffed endotracheal tube is based on various age-based formulas. However, such formulas may over or underestimate the size of the cuffed endotracheal tube. There are no data on the impact of different-sized cuffed endotracheal tubes (ETT) on the intracuff pressure in children. The current study measures intracuff pressure with different-sized cuffed ETT. The study was conducted in an in vitro and in vivo phase. For the in vitro phase, 10 cuffed ETT of size 4.0, 4.5, and 5 mm internal diameter (ID) each were randomly placed inside a 1.0 cm ID plastic tube (mimicking the trachea), which was in turn connected to a 1 l test lung. After inflation of the cuff using the air leak test at a continuous positive airway pressure of 20 cmH 2 O, the intracuff pressure was measured. The in vivo phase was conducted in 100 children (4-8 years) and were randomly divided into two groups to receive either a cuffed endotracheal tube based on the Khine formula (Group R) or a cuffed endotracheal tube that was a half-size (0.5 mm ID) smaller (Group S). Following the inflation of the cuff to seal the trachea, the intracuff pressure was measured. In the in vitro phase, the intracuff pressure was 45 ± 6, 23 ± 1, and 14 ± 6 cmH 2 O with size 4.0, 4.5, and 5 mm ID cuffed ETT, respectively (F-test P < 0.001 for difference among three groups). In the in vivo phase, the mean intracuff pressure in Group R was 25 ± 19 cmH 2 O vs 37 ± 35 cmH 2 O in Group S (95% CI of difference: 1, 23; P = 0.039). If the cuffed endotracheal tube is too small, the trachea can still be sealed by inflating the cuff with additional air. However, this transforms the cuff from the intended high-volume, low-pressure cuff to an undesirable high-volume, high-pressure cuff. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Ventilator-associated pneumonia: current status and future recommendations.

PubMed

Efrati, Shai; Deutsch, Israel; Antonelli, Massimo; Hockey, Peter M; Rozenblum, Ronen; Gurman, Gabriel M

2010-04-01

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a common hazardous complication in ICU patients. The aim of the current review is to give an update on the current status and future recommendations for VAP prevention. This article gives an updated review of the current literature on VAP. The first part briefly reviews pathogenesis and epidemiology while the second includes an in-depth review of evidence-based practice guidelines (EBPG) and new technologies developed for prevention of VAP. VAP remains a frequent and costly complication of critical illness with a pooled relative risk of 9-27% and mortality of 25-50%. Strikingly, VAP adds an estimated cost of more than $40,000 to a typical hospital admission. An important aetiological mechanism of VAP is gross or micro-aspiration of oropharyngeal organisms around the cuff of the endotracheal tube (ETT) into the distal bronchi. Prevention of VAP is preferable. Preventative measures can be divided into two main groups: the implemen- tation of EBPGs and use of device-based technologies. EBPGs have been authored jointly by the American Thoracic Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. The Canadian Critical Care Trials group also published VAP Guidelines in 2008. Their recommendations are detailed in this review. The current device-based technologies include drainage of subglottic secretions, silver coated ETTs aiming to influence the internal bio-layer of the ETT, better sealing of the lower airways with ultrathin cuffs and loops for optimal cuff pressure control. EBPG consensus includes: elevation of the head of the bed, use of daily "sedation vacations" and decontamination of the oropharynx. Technological solutions should aim to use the most comprehensive combination of subglottic suction of secretions, optimization of ETT cuff pressure and ultrathin cuffs. VAP is a type of hospital-acquired pneumonia that develops more than 48 h after endotracheal intubation. Its incidence is estimated to be 9-27%, with a

Performance of the PneuX System: A Bench Study Comparison With 4 Other Endotracheal Tube Cuffs.

PubMed

Chenelle, Christopher T; Itagaki, Taiga; Fisher, Daniel F; Berra, Lorenzo; Kacmarek, Robert M

2017-01-01

Cuff design affects microaspiration, a risk factor for pneumonia. We questioned whether the PneuX low-volume fold-free cuff design would prevent cuff leakage and maintain the same tracheal wall pressure as high-volume, low-pressure (HVLP) cuffs. We evaluated 4 HVLP-cuffed endotracheal tubes (ETTs), Hi-Lo (polyvinyl chloride [PVC]), Microcuff (polyurethane [PU]), SealGuard (PU + tapered), and TaperGuard (PVC + tapered), and the PneuX with its dedicated tracheal seal monitor. In Part 1, we determined tracheal wall pressure using each cuff's capacity to support water columns across recommended intracuff pressures. In Part 2, we evaluated the tracheal seal monitor function at recommended settings. In Part 3, we compared leakage volumes of all ETTs during 30 min of simulated mechanical ventilation or during 8 h if no leak occurred. Parts 1 and 3 were performed with/without lubrication and PEEP. In Part 1, PneuX cuffs exerted an average tracheal wall pressure of 27.4 ± 2.4 cm H 2 O at the recommended intracuff pressure of approximately 80 cm H 2 O. Tracheal wall pressure did not differ among HVLP cuffs (19.6 ± 1.4 to 29.5 ± 1.4 cm H 2 O). In Part 2, preinflation intracuff pressure affected the time to obtain tracheal seal monitor pressure attainment (P < .01). The tracheal seal monitor generated average calculated tracheal wall pressure of 33.4 ± 1.2 cm H 2 O. In Part 3, PneuX ETT showed no leak across 8 h for all trials. Overall, leakage volume was lower with PU (P < .01) and PneuX (P < .01) than with PVC cuffs, regardless of shape, and lower with lubrication and/or PEEP (all P < .01). In each HVLP cuff, lubrication alone eliminated leak at an intracuff pressure of ≤30 cm H 2 O. The PneuX cuff generally exerted acceptable tracheal wall pressure, but the tracheal wall pressure monitor allowed pressures exceeding 30 cm H 2 O in some trials and was the only ETT to prevent leak in all tests. For HVLP cuffs, leak was reduced by PU and PEEP and eliminated by lubrication

Hydrolysis of Mg(BH4)2 and its coordination compounds as a way to obtain hydrogen

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Solovev, Mikhail V.; Chashchikhin, Oleg V.; Dorovatovskii, Pavel V.; Khrustalev, Victor N.; Zyubin, A. S.; Zyubina, T. S.; Kravchenko, O. V.; Zaytsev, Alexey A.; Dobrovolsky, Yu. A.

2018-02-01

Three ligand-stabilized Mg(BH4)2-based complexes have been synthesized and evaluated as potential hydrogen storage media for portable fuel cell applications. The new borohydrides: Mg(BH4)2 × 0.5Et2O and Mg(BH4)2 × diglyme (diglyme - CH3O(CH2)2O(CH2)2OCH3) have been synthesized and examined by X-ray single crystal diffraction method. Hydrolysis reactions of the compounds liberate hydrogen in quantities ranging from 46 to 96% of the theoretical yield. The hydrolysis of Mg(BH4)2 and other borohydrides is also accompanied by the diborane formation. The amount of liberated diborane depends on the Mg-coordination environment. To explain this fact quantum-chemical calculations have been performed. It is shown that formation of Mg-O-Mg-bridges enables the side process of diborane generation. It means that the size and denticity of the ligand directly affects the amount of released diborane. In general, the larger the ligand and the higher its denticity, the smaller is amount of diborane produced. The new compound Mg(BH4)2 × diglyme decomposes without diborane formation that allows one to be considered as a new promising chemical hydrogen storage compound for the practical usage.

Gamma Knife surgery in patients harboring orbital cavernous hemangiomas that were diagnosed on the basis of imaging findings.

PubMed

Liu, Xiaomin; Xu, Desheng; Zhang, Yipei; Liu, Dong; Song, Guoxiang

2010-12-01

This study was undertaken to evaluate clinical outcomes and tumor control in patients harboring orbital cavernous hemangiomas (OCHs) that had been diagnosed based on findings of imaging studies and treated by Gamma Knife surgery (GKS). Between 1995 and 2008, 23 patients harboring OCHs that had been diagnosed on the basis of imaging findings were treated using GKS; complete follow-up data are available in all cases. The median treatment volume was 1.5 cm³ (range 0.15-10.10 cm³), the median tumor margin dose was 15 Gy (range 12-20 Gy), and the median follow-up period was 12 months (range 6-120 months). A decrease in tumor size was found in 20 patients, and no tumor progression was observed after GKS. Eleven of 14 patients whose visual function had been adversely affected prior to treatment had improved visual acuity at the last assessment. Side effects of the procedure included orbital pain in 3 patients and chemosis in 2 patients. In this preliminary experience, GKS proved to be an effective treatment for OCHs diagnosed on the basis of imaging findings. Additional follow-up is necessary, and the long-term side effects of the procedure still need to be determined.

Elucidation of the electronic states in polyethylene glycol by attenuated Total reflectance spectroscopy in the far-ultraviolet region

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ueno, Nami; Wakabayashi, Tomonari; Morisawa, Yusuke

2018-05-01

We measured the attenuated total reflectance-far ultraviolet (ATR-FUV) spectra of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG; average molecular weights of 200, 300, and 400) and related materials in the liquid state in the 145-200-nm wavelength region. For appropriately assigning the absorption bands, we also performed theoretical simulation of the unit-number dependent electronic spectra. The FUV spectra of PEGs contain three bands, which are assigned to the transitions between n(CH2OCH2)-3s Rydberg state (176 nm), n(CH2OCH2)-3p Rydberg state (163 nm), and n(OH)-3p Rydberg state (153 nm). Since the contribution of n(OH) decreases compared to n(CH2OCH2) with increase in the number of units, the ratios of the molar absorption coefficients, ε, at 153 nm relative to 163 nm, decrease. On the other hand, the ratio of ε at 176 nm to that at 163 nm increases with increase in the number of units, because of the difference in the number of unoccupied orbitals in the transitions. The calculated results suggest that n orbitals form two electronic bands. In the upper band, the electrons expand over the ether chain, whereas in the lower band, the electrons are localized in the terminal OH in the PEGs.

Shedding light on the role of AT-hook/PPC domain protein in Arabidopsis thaliana

PubMed Central

Ng, Kian-Hong

2010-01-01

Flower reproductive development is a complex process involving well-coordinated control of transcriptional regulation cascades. AGAMOUS (AG) plays an instrumental role in the specification and differentiation of reproductive organs in Arabidopsis thaliana. We recently characterized a downstream target gene of AG, GIANT KILLER (GIK), which encodes for an AT-hook/plants and prokaryotes conserved (PPC) domain protein. We found that overexpression of GIK leads to severe reproductive defects and downregulation of genes involved in patterning and differentiation of reproductive floral organs. We showed that GIK is a matrix protein, and GIK-mediated gene regulation requires binding of GIK to matrix associated region (MAR) of the target genes. We further showed that GIK-mediated negative regulation of one of the target genes, ETTIN (ETT), is associated with changes of chromatin histone modification at ETT promoter, suggesting that GIK acts as a gene expression modulator through chromatin organization. PMID:20173412

A link among DNA replication, recombination, and gene expression revealed by genetic and genomic analysis of TEBICHI gene of Arabidopsis thaliana.

PubMed

Inagaki, Soichi; Nakamura, Kenzo; Morikami, Atsushi

2009-08-01

Spatio-temporal regulation of gene expression during development depends on many factors. Mutations in Arabidopsis thaliana TEBICHI (TEB) gene encoding putative helicase and DNA polymerase domains-containing protein result in defects in meristem maintenance and correct organ formation, as well as constitutive DNA damage response and a defect in cell cycle progression; but the molecular link between these phenotypes of teb mutants is unknown. Here, we show that mutations in the DNA replication checkpoint pathway gene, ATR, but not in ATM gene, enhance developmental phenotypes of teb mutants, although atr suppresses cell cycle defect of teb mutants. Developmental phenotypes of teb mutants are also enhanced by mutations in RAD51D and XRCC2 gene, which are involved in homologous recombination. teb and teb atr double mutants exhibit defects in adaxial-abaxial polarity of leaves, which is caused in part by the upregulation of ETTIN (ETT)/AUXIN RESPONSIVE FACTOR 3 (ARF3) and ARF4 genes. The Helitron transposon in the upstream of ETT/ARF3 gene is likely to be involved in the upregulation of ETT/ARF3 in teb. Microarray analysis indicated that teb and teb atr causes preferential upregulation of genes nearby the Helitron transposons. Furthermore, interestingly, duplicated genes, especially tandemly arrayed homologous genes, are highly upregulated in teb or teb atr. We conclude that TEB is required for normal progression of DNA replication and for correct expression of genes during development. Interplay between these two functions and possible mechanism leading to altered expression of specific genes will be discussed.

The WOMEN study: what is the optimal method for ischemia evaluation in women? A multi-center, prospective, randomized study to establish the optimal method for detection of coronary artery disease (CAD) risk in women at an intermediate-high pretest likelihood of CAD: study design.

PubMed

Mieres, Jennifer H; Shaw, Leslee J; Hendel, Robert C; Heller, Gary V

2009-01-01

Coronary artery disease remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in women. The optimal non-invasive test for evaluation of ischemic heart disease in women is unknown. Although current guidelines support the choice of the exercise tolerance test (ETT) as a first line test for women with a normal baseline ECG and adequate exercise capabilities, supportive data for this recommendation are controversial. The what is the optimal method for ischemia evaluation in women? (WOMEN) study was designed to determine the optimal non-invasive strategy for CAD risk detection of intermediate and high risk women presenting with chest pain or equivalent symptoms suggestive of ischemic heart disease. The study will prospectively compare the 2-year event rates in women capable of performing exercise treadmill testing or Tc-99 m tetrofosmin SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). The study will enroll women presenting for the evaluation of chest pain or anginal equivalent symptoms who are capable of performing >5 METs of exercise while at intermediate-high pretest risk for ischemic heart disease who will be randomized to either ETT testing alone or with Tc-99 m tetrofosmin SPECT MPI. The null hypothesis for this project is that the exercise ECG has the same negative predictive value for risk detection as gated myocardial perfusion SPECT in women. The primary aim is to compare 2-year cardiac event rates in women randomized to SPECT MPI to those randomized to ETT. The WOMEN study seeks to provide objective information for guidelines for the evaluation of symptomatic women with an intermediate-high likelihood for CAD.

Do physical examination and CT-scan measures of femoral neck anteversion and tibial torsion relate to each other?

PubMed

Sangeux, Morgan; Mahy, Jessica; Graham, H Kerr

2014-01-01

Informed clinical decision making for femoral and/or tibial de-rotation osteotomies requires accurate measurement of patient function through gait analysis and anatomy through physical examination of bony torsions. Validity of gait analysis has been extensively studied; however, controversy remains regarding the accuracy of physical examination measurements of femoral and tibial torsion. Comparison between CT-scans and physical examination measurements of femoral neck anteversion (FNA) and external tibial torsion (ETT) were retrospectively obtained for 98 (FNA) and 64 (ETT) patients who attended a tertiary hospital for instrumented gait analysis between 2007 and 2010. The physical examination methods studied for femoral neck anteversion were the trochanteric prominence angle test (TPAT) and the maximum hip rotation arc midpoint (Arc midpoint) and for external tibial torsion the transmalleolar axis (TMA). Results showed that all physical examination measurements statistically differed to the CT-scans (bias(standard deviation): -2(14) for TPAT, -10(12) for Arc midpoint and -16(9) for TMA). Bland and Altman plots showed that method disagreements increased with increasing bony torsions in all cases but notably for TPAT. Regression analysis showed that only TMA and CT-scan measurement of external tibial torsion demonstrated good (R(2)=57%) correlation. Correlations for both TPAT (R(2)=14%) and Arc midpoint (R(2)=39%) with CT-scan measurements of FNA were limited. We conclude that physical examination should be considered as screening techniques rather than definitive measurement methods for FNA and ETT. Further research is required to develop more accurate measurement methods to accompany instrumented gait analysis. Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Automated cuff pressure modulation: a novel device to reduce endotracheal tube injury.

PubMed

Chadha, Neil K; Gordin, Arie; Luginbuehl, Igor; Patterson, Greg; Campisi, Paolo; Taylor, Glenn; Forte, Vito

2011-01-01

To assess whether dynamically modulating endotracheal tube (ETT) cuff pressure, by decreasing it during each ventilatory cycle instead of maintaining a constant level, would reduce the extent of intubation-related laryngotracheal injury. Single-blind, randomized controlled animal study using a previously validated live porcine model of accelerated intubation-related tracheal injury. Animal research facility. Ten piglets (weight, 16-20 kg each) were anesthetized and underwent intubation using a cuffed ETT. The animals were randomized into the following 2 groups: 5 pigs had a novel device to modulate their cuff pressure from 25 cm H₂O during inspiration to 7 cm H₂O during expiration, and 5 pigs had a constant cuff pressure of 25 cm H₂O. Both groups underwent ventilation under hypoxic conditions for 4 hours. Laryngotracheal mucosal injury after blinded histopathological assessment. The modulated-pressure group showed significantly less overall laryngotracheal damage than the constant-pressure group (mean grades, 1.2 vs 2.1; P < .001). Subglottic damage and tracheal damage were significantly less severe in the modulated-pressure group (mean grades, 1.0 vs 2.2; P < .001, and 1.9 vs 3.2; P < .001, respectively). There was no significant difference in glottic or supraglottic damage between the groups (P = .06 and .27, respectively). This novel device reduces the risk of subglottic and tracheal injury by modulating ETT cuff pressure in synchronization with the ventilatory cycle. This finding could have far-reaching implications for reducing the risk of airway injury in patients undergoing long-term intubation. Further clinical study of this device is warranted.

Pilot study of dornase alfa (Pulmozyme) therapy for acquired ventilator-associated infection in preterm infants.

PubMed

Scala, Melissa; Hoy, Deborah; Bautista, Maria; Palafoutas, Judith Jones; Abubakar, Kabir

2017-06-01

Evaluate the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of adjunctive treatment with dornase alfa in preterm patients with ventilator-associated pulmonary infection (VAPI) compared to standard care. We hypothesize that therapy with dornase alfa will be safe and well tolerated in the preterm population with no worsening of symptoms, oxygen requirement, or need for respiratory support. Prospective, randomized, blinded, pilot study comparing adjunctive treatment with dornase alfa to sham therapy. In addition to standard care, infants were randomized to receive dornase alfa 2.5 mg nebulized via endotracheal tube (ETT) every 12 hr for 7 days or sham therapy. ETT secretion gram stain and culture and chest X-ray (CXR) findings were evaluated. Respiratory support data were downloaded from the ventilator. Fourteen infants developed VAPI between 2012 and 2014; 11 enrolled in the study. Six received dornase alfa and five received sham therapy. Average gestational age at birth was 25 weeks and age at study entry was 31 days. There were no differences in demographics, ETT white blood cell count (WBC), CXR, or mean airway pressure (MAP) between the two groups. There was a trend towards decreased oxygen requirement (FiO2) in the treatment group that did not reach statistical significance. No side effects were observed in the treatment group. Treatment with dornase alfa is safe and treated infants had some improvement in FiO 2 requirement but no improvement in MAP. A larger randomized trial is needed to evaluate the efficacy of this therapy. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017; 52:787-791. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Town Hall - Panel question and

NASA Image and Video Library

2016-11-02

James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Town Hall - Panel question and answer - Bill Ochs; Dr. John Mather; Dr. Eric Smith; Thomas Zurbuchen; Center Director Chris Scolese; NASA Administrator Charlie Bolden.

78 FR 30243 - Airworthiness Directives; Eclipse Aerospace, Inc. Airplanes

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-22

... Airworthiness Directives; Eclipse Aerospace, Inc. Airplanes AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), DOT... (AD) for all Eclipse Aerospace, Inc. Model EA500 airplanes equipped with Avio, Avio with ETT, or Avio... identified in this proposed AD, contact Eclipse Aerospace, Inc. 26 East Palatine Road, Wheeling, Illinois...

Synthesis of truncated analogues of the iNKT cell agonist, α-galactosyl ceramide (KRN7000), and their biological evaluation

PubMed Central

Veerapen, Natacha; Reddington, Faye; Salio, Mariolina; Cerundolo, Vincenzo; Besra, Gurdyal S.

2011-01-01

Stimulation of iNKT cells by α-galactosyl ceramide (α-GalCer), also known as KRN7000, and its truncated analogue OCH induces both Th1- and Th2-cytokines, with OCH inducing a Th2-cytokine bias. Skewing of the iNKT cells’ response towards either a Th1- or Th2-cytokine profile offers potential therapeutic benefits. The length of both the acyl and the sphingosine chains in α-galactosyl ceramides is known to influence the cytokine release profile. We have synthesized analogues of α-GalCer with truncated sphingosine chains for biological evaluation, with particular emphasis on the Th1/Th2 distribution. Starting from a common precursor, d-lyxose, the sphingosine derivatives were synthesised via a straightforward Wittig condensation. PMID:21145749

[Study of oculomotor disorders in spinocerebellar ataxia genotype].

PubMed

Oda, Rie; Takemoto, Tsuyoshi; Kawai, Motoharu; Yamashita, Hiroshi

2006-01-01

Spinocerebellar degeneration (SCD) exhibits a variety of spinal and cerebullar symptoms and progress. The recent advent of molecular genetics has revealed triplet repeat mutation in the gene of SCD patients. Due to the underlying genetic defects, hereditary SCD is referred to as different spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) genotypes. We conducted vestibular functional tests in 33 SCD patients, including 3 with SCA3 and 2 with SCA6. We compared the degree of lower extremity ataxia with the degree of oculomotor disorder by using eye tracking tests (ETT) and optokinetic pattern tests (OKP). Both SCA3 and SCA6 show high ETT score and low mean slowest phase velocity in OKP. This means that SCA3 and SCA6 tend to have oculomotor disorder precedes extremity ataxia. Oculomotor examination should thus prove to be a useful, senstive indicator in screening SCD patients from early disease onset, and in evaluating the disease progression and the effectiveness of treatment.

Molecular identification and functional characterization of rabbit MATE1 and MATE2-K.

PubMed

Zhang, Xiaohong; Cherrington, Nathan J; Wright, Stephen H

2007-07-01

An electroneutral organic cation (OC)/proton exchanger in the apical membrane of proximal tubules mediates the final step of renal OC excretion. Two members of the multidrug and toxin extrusion family, MATE1 and MATE2-K, were recently identified in human and rodent kidney and proposed to be the molecular basis of renal OC/H(+) exchange. To take advantage of the comparative value of the large database on the kinetic and selectivity characteristics of OC/H(+) exchange that exists for rabbit kidney, we cloned rbMATE1 and rbMATE2-K. The rabbit homologs have 75% (MATE1) and 74% (MATE2-K) amino acid identity to their human counterparts (and 51% identity with each other). rbMATE1 and rbMATE2-K exhibited H(+) gradient-dependent uptake and efflux of tetraethylammonium (TEA) when expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Both transporters displayed similar affinities for selected compounds [IC(50) values within 2-fold for TEA, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, and quinidine] and very different affinities for others (IC(50) values differing by 8- to 80-fold for choline and cimetidine, respectively). These results indicate that rbMATE1 and rbMATE2-K are multispecific OC/H(+) exchangers with similar, but distinct, functional characteristics. Overall, the selectivity of MATE1 and MATE2-K correlated closely with that observed in rabbit renal brush-border membrane vesicles.

Surface photoelectric and visible light driven photocatalytic properties of zinc antimonate-based photocatalysts

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wu, Shaojun; Li, Guoqiang; Zhang, Yang

2013-03-15

Highlights: ► N-doped and pristine ZnSb{sub 2}O{sub 6} photocatalysts were synthesized by a facile method. ► N-doped ZnSb{sub 2}O{sub 6} shows a significant enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity. ► The N-doped ZnSb{sub 2}O{sub 6} shows the reduced surface photovoltage signals. - Abstract: The N-doped and pristine ZnSb{sub 2}O{sub 6} photocatalysts were synthesized by a facile method. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–vis spectroscopy, surface photovoltage spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The photocatalytic activities of the prepared samples were evaluated from the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) under full arc and visible light irradiation of Xe lamp. Themore » XRD and UV–vis results indicated that the N-doping did not change the crystal structure, but decrease the band gap in comparison with the pristine one. The N-doped ZnSb{sub 2}O{sub 6} shows the reduced surface photovoltage signals and the significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity under two irradiation conditions.« less

The LoTrach system: its role in the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia.

PubMed

Fletcher, Andrew J W; Ruffell, Alison J; Young, Peter J

2008-01-01

To discuss the development of the LoTrach system in light of current evidence around the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and its practical application in the intensive care setting. VAP causes substantial morbidity and mortality in ventilated patients in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), increases length of stay in ICU and is extremely costly. Strategies are needed to reduce the risk of VAP. We examine the need for an endotracheal tube (ETT) specifically designed for the critically-ill patient, the development of the LoTrach system from conception to production, and the role of the various components of the system in preventing VAP. Early issues in implementing this revolutionary equipment into ICU are explored and three case studies highlight advantages of this system. The LoTrach system has been designed to facilitate the provision of a number of evidence-based interventions that have been shown to reduce VAP. Pulmonary aspiration is ubiquitous with conventional cuffs but prevented by the cuff of the LoTrach system when held at a constant and safe pressure against the tracheal wall with a cuff pressure controller. Other aspects incorporated in the ETT are aimed at clearing the secretions from the subglottic space, preventing tube occlusion and accidental extubation, and avoiding damage to the airway. In this way the LoTrach system employs a multifactorial approach to the prevention of VAP and the cost savings from LoTrach rather than a standard ETT will be considerable because of an average 3 day reduction in ICU length of stay related to this. It thus has the potential to be a very useful tool in the ICU setting in the prevention of VAP.

Prehospital cardiac arrest survival and neurologic recovery.

PubMed

Hillis, M; Sinclair, D; Butler, G; Cain, E

1993-01-01

Many studies of prehospital defibrillation have been conducted but the effects of airway intervention are unknown and neurologic follow-up has been incomplete. A non-randomized cohort prospective study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of defibrillation in prehospital cardiac arrest. Two ambulance companies in the study area developed a defibrillation protocol and they formed the experimental group. A subgroup of these patients received airway management with an esophageal obturator airway (EOA) or endotracheal intubation (ETT). The control group was composed of patients who suffered a prehospital cardiac arrest and did not receive prehospital defibrillation. All survivors were assessed for residual deficits using the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP) and the Dementia Rating Scale (DRS). A total of 221 patients were studied over a 32-month period. Both the experimental group (N = 161) and the control group (N = 60) were comparable with respect to age, sex distribution, and ambulance response time. Survival to hospital discharge was 2/60 (3.3%) in the control group and 12/161 (6.3%) in the experimental group. This difference is not statistically significant. Survival in the experimental group by airway management technique was basic airway support (3/76 3.9%), EOA (3/67 4.5%), and ETT (6/48 12.5%). The improved effect on survival by ETT management was statistically significant. Survivors had minor differences in memory, work, and recreation as compared to ischemic heart disease patients as measured by the SIP and DRS. No effect of defibrillation was found on survival to hospital discharge. However, endotracheal intubation improved survival in defibrillated patients. Survivors had a good functional outcome.

Independent Review of Elemental Phosphorus Remediation at the Eastern Michaud Flats FMC Operable Unit near Pocatello, Idaho

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Martino, L. E.; Jerden, J. J.; Kimmell, T. A.

2016-01-01

If, despite risks to workers and these potential impacts, stakeholders decide that P4 wastes need to be excavated and treated, the Review Team determined that a number of the ETTs examined warrant further consideration for the treatment of P4 waste that has been characterized (for example, P4 waste present in the historical ponds). Nevertheless, concerns about the health and safety of site investigation workers using then-available investigation approaches prevented the collection of subsurface samples containing P4 from large areas of the site (e.g., the railroad swale, the vadose zone beneath the Furnace Building, and the abandoned railcars), As a result,more » the contaminant CSM in those particular areas was not refined enough to allow the Review Team to draw conclusions about using some of the ETTs to treat P4 waste in those areas. The readiness of an ETT for implementation varies depending on many factors, including stakeholder input, permitting, and remedial action construction requirements. Technologies that could be ready for use in the near term (within 1 year) include the following: mechanical excavation, containment technologies, off-site incineration, and drying and mechanical mixing under a tent structure. Technologies that could be ready for use in the mid-term (1 to 2 years) include cutter suction dredging, thermal-hydraulic dredging, and underground pipeline cleaning technologies. Technologies requiring a longer lead time (2 to 5 years) include on-site incineration, a land disposal restriction waste treatment system, an Albright & Wilson batch mud still, post-treatment on-site disposal, and post-treatment off-site disposal.« less

Cyclodextrin Complexes of Reduced Bromonoscapine in Guar Gum Microspheres Enhance Colonic Drug Delivery

PubMed Central

2015-01-01

Here, we report improved solubility and enhanced colonic delivery of reduced bromonoscapine (Red-Br-Nos), a cyclic ether brominated analogue of noscapine, upon encapsulation of its cyclodextrin (CD) complexes in bioresponsive guar gum microspheres (GGM). Phase–solubility analysis suggested that Red-Br-Nos complexed with β-CD and methyl-β-CD in a 1:1 stoichiometry, with a stability constant (Kc) of 2.29 × 103 M–1 and 4.27 × 103 M–1. Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy indicated entrance of an O–CH2 or OCH3–C6H4–OCH3 moiety of Red-Br-Nos in the β-CD or methyl-β-CD cavity. Furthermore, the cage complex of Red-Br-Nos with β-CD and methyl-β-CD was validated by several spectral techniques. Rotating frame Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy revealed that the Ha proton of the OCH3–C6H4–OCH3 moiety was closer to the H5 proton of β-CD and the H3 proton of the methyl-β-CD cavity. The solubility of Red-Br-Nos in phosphate buffer saline (PBS, pH ∼ 7.4) was improved by ∼10.7-fold and ∼21.2-fold when mixed with β-CD and methyl-β-CD, respectively. This increase in solubility led to a favorable decline in the IC50 by ∼2-fold and ∼3-fold for Red-Br-Nos−β-CD-GGM and Red-Br-Nos–methyl-β-CD-GGM formulations respectively, compared to free Red-Br-Nos−β-CD and Red-Br-Nos–methyl-β-CD in human colon HT-29 cells. GGM-bearing drug complex formulations were found to be highly cytotoxic to the HT-29 cell line and further effective with simultaneous continuous release of Red-Br-Nos from microspheres. This is the first study to showing the preparation of drug-complex loaded GGMS for colon delivery of Red-Br-Nos that warrants preclinical assessment for the effective management of colon cancer. PMID:25350222

Increasing the activity and enantioselectivity of lipases by sol-gel immobilization: further advancements of practical interest

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tielmann, Patrick; Kierkels, Hans; Zonta, Albin; Ilie, Adriana; Reetz, Manfred T.

2014-05-01

The entrapment of lipases in hydrophobic silicate matrices formed by sol-gel mediated hydrolysis of RSi(OCH3)3/Si(OCH3)4 as originally reported in 1996 has been improved over the years by a number of modifications. In the production of second-generation sol-gel lipase immobilizates, a variety of additives during the sol-gel process leads to increased activity and enhanced stereoselectivity in esterifying kinetic resolution. Recent advances in this type of lipase immobilization are reviewed here, in addition to new results regarding the sol-gel entrapment of the lipase from Burkholderia cepacia. It constitutes an excellent heterogeneous biocatalyst in the acylating kinetic resolution of two synthetically and industrially important chiral alcohols, rac-sulcatol and rac-trans-2-methoxycyclohexanol. The observation that the catalyst can be used 10 times in recycling experiments without losing its significant activity or enantioselectivity demonstrates the practical viability of the sol-gel approach.The entrapment of lipases in hydrophobic silicate matrices formed by sol-gel mediated hydrolysis of RSi(OCH3)3/Si(OCH3)4 as originally reported in 1996 has been improved over the years by a number of modifications. In the production of second-generation sol-gel lipase immobilizates, a variety of additives during the sol-gel process leads to increased activity and enhanced stereoselectivity in esterifying kinetic resolution. Recent advances in this type of lipase immobilization are reviewed here, in addition to new results regarding the sol-gel entrapment of the lipase from Burkholderia cepacia. It constitutes an excellent heterogeneous biocatalyst in the acylating kinetic resolution of two synthetically and industrially important chiral alcohols, rac-sulcatol and rac-trans-2-methoxycyclohexanol. The observation that the catalyst can be used 10 times in recycling experiments without losing its significant activity or enantioselectivity demonstrates the practical viability of

Processing of catalysts by atomic layer epitaxy: modification of supports

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lindblad, Marina; Haukka, Suvi; Kytökivi, Arla; Lakomaa, Eeva-Liisa; Rautiainen, Aimo; Suntola, Tuomo

1997-11-01

Different supports were modified with titania, zirconia and chromia by the atomic layer epitaxy technique (ALE). In ALE, a metal precursor is bound to the support in saturating gas-solid reactions. Surface oxides are grown by alternating reactions of the metal precursor and an oxidizing agent. Growth mechanisms differ depending on the precursor-support pair and the processing conditions. In this work, the influences of the support, precursor and reaction temperature were investigated by comparing the growth of titania from Ti(OCH(CH 3) 2) 4 on silica and alumina, titania from TiCl 4 and Ti(OCH(CH 3) 2) 4 on silica, and zirconia from ZrCl 4 on silica and alumina. The modification of porous oxides supported on metal substrates (monoliths) was demonstrated for the growth of chromia from Cr(acac) 3.

GSFC_20170308_2017-8679_041

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-03-08

Lt. Governor Rutherford and staff visited Goddard on March 8, 2017. They toured James Webb Space Telescope with Bill Ochs and Robotics Operations Center with Ben Reed. They also met John Mather, Nobel Prize winner.

GSFC_20170308_2017-8679_036

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-03-08

Lt. Governor Rutherford and staff visited Goddard on March 8, 2017. They toured James Webb Space Telescope with Bill Ochs and Robotic Operations Center with Ben Reed. They also met John Mather, Nobel Prize winner.

GSFC_20170308_2017-8679_015

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-03-08

Lt. Governor Rutherford and staff visited Goddard on March 8, 2017. They toured James Webb Space Telescope with Bill Ochs and Robotic Operations Center with Ben Reed. They also met John Mather, Nobel Prize winner.

Synthesis and characterisation of new types of side chain cholesteryl polymers.

PubMed

Wang, Bin; Du, Haiyan; Zhang, Junhua

2011-01-01

A series of cholesterol derivatives have been synthesised via the alkylation reaction of the 3-hydroxyl group with the aliphatic bromide compounds with different chain lengths, namely 3β-alkyloxy-cholesterol. The double bond between the C5 and C6 positions in these cholesterol derivatives was oxidised into epoxy, followed by an epoxy-ring-opening reaction with the treatment with acrylic acid, resulting in a series of 3β-alkyloxy-5α-hydroxy-6β-acryloyloxycholesterol, C(n)OCh (n=1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12), The acrylate group is connected to the C6 position, which is confirmed by the single crystal structure analysis. The corresponding polymers, PC(n)OCh, were prepared via free radical polymerisation. The structure of monomers and the resulting polymers were characterised with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The thermal properties of PC(n)OCh were studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). To determine the secondary structure of polymers, circular dichroism (CD) spectra were performed. It was found that not all monomers produce high-molecular-weight polymers because of steric hindrance. However, all polymers have a helical structure, which can be enhanced by increasing the alkoxy chain length. In addition, increasing the alkoxy chain length decreases the glass transition temperature and increases the decomposition temperature of the polymers. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Methyl-perfluoroheptene-ethers (CH3OC7F13): measured OH radical reaction rate coefficients for several isomers and enantiomers and their atmospheric lifetimes and global warming potentials.

PubMed

Jubb, Aaron M; Gierczak, Tomasz; Baasandorj, Munkhbayar; Waterland, Robert L; Burkholder, James B

2014-05-06

Mixtures of methyl-perfluoroheptene-ethers (CH3OC7F13, MPHEs) are currently in use as replacements for perfluorinated alkanes (PFCs) and poly-ether heat transfer fluids, which are persistent greenhouse gases with lifetimes >1000 years. At present, the atmospheric processing and environmental impact from the use of MPHEs is unknown. In this work, rate coefficients at 296 K for the gas-phase reaction of the OH radical with six key isomers (including stereoisomers and enantiomers) of MPHEs used commercially were measured using a relative rate method. Rate coefficients for the six MPHE isomers ranged from ∼ 0.1 to 2.9 × 10(-12) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) with a strong stereoisomer and -OCH3 group position dependence; the (E)-stereoisomers with the -OCH3 group in an α- position relative to the double bond had the greatest reactivity. Rate coefficients measured for the d3-MPHE isomer analogues showed decreased reactivity consistent with a minor contribution of H atom abstraction from the -OCH3 group to the overall reactivity. Estimated atmospheric lifetimes for the MPHE isomers range from days to months. Atmospheric lifetimes, radiative efficiencies, and global warming potentials for these short-lived MPHE isomers were estimated based on the measured OH rate coefficients along with measured and theoretically calculated MPHE infrared absorption spectra. Our results highlight the importance of quantifying the atmospheric impact of individual components in an isomeric mixture.

Unusual pi-donating effects of pi-accepting substituents on the stabilities of benzylic cations: a theoretical study.

PubMed

Kim, Chang Kon; Han, In Suk; Ryu, Wang Sun; Lee, Hai Whang; Lee, Bon-Su; Kim, Chan Kyung

2006-02-23

The pi-donating effects of pi-accepting X-substituents in substituted benzylic cations, X-C(6)H(5)-CHR(+) where R = CF(3), H and OCH(3), and X = p-NH(2), p-OCH(3), p-CH(3), H, p-F, p-Cl, p-CHO, m-CN, p-CN, m-NO(2) or p-NO(2), have been studied theoretically by using isodesmic hydride transfer reactions at various levels of theory. It might be difficult to determine the pi-donating effects of pi-acceptors using the simple Hammett-type linear equation, because it is not sensitive enough to include small pi-donating effects. Therefore, this effect was estimated using the NBO deletion energy (DeltaE(D)) of the second-order charge-transfer interaction (DeltaE(ct)) between the pi-orbitals (or lone pair orbitals) of the X-substituent and the pi-orbitals of phenyl ring. The extents of pi-donating effects increased in the order X = p-NO(2) < p-CHO < p-CN < p-Cl for both neutral and cationic species, and these effects were found to be more important for para- than for meta-substituents. Moreover, this could represent a general trend for pi-donation by pi-acceptors. On the other hand, the effects of R-substituents on this pi-donating effect were found to be in the order R = OCH(3) < H congruent with CF(3), as predicted by natural resonance theory (NRT) analyses.

Self-Assembled Amphiphilic Water Oxidation Catalysts: Control of O-O Bond Formation Pathways by Different Aggregation Patterns.

PubMed

Yang, Bing; Jiang, Xin; Guo, Qing; Lei, Tao; Zhang, Li-Ping; Chen, Bin; Tung, Chen-Ho; Wu, Li-Zhu

2016-05-17

The oxidation of water to molecular oxygen is the key step to realize water splitting from both biological and chemical perspective. In an effort to understand how water oxidation occurs on a molecular level, a large number of molecular catalysts have been synthesized to find an easy access to higher oxidation states as well as their capacity to make O-O bond. However, most of them function in a mixture of organic solvent and water and the O-O bond formation pathway is still a subject of intense debate. Herein, we design the first amphiphilic Ru-bda (H2 bda=2,2'-bipyridine-6,6'-dicarboxylic acid) water oxidation catalysts (WOCs) of formula [Ru(II) (bda)(4-OTEG-pyridine)2 ] (1, OTEG=OCH2 CH2 OCH2 CH2 OCH3 ) and [Ru(II) (bda)(PySO3 Na)2 ] (2, PySO3 (-) =pyridine-3-sulfonate), which possess good solubility in water. Dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), critical aggregation concentration (CAC) experiments and product analysis demonstrate that they enable to self-assemble in water and form the O-O bond through different routes even though they have the same bda(2-) backbone. This work illustrates for the first time that the O-O bond formation pathway can be regulated by the interaction of ancillary ligands at supramolecular level. © 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Photoelectron velocity-map imaging spectroscopic and theoretical study on the reactivity of the gold atom toward CH3SH, CH3OH, and H2O.

PubMed

Qin, Zhengbo; Cong, Ran; Wu, Xia; Liu, Zhiling; Xie, Hua; Tang, Zichao; Jiang, Ling; Fan, Hongjun

2013-07-21

Photoelectron velocity-map imaging spectroscopy has been used to study the reaction of the anionic gold atom with the HR (R = SCH3, OCH3, OH) molecules. The solvated [Au···HR](-) and inserted [HAuR](-) products have been experimentally observed for R = SCH3, whereas only solvated [Au⋯HR](-) products were found for R = OCH3 and OH. This significant difference in the photoelectron spectra suggests the different reactivity of the Au(-) toward the CH3SH, CH3OH, and H2O molecules. Second order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory and coupled-cluster single double triple excitation calculations have been performed to aid the structural assignment of the spectra and to explore the reaction mechanism. Activation energies for the isomerizations of the solvated structures to the inserted ones in the Au(-)∕Au + HR reactions (R = OCH3 and OH) are predicted to be much higher than those for the Au(-)∕Au + CH3SH reactions, supporting the experimental observation. Theoretical calculations provide the evidence that the intriguing [HAuSCH3](-) product may be formed by the attachment of the electron onto the neutral HAuSCH3 species or the isomerization from the anionic [Au···HSCH3](-) one. These findings should be helpful for understanding the feature that the thiols are able to form the staple motifs, whereas CH3OH and H2O are not.

Cost-effectiveness of functional cardiac imaging in the diagnostic work-up of coronary heart disease.

PubMed

Pletscher, Mark; Walker, Simon; Moschetti, Karine; Pinget, Christophe; Wasserfallen, Jean-Blaise; Greenwood, John P; Schwitter, Juerg; Girardin, François R

2016-07-01

The aim of this study was to assess the cost-effectiveness of eight common diagnostic work-up strategies for coronary heart disease (CHD) in patients with stable angina symptoms in Switzerland. A decision analytical model was used to perform a cost-effectiveness comparison of eight common multitest strategies to diagnose CHD using combinations of four diagnostic techniques: exercise treadmill test (ETT), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR), and coronary angiography (CA). We used a Markov state transition model to extrapolate the results over a life-time horizon, from a third-party payer perspective. We used a CHD prevalence rate of 39% in patients and a base-case scenario with 60-year-old male patients with intermediate symptom severity Canadian Cardiovascular Society grading of angina pectoris 2 and at least one cardiovascular (CV) risk factor but without a history of myocardial infarction and without need for revascularization. Among the eight work-up strategies, one strategy was dominant, i.e. least costly and most effective: ETT followed by CMR if the ETT result was inconclusive and then CA if the CMR result was positive or inconclusive. The CMR features a favourable balance between false-negative diagnoses, associated with an elevated risk of CV events, and false-positive diagnoses, leading to unnecessary CA and related mortality. Key parameters guiding the diagnostic strategy are the prevalence of CHD in patients with angina symptoms and the diagnostic costs of CA and CMR. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging appears to be a cost-effective work-up strategy compared with other regimens using SPECT or direct CA. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging should be more widely recommended as a diagnostic procedure for patients with suspected angina symptoms.

Comparison of the effects of various airway devices on hemodynamic response and QTc interval in rabbits under general anesthesia.

PubMed

Toman, Huseyin; Erbas, Mesut; Sahin, Hasan; Kiraz, Hasan Ali; Uzun, Metehan; Ovali, Mehmet Akif

2015-12-01

In this study, we aimed to compare the effects of various airway devices on QTc interval in rabbits under general anesthesia. The subjects were randomly separated into four groups: Group ETT, Group LMA, Group PLA, Group V-gel. Baseline values and hearth rate, mean arterial pressure and ECG was obtained at the 1st, 5th and 30th minutes after administration of anesthesia and placement of airway device and, QTc interval was evaluated. Difference was observed between ET group and V-gel group in the 5th minute mean arterial pressure values (p < 0.05). It was observed that QTc intervals at the 1st and 5th minute in the ET group significantly increased when compared with the other groups (p < 0.05). Again, it was observed that QTc interval of ET group at the 15th and 30th minute was longer when compared with PLA and V-gel groups (p < 0.05). It was also observed that QTc interval of LMA Group at the 5th minute after intubation significantly increased when compared with V-gel group (p < 0.05). It was observed that HR values of ETT group at the 1st, 5th and 15th minutes after intubation increased with regards to PLA and V-gel groups (p < 0.05). It was determined that the 30th minute hearth rate of ETT group was higher when compared to V-gel group (p < 0.05). In our study we observed that V-gel Rabbit affected both hemodynamic response and QT interval less than other airway devices.

The incidence and relevance of site-reported vs. patient-reported angina: insights from the ABSORB II randomized trial comparing Absorb everolimus-eluting bioresorbable scaffold with XIENCE everolimus-eluting metallic stent.

PubMed

Grundeken, Maik J; White, Roseann M; Hernandez, John B; Dudek, Dariusz; Cequier, Angel; Haude, Michael; van Boven, Adrianus J; Piek, Jan J; Helqvist, Steffen; Sabate, Manel; Baumbach, Andreas; Suwannasom, Pannipa; Ishibashi, Yuki; Staehr, Peter; Veldhof, Susan; Cheong, Wai-Fung; de Winter, Robbert J; Garcia-Garcia, Hector M; Wykrzykowska, Joanna J; Onuma, Yoshinobu; Serruys, Patrick W; Chevalier, Bernard

2016-04-01

In the ABSORB II trial, comparing Absorb™ bioresorbable vascular scaffold with metallic XIENCE™ everolimus-eluting stent (EES), a difference was found in site-reported new or worsening angina using adverse event (AE) reporting. However, the clinical relevance of this site-reported angina is unclear. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate the clinical relevance of site-reported angina by evaluating its relation with cardiac endpoints, cardiovascular resource utilization (including diagnostics and treatment), positive exercise stress tolerance tests (ETTs), and Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ). Site-reported new or worsening angina was captured on cardiac AE forms. There was a wide variation in the total number of days with site-reported angina (overall interquartile range 35-279 days). Patients with site-reported angina showed higher rates of cardiovascular events [including the patient-oriented composite endpoint of all deaths, all myocardial infarctions (MI), or all revascularizations (21.1 vs. 4.2%, P < 0.0001), all MIs (2.3 vs. 0%, P = 0.03), and all revascularizations (21.1 vs. 0.7%, P < 0.0001)], cardiovascular resource utilization (including stress tests, anti-anginal medication, diagnostic angiographies, and hospitalization), and positive ETTs (51.9 vs. 14.9%, P < 0.001), compared with those without site-reported angina. Furthermore, an event-based analysis of the SAQ showed that patients with ongoing angina within the recall period of 4 weeks prior to the SAQ assessment have clinically and statistically significant decrements of >14 points in SAQ scores compared with those with no reported angina. We showed that the site-reported angina through AE reporting may be clinically relevant because of their relation with cardiovascular events (mostly repeat revascularizations), cardiovascular resource utilization, ETT, and SAQ. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01425281; Unique identifier: NCT01425281.

Comparison between Two Endotracheal Tube Cuff Inflation Methods; Just-Seal Vs. Stethoscope-Guided.

PubMed

Borhazowal, Rishiraj; Harde, Minal; Bhadade, Rakesh; Dave, Sona; Aswar, Swapnil Ganeshrao

2017-06-01

The Endotracheal Tube (ETT) cuff performs a critical function of sealing the airway during positive pressure ventilation. There is a narrow range of cuff pressure required to maintain a functionally safe seal without exceeding capillary blood pressure. We aimed to compare Just-Seal (JS) and Stethoscope-Guided (SG) method of ETT cuff inflation with respect to the volume of air required to inflate the cuff, the manometric cuff pressure achieved and also to assess for the occurrence of postoperative sore throat after extubation in both the groups. It was a prospective observational study done in a Tertiary Teaching Public Hospital over a period of 1½ years on 100 patients with 50 each in two groups; JS or SG method of cuff inflation. SPSS Version 17 was used for data analysis. Statistically significant difference (p-value of less than 0.05) was noted between the two methods based on the volume of air injected into the cuff {the mean volume injected in JS was 6.79 ml and in the SG was 4.95 ml with p=5.71E-16 (< 0.05)} and cuff pressure achieved {mean cuff pressure achieved was 38.80 cm H 2 O in the JS and 29.64 cm H 2 O in SG with p=2.29E-14 (< 0.05)}. The incidence of post extubation sore throat was 54% (27 in 50) in the JS group and only 12% (6 in 50) in the SG; p= 0.00000797. ETT cuff inflation guided by a stethoscope is an effective technique for ensuring appropriate cuff pressures thus accomplishing the objective of providing safe and superior quality care of the patient both during and after anaesthesia and reducing the likelihood of even minimal risk complications that may still have legal implications.

Method for synthesizing thin film electrodes

DOEpatents

Boyle, Timothy J [Albuquerque, NM

2007-03-13

A method for making a thin-film electrode, either an anode or a cathode, by preparing a precursor solution using an alkoxide reactant, depositing multiple thin film layers with each layer approximately 500 1000 .ANG. in thickness, and heating the layers to above 600.degree. C. to achieve a material with electrochemical properties suitable for use in a thin film battery. The preparation of the anode precursor solution uses Sn(OCH.sub.2C(CH.sub.3).sub.3).sub.2 dissolved in a solvent in the presence of HO.sub.2CCH.sub.3 and the cathode precursor solution is formed by dissolving a mixture of (Li(OCH.sub.2C(CH.sub.3).sub.3)).sub.8 and Co(O.sub.2CCH.sub.3).H.sub.2O in at least one polar solvent.

A nuclear magnetic double resonance study of N-beta-bis-(beta'-chloroethyl) phosphonylethyl-DL-phenylalanine.

PubMed

Friedman, M; Boyd, W A

1977-01-01

Studies were carried out on the effect of decoupling, deuterium labeling, concentration, temperature, and solvent media on the NMR parameters of the vinyl phosphonate adduct of phenylalanine, C6H5CH2CH(COO-)NH2+CH2CH2PO(OCH2CH2C1)2. The results permit assignments of chemical shifts and coupling constants to the various protons of this molecule which contains unique structural features. The NH2+-CH2-protons are deshielded by more than 1 ppm than the CH2-PO-protons. The -OCH2-protons are nonequivalent exhibiting a fine split. Possible sources of the fine split include NH...O=P hydrogen bonding. The deuterium-labeling method should be applicable for synthesizing deuterium-and tritium-labeled crosslinked amino acids such as lysinoalanine and lanthionine and demonstrating analgous dehydroalanine-alpha-amino group-crosslinking.

Correlation of rolling condition, microstructure, and low-temperature toughness of X70 pipeline steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hwang, Byoungchul; Kim, Young Min; Lee, Sunghak; Kim, Nack J.; Yoo, Jang Yong

2005-07-01

Correlation of rolling conditions, microstructure, and low-temperature toughness of high-toughness X70 pipeline steels was investigated in this study. Twelve kinds of steel specimens were fabricated by vacuum-induction melting and hot rolling, and their microstructures were varied by rolling conditions. Charpy V-notch (CVN) impact test and drop-weight tear test (DWTT) were conducted on the rolled steel specimens in order to analyze low-temperature fracture properties. Charpy impact test results indicated that the energy transition temperature (ETT) was below -100 °C when the finish cooling temperature range was 350 °C to 500 °C, showing excellent low-temperature toughness. The ETT increased because of the formation of bainitic ferrite and martensite at low finish cooling temperatures and because of the increase in effective grain size due to the formation of coarse ferrites at high finish cooling temperatures. Most of the specimens also showed excellent DWTT properties as the percent shear area well exceeded 85 pct, irrespective of finish rolling temperatures or finish cooling temperatures, although a large amount of inverse fracture occurred at some finish cooling temperatures.

Effective grain size and charpy impact properties of high-toughness X70 pipeline steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hwang, Byoungchul; Kim, Yang Gon; Lee, Sunghak; Kim, Young Min; Kim, Nack J.; Yoo, Jang Yong

2005-08-01

The correlation of microstructure and Charpy V-notch (CVN) impact properties of a high-toughness API X70 pipeline steel was investigated in this study. Six kinds of steel were fabricated by varying the hot-rolling conditions, and their microstructures, effective grain sizes, and CVN impact properties were analyzed. The CVN impact test results indicated that the steels rolled in the single-phase region had higher upper-shelf energies (USEs) and lower energy-transition temperatures (ETTs) than the steels rolled in the two-phase region because their microstructures were composed of acicular ferrite (AF) and fine polygonal ferrite (PF). The decreased ETT in the steels rolled in the single-phase region could be explained by the decrease in the overall effective grain size due to the presence of AF having a smaller effective grain size. On the other hand, the absorbed energy of the steels rolled in the two-phase region was considerably lower because a large amount of dislocations were generated inside PFs during rolling. It was further decreased when coarse martensite or cementite was formed during the cooling process.

Electronic topological transitions in the AgPd system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Skorodumova, N. V.; Simak, S. I.; Smirnova, E. A.; Vekilov, Yu. Kh.

1995-02-01

“First-principles” LMTO-CPA calculations of the Fermi surfaces and thermodynamic properties of AgPd random alloys are presented. We show that there are at least four electronic topological transitions (ETT) in the system. The changes of the Fermi surface topology lead to the appearance of peculiarities in the concentration dependence of the thermodynamic (ground state) properties.

European Training Thesaurus: A Multilingual Synopsis

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cedefop - European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training, 2012

2012-01-01

Education and training issues are similar across Europe, but how can we ensure we mean the same things with the same terms? The new format of the European training thesaurus (ETT) is a multilingual synopsis. It is an online tool enabling those working in education, training and employment to have a common understanding of terms. It helps…

User-Driven Quality Certification of Workplace Software, the UsersAward Experience

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-06-01

the set of criteria and the chosen level of approval was sufficiently balanced . Furthermore, the fact that both software providers experienced... Worklife - Building Social Capacity - European Approaches, Edition sigma Berlin. Lind, T. (2002). IT-kartan, användare och IT-system i svenskt

The clinical implication and molecular mechanism of preferential IL-4 production by modified glycolipid-stimulated NKT cells

PubMed Central

Oki, Shinji; Chiba, Asako; Yamamura, Takashi; Miyake, Sachiko

2004-01-01

OCH, a sphingosine-truncated analog of α-galactosylceramide (αGC), is a potential therapeutic reagent for a variety of Th1-mediated autoimmune diseases through its selective induction of Th2 cytokines from natural killer T (NKT) cells. We demonstrate here that the NKT cell production of IFN-γ is more susceptible to the sphingosine length of glycolipid ligand than that of IL-4 and that the length of the sphingosine chain determines the duration of NKT cell stimulation by CD1d-associated glycolipids. Furthermore, IFN-γ production by NKT cells requires longer T cell receptor stimulation than is required for IL-4 production by NKT cells stimulated either with immobilized mAb to CD3 or with immobilized “αGC-loaded” CD1d molecules. Interestingly, transcription of IFN-γ but not that of IL-4 was sensitive to cycloheximide treatment, indicating the intrinsic involvement of de novo protein synthesis for IFN-γ production by NKT cells. Finally, we determined c-Rel was preferentially transcribed in αGC-stimulated but not in OCH-stimulated NKT cells and was essential for IFN-γ production by activated NKT cells. Given the dominant immune regulation by the remarkable cytokine production of ligand-stimulated NKT cells in vivo, in comparison with that of (antigen-specific) T cells or NK cells, the current study confirms OCH as a likely therapeutic reagent for use against Th1-mediated autoimmune diseases and provides a novel clue for the design of drugs targeting NKT cells. PMID:15173890

Hydrogen-bonding Interactions between Apigenin and Ethanol/Water: A Theoretical Study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zheng, Yan-Zhen; Zhou, Yu; Liang, Qin; Chen, Da-Fu; Guo, Rui; Lai, Rong-Cai

2016-10-01

In this work, hydrogen-bonding interactions between apigenin and water/ethanol were investigated from a theoretical perspective using quantum chemical calculations. Two conformations of apigenin molecule were considered in this work. The following results were found. (1) For apigenin monomer, the molecular structure is non-planar, and all of the hydrogen and oxygen atoms can be hydrogen-bonding sites. (2) Eight and seven optimized geometries are obtained for apigenin (I)-H2O/CH3CH2OH and apigenin (II)-H2O/CH3CH2OH complexes, respectively. In apigenin, excluding the aromatic hydrogen atoms in the phenyl substituent, all other hydrogen atoms and the oxygen atoms form hydrogen-bonds with H2O and CH3CH2OH. (3) In apigenin-H2O/CH3CH2OH complexes, the electron density and the E(2) in the related localized anti-bonding orbital are increased upon hydrogen-bond formation. These are the cause of the elongation and red-shift of the X-H bond. The sum of the charge change transfers from the hydrogen-bond acceptor to donor. The stronger interaction makes the charge change more intense than in the less stable structures. (4) Most of the hydrogen-bonds in the complexes are electrostatic in nature. However, the C4-O5···H, C9-O4···H and C13-O2···H hydrogen-bonds have some degree of covalent character. Furthermore, the hydroxyl groups of the apigenin molecule are the preferred hydrogen-bonding sites.

Exploring the intrinsic polar [4+2(+)] cycloaddition reactivity of gaseous carbosulfonium and carboxonium ions.

PubMed

Basher, Muftah M; Corilo, Yuri E; Sparrapan, Regina; Benassi, Mario; Augusti, Rodinei; Eberlin, Marcos N; Riveros, José M

2012-11-01

Gas-phase reactions of model carbosulfonium ions (CH(3)-S(+)=CH(2;) CH(3)CH(2)-S(+)=CH(2) and Ph-S(+)=CH(2)) and an O-analogue carboxonium ion (CH(3)-O(+)=CH(2)) with acyclic (isoprene, 1,3-butadiene, methyl vinyl ketone) and cyclic (1,3-cyclohexadiene, thiophene, furan) conjugated dienes were systematically investigated by pentaquadrupole mass spectrometry. As corroborated by B3LYP/6-311 G(d,p) calculations, the carbosulfonium ions first react at large extents with the dienes forming adducts via simple addition. The nascent adducts, depending on their stability and internal energy, react further via two competitive channels: (1) in reactions with acyclic dienes via cyclization that yields formally [4+2(+)] cycloadducts, or (2) in reactions with the cyclic dienes via dissociation by HSR loss that yields methylenation (net CH(+) transfer) products. In great contrast to its S-analogues, CH(3)-O(+)=CH(2) (as well as C(2)H(5)-O(+)=CH(2) and Ph-O(+)=CH(2) in reactions with isoprene) forms little or no adduct and proton transfer is the dominant reaction channel. Isomerization to more acidic protonated aldehydes in the course of reaction seems to be the most plausible cause of the contrasting reactivity of carboxonium ions. The CH(2)=CH-O(+)=CH(2) ion forms an abundant [4+2(+)] cycloadduct with isoprene, but similar to the behavior of such α,β-unsaturated carboxonium ions in solution, seems to occur across the C=C bond. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Syntheses, structures, and magnetic properties of three new MnII-[MoIII(CN)7]4- molecular magnets.

PubMed

Wei, Xiao-Qin; Pi, Qian; Shen, Fu-Xing; Shao, Dong; Wei, Hai-Yan; Wang, Xin-Yi

2018-05-22

By reaction of K4[MoIII(CN)7]·2H2O, Mn(ClO4)2·6H2O and bidentate chelating ligands, three new cyano-bridged compounds, namely Mn2(3-pypz)(H2O)(CH3CN)[Mo(CN)7] (1), Mn2(1-pypz)(H2O)(CH3CN)[Mo(CN)7] (2) and Mn2(pyim)(H2O)(CH3CN)[Mo(CN)7] (3) (3-pypz = 2-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyridine, 1-pypz = 2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine, pyim = 2-(1H-imidazol-2-yl)pyridine), have been synthesized and characterized structurally and magnetically. Single crystal X-ray analyses revealed that although the chelating ligands are different, compounds 1 to 3 are isomorphous and crystallize in the same monoclinic space group C2/m. Connected by the bridging cyano groups, one crystallographically unique [Mo(CN)7]4- unit and three crystallographically unique MnII ions of different coordination environments form similar three-dimensional frameworks, which have a four-nodal 3,4,4,7-connecting topological net with a vertex symbol of {43}{44·62}2{410·611}. Magnetic measurements revealed that compounds 1-3 display long-range magnetic ordering with critical temperatures of 64, 66 and 62 K, respectively. These compounds are rare examples of a small number of chelating co-ligand coordinated [Mo(CN)7]4--based magnetic materials. Specifically, the bidentate chelating ligands were successfully introduced into the heptacyanomolybdate system for the first time.

Tacit Rejection of Policy and Teacher Ambivalence: Insights into English Language Teaching in Bahrain through Actors' Perceptions

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hayes, Aneta

2018-01-01

This article develops Phillips and Ochs's (2003) framework for policy borrowing, particularly their theorisations about indigenisation of international programmes. It uses the example of communicative language teaching (CLT) in Bahrain, exploring teacher perspectives regarding the effects of CLT on the preexisting arrangements in the national…

Development of Factorially Based ASVAB High School Composites

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-04-01

commercial test batteries. 2For details see Nie , N. H . , Hull , C. H . , et al . , Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (Second Edition ). New...E*ss.rdi APE, AIIM: SAVTE-t 1 USA Air Del Sets. Ft Su es, ATTN : AISA TEN I USA Ate Mobility Rids I Des Lab, Mol$ett FM, AIIM: ‘3A’JOL-AS I USA

The Operational Mentoring and Liaison Team Program as a Model for Assisting the Development of an Effective Afghan National Army

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-06-12

care has been taken to ensure the ANA is comprised of soldiers from all of Afghanistan’s major ethnic groups - Pashtun, Tajik, Uzbek , Hazara, Turkmen...Canada, Croatia, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland , Spain, the United Kingdom (UK), and United States have contributed full OMLTs/ETTs...embedded training teams) while Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Latvia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland , Portugal, Romania, Slovenia

Laboratory spectroscopy of methoxymethanol in the millimeter-wave range

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Motiyenko, Roman A.; Margulès, Laurent; Despois, Didier; Guillemin, Jean-Claude

2018-02-01

Methoxymethanol, CH3OCH2OH is a very interesting candidate for detection in the interstellar medium since it can be formed in the recombination reaction between two radicals considered as intermediates in methanol formation: CH3O (already detected in the ISM) and CH2OH.

Polymerizable 2(2-hydroxynaphthyl)2H-benzotriazole compounds

DOEpatents

Gomez, P.M.; Neidlinger, H.H.

1991-07-16

Benzotriazole compounds having the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is H, Cl, or OCH.sub.3 ; R.sub.2 is a hydroxynaphthyl group; and R.sub.3 is a vinyl unsaturated polymerizable group. Homopolymers or copolymers thereof are effective as UV light stabilizers and absorbers.

A Survey of Statistical Machine Translation

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-04-01

methods are notoriously sen- sitive to domain differences, however, so the move to informal text is likely to present many interesting challenges ...Och, Christoph Tillman, and Hermann Ney. Improved alignment models for statistical machine translation. In Proc. of EMNLP- VLC , pages 20–28, Jun 1999

Debate on the Draft--Helping Students Decide Where They Stand.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Victory, James

1981-01-01

Presents four exercises to help secondary school social studies students understand the complex issues of the draft. Students participate in a mock draft lottery, analyze Phil Och's Draft Dodger Rag, examine how individual experiences affect attitudes, and compare writings by Bill Mauldin and Ron Kovic. (KC)

Polymerizable 2(2-hydroxynaphthyl)2H-benzotriazole compounds

DOEpatents

Gomez, Peter M.; Neidlinger, Hermann H.

1991-01-01

Benzotriazole compounds having the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is H, Cl, or OCH.sub.3 ; R.sub.2 is a hydroxynaphthyl group; and R.sub.3 is a vinyl unsaturated polymerizable group. Homopolymers or copolymers thereof are effective as UV light stabilizers and absorbers.

Peter J Derrick and the Grand Scale 'Magnificent Mass Machine' mass spectrometer at Warwick.

PubMed

Colburn, A W; Derrick, Peter J; Bowen, Richard D

2017-12-01

The value of the Grand Scale 'Magnificent Mass Machine' mass spectrometer in investigating the reactivity of ions in the gas phase is illustrated by a brief analysis of previously unpublished work on metastable ionised n-pentyl methyl ether, which loses predominantly methanol and an ethyl radical, with very minor contributions for elimination of ethane and water. Expulsion of an ethyl radical is interpreted in terms of isomerisation to ionised 3-pentyl methyl ether, via distonic ions and, possibly, an ion-neutral complex comprising ionised ethylcyclopropane and methanol. This explanation is consistent with the closely similar behaviour of the labelled analogues, C 3 H 7 CH 2 CD 2 OCH 3 +. and C 3 H 7 CD 2 CH 2 OCH 3 +. , and is supported by the greater kinetic energy release associated with loss of ethane from ionised n-propyl methyl ether compared to that starting from directly generated ionised 3-pentyl methyl ether.

Synthesis of ketones from biomass-derived feedstock.

PubMed

Meng, Qinglei; Hou, Minqiang; Liu, Huizhen; Song, Jinliang; Han, Buxing

2017-01-31

Cyclohexanone and its derivatives are very important chemicals, which are currently produced mainly by oxidation of cyclohexane or alkylcyclohexane, hydrogenation of phenols, and alkylation of cyclohexanone. Here we report that bromide salt-modified Pd/C in H 2 O/CH 2 Cl 2 can efficiently catalyse the transformation of aromatic ethers, which can be derived from biomass, to cyclohexanone and its derivatives via hydrogenation and hydrolysis processes. The yield of cyclohexanone from anisole can reach 96%, and the yields of cyclohexanone derivatives produced from the aromatic ethers, which can be extracted from plants or derived from lignin, are also satisfactory. Detailed study shows that the Pd, bromide salt and H 2 O/CH 2 Cl 2 work cooperatively to promote the desired reaction and inhibit the side reaction. Thus high yields of desired products can be obtained. This work opens the way for production of ketones from aromatic ethers that can be derived from biomass.

Numerical investigation of pulmonary drug delivery under mechanical ventilation conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Banerjee, Arindam; van Rhein, Timothy

2012-11-01

The effects of mechanical ventilation waveform on fluid flow and particle deposition were studied in a computer model of the human airways. The frequency with which aerosolized drugs are delivered to mechanically ventilated patients demonstrates the importance of understanding the effects of ventilation parameters. This study focuses specifically on the effects of mechanical ventilation waveforms using a computer model of the airways of patient undergoing mechanical ventilation treatment from the endotracheal tube to generation G7. Waveforms were modeled as those commonly used by commercial mechanical ventilators. Turbulence was modeled with LES. User defined particle force models were used to model the drag force with the Cunningham correction factor, the Saffman lift force, and Brownian motion force. The endotracheal tube (ETT) was found to be an important geometric feature, causing a fluid jet towards the right main bronchus, increased turbulence, and a recirculation zone in the right main bronchus. In addition to the enhanced deposition seen at the carinas of the airway bifurcations, enhanced deposition was also seen in the right main bronchus due to impaction and turbulent dispersion resulting from the fluid structures created by the ETT. Authors acknowledge financial support through University of Missouri Research Board Award.

Validation of maternal cardiac output assessed by transthoracic echocardiography against pulmonary artery catheterization in severely ill pregnant women: prospective comparative study and systematic review.

PubMed

Cornette, J; Laker, S; Jeffery, B; Lombaard, H; Alberts, A; Rizopoulos, D; Roos-Hesselink, J W; Pattinson, R C

2017-01-01

ámicos serios, debido a los cuales existe la necesidad de sistemas validados de monitorización hemodinámica para mujeres embarazadas. Aunque la cateterización de la arteria pulmonar (CAP) mediante termodilución es el patrón de referencia clínico para la medición del gasto cardíaco (GC), este método se usa con poca frecuencia debido a su naturaleza invasiva. La ecocardiografía transtorácica (ETT) permite la determinación no invasiva del GC. El objetivo de este estudio fue validar la ETT frente al CAP para determinar el GC en mujeres embarazadas gravemente enfermas. MÉTODOS: Este estudio consistió en un metaanálisis que combinó datos de un estudio prospectivo y una revisión sistemática. El estudio prospectivo se llevó a cabo en Pretoria (Sudáfrica) en 2003. Se incluyeron mujeres con complicaciones graves en el embarazo que requerían una monitorización invasiva mediante CAP según las directrices de ese momento. Se realizó una ETT en un plazo de 15 minutos de haber realizado el CAP y el investigador no tuvo acceso a las mediciones del CAP. Las mediciones comparativas se extrajeron de estudios similares obtenidos a partir de una revisión sistemática de la literatura y se añadieron a una base de datos. Se compararon las mediciones simultáneas del GC mediante ETT y CAP. La concordancia entre métodos se evaluó a través del método estadístico de Bland-Altman y de coeficientes de correlación intraclase (CCI). Se incluyeron treinta y cuatro mediciones comparativas en el metaanálisis. Los valores medios del GC obtenidos mediante CAP y ETT fueron de 7,39 l/min y 7.18 l/min, respectivamente. El sesgo fue de 0,21 l/min, siendo los límites inferior y superior de la concordancia de -1,18 l/min y 1.60 l/min; el error porcentual fue del 19,1%, y el CCI entre ambos métodos fue de 0,94. Las mediciones del GC en mujeres embarazadas mediante ETT muestran una excelente concordancia con las obtenidas mediante CAP. Dada su naturaleza no invasiva y su

Study of the photon-induced formation and subsequent desorption of CH3OH and H2CO in interstellar ice analogs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Martín-Doménech, R.; Muñoz Caro, G. M.; Cruz-Díaz, G. A.

2016-05-01

Context. Methanol and formaldehyde are two simple organic molecules that are ubiquitously detected in the interstellar medium, in both the solid and gaseous phases. An origin in the solid phase and a subsequent nonthermal desorption into the gas phase is often invoked to explain their abundances in some of the environments where they are found. Experimental simulations under astrophysically relevant conditions have been carried out in the past four decades in order to find a suitable mechanism for that process. Aims: In particular, photodesorption from pure methanol ice (and presumably from pure formaldehyde ice) has been found to be negligible in previous works, probably because both molecules are very readily dissociated by vacuum-UV photons. Therefore, we explore the in situ formation and subsequent photon-induced desorption of these species, studying the UV photoprocessing of pure ethanol ice, and a more realistic binary H2O:CH4 ice analog. Methods: Experimental simulations were performed in an ultra-high vacuum chamber. Pure ethanol and binary H2O:CH4 ice samples deposited onto an infrared transparent window at 8 K were UV-irradiated using a microwave-discharged hydrogen flow lamp. Evidence of photochemical production of these two species and subsequent UV-photon-induced desorption into the gas phase were searched for by means of a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and a quadrupole mass spectrometer, respectively. After irradiation, ice samples were warmed up to room temperature until complete sublimation was attained for detection of volatile products. Results: Formation of CH3OH was only observed during photoprocessing of the H2O:CH4 ice analog, accounting for ~4% of the initial CH4 ice column density, but no photon-induced desorption was detected. Photochemical production of H2CO was observed in both series of experiments. Formation of formaldehyde accounted for ≤45% conversion of the initial ethanol ice, but it could not be quantified during

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart F of... - Organic Hazardous Air Pollutants

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (N,N-) 121697 Diethyl sulfate 64675 Dimethylbenzidine (3,3″-) 119937 Dimethylformamide (N,N-) 68122... Hexachlorobenzene 118741 Hexachlorobutadiene 87683 Hexachloroethane 67721 Hexane 110543 Hydroquinone 123319... ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, and triethylene glycol R-(OCH2 CH2n-OR where: n=1, 2, or 3; R=alkyl or...

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart F of... - Organic Hazardous Air Pollutants

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (N,N-) 121697 Diethyl sulfate 64675 Dimethylbenzidine (3,3′-) 119937 Dimethylformamide (N,N-) 68122... Hexachlorobenzene 118741 Hexachlorobutadiene 87683 Hexachloroethane 67721 Hexane 110543 Hydroquinone 123319... ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, and triethylene glycol R-(OCH2 CH2n-OR where: n=1, 2, or 3; R=alkyl or...

Sphingosine Prevents Bacterial Adherence to Endotracheal Tubes: A Novel Mechanism to Prevent Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-06-21

measurement of antibacterial activity on plastics and other non-porous surfaces, ISO 22196. Bacteria were prepared as described above to a concentration of...PVC ETTs. The antimicrobial assay we used is a variation of the international standard for measurement of antibacterial activity on plastics and... activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Additionally, sphingosine’s presence in the skin, oral mucosa, and respiratory mucosa

Information Sciences Assessment for Asia and Australasia

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-10-16

entertainment and home services - Machine Translation for international cooperation - NLU + Affective Computing for education - Intelligent Optimization for...into an emotion. ETTS, embedded Mandarin, music retrieval. Also, research in areas of computer graphics, digital media processing  Intelligent...many from outside China, 40% in phase 2 Sales volume in 2007 130 * 100 million RMB SAP (1st), CITI, AIG, EDS, Capgemini, ILOG, Infosys, HCL, Sony

Silicide Formation and Schottky Barrier of Rare-Earth Metals on SI

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-09-30

1981). 4. K. N. Tu, R. D. Thompson and B. Y. Tsaur, App]. Phys. Lett. 38, 626 (1981). 5. H. Norde, J. de Sousa Pires, F. d’Heurle, F. Pesavento , S...Phys. Lett. 38, 626 (1981). 7. H. Plarde, J. de ’’uis Pires, F. dI’Heurle, F. Pesavento , S. Petersson and P. A. Tove, ;!.Phys. L.ett. 38, 865 (1981

An Investigation of the Reacting and Non-Reacting Flow Characteristics of Solid Fuel Ramjets.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-09-01

which was run on the IBM-360 computer at the Naval 23 Postgraduate School. Programs for Texas Instruments TI - 59 programmable calculator were utilized...Pc’ F P A e 12 = g(y+l) F + PA e-TT 2(R F (9) lil Equations 7, 8, and 9 were solved for each run by software programs written for the TI - 59 programmable calculator . The

Genetic analysis of ectopic growth suppression during planar growth of integuments mediated by the Arabidopsis AGC protein kinase UNICORN.

PubMed

Enugutti, Balaji; Schneitz, Kay

2013-01-02

The coordination of growth within a tissue layer is of critical importance for tissue morphogenesis. For example, cells within the epidermis undergo stereotypic cell divisions that are oriented along the plane of the layer (planar growth), thereby propagating the layered epidermal structure. Little is known about the developmental control that regulates such planar growth in plants. Recent evidence suggested that the Arabidopsis AGC VIII protein kinase UNICORN (UCN) maintains planar growth by suppressing the formation of ectopic multicellular protrusions in several floral tissues including integuments. In the current model UCN controls this process during integument development by directly interacting with the ABERRANT TESTA SHAPE (ATS) protein, a member of the KANADI (KAN) family of transcription factors, thereby repressing its activity. Here we report on the further characterization of the UCN mechanism. Phenotypic analysis of flowers of ucn-1 plants impaired in floral homeotic gene activity revealed that any of the four floral whorls could produce organs carrying ucn-1 protrusions. The ectopic outgrowths of ucn integuments did not accumulate detectable signals of the auxin and cytokinin reporters DR5rev::GFP and ARR5::GUS, respectively. Furthermore, wild-type and ucn-1 seedlings showed similarly strong callus formation upon in vitro culture on callus-inducing medium. We also show that ovules of ucn-1 plants carrying the dominant ats allele sk21-D exhibited more pronounced protrusion formation. Finally ovules of ucn-1 ett-1 double mutants and ucn-1 ett-1 arf4-1 triple mutants displayed an additive phenotype. These data deepen the molecular insight into the UCN-mediated control of planar growth during integument development. The presented evidence indicates that UCN downstream signaling does not involve the control of auxin or cytokinin homeostasis. The results also reveal that UCN interacts with ATS independently of an ATS/ETT complex required for integument

The function of androgen/androgen receptor and insulin growth factor‑1/insulin growth factor‑1 receptor on the effects of Tribulus terrestris extracts in rats undergoing high intensity exercise.

PubMed

Wu, Yin; Yang, Hongfang; Wang, Xiaohui

2017-09-01

Our previous study demonstrated that treatment with Tribulus terrestris (TT) extracts (120 mg/kg) promoted the muscle weight gain and performance of rats undergoing high intensity exercise. The present study was designed to explore the mechanisms underlying the effect of treatment with TT extracts and the involvement of androgens, the androgen receptor (AR), insulin growth factor‑1 (IGF‑1) and the IGF‑1 receptor (IGF‑1R). A total of 32 Sprague‑Dawley rats were randomly divided into groups as follows: Control; TT, treated with TT extracts, E, high intensity exercise; E+TT, high intensity exercise plus TT treatment. The rats of the E and E+TT groups underwent high intensity exercise with a progressively increasing load for 5 weeks, and TT extracts were intragastrically administered in the TT and E+TT rats 30 min prior to training. TT extract composition was analyzed using ultra‑high performance liquid chromatography‑quadrupole‑time of flight mass spectrometry. Testosterone and IGF‑1 plasma levels and AR, IGF‑1R and myosin heavy chain (MHC) protein levels in muscles were determined by ELISA and western blotting, respectively. The saponins tigogenin and diosgenin comprised ~71.35% of the total peak area. Compared with the E group, TT extracts increased the testosterone and IGF‑1 plasma levels, and AR, IGF‑1R and MHC protein levels in the gastrocnemius of rats undergoing high intensity exercise, accompanied with increased body weight and gastrocnemius weight. In conclusion, the effect of TT extracts on the performance of high intensity exercise rats may be attributed to increased levels of circulating testosterone and IGF‑1 and increased AR and IGF‑1R protein expression levels in the gastrocnemius, resulting in increased muscle weight and increased MHC in the gastrocnemius. The present study provided preliminary evidence supporting the use of TT extracts as a dietary supplement for the promotion of skeletal muscle mass increase and the

Acceptance and commitment therapy improves exercise tolerance in sedentary women.

PubMed

Ivanova, Elena; Jensen, Dennis; Cassoff, Jamie; Gu, Fei; Knäuper, Bärbel

2015-06-01

To test the efficacy of an acute intervention derived from acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for increasing high-intensity constant work rate (CWR) cycle exercise tolerance in a group of low-active women age 18-45 yr. The secondary goals were to examine whether ACT would reduce perceived effort and improve in-task affect during exercise and increase postexercise enjoyment. In a randomized controlled trial, 39 women were randomized to either the experimental (using ACT-based cognitive techniques and listening to music during the CWR exercise tests) or a control group (listening to music during the CWR exercise tests). Before (CWR-1) and after the intervention (CWR-2), participants completed a CWR cycle exercise test at 80% of maximal incremental work rate (Wmax) until volitional exhaustion. On average, ACT (n = 18) and control (n = 21) groups were matched for age, body mass index, weekly leisure activity scores, and Wmax (all P > 0.05). Exercise tolerance time (ETT) increased by 15% from CWR-1 to CWR-2 for the ACT group (392.05 ± 146.4 vs 459.39 ± 209.3 s; mean ± SD) and decreased by 8% (384.71 ± 120.1 vs 353.86 ± 127.9 s) for the control group (P = 0.008). RPE were lower (e.g., by 1.5 Borg 6-20 scale units at 55% of ETT, P ≤ 0.01) during CWR-2 in the ACT versus that in the control group. By contrast, ACT had no effect on in-task affect. Exercise enjoyment was higher after CWR-2 in the ACT group versus that in the control group (P < 0.001). An acute ACT intervention increased high-intensity ETT and postexercise enjoyment and reduced perceived effort in low-active women. Further investigations of ACT as an effective intervention for enhancing the established health benefits of high-intensity exercise need to be provided.

Use of carbonated water in reduction of adjacent gastric activity in 456 consecutive technetium-99m myocardial perfusion imaging studies.

PubMed

Thomas, Dustin M; Lee, Joshua S; Charmforoush, Anthony; Rubal, Bernard J; Rosenblatt, Stephen A; Butler, Joshua T; Clemenshaw, Michael; Cheezum, Michael K; Slim, Ahmad M

2015-12-01

Small, observational trials have suggested a reduction in adjacent gastric activity with ingestion of soda water in myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). We report our findings prior to and after implementation of soda water in 467 consecutive MPI studies. Consecutive MPI studies performed at a high-volume facility referred for vasodilator (VD) or exercise treadmill testing (ETT) were retrospectively reviewed before and after implementation of the soda water protocol. Patients undergoing the soda water protocol received 100 ml of soda water administered 30 min prior to image acquisition and after stress. Studies were performed using a same day rest/stress protocol. Incidence of adjacent gastric activity, diaphragmatic attenuation, stress and rest perfusion defects, and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) outcomes defined as death, myocardial infarction, stroke, reevaluation for chest pain, and late revascularization (>90 days from MPI) were abstracted using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) search. Two hundred and eighteen studies were performed prior to implementation of the soda water protocol and 249 studies were performed with the use of soda water. Baseline demographic data were equal between the groups with the exception of more patients undergoing VD stress receiving soda water (p < 0.001). Soda water was not associated with a decreased incidence of adjacent gastric activity with stress (54.7% versus 61.9% with no soda water, p = 0.129) or rest (68.6% versus 69.5% with no soda water, p = 0.919) imaging. Less adjacent gastric activity was observed with patients undergoing ETT who received soda water (42.5% versus 56.9% with no soda water, p = 0.031), but no difference was observed between the groups with VD stress (69.0% versus 68.1% with no soda water, p = 1.000). The use of soda water prior to technetium-99m MPI was associated with lower rates of adjacent gastric activity only in patients undergoing ETT stress but not

Genetic analysis of ectopic growth suppression during planar growth of integuments mediated by the Arabidopsis AGC protein kinase UNICORN

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Background The coordination of growth within a tissue layer is of critical importance for tissue morphogenesis. For example, cells within the epidermis undergo stereotypic cell divisions that are oriented along the plane of the layer (planar growth), thereby propagating the layered epidermal structure. Little is known about the developmental control that regulates such planar growth in plants. Recent evidence suggested that the Arabidopsis AGC VIII protein kinase UNICORN (UCN) maintains planar growth by suppressing the formation of ectopic multicellular protrusions in several floral tissues including integuments. In the current model UCN controls this process during integument development by directly interacting with the ABERRANT TESTA SHAPE (ATS) protein, a member of the KANADI (KAN) family of transcription factors, thereby repressing its activity. Here we report on the further characterization of the UCN mechanism. Results Phenotypic analysis of flowers of ucn-1 plants impaired in floral homeotic gene activity revealed that any of the four floral whorls could produce organs carrying ucn-1 protrusions. The ectopic outgrowths of ucn integuments did not accumulate detectable signals of the auxin and cytokinin reporters DR5rev::GFP and ARR5::GUS, respectively. Furthermore, wild-type and ucn-1 seedlings showed similarly strong callus formation upon in vitro culture on callus-inducing medium. We also show that ovules of ucn-1 plants carrying the dominant ats allele sk21-D exhibited more pronounced protrusion formation. Finally ovules of ucn-1 ett-1 double mutants and ucn-1 ett-1 arf4-1 triple mutants displayed an additive phenotype. Conclusions These data deepen the molecular insight into the UCN-mediated control of planar growth during integument development. The presented evidence indicates that UCN downstream signaling does not involve the control of auxin or cytokinin homeostasis. The results also reveal that UCN interacts with ATS independently of an ATS/ETT

Formation of Polyhydroxyalkanoate in Aerobic Anoxygenic Phototrophic Bacteria and Its Relationship to Carbon Source and Light Availability▿

PubMed Central

Xiao, Na; Jiao, Nianzhi

2011-01-01

Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria (AAPB) are unique players in carbon cycling in the ocean. Cellular carbon storage is an important mechanism regulating the nutrition status of AAPB but is not yet well understood. In this paper, six AAPB species (Dinoroseobacter sp. JL1447, Roseobacter denitrificans OCh 114, Roseobacter litoralis OCh 149, Dinoroseobacter shibae DFL 12T, Labrenzia alexandrii DFL 11T, and Erythrobacter longus DSMZ 6997) were examined, and all of them demonstrated the ability to form the carbon polymer polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) in the cell. The PHA in Dinoroseobacter sp. JL1447 was identified as poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) according to evidence from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy examinations. Carbon sources turned out to be critical for PHA production in AAPB. Among the eight media tested with Dinoroseobacter sp. JL1447, sodium acetate, giving a PHA production rate of 72%, was the most productive carbon source, followed by glucose, with a 68% PHA production rate. Such PHA production rates are among the highest recorded for all bacteria. The C/N ratio of substrates was verified by the experiments as another key factor in PHA production. In the case of R. denitrificans OCh 114, PHA was not detected when the organism was cultured at C/N ratios of <2 but became apparent at C/N ratios of >3. Light is also important for the formation of PHA in AAPB. In the case of Dinoroseobacter sp. JL1447, up to a one-quarter increase in PHB production was observed when the culture underwent growth in a light-dark cycle compared to growth completely in the dark. PMID:21908634

Searching for trans ethyl methyl ether in Orion KL★,★★

PubMed Central

Tercero, B.; Cernicharo, J.; López, A.; Brouillet, N.; Kolesniková, L.; Motiyenko, R. A.; Margulès, L.; Alonso, J. L.; Guillemin, J.-C.

2015-01-01

We report on the tentative detection of trans ethyl methyl ether (tEME), t-CH3CH2OCH3, through the identification of a large number of rotational lines from each one of the spin states of the molecule towards Orion KL. We also search for gauche-trans-n-propanol, Gt-n-CH3CH2CH2OH, an isomer of tEME in the same source. We have identified lines of both species in the IRAM 30 m line survey and in the ALMA Science Verification data. We have obtained ALMA maps to establish the spatial distribution of these species. Whereas tEME mainly arises from the compact ridge component of Orion, Gt-n-propanol appears at the emission peak of ethanol (south hot core). The derived column densities of these species at the location of their emission peaks are ≤(4.0 ± 0.8) × 1015 cm−2 and ≤(1.0 ± 0.2)× 1015 cm−2 for tEME and Gt-n-propanol, respectively. The rotational temperature is ~100 K for both molecules. We also provide maps of CH3OCOH, CH3CH2OCOH, CH3OCH3, CH3OH, and CH3CH2OH to compare the distribution of these organic saturated O-bearing species containing methyl and ethyl groups in this region. Abundance ratios of related species and upper limits to the abundances of non-detected ethers are provided. We derive an abundance ratio N(CH3OCH3)/N(tEME) ≥ 150 in the compact ridge of Orion. PMID:26869726

Searching for trans ethyl methyl ether in Orion KL.

PubMed

Tercero, B; Cernicharo, J; López, A; Brouillet, N; Kolesniková, L; Motiyenko, R A; Margulès, L; Alonso, J L; Guillemin, J-C

2015-10-01

We report on the tentative detection of trans ethyl methyl ether (tEME), t-CH 3 CH 2 OCH 3 , through the identification of a large number of rotational lines from each one of the spin states of the molecule towards Orion KL. We also search for gauche-trans-n-propanol, Gt-n-CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 OH, an isomer of tEME in the same source. We have identified lines of both species in the IRAM 30 m line survey and in the ALMA Science Verification data. We have obtained ALMA maps to establish the spatial distribution of these species. Whereas tEME mainly arises from the compact ridge component of Orion, Gt-n-propanol appears at the emission peak of ethanol (south hot core). The derived column densities of these species at the location of their emission peaks are ≤(4.0 ± 0.8) × 10 15 cm -2 and ≤(1.0 ± 0.2)× 10 15 cm -2 for tEME and Gt-n-propanol, respectively. The rotational temperature is ~100 K for both molecules. We also provide maps of CH 3 OCOH, CH 3 CH 2 OCOH, CH 3 OCH 3 , CH 3 OH, and CH 3 CH 2 OH to compare the distribution of these organic saturated O-bearing species containing methyl and ethyl groups in this region. Abundance ratios of related species and upper limits to the abundances of non-detected ethers are provided. We derive an abundance ratio N (CH 3 OCH 3 )/ N (tEME) ≥ 150 in the compact ridge of Orion.

Water drives the deuterium content of the methane emitted from plants

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vigano, I.; Holzinger, R.; Keppler, F.; Greule, M.; Brand, W. A.; Geilmann, H.; van Weelden, H.; Röckmann, T.

2010-07-01

The spatial distribution of the deuterium content of precipitation has a well-established latitudinal variation that is reflected in organic molecules in plants growing at different locations. Some laboratory and field studies have already shown that the deuterium content of methane emitted from methanogens can be partially related to δD variations of the water in the surrounding environment. Here we present a similar relation for the methane emitted from plant biomass under UV radiation. To show this relation, we determined the hydrogen isotopic composition of methane released from leaves of a range of plants grown with water of different deuterium content (δD = -130‰ to +115‰). The plant leaves were irradiated with UV light and the CH 4 isotopic composition was measured by continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry (CF-IRMS). Furthermore, the deuterium content of bulk biomass and of the methoxyl (OCH 3) groups of the biomass was measured. The D/H ratio successively decreases from bulk biomass (δD = -106‰ to -50‰) via methoxyl groups (δD = -310‰ to -115‰) to the CH 4 emitted (δD = -581‰ to -196‰). The range of isotope ratios in bulk biomass and OCH 3 groups is smaller than in the water used to grow the plants. Methoxyl groups, which contain only non-exchangeable hydrogen, can be used to assess the fraction of external water that was incorporated before OCH 3 groups were formed. Surprisingly, the CH 4 formed under UV irradiation has a wider isotopic range than the OCH 3 groups. Although the precise production pathway cannot be fully determined, the presented experiments indicate that methoxyl groups are not the only source substrate for CH 4, but that other sources, including very depleted ones, must contribute. The main limitation to the interpretation of the data is the possible influence of exchangeable water, which could not be quantified. Future studies should include measurements of leaf water and avoid interaction between different

FTIR gas-phase kinetic study on the reactions of some acrylate esters with OH radicals and Cl atoms.

PubMed

Moreno, A; Gallego-Iniesta, M P; Taccone, R; Martín, M P; Cabañas, B; Salgado, M S

2014-10-01

Acrylate esters are α,β-unsaturated esters that contain vinyl groups directly attached to the carbonyl carbon. These compounds are widely used in the production of plastics and resins. Atmospheric degradation processes of these compounds are currently not well understood. The kinetics of the gas phase reactions of OH radicals with methyl 3-methylacrylate and methyl 3,3-dimethylacrylate were determined using the relative rate technique in a 50 L Pyrex photoreactor using in situ FTIR spectroscopy at room temperature (298 ± 2 K) and atmospheric pressure (708 ± 8 Torr) with air as the bath gas. Rate coefficients obtained were (in units cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1)): (3.27 ± 0.33) × 10(-11) and (4.43 ± 0.42) × 10(-11), for CH3CH═CHC(O)OCH3 and (CH3)2CH═CHC(O)OCH3, respectively. The same technique was used to study the gas phase reactions of hexyl acrylate and ethyl hexyl acrylate with OH radicals and Cl atoms. In the experiments with Cl, N2 and air were used as the bath gases. The following rate coefficients were obtained (in cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1)): k3 (CH2═CHC(O)O(CH2)5CH3 + Cl) = (3.31 ± 0.31) × 10(-10), k4(CH2═CHC(O)OCH2CH(CH2CH3)(CH2)3CH3 + Cl) = (3.46 ± 0.31) × 10(-10), k5(CH2═CHC(O)O(CH2)5CH3 + OH) = (2.28 ± 0.23) × 10(-11), and k6(CH2═CHC(O)OCH2CH(CH2CH3)(CH2)3CH3 + OH) = (2.74 ± 0.26) × 10(-11). The reactivity increased with the number of methyl substituents on the double bond and with the chain length of the alkyl group in -C(O)OR. Estimations of the atmospheric lifetimes clearly indicate that the dominant atmospheric loss process for these compounds is their daytime reaction with the hydroxyl radical. In coastal areas and in some polluted environments, Cl atom-initiated degradation of these compounds can be significant, if not dominant. Maximum Incremental Reactivity (MIR) index and global warming potential (GWP) were also calculated, and it was concluded that these compounds have significant MIR values, but they do

Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric study of protonated and alkali- cationized α/ε-hybrid peptides: differentiation of a pair of dipeptide positional isomers.

PubMed

Ramesh Babu, A; Raju, G; Purna Chander, C; Shoban Babu, B; Srinivas, R; Sharma, G V M

A new class of Boc-N-protected hybrid peptides derived from L- Ala and ε 6 -Caa (L-Ala = L-Alanine, Caa = C-linked carboamino acid derived from D-xylose) have been studied by positive ion electrospray ionization (ESI) ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). MS n spectra of protonated and alkali-cationized hybrid peptides produce characteristic fragmentation involving the peptide backbone, the tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc) group, and the side chain. The dipeptide positional isomers are differentiated by the collision-induced dissociation (CID) of the protonated and alkali-cationized peptides. The CID of [M + H] + ion of Boc-NH-L-Ala-ε-Caa- OCH 3 (1) shows a prominent [M + H - C 4 H 8 ] + ion, which is totally absent for its positional isomer Boc-NH-ε-Caa-L-Ala-OCH 3 (6), which instead shows significant loss of t-butanol. The formation of the [M + Cat - C 4 H 8 ] + ion is totally absent and [M + Cat - Boc + H] + is prominent in the CID of the [M + Cat] + ion of Boc-NH-L-Ala-ε-Caa- OCH 3 (1), whereas the former is highly abundant and the latter is of low abundance for its positional isomer Boc-NH-ε-Caa-L-Ala-OCH 3 (6). It is observed that 'b' ions are abundant when oxazolone structures are formed through a five-membered cyclic transition state in tetra-, penta-, and hexapeptides and the cyclization process for larger 'b' ions led to an insignificant abundance. However, the significant 'b' ion is formed in ε,α-dipeptide, which may have a seven-membered substituted 2-oxoazepanium ion structure. The MS n spectra of [M + Cat - Boc + H] + ions of these peptides are found to be significantly different to those of [M + H - Boc + H] + ions. The CID spectra of [M + Cat - Boc + H] + ions of peptide acids containing L-Ala at the C-terminus show an abundant N-terminal rearrangement ion, [b n  + 17 + Cat] + , which is absent for the peptide acids containing ε-Caa at the C-terminus. Thus, the results of these hybrid peptides

A Scientist or Salesman? Identity Construction through Referent Honorifics on a Japanese Shopping Channel Program

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cook, Haruko Minegishi

2013-01-01

This paper explores how referent honorifics contribute to identity construction on a Japanese TV shopping channel program. Drawing on Ochs' twostep model of indexicality (1993, 1996) and Agah's proposal (1993) that honorifics are not directly linked to social status but index a "relative position within events of discursive interaction"…

Adolescent Tobacco and Cannabis Use: Young Adult Outcomes from the Ontario Child Health Study

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Georgiades, Katholiki; Boyle, Michael H.

2007-01-01

Background: This study examines the longitudinal associations between adolescent tobacco and cannabis use and young adult functioning. Methods: Data for analysis come from the Ontario Child Health Study (OCHS), a prospective study of child health, psychiatric disorder and adolescent substance use in a general population sample that began in 1983,…

A Voyage through the Radio Universe

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Spuck, Timothy

2004-01-01

Each year, professionals and amateurs alike make significant contributions to the field of astronomy. High school students can also conduct astronomy research. Since 1992, the Radio Astronomy Research Team from Oil City Area Senior High School (OCHS) in Oil City, Pennsylvania, has traveled each year to the National Radio Astronomy Observatory…

Contribution of tin in electrochemical properties of zinc antimonate nanostructures: An electrode material for supercapacitors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Balasubramaniam, M.; Balakumar, S.

2018-04-01

Tin (Sn) doped ZnSb2O6 nanostructures was synthesized by chemical precipitation method and was used as an electrode material for supercapacitors to explore its electrochemical stability and potentiality as energy storage materials. Their characteristic structural, morphological and compositional features were investigated through XRD, FESEM and XPS analysis. Results showed that the nanostructures have well ordered crystalline features with spherical particle morphology. As the size and morphology are the vital parameters in exhibiting better electrochemical properties, the prepared nanostructures exhibited a significant specific capacitance of 222 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g respectively. While charging and discharging for 1000 cycles, the capacitance retention was enhanced to 105.0% which depicts the stability and activeness of electrochemical sites present in the Sn doped ZnSb2O6 nanostructures even after cycling. Hence, the inclusion of Sn into ZnSb2O6 has contributed in improving the electrochemical properties thereby it represents itself as a potential electrode material for supercapacitors.

On Characterization of Barium Rare-Earth Antimonates: Ordered Perovskites Suitable as Substrates for Superconducting Films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alonso, J. A.; Cascales, C.; García Casado, P.; Rasines, I.

1997-02-01

The crystal structure of the ordered perovskites Ba2(RSb)O6(R=Y, Ho) is refined from neutron powder diffraction data in the space groupFmoverline3m(No. 225),Z=4, with Ba at 8(c),Rat 4(b), Sb at 4(a), oxygen at 24(e), oxygen positional parameterx=0.2636(2) forR=Y and Ho, and unit cell dimensions ofa/Å=8.4240(3) and 8.4170(2) forR=Y and Ho, respectively. Bond-valence analysis explains how the highly covalent Sb-O bonds determine the overall structure of these perovskites in whichR-O and Ba-O bonds are under compressive and tensile stresses, respectively. The magnetic susceptibility of Ba2(HoSb)O6has been measured in the temperature range 2-350 K. From ana prioriestimation of the crystal-field parameters corresponding to the point site symmetry of the rare-earth,Oh, and using the wave functions associated with the energy levels obtained, the paramagnetic susceptibility and its evolution vs temperature is simulated according to the van Vleck formalism. The observed deviation from the Curie-Weiss behavior at low temperature, very well reproduced, reflects the splitting of the ground state of this cation under the influence of the crystal field.

Formation of ethylene glycol and other complex organic molecules in star-forming regions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rivilla, V. M.; Beltrán, M. T.; Cesaroni, R.; Fontani, F.; Codella, C.; Zhang, Q.

2017-02-01

Context. The detection of complex organic molecules related with prebiotic chemistry in star-forming regions allows us to investigate how the basic building blocks of life are formed. Aims: Ethylene glycol (CH2OH)2 is the simplest sugar alcohol and the reduced alcohol of the simplest sugar glycoladehyde (CH2OHCHO). We study the molecular abundance and spatial distribution of (CH2OH)2, CH2OHCHO and other chemically related complex organic species (CH3OCHO, CH3OCH3, and C2H5OH) towards the chemically rich massive star-forming region G31.41+0.31. Methods: We analyzed multiple single-dish (Green Bank Telescope and IRAM 30 m) and interferometric (Submillimeter Array) spectra towards G31.41+0.31, covering a range of frequencies from 45 to 258 GHz. We fitted the observed spectra with a local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) synthetic spectra, and obtained excitation temperatures and column densities. We compared our findings in G31.41+0.31 with the results found in other environments, including low- and high-mass star-forming regions, quiescent clouds and comets. Results: We report for the first time the presence of the aGg' conformer of (CH2OH)2 towards G31.41+0.31, detecting more than 30 unblended lines. We also detected multiple transitions of other complex organic molecules such as CH2OHCHO, CH3OCHO, CH3OCH3, and C2H5OH. The high angular resolution images show that the (CH2OH)2 emission is very compact, peaking towards the maximum of the 1.3 mm continuum. These observations suggest that low abundance complex organic molecules, like (CH2OH)2 or CH2OHCHO, are good probes of the gas located closer to the forming stars. Our analysis confirms that (CH2OH)2 is more abundant than CH2OHCHO in G31.41+0.31, as previously observed in other interstellar regions. Comparing different star-forming regions we find evidence of an increase of the (CH2OH)2/CH2OHCHO abundance ratio with the luminosity of the source. The CH3OCH3/CH3OCHO and (CH2OH)2/C2H5OH ratios are nearly constant with

Correlation Between Endotracheal Tube Cuff Pressure and Tracheal Wall Pressure Using Air and Saline Filled Cuffs

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-01-31

AFRL-SA-WP-SR-2017-0004 Correlation Between Endotracheal Tube Cuff Pressure and Tracheal Wall Pressure Using Air- and Saline -Filled...Correlation Between Endotracheal Tube Cuff Pressure and Tracheal Wall Pressure Using Air- and Saline -Filled Cuffs 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER FA8650-14...descending from altitude. When using saline in the ETT cuff, TW pressure differences with the 7.5 high-volume, low-pressure cuff and 8.0 TaperGuard

Automated Control of Endotracheal Tube Cuff Pressure During Simulated Flight

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-06-01

ventilator, while the other two devices are stand-alone products. The fourth group of ETTs had the cuff pressure measured by the respiratory ...Maquet, Rastatt, Germany). To simulate a clinical environment, each model was ventilated using ventilator settings of respiratory rate of 12...rapidly changes with descent to below 10 cmH2O, allowing fluid above the cuff to readily move into the lower respiratory tract. As with ascent

Co-Construction in Korean Interaction

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ju, Hee

2011-01-01

This dissertation explores co-construction of a situated activity in a current unit by mainly focusing on hearers' actions. The "co-construction" involves a process of interaction in which speakers and hearers jointly construct the form and the meaning of ongoing utterances even when they disagree with each other (Jacoby & Ochs,…

Social Networking in an Intensive English Program Classroom: A Language Socialization Perspective

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Reinhardt, Jonathon; Zander, Victoria

2011-01-01

This ongoing project seeks to investigate the impact, inside and outside of class, of instruction focused on developing learner awareness of social-networking site (SNS) use in an American Intensive English Program (IEP). With language socialization as an interpretative framework (Duff, in press; Ochs, 1988; Watson-Gegeo, 2004), the project uses a…

Submillimeter-wave Observations of Complex Organic Molecules in Southern Massive Star Forming Regions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kamegai, Kazuhisa; Sakai, Takeshi; Sakai, Nami; Hirota, Tomoya; Yamamoto, Satoshi

2013-03-01

Submillimeter-wave observations of complex organic molecules toward southern massive star forming regions were carried out with ASTE 10m telescope. Methyl formate (HCOOCH3) and dimethyl ether (CH3OCH3) were detected in some molecular cloud cores with young protostars. Differences in chemical composition among neighboring cores were also found.

Peer Socialization into Gendered L2 Mandarin Practices in a Study Abroad Context: Talk in the Dorm

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Diao, Wenhao

2016-01-01

This article reports on the peer socialization of gendered Mandarin practices between three American students and their Chinese roommates in a college dorm in China. Gender is often perceived to be a salient identity category among adult L2 learners overseas. Drawing on the language socialization framework (Ochs and Schieffelin 1984), this study…

Parental Expectations of the Swedish Municipal School of Arts

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lilliedahl, Jonathan; Georgii-Hemming, Eva

2009-01-01

This article draws on a study designed to analyse parental expectations of the Swedish municipal school of arts (hereafter MSA) (in Swedish: kommunal musik- och kulturskola). The study is based on in-depth interviews conducted and informed by grounded theory. Although parental expectations are scarcely uniform, the study reveals a hope that the…

Microbial antimony biogeochemistry: Enzymes, regulation, and related metabolic pathways

USGS Publications Warehouse

Li, Jingxin; Qian Wang,; Oremland, Ronald S.; Kulp, Thomas R.; Rensing, Christopher; Wang, Gejiao

2016-01-01

Antimony (Sb) is a toxic metalloid that occurs widely at trace concentrations in soil, aquatic systems, and the atmosphere. Nowadays, with the development of its new industrial applications and the corresponding expansion of antimony mining activities, the phenomenon of antimony pollution has become an increasingly serious concern. In recent years, research interest in Sb has been growing and reflects a fundamental scientific concern regarding Sb in the environment. In this review, we summarize the recent research on bacterial antimony transformations, especially those regarding antimony uptake, efflux, antimonite oxidation, and antimonate reduction. We conclude that our current understanding of antimony biochemistry and biogeochemistry is roughly equivalent to where that of arsenic was some 20 years ago. This portends the possibility of future discoveries with regard to the ability of microorganisms to conserve energy for their growth from antimony redox reactions and the isolation of new species of “antimonotrophs.”

CNN pincer ruthenium catalysts for hydrogenation and transfer hydrogenation of ketones: experimental and computational studies.

PubMed

Baratta, Walter; Baldino, Salvatore; Calhorda, Maria José; Costa, Paulo J; Esposito, Gennaro; Herdtweck, Eberhardt; Magnolia, Santo; Mealli, Carlo; Messaoudi, Abdelatif; Mason, Sax A; Veiros, Luis F

2014-10-13

Reaction of [RuCl(CNN)(dppb)] (1-Cl) (HCNN=2-aminomethyl-6-(4-methylphenyl)pyridine; dppb=Ph2 P(CH2 )4 PPh2 ) with NaOCH2 CF3 leads to the amine-alkoxide [Ru(CNN)(OCH2 CF3 )(dppb)] (1-OCH2 CF3 ), whose neutron diffraction study reveals a short RuO⋅⋅⋅HN bond length. Treatment of 1-Cl with NaOEt and EtOH affords the alkoxide [Ru(CNN)(OEt)(dppb)]⋅(EtOH)n (1-OEt⋅n EtOH), which equilibrates with the hydride [RuH(CNN)(dppb)] (1-H) and acetaldehyde. Compound 1-OEt⋅n EtOH reacts reversibly with H2 leading to 1-H and EtOH through dihydrogen splitting. NMR spectroscopic studies on 1-OEt⋅n EtOH and 1-H reveal hydrogen bond interactions and exchange processes. The chloride 1-Cl catalyzes the hydrogenation (5 atm of H2 ) of ketones to alcohols (turnover frequency (TOF) up to 6.5×10(4) h(-1) , 40 °C). DFT calculations were performed on the reaction of [RuH(CNN')(dmpb)] (2-H) (HCNN'=2-aminomethyl-6-(phenyl)pyridine; dmpb=Me2 P(CH2 )4 PMe2 ) with acetone and with one molecule of 2-propanol, in alcohol, with the alkoxide complex being the most stable species. In the first step, the Ru-hydride transfers one hydrogen atom to the carbon of the ketone, whereas the second hydrogen transfer from NH2 is mediated by the alcohol and leads to the key "amide" intermediate. Regeneration of the hydride complex may occur by reaction with 2-propanol or with H2 ; both pathways have low barriers and are alcohol assisted. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhao, Xianhui; Ngo, Huong T.; Walker, Devin M.

The performance of catalytic tri-reforming under industrially relevant situations (e.g., pellet catalysts, pressurized reactor) was investigated using surrogate biogas as the feedstock. Tri-reforming using Ni/Mg/Ce 0.6Zr 0.4O 2/Al 2O 3 pellet catalysts was studied in a bench scale fixed-bed reactor. The feed molar ratio for CH 4: CO 2: air was fixed as 1.0: 0.70: 0.95. The effects of temperature (800 – 860 °C), pressure (1 – 6 bar), and H 2O/CH 4 molar feed ratio (0.23 – 0.65) were examined. Pressure has substantial impact on the reaction and transport rates and equilibrium conversions, making it a key variable. Atmore » 860 °C, CO 2 conversion increased from 4 to 61% and H 2/CO molar ratio decreased from 2.0 to 1.1 as the pressure changed from 1 to 6 bar. CO 2 conversion and H 2/CO molar ratio were also influenced by the temperature and H 2O/CH 4 molar ratio. At 3 bar, CO 2 conversion varied between 4 and 43% and the H 2/CO molar ratio varied between 1.2 and 1.9 as the temperature changed from 800 to 860 °C. At 3 bar and 860 °C, CO 2 conversion decreased from 35 to 8% and H 2/CO molar ratio increased from 1.7 to 2.4 when the H 2O/CH 4 molar ratio was increased from 0.23 to 0.65. This work demonstrates that the tri-reforming technology is feasible for converting biogas under scaled-up conditions in a fixed-bed reactor.« less

Inference of nitrogen cycling in three watersheds of northern Florida, USA, by multivariate statistical analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fu, Ji-Meng; Winchester, John W.

1994-03-01

Nitrogen in fresh waters of three rivers in northern Florida - the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint (ACF) River system, Ochlockonee (Och), and Sopchoppy (Sop) - is inferred to be derived mostly from atmospheric deposition. Because the N:P mole ratios in the rivers are nearly three times higher than the Redfield ratio for aquatic photosynthesis, N is saturated in the ecosystems, not a limiting nutrient, although it may be chemically transformed. Absolute principal component analysis (APCA), a receptor model, was applied to many years of monitoring data for Apalachicola River water and rainfall over its basin in order to better understand aquatic chemistry of nitrogen in the watershed. The APCA model describes the river water as mainly a mixture of components with compositions resembling fresh rain, aged rain, and groundwater. In the fresh rain component, the ratio of atmospheric nitrate to sulfate is close to that in rainwater, as if some samples had been collected following very recent rainfall. The aged rain component of the river water is distinguished by a low NO 3-/SO 42- ratio, signifying an atmospheric source but with most of its nitrate having been lost or transformed. The groundwater component, inferred from its concentration to contribute on average about one fourth of the river water, contains abundant Ca 2+ but no detectable nitrogen. Results similar to ACF were obtained for Sop and Och, though Och exhibits some association of NO 3- with the Ca 2+-rich component. Similar APCA of wet precipitation resolves mainly components that represent acid rain, with NO 3-, SO 42- and NH 4+ and sea salt, with Na +, Cl - and Mg 2+. Inland, the acid rain component is relatively more prominent and Cl - is depleted, while at atmospheric monitoring sites nearer the coastal region sea salt tends to be more prominent.

Tri-reforming of surrogate blogs over Ni/Mg/ceria-zirconia/alumina pellet catalysts

DOE PAGES

Zhao, Xianhui; Ngo, Huong T.; Walker, Devin M.; ...

2018-01-23

The performance of catalytic tri-reforming under industrially relevant situations (e.g., pellet catalysts, pressurized reactor) was investigated using surrogate biogas as the feedstock. Tri-reforming using Ni/Mg/Ce 0.6Zr 0.4O 2/Al 2O 3 pellet catalysts was studied in a bench scale fixed-bed reactor. The feed molar ratio for CH 4: CO 2: air was fixed as 1.0: 0.70: 0.95. The effects of temperature (800 – 860 °C), pressure (1 – 6 bar), and H 2O/CH 4 molar feed ratio (0.23 – 0.65) were examined. Pressure has substantial impact on the reaction and transport rates and equilibrium conversions, making it a key variable. Atmore » 860 °C, CO 2 conversion increased from 4 to 61% and H 2/CO molar ratio decreased from 2.0 to 1.1 as the pressure changed from 1 to 6 bar. CO 2 conversion and H 2/CO molar ratio were also influenced by the temperature and H 2O/CH 4 molar ratio. At 3 bar, CO 2 conversion varied between 4 and 43% and the H 2/CO molar ratio varied between 1.2 and 1.9 as the temperature changed from 800 to 860 °C. At 3 bar and 860 °C, CO 2 conversion decreased from 35 to 8% and H 2/CO molar ratio increased from 1.7 to 2.4 when the H 2O/CH 4 molar ratio was increased from 0.23 to 0.65. This work demonstrates that the tri-reforming technology is feasible for converting biogas under scaled-up conditions in a fixed-bed reactor.« less

Multiheteromacrocycles that Complex Metal Ions. Second Progress Report, 1 May 1975 -- 30 April 1976

DOE R&D Accomplishments Database

Cram, D. J.

1976-01-15

Objective is to develop cyclic and polycyclic host organic compounds to complex and lipophilize metal ions. Macrorings were synthesized: (OCH{sub 2} CH{sub 2} O CH{sub 2}COCH{sub 2} COCH{sub 2}){sub 2} and (OCH{sub 2} CH{sub 2} O CH{sub 2} COCH{sub 2} COCH{sub 2}){sub 3}. The smaller ring complexes divalent metals 10{sup 1+9} times better than the open-chain model CH{sub 3} O CH{sub 2} CO CH{sub 2} COCH{sub 2} O CH{sub 3}, and the order in which metal ions are complexed is Cu{sup 2+}, UO{sub 2}{sup 2+} greater than Ni{sup 2+} greater than Fe{sup 2+}, Co{sup 2+}, Zn{sup 2+}, Cd{sup 2+} greater than Mn{sup 2+}. The UO{sub 2}{sup 2+} and Cu{sup 2+} complexes were isolated and characterized. The larger ring complexes trivalent metals 10{sup 0.9-1.7} times better than the open- chain model compound, and the order is La{sup 3+}, Ce{sup 3+} greater than Cr{sup 3+}. Five other macrocycles were also synthesized, and their binding constants with Na, K, NH{sub 4}, and Cs picrates were measured. Six compounds containing one macroring and two inward-pointing ArOH or ArOCH{sub 3} groups were also prepared and tested for binding of Li, Na, K, Rb, and NH{sub 4} picrates. Racemic compounds containing two binaphthyls and its sulfur analog were prepared. Cage-shaped multiheteromacrocycles containing ten O ligand sites or four S and six O ligand sites were prepared and the binding capability of the first compound for picrates studied. Two ring systems with phosphonate ester groups were also prepared. (DLC)

Electrocatalysis of Oxygen Using Water Soluble Metal Porphyrins and Chemically Modified Porphyrin Electrodes.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-11-01

NUMBER(’s Theodore Kuwana Grant No. ,AFOSR-78-36729 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELMENJT. PROJECT. TASK AREA &WORK UNIT...RFP. (e) sample (d) following post plasma treatment with a reducing agent, NaAlH2- (OCH2CH20CH3 )2, (Vitride, Hexcell Corp., Zeeland. itch.) at SOIC

Locking the 150-cavity open: in silico design and verification of influenza neuraminidase inhibitors.

PubMed

Han, Nanyu; Mu, Yuguang

2013-01-01

Neuraminidase (NA) of influenza is a key target for virus infection control and the recently discovered open 150-cavity in group-1 NA provides new opportunity for novel inhibitors design. In this study, we used a combination of theoretical methods including fragment docking, molecular linking and molecular dynamics simulations to design ligands that specifically target at the 150-cavity. Through in silico screening of a fragment compound library on the open 150-cavity of NA, a few best scored fragment compounds were selected to link with Zanamivir, one NA-targeting drug. The resultant new ligands may bind both the active site and the 150-cavity of NA simultaneously. Extensive molecular dynamics simulations in explicit solvent were applied to validate the binding between NA and the designed ligands. Moreover, two control systems, a positive control using Zanamivir and a negative control using a low-affinity ligand 3-(p-tolyl) allyl-Neu5Ac2en (ETT, abbreviation reported in the PDB) found in a recent experimental work, were employed to calibrate the simulation method. During the simulations, ETT was observed to detach from NA, on the contrary, both Zanamivir and our designed ligand bind NA firmly. Our study provides a prospective way to design novel inhibitors for controlling the spread of influenza virus.

Cuff leak test and laryngeal survey for predicting post-extubation stridor.

PubMed

Patel, Anit B; Ani, Chizobam; Feeney, Colin

2015-02-01

Evidence for the predictive value of the cuff leak test (CLT) for post-extubation stridor (PES) is conflicting. We evaluated the association and accuracy of CLT alone or combined with other laryngeal parameters with PES. Fifty-one mechanically ventilated adult patients in a medical-surgical intensive care unit were tested prior to extubation using; CLT, laryngeal ultrasound and indirect laryngoscopy. Biometric, laryngeal and endotracheal tube (ETT) parameters were recorded. PES incidence was 4%. CLT demonstrated 'no leak' in 20% of patients. Laryngeal oedema was present in 10% of the patients on indirect laryngoscopy, and 71% of the patients had a Grades 1-3 indirect laryngoscopic view. Mean air column width on laryngeal ultrasound was 0.66 ± 0.15 cm (cuff deflated), mean ratio of ETT to laryngeal diameter was 0.48 ± 0.07, and the calculated CLT and laryngeal survey composite was 0.86 ± 1.25 (range 0-5). CLT and the CLT and Laryngeal survey composite measure were not associated with or predict PES. Age, sex, peri-extubation steroid use, intubation duration and body mass index were not associated with PES. Even including ultrasonographic and indirect laryngoscopic examination of the airway, no single aspect of the CLT or combination with laryngeal parameters accurately predicts PES.

Metal cluster chemistry: Structure and stereochemistry in the polynuclear rhodium hydrides HnRhn[P(OR)3]2n

PubMed Central

Brown, R. K.; Williams, J. M.; Fredrich, M. F.; Day, V. W.; Sivak, A. J.; Muetterties, E. L.

1979-01-01

Crystallographic analyses of x-ray and neutron diffraction data have provided a definitive structural representation of {HRh[P(O-i-C3H7)3]2}2 and {HRh[P(OCH3)3]2}3. These polynuclear hydrides are generated from square planar H2Rh[P(OR)3]2 units by edge (hydrogen atom) sharing and by vertex (hydrogen atom) sharing to form the dimeric and trimeric structures, respectively. The square-planar units are held together through four-center and three-center two-electron Rh—H—Rh bonds in the dimer and trimer, respectively. The dimer and trimer molecules each add one molecule of hydrogen to form H[(i-C3H7O)3P]2RhH3Rh [P(O-i-C3H7)3]2 and H5Rh3[P(OCH3)3]6, respectively. NMR spectral information has served to define the stereochemical features of these polyhydrides. The significance of this chemistry in the metal cluster-metal surface analogy is described. PMID:16592645

Synthesis of a Novel Series of 2-Methylsulfanyl Fatty Acids and their Toxicity on the Human K-562 and U-937 Leukemia Cell Lines

PubMed Central

Carballeira, Néstor M.; Miranda, Carlos; Orellano, Elsie A.; González, Fernando A.

2006-01-01

The hitherto unknown 2-methylsulfanyldecanoic acid and 2-methylsulfanyldodecanoic acid were synthesized from methyl decanoate and methyl dodecanoate, respectively, through the reaction of lithium diisopropylamide and dimethyldisulfide in THF followed by saponification with potassium hydroxide in ethanol. Both α-methylsulfanylated FA were cytotoxic to the human chronic myelogenous leukemia K-562 and the human histiocytic lymphoma U-937 cell lines with EC50 values in the 200-300 μM range, which makes them more cytotoxic to these cell lines than either decanoic acid or dodecanoic acid. The cytotoxicity of the studied FA towards K-562 followed the order: 2-SCH3-12:0 > 2-SCH3-10:0 > 10:0 > 12:0 > 2-OCH3-12:0, while towards U-937 the cytotoxicity was found to be: 2-SCH3-10:0 > 2-SCH3-12:0 > 12:0 > 10:0 > 2-OCH3-12:0. These results indicate that the α-methylsulfanyl substitution increases the cytotoxicity of the C10 and C12 fatty acids towards the studied leukemia cell lines. PMID:16382579

Fluorinated microemulsions: A study of the phase behavior and structure

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

LoNostro, P.; Choi, S.M.; Chen, S.H.

1999-06-24

Fluorinated surfactants have been studied for their peculiar property to form micellar aggregates in water and oils (hydrocarbons or fluorocarbons) and to produce stable microemulsions. Because of their capacity to dissolve large amounts of gases (such as oxygen and carbon dioxide) and for their characteristic physicochemical properties, fluorocarbons have been tested for specific medical purposes, and their microemulsions are among the most promising candidates for the production of suitable blood substitutes and other biocompatible fluids. The authors have synthesized a new partially fluorinated nonionic surfactant, namely, F(CF{sub 2}){sub 7}-CO-(OCH{sub 2}CH{sub 2}){sub 7.2}OCH{sub 3} (I), that forms stable microemulsions with watermore » and perfluorocarbons such as perfluorooctane (PFO). In this paper the authors describe for the first time the phase behaviors of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in water/PFH and in water/PFO, and that of ester I in water/PFO. Small-angle neutron-scattering (SANS) experiments provide a detailed description of the microstructure of the H{sub 2}O/PFO/PFOA ternary system.« less

The Gaseous Phase as a Probe of the Astrophysical Solid Phase Chemistry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Abou Mrad, Ninette; Duvernay, Fabrice; Isnard, Robin; Chiavassa, Thierry; Danger, Grégoire

2017-09-01

In support of space missions and spectroscopic observations, laboratory experiments on ice analogs enable a better understanding of organic matter formation and evolution in astrophysical environments. Herein, we report the monitoring of the gaseous phase of processed astrophysical ice analogs to determine if the gaseous phase can elucidate the chemical mechanisms and dominant reaction pathways occurring in the solid ice subjected to vacuum ultra-violet (VUV) irradiation at low temperature and subsequently warmed. Simple (CH3OH), binary (H2O:CH3OH, CH3OH:NH3), and ternary ice analogs (H2O:CH3OH:NH3) were VUV-processed and warmed. The evolution of volatile organic compounds in the gaseous phase shows a direct link between their relative abundances in the gaseous phase, and the radical and thermal chemistries modifying the initial ice composition. The correlation between the gaseous and solid phases may play a crucial role in deciphering the organic composition of astrophysical objects. As an example, possible solid compositions of the comet Lovejoy are suggested using the abundances of organics in its comae.

Immobilization of nanobeads on a surface to control the size, shape and distribution of pores in electrochemically generated sol-gel films.

PubMed

Ciabocco, Michela; Berrettoni, Mario; Zamponi, Silvia; Cox, James A

2015-07-01

Electrochemically assisted deposition of an ormosil film at a potential where hydrogen ion is generated as the catalyst yields insulating films on electrodes. When the base electrode is modified with 20-nm poly(styrene sulfonate), PSS, beads bound to the surface with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and using (CH 3 ) 3 SiOCH 3 as the precursor, the resulting film of organically modified silica (ormosil) has cylindrical channels that reflect both the diameter of the PSS and the distribution of the APTES-PSS on the electrode. At an electrode modified by a 20-min immersion in 0.5 mmol dm -3 APTES followed by a 30-s immersion in PSS, a 20-min electrolysis at 1.5 V in acidified (CH 3 ) 3 SiOCH 3 resulted in an ormosil film with 20-nm pores separated by 100 nm. Cyclic voltammetry of Ru(CN) 6 4- at scan rates above 5 mVs -1 yielded currents controlled primarily by linear diffusion. Below 5 mVs -1 , convection rather than the expected factor, radial diffusion, apparently limited the current.

Near-infrared diode laser hydrogen fluoride monitor for dielectric etch

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Ning; Pirkle, David R.; Jeffries, Jay B.; McMillin, Brian; Hanson, Ronald K.

2004-11-01

A hydrogen fluoride (HF) monitor, using a tunable diode laser, is designed and used to detect the etch endpoints for dielectric film etching in a commercial plasma reactor. The reactor plasma contains HF, a reaction product of feedstock gas CF4 and the hydrogen-containing films (photoresist, SiOCH) on the substrate. A near-infrared diode laser is used to scan the P(3) transition in the first overtone of HF near 1.31 μm to monitor changes in the level of HF concentration in the plasma. Using 200 ms averaging and a signal modulation technique, we estimate a minimum detectable HF absorbance of 6×10-5 in the etch plasma, corresponding to an HF partial pressure of 0.03 mTorr. The sensor could indicate, in situ, the SiOCH over tetraethoxysilane oxide (TEOS) trench endpoint, which was not readily discerned by optical emission. These measurements demonstrate the feasibility of a real-time diode laser-based sensor for etch endpoint monitoring and a potential for process control.

The New World whirligig beetles of the genus Dineutus Macleay, 1825 (Coleoptera, Gyrinidae, Gyrininae, Dineutini)

PubMed Central

Gustafson, Grey T.; Miller, Kelly B.

2015-01-01

Abstract All New World members of the whirligig beetle genus Dineutus Macleay, 1825 are treated. The New World Dineutus are found to be composed of 18 species and 6 subspecies: one species, Dineutus mexicanus Ochs, 1925, stat. n. is elevated from subspecies to species rank, and the subspecies Dineutus carolinus mutchleri Ochs, 1925, syn. n. is synonymized here with the typical form. Lectotypes are designated for Dineutus discolor Aubé, 1838, Dineutes metallicus Aubé, 1838, Dineutus solitarius Aubé, 1838, Dineutes analis Régimbart, 1883, and Gyrinus longimanus Olivier, 1795. Each taxonomic unit is provided with a taxonomic history, type locality, diagnosis, distribution, habitat information, and a discussion section. The aedeagus and male mesotarsal claws are illustrated, and dorsal and ventral habitus images of both sexes, for each species and subspecies are provided. General distribution maps are provided for all taxonimc units. A key to the genera of New World Gyrinidae, as well as all the New World Dineutus species is provided. General Dineutus anatomy as well as a clarification of homology and anatomical terms is included. PMID:25685002

Endotracheal Tube Cuff Management at Altitude

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-02-05

to hypoxia and causes expansion of gas trapped in closed spaces. In the latter case, gas trapped in the body ( pneumothorax , bowel gas) or in devices... pneumothorax , bowel gas) or in devices (endotracheal tube (ETT) cuffs, pneumatic tourniquets) expands during ascent and contracts on descent. We designed a...hypoxia and causes expansion of gas trapped in closed spaces [6]. In the latter case, gas trapped in the body ( pneumothorax , bowel gas) or in

Advising the Command: Best Practices from the Special Operations Advisory Experience in Afghanistan

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-01-01

in their spare time. They looked for opportunities to have lunch with Afghans and reportedly extended offers for dinner .18 The SMW ETT cultivated...extremely close relationships with their counterparts, in part by routinely eating with colleagues in the Afghan dining facility. They initiated the...October 21 and November 21, 2013. The practice is very much akin to that of Task Force (TF) 51, where Norwegian SOF operators eat daily meals with

Visual Search in the Detection of Retinal Injury: A Feasibility Study

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-04-01

D, Heyes A. et al. Mobility of people with retinitis pigmentosa as a function of vision and psychological variables. Optometry and Vision Science...AFRL-RH-FS-TR-2013-0019 Visual Search in the Detection of Retinal Injury: A Feasibility Study Thomas Kuyk TASC, Inc. Lei Liu The...Detection of Retinal Injury: A Feasibility Study" 2013 0019 LEON N. McLIN, JR., DR-III, DAF Work Unit Manager 711 HPW/ RHDO POLHAMUS.GARR ETT.D

Daily Magnetograms for 1979 from the AFGL Network.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-02-22

produced the edited data shown in these plots and who lost his life in October 1982 while the work was under way. Many other persons have also...S317g 42919 24 OCT 79 (LAY 79.297) UIVERSAL TlrE AFGL r’bETt’ETER NErUcwa 304 5 NO.. ’.e> FLLA jTE X CiUtFffT40i’EL.Sr 1c I’III 161127 p C

Ionized-Cluster Beam/Partially Ionized Beam Deposition of Electro- Optical and Nonlinear Optical Organic Materials and Device Development

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-08-29

4’- CH3 O--\\\\4 4N -2 nitrostilbene NO 2J (MMONS) 4’-dimethylamfino OCH3 -N-4-stylbazolium j, o3 - 200 3125 1000 tosylate (DAST)or 0 3 (CH3)2N CH3 Styrylpyridinium PH cyanine dye 400 1490 470 ( SPCD ) SO4 (CH3 ½2N lh3 20

Dialing in single-site reactivity of a supported calixarene-protected tetrairidium cluster catalyst

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Palermo, Andrew; Solovyov, Andrew; Ertler, Daniel

2017-05-04

A closed Ir 4carbonyl cluster,1, comprising a tetrahedral metal frame and threetert-butyl-calix[4]arene(OPr) 3(OCH 2PPh 2) (Ph = phenyl; Pr = propyl) ligands at the basal plane, was silica supported and consists of “*” and “S” sites, which could be dialed in selectively for controlling ethylene hydrogenation catalysis.

Synthesis, characterization, structural and biological aspects of copper(II) dithiocarbamate complexes - Part II, [Cu{S2CN(Me)(R1)}2], [Cu{S2CN(Me)(R2)}2] and [Cu{S2CN(R3)(R4)}2] {R1 = CH2CH(OMe)2, R2 = 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, R3 = CH2(CH2)2NCHPhOCH2Ph and R4 = CH2CH2OH}

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ferreira, Isabella P.; de Lima, Geraldo M.; Paniago, Eucler B.; Takahashi, Jacqueline A.; Krambrock, Klaus; Pinheiro, Carlos B.; Wardell, James L.; Visentin, Lorenzo C.

2013-09-01

Three new copper(II) dithiocarbamates (DTC), [Cu{S2CN(Me)(R1)}2] (1), [Cu{S2CN(Me)(R2)}2] (2) and [Cu{S2CN(R3)(R4)}2] (3) with R1 = CH2CH(OMe)2, R2 = 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, R3 = CH2(CH2)2NCHPhOCH2Ph and R4 = CH2CH2OH, have been synthesized and characterized by different spectroscopic techniques. Complexes (1) and (2) display typical EPR spectra for separated Cu(II) centers, and the spectrum of (3) is characteristic of two magnetically coupled Cu(II) ions with S = 1. The X-ray crystallographic determination has shown that complexes (1) and (2) crystallise in the triclinic and monoclinic systems. In addition both complexes are monomers in which the geometry at each Cu(II) is square planar. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the sodium salts of ligands, and of the Cu(II)-DTC complexes have been screened against Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus parasiticus, Penicillium citrinum and Curvularia senegalensis, as well as Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Finally, the toxic effects of complexes (1)-(3) were performed using Chlorella vulgaris.

An Interactive Computer Session to Initiate Physical Activity in Sedentary Cardiac Patients: Randomized Controlled Trial.

PubMed

Almeida, Fabio A; Smith-Ray, Renae L; Dzewaltowski, David A; Glasgow, Russell E; Lee, Rebecca E; Thomas, Deborah S K; Xu, Stanley; Estabrooks, Paul A

2015-08-24

Physical activity (PA) improves many facets of health. Despite this, the majority of American adults are insufficiently active. Adults who visit a physician complaining of chest pain and related cardiovascular symptoms are often referred for further testing. However, when this testing does not reveal an underlying disease or pathology, patients typically receive no additional standard care services. A PA intervention delivered within the clinic setting may be an effective strategy for improving the health of this population at a time when they may be motivated to take preventive action. Our aim was to determine the effectiveness of a tailored, computer-based, interactive personal action planning session to initiate PA among a group of sedentary cardiac patients following exercise treadmill testing (ETT). This study was part of a larger 2x2 randomized controlled trial to determine the impact of environmental and social-cognitive intervention approaches on the initiation and maintenance of weekly PA for patients post ETT. Participants who were referred to an ETT center but had a negative-test (ie, stress tests results indicated no apparent cardiac issues) were randomized to one of four treatment arms: (1) increased environmental accessibility to PA resources via the provision of a free voucher to a fitness facility in close proximity to their home or workplace (ENV), (2) a tailored social cognitive intervention (SC) using a "5 As"-based (ask, advise, assess, assist, and arrange) personal action planning tool, (3) combined intervention of both ENV and SC approaches (COMBO), or (4) a matched contact nutrition control (CON). Each intervention was delivered using a computer-based interactive session. A general linear model for repeated measures was conducted with change in PA behavior from baseline to 1-month post interactive computer session as the primary outcome. Sedentary participants (n=452; 34.7% participation rate) without a gym membership (mean age 58.57 years

Thermodynamic properties (enthalpy, bond energy, entropy, and heat capacity) and internal rotor potentials of vinyl alcohol, methyl vinyl ether, and their corresponding radicals.

PubMed

da Silva, Gabriel; Kim, Chol-Han; Bozzelli, Joseph W

2006-06-29

Vinyl alcohols (enols) have been discovered as important intermediates and products in the oxidation and combustion of hydrocarbons, while methyl vinyl ethers are also thought to occur as important combustion intermediates. Vinyl alcohol has been detected in interstellar media, while poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(methyl vinyl ether) are common polymers. The thermochemical property data on these vinyl alcohols and methyl vinyl ethers is important for understanding their stability, reaction paths, and kinetics in atmospheric and thermal hydrocarbon-oxygen systems. Enthalpies , entropies , and heat capacities (C(p)()(T)) are determined for CH(2)=CHOH, C(*)H=CHOH, CH(2)=C(*)OH, CH(2)=CHOCH(3), C(*)H=CHOCH(3), CH(2)=C(*)OCH(3), and CH(2)=CHOC(*)H(2). Molecular structures, vibrational frequencies, , and C(p)(T) are calculated at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) density functional calculation level. Enthalpies are also determined using the composite CBS-Q, CBS-APNO, and G3 methods using isodesmic work reactions to minimize calculation errors. Potential barriers for internal rotors are calculated at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level and used to determine the hindered internal rotational contributions to entropy and heat capacity. The recommended ideal gas phase values calculated in this study are the following (in kcal mol(-1)): -30.0, -28.9 (syn, anti) for CH(2)=CHOH; -25.6, -23.9 for CH(2)=CHOCH(3); 31.3, 33.5 for C(*)H=CHOH; 27.1 for anti-CH(2)=C(*)OH; 35.6, 39.3 for C(*)H=CHOCH(3); 33.5, 32.2 for CH(2)=C(*)OCH(3); 21.3, 22.0 for CH(2)=CHOC(*)H(2). Bond dissociation energies (BDEs) and group additivity contributions are also determined. The BDEs reveal that the O-H, O-CH(3), C-OH, and C-OCH(3) bonds in vinyl alcohol and methyl vinyl ether are similar in energy to those in the aromatic molecules phenol and methyl phenyl ether, being on average around 3 kcal mol(-1) weaker in the vinyl systems. The keto-enol tautomerization enthalpy for the interconversion of vinyl alcohol to acetaldehyde is

Propulsion Velocity and ETT on Biomagnetic Assessment of the Human Esophagus

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cordova-Fraga, T.; Cano, E.; Bravo-Miranda, C.

Esophagus transit time measurement is a common clinical practical. Biomagnetic techniques and modern instrumentation can perform non invasive and functional assessments of the gastrointestinal tract. This study presents the evaluation of the esophagus transit time and propulsion velocity of a magnetic marker from the mouth to stomach using water vs. a swallow easy substance recently patented. A group of ten healthy subjects from 45 to 55 years, were evaluated in identical conditions for two times, they ingested randomly a magnetic marker in an anatomical body position of 45 deg., one times with water and the other one with a patentedmore » substance developed in order to help the subjects to swallow pills. The esophagus transit time was shorter when the subjects ingested the magnetic marker with the swallow easy substance than they ingested the magnetic marker with same quantity of water.« less

Arnica Tincture Cures Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Golden Hamsters.

PubMed

Robledo, Sara M; Vélez, Ivan D; Schmidt, Thomas J

2018-01-12

In search for potential therapeutic alternatives to existing treatments for cutaneous Leishmaniasis, we have investigated the effect of Arnica tincture Ph. Eur. (a 70% hydroethanolic tincture prepared from flowerheads of Arnica montana L.) on the lesions caused by infection with Leishmania braziliensis in a model with golden hamsters. The animals were treated topically with a daily single dose of the preparation for 28 days. Subsequently, the healing process was monitored by recording the lesion size in intervals of 15 days up to day 90. As a result, Arnica tincture fully cured three out of five hamsters while one animal showed an improvement and another one suffered from a relapse. This result was slightly better than that obtained with the positive control, meglumine antimonate, which cured two of five hamsters while the other three showed a relapse after 90 days. This result encourages us to further investigate the potential of Arnica tincture in the treatment of cutaneous Leishmaniasis.

Heavy metal incorporated helium ion active hybrid non-chemically amplified resists: Nano-patterning with low line edge roughness

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Reddy, Pulikanti Guruprasad; Thakur, Neha; Lee, Chien-Lin; Chien, Sheng-Wei; Pradeep, Chullikkattil P.; Ghosh, Subrata; Tsai, Kuen-Yu; Gonsalves, Kenneth E.

2017-08-01

Helium (He) ion lithography is being considered as one of the most promising and emerging technology for the manufacturing of next generation integrated circuits (ICs) at nanolevel. However, He-ion active resists are rarely reported. In this context, we are introducing a new non-chemically amplified hybrid resist (n-CAR), MAPDSA-MAPDST, for high resolution He-ion beam lithography (HBL) applications. In the resist architecture, 2.15 % antimony is incorporated as heavy metal in the form of antimonate. This newly developed resists has successfully used for patterning 20 nm negative tone features at a dose of 60 μC/cm2. The resist offered very low line edge roughness (1.27±0.31 nm) for 20 nm line features. To our knowledge, this is the first He-ion active hybrid resist for nanopatterning. The contrast (γ) and sensitivity (E0) of this resist were calculated from the contrast curve as 0.73 and 7.2 μC/cm2, respectively.

Effect of heat shock on ultrastructure and calcium distribution in Lavandula pinnata L. glandular trichomes.

PubMed

Huang, S S; Kirchoff, B K; Liao, J P

2013-02-01

The effects of heat shock (HS) on the ultrastructure and calcium distribution of Lavandula pinnata secretory trichomes are examined using transmission electron microscopy and potassium antimonate precipitation. After 48-h HS at 40°C, plastids become distorted and lack stroma and osmiophilic deposits, the cristae of the mitochondria become indistinct, the endoplasmic reticulum acquires a chain-like appearance with ribosomes prominently attached to the lamellae, and the plasma and organelle membranes become distorted. Heat shock is associated with a decrease in calcium precipitates in the trichomes, while the number of precipitates increases in the mesophyll cells. Prolonged exposure to elevated calcium levels may be toxic to the mesophyll cells, while the lack of calcium in the glands cell may deprive them of the normal protective advantages of elevated calcium levels. The inequality in calcium distribution may result not only from uptake from the transpiration stream, but also from redistribution of calcium from the trichomes to the mesophyll cells.

Electromagnetic Pulse/Transient Threat Testing of Protection Devices for Amateur/Military Affiliate Radio System Equipment. Volume 3. Test Data, Electromagnetic Pulse Testing of Protection Devices. Section 1. High Energy Pulse-Device Failure Test. 50 Ohms Impedance 25,000 Volts-4000 Amps, 100 Joules.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-10-31

7 oat s LinkI . . - P Comments: ~ y V ,~o.*.-’ ,. 157q Pk: 6ETtC*6L- - ’ . */-’-..- -,.-., Oats Teet Poit c C 2 b AmplifI481OS’ dS Attenuaio 2-4D dB...Puleer Level * Data LinkI Comments: /:2- VO%’ a*1 Date/3 - Attenuaion dS HMmontai na/dIv I Vertial mnV/div I s. Horizontal g n a/div 2 Vertical IV

Friendly Extensible Transfer Tool Beta Version

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Collins, William P.; Gutierrez, Kenneth M.; McRee, Susan R.

2016-04-15

Often data transfer software is designed to meet specific requirements or apply to specific environments. Frequently, this requires source code integration for added functionality. An extensible data transfer framework is needed to more easily incorporate new capabilities, in modular fashion. Using FrETT framework, functionality may be incorporated (in many cases without need of source code) to handle new platform capabilities: I/O methods (e.g., platform specific data access), network transport methods, data processing (e.g., data compression.).

Multilingual Affordances in a Swedish Preschool: An Action Research Project

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ljunggren, Åsa

2016-01-01

This article summarizes the work and the main findings of an action research project that was conducted in an early childhood education and care setting in the city of Malmö, Sweden in the autumn of 2013 and spring 2014. Rönnerman's model (Aktionsforskning i praktiken: förskola och skola på vetenskaplig grund [Action research in practice:…

Gas-Phase Chemistry of Trimethyl Phosphite,

DTIC Science & Technology

keywords include: Flowing afterglow; Trimethyl phosphite ; Reaction mechanisms; Phosphorous ; and Nucleophilic displacement....The reactions of trimethyl phosphite were investigated with a series of nucleophiles. Products, branching ratios, and reaction rate constants are...of methoxide to form a new ion-dipole complex (CH3O-(CH3O)2PZ). If an additional acidic hydrogen is available on the nucleophile, the major products

Genetics Home Reference: autosomal dominant hyper-IgE syndrome

MedlinePlus

... binding domain of STAT3 cause hyper-IgE syndrome. Nature. 2007 Aug 30;448(7157):1058-62. Epub 2007 Aug 5. Citation on PubMed Renner ED, Torgerson TR, Rylaarsdam S, Añover-Sombke S, Golob K, LaFlam T, Zhu Q, Ochs HD. STAT3 mutation in the original patient with Job's syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2007 Oct 18; ...

JPRS Report, West Europe: Reference Aid, Swedish-English Glossary of Military and Technical Acronyms and Abbreviations.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-07-22

Pi plansch Pi plats PlottL plottingledare plufs planerings- och uppfölj ningssystem plut pluton plutch plutonschef plutstab plutonstab...äsbandvagn pvrb pansarvärnsrobot pvrbplut pansarvärnsrobot pluton anti-tank gun anti-tank gun anti-tank gun tank destroyer, SP anti-tank gun...tpl transportledare tplut tung pluton tpmedel transportmedel type of transportation schedule, roster regulating officer heavy weapons

A survey of Australian prosthodontists: The use of posts in endodontically treated teeth.

PubMed

Sambrook, Raelene; Burrow, Michael

2018-05-09

This study aimed to gain insight into common practices of Australian prosthodontists when placing a post in an endodontically treated tooth (ETT). A 17-question open- and closed- format questionnaire was sent to registered Australian prosthodontists. The response rate was 55% (n=95). The majority of respondents indicated the purpose of a post was to retain a core (n=94, 99%). The decision to place a post is affected by the quantity of remaining tooth structure (n=91, 96%) and the definitive restoration (n=68, 72%). The ideal post length is neither a short nor long post with the most frequent response (n=52, 34%) being 'as long as possible without disturbing the apical seal'. The apical seal requirements were defined as 4-5mm of Gutta Percha for 77% of respondents. The most preferred post type was a custom cast metal post (n=85, 49%). The most popular luting cement was resin composite (n=84, 39%). The results from this survey do not provide a definitive guide for restoring an ETT. However, it illustrates how Australian prosthodontists address this clinical challenge. The multiple responses received for a number of questions suggest that the material and technique employed in the Australian context is influenced by the individual clinical case. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Stress testing response in women heterozygous for familial hypercholesterolemia.

PubMed

Kolovou, Genovefa D; Damaskos, Dimitris S; Anagnostopoulou, Katherine K; Salpea, Klelia D; Dritsas, Athanasios; Giannakopoulou, Vasiliki; Vasiliadis, Ioannis K; Cokkinos, Dennis V

2007-10-31

We evaluated 62 exercise treadmill tests (ETTs) in equal numbers of heterozygous for familial hypercholesterolemia (hFH) and healthy (HLY) women, matched for age, baseline systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) and baseline heart rate (HR), using the Bruce protocol. Both groups had similar rate pressure product (RPP) and workload in metabolic equivalents (METs) (27,563+/-3124 vs. 29,090+/-4077, p=0.103 and 11.2+/-1.7 vs. 11.5+/-1.8, p=0.473, respectively). Women with hFH had lower delta (difference of peak to baseline) and peak exercise systolic and diastolic BP (systolic: 48+/-12 vs. 58+/-17 mmHg, p=0.010 and 167+/-19 vs. 177+/-17 mmHg, p=0.042, respectively; diastolic: 11+/-7 vs. 15+/-7 mmHg, p=0.028 and 85+/-7 vs. 91+/-7 mmHg, p<0.001, respectively). Furthermore, women with hFH had higher delta percentage (%) of HR, compared to HLY; (106+/-25 vs. 95+/-20, p=0.047). In conclusion, hFH women possibly have an inadequate rise in systolic BP during ETT. Diastolic BP increased more in the HLY than in the hFH group, but still remained within normal limits. These findings may reflect preclinical changes of atherosclerosis in hFH women, however further research should be undertaken.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of pyrazolylthiazole carboxylic acids as potent anti-inflammatory-antimicrobial agents.

PubMed

Khloya, Poonam; Kumar, Satish; Kaushik, Pawan; Surain, Parveen; Kaushik, Dhirender; Sharma, Pawan K

2015-03-15

Current Letter presents design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel series of pyrazolylthiazole carboxylates 1a-1p and corresponding acid derivatives 2a-2p. All 32 novel compounds were tested for their in vivo anti-inflammatory activity by carrageenan-induced rat paw edema method as well as for in vitro antimicrobial activity. All the tested compounds exhibited excellent AI activity profile. Three compounds 1p (R=Cl, R(1)=Cl), 2c (R=H, R(1)=F) and 2n (R=Cl, R(1)=OCH3) were identified as potent anti-inflammatory agents exhibiting edema inhibition of 93.06-89.59% which is comparable to the reference drug indomethacin (91.32%) after 3h of carrageenan injection while most of the other compounds displayed inhibition ⩾80%. In addition, pyrazolylthiazole carboxylic acids (2a-2p) also showed good antimicrobial profile. Compound 2h (R=OCH3, R(1)=Cl) showed excellent antimicrobial activity (MIC 6.25μg/mL) against both Gram positive bacteria comparable with the reference drug ciprofloxacin (MIC 6.25μg/mL). Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Star-shaped azomethines based on tris(2-aminoethyl)amine. Characterization, thermal and optical study.

PubMed

Iwan, Agnieszka; Janeczek, Henryk; Kaczmarczyk, Bozena; Jarzabek, Bozena; Sobota, Michal; Rannou, Patrice

2010-02-01

The synthesis and detailed (physico)-chemical ((1)H/(13)C NMR, FTIR, UV-vis and elemental analysis) characterizations of new star-shaped compounds based on tris(2-aminoethyl)amine, including in their structure an azomethine function (HCN-) and alkoxysemiperfluorinated (-O-(CH(2))(3)-(CF(2))(7)-CF(3)), octadecyloxy aliphatic (-O-(CH(2))(17)-CH(3)) chain or two phenyl rings (-Ph-Ph-) as a terminal group, were reported. The mesomorphic behavior was investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarized optical microscopy (POM) and additionally by FTIR(T) and UV-vis(T) spectroscopy. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) technique was used to probe the structural properties of the azomethines. Moreover, the azomethine A1 was electro-spun to prepare fibers with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and investigated by DSC and POM. Additionally, a film of the A1 with PMMA was cast from chloroform and the thermal properties of the film were compared with the thermal properties of the fiber and powder. It was showed that terminal groups dramatically influence the thermal and optical properties of the star-shaped azomethines. Copyright (c) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The Detection of Hot Cores and Complex Organic Molecules in the Large Magellanic Cloud

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sewilo, Marta; Indebetouw, Remy; Charnley, Steven; Zahorecz, Sarolta; Oliveira, Joana M.; van Loon, Jacco Th.; Ward, Jacob L.; Chen, C.-H. Rosie; Wiseman, Jennifer; Fukui, Yasuo; Kawamura, Akiko; Meixner, Margaret; Onishi, Toshikazu; Schilke, Peter

2018-01-01

We report the detection of the complex organic molecules (COMs) dimethyl ether (CH3OCH3) and methyl formate (CH3OCHO), and their parent species methanol (CH3OH), toward the N113 star-formation region in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). This constitutes the first detection of CH3OCH3 and CH3OCHO outside the Milky Way. We calculated the rotational temperatures (Trot ~ 130 K) and total column densities (Nrot ~ 1016 cm-2) for two sources in N113 with the COMs detection based on multiple transitions of CH3OH, and measured abundances for all detected species. The physical and chemical properties of these sources, and the association with H2O and OH maser emission indicate that they are hot molecular cores. The fractional abundances of COMs scaled by a factor of 2.5 to account for the lower metallicity in the LMC are comparable to those found at the lower end of the range in Galactic hot cores. Our results have important implications for studies of organic chemistry at higher redshift.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhao, Xianhui; Walker, Devin; Maiti, Debtanu

Cylindrical NiMg/Ce 0.6Zr 0.4O 2 pellet catalysts with two different sizes (large: radius = 1.59 mm; and small: radius = 0.75 mm) were produced by extrusion of powder catalysts. The small catalyst pellets had a higher specific surface area, pore volume, average pore size, radial crush strength, and resistance to breakage than the large ones. Tri-reforming tests with surrogate biogas were conducted at 3 bar and 882 °C, with the feed molar ratios of CH 4: CO 2: air fixed at 1.0: 0.7: 0.95 and the H 2O/CH 4 molar feed ratio (0.35 – 1.16) varied. The small catalyst pelletsmore » exhibited lower internal mass transfer resistance and higher coking resistance, compared to the large ones. CO 2 conversion decreased and H 2/CO molar ratio increased with the increase of H 2O/CH 4 molar feed ratio, which are consistent with the trends predicted by thermodynamic equilibrium calculations. Finally, the results indicate that the NiMg/Ce 0.6Zr 0.4O 2 catalyst pellets are promising for commercial scale applications.« less

Crystalline silicon carbide nanoparticles encapsulated in branched wavelike carbon nanotubes: synthesis and optical properties.

PubMed

Xi, Guangcheng; Yu, Shijun; Zhang, Rui; Zhang, Meng; Ma, Dekun; Qian, Yitai

2005-07-14

A novel nanostructure, cubic silicon carbide (3C-SiC) nanoparticles encapsulated in branched wavelike carbon nanotubes have been prepared by a reaction of 1,2-dimenthoxyethane (CH3OCH2CH2OCH3), SiCl4, and Mg in an autoclave at 600 degrees C. According to X-ray powder diffraction, the products are composed of 3C-SiC and carbon. TEM and HRTEM images show that the as-synthesized products are composed of 3C-SiC nanoparticles encapsulated in branched carbon nanotubes with wavelike walls. The diameter of the 3C-SiC cores is approximately 20-40 nm and the thickness of the carbon shells is about 3-5 nm. In Raman scattering spectroscopy, both the TO (Gamma) phonon line and the LO (Gamma) phonon line have red shifts about 6 cm(-1) relative to that for the bulk 3C-SiC. The photoluminescence (PL) spectrum shows that there are two emission peaks: blue light emission (431 nm) and violet light emission (414 nm). A sequential deposition growth process (with cores as the templates for the shells) for the nanostructure was proposed.

Versatile Organic Chemistry on Vanadium-Based Multi-Electron Reservoirs.

PubMed

Nachtigall, Olaf; Spandl, Johann

2018-02-21

We report the synthesis, post-functionalization, and redox behavior of two organically functionalized aggregates, [V 6 O 7 (OMe) 9 {(OCH 2 ) 3 C-CH 2 N 3 }] and [V 6 O 7 (OMe) 9 {(OCH 2 ) 3 C-NH 2 }]. All twelve μ 2 -oxo groups on the edges of the Lindqvist-type {V 6 O 19 } core were replaced by alkoxo ligands. The absence of a negative charge and the closed organic shell make these neutral mixed-valence compounds very stable towards hydrolysis and well soluble in almost all common organic solvents. These are important advantages over classical POMs. By post-functionalization through copper(I)-catalyzed Huisgen cycloaddition or imine formation, various organic moieties could be introduced. Even a well-soluble trimer composed of three hexanuclear vanadium units connected through an aromatic triimino core was synthesized and studied. The diverse redox behavior, the versatile reactivity, the good stability, and the excellent solubility make our vanadium compounds highly interesting for applications as building blocks in macromolecular chemistry as well as redox labels in biochemistry. © 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Conformational Study of Dibenzyl Ether

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hernandez-Castillo, Alicia O.; Abeysekera, Chamara; Hewett, Daniel M.; Zwier, Timothy S.

2017-06-01

Understanding the initial stages of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) aggregation, the onset of soot formation, is an important goal on the pathway to cleaner combustion processes. PAHs with short alkyl chains, present in fuel-rich combustion environments, can undergo reactions that will chemically link aromatic rings together. One such example of a linked diaryl compound is dibenzyl ether, C_{6}H_{5}-CH_{2}-O-CH_{2}-C_{6}H_{5}. The -CH_{2}-O-CH_{2}- linkage has a length and flexibility well-suited to forming a π-stacked conformation between the two phenyl rings. In this talk, we will explore the single-conformation spectroscopy of dibenzyl ether under jet-cooled conditions in the gas phase. Laser-induced fluorescence, chirped pulse Fourier transform microwave (8-18 GHz region), and single-conformation infrared spectroscopy in the alkyl CH stretch region were all carried out on the molecule, thereby interrogating its full array of electronic, vibrational and rotational degrees of freedom. This work is the first step in a broader study to determine the extent of π-stacking in linked aryl compounds as a function of linkage and PAH size.

Nucleophilic substitution at silicon (SN2@Si) via a central reaction barrier.

PubMed

Bento, A Patrícia; Bickelhaupt, F Matthias

2007-03-16

It is textbook knowledge that nucleophilic substitution at carbon (SN2@C) proceeds via a central reaction barrier which disappears in the corresponding nucleophilic substitution reaction at silicon (SN2@Si). Here, we address the question why the central barrier disappears from SN2@C to SN2@Si despite the fact that these processes are isostructural and isoelectronic. To this end, we have explored and analyzed the potential energy surfaces (PES) of various Cl-+CR3Cl (R=H, CH3) and Cl-+SiR3Cl model reactions (R=H, CH3, C2H5, and OCH3). Our results show that the nature of the SN2 reaction barrier is in essence steric, but that it can be modulated by electronic factors. Thus, simply by increasing the steric demand of the substituents R around the silicon atom, the SN2@Si mechanism changes from its regular single-well PES (with a stable intermediate transition complex, TC), via a triple-well PES (with a pre- and a post-TS before and after the central TC), to a double-well PES (with a TS; R=OCH3), which is normally encountered for SN2@C reactions.

NiMg/Ceria-Zirconia Cylindrical Pellet Catalysts for Tri-reforming of Surrogate Biogas

DOE PAGES

Zhao, Xianhui; Walker, Devin; Maiti, Debtanu; ...

2017-12-22

Cylindrical NiMg/Ce 0.6Zr 0.4O 2 pellet catalysts with two different sizes (large: radius = 1.59 mm; and small: radius = 0.75 mm) were produced by extrusion of powder catalysts. The small catalyst pellets had a higher specific surface area, pore volume, average pore size, radial crush strength, and resistance to breakage than the large ones. Tri-reforming tests with surrogate biogas were conducted at 3 bar and 882 °C, with the feed molar ratios of CH 4: CO 2: air fixed at 1.0: 0.7: 0.95 and the H 2O/CH 4 molar feed ratio (0.35 – 1.16) varied. The small catalyst pelletsmore » exhibited lower internal mass transfer resistance and higher coking resistance, compared to the large ones. CO 2 conversion decreased and H 2/CO molar ratio increased with the increase of H 2O/CH 4 molar feed ratio, which are consistent with the trends predicted by thermodynamic equilibrium calculations. Finally, the results indicate that the NiMg/Ce 0.6Zr 0.4O 2 catalyst pellets are promising for commercial scale applications.« less

Reaction of singlet-excited 2,3-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-ene and tert-butoxyl radicals with aryl-substituted benzofuranones.

PubMed

Lundgren, Cecilia Vannesjö; Koner, Apurba L; Tinkl, Michael; Pischel, Uwe; Nau, Werner M

2006-03-03

5,7-Di-tert-butyl-3-aryl-3H-benzofuran-2-ones are lactones with potential antioxidant activity, owing to their abstractable benzylic C-H hydrogens. The fluorescence quenching of the azoalkane 2,3-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-ene (DBO), an established probe for the hydrogen-donor propensity of chain-breaking antioxidants, was investigated for 16 aryl-substituted benzofuranone derivatives [m,m-(CF3)2, p-CN, m-CN, p-CF3, p-COOCH3, m-CF3, p-Cl, p-F, H, m-CH3, p-CH3, m,p-(CH3)2, p-OCH3, o-CH3, o-CF3, o,m-(CH3)2]. Analysis of the rate data in terms of a linear free energy relationship yielded a reaction constant of rho = +0.35. This implies that n,pi*-excited DBO acts as nucleophilic species. In contrast, hydrogen abstraction of tert-butoxyl radicals from the benzofuranones was accelerated by electron-donating substituents (rho = -0.23), in conformity with the electrophilic character of oxygen-centered alkoxyl radicals. Possible implications for the optimization of the hydrogen-donor propensity of antioxidants through structural variation are discussed.

Cigarette Smoking and Military Deployment: A Prospective Evaluation

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-04-10

serving in the military has also been hown to be a strong predictor for both cigarette moking and nicotine dependence.15,16 The stress of 10749-3797/08...findings have hown that an increase in ositive affect through physi- al exercise can reduce ciga- ette cravings and relapse.36 ncreased positive affect...Bray RM, Vincus AA. Psychosocial correlates of nicotine dependence among men and women in the U.S. naval services. Addict Behav 1999;24:521–36. 6. Bray

The MOST - Monitor for Oxygenation of Surface and Tissue.

DTIC Science & Technology

1995-10-01

CAT Reduce need for ICU, low risk groups Central nursing station Office procedures: Dentistry , Endoscopy Monitoring spinal or epidural narcotics Home...obtainable by using laser Doppler methods (Wickramasinghe et al., 1994; Liepsch et al., 1993; Mendelson, Ochs, 1988). While many parameters beyond oxygenation...blood flow include laser Doppler flowmetry sys- tems which are currently commercially available. These systems measure the velocity of blood particles

Utilization of useless pesticides in a plasma reactor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lozhechnik, A. V.; Mossé, A. L.; Savchin, V. V.; Skomorokhov, D. S.; Khvedchin, I. V.

2011-09-01

Investigations on destruction of isophene C14H18O7N2 and the butyl ether of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (Cl2C6H3OCH2COOCH2CH(CH3)2) are performed. The plasma treatment of toxic waste is implemented in a plasma reactor with a three-jet mixing chamber. Air is used as the plasma-forming gas.

The C-terminal ester of membrane anchored peptide ion channels affects anion transport.

PubMed

Djedovic, Natasha; Ferdani, Riccardo; Harder, Egan; Pajewska, Jolanta; Pajewski, Robert; Schlesinger, Paul H; Gokel, George W

2003-12-07

Five heptapeptide derivatives, [CH3(CH2)17]2NCOCH2OCH2CO-Gly-Gly-Gly-Pro-Gly-Gly-Gly-OR, in which R = ethyl, 2-propyl, heptyl, benzyl, and cyclohexylmethyl, were found to transport chloride anion through a phospholipid bilayer to varying extents dependent on the identity of R. It was concluded that the R group is a membrane anchor for the synthetic chloride channels.

New 3D structuring process for non-integrated circuit related technologies (Conference Presentation)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nouri, Lamia; Possémé, Nicolas; Landis, Stéfan; Milesi, Frédéric; Gaillard, Frédéric-Xavier

2017-04-01

Fabrication processes that microelectronic developed for Integrated circuit (IC) technologies for decades, do not meet the new emerging structuration's requirements, in particular non-IC related technologies one, such as MEMS/NEMS, Micro-Fluidics, photovoltaics, lenses. Actually complex 3D structuration requires complex lithography patterning approaches such as gray-scale electron beam lithography, laser ablation, focused ion beam lithography, two photon polymerization. It is now challenging to find cheaper and easiest technique to achieve 3D structures. In this work, we propose a straightforward process to realize 3D structuration, intended for silicon based materials (Si, SiN, SiOCH). This structuration technique is based on nano-imprint lithography (NIL), ion implantation and selective wet etching. In a first step a pattern is performed by lithography on a substrate, then ion implantation is realized through a resist mask in order to create localized modifications in the material, thus the pattern is transferred into the subjacent layer. Finally, after the resist stripping, a selective wet etching is carried out to remove selectively the modified material regarding the non-modified one. In this paper, we will first present results achieved with simple 2D line array pattern processed either on Silicon or SiOCH samples. This step have been carried out to demonstrate the feasibility of this new structuration process. SEM pictures reveals that "infinite" selectivity between the implanted areas versus the non-implanted one could be achieved. We will show that a key combination between the type of implanted ion species and wet etching chemistries is required to obtain such results. The mechanisms understanding involved during both implantation and wet etching processes will also be presented through fine characterizations with Photoluminescence, Raman and Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) for silicon samples, and ellipso-porosimetry and Fourier Transform Infra

Phenoxide and alkoxide complexes of Mg, Al and Zn, and their use for the ring-opening polymerization of ℇ-caprolactone with initiators of different natures.

PubMed

Minyaev, Mikhail E; Nifant'ev, Ilya E; Shlyakhtin, Andrey V; Ivchenko, Pavel V; Lyssenko, Konstantin A

2018-05-01

A new packing polymorph of bis(2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenolato-κO)bis(tetrahydrofuran-κO)magnesium, [Mg(C 15 H 23 O) 2 (C 4 H 8 O) 2 ] or Mg(BHT) 2 (THF) 2 , (BHT is the 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenoxide anion and THF is tetrahydrofuran), (1), has the same space group (P2 1 ) as the previously reported modification [Nifant'ev et al. (2017d). Dalton Trans. 46, 12132-12146], but contains three crystallographically independent molecules instead of one. The structure of (1) exhibits rotational disorder of the tert-butyl groups and positional disorder of a THF ligand. The complex of bis(2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenolato-κO)bis(μ 2 -ethyl glycolato-κ 2 O,O':κO)dimethyldialuminium, [Al 2 (CH 3 ) 2 (C 4 H 7 O 3 ) 2 (C 15 H 23 O) 2 ] or [(BHT)AlMe(OCH 2 COOEt)] 2 , (2), is a dimer located on an inversion centre and has an Al 2 O 2 rhomboid core. The 2-ethoxy-2-oxoethanolate ligand (OCH 2 COOEt) displays a μ 2 -κ 2 O,O':κO semi-bridging coordination mode, forming a five-membered heteronuclear Al-O-C-C-O ring. The same ligand exhibits positional disorder of the terminal methyl group. The redetermined structure of the heptanuclear complex octakis(μ 3 -benzyloxo-κO:κO:κO)hexaethylheptazinc, [Zn 7 (C 2 H 5 ) 6 (C 7 H 7 O) 8 ] or [Zn 7 (OCH 2 Ph) 8 Et 6 ], (3), possesses a bicubic Zn 7 O 8 core located at an inversion centre and demonstrates positional disorder of one crystallographically independent phenyl group. Cambridge Structural Database surveys are given for complexes structurally analogous to (2) and (3). Complexes (2) and (3), as well as derivatives of (1), are of interest as catalysts for the ring-opening polymerization of ℇ-caprolactone, and polymerization results are reported.

Catalogue of UBVRI photometry of T Tauri stars and analysis of the causes of their variability

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Herbst, W.; Herbst, D. K.; Grossman, E. J.; Weinstein, D.

1994-11-01

A computer-based catalogue of UBVRI photoelectric photometry of T Tauri stars and their earlier type analogs has been compiled. It presently includes over 10 000 entries on 80 stars and will be updated on a regular basis; it is available on Internet. The catalogue is used to analyze the sometimes bizarre light variations of pre-main-sequence stars on time scales of days to months in an attempt to illuminate the nature and causes of the phenomenon. It is useful in discussing their light variations to divide the stars into three groups according to their spectra. These are: weak T Tauri stars (WTTS; spectral class later than K0 and WH-alpha less than 10 A, classical T Tauri stars (CTTS; spectral class later than K0 and WH-alpha greater than 10 A), and early type T Tauri stars (ETTS; spectral class of K0 or earlier). Three distinct types of variability are displayed by stars in the catalogue. Type I variations are periodic in VRI and undoubtedly caused by rotational modulation of a star with an asymmetric distribution of cool spots on its surface. Irregular flare activity is sometimes seen on such stars in U and B. Type I variations are easiest to see on WTTS but are clearly present on CTTS and ETTS as well. Type II variations are caused by hot 'spots' or zones and, it is argued, result from changes in the excess or 'veiling' continuum commonly attributed to an accretion boundary layer or impact zone of a magnetically channeled accretion flow. This type of variation is seen predominantly or solely in CTTS. A sub-category, designated Type IIp, consists of stars which display periodic variations caused by hot spots. Whereas cool spots may last for hundreds or thousands of rotations, hot spots appear to come and go on a much shorter time scale. This suggests that both unsteady accretion and rotation of the star contribute to Type II variations. It is shown that a third type of variation exists among ETTS, including stars as early as A type. UX Ori is a typical example

The Hereptofauna of Letterkenny Army Depot, South-Central Pennsylvania: A Starting Point to the Long-Term Monitoring and Management of Amphibians and Reptiles

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-06-01

Journal of Kansas Herpetology Number 34 (June 2010) 11 www.cnah.org/khs ARtIClES tHE HERpEtofAUNA of lEttERKENNY ARMY dEpot, SoUtH-CENtRAl...compare the herpetological commu- nity currently present at the site with that expected from prior literature (felbaum, 1995; Hulse et al., 2001; tetra...Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18 Journal of Kansas Herpetology Number 34 (June 2010) 12 www.cnah.org/khs agricultural and other

Computational Vision: A Critical Review

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-10-01

Optic News, 15:9-25, 1989. [8] H. B . Barlow and R. W. Levick . The mechanism of directional selectivity in the rabbit’s retina. J. Physiol., 173:477...comparison, other formulations, e.g., [64], used 16 @V A \\E(t=t2) (a) \\ E(t-tl) ( b ) Figure 7: An illustration of the aperture problem. Left: a bar E is...Ballard and C. M. Brown. Computer Vision. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1982. [7] D. H. Ballard, R. C. Nelson, and B . Yamauchi. Animate vision

A User’s Manual for Electromagnetic Surface Patch (ESP) Code. Version II. Polygonal Plates and Wires.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-09-01

to geometries not large in terms of wavelength and the lack of analytical results which can provide physical insight into the problem. The first...EPTS)*Ŗ) STPM *2. ’TP’ (CABS (ETPS)*Ŗ) STTHi2.*TP*(CARS(ETTS)*Ŗ) RETURN - 1 END 296 do APPENDIX 37 * SUBROUTINE SURFFY SUBROUTINE.SURF!? (KXl,YN1...D-Ai135 837 A USER’S MAiNUAfL FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC SURFACE PATCH (ESP) 1 /4 CODE VERSION 11 P.-(U) OHIO STATE UNIV COLUMBUS U CLAS ELECTROSCIENCE LAB E

Use of Commercial Imagery Capabilities in Support of Maritime Domain Awareness

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-06-01

IMAGERY CAPABILITIES IN SUPPORT OF MARITIME DOMAIN AWARENESS by Adam J. Ochs June 2015 Thesis Advisor: Alan D. Scott Second Reader...Paperwork Reduction Project (0704–0188) Washington, DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE June 2015 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES...Champaign, 2006 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN SPACE SYSTEMS OPERATIONS from the

The delivery of chlorofluorocarbon-propelled versus hydrofluoroalkane-propelled beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol to the mechanically ventilated patient: a laboratory study.

PubMed

Mitchell, Jolyon P; Nagel, Mark W; Wiersema, Kimberly J; Doyle, Cathy C; Migounov, Vladimir A

2003-11-01

We describe a laboratory investigation comparing the delivery of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)- and hydrofluoroalkane (HFA)-formulated beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) by metered-dose inhaler and holding chamber (AeroChamber HC MV) in a simulation of a mechanically ventilated adult patient. We equipped each HC MV (n = 5) with an 8.0 mm diameter endotracheal tube (ETT), locating the HC MV in the inspiratory limb of a breathing circuit linked to a mechanical ventilator set to simulate tidal breathing at tidal volume = 830 mL, respiratory rate = 15 breaths/min, inspiratory-expiratory ratio of 1:2.1, peak inspiratory pressure = 20 cm H(2)O. Temperature and humidity settings were 35+/-1 degrees C and 100% relative humidity (close to body conditions). We compared delivery of 5-actuations of CFC- and HFA-BDP (both 50 microg/actuation), measuring total emitted mass captured by a filter at the distal end of the ETT. In a separate study, we inserted the distal end of the ETT within the entry cone of a cascade impactor so that the aerosol particle size distribution could be determined with the circuit at similar environmental conditions as described previously. We made benchmark measurements with circuit temperature and humidity at room ambient conditions (21+/-1 degrees C and 54+/-5% RH respectively). Total emitted mass (5 measurements/device) was significantly greater for HFA-BDP (14.1+/-1.1 microg/actuation) compared with CFC-BDP (2.4+/-0.8 microg/actuation) (paired t test, p < 0.001). More HFA-BDP (2.7 +/- 0.2 microg/actuation) was lost from the delivery system during exhalation (0.9 +/- 0.4 microg/actuation for CFC-BDP) (p < 0.001). The mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) increased from 1.2 microm (room ambient) to 2.8 microm (higher temperature and humidity conditions) for HFA-BDP. In contrast, MMAD for CFC-BDP remained close to 4.6 microm under either condition, but particles finer than about 4.0 microm increased in size when the circuit was saturated. Total emitted

Treatment of childhood encopresis: a randomized trial comparing three treatment protocols.

PubMed

Borowitz, Stephen M; Cox, Daniel J; Sutphen, James L; Kovatchev, Boris

2002-04-01

To compare short- and long-term effectiveness of three additive treatment protocols in children experiencing chronic encopresis. Children, 6 to 15 years of age, who experienced at least weekly fecal soiling for 6 months or longer were eligible for the study. Children were randomly assigned to a group that received intensive medical therapy (IMT), a group that received intensive medical therapy plus a behavior management program called enhanced toilet training (ETT), or a group that received intensive medical therapy with enhanced toilet training and external anal sphincter electromyographic biofeedback (BF). Data concerning toileting habits were collected for 14 consecutive days before an initial visit, and at 3, 6, and 12 months after initiation of therapy. All data were collected using a computerized voice-mail system that telephoned the families each day. At 12 months, children were classified as significantly improved (reduction in soiling, P < 0.001) or cured (ETT, and BF groups were 36, 48, and 39, respectively (not significant). The improvement rates for these three groups were 45, 78, and 54, respectively (P < 0.05). These results were very stable over time (r > 0.90, P < 0.001 in each case). Response to treatment during the first 2 weeks of therapy was highly predictive of outcome at 3, 6, and 12 months (P < 0.0001). Children in the ETT group used less laxative medication (P < 0.04) and required fewer treatment contacts (P = 0.08) than children in the IMM group. All three treatments resulted in significant increases in daily bowel movements passed in the toilet and self-initiated toileting, and resulted in decreases in average daily soiling at 3, 6, and 12 months (P < 0.05). Enhanced toilet training is somewhat

Changes in Oxygen Consumption and Heart Rate After Acute Myocardial Infarction During 6-Month Follow-up.

PubMed

Choe, Yuri; Han, Jae-Young; Choi, In-Sung; Park, Hyeng-Kyu

2018-06-01

Exercise intensity is a particularly important determinant of physiological responses to exercise training in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Heart rate (HR) is commonly used as a practical way of prescribing and monitoring exercise as specific intensities based on a linear relationship between the percentage of maximum HR (%HR max ) and the percentage of maximum oxygen consumption (%VO 2max ) regardless of age, gender, or exercise mode. To examine the change in variability in the correlation between %HR max and %VO 2max after acute myocardial infarction. Retrospective study. Regional cardio-cerebrovascular center at a tertiary hospital. A total of 66 patients were enrolled who were referred for cardiac rehabilitation (CR) after percutaneous intervention, and who had reached stage 3 of the modified Bruce Protocol (mBP) on an exercise tolerance test (ETT). There were 54 men and 12 women with an average age of 56.7 ± 9.48 years, ejection fraction (EF) of 56.4% ± 8.89%, and body mass index (BMI) of 24.73 ± 2.86 kg/m 2 . All patients participated in a 4-week outpatient CR program and underwent ETT with a gas analyzer to determine maximal heart rate and maximal oxygen consumption before CR and 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after CR. VO 2max and HR max were defined as the highest values attained during the ETT. The HR and VO 2 values at each stage of the mBP were expressed as percentages of their maximum. %HR max and %VO 2max were calculated at each stage of the mBP. The maximum METs and VO 2max significantly improved at 1 month after CR, but not significantly at 3 and 6 months after CR. The correlation between VO 2max and HR max progressively changed in a favorable manner during CR. The relationship between %HR max and %VO 2max indicated a coefficient of variation before and 1, 3, and 6 months after of 0.800, 0.826, 0.832, and 0.880, respectively. This study showed that the %HR max correlates better with the %VO 2max in the late-stage post-AMI than in

Optimization of Endotracheal Tube Cuff Pressure by Monitoring CO2 Levels in the Subglottic Space in Mechanically Ventilated Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

PubMed

Efrati, Shai; Bolotin, Gil; Levi, Leon; Zaaroor, Menashe; Guralnik, Ludmila; Weksler, Natan; Levinger, Uriel; Soroksky, Arie; Denman, William T; Gurman, Gabriel M

2017-10-01

Many of the complications of mechanical ventilation are related to inappropriate endotracheal tube (ETT) cuff pressure. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness of automatic cuff pressure closed-loop control in patients under prolonged intubation, where presence of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the subglottic space is used as an indicator for leaks. The primary outcome of the study is leakage around the cuff quantified using the area under the curve (AUC) of CO2 leakage over time. This was a multicenter, prospective, randomized controlled, noninferiority trial including intensive care unit patients. All patients were intubated with the AnapnoGuard ETT, which has an extra lumen used to monitor CO2 levels in the subglottic space.The study group was connected to the AnapnoGuard system operating with cuff control adjusted automatically based on subglottic CO2 (automatic group). The control group was connected to the AnapnoGuard system, while cuff pressure was managed manually using a manometer 3 times/d (manual group). The system recorded around cuff CO2 leakage in both groups. Seventy-two patients were recruited and 64 included in the final analysis. The mean hourly around cuff CO2 leak (mm Hg AUC/h) was 0.22 ± 0.32 in the manual group and 0.09 ± 0.04 in the automatic group (P = .01) where the lower bound of the 1-sided 95% confidence interval was 0.05, demonstrating noninferiority (>-0.033). Additionally, the 2-sided 95% confidence interval was 0.010 to 0.196, showing superiority (>0.0) as well. Significant CO2 leakage (CO2 >2 mm Hg) was 0.027 ± 0.057 (mm Hg AUC/h) in the automatic group versus 0.296 ± 0.784 (mm Hg AUC/h) in the manual group (P = .025). In addition, cuff pressures were in the predefined safety range 97.6% of the time in the automatic group compared to 48.2% in the automatic group (P < .001). This study shows that the automatic cuff pressure group is not only noninferior but also superior compared to the manual cuff pressure group

Greenhouse Gas-ette Fall 1988, Spring, Fall 1989, Winter, Spring, Fall 1990.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Greenhouse Gas-ette, 1990

1990-01-01

This newsletter is for educators interested in developing lessons related to global climate change. The newsletter contains sample lessons, news items involving global climate change on an international scale, and background information on issues related to global climate change. (CW)

Archaeology and direct imaging of exoplanets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Campbell, John B.

The search for extraterrestrial technology effectively began 45 years ago with Frank Drake's Project Ozma and a radioastronomy start to the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI). Eventually searches began for possible interstellar probes in stable orbits in the Solar System, as well as for infrared excesses from possible Dyson spheres round Sun-like stars. Whilst the Cold War was still underway, some scientists looked for evidence of nuclear waste dumps and nuclear wars elsewhere in the Milky Way. None of this work was carried out by archaeologists, even though by their very nature archaeologists are experts in the detection of ancient technologies. The technologies being searched for would have been partly ancient in age though advanced in techniques and science. The development of ESA's Darwin and NASA's TPF for detection and imaging of Earth-like exoplanets in our galactic neighbourhood represents an opportunity for the testing of techniques for detecting signatures of technological activities. Ideally, both Darwin and TPF might be able to provide spectroscopic data on the chemistry and biochemistry of the atmospheres of Earth-like exoplanets, and thus to detect some of the signs of life. If this can be accomplished successfully, then in theory evidence for pollution and nuclear accidents and wars should be detectable. Some infrared signatures of ETT on or round exoplanets might be detectable. Direct visual imaging of ETT structures will probably not be feasible till we have extremely powerful interstellar telescopes or actually send orbital craft.

Exaggerated blood pressure response during the exercise treadmill test as a risk factor for hypertension.

PubMed

Lima, S G; Albuquerque, M F P M; Oliveira, J R M; Ayres, C F J; Cunha, J E G; Oliveira, D F; Lemos, R R; Souza, M B R; Barbosa e Silva, O

2013-04-01

Exaggerated blood pressure response (EBPR) during the exercise treadmill test (ETT) has been considered to be a risk factor for hypertension. The relationship of polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin system gene with hypertension has not been established. Our objective was to evaluate whether EBPR during exercise is a clinical marker for hypertension. The study concerned a historical cohort of normotensive individuals. The exposed individuals were those who presented EBPR. At the end of the observation period (41.7 months = 3.5 years), the development of hypertension was analyzed within the two groups. Genetic polymorphisms and blood pressure behavior were assessed as independent variables, together with the classical risk factors for hypertension. The I/D gene polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme and M235T of angiotensinogen were ruled out as risk factors for hypertension. EBPR during ETT is not an independent influence on the chances of developing hypertension. No differences were observed between the hypertensive and normotensive individuals regarding gender (P = 0.655), skin color (P = 0.636), family history of hypertension (P = 0.225), diabetes mellitus (P = 0.285), or hypertriglyceridemia (P = 0.734). The risk of developing hypertension increased with increasing body mass index (BMI) and advancing age. The risk factors, which independently influenced the development of hypertension, were age and BMI. EBPR did not constitute an independent risk factor for hypertension and is probably a preclinical phase in the spectrum of normotension and hypertension.

Airway accidents in critical care unit: A 3-year retrospective study in a Public Teaching Hospital of Eastern India

PubMed Central

Dasgupta, Sugata; Singh, Shipti Shradha; Chaudhuri, Arunima; Bhattacharya, Dipasri; Choudhury, Sourav Das

2016-01-01

Background: Although tracheal tubes are essential devices to control and protect airway in a critical care unit (CCU), they are not free from complications. Aims: To document the incidence and nature of airway accidents in the CCU of a government teaching hospital in Eastern India. Methods: Retrospective analysis of all airway accidents in a 5-bedded (medical and surgical) CCU. The number, types, timing, and severity of airway accidents were analyzed. Results: The total accident rate was 19 in 233 intubated and/or tracheostomized patients over 1657 tube days (TDs) during 3 years. Fourteen occurred in 232 endotracheally intubated patients over 1075 endotracheal tube (ETT) days, and five occurred in 44 tracheostomized patients over 580 tracheostomy TDs. Fifteen accidents were due to blocked tubes. Rest four were unplanned extubations (UEs), all being accidental extubations. All blockages occurred during night shifts and all UEs during day shifts. Five accidents were mild, the rest moderate. No major accident led to cardiorespiratory arrest or death. All blockages occurred after 7th day of intubation. The outcome of accidents were more favorable in tracheostomy group compared to ETT group (P = 0.001). Conclusions: The prevalence of airway accidents was 8.2 accidents per 100 patients. Blockages were the most common accidents followed by UEs. Ten out of the 15 blockages and all 4 UEs were in endotracheally intubated patients. Tracheostomized patients had 5 blockages and no UEs. PMID:27076709

Prediction of the mid-tracheal level using surface anatomical landmarks in adults

PubMed Central

Jang, Young-Eun; Kim, Eun-Hee; Song, In-Kyung; Lee, Ji-Hyun; Ryu, Ho-Geoul; Kim, Hee-Soo; Kim, Jin-Tae

2017-01-01

Abstract Endotracheal tube (ETT) should be placed at the optimal level to avoid single lung ventilation or accidental extubation. This study was performed to estimate the mid-tracheal level by using surface anatomical landmarks in adult patients. Neck computed tomography images of 329 adult patients between the ages of 16 and 79 years were reviewed. In the midline sagittal plane, the levels corresponding to the vocal cords, cricoid cartilage, suprasternal notch, manubriosternal junction, and carina were identified. The surface distances from the cricoid cartilage to the suprasternal notch (extCC-SSN) and that from the suprasternal notch to the manubriosternal junction (extSSN-MSJ) were measured. The relationship between mid-tracheal level and the surface distances was analyzed using Bland–Altman plot. The difference between the extCC-SSN and the mid-tracheal level was −6.6 (12.5) mm, and the difference between the extSSN-MSJ and the mid-tracheal level was −19.2 (6.1) mm. The difference between the extCC-SSN and the mid-tracheal level was smaller in females compared with males [−1.7 (11.7) mm vs −12.8 (10.7) mm; P < 0.001]. The mid-tracheal level, which is helpful in planning the insertion depth of an ETT, can be predicted by the surface distance between the cricoid cartilage and suprasternal notch in adults, especially in females. PMID:28328810

Effect of nebulized eucalyptus on contamination of microbial plaque of endotracheal tube in ventilated patients

PubMed Central

Amini, Nazanin; Rezaei, Korosh; Yazdannik, Ahmadreza

2016-01-01

Background: Formation of biofilm and bacterial colonization within the endotracheal tube (ETT) are significant sources of airway contamination and play a role in the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). This study was conducted to examine the effect of nebulized eucalyptus (NE) on bacterial colonization of ETT biofilm. Materials and Methods: We performed a randomized clinical trial in three intensive care units (ICUs) of an educational hospital. Seventy intubated patients were selected and randomly divided into intervention (n = 35) and control (n = 35) groups. The intervention group received 4 ml (5%) of eucalyptus in 6 ml normal saline every 8 h. The placebo group received only 10 ml of normal saline in the same way. On extubation, the interior of the tube was immediately sampled using a sterile swab for standard microbiological analysis. Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used for statistical analysis in SPSS. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: In both samples, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii were the most frequently isolated bacteria. In the control group, heavy colonization was greater than in the intervention group (P = 0.002). The frequency of isolation of K. pneumoniae in the intervention group was lower than in the control group (P < 0.001). However, there was no difference between the two groups in other isolated bacteria. Conclusions: NE can reduce microbial contamination of the endotracheal tube biofilm in ventilated patients. Moreover, K. pneumoniae was the most sensitive to NE. PMID:27095990

Synthesis, chemical and biological studies on new Fe(3+)-glycosilated beta-diketo complexes for the treatment of iron deficiency.

PubMed

Arezzini, Beatrice; Ferrali, Marco; Ferrari, Erika; Frassineti, Chiara; Lazzari, Sandra; Marverti, Gaetano; Spagnolo, Ferdinando; Saladini, Monica

2008-11-01

A simple synthetic pathway to obtain glycosilated beta-diketo derivatives is proposed. These compounds show a good iron(III) affinity therefore we may suggest the use of their Fe(3+)-complexes as oral iron supplements in the treatment of anaemia. The glycosilated compounds (6-GlcH, 6-GlcOH and 6-GlcOCH(3)) are characterized by means of spectroscopic (UV, (1)H and (13)C NMR) and potentiometric techniques; they have a good water solubility, are kinetically stable in physiological condition (t(1/2)>100h) and show a low cytotoxicity also in high concentrations (IC(50)>400 microM). They are able to bind Fe(3+) ion in acid condition (pH approximately 2) forming complex species thermodynamically more stable than those of other ligands commonly used in the treatment of iron deficiency. The iron complexes show also a good kinetic stability both in acidic and physiological pH and have a good lypophilicity (logP>-0.7) that suggests an efficient gastrointestinal absorption in view of their possible use in oral therapy. In addition they demonstrate a poor affinity for competitive biological metal ion such as Ca(2+), and in particular 6-GlcOCH(3) is able to inhibit lipid peroxidation.

Reactive Capture of Gold Nanoparticles by Strongly Physisorbed Monolayers on Graphite

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wei, Xiaoliang; Tong, Wenjun; Fidler, Vlastimil

2012-12-01

Anthracene Diels Alder adducts (DAa) bearing two long side chains (H-(CH2)22O(CH2)6OCH2-) at the 1- and 5-positions form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) at the phenyloctane - highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) interface. The long DAa side chains promote strong physisorption of the monolayer to HOPG and maintain the monolayer morphology upon rinsing or incubation in ethanol and air-drying of the substrate. Incorporating a carboxylic acid group on the DAa core enables capture of 1 - 4 nm diameter gold nanoparticles (AuNP) provided (i) the monolayer containing DAa-carboxylic acids is treated with Cu2+ ions and (ii) the organic coating on the AuNP containsmore » carboxylic acids (11-mercaptoundecanoic acid, MUA-AuNP). AuNP capture by the monolayer proceeds with formation of Cu2+ - carboxylate coordination complexes. The captured AuNP appear as mono- and multi-layered clusters at high coverage on HOPG. The surface density of the captured AuNPs can be adjusted from AuNP multi-layers to isolated AuNPs by varying incubation times, MUA-AuNP concentration, the number density of carboxylic acids in the monolayer, the number of MUA per AuNP, and the post-incubation treatments.« less

Influence of the strength of the smectic order on the backbone anisotropy of side-chain liquid crystal polymers as revealed by SANS

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Noirez, L.; Keller, P.; Cotton, J. P.

1992-06-01

It is proposed that the strength of the smectic order determines the backbone anisotropy of side-chain liquid crystal polymers. Here this strength increases with the length of the alkyl terminal group of the mesogens. Two liquid crystal polymethacrylates differing only by the mesogenic tails —OCH3 and —OC4H9 are considered. The backbone anisotropy of these polymers is measured by small angle neutron scattering (SANS) whereas the smectic order is evaluated from the intensity of the 001 Bragg peak. Il est proposé que la qualité de l'ordre smectique détermine l'anisotropie du squelette de polymères mésomorphes en peigne confinés dans les lamelles. Ici l'ordre smectique est augmenté en allongeant le groupe alkyl terminal des mésogènes. Nous étudions deux polyméthacrylates cristal liquide qui ne différent que par leurs groupes terminaux : —OCH3 et —OC4H9. L'anisotropie du squellete est mesurée par diffusion de neutrons aux petits angles tandis que l'ordre smectique est évalué à l'aide de l'intensité du pic de Bragg 001.

The rate of charge tunneling is insensitive to polar terminal groups in self-assembled monolayers in Ag(TS)S(CH2)(n)M(CH2)(m)T//Ga2O3/EGaIn junctions.

PubMed

Yoon, Hyo Jae; Bowers, Carleen M; Baghbanzadeh, Mostafa; Whitesides, George M

2014-01-08

This paper describes a physical-organic study of the effect of uncharged, polar, functional groups on the rate of charge transport by tunneling across self-assembled monolayer (SAM)-based large-area junctions of the form Ag(TS)S(CH2)(n)M(CH2)(m)T//Ga2O3/EGaIn. Here Ag(TS) is a template-stripped silver substrate, -M- and -T are "middle" and "terminal" functional groups, and EGaIn is eutectic gallium-indium alloy. Twelve uncharged polar groups (-T = CN, CO2CH3, CF3, OCH3, N(CH3)2, CON(CH3)2, SCH3, SO2CH3, Br, P(O)(OEt)2, NHCOCH3, OSi(OCH3)3), having permanent dipole moments in the range 0.5 < μ < 4.5, were incorporated into the SAM. A comparison of the electrical characteristics of these junctions with those of junctions formed from n-alkanethiolates led to the conclusion that the rates of charge tunneling are insensitive to the replacement of terminal alkyl groups with the terminal polar groups in this set. The current densities measured in this work suggest that the tunneling decay parameter and injection current for SAMs terminated in nonpolar n-alkyl groups, and polar groups selected from common polar organic groups, are statistically indistinguishable.

Mechanistic study of atomic layer deposition of Al{sub x}Si{sub y}O thin film via in-situ FTIR spectroscopy

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cho, Jea; Kim, Taeseung; Seegmiller, Trevor

2015-09-15

A study of surface reaction mechanism on atomic layer deposition (ALD) of aluminum silicate (Al{sub x}Si{sub y}O) was conducted with trimethylaluminum (TMA) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as precursors and H{sub 2}O as the oxidant. In-situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was utilized to elucidate the underlying surface mechanism that enables the deposition of Al{sub x}Si{sub y}O by ALD. In-situ FTIR study revealed that ineffective hydroxylation of the surface ethoxy (–OCH{sub 2}CH{sub 3}) groups prohibits ALD of SiO{sub 2} by TEOS/H{sub 2}O. In contrast, effective desorption of the surface ethoxy group was observed in TEOS/H{sub 2}O/TMA/H{sub 2}O chemistry. The presence of Al-OH*more » group in vicinity of partially hydroxylated ethoxy (–OCH{sub 2}CH{sub 3}) group was found to propagate disproportionation reaction, which results in ALD of Al{sub x}Si{sub y}O. The maximum thickness from incorporation of SiO{sub x} from alternating exposures of TEOS/H{sub 2}O chemistry in Al{sub x}Si{sub y}O was found to be ∼2 Å, confirmed by high resolution transmission electron microscopy measurements.« less

Proceedings of Image Understanding Workshop Held at Miami, Florida on 9- 10 December 1985

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-12-01

established powerful tecl’n;ques f()( adaptatiOn and change in these networks (Feldmar.. 1982). A major milc:su..ne was ac;hie~ed with Sabbah’s thesis ...guation." Ph.D. thesis , Cor.1puter Science Dept.., Unh. Rochester. r\\p.il 1985; also TR145. Comput~.:r Science Dept, Lmv. Rochester. ~ .. 1ay, 1985...i(ien.:e Maater’• Thesis , 1985. Fl«lc, Mar~arrt. "Local Rotational !’yiDmetria: ~.t~hu!~etts Institute o( Tcc:hnology Dep.~rtmeot ol Electrical

Simulation of Oil Slick Transport in Great Lakes Connecting Channels. Theory and Model Formulation

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-02-01

Cox 1979, Foda and Cox 1980). These complex mathemati- cal treatments are not suitable for real field problems. In the present study, a Lagrangian... analysis (Fischer et al. 1979), where 1 cp - 1.0x0 2 g/cm-s - 2A lb/ft-hr. 13 V"= (4ET/t)"/2 (27) where 8t is a time step. Murray (1972), using the... analysis . This is equivalent to excluding the parcels located at a radial distance greater than 2.2 r from the centroid of the slick. This was

Selective binding of Ca2+, Zn2+, Cu2+ and K+ by the physodes of the green alga Mougeotia scalaris.

PubMed

Tretyn, A; Grolig, F; Magdowski, G; Wagner, G

1996-01-01

Cells of the zygnematophycean green alga Mougeotia contain numerous globules with polyphenolic matrix, which resemble physodes. In order to analyse the capability of this compartment to sequester various ions, trichomes of Mougeotia scalaris were either fixed for X-ray microanalysis simultaneously in 2% glutardialdehyde/1% OsO4 in phosphate buffers of different K+/Na(+)-ratios, or embedded directly (fresh material) in Nanoplast resin. In addition, fixed material was treated with potassium antimonate and Ca2+ localization was examined by electron microscopic cytochemistry. A Ca(2+)-depletion upon fixation at different K+/Na(+)-ratios resulted in selective uptake of potassium, but not sodium. Consistent with earlier findings, calcium-binding by the polyphenolic physode matrix does not depend merely on electric charge but also on the presence of protonated/deprotonated phenolic groups, together with ester-linked carbonyl oxygen, which seem to be good candidates for a co-ordinate type of calcium-binding. Nanoplast embedding turned out to be the most adequate and fastest preparation for X-ray microanalysis and, apart from retaining calcium, allowed the detection of zinc and copper inside the physodes.

A fruitful demonstration in sensors based on upconversion luminescence of Yb3+/Er3+codoped Sb2O3-WO3-Li2O (SWL) glass-ceramic

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Prasad Sukul, Prasenjit; Kumar, Kaushal

2016-07-01

In this article, erbium and ytterbium doped lithium tungsten antimonate (Yb3+/Er3+:Sb2O3-WO3-Li2O) glass-ceramics (GC) is synthesized and its novel applications in temperature sensing and detection of latent fingerprints is studied. It is also estimated that this material could be useful as a solar cell concentrator. The upconversion emission studies on Yb3+/Er3+:SWL glass-ceramics have shown intense green emission at 525 nm (2H11/2 → 4I15/2) & 545 nm (4s3/2 → 4I15/2). The variation of UC intensities with external temperature have shown a well-fashioned pattern, which suggests that the 2H11/2 and 4S3/2 levels of Er3+ ion are thermally coupled and can act as a temperature sensor in the 300-500 K temperature range. Dry powder of Yb3+/Er3+:SWL glass-ceramic is used to develop latent fingerprint with high contrast in green color on glass slide.

Cytochemical localization of calcium in cap cells of primary roots of Zea mays L

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Moore, R.

1986-01-01

The distribution of calcium (Ca) in caps of vertically- and horizontally-oriented roots of Zea mays was monitored to determine its possible role in root graviresponsiveness. A modification of the antimonate precipitation procedure was used to localize Ca in situ. In vertically-oriented roots, the presumed graviperceptive (i.e., columella) cells were characterized by minimal and symmetric staining of the plasmalemma and mitochondria. No precipitate was present in plasmodesmata or cell walls. Within 5 min after horizontal reorientation, staining was associated with the portion of the cell wall adjacent to the distal end of the cell. This asymmetric staining persisted throughout the onset of gravicurvature. No staining of lateral cell walls of columella cells was observed at any stage of gravicurvature, suggesting that a lateral flow of Ca through the columella tissue of horizontally-oriented roots does not occur. The outermost peripheral cells of roots oriented horizontally and vertically secrete Ca through plasmodesmata-like structures in their cell walls. These results are discussed relative to proposed roles of root-cap Ca in root gravicurvature.

European Research Program on Viscous Flows

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-11-01

hochviskoser Flassigkeiten. To be published in Acta Mechanica (1980) 8.36b K.O. Felsch Ein Beitrag zur Berechnung der Str ~ mung in einer Tesla- M...R. Schilling Berechnung der ausgebillten Str ~ mung in gekrummten Kanalen R. Simon mit rechteckigem Quersclnitt. Recent developments in theoretical an...package. co 12 REFERENCES No. Author Title, etc 1.4a S.G. Sundkvist V~rmek&llors inverkan pd str ~mning och temperatur i ventiler- ade lokaler (Numerisk

Validity of the classical monte carlo method to model the magnetic properties of a large transition-metal cluster: Mn19.

PubMed

Lima, Nicola; Caneschi, Andrea; Gatteschi, Dante; Kritikos, Mikael; Westin, L Gunnar

2006-03-20

The susceptibility of the large transition-metal cluster [Mn19O12(MOE)14(MOEH)10].MOEH (MOE = OC2H2O-CH3) has been fitted through classical Monte Carlo simulation, and an estimation of the exchange coupling constants has been done. With these results, it has been possible to perform a full-matrix diagonalization of the cluster core, which was used to provide information on the nature of the low-lying levels.

Synthesis and Characterization of New Phosphazene Polymers.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-01-21

reaction of a poly( alkyl /arylphosphazene). In this study, one-half of the methyl groups in [Ph(Me)PN]n (chosen for its solubility in THF as opposed to...polymerization reaction ; and (5) the derivative chemistry of the preformed poly( alkyl /arylphosphazenes)., Synthesis of Poly( alkyl /arylphosphazenes) SC A... vessels , these phosphoranimines quantitatively eliminate the silyl ether byproduct, Me3SiOCH2CF 3 , to form the poly( alkyl /arylphosphazenes). The synthesis

Third Supplement to ’A Catalog of the Mosquitoes of the World’ (Diptera: Culicidae)

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-11-01

Type loc.: Jabilla. Quesedas del Medio . Apure State. Venezuela (holotype 6: DERM). isabelae Duret Harbach et a!. 1991:194 (holotype 6: change A to USNM...de Venezuela. Bol. Dir. Ma- Morphological and genetic characteriza- laniol. Saneam. Ambient . 27:94-104. A tion of the Aedes (Och/croiatius) commuflis...Fam- in]" (Diptera: Culicidae) por medio de tar- ily Culicidae. pp. 191-218. In: N.L. Even- jetas perforadas. Physis (B. Aires) 17:535- huis (ed

Vapor pressure of germanium precursors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pangrác, J.; Fulem, M.; Hulicius, E.; Melichar, K.; Šimeček, T.; Růžička, K.; Morávek, P.; Růžička, V.; Rushworth, S. A.

2008-11-01

The vapor pressure of two germanium precursors tetrakis(methoxy)germanium (Ge(OCH 3) 4, CASRN 992-91-6) and tetrakis(ethoxy)germanium (Ge(OC 2H 5) 4, CASRN 14165-55-0) was determined using a static method in the temperature range 259-303 K. The experimental vapor pressure data were fit with the Antoine equation. The mass spectra before and after degassing by vacuum distillation at low temperature are also reported and discussed.

Candida albicans mannans mediate Streptococcus mutans exoenzyme GtfB binding to modulate cross-kingdom biofilm development in vivo.

PubMed

Hwang, Geelsu; Liu, Yuan; Kim, Dongyeop; Li, Yong; Krysan, Damian J; Koo, Hyun

2017-06-01

Candida albicans is frequently detected with heavy infection by Streptococcus mutans in plaque-biofilms from children with early-childhood caries (ECC). This cross-kingdom biofilm contains an extensive matrix of extracellular α-glucans that is produced by an exoenzyme (GtfB) secreted by S. mutans. Here, we report that mannans located on the outer surface of C. albicans cell-wall mediates GtfB binding, enhancing glucan-matrix production and modulating bacterial-fungal association within biofilms formed in vivo. Using single-molecule atomic force microscopy, we determined that GtfB binds with remarkable affinity to mannans and to the C. albicans surface, forming a highly stable and strong bond (1-2 nN). However, GtfB binding properties to C. albicans was compromised in strains defective in O-mannan (pmt4ΔΔ) or N-mannan outer chain (och1ΔΔ). In particular, the binding strength of GtfB on och1ΔΔ strain was severely disrupted (>3-fold reduction vs. parental strain). In turn, the GtfB amount on the fungal surface was significantly reduced, and the ability of C. albicans mutant strains to develop mixed-species biofilms with S. mutans was impaired. This phenotype was independent of hyphae or established fungal-biofilm regulators (EFG1, BCR1). Notably, the mechanical stability of the defective biofilms was weakened, resulting in near complete biomass removal by shear forces. In addition, these in vitro findings were confirmed in vivo using a rodent biofilm model. Specifically, we observed that C. albicans och1ΔΔ was unable to form cross-kingdom biofilms on the tooth surface of rats co-infected with S. mutans. Likewise, co-infection with S. mutans defective in GtfB was also incapable of forming mixed-species biofilms. Taken together, the data support a mechanism whereby S. mutans-secreted GtfB binds to the mannan layer of C. albicans to promote extracellular matrix formation and their co-existence within biofilms. Enhanced understanding of GtfB-Candida interactions

Maternal high-fat diet acts on the brain to induce baroreflex dysfunction and sensitization of angiotensin II-induced hypertension in adult offspring.

PubMed

Zhang, Yu-Ping; Huo, Yan-Li; Fang, Zhi-Qin; Wang, Xue-Fang; Li, Jian-Dong; Wang, Hai-Ping; Peng, Wei; Johnson, Alan Kim; Xue, Baojian

2018-05-01

Accumulating evidence indicates that maternal high-fat diet (HFD) is associated with metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease in adult offspring. The present study tested the hypothesis that maternal HFD modulates the brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS), oxidative stress, and proinflammatory cytokines that alter angiotensin II (ANG II) and TNF-α actions and sensitize the ANG II-elicited hypertensive response in adult offspring. All offspring were cross fostered by dams on the same or opposite diet to yield the following four groups: offspring from normal-fat control diet-fed dams suckled by control diet-fed dams (OCC group) or by HFD-fed dams (OCH group) and offspring from HFD-fed dams fed a HFD suckled by control diet-fed dams (OHC group) or by HFD-fed dams (OHH group). RT-PCR analyses of the lamina terminalis and paraventricular nucleus indicated upregulation of mRNA expression of several RAS components, NADPH oxidase, and proinflammatory cytokines in 10-wk-old male offspring of dams fed a HFD during either pregnancy, lactation, or both (OHC, OCH, and OHH groups). These offspring also showed decreased cardiac baroreflex sensitivity and increased pressor responses to intracerebroventricular microinjection of either ANG II or TNF-α. Furthermore, chronic systemic infusion of ANG II resulted in enhanced upregulation of mRNA expression of RAS components, NADPH oxidase, and proinflammatory cytokines in the lamina terminalis and paraventricular nucleus and an augmented hypertensive response in the OHC, OCH, and OHH groups compared with the OCC group. The results suggest that maternal HFD blunts cardiac baroreflex function and enhances pressor responses to ANG II or proinflammatory cytokines through upregulation of the brain RAS, oxidative stress, and inflammation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The results of our study indicate that a maternal high-fat diet during either pregnancy or lactation is sufficient for perinatal programming of sensitization for hypertension, which is

Searching for trans ethyl methyl ether in Orion KL⋆

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tercero, B.; Cernicharo, J.; López, A.; Brouillet, N.; Kolesniková, L.; Motiyenko, R. A.; Margulès, L.; Alonso, J. L.; Guillemin, J.-C.

2015-10-01

We report on the tentative detection of trans ethyl methyl ether (tEME), t-CH3CH2OCH3, through the identification of a large number of rotational lines from each one of the spin states of the molecule towards Orion KL. We also search for gauche-trans-n-propanol, Gt-n-CH3CH2CH2OH, an isomer of tEME in the same source. We have identified lines of both species in the IRAM 30 m line survey and in the ALMA Science Verification data. We have obtained ALMA maps to establish the spatial distribution of these species. Whereas tEME mainly arises from the compact ridge component of Orion, Gt-n-propanol appears at the emission peak of ethanol (south hot core). The derived column densities of these species at the location of their emission peaks are ≤(4.0 ± 0.8) × 1015 cm-2 and ≤(1.0 ± 0.2) × 1015 cm-2 for tEME and Gt-n-propanol, respectively. The rotational temperature is ~100 K for both molecules. We also provide maps of CH3OCOH, CH3CH2OCOH, CH3OCH3, CH3OH, and CH3CH2OH to compare the distribution of these organic saturated O-bearing species containing methyl and ethyl groups in this region. Abundance ratios of related species and upper limits to the abundances of non-detected ethers are provided. We derive an abundance ratio N(CH3OCH3)/N(tEME) ≥ 150 in the compact ridge of Orion. This paper makes use of the following ALMA data: ADS/JAO.ALMA#2011.0.00009.SV. ALMA is a partnership of ESO (representing its member states), NSF (USA), and NINS (Japan) with NRC (Canada), NSC, and ASIAA (Taiwan), and KASI (Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, AUI/NRAO, and NAOJ. This work was also based on observations carried out with the IRAM 30-m telescope. IRAM is supported by INSU/CNRS (France), MPG (Germany), and IGN (Spain).Appendix A is available in electronic form at http://www.aanda.org

Thermal Decomposition Mechanisms of Lignin Model Compounds: From Phenol to Vanillin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Scheer, Adam Michael

Lignin is a complex, aromatic polymer abundant in cellulosic biomass (trees, switchgrass etc.). Thermochemical breakdown of lignin for liquid fuel production results in undesirable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that lead to tar and soot byproducts. The fundamental chemistry governing these processes is not well understood. We have studied the unimolecular thermal decomposition mechanisms of aromatic lignin model compounds using a miniature SiC tubular reactor. Products are detected and characterized using time-of-flight mass spectrometry with both single photon (118.2 nm; 10.487 eV) and 1 + 1 resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) as well as matrix isolation infrared spectroscopy. Gas exiting the heated reactor (300 K--1600 K) is subject to a free expansion after a residence time of approximately 100 micros. The expansion into vacuum rapidly cools the gas mixture and allows the detection of radicals and other highly reactive intermediates. By understanding the unimolecular fragmentation patterns of phenol (C6H5OH), anisole (C6H 5OCH3) and benzaldehyde (C6H5CHO), the more complicated thermocracking processes of the catechols (HO-C 6H4-OH), methoxyphenols (HO-C6H4-OCH 3) and hydroxybenzaldehydes (HO-C6H4-CHO) can be interpreted. These studies have resulted in a predictive model that allows the interpretation of vanillin, a complex phenolic ether containing methoxy, hydroxy and aldehyde functional groups. This model will serve as a guide for the pyrolyses of larger systems including lignin monomers such as coniferyl alcohol. The pyrolysis mechanisms of the dimethoxybenzenes (H3C-C 6H4-OCH3) and syringol, a hydroxydimethoxybenzene have also been studied. These results will aid in the understanding of the thermal fragmentation of sinapyl alcohol, the most complex lignin monomer. In addition to the model compound work, pyrolyisis of biomass has been studied via the pulsed laser ablation of poplar wood. With the REMPI scheme, aromatic lignin decomposition

Self Occlusion and Disocclusion in Causal Video Object Segmentation

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-12-18

computation is parameter- free in contrast to [4, 32, 10]. Taylor et al . [30] perform layer segmentation in longer video sequences leveraging occlusion cues...shows that our method recovers from errors in the first frame (short of failed detection). 4413 image ground truth Lee et al . [19] Grundman et al . [14...Ochs et al . [23] Taylor et al . [30] ours Figure 7. Sample Visual Results on FBMS-59. Comparison of various state-of-the-art methods. Only a single

The Opposing Roles of Nucleophosmin and the ARF Tumor Suppressor in Breast Cancer

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-04-01

3. Bertwistle, D ., M. Sugimoto, and C . J. Sherr. 2004. Physical and functional interactions of the Arf tumor suppressor protein with nucleophosmin...Kindbeiter, J. C . Sanchez, A. Greco, D . Hochstrasser, and J. J. Diaz. 2002. Functional proteomic analysis of human nucleolus. Mol Biol Cell 13:4100-9...21. Sherr, C . J., and J. D . Weber. 2000. The ARF/p53 pathway. Curr Opin Genet Dev 10:94-9. 22. Spector, D . L., R. L. Ochs, and H. Busch. 1984

Reactions and Interactions in Liquid Crystalline Media

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-10-30

nematic lyophases of potassium laurate, myristyl tri methylammonium bromide or sodium decylsulfate with 1-decanol and 23 water. A strong retardation of the...crystalline polyacrylate crosslinked elastomers were synthesized. 198c 0 0 96 0 0 0O-(CH12 ) 2 -0O(k 97 Crosslinking, up to 10% of structural units produced...in their isotropic state and they work as the transporting phase for the azo-crown ether molecules. The permeation of K+ from a potassium p

Water-Soluble Polyphosphazenes and Their Hydrogels

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-05-18

side groups, such as -OH, -COONa, -NH2, -NHCH3, -SO3", or -C=O, or amphiphilic units such as -OCH2CH20-, etc. High concentrations of hydrophilic side...soluble polymers since it allows a high degree of utilization of molecular design and either extensive or subtle structural manipulation. The third...advantages for development as water-soluble polymers or hydrogels. The backbone is hydrophilic, the chain structure has a high 3 degree of flexibility, and

Polymerization of styrene with cyclopentadienyl nickel complex/methylaluminoxane

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yu, Dongping; Zhang, Danfeng

2017-09-01

Polystyrene was synthesized by Cp(CH2CH2OCH3)NiCl(PPh3) in the presence of methylaluminoxane (MAO). This complex displayed a very high activity for styrene polymerization up to 107 g.mol-1Nih-1. 76.6% styrene was converted to polystyrene (PS) with an average molecular (Mn) of 1.13×105 at 50 °C in 30 min. The structure of the obtained polymer was characterized by 1H NMR and FT-IR.

Research on Organofluorine Chemistry for 700 Degrees F Thermooxidative Stability

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-06-29

8217) 4 NC-OC (CF’), CH, + NC- OCH2CF3 The products can be readily converted to amides , i.e., R-O CN H O,/KOH >C2H3OH 0()~ Conversion of these amides ...isopropyl)phenyl, pentamethylcyclopentadiene (Cp’), (b) highly substituted methyl systems, e.g., bis (trimethylsilyl)methyl and tris(trimethylsilyl)methyl... fluorosulfonyl derivatives, find application in the production of strong sulfonic acids, ion-exchange resins, surface active agents and perfluorinated

Endotracheal Suctioning in Preterm Infants Using Four-Handed versus Routine Care

PubMed Central

Cone, Sharon; Pickler, Rita H.; Grap, Mary Jo; McGrath, Jacqueline; Wiley, Paul M.

2013-01-01

Objective To evaluate the effect of four-handed care on preterm infants’ physiologic and behavioral responses to and recovery from endotracheal suctioning versus routine endotracheal (ETT) suctioning. Design Randomized crossover design with infants as their own controls. Setting Single-family-room newborn intensive care unit in an academic health center. Participants Ten intubated infants on conventional ventilation with inline suctioning who were fewer than 37 weeks gestation at birth, and less than one week of age. Methods Each infant was observed twice on a single day. One observation involved routine ETT suctioning and one involved four-handed care. Physiologic and behavioral response data were collected. Results No differences were noted when comparing baseline heart rate (HR) or oxygen saturation (SpO2) data to those obtained during and after suctioning while in the routine care condition. In the four-handed care condition, mean SpO2 increased from preobservation 95.49 to during observation saturation 97.75 (p = .001). Salivary cortisol levels did not differ between groups at baseline or postsuctioning. No significant difference in behavior state was observed between the two conditions. More stress and defense behaviors occurred postsuctioning when infants received routine care as opposed to four-handed care (p = .001) and more self-regulatory behaviors were exhibited by infants during (p = .019) and after suctioning (p = .016) when receiving four-handed care. No statistical difference was found in the number of monitor call-backs postsuctioning. Conclusions Four-handed care during suctioning was associated with a decrease in stress and defense behaviors and an increase in self-regulatory behaviors. PMID:23316894

Deep millimeter spectroscopy observations toward NGC 1068

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Qiu, Jianjie; Wang, Junzhi; Shi, Yong; Zhang, Jiangshui; Fang, Min; Li, Fei

2018-05-01

Aims: We aim for a better understanding of gas properties in the circum-nuclear disk (CND) region of the nearby gas-rich Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 1068. We focus on line identification and the basic physical parameters estimation of molecular gas in the CND region. Methods: We used the IRAM 30 m telescope to conduct deep millimeter spectroscopy observations toward the center of NGC 1068. Results: Thirty-two lines were detected in this galaxy, 15 lines of wich were detected for the first time. With a sensitivity better by about a factor of 4 than observations in the literature for this source at 3 mm band, we detected several weak lines for the first time in this source, such as lines from CH3CCH, CH3OCH3, and HC18O+. Column densities of these molecules were estimated based on line emissions. Some marginal detections in the literature, such as HN13C (1-0), were confirmed. CH3OCH3 was detected for the first time in external galaxies. Lines from several carbon chain molecules and shock-related molecules were also detected in this source. The reduced spectrum (FITS file) is only available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or via http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/qcat?J/A+A/613/A3

Intramolecular Oxidative O-Demethylation of an Oxoferryl Porphyrin Complexed with a Per-O-methylated β-Cyclodextrin Dimer.

PubMed

Kitagishi, Hiroaki; Kurosawa, Shun; Kano, Koji

2016-11-22

The intramolecular oxidation of ROCH 3 to ROCH 2 OH, where the latter compound spontaneously decomposed to ROH and HCHO, was observed during the reaction of the supramolecular complex (met-hemoCD3) with cumene hydroperoxide in aqueous solution. Met-hemoCD3 is composed of meso-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphinatoiron(III) (Fe III TPPS) and a per-O-methylated β-cyclodextrin dimer having an -OCH 2 PyCH 2 O- linker (Py=pyridine-3,5-diyl). The O=Fe IV TPPS complex was formed by the reaction of met-hemoCD3 with cumene hydroperoxide, and isolated by gel-filtration chromatography. Although the isolated O=Fe IV TPPS complex in the cyclodextrin cage was stable in aqueous solution at 25 °C, it was gradually converted to Fe II TPPS (t 1/2 =7.6 h). This conversion was accompanied by oxidative O-demethylation of an OCH 3 group in the cyclodextrin dimer. The results indicated that hydrogen abstraction by O=Fe IV TPPS from ROCH 3 yields HO-Fe III TPPS and ROCH 2 . . This was followed by radical coupling to afford Fe II TPPS and ROCH 2 OH. The hemiacetal (ROCH 2 OH) immediately decomposed to ROH and HCHO. This study revealed the ability of oxoferryl porphyrin to induce two-electron oxidation. © 2016 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Electrochemically assisted fabrication of size-exclusion films of organically modified silica and application to the voltammetry of phospholipids.

PubMed

Mehdi, B Layla; Rutkowska, Iwona A; Kulesza, Pawel J; Cox, James A

2013-06-01

Modification of electrodes with nm-scale organically modified silica films with pores diameters controlled at 10- and 50-nm is described. An oxidation catalyst, mixed-valence ruthenium oxide with cyano crosslinks or gold nanoparticles protected by dirhodium-substituted phosophomolybdate (AuNP-Rh 2 PMo 11 ), was immobilized in the pores. These systems comprise size-exclusion films at which the biological compounds, phosphatidylcholine and cardiolipin, were electrocatalytically oxidized without interference from surface-active concomitants such as bovine serum albumin. 10-nm pores were obtained by adding generation-4 poly(amidoamine) dendrimer, G4-PAMAM, to a (CH 3 ) 3 SiOCH 3 sol. 50-nm pores were obtained by modifying a glassy carbon electrode (GC) with a sub-monolayer film of aminopropyltriethoxylsilane, attaching 50-nm diameter poly(styrene sulfonate), PSS, spheres to the protonated amine, transferring this electrode to a (CH 3 ) 3 SiOCH 3 sol, and electrochemically generating hydronium at uncoated GC sites, which catalyzed ormosil growth around the PSS. Voltammetry of Fe(CN) 6 3- and Ru(NH 3 ) 6 3+ demonstrated the absence of residual charge after removal of the templating agents. With the 50-nm system, the pore structure was sufficiently defined to use layer-by-layer electrostatic assembly of AuNP-Rh 2 PMo 11 therein. Flow injection amperometry of phosphatidylcholine and cardiolipin demonstrated analytical utility of these electrodes.

OH Production from Reactions of Organic Peroxy Radicals with HO2 : Recent Studies on Ether-Derived Peroxy Radicals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Orlando, J. J.; Tyndall, G. S.; Kegley Owen, C. S.; Reynoldson, N.

2013-12-01

There is now ample evidence supporting significant formation of OH radicals in the reaction of HO2 with certain organic peroxy radicals (RO2). These reaction channels serve to promote radical propagation, and thus have the potential to alter HOx budgets and partitioning and hence tropospheric oxidative capacity. While much focus has been placed on OH production from reactions involving carbonyl-containing RO2 species, it is also the case that other oxygen- substituted peroxy species (e.g., CH3OCH2OO, HOCH2OO) likely generate OH in their reactions with HO2 (see ref. 1 and refs therein). In this work, the Cl-atom-initiated oxidation of two ethers, diethyl and diisopropyl ether, is investigated over ranges of conditions in an environmental chamber, using both FTIR and GC-FID methods for product quantification. Preliminary analysis suggests that significant OH production is occurring in the reaction of HO2 with CH3CH2OCH(OO)CH3, and also provides evidence for a rapid unimolecular reaction of diisopropyl ether-derived peroxy radicals. Details of these and other results will be described. 1. Orlando, J. J., and G. S. Tyndall, 2012: Laboratory studies of organic peroxy radical chemistry: an overview with emphasis on recent issues of atmospheric significance, Chemical Society Reviews, 41, 6294-6317, doi: 10.1039/C2CS35166H.

Abolishment of N-glycan mannosylphosphorylation in glyco-engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae by double disruption of MNN4 and MNN14 genes.

PubMed

Kim, Yeong Hun; Kang, Ji-Yeon; Gil, Jin Young; Kim, Sang-Yoon; Shin, Keun Koo; Kang, Hyun Ah; Kim, Jeong-Yoon; Kwon, Ohsuk; Oh, Doo-Byoung

2017-04-01

Mannosylphosphorylated glycans are found only in fungi, including yeast, and the elimination of mannosylphosphates from glycans is a prerequisite for yeast glyco-engineering to produce human-compatible glycoproteins. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, MNN4 and MNN6 genes are known to play roles in mannosylphosphorylation, but disruption of these genes does not completely remove the mannosylphosphates in N-glycans. This study was performed to find unknown key gene(s) involved in N-glycan mannosylphosphorylation in S. cerevisiae. For this purpose, each of one MNN4 and five MNN6 homologous genes were deleted from the och1Δmnn1Δmnn4Δmnn6Δ strain, which lacks yeast-specific hyper-mannosylation and the immunogenic α(1,3)-mannose structure. N-glycan profile analysis of cell wall mannoproteins and a secretory recombinant protein produced in mutants showed that the MNN14 gene, an MNN4 paralog with unknown function, is essential for N-glycan mannosylphosphorylation. Double disruption of MNN4 and MNN14 genes was enough to eliminate N-glycan mannosylphosphorylation. Our results suggest that the S. cerevisiae och1Δmnn1Δmnn4Δmnn14Δ strain, in which all yeast-specific N-glycan structures including mannosylphosphorylation are abolished, may have promise as a useful platform for glyco-engineering to produce therapeutic glycoproteins with human-compatible N-glycans.

Non-strinking siloxane polymers

DOEpatents

Loy, Douglas A.; Rahimian, Kamyar

2001-01-01

Cross-linked polymers formed by ring-opening polymerization of a precursor monomer of the general formula R[CH.sub.2 CH(Si(CH.sub.3).sub.2).sub.2 O].sub.2, where R is a phenyl group or an alkyl group having at least two carbon atoms. A cross-linked polymer is synthesized by mixing the monomer with a co-monomer of the general formula CH.sub.2 CHR.sup.2 (SiMe.sub.2).sub.2 O in the presence of an anionic base to form a cross-linked polymer of recurring units of the general formula R(Me.sub.2 SiOCH.sub.2 CHSiMe.sub.2).sub.2 [CH.sub.2 CHR.sup.2 (SiMe.sub.2).sub.2 O].sub.n, where R.sup.2 is hydrogen, phenyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl. If the precursor monomer is a liquid, the polymer can be directly synthesized in the presence of an anionic base to a cross-linked polymer containing recurring units of the general formula R(Me.sub.2 SiOCH.sub.2 CHSiMe.sub.2).sub.2. The polymers have approximately less than 1% porosity and are thermally stable at temperatures up to approximately 500.degree. C. The conversion to the cross-linked polymer occurs by ring opening polymerization and results in shrinkage of less than approximately 5% by volume.

Tinian Island Nas, Mariana Islands. Revised Uniform Summary of Surface Weather Observations (RUSSWO). Parts A-F.

DTIC Science & Technology

1973-05-25

oonO. L yJab1Qps 1009100 ’A1!k 10 0ki 10.100.1( 0o l0,1, 10,110 10,1D. TOTAL NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS ’ATA PP~i/fSS7I’% ;Ar.C; ’A ET.T CEILING VERSUS...t 52 .j 8 2@0 2 7 000 W T - 12 0 IT a? a 3 td $ 84*86 1 4? e 8 29 F2, IT~ 8612, 82 13 11. . 6 000 2* 1 Its . 0 2F 4) , 8206.~ 828~j 82.P p 2 > 5000 k

Complete Obstruction of Endotracheal Tube in an Infant with a Retropharyngeal and Anterior Mediastinal Abscess.

PubMed

Thapa, Dennis B; Greene, Nathaniel H; Udani, Andrea G

2017-01-01

Intraoperative ventilatory failure is not an uncommon complication; however, acute endotracheal obstruction by a foreign body or blood clot can be difficult to quickly discriminate from other causes. Once the diagnosis is made, quick action is needed to restore ventilation. The ultimate solution is to exchange the endotracheal tube; however, there can be other ways of resolving this in situations where reintubation would be difficult or unsafe. This case report discusses such an event in an infant with multiple airway challenges including a retropharyngeal and anterior mediastinal abscess. We have also formulated a pathway based on various case reports involving complete ETT obstruction.

What does it take to start an oropharyngeal fire? Oxygen requirements to start fires in the operating room.

PubMed

Roy, Soham; Smith, Lee P

2011-02-01

Airway fires are a well-described and potentially devastating complication of oropharyngeal surgery. However, the actual factors required to ignite the fire have never been well-delineated in the medical literature. In this study, we used a mechanical model to assess the oxygen parameters necessary to cause an oropharyngeal fire. An electrosurgical unit (Bovie) was grounded to a whole raw chicken and a 6.0 endotracheal tube (ETT) was inserted into the cranial end of the degutted central cavity. Oxygen (O(2)) was then titrated through the ETT tube at varying concentrations, with flow rates varying from 10 to 15L/min. Electrocautery (at a setting of 15W) was performed on tissue in the central cavity of the chicken near the ETT. All trials were repeated twice to ensure accuracy. Positive test results were quantified by the time required to obtain ignition of any part of the mechanical setup and time required to produce a sustained flame. A test was considered negative if no ignition could be obtained after four minutes of direct electrocautery. At an O(2) concentration of 100% and a flow rate of 15L/min, ignition with a sustained flame was obtained between 15 and 30s after initiation of electrocautery. At 100% O(2) at 10L/min, ignition was obtained at 70s with immediate sustained flame. At an O(2) concentration of 60%, ignition occurred at 25s and sustained fire after 60s. At an O(2) concentration of 50% ignition with a sustained flame occurred between 128 and 184s. At an O(2) concentration of 45%, neither ignition nor sustained flames could be obtained in any trial. Operating room fires remain a genuine danger when performing oropharyngeal surgery where electrocautery is performed in an oxygen-enriched environment. In our study, higher O(2) flow rates with higher FiO(2) correlated with quicker ignition in the chicken cavity. A fire was easily obtained when using 100% O(2); as the O(2) concentration decreases, longer exposure to electrocautery is required for ignition

Nonaqueous electrocatalytic water oxidation by a surface-bound Ru(bda)(L)₂ complex.

PubMed

Sheridan, Matthew V; Sherman, Benjamin D; Wee, Kyung-Ryang; Marquard, Seth L; Gold, Alexander S; Meyer, Thomas J

2016-04-21

The rate of electrocatalytic water oxidation by the heterogeneous water oxidation catalyst [Ru(bda)(4-O(CH2)3P(O3H2)2-pyr)2], , (pyr = pyridine; bda = 2,2'-bipyridine-6,6'-dicarboxylate) on metal oxide surfaces is greatly enhanced relative to water as the solvent. In these experiments with propylene carbonate (PC) as the nonaqueous solvent, water is the limiting reagent. Mechanistic studies point to atom proton transfer (APT) as the rate limiting step in water oxidation catalysis.

Press Coverage of the Vietnam War: The Third View

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-05-25

Arents Research Library for Special Collections, Syracuse University, and Ms. Joan M. Hench of the US Army War College Library lightened this task by...two men with a keen and increasing awareness of the need for competent military coverage. Julius Ochs Adler, the No. 2 man, had a distinguished record...consisted of no more than two men each, both in the Pentagon. In each case only one was a specialist of long service on the military "beat" and all were

A novel approach to molecular similarity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cooper, David L.; Allan, Neil L.

1989-09-01

We review briefly the general problem of assessing the similarity between one molecule and another. We propose a novel approach to the quantitative estimation of the similarity of two electron distributions. The procedure is based on momentum space concepts, and avoids many of the difficulties associated with the usual position space definitions. Results are presented for the model systems CH3CH2CH3, CH3OCH3, CH3SCH3, H2O and H2S.

Experimental evidence of charge transfer in a functionalized hexavanadate: a high resolution X-ray diffraction study.

PubMed

Xu, Xiao; Spasojević-de Biré, Anne; Ghermani, Nour Eddine; Wei, Yongge; Novaković, Sladjana; Bošnjaković-Pavlović, Nada; Wu, Pingfan

2017-07-19

A high resolution X-ray diffraction study has been carried out on [(C 4 H 9 ) 4 N] 2 [V 6 O 13 {(OCH 2 ) 3 CCH 2 OCCH 2 CH 3 } 2 ] (V6-C3) at 100 K. The V6 core possesses a negative charge, leading to a strong polarization of the anion. A nucleophilic region localized near the organic moiety and an electrophilic region in the vicinity of the V6 core provide an overall description of charge-transfer behavior.

High Energy Halogen Chemistry.

DTIC Science & Technology

1978-01-01

underwent addition of triflic acid and of hydrochloric acid . The oxetane was polymerized ~zith phosphorous pentaflucride to ~lve a polymer stable to 2900...in aqueous dioxane . The oxetane was not affected by boron trifluoride etherate In chloroform, or by methanolic solutions of sulfuric or triflic acids ...concentrated hydrochloric acid to give 3-chloro-2-fluoro-2-nitro-l-propanol. NO • i 2 NO2OH CF I + CF SOH— 3 CF SO OCH CCH OH O OH ~ 3 3 2 2~ 2 F NO NO

Development and application of a robust speciation method for determination of six arsenic compounds present in human urine.

PubMed Central

Milstein, Lisa S; Essader, Amal; Pellizzari, Edo D; Fernando, Reshan A; Raymer, James H; Levine, Keith E; Akinbo, Olujide

2003-01-01

Six arsenic species [arsenate, arsenite, arsenocholine, arsenobetaine, monomethyl arsonic acid, and dimethyl arsinic acid] present in human urine were determined using ion-exchange chromatography combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (IC-ICP-MS). Baseline separation was achieved for all six species as well as for the internal standard (potassium hexahydroxy antimonate V) in a single chromatographic run of less than 30 min, using an ammonium carbonate buffer gradient (between 10 and 50 mM) at ambient temperature, in conjunction with cation- and anion-exchange columns in series. The performance of the method was evaluated with respect to linearity, precision, accuracy, and detection limits. This method was applied to determine the concentration of these six arsenic species in human urine samples (n = 251) collected from a population-based exposure assessment survey. Method precision was demonstrated by the analysis of duplicate samples that were prepared over a 2-year analysis period. Total arsenic was also determined for the urine samples using flow injection analysis coupled to ICP-MS. The summed concentration of the arsenic species was compared with the measured arsenic total to demonstrate mass balance. PMID:12611657

A marker of animal-vegetal polarity in the egg of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. The pigment band.

PubMed

Sardet, C; Chang, P

1985-09-01

We have examined the subequatorial accumulation of pigment granules (the so-called 'pigment band') in the egg of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, which constitutes an unambiguous marker of animal-vegetal polarity. Most of the reddish pigment granules are situated at the periphery of the egg. They exhibit occasional saltatory movements and can aggregate into large patches. Pigment granules are retained as a band in the isolated cortex when the egg surface complex is isolated by shearing eggs attached to polylysine-coated surfaces with calcium-free isotonic solutions. Pigment granules remain as the main vesicular component of fertilized egg cortices or of unfertilized egg cortices perfused with calcium to provoke cortical granule exocytosis. They may be anchored to the isolated cortex through associations with the plasma membrane and with an extensive subsurface network of rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER). Pigment granules contain antimonate-precipitable calcium and, in this respect and many others, resemble acidic vesicles recently identified in the cortex of unpigmented sea urchin eggs. We discuss the similarities observed between granules and acidic vesicles in various urchin egg species and their possible functions.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Oshima, M.; Port, S.C.; Ray, G.

Forty-two patients (pts) with 1VD(greater than or equal to 70% stenosis and no prior infarction) undergoing PTCA provide a model to study the efficacy with which non-invasive tests can a) detect stress induced ischemia and b) reflect the reduction in stress induced ischemia expected from arteriographically successful PTCA. The diseased coronary was the right in 12, the circumflex in 3 and the LAD in 27 pts. Pre- and post- PTCA paired data were available from treadmill (ETT), planar thallium (Qual-T1), 7 pinhole tomography and 1st pass radionuclide angiograms (RNA) in 29, 26, 31 and 25 pts. After tomographic images weremore » digitized and analyzed by a computer, the intensity (=area/range, a numerical index of the severity of a defect) served as a quantitative T1 (Quant-T1). Criteria for ischemia were: significant ST change on ETT, unequivocal stress defects on Qual-T1, Quant-T1 intensity greater than or equal to 2.0, and exercise ejection fraction (Ex EF) greater than or equal to 0.55 or a new wall motion abnormality on Ex RNA. Ex EF was .61 +- .13 pre- and .63 +- .10 post-PTCA (p=NS). Quant-T1 intensity was 9.5 +- 7.1 pre- and 4.0 +- 5.5 post-PTCA (p=.0003). T1 testing was the most sensitive for detecting ischemia pre-PTCA. However, given an ischemic response pre-PTCA, the RNA showed the greatest trend toward normalization post-PTCA. If one test must be chosen Quant-T1 seems most appropriate in the evaluation of pre- and post- PTCA pts with 1VD.« less

Complete Obstruction of Endotracheal Tube in an Infant with a Retropharyngeal and Anterior Mediastinal Abscess

PubMed Central

Greene, Nathaniel H.

2017-01-01

Intraoperative ventilatory failure is not an uncommon complication; however, acute endotracheal obstruction by a foreign body or blood clot can be difficult to quickly discriminate from other causes. Once the diagnosis is made, quick action is needed to restore ventilation. The ultimate solution is to exchange the endotracheal tube; however, there can be other ways of resolving this in situations where reintubation would be difficult or unsafe. This case report discusses such an event in an infant with multiple airway challenges including a retropharyngeal and anterior mediastinal abscess. We have also formulated a pathway based on various case reports involving complete ETT obstruction. PMID:28299222

T helper type 2-polarized invariant natural killer T cells reduce disease severity in acute intra-abdominal sepsis

PubMed Central

Anantha, R V; Mazzuca, D M; Xu, S X; Porcelli, S A; Fraser, D D; Martin, C M; Welch, I; Mele, T; Haeryfar, S M M; McCormick, J K

2014-01-01

Sepsis is characterized by a severe systemic inflammatory response to infection that is associated with high morbidity and mortality despite optimal care. Invariant natural killer T (iNK T) cells are potent regulatory lymphocytes that can produce pro- and/or anti-inflammatory cytokines, thus shaping the course and nature of immune responses; however, little is known about their role in sepsis. We demonstrate here that patients with sepsis/severe sepsis have significantly elevated proportions of iNK T cells in their peripheral blood (as a percentage of their circulating T cells) compared to non-septic patients. We therefore investigated the role of iNK T cells in a mouse model of intra-abdominal sepsis (IAS). Our data show that iNK T cells are pathogenic in IAS, and that T helper type 2 (Th2) polarization of iNK T cells using the synthetic glycolipid OCH significantly reduces mortality from IAS. This reduction in mortality is associated with the systemic elevation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-13 and reduction of several proinflammatory cytokines within the spleen, notably interleukin (IL)-17. Finally, we show that treatment of sepsis with OCH in mice is accompanied by significantly reduced apoptosis of splenic T and B lymphocytes and macrophages, but not natural killer cells. We propose that modulation of iNK T cell responses towards a Th2 phenotype may be an effective therapeutic strategy in early sepsis. PMID:24965554

Functional disubstituted polyacetylenes: Synthesis, liquid crystallinity, light emission, and fluorescent photopatterning of biphenyl-containing poly(1-phenyl-octyne)s with different functional bridges.

PubMed

Lam, Jacky W Y; Qin, Anjun; Dong, Yuping; Lai, Lo Ming; Häussler, Matthias; Dong, Yongqiang; Tang, Ben Zhong

2006-11-02

Biphenyl (Biph)-containing 1-phenyl-1-octynes and their polymers are synthesized, and the effects of functional bridge groups on the mesomorphic and optical properties of the polymers are studied. The nonmesomorphic disubstituted acetylene monomers (C6H13)C[triple bond]C(C6H4)O(CH2)12O-Biph-OC7H15 (1), (C6H13)C[triple bond]C(C6H4)O(CH2)11OOC-Biph-OC7H15 (2), and (C6H13)C[triple bond]C(C6H4)CO2(CH2)12OOC-Biph-OC7H15 (3) are prepared by multistep reaction routes and converted into their corresponding polymers P1-P3 by a WCl6-Ph4Sn catalyst. The structures and properties of the polymers are characterized and evaluated by NMR, TGA, DSC, POM, XRD, UV, and PL analyses. The mesogenic pendants have endowed the polymers with high thermal stability (> or =400 degrees C). While P1 exhibits no liquid crystallinity, P2 and P3 form enantiotropic S(A) phase with a monolayer structure. Upon photoexcitation, the polymers emit blue and blue-green lights of 460 and 480 nm, respectively, in THF with quantum efficiencies larger than 30%. UV irradiation of a thin film of P2 through a mask oxidizes and quenches the light emission of the exposed regions, generating a two-dimensional luminescent photoimage.

A noticeable phenomenon: thiol terminal PEG enhances the immunogenicity of PEGylated emulsions injected intravenously or subcutaneously into rats.

PubMed

Wang, Chunling; Cheng, Xiaobo; Sui, Yue; Luo, Xiang; Jiang, Gongping; Wang, Yu; Huang, Zhenjun; She, Zhennan; Deng, Yihui

2013-11-01

Repeated intravenous injection of long-circulating methoxy-polyethylene glycol (PEG)-liposomes alters the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of the second administration, regarded as the "accelerated blood clearance (ABC) phenomenon." Nevertheless, the effect of terminal groups of distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine-polyethylene glycol (DSPE-PEG) on the induction of the ABC phenomenon had not been reported previously. In this study, rats were injected intravenously or subcutaneously with PEG coated emulsions (DE) which were prepared using PEG terminated with either the methoxyl (OCH3), hydroxyl (OH), amino (NH2), carboxyl (COOH), or thiol (SH) group. DE-OCH3 demonstrated the longest prolonged half-life in vivo after a single intravenous injection, followed by DE-SH and DE-COOH. In contrast, DE-OH was rapidly removed from the blood circulation, as was DE-NH2. Moreover, we observed a strong positive relationship between the circulation time of initially injected PEGylated emulsions and the extent to which the ABC phenomenon was induced, but a exception of DE-SH increasing the ABC effect. Furthermore, the present study suggested that thiols might stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of B cells to induce the fastest clearance of the second intravenous administration by inducing the synthesis of the cell membrane and cytosolic proteins or reacting with follicular dendritic cells. The results strongly suggested that thiol groups played a stimulatory role in the immune response and provided a considerable implication for multiple drug therapy of thiol groups. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Comparison of the crystal structures of methyl 4-bromo-2-(meth-oxy-meth-oxy)benzoate and 4-bromo-3-(meth-oxy-meth-oxy)benzoic acid.

PubMed

Suchetan, P A; Suneetha, V; Naveen, S; Lokanath, N K; Krishna Murthy, P

2016-04-01

The title compounds, C10H11BrO4, (I), and C9H9BrO4, (II), are derivatives of bromo-hy-droxy-benzoic acids. Compound (II) crystallizes with two independent mol-ecules (A and B) in the asymmetric unit. In both (I) and (II), the O-CH2-O-CH3 side chain is not in its fully extended conformation; the O-C-O-C torsion angle is 67.3 (3) ° in (I), and -65.8 (3) and -74.1 (3)° in mol-ecules A and B, respectively, in compound (II). In the crystal of (I), mol-ecules are linked by C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming C(5) chains along [010]. The chains are linked by short Br⋯O contacts [3.047 (2) Å], forming sheets parallel to the bc plane. The sheets are linked via C-H⋯π inter-actions, forming a three-dimensional architecture. In the crystal of (II), mol-ecules A and B are linked to form R 2 (2)(8) dimers via two strong O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. These dimers are linked into ⋯A-B⋯A-B⋯A-B⋯ [C 2 (2)(15)] chains along [011] by C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The chains are linked by slipped parallel π-π inter-actions [inter-centroid distances = 3.6787 (18) and 3.8431 (17) Å], leading to the formation of slabs parallel to the bc plane.

Oxidation of nitrite by a trans-dioxoruthenium(VI) complex: direct evidence for reversible oxygen atom transfer.

PubMed

Man, Wai-Lun; Lam, William W Y; Wong, Wai-Yeung; Lau, Tai-Chu

2006-11-15

Reaction of trans-[Ru(VI)(L)(O)(2)](2+) (1, L = 1,12-dimethyl-3,4:9,10-dibenzo-1,12-diaza-5,8-dioxacyclopentadecane, a tetradentate macrocyclic ligand with N(2)O(2) donor atoms) with nitrite in aqueous solution or in H(2)O/CH(3)CN produces the corresponding (nitrato)oxoruthenium(IV) species, trans-[Ru(IV)(L)(O)(ONO(2))](+) (2), which then undergoes relatively slow aquation to give trans-[Ru(IV)(L)(O)(OH(2))](2+). These processes have been monitored by both ESI/MS and UV/vis spectrophotometry. The structure of trans-[Ru(IV)(L)(O)(ONO(2))](+) (2) has been determined by X-ray crystallography. The ruthenium center adopts a distorted octahedral geometry with the oxo and the nitrato ligands trans to each other. The Ru=O distance is 1.735(3) A, the Ru-ONO(2) distance is 2.163(4) A, and the Ru-O-NO(2) angle is 138.46(35) degrees . Reaction of trans-[Ru(VI)(L)((18)O)(2)](2+) (1-(18)O(2)) with N(16)O(2)(-) in H(2)O/CH(3)CN produces the (18)O-enriched (nitrato)oxoruthenium(IV) species 2-(18)O(2). Analysis of the ESI/MS spectrum of 2-(18)O(2) suggests that scrambling of the (18)O atoms has occurred. A mechanism that involves linkage isomerization of the nitrato ligand and reversible oxygen atom transfer is proposed.

Modification of Different Zirconium Propoxide Precursors by Diethanolamine. Is There a Shelf Stability Issue for Sol-Gel Applications?

PubMed Central

Spijksma, Gerald I.; Blank, Dave H. A.; Bouwmeester, Henny J. M.; Kessler, Vadim G.

2009-01-01

Modification of different zirconium propoxide precursors with H2dea was investigated by characterization of the isolated modified species. Upon modification of zirconium n-propoxide and [Zr(OnPr)(OiPr)3(iPrOH)]2 with ½ a mol equivalent of H2dea the complexes [Zr2(OnPr)6(OCH2CH2)2NH]2 (1) and [Zr2(OnPr)2(OiPr)4(OCH2CH2)2NH]2 (2) were obtained. However, 1H-NMR studies of these tetranuclear compounds showed that these are not time-stable either in solution or solid form. The effect of this time instability on material properties is demonstrated by light scattering and TEM experiments. Modification of zirconium isopropoxide with either ½ or 1 equivalent mol of H2dea results in formation of the trinuclear complex, Zr{η3μ2-NH(C2H4O)2}3[Zr(OiPr)3]2(iPrOH)2 (3) countering a unique nona-coordinated central zirconium atom. This complex 3 is one of the first modified zirconium propoxide precursors shown to be stable in solution for long periods of time. The particle size and morphology of the products of sol-gel synthesis are strongly dependent on the time factor and eventual heat treatment of the precursor solution. Reproducible sol-gel synthesis requires the use of solution stable precursors. PMID:20087472

Separation and identification of structural isomers by quadrupole collision-induced dissociation-hydrogen/deuterium exchange-infrared multiphoton dissociation (QCID-HDX-IRMPD).

PubMed

Gucinski, Ashley C; Somogyi, Arpád; Chamot-Rooke, Julia; Wysocki, Vicki H

2010-08-01

A new approach that uses a hybrid Q-FTICR instrument and combines quadrupole collision-induced dissociation, hydrogen-deuterium exchange, and infrared multiphoton dissociation (QCID-HDX-IRMPD) has been shown to effectively separate and differentiate isomeric fragment ion structures present at the same m/z. This method was used to study protonated YAGFL-OH (free acid), YAGFL-NH(2) (amide), cyclic YAGFL, and YAGFL-OCH(3) (methyl ester). QCID-HDX of m/z 552.28 (C(29)H(38)N(5)O(6)) from YAGFL-OH reveals at least two distributions of ions corresponding to the b(5) ion and a non-C-terminal water loss ion structure. Subsequent IRMPD fragmentation of each population shows distinct fragmentation patterns, reflecting the different structures from which they arise. This contrasts with data for YAGFL-NH(2) and YAGFL-OCH(3), which do not show two distinct H/D exchange populations for the C(29)H(38)N(5)O(6) structure formed by NH(3) and HOCH(3) loss, respectively. Relative extents of exchange for C(29)H(38)N(5)O(6) ions from six sequence isomers (YAGFL, AGFLY, GFLYA, FLYAG, LYAGF, and LFGAY) show a sequence dependence of relative isomer abundance. Supporting action IRMPD spectroscopy data are also presented herein and also show that multiple structures are present for the C(29)H(38)N(5)O(6) species from YAGFL-OH. Copyright 2010. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Monodentate phosphine substitution in [Pd(κ3-dppf)(PR3)][BF4]2 (dppf = 1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene) compounds.

PubMed

Cabrera, K D; Rowland, A T; Szarko, J M; Diaconescu, P L; Bezpalko, M W; Kassel, W S; Nataro, C

2017-05-02

The ligand 1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (dppf) is commonly employed in a variety of catalytic systems. There are a variety of coordination modes known for dppf, the least studied being the κ 3 coordination mode, in which both phosphorus atoms and the iron atom of dppf interact with another metal center. One such compound is the previously reported [Pd(κ 3 -dppf)(PPh 3 )] 2+ . A series of related compounds, [Pd(κ 3 -dppf)(P(p-C 6 H 4 R) 3 )] 2+ (R = OCH 3 , CH 3 , F and CF 3 ), has been synthesized and characterized. The X-ray crystal structure of [Pd(dppf)(P(p-C 6 H 4 F) 3 )][BF 4 ] 2 was determined. Electrochemical and computational studies indicate that the electron donor ability of the P(p-C 6 H 4 R) 3 ligands influences the properties of these compounds. Substitution reactions of the P(p-C 6 H 4 R) 3 ligands have been examined, and, in general, the more electron donating P(p-C 6 H 4 R) 3 ligands completely replace the less electron donating ones. The kinetics of the reaction of [Pd(κ 3 -dppf)(P(p-C 6 H 4 F) 3 )] 2+ with P(p-C 6 H 4 OCH 3 ) 3 indicate that the reaction proceeds through a dissociative mechanism, contrary to the associative substitutions prevalent in square planar palladium(ii) chemistry.

Structure and Magnetic Properties of a Dodecanuclear Twisted-Ring Iron(III) Cluster.

PubMed

Caneschi, Andrea; Cornia, Andrea; Fabretti, Antonio C; Gatteschi, Dante

1999-05-03

An unprecedented nonplanar structure characterizes the complex [Fe(OCH 3 ) 2 (dbm)] 12 (on the left in the picture), which contains the largest cyclic ferric cluster yet reported with chemically equivalent bridging units. It is made up of twelve high-spin, antiferromagnetically coupled iron(III) centers and neatly reacts with Na I or Li I templates in organic solution to give hexairon(III) coronates (right). Fe=•, O=○, NaI or LiI=• Hdbm=dibenzoylmethane. © 1999 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim, Fed. Rep. of Germany.

Bis(μ2-iso-propyl-imido-κ(2) N:N)bis-[(η(5)-cyclo-penta-dien-yl)(ethenolato-κO)titanium(IV)].

PubMed

Haehnel, Martin; Spannenberg, Anke; Rosenthal, Uwe

2014-01-01

The title dinuclear half-sandwich complex, [CpTi(OCH=CH2)(μ2-N-iPr)]2 (Cp = cyclo-penta-dien-yl; iPr = isopropyl), was ob-tained from the reaction of Cp2TiCl2, n-butyl-lithium and iso-propyl-amine in tetra-hydro-furan. Each Ti(IV) atom is coordinated by one Cp ligand, one vin-yloxy unit and two bridging imido groups in a strongly distorted tetra-hedral geometry. There are two half mol-ecules in the asymmetric unit, such that whole mol-ecules being generated by inversion symmetry.

Phosphazenes with Olefinic Side Groups: Proton Abstraction Reactions of Fluoroalkoxy Derivatives.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-06-24

OPh) (OC(Li)=CF2) 13 and [NP(OC(Li)CF2)2]3 1 respectively. These species are stable in solution at -78*C, but react with electrophiles such as 2...an -OCH2CF3 side group to generate an -OC(M)-CF2 unit. Subsequent treatment with an electrophile was designed to yield an -OC(R)-CF2 side group...resonances for the fluorine atoms in 2 and 5 appeared as multiplets due to the slight differences in chemical shift between the cis and trans

One-way Z→E isomerization around the double bond of N-methoxy- 1- (2-anthryl) ethanimine in the excited triplet state. Direct observation of one-way isomerization from Z triplet to E triplet of the C dbnd N bond

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Arai, Tatsuo; Furuya, Yasunori; Furuuchi, Hideo; Tokumaru, Katsumi

1993-09-01

On direct as well as benzil-sensitized irradiation in degassed benzene N-methoxy-1-(2-anthryl) ethanimine ( I), ArC (CH 3) dbnd N sbnd OCH 3 (Ar: 2-anthryl), underwent one-way Z→E isomerization through a quantum chain process. The barrier to Z→E isomerization of I in the excited triplet state was determined by directly observing the change of T—T absorption spectra from the Z triplet to the E triplet. Based on these results the potential energy surface of photoisomerization of I is discussed.

Synthesis Laboratory for the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases Selection Panel

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-01-14

McCain 27 1 M. D. Ochs 73.5 4 C Richards 203.25 11 Dr. J. M. Riordan 108.5 6 Glassware Technicians: A. D. Jackson 322 18 W. Johnson 172 10 R...Kissinger. L. W.; Von. 1. / Med. Chem., 1*4*. 68, 1220- 1225. 3. Robins, R. K; Christensen, L. F. /. Med. Chem., 1978, 21, 742 4. Branson , J. (Bristol...Myers), personal communication. 5. Branson , Joanne J.; Ghazzouli, I.; Hitchcock, M. J. M; Webb, R. R.; Martin, J. C, J. Med. Chem., 1989. 32, 1457-1463

Description and modelling of the solar-hydrogen-biogas-fuel cell system in GlashusEtt

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hedström, L.; Wallmark, C.; Alvfors, P.; Rissanen, M.; Stridh, B.; Ekman, J.

The need to reduce pollutant emissions and utilise the world's available energy resources more efficiently has led to increased attention towards e.g. fuel cells, but also to other alternative energy solutions. In order to further understand and evaluate the prerequisites for sustainable and energy-saving systems, ABB and Fortum have equipped an environmental information centre, located in Hammarby Sjöstad, Stockholm, Sweden, with an alternative energy system. The system is being used to demonstrate and evaluate how a system based on fuel cells and solar cells can function as a complement to existing electricity and heat production. The stationary energy system is situated on the top level of a three-floor glass building and is open to the public. The alternative energy system consists of a fuel cell system, a photovoltaic (PV) cell array, an electrolyser, hydrogen storage tanks, a biogas burner, dc/ac inverters, heat exchangers and an accumulator tank. The fuel cell system includes a reformer and a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) with a maximum rated electrical output of 4 kW el and a maximum thermal output of 6.5 kW th. The fuel cell stack can be operated with reformed biogas, or directly using hydrogen produced by the electrolyser. The cell stack in the electrolyser consists of proton exchange membrane (PEM) cells. To evaluate different automatic control strategies for the system, a simplified dynamic model has been developed in MATLAB Simulink. The model based on measurement data taken from the actual system. The evaluation is based on demand curves, investment costs, electricity prices and irradiation. Evaluation criteria included in the model are electrical and total efficiencies as well as economic parameters.

Toward a comprehensive understanding of solid-state core-level XPS linewidths: Experimental and theoretical studies on the Si2p and O1s linewidths in silicates

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bancroft, G. M.; Nesbitt, H. W.; Ho, R.; Shaw, D. M.; Tse, J. S.; Biesinger, M. C.

2009-08-01

High resolution X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) core-level Si2p and O1s spectra of the nonconductors α-SiO2 (quartz) at 120 and 300 K and vitreous SiO2 at 300 K were obtained with a Kratos Axis Ultra XPS instrument (instrumental resolution of <0.4eV ) which incorporates a unique charge compensation system that minimizes differential charge broadening on nonconductors. The Si2p and O1s linewidths at 300 K ( ˜1.1 and ˜1.2eV , respectively) are similar for all silicates (and similar to previous thin film SiO2 spectra obtained previously), showing that differential charging does not contribute significantly to our spectra. At 120 K, there is a small decrease (0.04 eV) in the Si2p linewidth of α-SiO2 , but no measurable decrease in O1s linewidth. The O1s lines are generally and distinctly asymmetric. We consider all possible sources of line broadening and show that final state vibrational broadening (FSVB) and phonon broadening are the major causes of the broad and asymmetric lines. Previous high resolution gas phase XPS studies have identified large FSVB contributions to the Si2p spectra of SiCl4 , SiF4 , and Si(OCH3)4 molecules, and this vibrational structure leads total Si2p3/2 linewidths of up to ˜0.5eV , even with individual peak linewidths of <0.1eV . The Si atom of Si(OCH3)4 is an excellent analog for Si in crystalline SiO2 because the Si-O bond lengths and symmetric stretch frequencies are similar in both compounds. Similar vibrational contributions to the Si2p and O1s spectra of solid silicates are anticipated if the Si2p and O1s core-hole states produce similar changes to the Si-O bond length in both phases. To investigate the possibility, Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics calculations were performed and show that changes to Si-O bond lengths between ion and ground states (Δr) for both Si2p and O1s hole states are similar for both crystalline SiO2 and gaseous Si(OCH3)4 . Δr are -0.04Å for Si2p and ˜+0.05Å for O1s in both compounds. Indeed, the

[Skill retention using extraglottic airways in out-of-hospital emergencies: efficacy and long-term results of simulator-based medical education : A prospective follow-up study].

PubMed

Mann, V; Limberg, F; Mann, S T W; Little, S; Müller, M; Sander, M; Röhrig, R

2018-04-11

For emergency medicine personnel (EMP), there is little evidence concerning the adequate timing for refresher courses to maintain routine in the application of extraglottic airways. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and long-term results of a simulator-based education concept teaching the basic airway management skills with extraglottic airways for EMP and also to draw conclusions concerning the adequate time interval for refresher courses. By use of an explorative, prospective simulator-study with nonphysician EMP, airway management skills using the Larynxmaske Supreme® (LMA‑S) after an introduction lecture were examined. The application of an endotracheal tube (ETT) served as control. Time for preparation of the airway devices, insertion success, and resulting apnea time were assessed immediately after the first introduction lecture (t1) and unannounced 9-12 months thereafter (t2). Comparison of the times for preparation of the LMA‑S at t1 and t2 demonstrated similar results. After the introduction lecture, all paramedics were able to insert the LMA‑S successfully after maximal 2 attempts; 9-12 months later success rates with the LMA‑S were unchanged. Apnea time during airway management was shorter with the LMA‑S compared to the ETT (p < 0.01). Times needed for preparation of the airway devices were similar. The results of this simulator study indicate that a standardized introduction lecture is appropriate to ensure long-lasting procedural skills up to 12 months, so that subsequent refresher courses in basic airway management with the LMA‑S once a year may be adequate. A simulator-based education in basic airway management skills with extraglottic airways is recommended for facilitation of further clinical education according to the current guidelines.

Performance-based versus patient-reported physical function: what are the underlying predictors?

PubMed

Bean, Jonathan F; Olveczky, Daniele D; Kiely, Dan K; LaRose, Sharon I; Jette, Alan M

2011-12-01

Functional limitations have been operationally defined for studies of rehabilitation science through measures of physical performance and patient-reported function. Although conceived as representing similar concepts, differences between these 2 modes of measuring physical functioning have not been adequately characterized scientifically. The purpose of this study was to compare the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) with the function component of the Late-Life Function and Disability Instrument (LLFDI) with respect to their association with physiologic factors and other psychosocial and health factors potentially influencing rehabilitative care. This study was a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a sample of community-dwelling older adults (N=137) with mobility limitations enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of exercise. A performance-based measure of function (the SPPB) and a self-report measure of function (the LLFDI) served as functional outcomes. Physiologic factors included measures of leg strength, leg velocity, and exercise tolerance test (ETT) duration, which served as a surrogate measure of aerobic capacity. Psychosocial and health factors included age, sex, height, body mass index, number of chronic conditions, depression, and falls efficacy. Separate multivariable regression models predicting SPPB and LLFDI scores described 33% and 42% of the variance in each outcome (R(2)), respectively. Leg velocity and ETT duration were positively associated with both performance-based and patient-reported functional measures. Leg strength and age were positively associated with SPPB scores, whereas number of chronic conditions, sex, and falls efficacy were associated with the LLFDI scores. This study included older adults with mobility limitations and may not generalize to other populations. Performance-based and patient-reported measures of physical function appear to assess different aspects of an older person's functioning. The SPPB was

Non-Acute Coronary Syndrome Anginal Chest Pain

PubMed Central

Agarwal, Megha; Mehta, Puja K.; Merz, C. Noel Bairey

2010-01-01

Anginal chest pain is one of the most common complaints in the outpatient setting. While much of the focus has been on identifying obstructive atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD) as the cause of anginal chest pain, it is clear that microvascular coronary dysfunction (MCD) can also cause anginal chest pain as a manifestation of ischemic heart disease (IHD), and carries an increased cardiovascular risk. Epicardial coronary vasospasm, aortic stenosis, left ventricular hypertrophy, congenital coronary anomalies, mitral valve prolapse and abnormal cardiac nociception can also present as angina of cardiac origin. For non-acute coronary syndrome (ACS) stable chest pain, exercise treadmill testing (ETT) remains the primary tool for diagnosis of ischemia and cardiac risk stratification; however, in certain subsets of patients, such as women, ETT has a lower sensitivity and specificity for identifying obstructive CAD. When combined with an imaging modality, such as nuclear perfusion or echocardiography testing, the sensitivity and specificity of stress testing for detection of obstructive CAD improves significantly. Advancements in stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enables detection of perfusion abnormalities in a specific coronary artery territory, as well as subendocardial ischemia associated with MCD. Coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) enables visual assessment of obstructive CAD, albeit with a higher radiation dose. Invasive coronary angiography (CA) remains the gold standard for diagnosis and treatment of obstructive lesions that cause medically refractory stable angina. Furthermore, in patients with normal coronary angiograms, the addition of coronary reactivity testing (CRT) can help diagnose endothelial dependent and independent microvascular dysfunction. Life-style modification and pharmacologic intervention remains the cornerstone of therapy to reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with stable angina. This review focuses on

The prognostic value of CT coronary angiography in patients attending hospital with troponin-negative acute chest pain and inconclusive exercise treadmill tests.

PubMed

Mordi, Ify; Tzemos, Nikolaos

2016-05-01

Once acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is excluded in patients presenting to hospital with acute chest pain, usual practice is to stratify future risk of adverse cardiovascular events. Commonly this is performed by pre-discharge exercise treadmill testing (ETT). Often however, patients are unable to perform the test for various reasons, or the final result is inconclusive. This potentially could lead to uncertainty and to unnecessary invasive coronary angiography. We wished to evaluate the potential prognostic significance of CT coronary angiography (CTCA) in patients with prior inconclusive ETTs. Two hundred and thirty-two consecutive patients underwent CTCA and calcium scoring following hospital attendance with acute chest pain and following exclusion of ACS. All patients were followed up for a combined primary outcome of death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and late revascularization. The mean follow-up period was 2.5 ± 0.9 years. The combined primary outcome occurred in 26 patients (11.2%). Calcium score (HR 1.16; 95% CI 1.02-1.31, P = 0.023 per 100 Agatston unit increase), the presence of coronary artery disease (CAD) on CTCA (non-obstructive CAD, HR 4.52; 95% CI 1.30-15.73, P = 0.018; obstructive CAD, HR 17.00; 95% CI 4.60-62.85, P < 0.001), and ≥3 segments with non-calcified plaque (HR 3.30; 95% CI 1.24-8.76, P = 0.017) were significant univariable predictors of the primary outcome. CTCA was the only significant multivariable predictor of adverse outcome. The presence of CAD assessed by CTCA is a strong predictor of adverse events in patients with troponin-negative acute chest pain and could potentially be used as an alternative, non-invasive risk stratifier in patients with inconclusive exercise tests. Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. © The Author 2015. For permissions please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Short-Term Repeatability of Noninvasive Aortic Pulse Wave Velocity Assessment: Comparison Between Methods and Devices.

PubMed

Grillo, Andrea; Parati, Gianfranco; Rovina, Matteo; Moretti, Francesco; Salvi, Lucia; Gao, Lan; Baldi, Corrado; Sorropago, Giovanni; Faini, Andrea; Millasseau, Sandrine C; Scalise, Filippo; Carretta, Renzo; Salvi, Paolo

2017-12-08

Aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) is an indirect index of arterial stiffness and an independent cardiovascular risk factor. Consistency of PWV assessment over time is thus an essential feature for its clinical application. However, studies providing a comparative estimate of the reproducibility of PWV across different noninvasive devices are lacking, especially in the elderly and in individuals at high cardiovascular risk. Aimed at filling this gap, short-term repeatability of PWV, estimated with 6 different devices (Complior Analyse, PulsePen-ETT, PulsePen-ET, SphygmoCor Px/Vx, BPLab, and Mobil-O-Graph), was evaluated in 102 high cardiovascular risk patients hospitalized for suspected coronary artery disease (72 males, 65 ± 13 years). PWV was measured in a single session twice, at 15-minute interval, and its reproducibility was assessed though coefficient of variation (CV), coefficient of repeatability, and intraclass correlation coefficient. The CV of PWV, measured with any of these devices, was <10%. Repeatability was higher with cuff-based methods (BPLab: CV = 5.5% and Mobil-O-Graph: CV = 3.4%) than with devices measuring carotid-femoral PWV (Complior: CV = 8.2%; PulsePen-TT: CV = 8.0%; PulsePen-ETT: CV = 5.8%; and SphygmoCor: CV = 9.5%). In the latter group, PWV repeatability was lower in subjects with higher carotid-femoral PWV. The differences in PWV between repeated measurements, except for the Mobil-O-Graph, did not depend on short-term variations of mean blood pressure or heart rate. Our study shows that the short-term repeatability of PWV measures is good but not homogenous across different devices and at different PWV values. These findings, obtained in patients at high cardiovascular risk, may be relevant when evaluating the prognostic importance of PWV. © American Journal of Hypertension, Ltd 2017. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com

Efficacy and Safety of Using Air Versus Alkalinized 2% Lignocaine for Inflating Endotracheal Tube Cuff and Its Pressure Effects on Incidence of Postoperative Coughing and Sore Throat.

PubMed

Gaur, Pallavi; Ubale, Pravin; Khadanga, Prashant

2017-01-01

We wished to compare the endotracheal tube (ETT) cuff pressure inflated with air or alkalinized lignocaine during anesthesia and evaluate clinical symptoms such as coughing and sore throat (postoperative sore throat [POST]) following tracheal extubation. This was a prospective randomized controlled study conducted in a tertiary care set up over a period of 1 year. We included 100 patients in age group of 18-65 years posted for elective surgeries of duration more than 90 min under general anesthesia with N 2 O-O 2 mixture. Patients were randomized using computer-generated randomization table into air and lignocaine group. The ETT cuff was inflated with air or alkalinized lignocaine (2% lignocaine with 7.5% sodium bicarbonate, in the proportions of 19.0:1.0 ml) to the volume that prevented air leak using cuff pressure manometer. After extubation, an independent observer blinded to study group recorded the presence or absence of coughing and POST at immediately, 1 h and 24 h postoperatively. Demographic data, baseline characteristics (American Society of Anesthesiologists grade, intracuff volume/cuff pressure at start of surgery), and duration of anesthesia were comparable among study groups ( P > 0.05). Cuff pressure and volume achieved in the end of surgery were much higher in air group as compared to lignocaine group ( P < 0.05). Incidence of coughing and POST at immediately, 1 h and 24 h postoperatively was significantly higher in air group compared to lignocaine group. Impact of duration of anesthesia on rise in cuff pressure was significantly higher in air group and its effect on cuff-induced laryngotracheal morbidity was significant in both air and lignocaine group. This study showed the significance of use of alkalinized 2% lignocaine in prevention of rise of cuff pressure and incidence of coughing and POST. Duration of anesthesia has also a significant effect on incidence of postoperative trachea-laryngeal morbidity.

Assessing neuromuscular block at the larynx: the effect of change in resting cuff pressure and a comparison with video imaging in anesthetized humans.

PubMed

Girling, K J; Bedforth, N M; Spendlove, J L; Mahajan, R P

1999-02-01

Neuromuscular block (NMB) at the larynx has been assessed by measuring the cuff pressure (CP) in an endotracheal tube (ETT) placed between the vocal cords. In this study, we evaluated the decrease in resting cuff pressure (RCP) after the administration of rocuronium and the effect of this decrease on the assessment of NMB, and we compared CP measurement with an alternative technique, video imaging (VI). In 20 patients, NMB was determined at the hand by mechanomyography and at the larynx initially by CP and subsequently by VI, recording images using a fiberoptic bronchoscope via a laryngeal mask. Train-of-four stimuli were applied at both sites. After baseline measurements, the ETT was replaced, and rocuronium was infused to achieve a steady-state 50% (n = 10) or 75% (n = 10) block at the hand. CP measurements were recorded before and after restoration of RCP to prerocuronium pressure, followed by further VI measurements. The mean RCP decreased from 21 +/- 4 to 12 +/- 5 mm Hg after rocuronium. At 50% block at the hand, the CP estimate of block at the larynx with reduced RCP was 62% +/- 18%, and that after restoring RCP was 29% +/- 13%; VI estimated 27% +/- 14% block. At 75% block at the hand, CP and VI estimated 52% +/- 11% and 46% +/- 9% block, respectively (RCP maintained). We conclude that RCP decreases after the administration of rocuronium, that restoring RCP significantly alters CP estimates of NMB, and that VI is in agreement with CP measurement if RCP is maintained at prerelaxant values. In this study, we show that a muscle relaxant-induced decrease in resting tension at the larynx may confound the assessment of neuromuscular block by cuff pressure measurement. The preliminary data suggest that video imaging may provide a suitable alternative to cuff pressure measurement to assess neuromuscular block at the larynx.

Terminal Ballistics Test and Analysis Guidelines for the Penetration Mechanics Branch

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-01-01

BALLISTIC RESEARCH LABORATORY ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND, MARYLAND 902-05410• • ;11•. 1 H ,.~~~T: ’tI I.I iI•i NOTICES Destroy this report when It is no...ad to aiffag@ "u boo r f et~et. 1AVUdim the ti (Or foe #viewM Of$ttudjOrq, (WlfChir¶ @ 1 * itirc data 16u,’Cei. 9111, ipr’nq am~ fflsiht8,A,r’ thre...dahta A~~fd &M- 1 ComO!#tiAg hAA f# l#*~ h# COINhcVOA Of Rtffl’atior Wfvd Commilifit f"Atidiir thil Wider, WI3ttu Off0 SAY? Otlwr auWt1 Of thitco. ett. Of

A Perspective on Multiaccess Channels

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-09-01

packets that arrived between T and T+ are transmitted. The parameter v is determined by all each transmitter based on the history of the feedback up to time...t. The transmitters also calculate T based on the feedback history . It is helpful to view the packet arrivals in ETt) as being in a distributed queue...Cambridge, MA. 4T TO. JC-N~g 4f aAviE. I -w l 2.1 WPr IfCI’YIL 2. ICA 6-- e NO.Yt4 Z/ ’) eqp~ ~ 46 5AZw’ I.q e L 1!x;Y :r/; YFv (1.~i 21 V4 Gf~~ .. 2 15 5.5

Temperature- and Pressure-Dependent Kinetics Studies of Atomic Chlorine Reactions with Some Fluorinated Olefins and Ethers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nicovich, J. M.; Wine, P. H.; Mazumder, S.; Hatzis, G. P.; Jiang, M.

2016-12-01

Laser flash photolysis of Cl2CO/N2/CO2/X mixtures (X = CF3CH=CH2, E-CF3CH=CHCl, E-CF3CH=CHF, (CF3)2CHOCH3, and CF3CF2CH2OCH3), has been coupled with time-resolved detection of Cl atoms by atomic resonance fluorescence spectroscopy to study the kinetics of Cl + X reactions as a function of temperature (T) and pressure (P). The Cl + X reactions were chosen for study because (1) the compounds X are potentially useful substitutes for ozone depleting substances in practical applications, (2) literature results demonstrate that Cl + X reactions are 60-120 times faster than the corresponding OH + X reactions at ambient T and P, suggesting that reaction with Cl is a significant atmospheric loss process for the compounds X, and (3) to our knowledge, Cl + X kinetics have not previously been studied as functions of T and P. For the Cl + olefin reactions, falloff curves are measured over the approximate T ranges 220-300 K. At elevated temperatures, equilibrium constants are determined for Cl + olefin association/dissociation, thus allowing C-Cl bond strengths in the product haloalkyl radicals to be evaluated. Arrhenius expressions are determined for the (P-independent) Cl + ether reactions over the approximate range of T 200-500K. The Cl + CF3CF2CH2OCH3 reaction is quite fast and its rate coefficient is nearly independent of T. The Cl + (CF3)2CHOCH3 reaction is somewhat slower and has a non-Arrhenius T dependence.

Characteristics and degradation of carbon and phosphorus from aquatic macrophytes in lakes: Insights from solid-state 13C NMR and solution 31P NMR spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

LIU, S. S.; Zhu, Y.; Meng, W.; Wu, F.

2016-12-01

Water extractable organic matter (WEOM) derived from macrophytes plays an important role in biogeochemical cycling of nutrients, including carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in lakes. However, reports of their composition and degradation in natural waters are scarce. Therefore, compositions and degradation of WEOM derived from six aquatic macrophytes species of Tai Lake, China, were investigated by use of solid-state 13C NMR and solution 31P NMR spectroscopy. Carbohydrates were the predominant constituents of WEOM fractions, followed by carboxylic acid. Orthophosphate (ortho-P) was the dominant form of P (78.7% of total dissolved P) in the water extracts, followed by monoester P (mono-P) (20.6%) and little diester P (0.65%). The proportion of mono-P in total P species increased with the percentage of O-alkyl and O-C-O increasing in the WEOM, which is likely due to degradation and dissolution of biological membranes and RNA from aquatic plants. Whereas the proportion of mono-P decreased with alkyl-C, NCH/OCH3 and COO/N-C=O increasing, which may be owing to the insoluble compounds including C functional groups of alkyl-C, NCH/OCH3 and COO/N-C=O, such as aliphatic biopolymers, lignin and peptides. Based on the results of this study and information in the literature about water column and sediment, we propose that WEOM, dominated by polysaccharides, are the most labile and bioavailable component in debris of macrophytes. Additionally, these WEOMs would also be a potential source for bioavailable organic P (e.g., RNA, DNA and phytate) for lakes.

Rhenium 2-oxoalkyl (enolate) complexes: Synthesis and carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions with nitriles

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Stack, J.G.; Doney, J.J.; Bergman, R.G.

1990-02-01

The (2-oxoalkyl)rhenium complexes (rhenium enolates) (CO){sub 5}ReCH{sub 2}COR{sup 1} (R{sup 1} = OEt, Me, Ph, 1-3) can be prepared on a multigram scale by alkylation of (CO){sub 5}ReNa with ClCH{sub 2}COR{sup 1}. The secondary enolate (CO){sub 5}ReCH(Me)CO{sub 2}Et (4) can also be prepared in a similar fashion with use of MsOCH(Me)CO{sub 2}Et (Ms = CH{sub 3}SO{sub 2}{sup {minus}}). The mono(phosphine) enolates cis-(Ph{sub 3}P)(CO){sub 4}ReCH{sub 2}R{sup 2}(R{sup 2} = CO{sub 2}Et, CO{sub 2}Bu{sup t}, CONEt{sub 2}, COMe, COPh, CN, 8-13) are prepared in high yield via alkylation of (Ph{sub 3}P)(CO){sub 4}ReNa with ClCH{sub 2}R{sup 2}. Synthesis of the secondary enolate cis-(Ph{submore » 3}P)(CO){sub 4}ReCH(Me)CO{sub 2}Et (14) is accomplished in 75% yield by alkylation with TfOCH(Me)CO{sub 2}Et (Tf = CF{sub 3}SO{sub 2}{sup {minus}}). The chelating phosphine complex is substitutionally inert under forcing thermal and photochemical conditions. Kinetic studies of the nitrile insertion reaction revealed a weak linear dependence of the rate constant of the reaction on the concentration of added CH{sub 3}CN in benzene; we believe this to be a medium effect.« less

Novel Nano Boehmite prepared by Solvothermal reaction of aluminum hydroxide gel in Monoethanolamine

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ohta, Yasuhiro; Hayakawa, Tomokatsu; Inomata, Tomohiko; Ozawa, Tomohiro; Masuda, Hideki

2017-07-01

Solvothermal reaction of aluminum hydroxide gel (AHG) in monoethanolamine (MEA) was studied at several temperatures (100, 120, 150, and 200 °C) in several reaction times (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 13 h). The reaction product prepared at a low temperature of 120 °C in the reaction time more than 6 h gave a blue photoluminescence nanoboehmite intercalated with monoethanolamine derivatives (BM-MEA) in the colloidal solution, which showed a photoluminescence emission centered at 420 nm with an excitation of 360 nm. The powdery samples recovered from the reaction products were characterized by using elemental analysis, XRD analysis, IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric (TG)-DTA, 13C and 27Al CP/MAS NMR spectroscopies, N2 gas adsorption/desorption isotherm, SEM and TEM images, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The X-ray diffraction revealed that the basal space in BM-MEA was expanded from 0.61 to 1.2 nm by intercalation of MEA derivatives to boehmite, and the IR and 13C CP/MAS NMR spectra determined that the intercalated MEA derivatives are protonated- and carbamate-substituted MEAs, which are formed in the layers through a covalent bond with Al-OH groups on boehmite surface. The empirical formula of BM-MEA was estimated to be AlO(OH)0.82(OCH2CH2NH3 +)0.05(OCH2CH2NHCOO-)0.13 on the basis of the elemental TG-DTA and IR spectral analyses. We discuss the reaction mechanism of a unique blue photoluminescence BM-MEA formed by proceeding in CO2-H2O-alkanolamine system.

From iron coordination compounds to metal oxide nanoparticles.

PubMed

Iacob, Mihail; Racles, Carmen; Tugui, Codrin; Stiubianu, George; Bele, Adrian; Sacarescu, Liviu; Timpu, Daniel; Cazacu, Maria

2016-01-01

Various types, shapes and sizes of iron oxide nanoparticles were obtained depending on the nature of the precursor, preparation method and reaction conditions. The mixed valence trinuclear iron acetate, [Fe 2 III Fe II O(CH 3 COO) 6 (H 2 O) 3 ]·2H 2 O (FeAc1), μ 3 -oxo trinuclear iron(III) acetate, [Fe 3 O(CH 3 COO) 6 (H 2 O) 3 ]NO 3 ∙4H 2 O (FeAc2), iron furoate, [Fe 3 O(C 4 H 3 OCOO) 6 (CH 3 OH) 3 ]NO 3 ∙2CH 3 OH (FeF), iron chromium furoate, FeCr 2 O(C 4 H 3 OCOO) 6 (CH 3 OH) 3 ]NO 3 ∙2CH 3 OH (FeCrF), and an iron complex with an original macromolecular ligand (FePAZ) were used as precursors for the corresponding oxide nanoparticles. Five series of nanoparticle samples were prepared employing either a classical thermal pathway (i.e., thermal decomposition in solution, solvothermal method, dry thermal decomposition/calcination) or using a nonconventional energy source (i.e., microwave or ultrasonic treatment) to convert precursors into iron oxides. The resulting materials were structurally characterized by wide-angle X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared, Raman, energy-dispersive X-ray, and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopies, as well as thermogravimetric analysis. The morphology was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and dynamic light scattering. The parameters were varied within each route to fine tune the size and shape of the formed nanoparticles.

Bionic multisilicon copolymers used as novel cross-linking agents for preparing anion exchange hybrid membranes.

PubMed

Wu, Yonghui; Luo, Jingyi; Wu, Cuiming; Xu, Tongwen; Fu, Yanxun

2011-05-26

Bionic multisilicon copolymers have long-main chains and many branched chains, and contain multifunctional groups of -N(+)(CH(3))(3)Cl(-) and -Si(OCH(3))(3), which are similar to the stem, branch, fruit, and acetabula of a vine from bionic aspect, respectively. They have high flexibility, charge density, and cross-linking ability and thus can be used as novel cross-linking agents for preparing anion-exchange hybrid membranes. High content of -Si(OCH(3))(3) groups (68-78%) is suitable to enhance membrane stabilities. The membranes are stable in 65 °C water up to 120 h and can keep integrity in 2 mol/L NaOH for 192 h. High content of -N(+)(CH(3))(3)Cl(-) groups (42-55%) is suitable to enhance membrane electrical properties. The membranes have low membrane resistance (R(m), 0.59-0.94 Ω cm(2)) and high diffusion dialysis performance. The acid (H(+)) dialysis coefficients (U(H)) are in the range of 0.007-0.075 m h(-1) at room temperature and 0.015-0.115 m h(-1) at 40 °C. The separation factor (S(H/Fe)) can reach up to 43 at room temerature and 49 at 40 °C. All of the membranes are highly homogeneous, mechanically stable (21-31 MPa, 25-147%), and thermally stable (227-275 °C for halide form membranes, and 157-172 °C for OH(-) form membranes). Hence, the investigation of multisilicon copolymers will give rise to a new developing field in material and membrane sciences.

Oil recovery method utilizing glyceryl ether sulfonates

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Naylor, C.G.

1984-03-13

Petroleum may be recovered from petroleum containing formations having high salinity and/or high temperature by injecting into the formation an aqueous fluid containing an effective amount of a surface active agent characterized by the formula: R-O-(A-O)N-(CH2-CH(-CH2-O-CH2-CH2-SO3X)-O)M-H wherein R is an alkyl or alkylaryl radical, AO is an alkylene oxide radical, n is an integer of from 1 to 50, m is an integer from 1 to 10 and X is a sodium, potassium or ammonium cation.

Density functional theory study of ethylene partial oxidation on Ag 7 clusters

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yu, Hua-Gen

2006-11-01

The partial oxidation reaction of ethylene on neutral and anionic Ag 7 clusters has been studied using the BPW91 hybrid DFT method with the Stuttgart RSC97 relativistic pseudopotential for the 28-electron ionic core of Ag. The atomic oxygen reaction mechanism is mainly addressed. Results show that the reaction occurs via a stable oxametallacycle intermediate ( AgOCH4p, p = 0 or -1), but it involves small reaction barriers along the reaction path. The ZPE-corrected barrier heights are obtained as 0.7-6.5 kcal/mole. In addition, the structure and anionic effects of Ag 7 clusters are also discussed.

Effects of deuteration of the methyl and phenyl hydrogens on the rotational spectrum of anisole-water

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Giuliano, Barbara M.; Melandri, Sonia; Caminati, Walther

2017-07-01

The role of non-covalent interactions in determining the structure of the 1:1 anisole-water molecular complex has been investigated by the analysis of the rotational spectra of the complex formed by the C6H5OCD3 and C6D5OCH3 deuterated species of anisole recorded with pulsed jet Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy. The deuteration of the methyl and phenyl hydrogens does not affect the structure and the internal dynamics of the complex, differently from the deuteration of the water moiety, which leads to large isotopic effects (Giuliano et al., 2005).

The Formation of N- and O-Heterocycles from the Irradiation of Benzene and Naphthalene in H2O/NH3- Containing Ices

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sandford, S. A.; Materese, C. K.; Nuevo, M.

2015-01-01

Aromatic hydrocarbons are an important class of molecules for both astrochemistry and astrobiology (Fig. 1). Within this class of molecules, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are known to be ubiquitous in many astrophysical environments, and are likely present in interstellar clouds and protostellar disks. In dense clouds, PAHs are expected to condense onto grains as part of mixed molecular ice mantles dominated by small molecules like H2O,CH3OH, NH3, CO, and CO2. These ices are exposed to ionizing radiation in the form of cosmic rays and ambient high-energy X-ray and UV photons.

Synthesis, photophysical properties and application of dye doped water soluble silica-based nanoparticles to label bacteria E. coli O157:H7

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tan Pham, Minh; Van Nguyen, Thi; Thi, Thuy Duong Vu; Nghiem Thi, Ha Lien; Thuan Tong, Kim; Thuy Tran, Thanh; Chu, Viet Ha; Brochon, Jean-Claude; Nhung Tran, Hong

2012-12-01

Organically modified silicate (ORMOSIL) nanoparticles (NPs) doped with rhodamine 6G and rhodamine B (RB) dyes were synthesized by Stöber method from methyltriethoxysilane CH3Si(OCH3)3 precursor (MTEOS). The NPs are surface functionalized by cationic amino groups. The optical characterization of dye-doped ORMOSIL NPs was studied in comparison with that of free dye in solution. The synthesized NPs were used for labeling bacteria E. coli O157:H7. The number of bacteria have been counted using the fluorescent spectra and microscope images of labeled bacteria. The results show the ability of NPs to work as biomarkers.

Therapeutic vaccines for leishmaniasis.

PubMed

Khamesipour, Ali

2014-11-01

Numerous therapeutic strategies are used to treat leishmaniasis. The treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is solely depends on antimonate derivatives with safety issues and questionable efficacy and there is no fully effective modality to treat CL caused by Leishmania tropica and Leishmania braziliensis. There is no prophylactic vaccine available against any form of leishmaniasis. Immunotherapy for CL has a long history; immunotherapy trials of first and second generation vaccines showed promising results. The current article briefly covers the prophylactic vaccines and explains different immunotherapy strategies that have been used to treat leishmaniasis. This paper does not include experimental vaccines and only lays emphasis on human trials and those vaccines which reached human trials. Immunotherapy is currently used to successfully treat several disorders; Low cost, limited side effects and no possibility to develop resistance make immunotherapy a valuable choice especially for infectious disease with chemotherapy problems. Efforts are needed to explore the immunological surrogate marker(s) of cure and protection in leishmaniasis and overcome the difficulties in standardization of crude Leishmania vaccines. One of the reasons for anti-leishmaniasis vaccine failure is lack of an appropriate adjuvant. So far, not enough attention has been paid to develop vaccines for immunotherapy of leishmaniasis.

Calcium transport mechanism in molting crayfish revealed by microanalysis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mizuhira, V.; Ueno, M.

1983-01-01

Crayfish provide a good model in which to study the transport mechanism of Ca ions. During the molting stage, decalcified Ca ions are transferred into the blood and accumulate in the gastrolith epithelium, after which a gastrolith is formed on the surface of the epithelium. The gastrolith is dissolved in the stomach after molting, and the Ca is reabsorbed and redistributed throughout the newly formed exoskeleton. We studied the mechanism of Ca transport by cytochemical precipitation of Ca ions and by electron microanalysis, including X-ray microanalysis (EDX) and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS), with a computer. In EDX analysis, the finemore » precipitates of K-antimonate in the gastrolith mitochondria clearly defined Ca with antimony; we also observed a large amount of Ca-oxalate in the mitochondria, and Ca-K X-ray pulses were clearly defined. Ca-K X-rays were also detected from fresh freeze-substituted mitochondria. Finally, we succeeded in taking a Ca-L EELS image from the mitochondria of fresh freeze-substituted thin sections. Only a very small amount of Ca was detected from the cell membrane and other organelles. Ca-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) and Mg-ATPase activity was also very clearly demonstrated in the mitochondria. These enzymes may play an important role in Ca metabolism.« less

Morphology, structure, optical, and electrical properties of AgSbO3

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yi, Z. G.; Liu, Y.; Withers, R. L.

2010-07-01

The morphology of defect pyrochlore-type, AgSbO3 microparticle/nanoparticles obtained via solid state reaction evolve from irregular to Fullerene-like polyhedra before finally decomposing into metal-organic framework-5 like particles with increase in sintering temperature. The defect pyrochlore-type AgSbO3 particles are slightly Ag deficient while the valence of the antimony ion is shown to be +5 giving rise to a probable stoichiometry of Ag1-xSbVO3-x/2, with x˜0.01-0.04. A highly structured diffuse intensity distribution observed via electron diffraction is interpreted in terms of correlated displacements of one-dimensional (1D) silver ion chains along ⟨110⟩ directions. A redshifting in the absorption edges in UV-visible absorption spectra is observed for samples prepared at sintering temperatures higher than 1000 °C and attributed to the surface plasma resonance effect associated with small amounts of excess metallic Ag on the Ag1-xSbVO3-x/2 particles. An electrical properties investigation of the silver antimonate samples via dielectric, conductivity, and electric modulus spectroscopy shows a prominent dielectric relaxation associated with grain boundaries. The silver ion conductivity is associated with correlated displacements of 1D silver ion chains along ⟨110⟩ directions.

Electronic Topological Transitions in CuNiMnAl and CuNiMnSn under pressure from first principles study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rambabu, P.; Kanchana, V.

2018-06-01

A detailed study on quaternary ordered full Heusler alloys CuNiMnAl and CuNiMnSn at ambient and under different compressions is presented using first principles electronic structure calculations. Both the compounds are found to possess ferromagnetic nature at ambient with magnetic moment of Mn being 3.14 μB and 3.35 μB respectively in CuNiMnAl and CuNiMnSn. The total magnetic moment for both the compounds is found to decrease under compression. Fermi surface (FS) topology change is observed in both compounds under pressure at V/V0 = 0.90, further leading to Electronic Topological Transitions (ETTs) and is evidenced by the anomalies visualized in density of states and elastic constants under compression.

Complex Organic Molecules tracing shocks along the outflow cavity in the high-mass protostar IRAS 20126+4104.

PubMed

Palau, Aina; Walsh, Catherine; Sánchez-Monge, Álvaro; Girart, Josep M; Cesaroni, Riccardo; Jiménez-Serra, Izaskun; Fuente, Asunción; Zapata, Luis A; Neri, Roberto

2017-06-01

We report on subarcsecond observations of complex organic molecules (COMs) in the high-mass protostar IRAS 20126+4104 with the Plateau de Bure Interferometer in its most extended configurations. In addition to the simple molecules SO, HNCO and H 2 13 CO, we detect emission from CH 3 CN, CH 3 OH, HCOOH, HCOOCH 3 , CH 3 OCH 3 , CH 3 CH 2 CN, CH 3 COCH 3 , NH 2 CN, and (CH 2 OH) 2 . SO and HNCO present a X-shaped morphology consistent with tracing the outflow cavity walls. Most of the COMs have their peak emission at the putative position of the protostar, but also show an extension towards the south(east), coinciding with an H 2 knot from the jet at about 800-1000 au from the protostar. This is especially clear in the case of H 2 13 CO and CH 3 OCH 3 . We fitted the spectra at representative positions for the disc and the outflow, and found that the abundances of most COMs are comparable at both positions, suggesting that COMs are enhanced in shocks as a result of the passage of the outflow. By coupling a parametric shock model to a large gas-grain chemical network including COMs, we find that the observed COMs should survive in the gas phase for ∼ 2000 yr, comparable to the shock lifetime estimated from the water masers at the outflow position. Overall, our data indicate that COMs in IRAS 20126+4104 may arise not only from the disc, but also from dense and hot regions associated with the outflow.

Complex Organic Molecules tracing shocks along the outflow cavity in the high-mass protostar IRAS 20126+4104

PubMed Central

Palau, Aina; Walsh, Catherine; Sánchez-Monge, Álvaro; Girart, Josep M.; Cesaroni, Riccardo; Jiménez-Serra, Izaskun; Fuente, Asunción; Zapata, Luis A.; Neri, Roberto

2017-01-01

We report on subarcsecond observations of complex organic molecules (COMs) in the high-mass protostar IRAS 20126+4104 with the Plateau de Bure Interferometer in its most extended configurations. In addition to the simple molecules SO, HNCO and H213CO, we detect emission from CH3CN, CH3OH, HCOOH, HCOOCH3, CH3OCH3, CH3CH2CN, CH3COCH3, NH2CN, and (CH2OH)2. SO and HNCO present a X-shaped morphology consistent with tracing the outflow cavity walls. Most of the COMs have their peak emission at the putative position of the protostar, but also show an extension towards the south(east), coinciding with an H2 knot from the jet at about 800–1000 au from the protostar. This is especially clear in the case of H213CO and CH3OCH3. We fitted the spectra at representative positions for the disc and the outflow, and found that the abundances of most COMs are comparable at both positions, suggesting that COMs are enhanced in shocks as a result of the passage of the outflow. By coupling a parametric shock model to a large gas-grain chemical network including COMs, we find that the observed COMs should survive in the gas phase for ∼ 2000 yr, comparable to the shock lifetime estimated from the water masers at the outflow position. Overall, our data indicate that COMs in IRAS 20126+4104 may arise not only from the disc, but also from dense and hot regions associated with the outflow. PMID:28579644

Mars Global Surveyor Ka-Band Frequency Data Analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Morabito, D.; Butman, S.; Shambayati, S.

2000-01-01

for the feed and electronics equipment. A dichroic plate is used to reflect the X-band energy and pass the Ka-band energy to another mirror. The RF energy for each band is then focused onto a feed horn and low-noise amplifier package. After amplification and RF/IF downconversion, the IF signals are sent to the Experimental Tone Tracker (ETT), a digital phase-lock-loop receiver, which simultaneously tracks both X-band and Ka-band carrier signals. Once a signal is detected, the ETT outputs estimates of the SNR in a I -Hz bandwidth (Pc/No), baseband phase and frequency of the signals every I -sec. Between December 1996 and December 1998, the Ka-band and X-band signals from MGS were tracked on a regular basis using the ETT. The Ka-band downlink frequencies described here were referenced to the spacecraft's on-board USO which was also the X-band frequency reference (fka= 3.8 fx). The ETT estimates of baseband phase at I -second sampled time tags were converted to sky frequency estimates. Frequency residuals were then generated for each band by removing a model frequency from each observable frequency at each time tag. The model included Doppler and other effects derived from spacecraft trajectory files obtained from the MGS Navigation Team. A simple troposphere correction was applied to the data. In addition to residuals, the USO frequencies emitted by the spacecraft were estimated. For several passes, the USO frequencies were determined from X-band data and from Ka-band data (referred to X-band by dividing by 3.8) and were found to be in good agreement. In addition, X-band USO frequency estimates from MGS Radio Science data acquired from operational DSN stations were available for comparison and were found to agree within the I Hz level. The remaining sub-Hertz differences were attributed to the different models and software algorithms used by MGS Radio Science and KaBLE-11. A summary of the results of a linear fit of the USO frequency versus time (day of year) is

Propenyl ether monomers for photopolymerization

DOEpatents

Crivello, J.V.

1996-10-22

Propenyl ether monomers of formula A(OCH{double_bond}CHCH{sub 3}){sub n} wherein n is an integer from one to six and A is selected from cyclic ethers, polyether and alkanes are disclosed. The monomers are readily polymerized in the presence of cationic photoinitiators, when exposed to actinic radiation, to form poly(propenyl ethers) that are useful for coatings, sealants, varnishes and adhesives. Compositions for preparing polymeric coatings comprising the compounds of the above formula together with particular cationic photoinitiators are also disclosed, as are processes for making the monomers from allyl halides and readily available alcohols. The process involves rearranging the resulting allyl ethers to propenyl ethers.

Absolute configuration and crystal packing chirality for three conglomerate-forming ortho-halogen substituted phenyl glycerol ethers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bredikhin, Alexander A.; Gubaidullin, Aidar T.; Bredikhina, Zemfira A.

2010-06-01

Three conglomerate-forming ortho-Hal (Hal = Cl, Br, I) substituted phenyl glycerol ethers 1- 3 were investigated by single-crystal X-ray analysis, and the absolute configuration for all substances was established. The molecular structures and crystal packing details for halogen derivatives were compared with the same characteristics for ortho-OCH 3 and ortho-CH 3 analogues. Two different types of crystal packing were evaluated for these very much alike compounds. The interplay of the supramolecular crystal organization chirality sense and the single molecule absolute configuration was demonstrated. Some stabilizing and destabilizing interactions involving the ortho-substituents were revealed. The resolution of rac-2 by entrainment procedure was successfully realized.

Outer scale of atmospheric turbulence

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lukin, Vladimir P.

2005-10-01

In the early 70's, the scientists in Italy (A.Consortini, M.Bertolotti, L.Ronchi), USA (R.Buser, Ochs, S.Clifford) and USSR (V.Pokasov, V.Lukin) almost simultaneously discovered the phenomenon of deviation from the power law and the effect of saturation for the structure phase function. During a period of 35 years we have performed successively the investigations of the effect of low-frequency spectral range of atmospheric turbulence on the optical characteristics. The influence of the turbulence models as well as a outer scale of turbulence on the characteristics of telescopes and systems of laser beam formations has been determined too.

Heterobimetallic dinuclear lanthanide alkoxide complexes as acid-base difunctional catalysts for transesterification.

PubMed

Zeng, Ruijie; Sheng, Hongting; Zhang, Yongcang; Feng, Yan; Chen, Zhi; Wang, Junfeng; Chen, Man; Zhu, Manzhou; Guo, Qingxiang

2014-10-03

A practical lanthanide(III)-catalyzed transesterification of carboxylic esters, weakly reactive carbonates, and much less-reactive ethyl silicate with primary and secondary alcohols was developed. Heterobimetallic dinuclear lanthanide alkoxide complexes [Ln2Na8{(OCH2CH2NMe2)}12(OH)2] (Ln = Nd (I), Sm (II), and Yb (III)) were used as highly active catalysts for this reaction. The mild reaction conditions enabled the transesterification of various substrates to proceed in good to high yield. Efficient activation of transesterification may be endowed by the above complexes as cooperative acid-base difunctional catalysts, which is proposed to be responsible for the higher reactivity in comparison with simple acid/base catalysts.

Process for making propenyl ethers and photopolymerizable compositions containing them

DOEpatents

Crivello, J.V.

1996-01-23

Propenyl ether monomers of formula A(OCH{double_bond}CHCH{sub 3}){sub n} (V) wherein n is an integer from one to six and A is selected from cyclic ethers, polyether, and alkanes are disclosed. The monomers are readily polymerized in the presence of cationic photoinitiators, when exposed to actinic radiation, to form poly(propenyl ethers) that are useful for coatings, sealants, varnishes and adhesives. Compositions for preparing polymeric coatings comprising the compounds of formula V together with particular cationic photoinitiators are also disclosed, as are processes for making the monomers from allyl halides and readily available alcohols. The process involves rearranging the resulting allyl ethers to propenyl ethers.

Propenyl ether monomers for photopolymerization

DOEpatents

Crivello, James V.

1996-01-01

Propenyl ether monomers of formula V A(OCH.dbd.CHCH.sub.3).sub.n wherein n is an integer from one to six and A is selected from cyclic ethers, polyether and alkanes are disclosed. The monomers are readily polymerized in the presence of cationic photoinitiators, when exposed to actinic radiation, to form poly(propenyl ethers) that are useful for coatings, sealants, varnishes and adhesives. Compositions for preparing polymeric coatings comprising the compounds of formula V together with particular cationic photoinitiators are also disclosed, as are processes for making the monomers from allyl halides and readily available alcohols. The process involves rearranging the resulting allyl ethers to propenyl ethers.

Process for making propenyl ethers and photopolymerizable compositions containing them

DOEpatents

Crivello, James V.

1996-01-01

Propenyl ether monomers of formula V A(OCH.dbd.CHCH.sub.3).sub.n wherein n is an integer from one to six and A is selected from cyclic ethers, polyether and alkanes are disclosed. The monomers are readily polymerized in the presence of cationic photoinitiators, when exposed to actinic radiation, to form poly(propenyl ethers) that are useful for coatings, sealants, varnishes and adhesives. Compositions for preparing polymeric coatings comprising the compounds of formula V together with particular cationic photoinitiators are also disclosed, as are processes for making the monomers from allyl halides and readily available alcohols. The process involves rearranging the resulting allyl ethers to propenyl ethers.

Bis(μ2-iso­propyl­imido-κ2 N:N)bis­[(η5-cyclo­penta­dien­yl)(ethenolato-κO)titanium(IV)

PubMed Central

Haehnel, Martin; Spannenberg, Anke; Rosenthal, Uwe

2014-01-01

The title dinuclear half-sandwich complex, [CpTi(OCH=CH2)(μ2-N-iPr)]2 (Cp = cyclo­penta­dien­yl; iPr = isopropyl), was ob­tained from the reaction of Cp2TiCl2, n-butyl­lithium and iso­propyl­amine in tetra­hydro­furan. Each TiIV atom is coordinated by one Cp ligand, one vin­yloxy unit and two bridging imido groups in a strongly distorted tetra­hedral geometry. There are two half mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit, such that whole mol­ecules being generated by inversion symmetry. PMID:24526944

New leads in speculative behavior

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kindler, A.; Bourgeois-Gironde, S.; Lefebvre, G.; Solomon, S.

2017-02-01

The Kiyotaki and Wright (1989) (henceforth KW) model of money emergence as a medium of exchange has been studied from various perspectives in recent papers. In the present work we propose a minimalistic model for the behavior of agents in the KW framework, which may either reproduce the theoretical predictions of Kiyotaki and Wright (1989) on the emerging Nash equilibria, or (less closely) the empirical results of Brown (1996), Duffy and Ochs (1999) and our own, introduced in a first part of the present paper. The main import is the systematic computer scanning of speculative monetary equilibria under drastic bounded rationality of agents, based on behavior previously observed in the lab.

Vocal cord palsy after anterior cervical spine surgery: a qualitative systematic review.

PubMed

Tan, Tze P; Govindarajulu, Arun P; Massicotte, Eric M; Venkatraghavan, Lashmi

2014-07-01

Vocal cord palsy (VCP) is a known complication of anterior cervical spine surgery. However, the true incidence and interventions to minimize this complication are not well studied. To conduct a systematic review to identify the incidence, risk, and interventions for VCP after anterior cervical spine surgery. This is a qualitative systematic literature review. Prospective and retrospective trials of patients undergoing anterior cervical spine surgery that reported on postoperative VCP or recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy. Primary: incidence of VCP after anterior cervical spine surgery; secondary: risk factors and interventions for prevention of VCP after anterior cervical spine surgery. Electronic searches were conducted on Ovid Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews for clinical studies reporting VCP in anterior cervical spine surgery, limited to studies published between 1995 and June 2013 in English and French languages. After selection of studies independently by two review authors, data on incidence, risk, and interventions were extracted. Qualitative analysis was performed on three domains: quality of studies, strength of evidence, and impact of interventions. Our search has identified 187 abstracts, and 34 studies met our inclusion criteria. The incidence of VCP ranges from 2.3% to 24.2%. Significant heterogeneity in study design and definition of VCP were used in the published studies. There is good evidence that reoperation increases the risk of VCP. One study of moderate strength suggests that operating from the right side may increase the risk of VCP. Among the interventions studied, endotracheal tube (ETT) cuff pressure monitoring with deflation during retraction has shown to reduce the incidence from 6% to 2%, but this result was not confirmed by randomized control trials. Limited evidence exists for other interventions of intraoperative electromyographic monitoring and methylprednisolone

Optimal Delivery of Aerosols to Infants During Mechanical Ventilation

PubMed Central

Azimi, Mandana; Hindle, Michael

2014-01-01

Abstract Purpose: The objective of this study was to determine optimal aerosol delivery conditions for a full-term (3.6 kg) infant receiving invasive mechanical ventilation by evaluating the effects of aerosol particle size, a new wye connector, and timing of aerosol delivery. Methods: In vitro experiments used a vibrating mesh nebulizer and evaluated drug deposition fraction and emitted dose through ventilation circuits containing either a commercial (CM) or new streamlined (SL) wye connector and 3-mm endotracheal tube (ETT) for aerosols with mass median aerodynamic diameters of 880 nm, 1.78 μm, and 4.9 μm. The aerosol was released into the circuit either over the full inhalation cycle (T1 delivery) or over the first half of inhalation (T2 delivery). Validated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and whole-lung model predictions were used to assess lung deposition and exhaled dose during cyclic ventilation. Results: In vitro experiments at a steady-state tracheal flow rate of 5 L/min resulted in 80–90% transmission of the 880-nm and 1.78-μm aerosols from the ETT. Based on CFD simulations with cyclic ventilation, the SL wye design reduced depositional losses in the wye by a factor of approximately 2–4 and improved lung delivery efficiencies by a factor of approximately 2 compared with the CM device. Delivery of the aerosol over the first half of the inspiratory cycle (T2) reduced exhaled dose from the ventilation circuit by a factor of 4 compared with T1 delivery. Optimal lung deposition was achieved with the SL wye connector and T2 delivery, resulting in 45% and 60% lung deposition for optimal polydisperse (∼1.78 μm) and monodisperse (∼2.5 μm) particle sizes, respectively. Conclusions: Optimization of selected factors and use of a new SL wye connector can substantially increase the lung delivery efficiency of medical aerosols to infants from current values of <1–10% to a range of 45–60%. PMID:24299500

Performance-Based Versus Patient-Reported Physical Function: What Are the Underlying Predictors?

PubMed Central

Ölveczky, Daniele D.; Kiely, Dan K.; LaRose, Sharon I.; Jette, Alan M.

2011-01-01

Background Functional limitations have been operationally defined for studies of rehabilitation science through measures of physical performance and patient-reported function. Although conceived as representing similar concepts, differences between these 2 modes of measuring physical functioning have not been adequately characterized scientifically. Objective The purpose of this study was to compare the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) with the function component of the Late-Life Function and Disability Instrument (LLFDI) with respect to their association with physiologic factors and other psychosocial and health factors potentially influencing rehabilitative care. Design This study was a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a sample of community-dwelling older adults (N=137) with mobility limitations enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of exercise. Methods A performance-based measure of function (the SPPB) and a self-report measure of function (the LLFDI) served as functional outcomes. Physiologic factors included measures of leg strength, leg velocity, and exercise tolerance test (ETT) duration, which served as a surrogate measure of aerobic capacity. Psychosocial and health factors included age, sex, height, body mass index, number of chronic conditions, depression, and falls efficacy. Results Separate multivariable regression models predicting SPPB and LLFDI scores described 33% and 42% of the variance in each outcome (R2), respectively. Leg velocity and ETT duration were positively associated with both performance-based and patient-reported functional measures. Leg strength and age were positively associated with SPPB scores, whereas number of chronic conditions, sex, and falls efficacy were associated with the LLFDI scores. Limitations This study included older adults with mobility limitations and may not generalize to other populations. Conclusions Performance-based and patient-reported measures of physical function appear to assess

Evidence of Long-Lived Founder Virus in Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission

PubMed Central

Danaviah, Sivapragashini; de Oliveira, Tulio; Bland, Ruth; Viljoen, Johannes; Pillay, Sureshnee; Tuaillon, Edouard; Van de Perre, Philippe; Newell, Marie-Louise

2015-01-01

Exposure of the infant’s gut to cell-associated and cell-free HIV-1 trafficking in breast milk (BM) remains a primary cause of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). The mammary gland represents a unique environment for HIV-1 replication and host-virus interplay. We aimed to explore the origin of the virus transmitted during breastfeeding, and the link with quasi-species found in acellular and cellular fractions of breast-milk (BM) and in maternal plasma. The C2–V5 region of the env gene was amplified, cloned and sequenced from the RNA and DNA of BM, the RNA from the mother’s plasma (PLA) and the DNA from infant’s dried blood spot (DBS) in 11 post-natal mother-infant pairs. Sequences were assembled in Geneious, aligned in ClustalX, manually edited in SeAL and phylogenetic reconstruction was undertaken in PhyML and MrBayes. We estimated the timing of transmission (ETT) and reconstructed the time for the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of the infant in BEAST. Transmission of single quasi-species was observed in 9 of 11 cases. Phylogenetic analysis illustrated a BM transmission event by cell-free virus in 4 cases, and by cell-associated virus in 2 cases but could not be identified in the remaining 5 cases. Molecular clock estimates, of the infant ETT and TMRCA, corresponded well with the timing of transmission estimated by sequential infant DNA PCR in 10 of 11 children. The TMRCA of BM variants were estimated to emerge during gestation in 8 cases. We hypothesize that in the remaining cases, the breast was seeded with a long-lived lineage latently infecting resting T-cells. Our analysis illustrated the role of DNA and RNA virus in MTCT. We postulate that DNA archived viruses stem from latently infected quiescent T-cells within breast tissue and MTCT can be expected to continue, albeit at low levels, should interventions not effectively target these cells. PMID:25793402