Sample records for appendix a6 biosphere

  1. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    M. A. Wasiolek

    The purpose of this report is to document the biosphere model, the Environmental Radiation Model for Yucca Mountain, Nevada (ERMYN), which describes radionuclide transport processes in the biosphere and associated human exposure that may arise as the result of radionuclide release from the geologic repository at Yucca Mountain. The biosphere model is one of the process models that support the Yucca Mountain Project (YMP) Total System Performance Assessment (TSPA) for the license application (LA), the TSPA-LA. The ERMYN model provides the capability of performing human radiation dose assessments. This report documents the biosphere model, which includes: (1) Describing the referencemore » biosphere, human receptor, exposure scenarios, and primary radionuclides for each exposure scenario (Section 6.1); (2) Developing a biosphere conceptual model using site-specific features, events, and processes (FEPs), the reference biosphere, the human receptor, and assumptions (Section 6.2 and Section 6.3); (3) Building a mathematical model using the biosphere conceptual model and published biosphere models (Sections 6.4 and 6.5); (4) Summarizing input parameters for the mathematical model, including the uncertainty associated with input values (Section 6.6); (5) Identifying improvements in the ERMYN model compared with the model used in previous biosphere modeling (Section 6.7); (6) Constructing an ERMYN implementation tool (model) based on the biosphere mathematical model using GoldSim stochastic simulation software (Sections 6.8 and 6.9); (7) Verifying the ERMYN model by comparing output from the software with hand calculations to ensure that the GoldSim implementation is correct (Section 6.10); and (8) Validating the ERMYN model by corroborating it with published biosphere models; comparing conceptual models, mathematical models, and numerical results (Section 7).« less

  2. The water cycle in closed ecological systems: Perspectives from the Biosphere 2 and Laboratory Biosphere systems

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nelson, Mark; Dempster, W. F.; Allen, J. P.

    2009-12-01

    To achieve sustainable, healthy closed ecological systems requires solutions to challenges of closing the water cycle - recycling wastewater/irrigation water/soil medium leachate and evaporated water and supplying water of required quality as needed for different needs within the facility. Engineering Biosphere 2, the first multi-biome closed ecological system within a total airtight footprint of 12,700 m 2 with a combined volume of 200,000 m 3 with a total water capacity of some 6 × 10 6 L of water was especially challenging because it included human inhabitants, their agricultural and technical systems, as well as five analogue ecosystems ranging from rainforest to desert, freshwater ecologies to saltwater systems like mangrove and mini-ocean coral reef ecosystems. By contrast, the Laboratory Biosphere - a small (40 m 3 volume) soil-based plant growth facility with a footprint of 15 m 2 - is a very simplified system, but with similar challenges re salinity management and provision of water quality suitable for plant growth. In Biosphere 2, water needs included supplying potable water for people and domestic animals, irrigation water for a wide variety of food crops, and recycling and recovering soil nutrients from wastewater. In the wilderness biomes, providing adequately low salinity freshwater terrestrial ecosystems and maintaining appropriate salinity and pH in aquatic/marine ecosystems were challenges. The largest reservoirs in Biosphere 2 were the ocean/marsh with some 4 × 10 6 L, soil with 1 to 2 × 10 6 l, primary storage tank with 0 to 8 × 10 5 L and storage tanks for condensate and soil leachate collection and mixing tanks with a capacity of 1.6 × 10 5 L to supply irrigation for farm and wilderness ecosystems. Other reservoirs were far smaller - humidity in the atmosphere (2 × 10 3 L), streams in the rainforest and savannah, and seasonal pools in the desert were orders of magnitude smaller (8 × 10 4 L). Key technologies included condensation from humidity in the air handlers and from the glass space frame to produce high quality freshwater, wastewater treatment with constructed wetlands and desalination through reverse osmosis and flash evaporation were key to recycling water with appropriate quality throughout the Biosphere 2 facility. Wastewater from all human uses and the domestic animals in Biosphere 2 was treated and recycled through a series of constructed wetlands, which had hydraulic loading of 0.9-1.1 m 3 day -1 (240-290 gal d -1). Plant production in the wetland treatment system produced 1210 kg dry weight of emergent and floating aquatic plant wetland which was used as fodder for the domestic animals while remaining nutrients/water was reused as part of the agricultural irrigation supply. There were pools of water with recycling times of days to weeks and others with far longer cycling times within Biosphere 2. By contrast, the Laboratory Biosphere with a total water reservoir of less than 500 L has far quicker cycling rapidity: for example, atmospheric residence time for water vapor was 5-20 min in the Laboratory Biosphere vs. 1-4 h in Biosphere 2, as compared with 9 days in the Earth's biosphere. Just as in Biosphere 2, humidity in the Laboratory Biosphere amounts to a very small reservoir of water. The amount of water passing through the air in the course of a 12-h operational day is two orders of magnitude greater than the amount stored in the air. Thus, evaporation and condensation collection are vital parts of the recycle system just as in Biosphere 2. The water cycle and sustainable water recycling in closed ecological systems presents problems requiring further research - such as how to control buildup of salinity in materially closed ecosystems and effective ways to retain nutrients in optimal quantity and useable form for plant growth. These issues are common to all closed ecological systems of whatever size, including planet Earth's biosphere and are relevant to a global environment facing increasing water shortages while maintaining water quality for human and ecosystem health. Modular biospheres offer a test bed where technical methods of resolving these problems can be tested for feasibility.

  3. Piezophilic Bacteria Isolated from Sediment of the Shimokita Coalbed, Japan

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fang, J.; Kato, C.; Hori, T.; Morono, Y.; Inagaki, F.

    2013-12-01

    The Earth is a cold planet as well as pressured planet, hosting both the surface biosphere and the deep biosphere. Pressure ranges over four-orders of magnitude in the surface biosphere and probably more in the deep biosphere. Pressure is an important thermodynamic property of the deep biosphere that affects microbial physiology and biochemistry. Bacteria that require high-pressure conditions for optimal growth are called piezophilic bacteria. Subseafloor marine sediments are one of the most extensive microbial habitats on Earth. Marine sediments cover more than two-thirds of the Earth's surface, and represent a major part of the deep biosphere. Owing to its vast size and intimate connection with the surface biosphere, particularly the oceans, the deep biosphere has enormous potential for influencing global-scale biogeochemical processes, including energy, climate, carbon and nutrient cycles. Therefore, studying piezophilic bacteria of the deep biosphere has important implications in increasing our understanding of global biogeochemical cycles, the interactions between the biosphere and the geosphere, and the evolution of life. Sediment samples were obtained during IODP Expedition 337, from 1498 meters below sea floor (mbsf) (Sample 6R-3), 1951~1999 mbsf (19R-1~25R-3; coalbed mix), and 2406 mbsf (29R-7). The samples were mixed with MB2216 growth medium and cultivated under anaerobic conditions at 35 MPa (megapascal) pressure. Growth temperatures were adjusted to in situ environmental conditions, 35°C for 6R-3, 45°C for 19R-1~25R-3, and 55°C for 29R-7. The cultivation was performed three times, for 30 days each time. Microbial cells were obtained and the total DNA was extracted. At the same time, isolation of microbes was also performed under anaerobic conditions. Microbial communities in the coalbed sediment were analyzed by cloning, sequencing, and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (t-RFLP) of 16S ribosomal RNA genes. From the partial 16S rRNA gene sequences, we have identified abundant Alkalibacterium sp. in 6R-3 and 29R-7 at the first HP cultivation. We also identified Haloactibacillus sp. in 6R-3 and Anoxybacillus related sp. in 19R-1~25R-3 at the third HP cultivation. These microorganisms are likely piezophiles and play an important role in degradation of sedimentary organic matter and production of microbial metabolites sustaining the deep microbial ecosystem in the Shimokita Coalbed. The complete 16S sequencing and isolation of piezophiles are now ongoing.

  4. An Estimate of the Total DNA in the Biosphere

    PubMed Central

    Landenmark, Hanna K. E.; Forgan, Duncan H.; Cockell, Charles S.

    2015-01-01

    Modern whole-organism genome analysis, in combination with biomass estimates, allows us to estimate a lower bound on the total information content in the biosphere: 5.3 × 1031 (±3.6 × 1031) megabases (Mb) of DNA. Given conservative estimates regarding DNA transcription rates, this information content suggests biosphere processing speeds exceeding yottaNOPS values (1024 Nucleotide Operations Per Second). Although prokaryotes evolved at least 3 billion years before plants and animals, we find that the information content of prokaryotes is similar to plants and animals at the present day. This information-based approach offers a new way to quantify anthropogenic and natural processes in the biosphere and its information diversity over time. PMID:26066900

  5. An Estimate of the Total DNA in the Biosphere.

    PubMed

    Landenmark, Hanna K E; Forgan, Duncan H; Cockell, Charles S

    2015-06-01

    Modern whole-organism genome analysis, in combination with biomass estimates, allows us to estimate a lower bound on the total information content in the biosphere: 5.3 × 1031 (±3.6 × 1031) megabases (Mb) of DNA. Given conservative estimates regarding DNA transcription rates, this information content suggests biosphere processing speeds exceeding yottaNOPS values (1024 Nucleotide Operations Per Second). Although prokaryotes evolved at least 3 billion years before plants and animals, we find that the information content of prokaryotes is similar to plants and animals at the present day. This information-based approach offers a new way to quantify anthropogenic and natural processes in the biosphere and its information diversity over time.

  6. Columbia Accident Investigation Board Report. Volume Six

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Barry, J. L.; Gehmann, H. W.; Deal, D. W.; Hallock, J. N.; Hess, K. W.

    2003-01-01

    In the course of its inquiry into the February 1, 2003 destruction of the Space Shuttle Columbia, the Columbia Accident Investigation Board conducted a series of public hearings at Houston, Texas; Cape Canaveral, Florida; and Washington, DC. Testimony from these hearings was recorded and then transcribed. This appendix, Volume VI of the Report, is a compilation of those transcripts. Contents: Transcripts of Board Public Hearings; Appendix H.1 March 6, 2003 Houston, Texas; Appendix H.2 March 17, 2003 Houston, Texas; Appendix H.3 March 18, 2003 Houston, Texas; Appendix H. 4 March 25, 2003 Cape Canaveral, Florida; Appendix H.5 March 26, 2003 Cape Canaveral, Florida; Appendix H.6 April 7, 2003 Houston, Texas; Appendix H.7 April 8, 2003 Houston, Texas; Appendix H.8 April 23, 2003 Houston, Texas; Appendix H.9 May 6, 2003 Houston, Texas; Appendix H.10 June 12, 2003 Washington, DC.

  7. Using the kingfisher (Alcedo atthis) as a bioindicator of PCBs and PBDEs in the dinghushan biosphere reserve, China.

    PubMed

    Mo, Ling; Wu, Jiang-Ping; Luo, Xiao-Jun; Li, Ke-Lin; Peng, Ying; Feng, An-Hong; Zhang, Qiang; Zou, Fa-Sheng; Mai, Bi-Xian

    2013-07-01

    The Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve is a nature reserve and a site for the study of tropical and subtropical forest ecosystems. Rapid industrialization and intensive electronic waste-recycling activities around the biosphere reserve have resulted in elevated levels of industrial organic contaminants in the local environment that may cause adverse effects on wildlife that inhabits this area. In the present study, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and 2 alternative brominated flame retardants (BFRs)-decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE)-were investigated in the biosphere reserve and a reference site by using the kingfisher (Alcedo atthis) as a bioindicator. Residue concentrations in kingfishers from the Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve ranged from 490 ng/g to 3000 ng/g, 51 ng/g to 420 ng/g, 0.44 ng/g to 90 ng/g, and 0.04 ng/g to 0.87 ng/g lipid weight for ∑PCBs, ∑PBDEs, DBDPE, and BTBPE, respectively. With the exception of the BTBPE, these levels were 2 to 5 times higher than those detected in kingfishers from the reference site. The contaminant patterns from the biosphere reserve were also different, with larger PCB contributions in comparison with the reference site. The estimated predator-prey biomagnification factors (BMFs) showed that most of the PCB and PBDE congeners and BTBPE were biomagnified in kingfishers from the biosphere reserve. The calculated toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) concentrations of major coplanar PCB congeners in kingfishers from the biosphere reserve ranged from 18 pg/g to 66 pg/g wet weight, with some of these TEQ concentrations reaching or exceeding the levels known to impair bird reproduction and survival. Copyright © 2013 SETAC.

  8. Exploring global carbon turnover and radiocarbon cycling in terrestrial biosphere models

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Graven, H. D.; Warren, H.

    2017-12-01

    The uptake of carbon into terrestrial ecosystems through net primary productivity (NPP) and the turnover of that carbon through various pathways are the fundamental drivers of changing carbon stocks on land, in addition to human-induced and natural disturbances. Terrestrial biosphere models use different formulations for carbon uptake and release, resulting in a range of values in NPP of 40-70 PgC/yr and biomass turnover times of about 25-40 years for the preindustrial period in current-generation models from CMIP5. Biases in carbon uptake and turnover impact simulated carbon uptake and storage in the historical period and later in the century under changing climate and CO2 concentration, however evaluating global-scale NPP and carbon turnover is challenging. Scaling up of plot-scale measurements involves uncertainty due to the large heterogeneity across ecosystems and biomass types, some of which are not well-observed. We are developing the modelling of radiocarbon in terrestrial biosphere models, with a particular focus on decadal 14C dynamics after the nuclear weapons testing in the 1950s-60s, including the impact of carbon flux trends and variability on 14C cycling. We use an estimate of the total inventory of excess 14C in the biosphere constructed by Naegler and Levin (2009) using a 14C budget approach incorporating estimates of total 14C produced by the weapons tests and atmospheric and oceanic 14C observations. By simulating radiocarbon in simple biosphere box models using carbon fluxes from the CMIP5 models, we find that carbon turnover is too rapid in many of the simple models - the models appear to take up too much 14C and release it too quickly. Therefore many CMIP5 models may also simulate carbon turnover that is too rapid. A caveat is that the simple box models we use may not adequately represent carbon dynamics in the full-scale models. Explicit simulation of radiocarbon in terrestrial biosphere models would allow more robust evaluation of biosphere models and the investigation of climate-carbon cycle feedbacks on various timescales. Explicit simulation of radiocarbon and carbon-13 in terrestrial biosphere models of Earth System Models, as well as in ocean models, is recommended by CMIP6 and supported by CMIP6 protocols and forcing datasets.

  9. 6 CFR Appendix A to Part 9 - Certification Regarding Lobbying

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 6 Domestic Security 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Certification Regarding Lobbying A Appendix A to Part 9 Domestic Security DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY RESTRICTIONS UPON LOBBYING Pt. 9, App. A Appendix A to Part 9—Certification Regarding Lobbying Certification for Contracts...

  10. 16 CFR Appendix G6 to Part 305 - Boilers-Gas (Steam)

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Boilers-Gas (Steam) G6 Appendix G6 to Part 305 Commercial Practices FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION REGULATIONS UNDER SPECIFIC ACTS OF CONGRESS RULE... Appendix G6 to Part 305—Boilers—Gas (Steam) Manufacturer's rated heating capacities (Btu's/hr.) Range of...

  11. Physics of Electronic Materials

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rammer, Jørgen

    2017-03-01

    1. Quantum mechanics; 2. Quantum tunneling; 3. Standard metal model; 4. Standard conductor model; 5. Electric circuit theory; 6. Quantum wells; 7. Particle in a periodic potential; 8. Bloch currents; 9. Crystalline solids; 10. Semiconductor doping; 11. Transistors; 12. Heterostructures; 13. Mesoscopic physics; 14. Arithmetic, logic and machines; Appendix A. Principles of quantum mechanics; Appendix B. Dirac's delta function; Appendix C. Fourier analysis; Appendix D. Classical mechanics; Appendix E. Wave function properties; Appendix F. Transfer matrix properties; Appendix G. Momentum; Appendix H. Confined particles; Appendix I. Spin and quantum statistics; Appendix J. Statistical mechanics; Appendix K. The Fermi-Dirac distribution; Appendix L. Thermal current fluctuations; Appendix M. Gaussian wave packets; Appendix N. Wave packet dynamics; Appendix O. Screening by symmetry method; Appendix P. Commutation and common eigenfunctions; Appendix Q. Interband coupling; Appendix R. Common crystal structures; Appendix S. Effective mass approximation; Appendix T. Integral doubling formula; Bibliography; Index.

  12. Method for VAWT Placement on a Complex Building Structure

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2013-06-01

    85 APPENDIX C: ANSYS CFX SPECIFICAITONS FOR WIND FLOW ANALYSIS .....87 APPENDIX D: SINGLE ROTOR ANALYSIS ANSYS CFX MESH DETAILS...89 APPENDIX E: SINGLE ROTOR ANALYSIS, ANSYS CFX SPECIFICS .....................91 APPENDIX F: DETAILED RESULTS OF SINGLE ROTOR...101 APPENDIX I: DUAL ROTOR ANALYSIS- ANSYS CFX SPECIFICATIONS (6 BLADED VAWTS

  13. Benthic δ13C stacks: Metrics for deglacial changes in deep ocean carbon storage and the terrestrial biosphere

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Peterson, C.; Lisiecki, L. E.

    2016-12-01

    Across the deglaciation, atmospheric CO2 and global temperatures rise while the deep ocean ventilates carbon to the atmosphere and terrestrial biosphere. As the terrestrial biosphere expands, the mean global ocean δ13C signature increases in response. How well constrained is the global mean benthic δ13C from 20-6 ka? Are the atmosphere and terrestrial biosphere signals in benthic δ13C coupled across the deglaciation? Improved understanding of deglacial carbon cycle interactions can help close the gap between data-based and model-based estimates of global mean benthic δ13C and deep ocean carbon storage changes. Here we present a 118-record compilation of Cibicides wuellerstorfi δ13C time series that span 20-6 kyr. The δ13C records with a resolution better than 3 kyr and gaps between data smaller than 4 kyr are aligned to age models that are constrained by planktic 14C ages (Stern and Lisiecki, 2014). The δ13C records are stacked within nine regions. Then these regional stacks are combined using volume-weighted averages to create intermediate, deep and whole ocean δ13C stacks. The δ13C gradient between the intermediate and deep stacks covaries with atmospheric CO2 change. Meanwhile the deglacial global ocean mean δ13C rise tracks the expansion of the global terrestrial biosphere from 19-6 ka. From this volume-weighted global δ13C stack, the LGM-Holocene mean δ13C change is 0.35±0.10‰ similar to previous estimates (Curry et al., 1988; Duplessy et al., 1988; Peterson et al., 2015; Gebbie et al., 2015). The δ13C stacks and this 4D δ13C compilation are ideal for model-data comparisons and time-stepping 3D visualizations.

  14. Stream denitrification across biomes and its response to anthropogenic nitrate loading

    Treesearch

    Patrick J. Mulholland; Ashley M. Helton; Geoffrey C. Poole; Robert O. Hall; Stephen K. Hamilton; et al

    2008-01-01

    Anthropogenic addition of bioavailable nitrogen to the biosphere is increasing1, 2 and terrestrial ecosystems are becoming increasingly nitrogen-saturated3, causing more bioavailable nitrogen to enter groundwater and surface waters4, 5, 6. Large-scale nitrogen budgets show that an average of about 20–25 per cent of the nitrogen added to the biosphere is exported from...

  15. Atoms and Molecules Interacting with Light

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    van der Straten, Peter; Metcalf, Harold

    2016-02-01

    Part I. Atom-Light Interaction: 1. The classical physics pathway; Appendix 1.A. Damping force on an accelerating charge; Appendix 1.B. Hanle effect; Appendix 1.C. Optical tweezers; 2. Interaction of two-level atoms and light; Appendix 2.A. Pauli matrices for motion of the bloch vector; Appendix 2.B. The Ramsey method; Appendix 2.C. Echoes and interferometry; Appendix 2.D. Adiabatic rapid passage; Appendix 2.E Superposition and entanglement; 3. The atom-light interaction; Appendix 3.A. Proof of the oscillator strength theorem; Appendix 3.B. Electromagnetic fields; Appendix 3.C. The dipole approximation; Appendix 3.D. Time resolved fluorescence from multi-level atoms; 4. 'Forbidden' transitions; Appendix 4.A. Higher order approximations; 5. Spontaneous emission; Appendix 5.A. The quantum mechanical harmonic oscillator; Appendix 5.B. Field quantization; Appendix 5.C. Alternative theories to QED; 6. The density matrix; Appendix 6.A. The Liouville-von Neumann equation; Part II. Internal Structure: 7. The hydrogen atom; Appendix 7.A. Center-of-mass motion; Appendix 7.B. Coordinate systems; Appendix 7.C. Commuting operators; Appendix 7.D. Matrix elements of the radial wavefunctions; 8. Fine structure; Appendix 8.A. The Sommerfeld fine-structure constant; Appendix 8.B. Measurements of the fine structure 9. Effects of the nucleus; Appendix 9.A. Interacting magnetic dipoles; Appendix 9.B. Hyperfine structure for two spin =2 particles; Appendix 9.C. The hydrogen maser; 10. The alkali-metal atoms; Appendix 10.A. Quantum defects for the alkalis; Appendix 10.B. Numerov method; 11. Atoms in magnetic fields; Appendix 11.A. The ground state of atomic hydrogen; Appendix 11.B. Positronium; Appendix 11.C. The non-crossing theorem; Appendix 11.D. Passage through an anticrossing: Landau-Zener transitions; 12. Atoms in electric fields; 13. Rydberg atoms; 14. The helium atom; Appendix 14.A. Variational calculations; Appendix 14.B. Detail on the variational calculations of the ground state; 15. The periodic system of the elements; Appendix 15. A paramagnetism; Appendix 15.B. The color of gold; 16. Molecules; Appendix 16.A. Morse potential; 17. Binding in the hydrogen molecule; Appendix 17.A. Confocal elliptical coordinates; Appendix 17.B. One-electron two-center integrals; Appendix 17.C. Electron-electron interaction in molecular hydrogen; 18. Ultra-cold chemistry; Part III. Applications: 19. Optical forces and laser cooling; 20. Confinement of neutral atoms; 21. Bose-Einstein condensation; Appendix 21.A. Distribution functions; Appendix 21.B. Density of states; 22. Cold molecules; 23. Three level systems; Appendix 23.A. General Case for _1 , _2; 24. Fundamental physics; Part IV. Appendices: Appendix A. Notation and definitions; Appendix B. Units and notation; Appendix C. Angular momentum in quantum mechanics; Appendix D. Transition strengths; References; Index.

  16. T1 bright appendix sign to exclude acute appendicitis in pregnant women.

    PubMed

    Shin, Ilah; An, Chansik; Lim, Joon Seok; Kim, Myeong-Jin; Chung, Yong Eun

    2017-08-01

    To evaluate the diagnostic value of the T1 bright appendix sign for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in pregnant women. This retrospective study included 125 pregnant women with suspected appendicitis who underwent magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. The T1 bright appendix sign was defined as a high intensity signal filling more than half length of the appendix on T1-weighted imaging. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of the T1 bright appendix sign for normal appendix identification were calculated in all patients and in those with borderline-sized appendices (6-7 mm). The T1 bright appendix sign was seen in 51% of patients with normal appendices, but only in 4.5% of patients with acute appendicitis. The overall sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of the T1 bright appendix sign for normal appendix diagnosis were 44.9%, 95.5%, 97.6%, and 30.0%, respectively. All four patients with borderline sized appendix with appendicitis showed negative T1 bright appendix sign. The T1 bright appendix sign is a specific finding for the diagnosis of a normal appendix in pregnant women with suspected acute appendicitis. • Magnetic resonance imaging is increasingly used in emergency settings. • Acute appendicitis is the most common cause of acute abdomen. • Magnetic resonance imaging is widely used in pregnant population. • T1 bright appendix sign can be a specific sign representing normal appendix.

  17. [Characteristics of atmospheric CO2 concentration and variation of carbon source & sink at Lin'an regional background station].

    PubMed

    Pu, Jing-Jiao; Xu, Hong-Hui; Kang, Li-Li; Ma, Qian-Li

    2011-08-01

    Characteristics of Atmospheric CO2 concentration obtained by Flask measurements were analyzed at Lin'an regional background station from August 2006 to July 2009. According to the simulation results of carbon tracking model, the impact of carbon sources and sinks on CO2 concentration was evaluated in Yangtze River Delta. The results revealed that atmospheric CO2 concentrations at Lin'an regional background station were between 368.3 x 10(-6) and 414.8 x 10(-6). The CO2 concentration varied as seasons change, with maximum in winter and minimum in summer; the annual difference was about 20.5 x 10(-6). The long-term trend of CO2 concentration showed rapid growth year by year; the average growth rate was about 3.2 x 10(-6)/a. CO2 flux of Yangtze River Delta was mainly contributed by fossil fuel burning, terrestrial biosphere exchange and ocean exchange, while the contribution of fire emission was small. CO2 flux from fossil fuel burning played an important role in carbon source; terrestrial biosphere and ocean were important carbon sinks in this area. Seasonal variations of CO2 concentration at Lin'an regional background station were consistent with CO2 fluxes from fossil fuel burning and terrestrial biosphere exchange.

  18. 12 CFR Appendixes A-H to Subpart A... - Appendixes A-H to Subpart A of Part 702

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Appendixes A-H to Subpart A of Part 702 A Appendixes A-H to Subpart A of Part 702 Banks and Banking NATIONAL CREDIT UNION ADMINISTRATION REGULATIONS AFFECTING CREDIT UNIONS PROMPT CORRECTIVE ACTION Net Worth Classification Pt. 702, Apps. Appendixes A-H to...

  19. Evidence for an active rare biosphere within freshwater protists community.

    PubMed

    Debroas, Didier; Hugoni, Mylène; Domaizon, Isabelle

    2015-03-01

    Studies on the active rare biosphere at the RNA level are mainly focused on Bacteria and Archaea and fail to include the protists, which are involved in the main biogeochemical cycles of the earth. In this study, the richness, composition and activity of the rare protistan biosphere were determined from a temporal survey of two lakes by pyrosequencing. In these ecosystems, the always rare OTUs represented 77.2% of the total OTUs and 76.6% of the phylogenetic diversity. From the various phylogenetic indices computed, the phylogenetic units (PUs) constituted exclusively by always rare OTUs were discriminated from the other PUs. Therefore, the rare biosphere included mainly taxa that are distant from the reference databases compared to the dominant ones. In addition, the rarest OTUs represented 59.8% of the active biosphere depicted by rRNA and the activity (rRNA:rDNA ratio) increased with the rarity. The high rRNA:rDNA ratio determined in the rare fraction highlights that some protists were active at low abundances and contribute to ecosystem functioning. Interestingly, the always rare and active OTUs were characterized by seasonal changes in relation with the main environmental parameters measured. In conclusion, the rare eukaryotes represent an active, dynamic and overlooked fraction in the lacustrine ecosystems. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  20. 6 CFR Appendix A to Part 27 - DHS Chemicals of Interest

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 6 Domestic Security 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false DHS Chemicals of Interest A Appendix A to Part 27 Domestic Security DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY CHEMICAL FACILITY ANTI-TERRORISM STANDARDS Pt. 27, App. A Appendix A to Part 27—DHS Chemicals of Interest ER20NO07.008 ER20NO07.009...

  1. 6 CFR Appendix A to Part 27 - DHS Chemicals of Interest

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 6 Domestic Security 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false DHS Chemicals of Interest A Appendix A to Part 27 Domestic Security DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY CHEMICAL FACILITY ANTI-TERRORISM STANDARDS Pt. 27, App. A Appendix A to Part 27—DHS Chemicals of Interest ER20NO07.008 ER20NO07.009...

  2. 6 CFR Appendix A to Part 27 - DHS Chemicals of Interest

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 6 Domestic Security 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false DHS Chemicals of Interest A Appendix A to Part 27 Domestic Security DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY CHEMICAL FACILITY ANTI-TERRORISM STANDARDS Pt. 27, App. A Appendix A to Part 27—DHS Chemicals of Interest ER20NO07.008 ER20NO07.009...

  3. 6 CFR Appendix A to Part 27 - DHS Chemicals of Interest

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 6 Domestic Security 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false DHS Chemicals of Interest A Appendix A to Part 27 Domestic Security DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY CHEMICAL FACILITY ANTI-TERRORISM STANDARDS Pt. 27, App. A Appendix A to Part 27—DHS Chemicals of Interest ER20NO07.008 ER20NO07.009...

  4. 6 CFR Appendix A to Part 27 - DHS Chemicals of Interest

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 6 Domestic Security 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false DHS Chemicals of Interest A Appendix A to Part 27 Domestic Security DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY CHEMICAL FACILITY ANTI-TERRORISM STANDARDS Pt. 27, App. A Appendix A to Part 27—DHS Chemicals of Interest ER20NO07.008 ER20NO07.009...

  5. Site 32SN102, Stutsman County, North Dakota. A Description and Analysis,

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1978-12-15

    LIST OF TABLES .. ......................... iv LIST OF FIGURES. ......................... iv LIST OF PLATES . ........................... v...38 REFERENCES CITED. .......................... 40 APPEND ICES APPENDIX A ( PLATES ) APPENDIX B (MISCELLANEOUS) APPENDIX C...32SN102 .. ................. 18 6. Location of Cranial Anomalies .. .............. 25 iv LIST OF PLATES (Appendix A) Plate la Cutbank prior to

  6. Shielding Analysis of a Small Compact Space Nuclear Reactor

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1987-08-01

    RESPONSE) =4, MAXWELLIAN FISSION SPECTRUM (ILNTEGRAL RESPONSE) =5, LOS ALAMOS FISSION SPECTRUM, 1982 (INTEGRAL RESPONSE) =6, VITAMIN C NEUTRON SPECTRUM...Appendices Appendix A: Calculations of Effective Radii.. A-1 Appendix B: Atom Density Calculations for FEMPlD and FEMP2D ................ B-I Appendix C ...FEMPID and FEM22D Data........... C -i Appendix D: Energy Group Definition .......... D-I Appendix E: Transport Equation, Legendr4 Polynomial

  7. A prototype Knowledge-Based System to Aid Space System Restoration Management.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1986-12-01

    Systems. ......... 122 Appendix B: Computation of Weights With AHP . . .. 132 Appendix C: ART Code .. ............... 138 Appendix D: Test Outputs...45 5.1 Earth Coverage With Geosynchronous Satellites 49 5.2 Space System Configurations ... ........... . 50 5.3 AHP Hierarchy...67 5.4 AHP Hierarchy With Weights .... ............ 68 6.1 TALK Schema Structure ..... .............. 75 6.2 ART Code for TALK Satellite C

  8. 12 CFR Appendix A to Part 704 - Model Forms

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Model Forms A Appendix A to Part 704 Banks and... Pt. 704, App. A Appendix A to Part 704—Model Forms This appendix contains sample forms intended for... corporate credit union. (8) Paid-in capital is perpetual maturity and noncumulative dividend. I have read...

  9. 12 CFR Appendix A to Part 704 - Model Forms

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Model Forms A Appendix A to Part 704 Banks and... Pt. 704, App. A Appendix A to Part 704—Model Forms This appendix contains sample forms intended for... corporate credit union. (8) Paid-in capital is perpetual maturity and noncumulative dividend. I have read...

  10. Installation restoration program. Site investigation report. Revision 4. Volume 2: Appendix B through Appendix E. 155th Air Refueling Group, Nebraska Air National Guard, Lincoln Municipal Airport, Lincoln, Nebraska. Final report

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    NONE

    1995-04-01

    This is Site investigation Report, Volume 2 Appendix B through E. A Site Investigation was performed at the 155th Air Refueling Group at Lincoln, NE to evaluate six areas of suspected contamination identified during a Preliminary Assessment. The sites that this investigation were conducted at are: Site 1 - Fuel Farm, POL Storage Area Site 2 - West End of Old Oak Creek, Site 3 - Former Tank Cleaning/Hazardous Waste Storage Area, Site 4 - Access Road, Dust Control Area, Site 5 - Army National Guard Oil Storage Area, and Site 6 - Hydraulic Pressure Check Unit Storage Area. Themore » report recommended no further action for Sites 3 through 6 due to low levels or no contamination being found. The report recommended that the portion of Site 2 that is located downstream of Site 1 should be included in Site 1. Appendix 2 consist of the following appendix: Well Data and Geologic Boring Logs (Appendix B), Survey Data (Appendix C), Quality Control (Appendix D), and Analytical Results (Appendix E).« less

  11. Department of Defense Data Model, Version 1, Fy 1998, Volume 1.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1998-05-31

    INSTALLATION-POSTAL-ADDRESS INSTALLATION-RESTORATION- ADVISORY -BOARD INSTALLATION-SURVEY INSTALLATION-USPS-POSTAL-ADDRESS INSTALLMENT- PAYMENT ...Standards 5 U SECTION 5 Entity Report 6 SECTION 6 Attribute Report 7 SECTION 7 Entity Relationship Report 8 SECTION 8 DoD Data Model Enhancements Report ...8 SECTION 9 Functional Area Using Model Report 8 Appendix A IDEFlx Modeling Conventions 8 Appendix B Acronyms ; 8 Appendix

  12. 49 CFR Appendix A to Part 225 - Schedule of Civil Penalties

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Schedule of Civil Penalties A Appendix A to Part... INVESTIGATIONS Pt. 225, App. A Appendix A to Part 225—Schedule of Civil Penalties Appendix A to Part 225—Schedule of Civil Penalties 1 Section 2 Violation WillfulViolation 225.6: Failure to comply with consolidated...

  13. Comparative Roles of Overexpressed and Mutated H- and K-ras in Mammary Carcinogenesis.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1996-08-01

    transgene of these tumors. 14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF PAGES Breast Cancer , mammary carcinogenesis, oncogenes, ras genes, 44 replication defective...27 Appendix 5 29 Appendix 6 31 Appendix 7 33 Appendix 8 35 Appendix 9 37 Appendix 10 39 Introduction Breast cancer development involves multiple poorly...understood steps (25). Currently, several genes that may participate in breast cancer development are under investigation. The ras family of genes

  14. 6 CFR Appendix B to Part 9 - Disclosure Form To Report Lobbying

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 6 Domestic Security 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Disclosure Form To Report Lobbying B Appendix B to Part 9 Domestic Security DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY RESTRICTIONS UPON LOBBYING Pt. 9, App. B Appendix B to Part 9—Disclosure Form To Report Lobbying ER06MR03.021...

  15. Qualitative properties of the minimal model of carbon circulation in the biosphere

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pestunov, Aleksandr; Fedotov, Anatoliy; Medvedev, Sergey

    2014-05-01

    Substantial changes in the biosphere during recent decades have caused legitimate concern in the international community. The fact that feedbacks between the atmospheric CO2 concentration, global temperature, permafrost, ocean CO2 concentration and air humidity increases the risk of catastrophic phenomena on the planetary scale. The precautionary principle allows us to consider greenhouse effect using the mathematical models of the biosphere-climate system. Minimal models do not allow us to make a quantitative description of the "biosphere-climate" system dynamics, which is determined by the aggregate effect of the set of known climatic and biosphere processes. However, the study of such models makes it possible to understand the qualitative mechanisms of biosphere processes and to evaluate their possible consequences. The global minimal model of long-term dynamics of carbon in biosphere is considered basing on assumption that anthropogenous carbon emissions in atmosphere are absent [1]. Qualitative analysis of the model shows that there exists a set of model parameters (taken from the current estimation ranges), such that the system becomes unstable. It is also shown that external influences on the carbon circulation can lead either to degradation of the biosphere or to global temperature change [2]. This work is aimed at revealing the conditions under which the biosphere model can become unstable, which can result in catastrophic changes in the Earth's biogeocenoses. The minimal model of the biosphere-climate system describes an improbable, but, nevertheless, a possible worst-case scenario of the biosphere evolution takes into consideration only the most dangerous biosphere mechanisms and ignores some climate feedbacks (such as transpiration). This work demonstrates the possibility of implementing the trigger mode in the biosphere, which can lead to dramatic changes in the state of the biosphere even without additional burning of fossil fuels. This mode implementation is possible under parameter values of the biosphere, lying within the ranges of their existing estimates. Hence a potential hazard of any drastic change of the biosphere conditions that may speed up possible shift of the biosphere to a new stable state. References 1. Bartsev S.I., Degermendzhi A.G., Fedotov A.M., Medvedev S.B., Pestunov A.I., Pestunov I.A. The Biosphere Trigger Mechanism in the Minimal Model for the Global Carbon Cycle of the Earth // Doklady Earth Sciences, 2012, Vol. 443, Part 2, pp. 489-492. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2012. 2. Fedotov A.M., Medvedev S.B., Pestunov A.I., Pestunov I.A., Bartsev S.I., Degermendzhi A.G. Qualitative analysis of the minimal model of carbon dynamics in the biosphere // Computational Technologies. 2012. Vol. 17. N 3. pp. 91-108 (in Russian).

  16. Army Airmobility Handbook

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1967-03-01

    is restricted only by the practical range of its organic aerial vehicles which provide its high degree of mobility; a form of warfare that not only... ORGANIC AIRCRAFT RADIOS 1* Chapter and Appendix. APPENDIX 4 ARMY AIRCRAFT WEAPONS SYSTEMS APPENDIX 5 ARMY AVIATION ORGANIZATIONS IL. APPENDIX 6 AIRMOBILE...helicopters, fix,:d wing aircraft, and organizations and equipment associatetd with Army aviation. It provides basic and general information, and

  17. 49 CFR Appendix C to Part 180 - Eddy Current Examination With Visual Inspection for DOT 3AL Cylinders Manufactured of Aluminum...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... for DOT 3AL Cylinders Manufactured of Aluminum Alloy 6351-T6 C Appendix C to Part 180 Transportation... Pt. 180, App. C Appendix C to Part 180—Eddy Current Examination With Visual Inspection for DOT 3AL... with CGA pamphlet C-6.1 (IBR; see § 171.7 of this subchapter). 3. Eddy Current Equipment. A reference...

  18. Geospatial assessment and monitoring of historical forest cover changes (1920-2012) in Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, Western Ghats, India.

    PubMed

    Satish, K V; Saranya, K R L; Reddy, C Sudhakar; Krishna, P Hari; Jha, C S; Rao, P V V Prasada

    2014-12-01

    Deforestation in the biosphere reserves, which are key Protected Areas has negative impacts on biodiversity, climate, carbon fluxes and livelihoods. Comprehensive study of deforestation in biosphere reserves is required to assess the impact of the management effectiveness. This article assesses the changes in forest cover in various zones and protected areas of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, the first declared biosphere reserve in India which forms part of Western Ghats-a global biodiversity hotspot. In this study, we have mapped the forests from earliest available topographical maps and multi-temporal satellite data spanning from 1920's to 2012 period. Mapping of spatial extent of forest cover, vegetation types and land cover was carried out using visual interpretation technique. A grid cell of 1 km × 1 km was generated for time series change analysis to understand the patterns in spatial distribution of forest cover (1920-1973-1989-1999-2006-2012). The total forest area of biosphere reserve was found to be 5,806.5 km(2) (93.8 % of total geographical area) in 1920. Overall loss of forest cover was estimated as 1,423.6 km(2) (24.5 % of the total forest) with reference to 1920. Among the six Protected Areas, annual deforestation rate of >0.5 was found in Wayanad wildlife sanctuary during 1920-1973. The deforestation in Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is mainly attributed to conversion of forests to plantations and agriculture along with submergence due to construction of dams during 1920 to 1989. Grid wise analysis indicates that 851 grids have undergone large-scale negative changes of >75 ha of forest loss during 1920-1973 while, only 15 grids have shown >75 ha loss during 1973-1989. Annual net rate of deforestation for the period of 1920 to 1973 was calculated as 0.5 followed by 0.1 for 1973 to 1989. Our analysis shows that there was large-scale deforestation before the declaration of area as biosphere reserve in 1986; however, the deforestation has drastically reduced after the declaration due to high degree of protection, thus indicating the secure future of reserve in the long term under the current forest management practices. The present work will stand as the most up-to-date assessment on the forest cover of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve with immediate applications in monitoring and management of forest biodiversity.

  19. Calculus of Elementary Functions, Part IV. Teacher's Commentary. Preliminary Edition.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Herriot, Sarah T.; And Others

    This teacher's guide is designed for use with the SMSG textbook "Calculus of Elementary Functions." It contains solutions to exercises found in Chapter 9, Integration Theory and Technique; Chapter 10, Simple Differential Equations; Appendix 5, Area and Integral; Appendix 6; Appendix 7, Continuity Theory; and Appendix 8, More About…

  20. Sensitivity properties of a biosphere model based on BATS and a statistical-dynamical climate model

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Zhang, T.

    A biosphere model based on the Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) and the Saltzman-Vernekar (SV) statistical-dynamical climate model is developed. Some equations of BATS are adopted either intact or with modifications, some are conceptually modified, and still others are replaced with equations of the SV model. The model is designed so that it can be run independently as long as the parameters related to the physiology and physiognomy of the vegetation, the atmospheric conditions, solar radiation, and soil conditions are given. With this stand-alone biosphere model, a series of sensitivity investigations, particularly the model sensitivity to fractional area of vegetation cover,more » soil surface water availability, and solar radiation for different types of vegetation, were conducted as a first step. These numerical experiments indicate that the presence of a vegetation cover greatly enhances the exchanges of momentum, water vapor, and energy between the atmosphere and the surface of the earth. An interesting result is that a dense and thick vegetation cover tends to serve as an environment conditioner or, more specifically, a thermostat and a humidistat, since the soil surface temperature, foliage temperature, and temperature and vapor pressure of air within the foliage are practically insensitive to variation of soil surface water availability and even solar radiation within a wide range. An attempt is also made to simulate the gradual deterioration of environment accompanying gradual degradation of a tropical forest to grasslands. Comparison with field data shows that this model can realistically simulate the land surface processes involving biospheric variations. 46 refs., 10 figs., 6 tabs.« less

  1. 32 CFR Appendix A to Part 1288 - Decal Specifications

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Decal Specifications A Appendix A to Part 1288 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY MISCELLANEOUS REGISTRATION OF PRIVATELY OWNED MOTOR VEHICLES Pt. 1288, App. A Appendix A to Part 1288—Decal Specifications A...

  2. 12 CFR Appendix A to Part 630 - Supplemental Information Disclosure Guidelines

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Supplemental Information Disclosure Guidelines A Appendix A to Part 630 Banks and Banking FARM CREDIT ADMINISTRATION FARM CREDIT SYSTEM DISCLOSURE..., App. A Appendix A to Part 630—Supplemental Information Disclosure Guidelines Supplemental information...

  3. Introduction to Plasma Physics

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gurnett, Donald A.; Bhattacharjee, Amitava

    2017-03-01

    Preface; 1. Introduction; 2. Characteristic parameters of a plasma; 3. Single particle motions; 4. Waves in a cold plasma; 5. Kinetic theory and the moment equations; 6. Magnetohydrodynamics; 7. MHD equilibria and stability; 8. Discontinuities and shock waves; 9. Electrostatic waves in a hot unmagnetized plasma; 10. Waves in a hot magnetized plasma; 11. Nonlinear effects; 12. Collisional processes; Appendix A. Symbols; Appendix B. Useful trigonometric identities; Appendix C. Vector differential operators; Appendix D. Vector calculus identities; Index.

  4. The water cycle in closed ecological systems: perspectives from the Biosphere 2 and Laboratory Biosphere systems

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nelson, Mark; Dempster, William; Allen, John P.

    To achieve sustainable and healthy closed ecological systems requires successful solutions to the challenge of closing the water cycle - recycling wastewater/soil leachate and evaporateed water and supplying water of required quality as needed for different needs within the facility. Engineering Biosphere 2, the first multi-biome closed ecological system, total footprint of the airtight area is 12,700 m2 with a combined volume of 200,000 m3 with a total water capacity of some 6 x 106 liters of water presented a complex challenge because it included human inhabitants, their agricultural and technical systems, as well as a range of analogue ecosystems ranging from rainforest to desert, freshwater ecologies to mini-ocean coral reef ecosystems. By contrast, the Laboratory Biosphere - a small (40m3 volume) soil-based plant growth facility with a footprint of 15m3 - is a very simplified system, but with some similar issues such as salinity management and the provision of water quality sufficient for plant growth. In Biosphere 2, water needs included supplying potable water for people and domestic animals, irrigation water for a wide variety of food crops, and recycling and recovering soil nutrients from wastewater. In the wilderness biomes, adequately freshwater was needed for terrestrial ecosystems and maintaining appropriate salinity and pH in aquatic/marine ecosystems. The largest reservoirs in Biosphere 2 were the ocean/marsh with some 4x106 liters, soil with 2 x 106 liters, primary storage tanks with a capacity for up to 8 x 105 liters and storage tanks for condensate collection and mixing tanks with 1.5 x 105 liters to supply irrigation for farm and wilderness ecosystems. Other reservoirs were far smaller - humidity in the atmosphere (2 x 103 liters), streams in the rainforest and savannah, and seasonal pools in the desert were orders of magnitude smaller (8 x 103 liters). Key technologies included condensation from humidity in the airhandlers and from the glass spaceframe to produce high quality freshwater, purification of nutrients from ocean waters with first algae mats and then protein skimmers, wastewater treatment with constructed wetlands and desalination through reverse osmosis and flash evaporation were key to recycling water with appropriate quality throughout the Biosphere 2 facility. Wastewater from all human uses and the domestic animals in Biosphere 2 was treated and recycling through a series of constructed wetlands, which had hydraulic loading of 0.9-1.1 m3 day-1 (240-290 gal d-1). Plant production in the wetland treatment system produced 1210 kg dry weight of emergent and floating aquatic plant wetland used as fodder for the domestic animals and remaining nutrients/water was reused as part of the agricultural irrigation supply. There were pools of water with recycling times of days to weeks and others with far longer cycling times within Biosphere 2. By contrast, the Laboratory Biosphere with a total water reservoir of less than 500 litres has far quicker cycling rapidity. However, just as in Biosphere 2, humidity in the Laboratory Biosphere is a very small reservoir of water. The amount of water passing through the air in the course of a 12-hour operational day is two orders of magnitude greater than the amount stored in the air. Thus evaporation, condensation and soil leachate collection are vital parts of the recycle system just as in Biosphere 2. The water cycle and sustainable water recycling in closed ecological systems presents problems requiring further research to resolve - such as how to control buildup of salinity in materially-closed ecosystems and effective ways to retain nutrients in optimal quantity and useable form for plant growth which are common to closed ecological systems of whatever size. These issues have relevance to a global environment increasingly facing water shortages and the task of maintaining water quality for human and ecosystem health.

  5. Planetary Bootstrap: A Prelude to Biosphere Phenomenology

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kazansky, Alexander B.

    2004-08-01

    This paper deals with systemic status as well as with some phenomenological and evolutionary aspects of biosphere. Biosphere is represented as multilevel autopoietic system in which different organizational levels are nested into each other. The conceptual model of punctuated epigenesis, biosphere evolutionary process is suggested, in which endogenous planetary organizational crises play role of evolutionary mechanism, creating novelty. The hypothesis is proposed, that the biosphere reaction on the humankind destructive activity reminds the distributed immune response of biological organism, described by F.Varela in his "cognitive immunology". The biosphere evolution is interpreted as the hermeneutical spiral of "Process Being" self-uncovering thus illustrating the historical process of transformation of biosphere as the type of Being in the periods of crises. Some arguments are adduced in favor of biosphere phenomenology development and application of the methods of second-order cybernetics to actual problems of planetary scale.

  6. Introduction to Electrodynamics

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Griffiths, David J.

    2017-06-01

    1. Vector analysis; 2. Electrostatics; 3. Potentials; 4. Electric fields in matter; 5. Magnetostatics; 6. Magnetic fields in matter; 7. Electrodynamics; 8. Conservation laws; 9. Electromagnetic waves; 10. Potentials and fields; 11. Radiation; 12. Electrodynamics and relativity; Appendix A. Vector calculus in curvilinear coordinates; Appendix B. The Helmholtz theorem; Appendix C. Units; Index.

  7. 49 CFR Appendix C to Part 512 - Early Warning Reporting Class Determinations

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 6 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Early Warning Reporting Class Determinations C Appendix C to Part 512 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL.... 512, App. C Appendix C to Part 512—Early Warning Reporting Class Determinations (a) The Chief Counsel...

  8. 49 CFR Appendix C to Part 512 - Early Warning Reporting Class Determinations

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 6 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Early Warning Reporting Class Determinations C Appendix C to Part 512 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL.... 512, App. C Appendix C to Part 512—Early Warning Reporting Class Determinations (a) The Chief Counsel...

  9. 49 CFR Appendix C to Part 512 - Early Warning Reporting Class Determinations

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 6 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Early Warning Reporting Class Determinations C Appendix C to Part 512 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL.... 512, App. C Appendix C to Part 512—Early Warning Reporting Class Determinations (a) The Chief Counsel...

  10. 49 CFR Appendix C to Part 512 - Early Warning Reporting Class Determinations

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 6 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Early Warning Reporting Class Determinations C Appendix C to Part 512 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL.... 512, App. C Appendix C to Part 512—Early Warning Reporting Class Determinations (a) The Chief Counsel...

  11. 49 CFR Appendix C to Part 512 - Early Warning Reporting Class Determinations

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 6 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Early Warning Reporting Class Determinations C Appendix C to Part 512 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL.... 512, App. C Appendix C to Part 512—Early Warning Reporting Class Determinations (a) The Chief Counsel...

  12. Temporal variations of atmospheric CO2 and CO at Ahmedabad in western India

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chandra, Naveen; Lal, Shyam; Venkataramani, S.; Patra, Prabir K.; Sheel, Varun

    2016-05-01

    About 70 % of the anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) is emitted from the megacities and urban areas of the world. In order to draw effective emission mitigation policies for combating future climate change as well as independently validating the emission inventories for constraining their large range of uncertainties, especially over major metropolitan areas of developing countries, there is an urgent need for greenhouse gas measurements over representative urban regions. India is a fast developing country, where fossil fuel emissions have increased dramatically in the last three decades and are predicted to continue to grow further by at least 6 % per year through to 2025. The CO2 measurements over urban regions in India are lacking. To overcome this limitation, simultaneous measurements of CO2 and carbon monoxide (CO) have been made at Ahmedabad, a major urban site in western India, using a state-of-the-art laser-based cavity ring down spectroscopy technique from November 2013 to May 2015. These measurements enable us to understand the diurnal and seasonal variations in atmospheric CO2 with respect to its sources (both anthropogenic and biospheric) and biospheric sinks. The observed annual average concentrations of CO2 and CO are 413.0 ± 13.7 and 0.50 ± 0.37 ppm respectively. Both CO2 and CO show strong seasonality with lower concentrations (400.3 ± 6.8 and 0.19 ± 0.13 ppm) during the south-west monsoon and higher concentrations (419.6 ± 22.8 and 0.72 ± 0.68 ppm) during the autumn (SON) season. Strong diurnal variations are also observed for both the species. The common factors for the diurnal cycles of CO2 and CO are vertical mixing and rush hour traffic, while the influence of biospheric fluxes is also seen in the CO2 diurnal cycle. Using CO and CO2 covariation, we differentiate the anthropogenic and biospheric components of CO2 and found significant contributions of biospheric respiration and anthropogenic emissions in the late night (00:00-05:00 h, IST) and evening rush hours (18:00-22:00 h) respectively. We compute total yearly emissions of CO to be 69.2 ± 0.07 Gg for the study region using the observed CO : CO2 correlation slope and bottom-up CO2 emission inventory. This calculated emission of CO is 52 % larger than the estimated emission of CO by the emissions database for global atmospheric research (EDGAR) inventory. The observations of CO2 have been compared with an atmospheric chemistry-transport model (ACTM), which incorporates various components of CO2 fluxes. ACTM is able to capture the basic variabilities, but both diurnal and seasonal amplitudes are largely underestimated compared to the observations. We attribute this underestimation by the model to uncertainties in terrestrial biosphere fluxes and coarse model resolution. The fossil fuel signal from the model shows fairly good correlation with observed CO2 variations, which supports the overall dominance of fossil fuel emissions over the biospheric fluxes in this urban region.

  13. 44 CFR Appendix A(6) to Part 61 - Appendix A(6) to Part 61

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ..., DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY INSURANCE AND HAZARD MITIGATION National Flood Insurance Program INSURANCE... Insurance Administration Standard Flood Insurance Policy Endorsement to Residential Condominium Building..., 1999, agree to participate in the inspection procedure, and become eligible for the sale of flood...

  14. 44 CFR Appendix A(6) to Part 61 - Appendix A(6) to Part 61

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ..., DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY INSURANCE AND HAZARD MITIGATION National Flood Insurance Program INSURANCE... Insurance Administration Standard Flood Insurance Policy Endorsement to Residential Condominium Building..., 1999, agree to participate in the inspection procedure, and become eligible for the sale of flood...

  15. 44 CFR Appendix A(6) to Part 61 - Appendix A(6) to Part 61

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ..., DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY INSURANCE AND HAZARD MITIGATION National Flood Insurance Program INSURANCE... Insurance Administration Standard Flood Insurance Policy Endorsement to Residential Condominium Building..., 1999, agree to participate in the inspection procedure, and become eligible for the sale of flood...

  16. 44 CFR Appendix A(6) to Part 61 - Appendix A(6) to Part 61

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ..., DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY INSURANCE AND HAZARD MITIGATION National Flood Insurance Program INSURANCE... Insurance Administration Standard Flood Insurance Policy Endorsement to Residential Condominium Building..., 1999, agree to participate in the inspection procedure, and become eligible for the sale of flood...

  17. 44 CFR Appendix A(6) to Part 61 - Appendix A(6) to Part 61

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ..., DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY INSURANCE AND HAZARD MITIGATION National Flood Insurance Program INSURANCE... Insurance Administration Standard Flood Insurance Policy Endorsement to Residential Condominium Building..., 1999, agree to participate in the inspection procedure, and become eligible for the sale of flood...

  18. 40 CFR 60.1245 - Am I exempt from any appendix B or appendix F requirements to evaluate continuous emission...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... appendix F requirements to evaluate continuous emission monitoring systems? 60.1245 Section 60.1245... Commenced After June 6, 2001 Continuous Emission Monitoring § 60.1245 Am I exempt from any appendix B or... carbon dioxide) continuous emission monitoring system. Therefore, your oxygen (or carbon dioxide...

  19. 16 CFR Appendix A6 to Part 305 - Refrigerator-Freezers With Automatic Defrost With Bottom-Mounted Freezer Without Through-the-Door...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Refrigerator-Freezers With Automatic Defrost With Bottom-Mounted Freezer Without Through-the-Door Ice Service A6 Appendix A6 to Part 305 Commercial... Freezer Without Through-the-Door Ice Service Range Information Manufacturer's Rated Total Refrigerated...

  20. Columbia Accident Investigation Board Report. Volume Two

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Barry, J. R.; Jenkins, D. R.; White, D. J.; Goodman, P. A.; Reingold, L. A.

    2003-01-01

    Volume II of the Report contains appendices that were cited in Volume I. The Columbia Accident Investigation Board produced many of these appendices as working papers during the investigation into the February 1, 2003 destruction of the Space Shuttle Columbia. Other appendices were produced by other organizations (mainly NASA) in support of the Board investigation. In the case of documents that have been published by others, they are included here in the interest of establishing a complete record, but often at less than full page size. Contents include: CAIB Technical Documents Cited in the Report: Reader's Guide to Volume II; Appendix D. a Supplement to the Report; Appendix D.b Corrections to Volume I of the Report; Appendix D.1 STS-107 Training Investigation; Appendix D.2 Payload Operations Checklist 3; Appendix D.3 Fault Tree Closure Summary; Appendix D.4 Fault Tree Elements - Not Closed; Appendix D.5 Space Weather Conditions; Appendix D.6 Payload and Payload Integration; Appendix D.7 Working Scenario; Appendix D.8 Debris Transport Analysis; Appendix D.9 Data Review and Timeline Reconstruction Report; Appendix D.10 Debris Recovery; Appendix D.11 STS-107 Columbia Reconstruction Report; Appendix D.12 Impact Modeling; Appendix D.13 STS-107 In-Flight Options Assessment; Appendix D.14 Orbiter Major Modification (OMM) Review; Appendix D.15 Maintenance, Material, and Management Inputs; Appendix D.16 Public Safety Analysis; Appendix D.17 MER Manager's Tiger Team Checklist; Appendix D.18 Past Reports Review; Appendix D.19 Qualification and Interpretation of Sensor Data from STS-107; Appendix D.20 Bolt Catcher Debris Analysis.

  1. Numerical Solution of Laminar and Turbulent Boundary Layer Equations Including Transition, and Experimenmtal Study of a Flat Plate with a Blunt Fin at Incidence.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1986-03-01

    93 3.6.5.4 Data Acquisition- Electrical Analog. . 95 3.6.6 Co-axial Thermocouple Gages ...... 97 3.6.6.1 Theory .................... 101 3.6.6.2...Preparation of Liquid Crystal Model . . . 233 Appendix G: Digital Image Processing . ........ 235 Appendix H: Electrical Analog Circuits ....... . 237...m. 232 H.la Thermal Circuit ..... ................. . 237 H.Ib Electrical Circuit ..... ............... 237 H.2 Electrical Analog Using Equal Sections

  2. Remedial Investigation Badger Army Ammunition Plant, Baraboo, Wisconsin. Volume 3. Appendices G Through J

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1991-01-01

    B~est Availlable COPY AD-A280 438’El UlHI~ll lIMEll l Ulll "U.S. Army Environmental Center 7C, 0* £0 t;,2.’ . .. US AR.Y E[N,’IP r TM,’.F A, CENtIR...Split Groundwater Samples Vol. 6 APPENDIX M - CALCULATIONS FOR PARAMETERS USED IN RISK ASSESSMENT Vol. 7 APPENDIX N - IRIS FILES FOR COMPOUNDS OF...POTENTIAL CONCERN Vol. 7 APPENDIX 0 - HUMAN HEALTH RISK CALCULATIONS Vol. 7 APPENDIX P - INVENTORY OF SITE SPECIES Vol. 7 APPENDIX Q - EXPOSURE

  3. 31 CFR Appendix A to Chapter V - Information Pertaining to the Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List A Appendix A to Chapter V Money and Finance... OF THE TREASURY Ch. V, App. A Appendix A to Chapter V—Information Pertaining to the Specially... the economic sanctions programs in chapter V. 6. Specific licenses previously issued by OFAC may...

  4. Biospheric feedback effects in a synchronously coupled model of human and Earth systems

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Thornton, Peter E.; Calvin, Katherine; Jones, Andrew D.

    Fossil fuel combustion and land-use change are the first and second largest contributors to industrial-era increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, which is itself the largest driver of present-day climate change1. Projections of fossil fuel consumption and land-use change are thus fundamental inputs for coupled Earth system models (ESM) used to estimate the physical and biological consequences of future climate system forcing2,3. While empirical datasets are available to inform historical analyses4,5, assessments of future climate change have relied on projections of energy and land use based on energy economic models, constrained using historical and present-day data and forced with assumptionsmore » about future policy, land-use patterns, and socio-economic development trajectories6. Here we show that the influence of biospheric change – the integrated effect of climatic, ecological, and geochemical processes – on land ecosystems has a significant impact on energy, agriculture, and land-use projections for the 21st century. Such feedbacks have been ignored in previous ESM studies of future climate. We find that synchronous exposure of land ecosystem productivity in the economic system to biospheric change as it develops in an ESM results in a 10% reduction of land area used for crop cultivation; increased managed forest area and land carbon; a 15-20% decrease in global crop price; and a 17% reduction in fossil fuel emissions for a low-mid range forcing scenario7. These simulation results demonstrate that biospheric change can significantly alter primary human system forcings to the climate system. This synchronous two-way coupling approach removes inconsistencies in description of climate change between human and biosphere components of the coupled model, mitigating a major source of uncertainty identified in assessments of future climate projections8-10.« less

  5. 32 CFR Appendix A to Part 881 - Glossary of Terms

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Glossary of Terms A Appendix A to Part 881 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE MILITARY PERSONNEL... Appendix A to Part 881—Glossary of Terms Active Military Service—See 38 U.S.C. 106. Civilian or Contractual...

  6. 32 CFR Appendix A to Part 881 - Glossary of Terms

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Glossary of Terms A Appendix A to Part 881 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE MILITARY PERSONNEL... Appendix A to Part 881—Glossary of Terms Active Military Service—See 38 U.S.C. 106. Civilian or Contractual...

  7. 32 CFR Appendix A to Part 881 - Glossary of Terms

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Glossary of Terms A Appendix A to Part 881 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE MILITARY PERSONNEL... Appendix A to Part 881—Glossary of Terms Active Military Service—See 38 U.S.C. 106. Civilian or Contractual...

  8. 32 CFR Appendix A to Part 881 - Glossary of Terms

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Glossary of Terms A Appendix A to Part 881 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE MILITARY PERSONNEL... Appendix A to Part 881—Glossary of Terms Active Military Service—See 38 U.S.C. 106. Civilian or Contractual...

  9. 32 CFR Appendix A to Part 881 - Glossary of Terms

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Glossary of Terms A Appendix A to Part 881 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE MILITARY PERSONNEL... Appendix A to Part 881—Glossary of Terms Active Military Service—See 38 U.S.C. 106. Civilian or Contractual...

  10. 49 CFR Appendix C- to Part 544... - Appendix C- to Part 544 Motor Vehicle Rental and Leasing Companies (Including Licensees and...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 6 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Appendix C- to Part 544 Motor Vehicle Rental and Leasing Companies (Including Licensees and Franchisees) Subject to the Reporting Requirements of Part 544 C Appendix C- to Part 544 Motor Vehicle Rental and Leasing Companies (Including Licensees and...

  11. 32 CFR Appendix C to Part 1290 - Ticket Sample-A Moving Violation

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Ticket Sample-A Moving Violation C Appendix C to Part 1290 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY.... 1290, App. C Appendix C to Part 1290—Ticket Sample—A Moving Violation EC25OC91.007 ...

  12. 32 CFR Appendix C to Part 1290 - Ticket Sample-A Moving Violation

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Ticket Sample-A Moving Violation C Appendix C to Part 1290 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY.... 1290, App. C Appendix C to Part 1290—Ticket Sample—A Moving Violation EC25OC91.007 ...

  13. Design Equations and Criteria of Orthotropic Composite Panels

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2013-05-01

    33  Appendix A Classical Laminate Theory ( CLT ): ....................................................................... A–1  Appendix...Science London , 1990. NSWCCD-65-TR–2004/16A A–1 Appendix A Classical Laminate Theory ( CLT ): In Section 6 of this report, preliminary design...determined using:  Classical Laminate Theory, CLT , to Predict Equivalent Stiffness Characteristics, First- Ply Strength Note: CLT is valid for

  14. 16 CFR Appendix A6 to Part 305 - Refrigerator-Freezers With Automatic Defrost With Bottom-Mounted Freezer Without Through-the-Door...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Refrigerator-Freezers With Automatic Defrost With Bottom-Mounted Freezer Without Through-the-Door Ice Service A6 Appendix A6 to Part 305 Commercial...—Refrigerator-Freezers With Automatic Defrost With Bottom-Mounted Freezer Without Through-the-Door Ice Service...

  15. 16 CFR Appendix A6 to Part 305 - Refrigerator-Freezers With Automatic Defrost With Bottom-Mounted Freezer Without Through-the-Door...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Refrigerator-Freezers With Automatic Defrost With Bottom-Mounted Freezer Without Through-the-Door Ice Service A6 Appendix A6 to Part 305 Commercial...—Refrigerator-Freezers With Automatic Defrost With Bottom-Mounted Freezer Without Through-the-Door Ice Service...

  16. 16 CFR Appendix A6 to Part 305 - Refrigerator-Freezers With Automatic Defrost With Bottom-Mounted Freezer Without Through-the-Door...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Refrigerator-Freezers With Automatic Defrost With Bottom-Mounted Freezer Without Through-the-Door Ice Service A6 Appendix A6 to Part 305 Commercial...—Refrigerator-Freezers With Automatic Defrost With Bottom-Mounted Freezer Without Through-the-Door Ice Service...

  17. 16 CFR Appendix A6 to Part 305 - Refrigerator-Freezers With Automatic Defrost With Bottom-Mounted Freezer Without Through-the-Door...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Refrigerator-Freezers With Automatic Defrost With Bottom-Mounted Freezer Without Through-the-Door Ice Service A6 Appendix A6 to Part 305 Commercial...—Refrigerator-Freezers With Automatic Defrost With Bottom-Mounted Freezer Without Through-the-Door Ice Service...

  18. The legacy of biosphere 2 for the study of biospherics and closed ecological systems

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Allen, J. P.; Nelson, M.; Alling, A.

    The unprecedented challenges of creating Biosphere 2, the world's first laboratory for biospherics, the study of global ecology and long-term closed ecological system dynamics, led to breakthrough developments in many fields, and a deeper understanding of the opportunities and difficulties of material closure. This paper will review accomplishments and challenges, citing some of the key research findings and publications that have resulted from the experiments in Biosphere 2. Engineering accomplishments included development of a technique for variable volume to deal with pressure differences between the facility and outside environment, developing methods of atmospheric leak detection and sealing, while achieving new standards of closure, with an annual atmospheric leakrate of less than 10%, or less than 300 ppm per day. This degree of closure permitted detailed tracking of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and trice gases such as nitrous oxide and ethylene over the seasonal variability of two years. Full closure also necessitated developing new approaches and technologies for complete air, water, and wastewater recycle and reuse within the facility. The development of a soil-based highly productive agricultural system was a first in closed ecological systems, and much was learned about managing a wide variety of crops using non-chemical means of pest and disease control. Closed ecological systems have different temporal biogeochemical cycling and ranges of atmospheric components because of their smaller reservoirs of air, water and soil, and higher concentration of biomass, and Biosphere 2 provided detailed examination and modeling of these accelerated cycles over a period of closure which measured in years. Medical research inside Biosphere 2 included the effects on humans of lowered oxygen: the discovery that human productivity can be maintained with good health with lowered atmospheric oxygen levels could lead to major economies on the design of space stations and planetary/lunar settlements. The improved health resulting from the calorie-restricted but nutrient dense Biosphere 2 diet was the first such scientifically controlled experiment with humans. The success of Biosphere 2 in creating a diversity of terrestrial and marine environments, from rainforest to coral reef, allowed detailed studies with comprehensive measurements such that the dynamics of these complex biomic systems are now better understood. The coral reef ecosystem, the largest artificial reef ever built, catalyzed methods of study now being applied to planetary coral reef systems. Restoration ecology advanced through the creation and study of the dynamics of adaptation and self-organization of the biomes in Biosphere 2. The international interest that Biosphere 2 generated has given new impetus to the public recognition of the sciences of biospheres (biospherics), biomes and closed ecological life systems. The facility, although no longer a materially-closed ecological system, is being used as an educational facility by Columbia University as an introduction to the study of the biosphere and complex system ecology and for carbon dioxide impacts utilizing the complex ecosystems created in Biosphere '.The many lessons learned from Biosphere 2 are being used by its key team of creators in their design and operation of a laboratory-sized closed ecological system, the Laboratory Biosphere, in operation as of March 2002, and for the design of a Mars on Earth ™ prototype life support system for manned missions to Mars and Mars surface habitats. Biosphere 2 is an important foundation for future advances in biospherics and closed ecological system research.

  19. 32 CFR 57.6 - Procedures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... INTERVENTION AND SPECIAL EDUCATION SERVICES TO ELIGIBLE DOD DEPENDENTS § 57.6 Procedures. (a) The procedures..., ages 3 through 21 years, inclusive, on IEPs are prescribed in appendix B of this part. (c) The..., inclusive, are prescribed in appendix C of this part (d) Procedural safeguards and parent and student rights...

  20. 32 CFR 57.6 - Procedures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... INTERVENTION AND SPECIAL EDUCATION SERVICES TO ELIGIBLE DOD DEPENDENTS § 57.6 Procedures. (a) The procedures..., ages 3 through 21 years, inclusive, on IEPs are prescribed in appendix B of this part. (c) The..., inclusive, are prescribed in appendix C of this part (d) Procedural safeguards and parent and student rights...

  1. Turnover of microbial lipids in the deep biosphere and growth of benthic archaeal populations

    PubMed Central

    Xie, Sitan; Lipp, Julius S.; Wegener, Gunter; Ferdelman, Timothy G.; Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe

    2013-01-01

    Deep subseafloor sediments host a microbial biosphere with unknown impact on global biogeochemical cycles. This study tests previous evidence based on microbial intact polar lipids (IPLs) as proxies of live biomass, suggesting that Archaea dominate the marine sedimentary biosphere. We devised a sensitive radiotracer assay to measure the decay rate of ([14C]glucosyl)-diphytanylglyceroldiether (GlcDGD) as an analog of archaeal IPLs in continental margin sediments. The degradation kinetics were incorporated in model simulations that constrained the fossil fraction of subseafloor IPLs and rates of archaeal turnover. Simulating the top 1 km in a generic continental margin sediment column, we estimated degradation rate constants of GlcDGD being one to two orders of magnitude lower than those of bacterial IPLs, with half-lives of GlcDGD increasing with depth to 310 ky. Given estimated microbial community turnover times of 1.6–73 ky in sediments deeper than 1 m, 50–96% of archaeal IPLs represent fossil signals. Consequently, previous lipid-based estimates of global subseafloor biomass probably are too high, and the widely observed dominance of archaeal IPLs does not rule out a deep biosphere dominated by Bacteria. Reverse modeling of existing concentration profiles suggest that archaeal IPL synthesis rates decline from around 1,000 pg⋅mL−1 sediment⋅y−1 at the surface to 0.2 pg⋅mL−1⋅y−1 at 1 km depth, equivalent to production of 7 × 105 to 140 archaeal cells⋅mL−1 sediment⋅y−1, respectively. These constraints on microbial growth are an important step toward understanding the relationship between the deep biosphere and the carbon cycle. PMID:23530229

  2. Turnover of microbial lipids in the deep biosphere and growth of benthic archaeal populations.

    PubMed

    Xie, Sitan; Lipp, Julius S; Wegener, Gunter; Ferdelman, Timothy G; Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe

    2013-04-09

    Deep subseafloor sediments host a microbial biosphere with unknown impact on global biogeochemical cycles. This study tests previous evidence based on microbial intact polar lipids (IPLs) as proxies of live biomass, suggesting that Archaea dominate the marine sedimentary biosphere. We devised a sensitive radiotracer assay to measure the decay rate of ([(14)C]glucosyl)-diphytanylglyceroldiether (GlcDGD) as an analog of archaeal IPLs in continental margin sediments. The degradation kinetics were incorporated in model simulations that constrained the fossil fraction of subseafloor IPLs and rates of archaeal turnover. Simulating the top 1 km in a generic continental margin sediment column, we estimated degradation rate constants of GlcDGD being one to two orders of magnitude lower than those of bacterial IPLs, with half-lives of GlcDGD increasing with depth to 310 ky. Given estimated microbial community turnover times of 1.6-73 ky in sediments deeper than 1 m, 50-96% of archaeal IPLs represent fossil signals. Consequently, previous lipid-based estimates of global subseafloor biomass probably are too high, and the widely observed dominance of archaeal IPLs does not rule out a deep biosphere dominated by Bacteria. Reverse modeling of existing concentration profiles suggest that archaeal IPL synthesis rates decline from around 1,000 pg⋅mL(-1) sediment⋅y(-1) at the surface to 0.2 pg⋅mL(-1)⋅y(-1) at 1 km depth, equivalent to production of 7 × 10(5) to 140 archaeal cells⋅mL(-1) sediment⋅y(-1), respectively. These constraints on microbial growth are an important step toward understanding the relationship between the deep biosphere and the carbon cycle.

  3. A CMOS VLSI IC for Real-Time Opto-Electronic Two-Dimensional Histogram Generation

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1993-12-01

    large scale integration) design; MAGIC ; CMOS; optics; image processing; 93 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATiON 19...1. Sun SPARCstation ............. .............. 6 2. Magic .................. ................... 6 a. Peg ................. .................. 7 b...38 v APPENDIX B. MAGIC CELL LAYOUTS .... ............ .. 39 APPENDIX C: SIMULATION DATA ....... ............. .. 56 A. FINITE STATE MACHINE

  4. 6 CFR Appendix A to Part 21 - Activities to Which This Part Applies

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 6 Domestic Security 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Activities to Which This Part Applies A Appendix A to Part 21 Domestic Security DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF RACE, COLOR, OR NATIONAL ORIGIN IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL...

  5. 6 CFR Appendix A to Part 21 - Activities to Which This Part Applies

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 6 Domestic Security 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Activities to Which This Part Applies A Appendix A to Part 21 Domestic Security DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF RACE, COLOR, OR NATIONAL ORIGIN IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL...

  6. 6 CFR Appendix A to Part 21 - Activities to Which This Part Applies

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 6 Domestic Security 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Activities to Which This Part Applies A Appendix A to Part 21 Domestic Security DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF RACE, COLOR, OR NATIONAL ORIGIN IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL...

  7. 6 CFR Appendix A to Part 21 - Activities to Which This Part Applies

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 6 Domestic Security 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Activities to Which This Part Applies A Appendix A to Part 21 Domestic Security DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF RACE, COLOR, OR NATIONAL ORIGIN IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL...

  8. 6 CFR Appendix A to Part 21 - Activities to Which This Part Applies

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 6 Domestic Security 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Activities to Which This Part Applies A Appendix A to Part 21 Domestic Security DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF RACE, COLOR, OR NATIONAL ORIGIN IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL...

  9. 14 CFR Appendix F to Part 151 - Appendix F to Part 151

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... taxiway lighting system). 3. Taxiway lights. 4. Taxiway guidance signs. 5. Obstruction lights. 6. Apron... automobiles. 6. Street or road lighting. [Doc. No. 1329, 27 FR 12360, Dec. 13, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 151...

  10. 14 CFR Appendix F to Part 151 - Appendix F to Part 151

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... taxiway lighting system). 3. Taxiway lights. 4. Taxiway guidance signs. 5. Obstruction lights. 6. Apron... automobiles. 6. Street or road lighting. [Doc. No. 1329, 27 FR 12360, Dec. 13, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 151...

  11. 14 CFR Appendix F to Part 151 - Appendix F to Part 151

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... taxiway lighting system). 3. Taxiway lights. 4. Taxiway guidance signs. 5. Obstruction lights. 6. Apron... automobiles. 6. Street or road lighting. [Doc. No. 1329, 27 FR 12360, Dec. 13, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 151...

  12. 14 CFR Appendix F to Part 151 - Appendix F to Part 151

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... taxiway lighting system). 3. Taxiway lights. 4. Taxiway guidance signs. 5. Obstruction lights. 6. Apron... automobiles. 6. Street or road lighting. [Doc. No. 1329, 27 FR 12360, Dec. 13, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 151...

  13. 14 CFR Appendix F to Part 151 - Appendix F to Part 151

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... taxiway lighting system). 3. Taxiway lights. 4. Taxiway guidance signs. 5. Obstruction lights. 6. Apron... automobiles. 6. Street or road lighting. [Doc. No. 1329, 27 FR 12360, Dec. 13, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 151...

  14. 40 CFR 75.66 - Petitions to the Administrator.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... for alternative method of accounting for emissions prior to completion of certification tests. The... for an alternative to the stabilization criteria for the cycle time test in section 6.4 of appendix A... Administrator to use an alternative stabilization criteria for the cycle time test in section 6.4 of appendix A...

  15. 32 CFR Appendix A to Part 1292 - Section 21 of the Internal Security Act of 1950

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Section 21 of the Internal Security Act of 1950 A Appendix A to Part 1292 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY MISCELLANEOUS SECURITY OF DLA ACTIVITIES AND RESOURCES Pt. 1292, App. A Appendix A to Part...

  16. 32 CFR Appendix A to Part 1292 - Section 21 of the Internal Security Act of 1950

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Section 21 of the Internal Security Act of 1950 A Appendix A to Part 1292 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY MISCELLANEOUS SECURITY OF DLA ACTIVITIES AND RESOURCES Pt. 1292, App. A Appendix A to Part...

  17. 32 CFR Appendix A to Part 1292 - Section 21 of the Internal Security Act of 1950

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Section 21 of the Internal Security Act of 1950 A Appendix A to Part 1292 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY MISCELLANEOUS SECURITY OF DLA ACTIVITIES AND RESOURCES Pt. 1292, App. A Appendix A to Part...

  18. 32 CFR Appendix A to Part 1292 - Section 21 of the Internal Security Act of 1950

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Section 21 of the Internal Security Act of 1950 A Appendix A to Part 1292 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY MISCELLANEOUS SECURITY OF DLA ACTIVITIES AND RESOURCES Pt. 1292, App. A Appendix A to Part...

  19. 32 CFR Appendix A to Part 1292 - Section 21 of the Internal Security Act of 1950

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Section 21 of the Internal Security Act of 1950 A Appendix A to Part 1292 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY MISCELLANEOUS SECURITY OF DLA ACTIVITIES AND RESOURCES Pt. 1292, App. A Appendix A to Part...

  20. 49 CFR Appendix B to Part 24 - Statistical Report Form

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Statistical Report Form B Appendix B to Part 24... ACQUISITION FOR FEDERAL AND FEDERALLY-ASSISTED PROGRAMS Pt. 24, App. B Appendix B to Part 24—Statistical... entries in Parts of this section A, B and C to the nearest dollar. 6. Regulatory references. The...

  1. Biosphere reserves: Attributes for success.

    PubMed

    Van Cuong, Chu; Dart, Peter; Hockings, Marc

    2017-03-01

    Biosphere reserves established under the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Program aim to harmonise biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. Concerns over the extent to which the reserve network was living up to this ideal led to the development of a new strategy in 1995 (the Seville Strategy) to enhance the operation of the network of reserves. An evaluation of effectiveness of management of the biosphere reserve network was called for as part of this strategy. Expert opinion was assembled through a Delphi Process to identify successful and less successful reserves and investigate common factors influencing success or failure. Ninety biosphere reserves including sixty successful and thirty less successful reserves in 42 countries across all five Man and the Biosphere Program regions were identified. Most successful sites are the post-Seville generation while the majority of unsuccessful sites are pre-Seville that are managed as national parks and have not been amended to conform to the characteristics that are meant to define a biosphere reserve. Stakeholder participation and collaboration, governance, finance and resources, management, and awareness and communication are the most influential factors in the success or failure of the biosphere reserves. For success, the biosphere reserve concept needs to be clearly understood and applied through landscape zoning. Designated reserves then need a management system with inclusive good governance, strong participation and collaboration, adequate finance and human resource allocation and stable and responsible management and implementation. All rather obvious but it is difficult to achieve without commitment to the biosphere reserve concept by the governance authorities. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  2. The Impact of Prior Biosphere Models in the Inversion of Global Terrestrial CO2 Fluxes by Assimilating OCO-2 Retrievals

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Philip, Sajeev; Johnson, Matthew S.

    2018-01-01

    Atmospheric mixing ratios of carbon dioxide (CO2) are largely controlled by anthropogenic emissions and biospheric fluxes. The processes controlling terrestrial biosphere-atmosphere carbon exchange are currently not fully understood, resulting in terrestrial biospheric models having significant differences in the quantification of biospheric CO2 fluxes. Atmospheric transport models assimilating measured (in situ or space-borne) CO2 concentrations to estimate "top-down" fluxes, generally use these biospheric CO2 fluxes as a priori information. Most of the flux inversion estimates result in substantially different spatio-temporal posteriori estimates of regional and global biospheric CO2 fluxes. The Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) satellite mission dedicated to accurately measure column CO2 (XCO2) allows for an improved understanding of global biospheric CO2 fluxes. OCO-2 provides much-needed CO2 observations in data-limited regions facilitating better global and regional estimates of "top-down" CO2 fluxes through inversion model simulations. The specific objectives of our research are to: 1) conduct GEOS-Chem 4D-Var assimilation of OCO-2 observations, using several state-of-the-science biospheric CO2 flux models as a priori information, to better constrain terrestrial CO2 fluxes, and 2) quantify the impact of different biospheric model prior fluxes on OCO-2-assimilated a posteriori CO2 flux estimates. Here we present our assessment of the importance of these a priori fluxes by conducting Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSE) using simulated OCO-2 observations with known "true" fluxes.

  3. Biosphere Reserve for All: Potentials for Involving Underrepresented Age Groups in the Development of a Biosphere Reserve through Intergenerational Practice.

    PubMed

    Mitrofanenko, Tamara; Snajdr, Julia; Muhar, Andreas; Penker, Marianne; Schauppenlehner-Kloyber, Elisabeth

    2018-05-22

    Stakeholder participation is of high importance in UNESCO biosphere reserves as model regions for sustainable development; however, certain groups remain underrepresented. The paper proposes Intergenerational Practice (IP) as a means of involving youth and elderly women and explores its options and barriers, using the example of the Salzburger Lungau and Kärntner Nockberge Biosphere Reserve in Austria. Case study analysis is used involving mixed methods. The results reveal obstacles and motivations to participating in biosphere reserve implementation and intergenerational activities for the youth and the elderly women and imply that much potential for IP exists in the biosphere reserve region. The authors propose suitable solutions from the intergenerational field to overcome identified participation obstacles and suggest benefits of incorporating IP as a management tool into biosphere reserve activities. Suggestions for future research include evaluating applications of IP in the context of protected areas, testing of methods used in other contexts, and contribution to theory development.

  4. Reviewing Biosphere Reserves globally: effective conservation action or bureaucratic label?

    PubMed

    Coetzer, Kaera L; Witkowski, Edward T F; Erasmus, Barend F N

    2014-02-01

    The Biosphere Reserve (BR) model of UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Programme reflects a shift towards more accountable conservation. Biosphere Reserves attempt to reconcile environmental protection with sustainable development; they explicitly acknowledge humans, and human interests in the conservation landscape while still maintaining the ecological values of existing protected areas. Conceptually, this model is attractive, with 610 sites currently designated globally. Yet the practical reality of implementing dual 'conservation' and 'development' goals is challenging, with few examples successfully conforming to the model's full criteria. Here, we review the history of Biosphere Reserves from first inception in 1974 to the current status quo, and examine the suitability of the designation as an effective conservation model. We track the spatial expansion of Biosphere Reserves globally, assessing the influence of the Statutory Framework of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves and Seville strategy in 1995, when the BR concept refocused its core objectives on sustainable development. We use a comprehensive range of case studies to discuss conformity to the Programme, the social and ecological consequences associated with implementation of the designation, and challenges in aligning conservation and development. Given that the 'Biosphere Reserve' label is a relatively unknown designation in the public arena, this review also provides details on popularising the Biosphere Reserve brand, as well as prospects for further research, currently unexploited, but implicit in the designation. © 2013 The Authors. Biological Reviews © 2013 Cambridge Philosophical Society.

  5. Functional Integration

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cartier, Pierre; DeWitt-Morette, Cecile

    2006-11-01

    Acknowledgements; List symbols, conventions, and formulary; Part I. The Physical and Mathematical Environment: 1. The physical and mathematical environment; Part II. Quantum Mechanics: 2. First lesson: gaussian integrals; 3. Selected examples; 4. Semiclassical expansion: WKB; 5. Semiclassical expansion: beyond WKB; 6. Quantum dynamics: path integrals and operator formalism; Part III. Methods from Differential Geometry: 7. Symmetries; 8. Homotopy; 9. Grassmann analysis: basics; 10. Grassmann analysis: applications; 11. Volume elements, divergences, gradients; Part IV. Non-Gaussian Applications: 12. Poisson processes in physics; 13. A mathematical theory of Poisson processes; 14. First exit time: energy problems; Part V. Problems in Quantum Field Theory: 15. Renormalization 1: an introduction; 16. Renormalization 2: scaling; 17. Renormalization 3: combinatorics; 18. Volume elements in quantum field theory Bryce DeWitt; Part VI. Projects: 19. Projects; Appendix A. Forward and backward integrals: spaces of pointed paths; Appendix B. Product integrals; Appendix C. A compendium of gaussian integrals; Appendix D. Wick calculus Alexander Wurm; Appendix E. The Jacobi operator; Appendix F. Change of variables of integration; Appendix G. Analytic properties of covariances; Appendix H. Feynman's checkerboard; Bibliography; Index.

  6. Functional Integration

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cartier, Pierre; DeWitt-Morette, Cecile

    2010-06-01

    Acknowledgements; List symbols, conventions, and formulary; Part I. The Physical and Mathematical Environment: 1. The physical and mathematical environment; Part II. Quantum Mechanics: 2. First lesson: gaussian integrals; 3. Selected examples; 4. Semiclassical expansion: WKB; 5. Semiclassical expansion: beyond WKB; 6. Quantum dynamics: path integrals and operator formalism; Part III. Methods from Differential Geometry: 7. Symmetries; 8. Homotopy; 9. Grassmann analysis: basics; 10. Grassmann analysis: applications; 11. Volume elements, divergences, gradients; Part IV. Non-Gaussian Applications: 12. Poisson processes in physics; 13. A mathematical theory of Poisson processes; 14. First exit time: energy problems; Part V. Problems in Quantum Field Theory: 15. Renormalization 1: an introduction; 16. Renormalization 2: scaling; 17. Renormalization 3: combinatorics; 18. Volume elements in quantum field theory Bryce DeWitt; Part VI. Projects: 19. Projects; Appendix A. Forward and backward integrals: spaces of pointed paths; Appendix B. Product integrals; Appendix C. A compendium of gaussian integrals; Appendix D. Wick calculus Alexander Wurm; Appendix E. The Jacobi operator; Appendix F. Change of variables of integration; Appendix G. Analytic properties of covariances; Appendix H. Feynman's checkerboard; Bibliography; Index.

  7. 12 CFR Appendix A to Subpart G - Higher-Priced Mortgage Loan Appraisal Safe Harbor Review To qualify for the safe harbor provided...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... approach was used. 6. Provides an opinion of the property's market value and an effective date for the... the written appraisal: A Appendix A to Subpart G Banks and Banking COMPTROLLER OF THE CURRENCY.... 34, Subp. G, App. A. Appendix A to Subpart G — Higher-Priced Mortgage Loan Appraisal Safe Harbor...

  8. Force XXI: Directions in Digitization - Symposium Report.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1996-08-21

    J. KWINN, JR. LTC DAVID W. HUTCHISON COL JAMES L. KAYS 7 . PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) USMA OPERATIONS RESEARCH CENTER WEST...I would also like to acknowledge the many people who worked hard to put on this symposium: Colonel James L. Kays for providing the vision, faith...Appendix D-5: Organi2ation D-5-1 Appendix D-6: Interoperability D-6-1 Appendix D- 7 : Readiness D- 7 -1 Annex E: Transcripts from Symposium E-l Annex F

  9. 40 CFR Appendix A to Subpart B of... - Optional Forms for Reporting Test Results

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 6 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Optional Forms for Reporting Test Results A Appendix A to Subpart B of Part 53 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... Appendix A to Subpart B of Part 53—Optional Forms for Reporting Test Results ER31AU11.013 ER31AU11.014...

  10. 40 CFR Appendix A to Subpart B of... - Optional Forms for Reporting Test Results

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 6 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Optional Forms for Reporting Test Results A Appendix A to Subpart B of Part 53 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... Appendix A to Subpart B of Part 53—Optional Forms for Reporting Test Results ER31AU11.013 ER31AU11.014...

  11. Anthropogenic transformation of the terrestrial biosphere.

    PubMed

    Ellis, Erle C

    2011-03-13

    Human populations and their use of land have transformed most of the terrestrial biosphere into anthropogenic biomes (anthromes), causing a variety of novel ecological patterns and processes to emerge. To assess whether human populations and their use of land have directly altered the terrestrial biosphere sufficiently to indicate that the Earth system has entered a new geological epoch, spatially explicit global estimates of human populations and their use of land were analysed across the Holocene for their potential to induce irreversible novel transformation of the terrestrial biosphere. Human alteration of the terrestrial biosphere has been significant for more than 8000 years. However, only in the past century has the majority of the terrestrial biosphere been transformed into intensively used anthromes with predominantly novel anthropogenic ecological processes. At present, even were human populations to decline substantially or use of land become far more efficient, the current global extent, duration, type and intensity of human transformation of ecosystems have already irreversibly altered the terrestrial biosphere at levels sufficient to leave an unambiguous geological record differing substantially from that of the Holocene or any prior epoch. It remains to be seen whether the anthropogenic biosphere will be sustained and continue to evolve.

  12. 16 CFR Appendix F2 to Part 305 - Compact Clothes Washers

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Compact Clothes Washers F2 Appendix F2 to... LABELING RULEâ) Pt. 305, App. F2 Appendix F2 to Part 305—Compact Clothes Washers Range Information “Compact” includes all household clothes washers with a tub capacity of less than 1.6 cu. ft. Capacity Range of...

  13. 16 CFR Appendix F1 to Part 305 - Standard Clothes Washers

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Standard Clothes Washers F1 Appendix F1 to... LABELING RULEâ) Pt. 305, App. F1 Appendix F1 to Part 305—Standard Clothes Washers Range Information “Standard” includes all household clothes washers with a tub capacity of 1.6 cu. ft. or more. Capacity Range...

  14. 49 CFR Appendix D to Part 512 - Vehicle Identification Number Information

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 6 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Vehicle Identification Number Information D Appendix D to Part 512 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL.... 512, App. D Appendix D to Part 512—Vehicle Identification Number Information The Chief Counsel has...

  15. Environmental Assessment for BRAC Facilities and Remote Field Training Site, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2008-03-01

    34 3.2.4 Wetlands ...78 4.2.4 Wetlands ...Protection of Wetlands • 40 CFR, Part 6, Appendix A—Protection of Floodplains • 40 CFR, Part 6, Appendix A—Protection of Wetlands • 40 CFR, Part 230

  16. 40 CFR 91.6 - Reference materials.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... Appendix A to Subpart D. ASTM D2699-92: Standard Test Method for Knock Characteristics of Motor Fuels by the Research Method Appendix A to Subpart D. ASTM D2700-92: Standard Test Method for Knock...

  17. 40 CFR 91.6 - Reference materials.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... Appendix A to Subpart D. ASTM D2699-92: Standard Test Method for Knock Characteristics of Motor Fuels by the Research Method Appendix A to Subpart D. ASTM D2700-92: Standard Test Method for Knock...

  18. 40 CFR 57.802 - Request for waiver.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... methods and procedures specified in appendix A, that: (1) The higher of the two net present values of... to schedule D.6 in appendix A in less than liquidation (salvage) value; or (2) The smelter's average...

  19. 40 CFR 57.802 - Request for waiver.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... methods and procedures specified in appendix A, that: (1) The higher of the two net present values of... to schedule D.6 in appendix A in less than liquidation (salvage) value; or (2) The smelter's average...

  20. 40 CFR 57.802 - Request for waiver.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... methods and procedures specified in appendix A, that: (1) The higher of the two net present values of... to schedule D.6 in appendix A in less than liquidation (salvage) value; or (2) The smelter's average...

  1. 40 CFR 57.802 - Request for waiver.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... methods and procedures specified in appendix A, that: (1) The higher of the two net present values of... to schedule D.6 in appendix A in less than liquidation (salvage) value; or (2) The smelter's average...

  2. Application of Biosphere Compatibility Indicator for Assessment of the Effectiveness of Environmental Protection Methods

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bakaeva, N. V.; Vorobyov, S. A.; Chernyaeva, I. V.

    2017-11-01

    The article is devoted to the issue of using the biosphere compatibility indicator to assess the effectiveness of environmental protection methods. The indicator biosphere compatibility was proposed by the vice-president of RAASN (Russian Academy of Architecture and Building Sciences), Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor V.I. Ilyichev. This indicator allows one to assess not only qualitatively but also quantitatively the degree of urban areas development from the standpoint of preserving the biosphere in urban ecosystems while performing the city’s main functions. The integral biosphere compatibility indicator allows us to assess not only the current ecological situation in the territory under consideration but also to plan the forecast of its changes for the new construction projects implementation or for the reconstruction of the existing ones. The biosphere compatibility indicator, which is a mathematical expression of the tripartite balance (technosphere, biosphere and population of this area), allows us to quantify the effectiveness degree of different methods for environment protection to choose the most effective one under these conditions.

  3. [Search for life in deep biospheres].

    PubMed

    Naganuma, Takeshi

    2003-12-01

    The life in deep biospheres bridges conventional biology and future exobiology. This review focuses the microbiological studies from the selected deep biospheres, i.e., deep-sea hydrothermal vents, sub-hydrothermal vents, terrestrial subsurface and a sub-glacier lake. The dark biospheres facilitate the emergence of organisms and communities dependent on chemolithoautotrophy, which are overwhelmed by photoautotrophy (photosynthesis) in the surface biospheres. The life at deep-sea hydrothermal vents owes much to chemolithoautotrophy based on the oxidation of sulfide emitted from the vents. It is likely that similarly active bodies such as the Jovian satellite Europa may have hydrothermal vents and associated biological communities. Anoxic or anaerobic condition is characteristic of deep subsurface biospheres. Subsurface microorganisms exploit available oxidants, or terminal electron acceptors (TEA), for anaerobic respiration. Sulfate, nitrate, iron (III) and CO2 are the representative TEAs in the deep subsurface. Below the 3000-4000 m-thick glacier on Antarctica, there have been >70 lakes with liquid water located. One of such sub-glacial lakes, Lake Vostok, is about to be drill-penetrated for microbiological studies. These deep biosphere "platforms" provide new knowledge about the diversity and potential of the Earth's life. The expertise obtained from the deep biosphere expeditions will facilitate the capability of exobiologial exploration.

  4. The Legacy of Biosphere 2 for Biospherics and Closed Ecological System Research

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Allen, J.; Alling, A.; Nelson, M.

    The unprecedented challenges of creating Biosphere 2, the world's first laboratory for biospherics, the study of global ecology and long-term closed ecological system dynamics led to breakthrough developments in many fields, and a deeper understanding of the opportunities and difficulties of material closure. This paper will review these accomplishments and challenges, citing some of the key research accomplishments and publications which have resulted from the experiments in Biosphere 2. Engineering accomplishments included development of a technique for variable volume to deal with pressure differences between the facility and outside environment, developing methods of leak detection and sealing, and achieving new standards of closure, with an annual atmospheric leakrate of less than 10%, or less than 300 ppm per day. This degree of closure permitted detailed tracking of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and trace gases such as nitrous oxide and ethylene over the seasonal variability of two years. Full closure also necessitated developing new approaches and technologies for complete air, water, and wastewater recycle and reuse within the facility. The development of a soil-based highly productive agricultural system was a first in closed ecological systems, and much was learned about managing a wide variety of crops using non-chemical means of pest and disease control. Closed ecological systems have different temporal b ogeochemical cycling and ranges ofi atmospheric components because of their smaller reservoirs of air, water and soil, and higher concentration of biomass, and Biosphere 2 provided detailed examination and modeling of these accelerated cycles over a period of closure which measured in years. Medical research inside Biosphere 2 included the effects on humans of lowered oxygen: the discovery that human productivity can be maintained down to 15% oxygen could lead to major economies on the design of space stations and planetary/lunar settlements. The improved health resulting from the calorie-restricted but nutrient dense Biosphere 2 diet was the first such scientifically-controlled experiment with humans. The success of Biosphere in creating a diversity of terrestrial and marine environments, from rainforest to coral reef, allowed detailed studies with comprehensive measurements such that the dynamics of these complex biomic systems can be better understood. The coral reef ecosystem, the largest artificial reef ever built, catalyzed methods of study now being applied to planetary coral reef systems. Restoration ecology can learn much from the creation and dynamics of adaptation of the biomes in Biosphere 2. The international interest that Biosphere 2 generated has given new impetus to the public recognition of the sciences of biospheres, biospherics, biomes and closed ecological life systems. The facility is still being used as an educational facility by Columbia University as an introduction to the study of the biosphere and complex system ecology. The many lessons learned from Biosphere 2, from its successes, surprises and challenges, is being used by its key team of creators as the foundations for their design of a laboratory-sized closed ecological system and Mars on Earth prototype life support system for Mars exploration and can be an important foundation for future advances in biospherics and closed ecological system research.

  5. Historical overview of the Biosphere 2 project

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Allen, John P.

    1990-01-01

    An extensive historical overview is given of the Biosphere 2 project. The overview begins in late 1969, as the moon landings commenced, when work began on ecological projects which laid the conceptual foundation for the current Biosphere 2 project. Continuing through to taking a complete functional suite of microbes together with their associated aquatic elements and an air volume and putting them inside a closed lab flask in which to measure the oxygen and CO2 levels, study energy flows and visually observe the changes therein. The laws of biospherics formulated by the author which can be tested in the Biosphere 2 project are listed.

  6. Biomedical program at Space Biospheres Ventures

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Walford, Roy

    1990-01-01

    There are many similarities and some important differences between potential health problems of Biosphere 2 and those of which might be anticipated for a space station or a major outpost on Mars. The demands of time, expense, and equipment would not readily allow medical evacuation from deep space for a serious illness or major trauma, whereas personnel can easily be evacuated from Biosphere 2 if necessary. Treatment facilities can be somewhat less inclusive, since distance would not compel the undertaking of heroic measures or highly complicated surgical procedures on site, and with personnel not fully trained for these procedures. The similarities are given between medical requirements of Biosphere 2 and the complex closed ecological systems of biospheres in space or on Mars. The major problems common to all these would seem to be trauma, infection, and toxicity. It is planned that minor and moderate degrees of trauma, including debridement and suturing of wounds, x ray study of fractures, will be done within Biosphere 2. Bacteriologic and fungal infections, and possibly allergies to pollen or spores are expected to be the commonest medical problem within Biosphere 2.

  7. Sealing Mustard Jars with Plastic Linerless Closures

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1985-10-01

    Recommendations 15 Literature cited 16 Appendices: A . Levels of Packaging 19 B. Value Engineering Correspondence 2 3 V ILLUSTRATIVE DATA Page...Analytical Progress Total Dietary Fiber Another Look, 1984, Vol 2,■No. 1, Minneapolis, MN 16 APPENDIXES A : Levels of Packaging B: Value...Engineering Correspondence 17 APPENDIX A : Levels of Packaging 19 APPENDIX A : Levels of Packaging Excerpt from: AR 700-15/NAVSUPINST 4030.28B/AFR 71~6

  8. Development of a Filament-Overwrapped Cryoformed Metal Pressure Vessel

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1971-01-01

    ABSTRACT High performance ARDEFORM cryoformed 301 stainless steel glass fiber reinforced (GFR) vessels were demonstrated by room temperature tests of 13 1...Appendix 6 - Vessel Testing ........... . A-54 7.7 Appendix 7 - Increased Ductility Liner High Performance Spherical GFR Vessel A-62 7.8 Appendix 8...vessel consisting of a load-bearing cryogenically stretched ARDEFORM 301 stainless steel liner overwrapped with fiber- glass for high pressure fluid

  9. 12 CFR Appendix G to Part 1026 - Open-End Model Forms and Clauses

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 8 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Open-End Model Forms and Clauses G Appendix G...) Pt. 1026, App. G Appendix G to Part 1026—Open-End Model Forms and Clauses G-1Balance Computation Methods Model Clauses (Home-equity Plans) (§§ 1026.6 and 1026.7) G-1(A)Balance Computation Methods Model...

  10. 12 CFR Appendix G to Part 1026 - Open-End Model Forms and Clauses

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 8 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Open-End Model Forms and Clauses G Appendix G...) Pt. 1026, App. G Appendix G to Part 1026—Open-End Model Forms and Clauses G-1Balance Computation Methods Model Clauses (Home-equity Plans) (§§ 1026.6 and 1026.7) G-1(A)Balance Computation Methods Model...

  11. 12 CFR Appendix G to Part 1026 - Open-End Model Forms and Clauses

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 9 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Open-End Model Forms and Clauses G Appendix G...) Pt. 1026, App. G Appendix G to Part 1026—Open-End Model Forms and Clauses G-1Balance Computation Methods Model Clauses (Home-equity Plans) (§§ 1026.6 and 1026.7) G-1(A)Balance Computation Methods Model...

  12. Statistical Mechanics and Applications in Condensed Matter

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Di Castro, Carlo; Raimondi, Roberto

    2015-08-01

    Preface; 1. Thermodynamics: a brief overview; 2. Kinetics; 3. From Boltzmann to Gibbs; 4. More ensembles; 5. The thermodynamic limit and its thermodynamic stability; 6. Density matrix and quantum statistical mechanics; 7. The quantum gases; 8. Mean-field theories and critical phenomena; 9. Second quantization and Hartree-Fock approximation; 10. Linear response and fluctuation-dissipation theorem in quantum systems: equilibrium and small deviations; 11. Brownian motion and transport in disordered systems; 12. Fermi liquids; 13. The Landau theory of the second order phase transitions; 14. The Landau-Wilson model for critical phenomena; 15. Superfluidity and superconductivity; 16. The scaling theory; 17. The renormalization group approach; 18. Thermal Green functions; 19. The microscopic foundations of Fermi liquids; 20. The Luttinger liquid; 21. Quantum interference effects in disordered electron systems; Appendix A. The central limit theorem; Appendix B. Some useful properties of the Euler Gamma function; Appendix C. Proof of the second theorem of Yang and Lee; Appendix D. The most probable distribution for the quantum gases; Appendix E. Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein integrals; Appendix F. The Fermi gas in a uniform magnetic field: Landau diamagnetism; Appendix G. Ising and gas-lattice models; Appendix H. Sum over discrete Matsubara frequencies; Appendix I. Hydrodynamics of the two-fluid model of superfluidity; Appendix J. The Cooper problem in the theory of superconductivity; Appendix K. Superconductive fluctuations phenomena; Appendix L. Diagrammatic aspects of the exact solution of the Tomonaga Luttinger model; Appendix M. Details on the theory of the disordered Fermi liquid; References; Author index; Index.

  13. 32 CFR Appendix B to Part 806 - Abbreviations and Acronyms

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Abbreviations and Acronyms B Appendix B to Part 806 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE ADMINISTRATION AIR FORCE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT PROGRAM Pt. 806, App. B Appendix B to Part 806—Abbreviations and...

  14. 16 CFR Appendix G8 to Part 305 - Boilers (Electric)

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Boilers (Electric) G8 Appendix G8 to Part... LABELING RULEâ) Appendix G8 to Part 305—Boilers (Electric) Type Range of annual fuel utilization efficiencies (AFUEs) Low High Electric Boilers 100 100 [78 FR 8377, Feb. 6, 2013] ...

  15. 49 CFR Appendix C to Part 564 - Information Applicable to Standardized Sealed Beam Headlamp Units

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 6 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Information Applicable to Standardized Sealed Beam Headlamp Units C Appendix C to Part 564 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation... SOURCE AND SEALED BEAM HEADLAMP INFORMATION Pt. 564, App. C Appendix C to Part 564—Information Applicable...

  16. 12 CFR Appendix to Part 535 - Official Staff Commentary

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Official Staff Commentary Appendix to Part 535 Banks and Banking OFFICE OF THRIFT SUPERVISION, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY UNFAIR OR DECEPTIVE ACTS OR PRACTICES Pt. 535, App. Appendix to Part 535—Official Staff Commentary Subpart A—General Provisions Section...

  17. 12 CFR Appendix to Part 535 - Official Staff Commentary

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2013-01-01 2012-01-01 true Official Staff Commentary Appendix to Part 535 Banks and Banking OFFICE OF THRIFT SUPERVISION, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY UNFAIR OR DECEPTIVE ACTS OR PRACTICES Pt. 535, App. Appendix to Part 535—Official Staff Commentary Subpart A—General Provisions Section...

  18. 12 CFR Appendix to Part 535 - Official Staff Commentary

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2014-01-01 2012-01-01 true Official Staff Commentary Appendix to Part 535 Banks and Banking OFFICE OF THRIFT SUPERVISION, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY UNFAIR OR DECEPTIVE ACTS OR PRACTICES Pt. 535, App. Appendix to Part 535—Official Staff Commentary Subpart A—General Provisions Section...

  19. MISSE-6 Post-Flight Examination, Disassembly and Analysis Results

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2010-12-21

    Wiring, QCM wiring, and Rotor/ Sensor wiring. The data wiring for the Boeing experiments including QCMs and Rotor/ Sensor were labeled, removed, and...for a QCM In addition, Q9 was properly wired into datalogger D8, and the rotor sensor was properly wired into datalogger D9. Datalogger D9 was a...Wiring. Appendix B – Time-Temperature Results from Thermal Sensors distributed on MISSE-6A and MISSE-6B Appendix C - Atomic Oxygen Calculation

  20. 40 CFR Table 6 to Subpart Dddd of... - Model Rule-Emission Limitations That Apply to Incinerators on and After [Date to be specified in...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... per million dry volume 3-run average (1 hour minimum sample time per run) Performance test (Method 10..., appendix A-3 or appendix A-8). Sulfur dioxide 11 parts per million dry volume 3-run average (1 hour minimum... Apply to Incinerators on and After [Date to be specified in state plan] a 6 Table 6 to Subpart DDDD of...

  1. 40 CFR Table 6 to Subpart Dddd of... - Model Rule-Emission Limitations That Apply to Incinerators on and After [Date to be specified in...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... per million dry volume 3-run average (1 hour minimum sample time per run) Performance test (Method 10..., appendix A-3 or appendix A-8). Sulfur dioxide 11 parts per million dry volume 3-run average (1 hour minimum... Apply to Incinerators on and After [Date to be specified in state plan] a 6 Table 6 to Subpart DDDD of...

  2. Ciliates and the rare biosphere-community ecology and population dynamics.

    PubMed

    Weisse, Thomas

    2014-01-01

    Application of deep sequencing technologies to environmental samples and some detailed morphological studies suggest that there is a vast, yet unexplored rare ciliate biosphere, tentatively defined in terms of operational taxonomic units. However, very few studies complemented molecular and phylogenetic data with morphological and ecological descriptions of the species inventory. This is mainly because the sampling effort increases strongly with decreasing species abundance. In spite of this limited knowledge, it is clear that species that are rare under certain environmental conditions (temporal rare biosphere) may become abundant when the physical, chemical, and biological variables of their habitat change. Furthermore, some species may always be present in low numbers if their dispersal rates are exceedingly high (accidental rare biosphere). An intriguing question is whether there are some species that are always rare, i.e., in every suitable environment. This permanent rare biosphere is conceptually different from the temporal rare biosphere. This review characterizes typical aquatic habitats of the rare ciliate biosphere, portrays different scenarios under which some or even many species may be permanently rare (background fauna), and identifies some fundamental questions that need to be addressed to achieve a better understanding of the population dynamics of the rare ciliate biosphere. © 2014 The Authors The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society of Protistologists.

  3. Regionally strong feedbacks between the atmosphere and terrestrial biosphere

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Green, Julia K.; Konings, Alexandra G.; Alemohammad, Seyed Hamed; Berry, Joseph; Entekhabi, Dara; Kolassa, Jana; Lee, Jung-Eun; Gentine, Pierre

    2017-06-01

    The terrestrial biosphere and atmosphere interact through a series of feedback loops. Variability in terrestrial vegetation growth and phenology can modulate fluxes of water and energy to the atmosphere, and thus affect the climatic conditions that in turn regulate vegetation dynamics. Here we analyse satellite observations of solar-induced fluorescence, precipitation, and radiation using a multivariate statistical technique. We find that biosphere-atmosphere feedbacks are globally widespread and regionally strong: they explain up to 30% of precipitation and surface radiation variance in regions where feedbacks occur. Substantial biosphere-precipitation feedbacks are often found in regions that are transitional between energy and water limitation, such as semi-arid or monsoonal regions. Substantial biosphere-radiation feedbacks are often present in several moderately wet regions and in the Mediterranean, where precipitation and radiation increase vegetation growth. Enhancement of latent and sensible heat transfer from vegetation accompanies this growth, which increases boundary layer height and convection, affecting cloudiness, and consequently incident surface radiation. Enhanced evapotranspiration can increase moist convection, leading to increased precipitation. Earth system models underestimate these precipitation and radiation feedbacks mainly because they underestimate the biosphere response to radiation and water availability. We conclude that biosphere-atmosphere feedbacks cluster in specific climatic regions that help determine the net CO2 balance of the biosphere.

  4. Regionally Strong Feedbacks Between the Atmosphere and Terrestrial Biosphere

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Green, Julia K.; Konings, Alexandra G.; Alemohammad, Seyed Hamed; Lee, Jung-Eun; Berry, Joseph; Entekhabi, Dara; Kolassa, Jana; Gentine, Pierre

    2017-01-01

    The terrestrial biosphere and atmosphere interact through a series of feedback loops. Variability in terrestrial vegetation growth and phenology can modulate fluxes of water and energy to the atmosphere, and thus affect the climatic conditions that in turn regulate vegetation dynamics. Here we analyze satellite observations of solar-induced fluorescence, precipitation, and radiation using a multivariate statistical technique. We find that biosphere-atmosphere feedbacks are globally widespread and regionally strong: they explain up to 30 of precipitation and surface radiation variance. Substantial biosphere-precipitation feedbacks are often found in regions that are transitional between energy and water limitation, such as semi-arid or monsoonal regions. Substantial biosphere-radiation feedbacks are often present in several moderately wet regions and in the Mediterranean, where precipitation and radiation increase vegetation growth. Enhancement of latent and sensible heat transfer from vegetation accompanies this growth, which increases boundary layer height and convection, affecting cloudiness, and consequently incident surface radiation. Enhanced evapotranspiration can increase moist convection, leading to increased precipitation. Earth system models underestimate these precipitation and radiation feedbacks mainly because they underestimate the biosphere response to radiation and water availability. We conclude that biosphere-atmosphere feedbacks cluster in specific climatic regions that help determine the net CO2 balance of the biosphere.

  5. NEW DIRECTIONS: VOCS AND BIOSPHERE-ATMOSPHERE FEEDBACKS

    EPA Science Inventory

    Shallcross and Monks [New Directions: a Role For Isoprene in Biosphere-Climate-Chemistry Feedbacks, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 34 (2000) pp. 1659-1660] recently summarized the importance of biogenic isoprene in a biosphere-atmosphere system under constant change. In this art...

  6. Computer presentation of data in science.

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Simmonds, D.; Reynolds, L.

    Contents: How this book was created. Foreword. 1. Introduction. 2. Choosing your system and software. 3. Working methods. 4. Preparing manuscripts and camera-ready copy. 5. Principles of typography and layout. 6. Using type and space to show the structure of text. 7. Artwork creation and drawing tips. 8. Posters, slides and OHP transparencies. 9. Designing with colour. Glossaries 1 and 2. Appendix 1: Copyfitting. Appendix 2: Signatures and imposition. Appendix 3: Publishing and the law. Appendix 4: Working comfort.

  7. Mineral Bionization - Surface Chemical Modeling of the Emergence of Life

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Arrhenius, G.

    2001-12-01

    The earliest stages in entering an RNA-world require natural mechanisms that are capable of selective concentration of simple aldehydes from dilute solution in the environment (4), furthermore phosphorylation of the sequestered aldehydes (2) and their catalytic condensation to form, selectively, tetrose- (threose) or pentose- (ribose) phosphate (3); the latter representing the R in RNA. A variety of common positively charged sheet structure minerals (mixed valence double layer metal hydroxide minerals such as hydrotalcite and green rust) have proven to be remarkably capable of performing these crucial tasks under simplified natural conditions (1). These prebiotic model reactions have demonstrated plausible closure of the gap, previously thought to preclude the natural formation of nucleoside phosphates, the backbone components of the information carrying genetic material. Pioneering research by other workers (5) has demonstrated the feasibility of necessary further steps in the chain toward functional RNA; mineral (montmorillonite) catalyzed oligomerization of nucleotides, the formation of complementary RNA strands (6) and the enzymatic activity of RNA (ribozymes). These contributions have placed the initially conjectural concept of an initial RNA-world on an experimental footing. Remaining problems include the initial transfer of information to spontaneously forming RNA, sufficient to convey biofunctionallity (7). Also in this central problem mineral surface interactions may be speculated to play a natural role; a question that is open to experimental verification. References. 1. Pitsch, S.; Eschenmoser, A.; Gedulin, B.; Hui, S. and Arrhenius, G. Origins Life Evol. Biosphere, 1994, 24 (5), 389. 2. Kolb, V.; Zhang, S.; Xu, Y.; Arrhenius, G. Origins Life Evol. Biosphere, 1997, 27, 485. 3. Krishnamurthy, R.; Pitsch, S.; Arrhenius, G. Origins Life Evol. Biosphere, Origins Life Evol. Biosphere 1999, 29, 139 4. Pitsch, S.; Krishnamurthy, R.; Arrhenius, G. Helv. Chim. Acta. 2000, 83, 2398. 5. Ferris, J. P.; Ertem, G. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 1270. 6. Orgel ,L.E. J. Theoretical Biol. 1986, 123, 127-149 7. Arrhenius, G; Life out of Chaos. In Palyi et al. eds. Fundamentals of Life, Elsevier, Paris, 2001

  8. 12 CFR Appendix C to Part 571 - Model Forms for Opt-Out Notices

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2014-01-01 2012-01-01 true Model Forms for Opt-Out Notices C Appendix C to... REPORTING Pt. 571, App. C Appendix C to Part 571—Model Forms for Opt-Out Notices a. Although use of the... comply with § 571.23(a)(2) of this part. C-1Model Form for Initial Opt-out Notice (Single-Affiliate...

  9. 12 CFR Appendix C to Part 571 - Model Forms for Opt-Out Notices

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2013-01-01 2012-01-01 true Model Forms for Opt-Out Notices C Appendix C to... REPORTING Pt. 571, App. C Appendix C to Part 571—Model Forms for Opt-Out Notices a. Although use of the... comply with § 571.23(a)(2) of this part. C-1Model Form for Initial Opt-out Notice (Single-Affiliate...

  10. 12 CFR Appendix C to Part 717 - Model Forms for Opt-Out Notices

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Model Forms for Opt-Out Notices C Appendix C to... FAIR CREDIT REPORTING Pt. 717, App. C Appendix C to Part 717—Model Forms for Opt-Out Notices a... the treatment of opt-outs by joint consumers to comply with § 717.23(a)(2) of this part. C-1Model Form...

  11. Nutrient inputs via rock weathering point to enhanced CO2 uptake capacity of the terrestrial biosphere

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Dass, P.; Houlton, B. Z.; Wang, Y.; Pak, B. C.; Morford, S.

    2016-12-01

    Empirical evidence of widespread scarcity of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability in natural land ecosystems constrains the carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake capacity of the global biosphere. Recent studies have pointed to the importance of rock weathering in supplying both N and P to terrestrial soils and vegetation; however, the potential for N and P to rapidly weather from different rocks and thereby alter the global carbon (C) cycle remains an open question, particularly at the global scale. Here, we combine empirical measurements and a new global simulation model to quantify the flux of N and P released from rocks to the terrestrial biosphere. Our model considers the role of tectonic uplift and physical and chemical weathering on rock nutrient cycling by using a probabilistic approach that is anchored in watershed-scale 10Be and Na data from the world's rivers. We use USGS DEM data for relief, monthly averaged MODIS evapotranspiration data and global precipitation datasets. Based on simulations using mean climate data for the past 10 years, we estimate annual values of 11 Tg of N and 6 Tg of P to weather from rocks to the terrestrial biosphere. The rate of N weathering rivals that of atmospheric N deposition in natural ecosystems, and the P weathering flux is approximately 6 times higher than prior estimates based on a modeling approach where the chemical weathering is dependant on lithology and runoff with further factors correcting for soil shielding and temperature. The increase in nutrient inputs we simulate reveals an important role for rock weathering to support new production in terrestrial ecosystems, and thereby allow for additional CO2 uptake in sectors of the biosphere where weathering rates are substantial. Given that current generation of models are yet to consider how short-term weathering of rocks can affect nutrient limited C storage, these results will help to advance the geochemical aspects of carbon-climate feedback this century. Moreover, we will present results for CO2 uptake capacity based on the future climate scenario involving the least mitigation storyline, i.e. RCP 8.5 as well as historic uptake from the beginning of the retreat if the glaciers, i.e. the Last Glacial Maximum.

  12. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    None

    For nearly 20 years, biosphere reserves have offered a unique framework for building the knowledge, skills, and attitudes required for conservation and sustainable use of ecosystems. The 12 case studies in this volume chronicle many of the cooperative efforts to implement the biosphere reserve concept in the United States. Considered together, these efforts involve more than 20 types of protected areas, and the participation of all levels of government, and many private organizations, academic institutions, citizens groups, and individuals. Biosphere reserves are multi-purpose areas that are nominated by the national committee of the Man and the Biosphere Program (MAB) andmore » designated by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to serve as demonstration areas for cooperation in building harmonious relationships between human activities and the conservation of ecosystems and biological diversity. Each biosphere reserve exemplifies the characteristic ecosystems of one of the worlds biogeographical regions. It is a land or coas%arine area involving human communities as integral components and including resources managed for objectives ranging from complete protection to intensive, yet sustainable development. A biosphere reserve is envisioned as a regional ''landscape for learning'' in which monitoring, research, education, and training are encouraged to support sustainable conservation of natural and managed ecosystems. It is a framework for regional cooperation involving government decisionmakers, scientists, resource managers, private organizations and local people (i.e., the biosphere reserve ''stakeholders''). Finally, each biosphere reserve is part of a global network for sharing information and experience to help address complex problems of conservation and development. The 12 case studies presented in this report represent only a few of the possible evolutions of a biosphere reserve in its efforts to reach out to the local and regional community. As you have read, some have had great success, while others consider their successes almost negligible. All document tremendous effort from many people to improve the communication among landowners, land managers, scientists, and any others interested in the health and well-being of the natural and human environment of the biosphere reserve.« less

  13. Biosphere 2: a prototype project for a permanent and evolving life system for Mars base.

    PubMed

    Nelson, M; Allen, J P; Dempster, W F

    1992-01-01

    As part of the ground-based preparation for creating long-term life systems needed for space habitation and settlement, Space Biospheres Ventures (SBV) is undertaking the Biosphere 2 project near Oracle, Arizona. Biosphere 2, currently under construction, is scheduled to commence its operations in 1991 with a two-year closure period with a crew of eight people. Biosphere 2 is a facility which will be essentialy materially-closed to exchange with the outside environment. It is open to information and energy flow. Biosphere 2 is designed to achieve a complex life-support system by the integration of seven areas or "biomes"--rainforest, savannah, desert, marsh, ocean, intensive agriculture and human habitat. Unique bioregenerative technologies, such as soil bed reactors for air purification, aquatic waste processing systems, real-time analytic systems and complex computer monitoring and control systems are being developed for the Biosphere 2 project. Its operation should afford valuable insight into the functioning of complex life systems necessary for long-term habitation in space. It will serve as an experimental ground-based prototype and testbed for the stable, permanent life systems needed for human exploration of Mars.

  14. The petrologic history of the Sanganguey volcanic field, Nayarit, Mexico: Comparisons in a suite of crystal-rich and crystal-poor lavas

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Crabtree, Stephen M.; Waters, Laura E.

    2017-04-01

    To evaluate if intermediate magmas erupting from Volcán Sanganguey (Mexico) and the surrounding volcanic field are formed by mixing of basalts and rhyolites or if they initially exist as intermediate liquids, a detailed petrological study is presented for eight andesite and dacite magmas. Six of the samples erupted from the central edifice (four andesites and two dacites) are crystal-rich (≤ 50 vol%), whereas the remaining two samples (one andesite and one dacite) erupted from monogenetic vents in the peripheral volcanic field and are crystal poor (≤ 5 vol%). Despite the variation in crystallinity, all samples are multiply saturated in five to seven mineral phases (plagioclase + orthopyroxene + titanomagnetite + ilmenite + apatite ± clinopyroxene ± hornblende). In all samples, plagioclase spans a 30-40 mol% An range in composition and orthopyroxene spans a range in Mg# of 5-10. Pre-eruptive temperatures and oxygen fugacites (relative to the NNO buffer) range from 853 (± 24) to 1085 (± 16) °C and - 0.1 (± 0.1) to 0.9 (± 0.1) Δ NNO, on the basis of Fe-Ti two oxide thermometry. Application of the plagioclase-liquid hygrometer to the samples reveals maximum H2O contents that range from 1.7-6.2 wt%. Comparison with phase equilibrium experiments demonstrates that all plagioclase and orthopyroxene compositions in the crystal-poor samples could have grown from their respective whole rock compositions. Comparison of crystal rich samples with phase equilibrium experiments reveals the presence of sodic xenocrysts which reflect resorption textures and an estimated excess plagioclase crystal cargo of > 6 vol%. The excess plagioclase crystal cargo is not distinguishable from phenocrystic plagioclase based on composition or texture, suggesting that they were also grown in intermediate melts, and are therefore described as antecrystic. No calcic plagioclase xenocrysts (> An79) typical of hydrous arc basalts are observed, thus it is likely that the excess plagioclase in the crystal-rich samples were originally formed in intermediate magmas. For the crystal-poor samples, we propose that the mechanism producing the complex phenocryst assemblages is degassing (± cooling), as it may shift equilibrium plagioclase compositions, kinetically inhibit crystal-growth, and increase melt viscosity, leading to complex textures. Notably, the hypothesis of degassing (± cooling) induced crystallization requires that the intermediate melts initially exist as liquids, prior to crystallization, supporting the hypothesis that intermediate melts are generated in the deep crust and arrive in the upper crust as liquids. For the crystal-rich samples, degassing (± cooling) may also be the mechanism generating a portion of the compositional and textural variation in the mineral assemblages and some incorporation of antecrysts or xenocrysts must occur as evidenced by an excess plagioclase crystal cargo; however, we find no definitive evidence supporting the incorporation of crystals initially grown in basalts or rhyolites. Given the similarities in phase assemblage, mineral compositions, mineral textures, and intensive variables between the crystal-poor and -rich samples, we conclude that the melts arriving into the upper crust beneath Volcán Sanganguey and the surrounding peripheral volcanic field are intermediate in composition and are initially formed (as liquids) in the deep crust. Plots of plagioclase composition (%An) vs. distance across each grain, XAL-103. Appendix Fig. B.2.3. Plots of plagioclase composition (%An) vs. distance across each grain, XAL-117. Appendix Fig. B.2.4. Plots of plagioclase composition (%An) vs. distance across each grain, XAL-109. Appendix Fig. B.2.5. Plots of plagioclase composition (%An) vs. distance across each grain, XAL-132. Appendix Fig. B.2.6. Plots of plagioclase composition (%An) vs. distance across each grain, XAL-115. Appendix Fig. B.2.7. Plots of plagioclase composition (%An) vs. distance across each grain, XAL-106. Appendix Fig. B.2.8. Plots of plagioclase composition (%An) vs. distance across each grain, XAL-129. Appendix Fig. B.3.2. Plots of pyroxene composition (Mg#) vs. distance across each grain, XAL-103. Appendix Fig. B.3.3. Plots of pyroxene composition (Mg#) vs. distance across each grain, XAL-117 Appendix Fig. B.3.4. Plots of pyroxene composition (Mg#) vs. distance across each grain, XAL-109. Appendix Fig. B.3.5. Plots of pyroxene composition (Mg#) vs. distance across each grain, XAL-132. Appendix Fig. B.3.6. Plots of pyroxene composition (Mg#) vs. distance across each grain, XAL-115. Appendix Fig. B.3.7. Plots of pyroxene composition (Mg#) vs. distance across each grain, XAL-106. Appendix Fig. B.3.8. Plots of pyroxene composition (Mg#) vs. distance across each grain, XAL-129. Appendix Fig. B.4.2. BSE images of plagioclase grains, with traversal path indicated, XAL-103. Appendix Fig. B.4.3. BSE images of plagioclase grains, with traversal path indicated, XAL-117. Appendix Fig. B.4.4. BSE images of plagioclase grains, with traversal path indicated, XAL-109. Appendix Fig. B.4.5. BSE images of plagioclase grains, with traversal path indicated, XAL-132. Appendix Fig. B.4.6. BSE images of plagioclase grains, with traversal path indicated, XAL-115. Appendix Fig. B.4.7. BSE images of plagioclase grains, with traversal path indicated, XAL-106. Appendix Fig. B.4.8. BSE images of plagioclase grains, with traversal path indicated, XAL-129. Appendix Fig. B.5.2. BSE images of pyroxene grains, with traversal path indicated, XAL-103. Appendix Fig. B.5.3. BSE images of pyroxene grains, with traversal path indicated, XAL-117. Appendix Fig. B.5.4. BSE images of pyroxene grains, with traversal path indicated, XAL-109. Appendix Fig. B.5.5. BSE images of pyroxene grains, with traversal path indicated, XAL-132. Appendix Fig. B.5.6. BSE images of pyroxene grains, with traversal path indicated, XAL-115. Appendix Fig. B.5.7. BSE images of pyroxene grains, with traversal path indicated, XAL-106. Appendix Fig. B.5.8. BSE images of pyroxene grains, with traversal path indicated, XAL-129.

  15. Use of the method of biosphere compatibility for the assessment of environmental protection methods

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Vorobyov, Sergey

    2018-01-01

    The article is devoted to the question of using the indicator of biosphere compatibility for assessing the effectiveness of environmental protection methods. The indicator of biosphere compatibility was proposed by the vice-president of RAASN (Russian Academy of Architecture and Building Sciences), Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor V.I. Ilyichev. This indicator is allows not only qualitatively but also quantitatively to assess the degree of development of urban urban areas, from the standpoint of preserving the biosphere in urban ecosystems while realizing the city’s main functions. The integral indicator of biosphere compatibility is allows us to assess not only the current ecological situation in the territory under consideration, but also to plan the forecast of its changes for building the new construction projects, or for reconstructing existing ones. The indicator of biosphere compatibility, which is a mathematical expression of the tripartite balance (technosphere, biosphere and population of this area), is allows us to quantify the degree of effectiveness of different method of protecting the environment for choose the most effective for these conditions.

  16. Update 2016: Considerations for Using Agile in DoD Acquisition

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2016-12-01

    What Is Agile? 4 2.1 Agile Manifesto and Principles—A Brief History 4 2.2 A Practical Definition 6 2.3 Example Agile Method 6 2.4 Example Agile...5.8 Team Composition 45 5.9 Culture 46 6 Conclusion 48 Appendix A: Examples of Agile Methods 50 Appendix B: Common Objections to Agile 53...thank all those who have contributed to our knowledge of apply- ing “other than traditional” methods for software system acquisition and management over

  17. Evaluation of Commercial Off-the-Shelf and Government Off-the-Shelf Microclimate Cooling Systems

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2005-08-01

    Appendix A - Request for Information (RFI) 23 Appendix B - Memorandum from Natick Soldier Center’s International Office 25 Appendix C - Cooling Power...Data Entry Forms 7 Figure 3. Evaporative Cooling Products 9 Figure 4. Passive Phase Change Product 10 Figure 5. Liquid Circulating...Microclimate Cooling System 13 Figure 6. Compressed Air Cooling Product 15 Figure 7. Vortex Tube 15 Figure 8. Active Phase

  18. 32 CFR Appendix C to Part 806b - DoD ‘Blanket Routine Uses’

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false DoD âBlanket Routine Usesâ C Appendix C to Part... PRIVACY ACT PROGRAM Pt. 806b, App. C Appendix C to Part 806b—DoD ‘Blanket Routine Uses’ Certain DoD... the issuance of a license, grant, or other benefit. c. Disclosure of Requested Information Routine Use...

  19. 32 CFR Appendix C to Part 806b - DoD ‘Blanket Routine Uses’

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false DoD âBlanket Routine Usesâ C Appendix C to Part... PRIVACY ACT PROGRAM Pt. 806b, App. C Appendix C to Part 806b—DoD ‘Blanket Routine Uses’ Certain DoD... the issuance of a license, grant, or other benefit. c. Disclosure of Requested Information Routine Use...

  20. 16 CFR Appendix G2 to Part 305 - Furnaces- Electric

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Furnaces- Electric G2 Appendix G2 to Part... LABELING RULEâ) Appendix G2 to Part 305—Furnaces— Electric Furnace type Range of annual fuel utilization efficiencies (AFUEs) Low High Electric Furnaces—All Capacities 100.0 100.0 [78 FR 8377, Feb. 6, 2013] ...

  1. Biosphere 2: The True Story.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    O'Keeffe, Michael

    1992-01-01

    Discusses the history and current developments of the Biosphere 2 Project, a prototype for enclosed self-sustaining structures for space colonization built in the Arizona Desert. Biosphere 2 was created to educate and provide solutions to environmental problems and revenue from research. (MCO)

  2. Swansong biospheres II: the final signs of life on terrestrial planets near the end of their habitable lifetimes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    O'Malley-James, Jack T.; Cockell, Charles S.; Greaves, Jane S.; Raven, John A.

    2014-07-01

    The biosignatures of life on Earth do not remain static, but change considerably over the planet's habitable lifetime. Earth's future biosphere, much like that of the early Earth, will consist of predominantly unicellular microorganisms due to the increased hostility of environmental conditions caused by the Sun as it enters the late stage of its main sequence evolution. Building on previous work, the productivity of the biosphere is evaluated during different stages of biosphere decline between 1 and 2.8 Gyr from present. A simple atmosphere-biosphere interaction model is used to estimate the atmospheric biomarker gas abundances at each stage and to assess the likelihood of remotely detecting the presence of life in low-productivity, microbial biospheres, putting an upper limit on the lifetime of Earth's remotely detectable biosignatures. Other potential biosignatures such as leaf reflectance and cloud cover are discussed.

  3. Implementation of the Biosphere Compatibility Principle in Urban Planning: How to Train Next-Generation Specialists

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ivanova, Zinaida Ilyinichna; Yudenkova, Olga Valeryevna; Ishkov, Aleksandr Dmitrievich; Shnyrenkov, Evgeny Anatolyevich

    2015-01-01

    The co-authors address the relevant issues concerning the need to implement the principle of the biosphere compatibility as the core prerequisite for the symbiotic co-existence of man and nature. Caring treatment of the biosphere, termination of its excessive exploitation, analysis of the ratio between the biospheric potential of specific areas…

  4. T-6A Texan II Systems Engineering Case Study

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2010-01-01

    response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and...Appendix C. T-6 Type Certificate Data Sheet….……………………………...……….....74 Appendix D. Amendment……………….………………...………………...………….….78 T-6A Texan II...DOCUMENT (SRD) ANTHROPOMETRY , REQUIRED VERSUS DESIRED

  5. High-pT Physics in the Heavy Ion Era

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rak, Jan; Tannenbaum, Michael J.

    2013-04-01

    1. Introduction and overview; 2. Basic observables; 3. Some experimental techniques; 4. The search for structure; 5. Origins of high pT physics - the search for the W boson; 6. Discovery of hard scattering in p-p collisions; 7. Direct single lepton production and the discovery of charm; 8. J/ ψ, u and Drell-Yan pair production; 9. Two particle correlations; 10. Direct photon production; 11. The search for jets; 12. QCD in hard scattering; 13. Heavy ion physics in the high pT era; 14. RHIC and LHC; Appendix A. Probability and statistics; Appendix B. Methods of Monte Carlo calculations; Appendix C. TAB and the Glauber Monte Carlo calculation; Appendix D. Fits including systematic errors; Appendix E. The shape of the xE distribution triggered by a jet fragment, for example, π0; Appendix F. kT phenomenology and Gaussian smearing; References; Index.

  6. Global carbon export from the terrestrial biosphere controlled by erosion.

    PubMed

    Galy, Valier; Peucker-Ehrenbrink, Bernhard; Eglinton, Timothy

    2015-05-14

    Riverine export of particulate organic carbon (POC) to the ocean affects the atmospheric carbon inventory over a broad range of timescales. On geological timescales, the balance between sequestration of POC from the terrestrial biosphere and oxidation of rock-derived (petrogenic) organic carbon sets the magnitude of the atmospheric carbon and oxygen reservoirs. Over shorter timescales, variations in the rate of exchange between carbon reservoirs, such as soils and marine sediments, also modulate atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. The respective fluxes of biospheric and petrogenic organic carbon are poorly constrained, however, and mechanisms controlling POC export have remained elusive, limiting our ability to predict POC fluxes quantitatively as a result of climatic or tectonic changes. Here we estimate biospheric and petrogenic POC fluxes for a suite of river systems representative of the natural variability in catchment properties. We show that export yields of both biospheric and petrogenic POC are positively related to the yield of suspended sediment, revealing that POC export is mostly controlled by physical erosion. Using a global compilation of gauged suspended sediment flux, we derive separate estimates of global biospheric and petrogenic POC fluxes of 157(+74)(-50) and 43(+61)(-25) megatonnes of carbon per year, respectively. We find that biospheric POC export is primarily controlled by the capacity of rivers to mobilize and transport POC, and is largely insensitive to the magnitude of terrestrial primary production. Globally, physical erosion rates affect the rate of biospheric POC burial in marine sediments more strongly than carbon sequestration through silicate weathering. We conclude that burial of biospheric POC in marine sediments becomes the dominant long-term atmospheric carbon dioxide sink under enhanced physical erosion.

  7. Estimating the seasonal carbon source-sink geography of a natural, steady-state terrestrial biosphere

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Box, Elgene O.

    1988-01-01

    The estimation of the seasonal dynamics of biospheric-carbon sources and sinks to be used as an input to global atmospheric CO2 studies and models is discussed. An ecological biosphere model is given and the advantages of the model are examined. Monthly maps of estimated biospheric carbon source and sink regions and estimates of total carbon fluxes are presented for an equilibrium terrestrial biosphere. The results are compared with those from other models. It is suggested that, despite maximum variations of atmospheric CO2 in boreal latitudes, the enormous contributions of tropical wet-dry regions to global atmospheric CO2 seasonality can not be ignored.

  8. The First International Biosphere Reserve Congress.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Laird, John

    1984-01-01

    Presents objectives (and related activities) of a plan designed for international collaboration in conserving key natural areas (biosphere reserves) of the globe. The plan (focusing on such areas as management, conservation, research, monitoring, and environmental education/training) was formulated during the First International Biosphere Reserve…

  9. Morphological variations of the vermiform appendix in Iranian cadavers: a study from developing countries.

    PubMed

    Mohammadi, Shabnam; Hedjazi, Arya; Sajjadian, Maryam; Rahmani, Mahboobeh; Mohammadi, Maryam; Moghadam, Maliheh Dadgar

    2017-03-29

    The vermiform appendix is a worm like tube containing a large amount of lymphoid follicles. In our knowledge, there is a little standard data about the vermiform appendix in Iranian population. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the normal appendix size in Iranian cadavers. A cross-sectional study was undertaken between June 2014 and July 2015, in the autopsy laboratory, Legal Medicine Organization, Razavi Khorasan province, Iran. A total of 693 cadavers with the mean age of 40.46±20.99 years were divided into 10 groups. After writing down position of the appendix, the length, diameter and weight of appendix were measured. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. The mean values of the demographic characteristics included: age= 40.46 ± 20.99 years; weight = 63.47 ± 17.84 kg; height = 159.95 ± 28.23 cm. The mean values of the appendix length, diameter, weight and index in the cadavers were 8.52 ± 2.99 cm, 12.17 ± 4.53 mm, 6.43 ± 3.26 grams and 0.013 ± 0.01, respectively. The most common position of appendix was retrocecal in 71.7% of cases. A significant correlations were evident between the value of demographic data and appendix size (P<0.05). The diameter (P=0.002) and index of appendix (P=0.003) showed significant difference between males and females. Having standard data on the vermiform appendix is useful for clinicians as well as anthropologists. The findings of the present study can provide information about morphologic variations of the appendix in Iranian population.

  10. Feedbacks between climate change and biosphere integrity

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lade, Steven; Anderies, J. Marty; Donges, Jonathan; Steffen, Will; Rockström, Johan; Richardson, Katherine; Cornell, Sarah; Norberg, Jon; Fetzer, Ingo

    2017-04-01

    The terrestrial and marine biospheres sink substantial fractions of human fossil fuel emissions. How the biosphere's capacity to sink carbon depends on biodiversity and other measures of biosphere integrity is however poorly understood. Here, we (1): review assumptions from literature regarding the relationships between the carbon cycle and the terrestrial and marine biospheres; and (2) explore the consequences of these different assumptions for climate feedbacks using the stylised carbon cycle model PB-INT. We find that: terrestrial biodiversity loss could significantly dampen climate-carbon cycle feedbacks; direct biodiversity effects, if they exist, could rival temperature increases from low-emission trajectories; and the response of the marine biosphere is critical for longer term climate change. Simple, low-dimensional climate models such as PB-INT can help assess the importance of still unknown or controversial earth system processes such as biodiversity loss for climate feedbacks. This study constitutes the first detailed study of the interactions between climate change and biosphere integrity, two of the 'planetary boundaries'.

  11. Carbon isotope discrimination of arctic and boreal biomes inferred from remote atmospheric measurements and a biosphere-atmosphere model

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Randerson, J. T.; Still, C. J.; Ballé, J. J.; Fung, I. Y.; Doney, S. C.; Tans, P. P.; Conway, T. J.; White, J. W. C.; Vaughn, B.; Suits, N.; Denning, A. S.

    2002-07-01

    Estimating discrimination against 13C during photosynthesis at landscape, regional, and biome scales is difficult because of large-scale variability in plant stress, vegetation composition, and photosynthetic pathway. Here we present estimates of 13C discrimination for northern biomes based on a biosphere-atmosphere model and on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory and Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research remote flask measurements. With our inversion approach, we solved for three ecophysiological parameters of the northern biosphere (13C discrimination, a net primary production light use efficiency, and a temperature sensitivity of heterotrophic respiration (a Q10 factor)) that provided a best fit between modeled and observed δ13C and CO2. In our analysis we attempted to explicitly correct for fossil fuel emissions, remote C4 ecosystem fluxes, ocean exchange, and isotopic disequilibria of terrestrial heterotrophic respiration caused by the Suess effect. We obtained a photosynthetic discrimination for arctic and boreal biomes between 19.0 and 19.6‰. Our inversion analysis suggests that Q10 and light use efficiency values that minimize the cost function covary. The optimal light use efficiency was 0.47 gC MJ-1 photosynthetically active radiation, and the optimal Q10 value was 1.52. Fossil fuel and ocean exchange contributed proportionally more to month-to-month changes in the atmospheric growth rate of δ13C and CO2 during winter months, suggesting that remote atmospheric observations during the summer may yield more precise estimates of the isotopic composition of the biosphere.

  12. Using remote-sensing and the Simple Biosphere model (SiB4) to analyze the seasonality and productivity of the terrestrial biosphere.

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cheeseman, M.; Denning, S.; Baker, I. T.

    2017-12-01

    Understanding the variability and seasonality of carbon fluxes from the terrestrial biosphere is integral to understanding the mechanisms and drivers of the global carbon cycle. However, there are many regions across the globe where in situ observations are sparse, such as the Amazon rainforest and the African Sahel. The latest version of the Simple-Biosphere model (SiB4) predicts a suite of biophysical variables such as terrestrial carbon flux (GPP), solar induced fluorescence (SIF), fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR), and leaf area index (LAI). By comparing modeled values to a suite of satellite and in situ observations we produce a robust analysis of the seasonality and productivity of the terrestrial biosphere in a variety of biome types across the globe.

  13. Interactive Macroeconomics

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Di Guilmi, Corrado; Gallegati, Mauro; Landini, Simone

    2017-04-01

    Preface; List of tables; List of figures, 1. Introduction; Part I. Methodological Notes and Tools: 2. The state space notion; 3. The master equation; Part II. Applications to HIA Based Models: 4. Financial fragility and macroeconomic dynamics I: heterogeneity and interaction; 5. Financial fragility and macroeconomic Dynamics II: learning; Part III. Conclusions: 6. Conclusive remarks; Part IV. Appendices and Complements: Appendix A: Complements to Chapter 3; Appendix B: Solving the ME to solve the ABM; Appendix C: Specifying transition rates; Index.

  14. Unit Ministry Team Religious Support to Casualties on the Airland Battlefield

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1987-10-28

    282 Mononucleosis , Mod 283 Hepatitis, Infectious 284 Cholecystitis, Severe 285 Cholecystitis, Mod 286 Pancreatitis Acute, Sev 287 Cirrhosis, Severe...Ministry A-5 APPENDIX B - Methodology B-l APPENDIX C - Modal C-l APPENDIX D - Data D-l Patient Description and Treatment Data D-l Hospital Suamary...Support, AirLand Battla E-l Echelons of Medical Treatment E-3 Mass Casualtias E-5 Evacuation E-5 Madical Regulating E-6 Employment E-7

  15. 7 CFR Appendices 1-3 to Subpart - Dairy Tariff-Rate Import Quota Licensing

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ...,000 Uruguay 428,000 750,000 Other Countries 13,064 SWISS OR EMMENTHALER CHEESE OTHER THAN WITH EYE... Appendix 1 Appendix 2 Appendix 3 Tokyo Round Uruguay Round NON-CHEESE ARTICLES BUTTER (NOTE 6) 5,217,229 1...-CHEESE ARTICLES 5,231,404 16,633,377 CHEESE ARTICLES CHEESE AND SUBSTITUTES FOR CHEESE (EXCEPT: SOFT...

  16. 49 CFR Appendix B to Part 544 - Issuers of Motor Vehicle Insurance Policies Subject to the Reporting Requirements Only in...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 6 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Issuers of Motor Vehicle Insurance Policies Subject to the Reporting Requirements Only in Designated States B Appendix B to Part 544 Transportation..., DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION INSURER REPORTING REQUIREMENTS Pt. 544, App. B Appendix B to Part 544—Issuers of...

  17. 49 CFR Appendix C to Part 544 - Motor Vehicle Rental and Leasing Companies (Including Licensees and Franchisees) Subject to the...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 6 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Motor Vehicle Rental and Leasing Companies (Including Licensees and Franchisees) Subject to the Reporting Requirements of Part 544 C Appendix C to Part... Appendix C to Part 544—Motor Vehicle Rental and Leasing Companies (Including Licensees and Franchisees...

  18. 49 CFR Appendix C to Part 544 - Motor Vehicle Rental and Leasing Companies (Including Licensees and Franchisees) Subject to the...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 6 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Motor Vehicle Rental and Leasing Companies (Including Licensees and Franchisees) Subject to the Reporting Requirements of Part 544 C Appendix C to Part... Appendix C to Part 544—Motor Vehicle Rental and Leasing Companies (Including Licensees and Franchisees...

  19. 32 CFR Appendix C to Part 989 - Procedures for Holding Public Hearings on Draft Environmental Impact Statements (EIS)

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Procedures for Holding Public Hearings on Draft Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) C Appendix C to Part 989 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued..., App. C Appendix C to Part 989—Procedures for Holding Public Hearings on Draft Environmental Impact...

  20. 32 CFR Appendix C to Part 989 - Procedures for Holding Public Hearings on Draft Environmental Impact Statements (EIS)

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Procedures for Holding Public Hearings on Draft Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) C Appendix C to Part 989 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued..., App. C Appendix C to Part 989—Procedures for Holding Public Hearings on Draft Environmental Impact...

  1. Nonequilibrium Phase Transitions. Appendix A-F

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1988-09-20

    Module allows the separation between the control unit and the power circuits . Communications with the hostcomputer occurs via RS 232 serial port. The...hre] - D905-10123.1 ’- 43 Appendix E K- Contents: Page: Glossary of Terms 1. Principle of Construction of the DDC 4 2Thermal Circuit Of the DDC 6...Appendix E % 0 . r. fell. * re. .*......... .... 2. Thermal Circuit of the DDC: The thermal behaviour of the DDC can be represented by a lumped element

  2. 45 CFR Appendix A to Part 13 - Appendix A to Part 13

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ...-7a(c)(2); 1320b-10(c); 1395i-3(b)(3)(B)(ii), (g)(2)(A)(i); 1395l (h)(5)(D), (i)(6); 1395m(a)(11)(A), (a)(18), (b)(5)(C), (j)(2)(A)(iii); 1395u(j)(2), (k), (l )(3), (m)(3), (n)(3), (p)(3)(A); 1395y(b)(3)(C), (b)(6)(B); 1395cc(g); 1395dd(d)(1)(A), (B); 1395mm(i)(6)(B); 1395nn(g)(3), (4); 1395ss(d...

  3. Understanding Microbial Contributions to Planetary Atmosphere

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    DesMarais, David J.

    2000-01-01

    Should our search of distant, extrasolar planetary atmospheres encounter evidence of life, that evidence will most likely be the gaseous products of microorganisms. Our biosphere was exclusively microbial for over 80 percent of its history and, even today, microbes strongly influence atmospheric composition. Life's greatest environmental impact arises from its capacity for harvesting energy and creating organic matter. Microorganisms catalyze the equilibration of C, S and transition metal species at temperatures where such reactions can be very slow in the absence of life. Sunlight has been harvested through photosynthesis to create enormous energy reservoirs that exist in the form of coexisting reservoirs of reduced, organic C and S stored in Earth's crust, and highly oxidized species (oxygen, sulfate and ferric iron) stored in the crust, oceans and atmosphere. Our civilization taps that storehouse of energy by burning fossil fuels. As astrobiologists, we identify the chemical consequences of distant biospheres as expressed in the atmospheres of their planets. Our approach must recognize that planets, biospheres and atmospheres evolve and change. For example, a tectonically more active early Earth hosted a thermophilic, non-photosynthetic biosphere and a mildly reducing, carbon dioxide-rich and oxygen-poor atmosphere. Microorganisms acquired energy by consuming hydrogen and sulfide and producing a broad array of reduced C and S gases, most notably, methane. Later, diverse types of bacterial photosynthesis developed that enhanced productivity but were incapable of splitting water to produce oxygen. Later, but still prior to 2.6 billion years ago, oxygenic photosynthesis developed. We can expect to encounter distant biospheres that represent various stages of evolution and that coexist with atmospheres ranging from mildly reducing to oxidizing compositions. Accordinaly, we must be prepared to interpret a broad range of atmospheric compositions, all containing signatures of life. Remarkably little is known about the composition of our own earlier atmosphere, particularly prior to the rise of oxygen levels some 2.0 to 2.2 billion years ago. Thus, field and laboratory observations and theoretical simulations should be conducted to examine the relationships between the structure and function of microbial ecosystems and their gaseous products. Ecosystems that are analogs of our ancient biosphere (e.g., based upon chemosynthesis or non-oxygenic photosynthesis, thermophilic and subsurface communities, etc.) should be included. Because key environmental parameters such as temperature and levels of hydrogen, carbon dioxide and oxygen varied during planetary evolution, their consequences for microbial ecosystems should be explored.

  4. Preliminary Feasibility Study of a Hybrid Solar and Modular Pumped Storage Hydro System at Biosphere 2

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Lansey, Kevin; Hortsman, Chris

    2016-10-01

    In this study, the preliminary feasibility of a hybrid solar and modular pumped storage system designed for high energy independence at Biosphere 2 is assessed. The system consists of an array of solar PV panels that generate electricity during the day to power both Biosphere 2 and a pump that sends water through a pipe to a tank at a high elevation. When solar power is not available, the water is released back down the pipe towards a tank at a lower elevation, where it passes through a hydraulic water turbine to generate hydroelectricity to power Biosphere 2. The hybridmore » system is sized to generate and store enough energy to enable Biosphere 2 to operate without a grid interconnection on an average day.« less

  5. WEB-DHM: A distributed biosphere hydrological model developed by coupling a simple biosphere scheme with a hillslope hydrological model

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    The coupling of land surface models and hydrological models potentially improves the land surface representation, benefiting both the streamflow prediction capabilities as well as providing improved estimates of water and energy fluxes into the atmosphere. In this study, the simple biosphere model 2...

  6. Long term changes in forest cover and land use of Similipal Biosphere Reserve of India using satellite remote sensing data

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Saranya, K. R. L.; Reddy, C. Sudhakar

    2016-04-01

    The spatial changes in forest cover of Similipal biosphere reserve, Odisha, India over eight decades (1930-2012) has been quantified by using multi-temporal data from different sources. Over the period, the forest cover reduced by 970.8 km2 (23.6% of the total forest), and most significantly during the period, 1930-1975. Human-induced activities like conversion of forest land for agriculture, construction of dams and mining activities have been identified as major drivers of deforestation. Spatial analysis indicates that 399 grids (1 grid = 1 × 1 km) have undergone large-scale changes in forest cover (>75 ha) during 1930-1975, while only 3 grids have shown >75 ha loss during 1975-1990. Annual net rate of deforestation was 0.58 during 1930-1975, which has been reduced substantially during 1975-1990 (0.04). Annual gross rate of deforestation in 2006-2012 is indeed low (0.01) as compared to the national and global average. This study highlights the impact and effectiveness of conservation practices in minimizing the rate of deforestation and protecting the Similipal Biosphere Reserve.

  7. 40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart Dddd of... - Model Rule-Emission Limitations That Apply to Incinerators Before [Date to be specified in state...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... parts per million by dry volume 3-run average (1 hour minimum sample time per run) Performance test..., appendix A-4). Oxides of nitrogen 388 parts per million by dry volume 3-run average (1 hour minimum sample... (1 hour minimum sample time per run) Performance test (Method 6 or 6c of appendix A of this part) a...

  8. 40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart Dddd of... - Model Rule-Emission Limitations That Apply to Incinerators Before [Date to be specified in state...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... parts per million by dry volume 3-run average (1 hour minimum sample time per run) Performance test..., appendix A-4). Oxides of nitrogen 388 parts per million by dry volume 3-run average (1 hour minimum sample... (1 hour minimum sample time per run) Performance test (Method 6 or 6c of appendix A of this part) a...

  9. National Science Resources Center Project to Improve Science Teaching in Elementary Schools. Appendix D. Science for Children, an Agenda for Action. Appendix E. Science for Children, Resources for Teachers

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1988-12-01

    activities in chemistry tivities for the Visually Impaired/Science and physics: The Acid Test, How Dense?, The Cookie Monster, and The Sugar...baking powder. assembling a Grade(s): 3,4,5,6 gas generator, and learning how dough rises. Adult supervision is necessary for $6.95 these activities. 86

  10. Life systems for a lunar base

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Nelson, Mark; Hawes, Philip B.; Augustine, Margret

    1992-01-01

    The Biosphere 2 project is pioneering work on life systems that can serve as a prototype for long-term habitation on the Moon. This project will also facilitate the understanding of the smaller systems that will be needed for initial lunar base life-support functions. In its recommendation for a policy for the next 50 years in space, the National Commission on Space urged, 'To explore and settle the inner Solar System, we must develop biospheres of smaller size, and learn how to build and maintain them' (National Commission on Space, 1986). The Biosphere 2 project, along with its Biospheric Research and Development Center, is a materially closed and informationally and energetically open system capable of supporting a human crew of eight, undertaking work to meet this need. This paper gives an overview of the Space Biospheres Ventures' endeavor and its lunar applications.

  11. Book Review: Fluxes as functions of ecosystem and drivers of atmosphere

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Gu, Lianhong

    2015-06-01

    The review is of the book Terrestrial biosphere-atmospheric fluxes, by Russell Monson and Dennis Baldochi. The book was published by Cambridge University Press, NY, 487 p. in 2014. ISBN 978-1-107-04065-6

  12. 32 CFR Appendix A to Part 1288 - Decal Specifications

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Decal Specifications A Appendix A to Part 1288 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY MISCELLANEOUS... employees—Green. (2) The following additional colors will be used to categorize registration further: (a...

  13. 32 CFR Appendix A to Part 1288 - Decal Specifications

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Decal Specifications A Appendix A to Part 1288 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY MISCELLANEOUS... employees—Green. (2) The following additional colors will be used to categorize registration further: (a...

  14. 32 CFR Appendix A to Part 1288 - Decal Specifications

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Decal Specifications A Appendix A to Part 1288 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY MISCELLANEOUS... employees—Green. (2) The following additional colors will be used to categorize registration further: (a...

  15. 32 CFR Appendix A to Part 1288 - Decal Specifications

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Decal Specifications A Appendix A to Part 1288 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY MISCELLANEOUS... employees—Green. (2) The following additional colors will be used to categorize registration further: (a...

  16. The Study of Socio-Biospheric Problems.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Scott, Andrew M.

    Concepts, tools, and a methodology are needed which will permit the analysis of emergent socio-biospheric problems and facilitate their effective management. Many contemporary problems may be characterized as socio-biospheric; for example, pollution of the seas, acid rain, the growth of cities, and an atmosphere loaded with carcinogens. However,…

  17. Biosphere as a complex life-support system (LSS) for human civilization

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pechurkin, Nickolay

    As a continuously growing link of the Biosphere, we should keep in mind that biotic cycles induced by flows of a solar energy are the source of Biosphere and ecosystems functioning. Our pressure on the Biosphere which is connected with biotic cycle’s alterations and damages is menacingly growing. There are innumerable examples of atmosphere, water and soil pollution. We have contaminated even Earth-Space orbits with different uncontrolled debris. Ecological Footprint (EF) is a proper quantitative measure of anthropogenic impact on the Biosphere and ecosystems functioning. The comparative dynamics of the United Nations’ Human Development Index (HDI) and Ecological Footprint (EF) is discussed in the paper. The main call of sustainable development of mankind: all humans can have opportunity to fulfill their lives without degrading the Biosphere. To support sustainability, we should make an effort to develop each nation and the mankind as a whole with a high HDI and with a low ecological footprint. It means: to have high level of HDI at low level of EF. But current tendency of economical and social development shows: the higher HDI, the bigger EF. EF of mankind is rising threateningly. Now actual pressure of the human civilization of our planet (2014) upon 60 % exceeds its potential possibilities (biological capacity, measured as the area of "global" green hectares). It means that now we require more than 1.5 planets of the Earth’s type for sustainable development. It leads to ecological incident in the scale of Biosphere. Our Biosphere is the large, multilevel, hierarchically organized system, and our civilization is only a part of it. This part is not central; it can disappear for ever, if we do not cope to be included in the Biosphere as a great complex system. An example of Krasnoyarsk region as a representative region with high level of industry and technological energy production is considered in the paper. This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project number 13-06-00060.

  18. Southern Appalachian Man and the Biosphere - SAMAB.ORG

    Science.gov Websites

    Southern Appalachian Man and the Biosphere Home Who We Are SAMAB Initiatives Archives Welcome to SAMAB This slideshow requires JavaScript. The Southern Appalachian Man and the Biosphere (SAMAB

  19. Defense Financial and Investment Review. Appendix 3. Financial Community Perceptions of the Defense Industry: 1985,

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1985-03-01

    customer. The interviewed executives believe these considerations are a major cause for the rather low esteem in which the investing public holds defense...RD-RI58 246 DEFENSE FINANCIAL AND INVESTMENT REVIEN APPENDIX 3 FINRNCIAL COMMUNITY PE.. (U) LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT INST BETHESDA MD P J DAVEY ET RL... INVESTMENT REVIEW, APPENDIX 3; Financial Community Perceptions Of The Defense Industry: 1985 6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER 7. AUTHOR(e) 8. CONTRACT

  20. Telemetry Attributes Transfer Standard (TMATS) Handbook

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2015-07-01

    Example ......................... 6-1 Appendix A. Extensible Markup Language TMATS Differences ...................................... A-1 Appendix B...return-to-zero - level TG Telemetry Group TM telemetry TMATS Telemetry Attributes Transfer Standard XML eXtensible Markup Language Telemetry... Markup Language) format. The initial version of a standard 1 Range Commanders Council. Telemetry

  1. 12 CFR Appendix G to Part 226 - Open-End Model Forms and Clauses

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Open-End Model Forms and Clauses G Appendix G... RESERVE SYSTEM (CONTINUED) TRUTH IN LENDING (REGULATION Z) Pt. 226, App. G Appendix G to Part 226—Open-End Model Forms and Clauses G-1Balance Computation Methods Model Clauses (Home-equity Plans) (§§ 226.6 and...

  2. 49 CFR Appendix C to Part 541 - Criteria for Selecting Light Duty Truck Lines Likely To Have High Theft Rates

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 6 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Criteria for Selecting Light Duty Truck Lines Likely To Have High Theft Rates C Appendix C to Part 541 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to... MOTOR VEHICLE THEFT PREVENTION STANDARD Pt. 541, App. C Appendix C to Part 541—Criteria for Selecting...

  3. 49 CFR Appendix C to Part 541 - Criteria for Selecting Light Duty Truck Lines Likely To Have High Theft Rates

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 6 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Criteria for Selecting Light Duty Truck Lines Likely To Have High Theft Rates C Appendix C to Part 541 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to... MOTOR VEHICLE THEFT PREVENTION STANDARD Pt. 541, App. C Appendix C to Part 541—Criteria for Selecting...

  4. 49 CFR Appendix C to Part 541 - Criteria for Selecting Light Duty Truck Lines Likely To Have High Theft Rates

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 6 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Criteria for Selecting Light Duty Truck Lines Likely To Have High Theft Rates C Appendix C to Part 541 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to... MOTOR VEHICLE THEFT PREVENTION STANDARD Pt. 541, App. C Appendix C to Part 541—Criteria for Selecting...

  5. Precision Cosmology

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jones, Bernard J. T.

    2017-04-01

    Preface; Notation and conventions; Part I. 100 Years of Cosmology: 1. Emerging cosmology; 2. The cosmic expansion; 3. The cosmic microwave background; 4. Recent cosmology; Part II. Newtonian Cosmology: 5. Newtonian cosmology; 6. Dark energy cosmological models; 7. The early universe; 8. The inhomogeneous universe; 9. The inflationary universe; Part III. Relativistic Cosmology: 10. Minkowski space; 11. The energy momentum tensor; 12. General relativity; 13. Space-time geometry and calculus; 14. The Einstein field equations; 15. Solutions of the Einstein equations; 16. The Robertson-Walker solution; 17. Congruences, curvature and Raychaudhuri; 18. Observing and measuring the universe; Part IV. The Physics of Matter and Radiation: 19. Physics of the CMB radiation; 20. Recombination of the primeval plasma; 21. CMB polarisation; 22. CMB anisotropy; Part V. Precision Tools for Precision Cosmology: 23. Likelihood; 24. Frequentist hypothesis testing; 25. Statistical inference: Bayesian; 26. CMB data processing; 27. Parametrising the universe; 28. Precision cosmology; 29. Epilogue; Appendix A. SI, CGS and Planck units; Appendix B. Magnitudes and distances; Appendix C. Representing vectors and tensors; Appendix D. The electromagnetic field; Appendix E. Statistical distributions; Appendix F. Functions on a sphere; Appendix G. Acknowledgements; References; Index.

  6. Classification of the terminal arterial vascularization of the appendix with a view to its use in reconstructive microsurgery.

    PubMed

    Ouattara, Djibril; Kipré, Yvan Zunon; Broalet, Esperance; Séri, Fréjuis Gotta; Angaté, Hervé Yangni; Bi N'Guessan, Gabriel Gnanazan; Kassanyou, Salami

    2007-12-01

    The aim of this study was to examine the arterial vascularization of the appendix, in order to propose a classification of the different vascular types of the appendix for the realization of free transfer in reconstructive microsurgery. We achieved the removal as a monobloc of the cecum, of a part of the ileum, and the upper colon, then conducted the intra-arterial injection of a mixture composed of minium, and went on to the dissection of 25 specimens of appendix from West Africa. We analyzed the appendicular territory vascularized by the different discovered arteries. The average length of the appendix was 10.5 cm, ranging from 6.5 to 13.5 cm. The vascularization of the appendix was guaranteed by three arteries: the main appendicular artery, the ceco-appendicular artery and by one or several appendicular accessory arteries. We found five types of vascularization of the appendix according to the number and type of artery needed to guarantee the vascularization of the whole of the appendix including its base. It is evident from this study that a detailed analysis of the vascularization of the appendix is necessary before its removal for a reconstructive microsurgery, because in three cases out of four, the transplant must include at least two vessels in order to guarantee the whole of its vascularization.

  7. Spanish methodological approach for biosphere assessment of radioactive waste disposal.

    PubMed

    Agüero, A; Pinedo, P; Cancio, D; Simón, I; Moraleda, M; Pérez-Sánchez, D; Trueba, C

    2007-10-01

    The development of radioactive waste disposal facilities requires implementation of measures that will afford protection of human health and the environment over a specific temporal frame that depends on the characteristics of the wastes. The repository design is based on a multi-barrier system: (i) the near-field or engineered barrier, (ii) far-field or geological barrier and (iii) the biosphere system. Here, the focus is on the analysis of this last system, the biosphere. A description is provided of conceptual developments, methodological aspects and software tools used to develop the Biosphere Assessment Methodology in the context of high-level waste (HLW) disposal facilities in Spain. This methodology is based on the BIOMASS "Reference Biospheres Methodology" and provides a logical and systematic approach with supplementary documentation that helps to support the decisions necessary for model development. It follows a five-stage approach, such that a coherent biosphere system description and the corresponding conceptual, mathematical and numerical models can be built. A discussion on the improvements implemented through application of the methodology to case studies in international and national projects is included. Some facets of this methodological approach still require further consideration, principally an enhanced integration of climatology, geography and ecology into models considering evolution of the environment, some aspects of the interface between the geosphere and biosphere, and an accurate quantification of environmental change processes and rates.

  8. Interpretation of Biosphere Reserves.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Merriman, Tim

    1994-01-01

    Introduces the Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB) to monitor the 193 biogeographical provinces of the Earth and the creation of biosphere reserves. Highlights the need for interpreters to become familiar or involved with MAB program activities. (LZ)

  9. Channel and Switchbox Routing Using a Greedy Based Channel Algorithm with Outward Scanning Technique.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1988-12-01

    ol ) V. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION......................... ... 6 APPENDIX A. NPGS ROUTER USER GUIDE........................6 APPENDIX B. C PROGRAM...problem and shows some of the terminology. previously mentioned. that is peculiar to VISI routing. Clq C4 C4 C4 -4 C4 Clq -4- o C CCD Co -4 q 04 -4 oL ...34 l II 92-. -.-- -.-- , -.... -4--*- -*-- tC I I + 62- -- - ----- -. .t -- +* 0C ’l i II I o -- - ..... 4+ - -+- j- - --- +-+-g9! 6 Ol ... ... "II g4

  10. 12 CFR Part 745 - SHARE INSURANCE AND APPENDIX

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ...—SHARE INSURANCE AND APPENDIX Subpart A—Clarification and Definition of Account Insurance Coverage Sec... accounts. 745.3 Single ownership accounts. 745.4 Revocable trust accounts. 745.5 Accounts held by executors or administrators. 745.6 Accounts held by a corporation, partnership, or unincorporated association...

  11. 12 CFR Appendix A to Part 630 - Supplemental Information Disclosure Guidelines

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Supplemental Information Disclosure Guidelines A Appendix A to Part 630 Banks and Banking FARM CREDIT ADMINISTRATION FARM CREDIT SYSTEM DISCLOSURE TO INVESTORS IN SYSTEMWIDE AND CONSOLIDATED BANK DEBT OBLIGATIONS OF THE FARM CREDIT SYSTEM Pt. 630...

  12. Technical Evaluation Report on the Fluid Dynamics Panel Symposium on Validation of Computational Fluid Dynamics

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1989-05-01

    separately each of the papers presented and makes general comments on the seven major topic sessions. In addition, a Poster Presentation was reviewed in...Appendix to this report. The Poster Papers, also listed in an Appendix, are published in CP437 Volume I. Le pr6sent rapport fait le point et donne une...ConfErence AGARD CP 437 Volume I dont une liste en est donn6e h I’annexe au pr6sent rapport. Une liste des r6unions d’information/exposition est

  13. The Biosphere.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Cloud, Preston

    1983-01-01

    Discusses the earth's biosphere, considering how the microbial, animal and plant life (which make up the biosphere) are sustained by the earth's lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. Also considers how these three earth features have powerfully shaped the evolution of these organisms. (JN)

  14. The biosphere: Problems and solutions; Proceedings of the Miami International Symposium on the Biosphere, Miami Beach, FL, April 23, 24, 1984

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Veziroglu, T. N.

    The objective of the Miami International Symposium on the Biosphere was to provide a forum for the presentation of the latest research findings on the environmental effects of human activities. The topics discussed are related to biosphere reserves, environmental aspects of hydrocarbon fuels, radioactivity and nuclear waste, land management, acid rains, water quality, water resources, coastal resources management, the pollution of rivers, industrial waste, economic development and the environment, health hazards and solutions, endangered species, environmentally compatible systems, space pollution, and global considerations. Attention is given to questions regarding global security and sustainable development, environethics as a global strategy for environmental quality, a gestalt approach to the environment, potential indicators for monitoring biosphere reserves, a review of regional impacts associated with the development of U.S. synthetic fuel resources, water resources in the Soviet Union, and pollution-free pesticides.

  15. 32 CFR Appendix D to Part 1290 - Ticket Sample-A Nontraffic Violation

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Ticket Sample-A Nontraffic Violation D Appendix D to Part 1290 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY MISCELLANEOUS PREPARING AND PROCESSING MINOR OFFENSES AND VIOLATION NOTICES REFERRED TO U.S...

  16. 12 CFR Appendix A to Part 325 - Statement of Policy on Risk-Based Capital

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... qualifying and excess capital, calculate risk-weighted assets, calculate market risk equivalent assets and... and control financial and operating risks, including the risk presented by concentrations of credit....(6)(ii) of this appendix A), and subsidiaries that are engaged in non-financial activities are not...

  17. 32 CFR Appendix D to Part 1290 - Ticket Sample-A Nontraffic Violation

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Ticket Sample-A Nontraffic Violation D Appendix D to Part 1290 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY MISCELLANEOUS PREPARING AND PROCESSING MINOR OFFENSES AND VIOLATION NOTICES REFERRED TO U.S...

  18. 32 CFR Appendix D to Part 1290 - Ticket Sample-A Nontraffic Violation

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Ticket Sample-A Nontraffic Violation D Appendix D to Part 1290 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY MISCELLANEOUS PREPARING AND PROCESSING MINOR OFFENSES AND VIOLATION NOTICES REFERRED TO U.S...

  19. 32 CFR Appendix D to Part 1290 - Ticket Sample-A Nontraffic Violation

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Ticket Sample-A Nontraffic Violation D Appendix D to Part 1290 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY MISCELLANEOUS PREPARING AND PROCESSING MINOR OFFENSES AND VIOLATION NOTICES REFERRED TO U.S...

  20. 32 CFR Appendix D to Part 1290 - Ticket Sample-A Nontraffic Violation

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Ticket Sample-A Nontraffic Violation D Appendix D to Part 1290 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY MISCELLANEOUS PREPARING AND PROCESSING MINOR OFFENSES AND VIOLATION NOTICES REFERRED TO U.S...

  1. 12 CFR Appendix A to Part 325 - Statement of Policy on Risk-Based Capital

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... qualifying and excess capital, calculate risk-weighted assets, calculate market risk equivalent assets and... and control financial and operating risks, including the risk presented by concentrations of credit....(6)(ii) of this appendix A), and subsidiaries that are engaged in non-financial activities are not...

  2. 12 CFR Appendix A to Part 325 - Statement of Policy on Risk-Based Capital

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... qualifying and excess capital, calculate risk-weighted assets, calculate market risk equivalent assets and... and control financial and operating risks, including the risk presented by concentrations of credit....(6)(ii) of this appendix A), and subsidiaries that are engaged in non-financial activities are not...

  3. 12 CFR Appendix A to Part 325 - Statement of Policy on Risk-Based Capital

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... qualifying and excess capital, calculate risk-weighted assets, calculate market risk equivalent assets and... and control financial and operating risks, including the risk presented by concentrations of credit....(6)(ii) of this appendix A), and subsidiaries that are engaged in non-financial activities are not...

  4. Development of a distributed biosphere hydrological model and its evaluation with the Southern Great Plains Experiments (SGP97 and SGP99)

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    A distributed biosphere hydrological model, the so called water and energy budget-based distributed hydrological model (WEB-DHM), has been developed by fully coupling a biosphere scheme (SiB2) with a geomorphology-based hydrological model (GBHM). SiB2 describes the transfer of turbulent fluxes (ener...

  5. 12 CFR Appendix G to Part 226 - Open-End Model Forms and Clauses

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Open-End Model Forms and Clauses G Appendix G... RESERVE SYSTEM TRUTH IN LENDING (REGULATION Z) Pt. 226, App. G Appendix G to Part 226—Open-End Model Forms and Clauses G-1Balance Computation Methods Model Clauses (Home-equity Plans) (§§ 226.6 and 226.7) G-1...

  6. Adjustments Recommended in Fiscal Year 1982 Ammunition Procurement and Modernization Programs

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1981-06-30

    No comment 4.8 No comment Cartridge, 7.6 2-mm., all types Cartridge, .45 caliber ball 31.9 58.3 -0.8 2.9 Cartridge, 1.6 30-mm., TP...4.5 - 1.6 57.5 Inventory exceeds re- quirements for rifle grenade cartridge 2.8 No comment 77.1 No comment - Inventory exceeds re...quirements 10.7 Inventory exceeds re- quirements Premature buy Premature buy 4.5 No comment 38 APPENDIX I APPENDIX

  7. Biosphere 2 test module experimentation program

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Alling, Abigail; Leigh, Linda S.; Maccallum, Taber; Alvarez-Romo, Norberto

    1990-01-01

    The Biosphere 2 Test Module is a facility which has the capability to do either short or long term closures: five month closures with plants were conducted. Also conducted were investigations of specific problems, such as trace gas purification by bioregenerative systems by in-putting a fixed concentration of a gas and observing its uptake over time. In other Test Module experiments, the concentration of one gas was changed to observe what effects this has on other gases present or on the system. The science of biospherics which encompasses the study of closed biological systems provides an opening into the future in space as well as in the Earth's biosphere.

  8. A New Sensitive GC-MS-based Method for Analysis of Dipicolinic Acid and Quantifying Bacterial Endospores in Deep Marine Subsurface Sediment

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fang, J.

    2015-12-01

    Marine sediments cover more than two-thirds of the Earth's surface and represent a major part of the deep biosphere. Microbial cells and microbial activity appear to be widespread in these sediments. Recently, we reported the isolation of gram-positive anaerobic spore-forming piezophilic bacteria and detection of bacterial endospores in marine subsurface sediment from the Shimokita coalbed, Japan. However, the modern molecular microbiological methods (e.g., DNA-based microbial detection techniques) cannot detect bacterial endospore, because endospores are impermeable and are not stained by fluorescence DNA dyes or by ribosomal RNA staining techniques such as catalysed reporter deposition fluorescence in situ hybridization. Thus, the total microbial cell abundance in the deep biosphere may has been globally underestimated. This emphasizes the need for a new cultivation independent approach for the quantification of bacterial endospores in the deep subsurface. Dipicolinic acid (DPA, pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid) is a universal and specific component of bacterial endospores, representing 5-15wt% of the dry spore, and therefore is a useful indicator and quantifier of bacterial endospores and permits to estimate total spore numbers in the subsurface biosphere. We developed a sensitive analytical method to quantify DPA content in environmental samples using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The method is sensitive and more convenient in use than other traditional methods. We applied this method to analyzing sediment samples from the South China Sea (obtained from IODP Exp. 349) to determine the abundance of spore-forming bacteria in the deep marine subsurface sediment. Our results suggest that gram-positive, endospore-forming bacteria may be the "unseen majority" in the deep biosphere.

  9. Man and the Biosphere: Ground Truthing Coral Reefs for the St. John Island Biosphere Reserve.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Brody, Michael J.; And Others

    Research on the coral species composition of St. John's reefs in the Virgin Islands was conducted through the School for Field Studies (SFS) Coral Reef Ecology course (winter 1984). A cooperative study program based on the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization's (Unesco) program, Man and the Biosphere, was undertaken by…

  10. 49 CFR Appendix A to Part 272 - Schedule of Civil Penalties 1

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CRITICAL INCIDENT STRESS PLANS Pt. 272, App. A Appendix A to Part... incident stress plan: (a) Failure to inform about relief options 5,000 6,000 (b) Failure to offer timely... critical incident stress plan for approval by the Federal Railroad Administration. (a) Failure to submit a...

  11. 29 CFR Appendix to Part 1440 - FIFRA Arbitration Rules

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... DATA DISPUTES Pt. 1440, App. Appendix to Part 1440—FIFRA Arbitration Rules Section 1 These rules shall apply as published in the Federal Register unless modified by FMCS. Sec. 2. Definitions For the purpose... Rules or filing a claim concerning joint development of data. (6) Compulsory arbitration means...

  12. 29 CFR Appendix to Part 1440 - FIFRA Arbitration Rules

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... DATA DISPUTES Pt. 1440, App. Appendix to Part 1440—FIFRA Arbitration Rules Section 1 These rules shall apply as published in the Federal Register unless modified by FMCS. Sec. 2. Definitions For the purpose... Rules or filing a claim concerning joint development of data. (6) Compulsory arbitration means...

  13. 29 CFR Appendix to Part 1440 - FIFRA Arbitration Rules

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... DATA DISPUTES Pt. 1440, App. Appendix to Part 1440—FIFRA Arbitration Rules Section 1 These rules shall apply as published in the Federal Register unless modified by FMCS. Sec. 2. Definitions For the purpose... Rules or filing a claim concerning joint development of data. (6) Compulsory arbitration means...

  14. 29 CFR Appendix to Part 1440 - FIFRA Arbitration Rules

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... DATA DISPUTES Pt. 1440, App. Appendix to Part 1440—FIFRA Arbitration Rules Section 1 These rules shall apply as published in the Federal Register unless modified by FMCS. Sec. 2. Definitions For the purpose... Rules or filing a claim concerning joint development of data. (6) Compulsory arbitration means...

  15. Response of the rare biosphere to environmental stressors in a highly diverse ecosystem (Zodletone spring, OK, USA).

    PubMed

    Coveley, Suzanne; Elshahed, Mostafa S; Youssef, Noha H

    2015-01-01

    Within highly diverse ecosystems, the majority of bacterial taxa are present in low abundance as members of the rare biosphere. The rationale for the occurrence and maintenance of the rare biosphere, and the putative ecological role(s) and dynamics of its members within a specific ecosystem is currently debated. We hypothesized that in highly diverse ecosystems, a fraction of the rare biosphere acts as a backup system that readily responds to environmental disturbances. We tested this hypothesis by subjecting sediments from Zodletone spring, a sulfide- and sulfur-rich spring in Southwestern OK, to incremental levels of salinity (1, 2, 3, 4, and 10% NaCl), or temperature (28°, 30°, 32°, and 70 °C), and traced the trajectories of rare members of the community in response to these manipulations using 16S rRNA gene analysis. Our results indicate that multiple rare bacterial taxa are promoted from rare to abundant members of the community following such manipulations and that, in general, the magnitude of such recruitment is directly proportional to the severity of the applied manipulation. Rare members that are phylogenetically distinct from abundant taxa in the original sample (unique rare biosphere) played a more important role in the microbial community response to environmental disturbances, compared to rare members that are phylogenetically similar to abundant taxa in the original sample (non-unique rare biosphere). The results emphasize the dynamic nature of the rare biosphere, and highlight its complexity and non-monolithic nature.

  16. 40 CFR Appendix A to Part 75 - Specifications and Test Procedures

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Specifications and Test Procedures A... (CONTINUED) CONTINUOUS EMISSION MONITORING Pt. 75, App. A Appendix A to Part 75—Specifications and Test... concentration monitor and diluent gas monitor) will pass the relative accuracy test (see section 6 of this...

  17. 32 CFR Appendix A to Part 518 - References

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 25-1 The Army Information Management; (4) AR 25-11 Record Communications and the Privacy Communications System; (5) AR 25-400-2 The Army Records Information Management System (ARIMS); (6) AR 27-20... RELATIONS THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT PROGRAM Pt. 518, App. A Appendix A to Part 518—References (a...

  18. 32 CFR Appendix A to Part 518 - References

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 25-1 The Army Information Management; (4) AR 25-11 Record Communications and the Privacy Communications System; (5) AR 25-400-2 The Army Records Information Management System (ARIMS); (6) AR 27-20... RELATIONS THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT PROGRAM Pt. 518, App. A Appendix A to Part 518—References (a...

  19. 32 CFR Appendix A to Part 518 - References

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 25-1 The Army Information Management; (4) AR 25-11 Record Communications and the Privacy Communications System; (5) AR 25-400-2 The Army Records Information Management System (ARIMS); (6) AR 27-20... RELATIONS THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT PROGRAM Pt. 518, App. A Appendix A to Part 518—References (a...

  20. 32 CFR Appendix A to Part 518 - References

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 25-1 The Army Information Management; (4) AR 25-11 Record Communications and the Privacy Communications System; (5) AR 25-400-2 The Army Records Information Management System (ARIMS); (6) AR 27-20... RELATIONS THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT PROGRAM Pt. 518, App. A Appendix A to Part 518—References (a...

  1. Mucinous cystadenoma of the appendix presenting as an umbilical hernia: A case report.

    PubMed

    Ren, Bingbing; Meng, Xiangchao; Cao, Z I; Guo, Chunli; Zhang, Zili

    2016-06-01

    Mucinous cystadenoma of the appendix is a rare condition that develops as a result of proliferation of mucin-secreting cells in an occluded appendix. Mucinous cystadenoma of the appendix presenting as an umbilical hernia is a rare clinical entity. The most common causes of this condition are known to be ascites, hepatitis and cirrhosis; however, the patient in the present study, was diagnosed as hepatitis- and cirrhosis-negative, with no history of chronic coughing or constipation. The aim of the present study was to report a rare case of mucinous cystadenoma of the appendix presenting as an umbilical hernia in a 66-year-old female patient. The patient had a 6-month history of a reducible mass in the umbilical region and was diagnosed with umbilical hernia. Computed tomography and ultrasonography were performed and revealed massive ascites. Ultimately, a laparoscopic appendectomy was performed and borderline mucinous appendiceal cystadenoma of low malignant potential was confirmed. In addition, the present study discussed the association between mucinous cystadenoma of the appendix and umbilical hernia, as well as the diagnostic process and treatment strategies.

  2. Mucinous cystadenoma of the appendix presenting as an umbilical hernia: A case report

    PubMed Central

    REN, BINGBING; MENG, XIANGCHAO; CAO, ZI; GUO, CHUNLI; ZHANG, ZILI

    2016-01-01

    Mucinous cystadenoma of the appendix is a rare condition that develops as a result of proliferation of mucin-secreting cells in an occluded appendix. Mucinous cystadenoma of the appendix presenting as an umbilical hernia is a rare clinical entity. The most common causes of this condition are known to be ascites, hepatitis and cirrhosis; however, the patient in the present study, was diagnosed as hepatitis- and cirrhosis-negative, with no history of chronic coughing or constipation. The aim of the present study was to report a rare case of mucinous cystadenoma of the appendix presenting as an umbilical hernia in a 66-year-old female patient. The patient had a 6-month history of a reducible mass in the umbilical region and was diagnosed with umbilical hernia. Computed tomography and ultrasonography were performed and revealed massive ascites. Ultimately, a laparoscopic appendectomy was performed and borderline mucinous appendiceal cystadenoma of low malignant potential was confirmed. In addition, the present study discussed the association between mucinous cystadenoma of the appendix and umbilical hernia, as well as the diagnostic process and treatment strategies. PMID:27313766

  3. The Biosphere: A Decadal Vision

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Peterson, David L.; Curran, Paul J.; Mlynzcak, Marty; Miller, Richard

    2003-01-01

    This paper focuses on biosphere-climate interactions including the influences of human activities. Recognizing this is only one aspect of biospheric processes, this places an emphasis of those biogeochemical processes that have a profound effect on numerous other aspects of the biosphere and the services it provides, services which are critical to sustaining life on Earth. And, the paper will focus on the various scientific aspects of assessing the availability of fresh water, including its sensitivity to climate variance and land use changes. Finally, this paper hopes to emphasize the potential role that greatly expanded space observations and interactive modeling can play in developing our understanding of Earth and its the living systems.

  4. Rarity in aquatic microbes: placing protists on the map.

    PubMed

    Logares, Ramiro; Mangot, Jean-François; Massana, Ramon

    2015-12-01

    Most microbial richness at any given time tends to be represented by low-abundance (rare) taxa, which are collectively referred to as the "rare biosphere". Here we review works on the rare biosphere using high-throughput sequencing (HTS), with a particular focus on unicellular eukaryotes or protists. Evidence thus far indicates that the rare biosphere encompasses dormant as well as metabolically active microbes that could potentially play key roles in ecosystem functioning. Rare microbes appear to have biogeography, and sometimes the observed patterns can be similar to what is observed among abundant taxa, suggesting similar community-structuring mechanisms. There is limited evidence indicating that the rare biosphere contains taxa that are phylogenetically distantly related to abundant counterparts; therefore, the rare biosphere may act as a reservoir of deep-branching phylogenetic diversity. The potential role of the rare biosphere as a bank of redundant functions that can help to maintain continuous ecosystem function following oscillations in taxonomic abundances is hypothesized as its main ecological role. Future studies focusing on rare microbes are crucial for advancing our knowledge of microbial ecology and evolution and unveiling their links with ecosystem function. Copyright © 2015 Institut Pasteur. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

  5. 12 CFR Appendix A to Part 536 - Consumer Grievance Process

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ..., or telephone 202-906-6237 or 800-842-6929, or e-mail consumer.complaint@ots.treas.gov. ... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2013-01-01 2012-01-01 true Consumer Grievance Process A Appendix A to Part 536 Banks and Banking OFFICE OF THRIFT SUPERVISION, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY CONSUMER PROTECTION IN...

  6. 12 CFR Appendix A to Part 536 - Consumer Grievance Process

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ..., or telephone 202-906-6237 or 800-842-6929, or e-mail consumer.complaint@ots.treas.gov. ... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Consumer Grievance Process A Appendix A to Part 536 Banks and Banking OFFICE OF THRIFT SUPERVISION, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY CONSUMER PROTECTION IN...

  7. 12 CFR Appendix A to Part 536 - Consumer Grievance Process

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ..., or telephone 202-906-6237 or 800-842-6929, or e-mail consumer.complaint@ots.treas.gov. ... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2014-01-01 2012-01-01 true Consumer Grievance Process A Appendix A to Part 536 Banks and Banking OFFICE OF THRIFT SUPERVISION, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY CONSUMER PROTECTION IN...

  8. Human impact on the planet: an earth system science perspective and ethical considerations

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Williams, Richard S.

    2002-01-01

    The modern Earth Narrative, the scientific story of the 4.5 billion-year natural and human history of the Earth, has emerged from the solid foundation of two factual concepts: Deep (or Geologic) Time and Biological Evolution. spread acceptance of the Earth Narrative is critically important as we begin the third millennium, because it provides a clear understanding of the growing impact of human population growth and associated activities on the Earth System, especially the negative impact on Earth?s biosphere. It is important for humans to realize that we are but one of 4,500 species of mammals that exist on Earth and that we are but one species in the estimated 30 to 100 million species that form the complex biosphere. We also need to recognize that all species exist within the physical limits imposed by the geosphere. We are totally dependent on the biosphere for food, oxygen, and other necessities of life. mans are one of the latest results of biological evolution operating over a long period of Geologic Time. We find ourselves on Earth, after 4.5 billion years of Earth history by chance, not by design. Humans have become so successful at modifying their environment that many of the natural limitations on the expansion of populations of our fellow animals have been overcome by technological and cultural innovations. According to Peter Raven, ?Humans, at a current population of 6 billion [expected to nearly double by 2050], are consuming or wasting about 50 percent of the total net biological productivity on land and 50 percent of the available supply of freshwater. The overwhelming and expanding human presence leaves less and less room in the environment for other biota.? st century will be a pivotal time in the fate of Earth?s biosphere. Whereas human modification of the geosphere will slowly recover over time, human changes to the biosphere are a far more consequential matter? extinction of a species is forever! Will humans effectively use our new knowledge of natural and human history to stop further degradation of Earth?s ecosystems and extinction of its biota? The fate of the biosphere, including humanity, depends on a reaffirmation by all humans of all cultures and religions of the global importance of a planet-wide conservation of the Earth?s biotic heritage. For the world?s religions it means elevation of stewardship of the Earth to a moral imperative and a goal of complete preservation of the Earth?s biotic inheritance, one which is based on a Do No Harm ethic.

  9. Access: A Directory of Contacts, Environmental Data Bases, and Scientific Infrastructure on 175 Biosphere Reserves in 32 Countries.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Department of State, Washington, DC. Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs.

    Following the EuroMAB meeting in Strasbourg, France (September 1991) and on an initiative of the Man and the Biosphere National Committee of the United States, a decision was made to create a research network from information available in biosphere reserves in 30 European countries, Canada and the United States. This Directory of EuroMAB Biosphere…

  10. Definition and means of maintaining the criticality detectors and alarms portion of the PFP safety envelope

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    White, W.F.

    The purpose of this document is to provide the definition and means of maintaining the Safety Envelope (SE) related to the Criticality Alarm System (CAS). This document provides amplification of the Limiting Condition for Operation (LCO) described in the Plutonium Finishing Plant (PFP) Operational Safety Requirements (OSR), WHC-SD-CP-OSR-010, Rev. 0, 1994, Section 3.1.2, Criticality Detectors and Alarms. This document, with its appendices, provides the following: (1) System functional requirements for determining system operability (Section 3); (2) A list of annotated system block diagrams which indicate the safety envelope boundaries (Appendix C); (3) A list of the Safety Class 1 andmore » 2 Safety Envelope (SC-1/2 SE) equipment for input into the Master Component Index (Appendix B); (4) Functional requirements for individual SC-1/2 SE components, including appropriate setpoints and process parameters (Section 6 and Appendix A); (5) A list of the operational, maintenance and surveillance procedures necessary to operate and maintain the SC-1/2 SE components as required by the LCO (Section 6 and Appendix A).« less

  11. Post-closure biosphere assessment modelling: comparison of complex and more stylised approaches.

    PubMed

    Walke, Russell C; Kirchner, Gerald; Xu, Shulan; Dverstorp, Björn

    2015-10-01

    Geological disposal facilities are the preferred option for high-level radioactive waste, due to their potential to provide isolation from the surface environment (biosphere) on very long timescales. Assessments need to strike a balance between stylised models and more complex approaches that draw more extensively on site-specific information. This paper explores the relative merits of complex versus more stylised biosphere models in the context of a site-specific assessment. The more complex biosphere modelling approach was developed by the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co (SKB) for the Formark candidate site for a spent nuclear fuel repository in Sweden. SKB's approach is built on a landscape development model, whereby radionuclide releases to distinct hydrological basins/sub-catchments (termed 'objects') are represented as they evolve through land rise and climate change. Each of seventeen of these objects is represented with more than 80 site specific parameters, with about 22 that are time-dependent and result in over 5000 input values per object. The more stylised biosphere models developed for this study represent releases to individual ecosystems without environmental change and include the most plausible transport processes. In the context of regulatory review of the landscape modelling approach adopted in the SR-Site assessment in Sweden, the more stylised representation has helped to build understanding in the more complex modelling approaches by providing bounding results, checking the reasonableness of the more complex modelling, highlighting uncertainties introduced through conceptual assumptions and helping to quantify the conservatisms involved. The more stylised biosphere models are also shown capable of reproducing the results of more complex approaches. A major recommendation is that biosphere assessments need to justify the degree of complexity in modelling approaches as well as simplifying and conservative assumptions. In light of the uncertainties concerning the biosphere on very long timescales, stylised biosphere models are shown to provide a useful point of reference in themselves and remain a valuable tool for nuclear waste disposal licencing procedures. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  12. 32 CFR Appendix B to Part 1290 - Ticket Sample-A Parking Violation

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Ticket Sample-A Parking Violation B Appendix B to Part 1290 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY MISCELLANEOUS PREPARING AND PROCESSING MINOR OFFENSES AND VIOLATION NOTICES REFERRED TO U.S. DISTRICT COURTS Pt...

  13. 32 CFR Appendix C to Part 1290 - Ticket Sample-A Moving Violation

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Ticket Sample-A Moving Violation C Appendix C to Part 1290 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY MISCELLANEOUS PREPARING AND PROCESSING MINOR OFFENSES AND VIOLATION NOTICES REFERRED TO U.S. DISTRICT COURTS Pt...

  14. 32 CFR Appendix B to Part 1290 - Ticket Sample-A Parking Violation

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Ticket Sample-A Parking Violation B Appendix B to Part 1290 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY MISCELLANEOUS PREPARING AND PROCESSING MINOR OFFENSES AND VIOLATION NOTICES REFERRED TO U.S. DISTRICT COURTS Pt...

  15. 32 CFR Appendix C to Part 1290 - Ticket Sample-A Moving Violation

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Ticket Sample-A Moving Violation C Appendix C to Part 1290 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY MISCELLANEOUS PREPARING AND PROCESSING MINOR OFFENSES AND VIOLATION NOTICES REFERRED TO U.S. DISTRICT COURTS Pt...

  16. 32 CFR Appendix B to Part 1290 - Ticket Sample-A Parking Violation

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Ticket Sample-A Parking Violation B Appendix B to Part 1290 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY MISCELLANEOUS PREPARING AND PROCESSING MINOR OFFENSES AND VIOLATION NOTICES REFERRED TO U.S. DISTRICT COURTS Pt...

  17. 32 CFR Appendix B to Part 1290 - Ticket Sample-A Parking Violation

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Ticket Sample-A Parking Violation B Appendix B to Part 1290 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY MISCELLANEOUS PREPARING AND PROCESSING MINOR OFFENSES AND VIOLATION NOTICES REFERRED TO U.S. DISTRICT COURTS Pt...

  18. 32 CFR Appendix C to Part 1290 - Ticket Sample-A Moving Violation

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Ticket Sample-A Moving Violation C Appendix C to Part 1290 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY MISCELLANEOUS PREPARING AND PROCESSING MINOR OFFENSES AND VIOLATION NOTICES REFERRED TO U.S. DISTRICT COURTS Pt...

  19. 32 CFR Appendix B to Part 1290 - Ticket Sample-A Parking Violation

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Ticket Sample-A Parking Violation B Appendix B to Part 1290 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY MISCELLANEOUS PREPARING AND PROCESSING MINOR OFFENSES AND VIOLATION NOTICES REFERRED TO U.S. DISTRICT COURTS Pt...

  20. Comparison of GCM subgrid fluxes calculated using BATS and SiB schemes with a coupled land-atmosphere high-resolution model

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Shen, Jinmei; Arritt, R.W.

    The importance of land-atmosphere interactions and biosphere in climate change studies has long been recognized, and several land-atmosphere interaction schemes have been developed. Among these, the Simple Biosphere scheme (SiB) of Sellers et al. and the Biosphere Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) of Dickinson et al. are two of the most widely known. The effects of GCM subgrid-scale inhomogeneities of surface properties in general circulation models also has received increasing attention in recent years. However, due to the complexity of land surface processes and the difficulty to prescribe the large number of parameters that determine atmospheric and soil interactions with vegetation,more » many previous studies and results seem to be contradictory. A GCM grid element typically represents an area of 10{sup 4}-10{sup 6} km{sup 2}. Within such an area, there exist variations of soil type, soil wetness, vegetation type, vegetation density and topography, as well as urban areas and water bodies. In this paper, we incorporate both BATS and SiB2 land surface process schemes into a nonhydrostatic, compressible version of AMBLE model (Atmospheric Model -- Boundary-Layer Emphasis), and compare the surface heat fluxes and mesoscale circulations calculated using the two schemes. 8 refs., 5 figs.« less

  1. Opportunities and challenges in studies of deep life (Invited)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Edwards, K. J.

    2010-12-01

    Over the past two decades, there has been an increasing awareness within the geological, microbiological, and oceanographic communities of the potentially vast microbial biosphere that is harbored beneath the surface of the Earth. With this awareness has come a mounting effort to study this potential biome - to better quantify biomass abundance, activity, and biogeochemical activity. In the Earth system, the largest deep subsurface biome is also the least accessible - the deep ocean subsurface biosphere. The oceanic deep biosphere also has greatest potential for influencing global scale biogeochemical processes -the carbon and energy cycles for example, and other elemental cycles. To address these topics and mount interdisciplinary efforts to study the deep subsurface marine biosphere, we have recently formed a center in support integrative, collaborative investigations. The national science foundation Center for Dark Biosphere Investigations (C-DEBI), has been initiated for the explicit purpose of resolving the extent, function, dynamics and implications of the subseafloor biosphere. This talk will discuss C-DEBI science, with focus on some of the opportunities and challenges in the study of deep life in the ocean, and the role that C-DEBI will play in meeting them

  2. Assessing the Importance of Prior Biospheric Fluxes on Inverse Model Estimates of CO2

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Philip, S.; Johnson, M. S.; Potter, C. S.; Genovese, V. B.

    2017-12-01

    Atmospheric mixing ratios of carbon dioxide (CO2) are largely controlled by anthropogenic emissions and biospheric sources/sinks. The processes controlling terrestrial biosphere-atmosphere carbon exchange are currently not fully understood, resulting in models having significant differences in the quantification of biospheric CO2 fluxes. Currently, atmospheric chemical transport models (CTM) and global climate models (GCM) use multiple different biospheric CO2 flux models resulting in large differences in simulating the global carbon cycle. The Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) satellite mission was designed to allow for the improved understanding of the processes involved in the exchange of carbon between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere, and therefore allowing for more accurate assessment of the seasonal/inter-annual variability of CO2. OCO-2 provides much-needed CO2 observations in data-limited regions allowing for the evaluation of model simulations of greenhouse gases (GHG) and facilitating global/regional estimates of "top-down" CO2 fluxes. We conduct a 4-D Variation (4D-Var) data assimilation with the GEOS-Chem (Goddard Earth Observation System-Chemistry) CTM using 1) OCO-2 land nadir and land glint retrievals and 2) global in situ surface flask observations to constrain biospheric CO2 fluxes. We apply different state-of-the-science year-specific CO2 flux models (e.g., NASA-CASA (NASA-Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach), CASA-GFED (Global Fire Emissions Database), Simple Biosphere Model version 4 (SiB-4), and LPJ (Lund-Postdam-Jena)) to assess the impact of "a priori" flux predictions to "a posteriori" estimates. We will present the "top-down" CO2 flux estimates for the year 2015 using OCO-2 and in situ observations, and a complete indirect evaluation of the a priori and a posteriori flux estimates using independent in situ observations. We will also present our assessment of the variability of "top-down" CO2 flux estimates when using different biospheric CO2 flux models. This work will improve our understanding of the global carbon cycle, specifically, how OCO-2 observations can be used to constrain biospheric CO2 flux model estimates.

  3. Terrestrial Biosphere Dynamics in the Climate System: Past and Future

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Overpeck, J.; Whitlock, C.; Huntley, B.

    2002-12-01

    The paleoenvironmental record makes it clear that climate change as large as is likely to occur in the next two centuries will drive change in the terrestrial biosphere that is both large and difficult to predict, or plan for. Many species, communities and ecosystems could experience rates of climate change, and "destination climates" that are unprecedented in their time on earth. The paleorecord also makes it clear that a wide range of possible climate system behavior, such as decades-long droughts, increases in large storm and flood frequency, and rapid sea level rise, all occurred repeatedly in the past, and for poorly understood reasons. These types of events, if they were to reoccur in the future, could have especially devastating impacts on biodiversity, both because their timing and spatial extent cannot be anticipated, and because the biota's natural defenses have been compromised by land-use, reductions in genetic flexibility, pollution, excess water utilization, invasive species, and other human influences. Vegetation disturbance (e.g., by disease, pests and fire) will undoubtedly be exacerbated by climate change (stress), but could also speed the rate at which terrestrial biosphere change takes place in the future. The paleoenvironmental record makes it clear that major scientific challenges include an improved ability to model regional biospheric change, both past and future. This in turn will be a prerequisite to obtaining realistic estimates of future biogeochemical and biophysical feedbacks, and thus to obtaining better assessments of future climate change. These steps will help generate the improved understanding of climate variability that is needed to manage global biodiversity. However, the most troubling message from the paleoenvironmental record is that unchecked anthropogenic climate change could make the Earth's 6th major mass extinction unavoidable.

  4. Rewiring food systems to enhance human health and biosphere stewardship

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gordon, Line J.; Bignet, Victoria; Crona, Beatrice; Henriksson, Patrik J. G.; Van Holt, Tracy; Jonell, Malin; Lindahl, Therese; Troell, Max; Barthel, Stephan; Deutsch, Lisa; Folke, Carl; Jamila Haider, L.; Rockström, Johan; Queiroz, Cibele

    2017-10-01

    Food lies at the heart of both health and sustainability challenges. We use a social-ecological framework to illustrate how major changes to the volume, nutrition and safety of food systems between 1961 and today impact health and sustainability. These changes have almost halved undernutrition while doubling the proportion who are overweight. They have also resulted in reduced resilience of the biosphere, pushing four out of six analysed planetary boundaries across the safe operating space of the biosphere. Our analysis further illustrates that consumers and producers have become more distant from one another, with substantial power consolidated within a small group of key actors. Solutions include a shift from a volume-focused production system to focus on quality, nutrition, resource use efficiency, and reduced antimicrobial use. To achieve this, we need to rewire food systems in ways that enhance transparency between producers and consumers, mobilize key actors to become biosphere stewards, and re-connect people to the biosphere.

  5. Report on the Comprehensive Survey of the Water Resources of the Delaware River Basin. Volume IX. Appendix P. Gross and Net Water Needs. Appendix Q. Formation of the Plan of Development. Appendix R. Water Control at Intermediate Upstream Levels. Appendix S. Salt Water Barrier.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1960-12-01

    such as the Journal of the American Water Works Association, Public Works Magazine, Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, reports of...American Water Works Associa- tion, August 1951. . .P-3 t I Picton 6/ related water use to population growth by application of trends in per capita...Committees on Public Works of the United States Senate and House of Representatives. Of the seven resolutions 1/ pertaining to this survey, five of them

  6. 25 CFR Appendix B to Part 276 - Financial Reporting Requirements

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... require payment during the same or a future period. 6. Outlays. Outlays represent charges made to the... 25 Indians 1 2012-04-01 2011-04-01 true Financial Reporting Requirements B Appendix B to Part 276...-credit method is not used. B. Definitions. 1. Accrued expenditures. Accrued expenditures are the charges...

  7. 25 CFR Appendix B to Part 276 - Financial Reporting Requirements

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... require payment during the same or a future period. 6. Outlays. Outlays represent charges made to the... 25 Indians 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Financial Reporting Requirements B Appendix B to Part 276...-credit method is not used. B. Definitions. 1. Accrued expenditures. Accrued expenditures are the charges...

  8. 25 CFR Appendix B to Part 276 - Financial Reporting Requirements

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... require payment during the same or a future period. 6. Outlays. Outlays represent charges made to the... 25 Indians 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Financial Reporting Requirements B Appendix B to Part 276...-credit method is not used. B. Definitions. 1. Accrued expenditures. Accrued expenditures are the charges...

  9. 22 CFR Appendix A to Part 233 - Application for Compensation United States Agency for International Development Washington, DC 20523

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... Agency for International Development Washington, DC 20523 A Appendix A to Part 233 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN LOAN GUARANTEES ISSUED UNDER THE FURTHER CONTINUING APPROPRIATIONS ACT, 2013, DIV. F, PUB. L. 113-6-STANDARD TERMS AND CONDITIONS Pt. 233, App. A...

  10. Development of Methodology and Technology for Identifying and Quantifying Emission Products from Open Burning and Open Detonation Thermal Treatment Methods. Bangbox Test Series. Volume 2. Test Development

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1992-01-01

    Calculated by the Carbon Balance and by the C -V M ethod . ...................................... ... ... ... ... ... 6-8 x I I Table 6.3 EF for the...A-i APPENDIX B. SAMPLING AND DETERMINATION OF POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZODIOXINS AND DIBENZOFURANS ................. B-13 APPENDIX C . DISTRIBUTION... C -I I I I I I I I I I I I I I xiii I INTENTIONALLY BLANK xiv --I IACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I The following

  11. Response of the rare biosphere to environmental stressors in a highly diverse ecosystem (Zodletone spring, OK, USA)

    PubMed Central

    Coveley, Suzanne; Elshahed, Mostafa S.

    2015-01-01

    Within highly diverse ecosystems, the majority of bacterial taxa are present in low abundance as members of the rare biosphere. The rationale for the occurrence and maintenance of the rare biosphere, and the putative ecological role(s) and dynamics of its members within a specific ecosystem is currently debated. We hypothesized that in highly diverse ecosystems, a fraction of the rare biosphere acts as a backup system that readily responds to environmental disturbances. We tested this hypothesis by subjecting sediments from Zodletone spring, a sulfide- and sulfur-rich spring in Southwestern OK, to incremental levels of salinity (1, 2, 3, 4, and 10% NaCl), or temperature (28°, 30°, 32°, and 70 °C), and traced the trajectories of rare members of the community in response to these manipulations using 16S rRNA gene analysis. Our results indicate that multiple rare bacterial taxa are promoted from rare to abundant members of the community following such manipulations and that, in general, the magnitude of such recruitment is directly proportional to the severity of the applied manipulation. Rare members that are phylogenetically distinct from abundant taxa in the original sample (unique rare biosphere) played a more important role in the microbial community response to environmental disturbances, compared to rare members that are phylogenetically similar to abundant taxa in the original sample (non-unique rare biosphere). The results emphasize the dynamic nature of the rare biosphere, and highlight its complexity and non-monolithic nature. PMID:26312178

  12. [The ways in which variations in space and atmospheric factors act upon the biosphere and humans].

    PubMed

    Chernogor, L F

    2010-01-01

    The system analysis is validated to be an efficient means for studying the channels through which variations in space and tropospheric weather affect the biosphere (humans). The basics of the system analysis paradigm are presented. The causes of variations in space and tropospheric weather are determined, and the interrelations between them are demonstrated. The ways in which these variations affect the biosphere (humans) are discussed. Aperiodic and quasi-periodic disturbances in the physical fields that influence the biosphere (humans) are intercompared.

  13. 32 CFR Appendix A to Part 1290 - Preparation Guide for DD Form 1805, Violation Notice

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Preparation Guide for DD Form 1805, Violation Notice A Appendix A to Part 1290 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY MISCELLANEOUS PREPARING AND PROCESSING MINOR OFFENSES AND VIOLATION NOTICES REFERRED TO U.S...

  14. 32 CFR Appendix A to Part 1290 - Preparation Guide for DD Form 1805, Violation Notice

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Preparation Guide for DD Form 1805, Violation Notice A Appendix A to Part 1290 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY MISCELLANEOUS PREPARING AND PROCESSING MINOR OFFENSES AND VIOLATION NOTICES REFERRED TO U.S...

  15. 32 CFR Appendix A to Part 1290 - Preparation Guide for DD Form 1805, Violation Notice

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Preparation Guide for DD Form 1805, Violation Notice A Appendix A to Part 1290 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY MISCELLANEOUS PREPARING AND PROCESSING MINOR OFFENSES AND VIOLATION NOTICES REFERRED TO U.S...

  16. 32 CFR Appendix A to Part 1290 - Preparation Guide for DD Form 1805, Violation Notice

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Preparation Guide for DD Form 1805, Violation Notice A Appendix A to Part 1290 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY MISCELLANEOUS PREPARING AND PROCESSING MINOR OFFENSES AND VIOLATION NOTICES REFERRED TO U.S...

  17. 12 CFR 716.2 - Model privacy form and examples.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Model privacy form and examples. 716.2 Section... PRIVACY OF CONSUMER FINANCIAL INFORMATION § 716.2 Model privacy form and examples. (a) Model privacy form. Use of the model privacy form in appendixA of this part, consistent with the instructions in appendixA...

  18. 49 CFR Appendix A to Part 178 - Specifications for Steel

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Specifications for Steel A Appendix A to Part 178... to Part 178—Specifications for Steel Table 1 [Open-hearth, basic oxygen, or electric steel of uniform... limit for manganese on ladle analysis may be 1.40 percent. 6 Rephosphorized Grade 3 steels containing no...

  19. 49 CFR Appendix A to Part 178 - Specifications for Steel

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Specifications for Steel A Appendix A to Part 178... to Part 178—Specifications for Steel Table 1 [Open-hearth, basic oxygen, or electric steel of uniform... limit for manganese on ladle analysis may be 1.40 percent. 6 Rephosphorized Grade 3 steels containing no...

  20. 49 CFR Appendix A to Part 178 - Specifications for Steel

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Specifications for Steel A Appendix A to Part 178... to Part 178—Specifications for Steel Table 1 [Open-hearth, basic oxygen, or electric steel of uniform... limit for manganese on ladle analysis may be 1.40 percent. 6 Rephosphorized Grade 3 steels containing no...

  1. MRI for appendicitis in pregnancy: is seeing believing? clinical outcomes in cases of appendix nonvisualization.

    PubMed

    Al-Katib, Sayf; Sokhandon, Farnoosh; Farah, Michael

    2016-12-01

    The primary objective of this study was to determine the clinical outcomes in cases of appendix nonvisualization with MRI in pregnant patients with suspected appendicitis and the implications of appendix nonvisualization for excluding appendicitis. Fifty-eight pregnant patients with suspected appendicitis evaluated with MRI at three centers from a single institution were retrospectively reviewed by three radiologists with varying levels of abdominal imaging experience. All scans were performed on a 1.5-Tesla Siemens unit. Cases were evaluated for diagnostic quality, visualization of the appendix, presence of appendicitis, and alternate diagnoses. Clinical outcomes were gathered from the electronic medical record. Of the 58 patients who underwent MRI for suspected appendicitis, 50 cases were considered adequate diagnostic quality by all three radiologists. The rate of appendix visualization among the three radiologists ranged from 60 to 76% (p = 0.44). The appendix was nonvisualized by at least one of the three radiologists in 25 cases (50%). Of these, none had a final diagnosis of appendicitis including one patient who underwent appendectomy. MRI suggested an alternate diagnosis in 6 (24%) patients with appendix nonvisualization. For the three reviewers, the agreement level on whether or not the appendix was visualized on the MRI had a Light's kappa value of 0.526, indicating a "moderate" level of agreement (p value < 0.01). Despite only moderate level of interobserver agreement for appendix visualization, appendix nonvisualization on MRI in pregnant patients with suspected appendicitis confers a significant reduction in the risk of appendicitis compared to all comers as long as the study is adequate diagnostic quality and there are no secondary signs of appendicitis present.

  2. 45 CFR Appendix A to Part 13 - Appendix A to Part 13

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ...-3(h)(2)(B)(ii); 1395l(q)(2)(B)(i); 1395m(a)(11)(A), (c)(4)(C); 1395w-2(b)(2)(A); 1395w-4(g)(1), (g)(3)(B), (g)(4)(B)(ii); 1395nn(g)(5); 1395ss(a)(2), (p)(8), (p)(9)(C), (q)(5)(C), (r)(6)(A), (s)(3...-7a(c)(2); 1320b-10(c); 1395i-3(b)(3)(B)(ii), (g)(2)(A)(i); 1395l (h)(5)(D), (i)(6); 1395m(a)(11)(A...

  3. Application of the Spanish methodological approach for biosphere assessment to a generic high-level waste disposal site.

    PubMed

    Agüero, A; Pinedo, P; Simón, I; Cancio, D; Moraleda, M; Trueba, C; Pérez-Sánchez, D

    2008-09-15

    A methodological approach which includes conceptual developments, methodological aspects and software tools have been developed in the Spanish context, based on the BIOMASS "Reference Biospheres Methodology". The biosphere assessments have to be undertaken with the aim of demonstrating compliance with principles and regulations established to limit the possible radiological impact of radioactive waste disposals on human health and on the environment, and to ensure that future generations will not be exposed to higher radiation levels than those that would be acceptable today. The biosphere in the context of high-level waste disposal is defined as the collection of various radionuclide transfer pathways that may result in releases into the surface environment, transport within and between the biosphere receptors, exposure of humans and biota, and the doses/risks associated with such exposures. The assessments need to take into account the complexity of the biosphere, the nature of the radionuclides released and the long timescales considered. It is also necessary to make assumptions related to the habits and lifestyle of the exposed population, human activities in the long term and possible modifications of the biosphere. A summary on the Spanish methodological approach for biosphere assessment are presented here as well as its application in a Spanish generic case study. A reference scenario has been developed based on current conditions at a site located in Central-West Spain, to indicate the potential impact to the actual population. In addition, environmental change has been considered qualitatively through the use of interaction matrices and transition diagrams. Unit source terms of (36)Cl, (79)Se, (99)Tc, (129)I, (135)Cs, (226)Ra, (231)Pa, (238)U, (237)Np and (239)Pu have been taken. Two exposure groups of infants and adults have been chosen for dose calculations. Results are presented and their robustness is evaluated through the use of uncertainty and sensitivity analyses.

  4. Social structure of lions (Panthera leo) is affected by management in Pendjari Biosphere Reserve, Benin.

    PubMed

    Sogbohossou, Etotépé A; Bauer, Hans; Loveridge, Andrew; Funston, Paul J; De Snoo, Geert R; Sinsin, Brice; De Iongh, Hans H

    2014-01-01

    Lion populations have undergone a severe decline in West Africa. As baseline for conservation management, we assessed the group structure of lions in the Pendjari Biosphere Reserve in Benin. This reserve, composed of one National Park and two Hunting Zones, is part of the WAP transboundary complex of protected areas. Overall mean group size was 2.6±1.7 individuals (n = 296), it was significantly higher in the National Park (2.7±1.7, n = 168) than in the Hunting Zones (2.2±1.5, n = 128). Overall adult sex ratio was even, but significantly biased towards females (0.67) in the National Park and towards males (1.67) in the Hunting Zones. Our results suggest that the Pendjari lion population is affected by perturbations, such as trophy hunting.

  5. 12 CFR 716.2 - Model privacy form and examples.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Model privacy form and examples. 716.2 Section... PRIVACY OF CONSUMER FINANCIAL INFORMATION § 716.2 Model privacy form and examples. (a) Model privacy form. Use of the model privacy form in Appendix A of this part, consistent with the instructions in Appendix...

  6. 40 CFR Appendix C to Part 58 - Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Methodology

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ..., 2.6.2, or 2.8 of this appendix must be submitted to: Director, National Exposure Research Laboratory (MD-D205-03), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711. For... measurements, and 5.1.2.3For which a quantitative relationship to a reference or equivalent method for PM10 has...

  7. 40 CFR Appendix C to Part 58 - Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Methodology

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ..., 2.6.2, or 2.8 of this appendix must be submitted to: Director, National Exposure Research Laboratory (MD-D205-03), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711. For... measurements, and 5.1.2.3For which a quantitative relationship to a reference or equivalent method for PM10 has...

  8. 40 CFR Appendix C to Part 58 - Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Methodology

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ..., 2.6.2, or 2.8 of this appendix must be submitted to: Director, National Exposure Research Laboratory (MD-D205-03), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711. For... measurements, and 5.1.2.3For which a quantitative relationship to a reference or equivalent method for PM10 has...

  9. 14 CFR Appendix D to Part 25 - Appendix D to Part 25

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ..., electronic controls, pressurization system controls, and engine controls. (2) The accessibility and... considered: (1) Flight path control. (2) Collision avoidance. (3) Navigation. (4) Communications. (5) Operation and monitoring of aircraft engines and systems. (6) Command decisions. (b) Workload factors. The...

  10. 14 CFR Appendix D to Part 25 - Appendix D to Part 25

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ..., electronic controls, pressurization system controls, and engine controls. (2) The accessibility and... considered: (1) Flight path control. (2) Collision avoidance. (3) Navigation. (4) Communications. (5) Operation and monitoring of aircraft engines and systems. (6) Command decisions. (b) Workload factors. The...

  11. 14 CFR Appendix D to Part 25 - Appendix D to Part 25

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ..., electronic controls, pressurization system controls, and engine controls. (2) The accessibility and... considered: (1) Flight path control. (2) Collision avoidance. (3) Navigation. (4) Communications. (5) Operation and monitoring of aircraft engines and systems. (6) Command decisions. (b) Workload factors. The...

  12. 14 CFR Appendix D to Part 25 - Appendix D to Part 25

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ..., electronic controls, pressurization system controls, and engine controls. (2) The accessibility and... considered: (1) Flight path control. (2) Collision avoidance. (3) Navigation. (4) Communications. (5) Operation and monitoring of aircraft engines and systems. (6) Command decisions. (b) Workload factors. The...

  13. 18 CFR 301.6 - Appendix 1 instructions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ..., DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY REGULATIONS FOR FEDERAL POWER MARKETING ADMINISTRATIONS AVERAGE SYSTEM COST METHODOLOGY... 4: Average System Cost (f) The filing Utility must reference and attach work papers, documentation... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Appendix 1 instructions...

  14. 18 CFR 301.6 - Appendix 1 instructions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ..., DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY REGULATIONS FOR FEDERAL POWER MARKETING ADMINISTRATIONS AVERAGE SYSTEM COST METHODOLOGY... 4: Average System Cost (f) The filing Utility must reference and attach work papers, documentation... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Appendix 1 instructions...

  15. 18 CFR 301.6 - Appendix 1 instructions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ..., DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY REGULATIONS FOR FEDERAL POWER MARKETING ADMINISTRATIONS AVERAGE SYSTEM COST METHODOLOGY... 4: Average System Cost (f) The filing Utility must reference and attach work papers, documentation... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Appendix 1 instructions...

  16. 18 CFR 301.6 - Appendix 1 instructions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ..., DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY REGULATIONS FOR FEDERAL POWER MARKETING ADMINISTRATIONS AVERAGE SYSTEM COST METHODOLOGY... 4: Average System Cost (f) The filing Utility must reference and attach work papers, documentation... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Appendix 1 instructions...

  17. The Art of Astrophotography

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Morison, Ian

    2017-02-01

    1. Imaging star trails; 2. Imaging a constellation with a DSLR and tripod; 3. Imaging the Milky Way with a DSLR and tracking mount; 4. Imaging the Moon with a compact camera or smartphone; 5. Imaging the Moon with a DSLR; 6. Imaging the Pleiades Cluster with a DSLR and small refractor; 7. Imaging the Orion Nebula, M42, with a modified Canon DSLR; 8. Telescopes and their accessories for use in astroimaging; 9. Towards stellar excellence; 10. Cooling a DSLR camera to reduce sensor noise; 11. Imaging the North American and Pelican Nebulae; 12. Combating light pollution - the bane of astrophotographers; 13. Imaging planets with an astronomical video camera or Canon DSLR; 14. Video imaging the Moon with a webcam or DSLR; 15. Imaging the Sun in white light; 16. Imaging the Sun in the light of its H-alpha emission; 17. Imaging meteors; 18. Imaging comets; 19. Using a cooled 'one shot colour' camera; 20. Using a cooled monochrome CCD camera; 21. LRGB colour imaging; 22. Narrow band colour imaging; Appendix A. Telescopes for imaging; Appendix B. Telescope mounts; Appendix C. The effects of the atmosphere; Appendix D. Auto guiding; Appendix E. Image calibration; Appendix F. Practical aspects of astroimaging.

  18. Governing Portable Conservation and Development Landscapes: Reconsidering Evidence in the Context of the Mbaracayú Biosphere Reserve

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Elgert, Laureen

    2014-01-01

    Conservation-with-development landscapes, such as UNESCO's Man and Biosphere Reserves, differentiate between areas of "nature" and "society". In Paraguay's Mbaracayú Biosphere Reserve, as elsewhere, this model has been used to support governance that focuses on conservation in the "core area" and sustainable…

  19. Selection, management and utilization of biosphere reserves.

    Treesearch

    Jerry F. Franklin; Stanley L. Krugman

    1979-01-01

    This publication is directed to the analysis of the selection, management, and utilization of Biosphere Reserves as viewed by scientists from the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Soviet papers focus on types of research and monitoring programs that should be developed on Biosphere Reserves, with emphasis on their use in pollutant monitoring....

  20. Construction Foundation Report for Cuchillo Negro Dam, New Mexico. Volume 2. Appendix B, Appendix C, and Appendix D

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1992-12-01

    Orr. 15 dog - 49 - Irr.-, frac. op. hor. 50-7 CD 50.4 50.4- P-3 Irr. frc p o.Ran 10.2 R:C-. 10.2 -T- -intensely fr-ac. Loss 0.0 -HB U.L. 0.0 HIDrill...unwea. f. to milcro xin. med.RO 62.Go to thick bdd. fos. w/ oct. sht Ielaminae, Gry V/ red tint DIP- L./o, orr. C 265. Bdd. Pig. op, 0 dog . C 265...Vert, frac. err. Cot. hid. 63 - dd. Pigs. op. 5-10 dog , 58.6 59 -CD *59.3 59.3 P-10 Box Ren 10.2 6 Rec. 10.0 ldd.Ptg. IL.. 10-13 do%. 4 Loss 0.2 Idd.Ptq

  1. Salicylic Acid Regulation of Respiration in Higher Plants: Alternative Oxidase Expression.

    PubMed Central

    Rhoads, DM; McIntosh, L

    1992-01-01

    Alternative respiratory pathway capacity increases during the development of the thermogenic appendix of a voodoo lily inflorescence. The levels of the alternative oxidase proteins increased dramatically between D-4 (4 days prior to the day of anthesis) and D-3 and continued to increase until the day of anthesis (D-day). The level of salicylic acid (SA) in the appendix is very low early on D-1, but increases to a high level in the evening of D-1. Thermogenesis occurs after a few hours of light on D-day. Therefore, the initial accumulation of the alternative oxidase proteins precedes the increase in SA by 3 days, indicating that other regulators may be involved. A 1.6-kb transcript encoding the alternative oxidase precursor protein accumulated to a high level in the appendix tissue by D-1. Application of SA to immature appendix tissue caused an increase in alternative pathway capacity and a dramatic accumulation of the alternative oxidase proteins and the 1.6-kb transcript. Time course experiments showed that the increase in capacity, protein levels, and transcript level corresponded precisely. The response to SA was blocked by cycloheximide or actinomycin D, indicating that de novo transcription and translation are required. However, nuclear, in vitro transcription assays indicated that the accumulation of the 1.6-kb transcript did not result from a simple increase in the rate of transcription of aox1. PMID:12297672

  2. Comparing Amazon Basin CO2 fluxes from an atmospheric inversion with TRENDY biosphere models

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Diffenbaugh, N. S.; Alden, C. B.; Harper, A. B.; Ahlström, A.; Touma, D. E.; Miller, J. B.; Gatti, L. V.; Gloor, M.

    2015-12-01

    Net exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2) between the atmosphere and the terrestrial biosphere is sensitive to environmental conditions, including extreme heat and drought. Of particular importance for local and global carbon balance and climate are the expansive tracts of tropical rainforest located in the Amazon Basin. Because of the Basin's size and ecological heterogeneity, net biosphere CO2 exchange with the atmosphere remains largely un-constrained. In particular, the response of net CO2 exchange to changes in environmental conditions such as temperature and precipitation are not yet well known. However, proper representation of these relationships in biosphere models is a necessary constraint for accurately modeling future climate and climate-carbon cycle feedbacks. In an effort to compare biosphere response to climate across different biosphere models, the TRENDY model intercomparison project coordinated the simulation of CO2 fluxes between the biosphere and atmosphere, in response to historical climate forcing, by 9 different Dynamic Global Vegetation Models. We examine the TRENDY model results in the Amazon Basin, and compare this "bottom-up" method with fluxes derived from a "top-down" approach to estimating net CO2 fluxes, obtained through atmospheric inverse modeling using CO2 measurements sampled by aircraft above the basin. We compare the "bottom-up" and "top-down" fluxes in 5 sub-regions of the Amazon basin on a monthly basis for 2010-2012. Our results show important periods of agreement between some models in the TRENDY suite and atmospheric inverse model results, notably the simulation of increased biosphere CO2 loss during wet season heat in the Central Amazon. During the dry season, however, model ability to simulate observed response of net CO2 exchange to drought was varied, with few models able to reproduce the "top-down" inversion flux signals. Our results highlight the value of atmospheric trace gas observations for helping to narrow the possibilities of future carbon-climate interactions, especially in historically under-observed regions like the Amazon.

  3. The UNESCO biosphere reserve concept as a tool for urban sustainability: the CUBES Cape Town case study.

    PubMed

    Stanvliet, R; Jackson, J; Davis, G; De Swardt, C; Mokhoele, J; Thom, Q; Lane, B D

    2004-06-01

    The Cape Town Case Study (CTCS) was a multi-institutional collaborative project initiated by CUBES, a knowledge networking initiative of UNESCO's Ecological Sciences Division and the Earth Institute at Columbia University. Cape Town was selected as a CUBES site on the basis of its high biological and cultural significance, together with its demonstrated leadership in promoting urban sustainability. The CTCS was conducted by the Cape Town Urban Biosphere Group, a cross-disciplinary group of specialists drawn from national, provincial, municipal, and civil society institutions, mandated to examine the potential value of the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve concept as a tool for environmental management, social inclusion, and poverty alleviation in Cape Town. This article provides a contextualization of the CTCS and its collaborative process. It also reviews the biosphere reserve concept relative to urban sustainability objectives and proposes a more functional application of that concept in an urban context. A detailed analysis of key initiatives at the interface of conservation and poverty alleviation is provided in table format. Drawing on an examination of successful sustainability initiatives in Cape Town, specific recommendations are made for future application of the biosphere reserve concept in an urban context, as well as a model by which urban areas might affiliate with the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves, and criteria for such affiliation.

  4. Efficient Analysis of Complex Structures

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Kapania, Rakesh K.

    2000-01-01

    Last various accomplishments achieved during this project are : (1) A Survey of Neural Network (NN) applications using MATLAB NN Toolbox on structural engineering especially on equivalent continuum models (Appendix A). (2) Application of NN and GAs to simulate and synthesize substructures: 1-D and 2-D beam problems (Appendix B). (3) Development of an equivalent plate-model analysis method (EPA) for static and vibration analysis of general trapezoidal built-up wing structures composed of skins, spars and ribs. Calculation of all sorts of test cases and comparison with measurements or FEA results. (Appendix C). (4) Basic work on using second order sensitivities on simulating wing modal response, discussion of sensitivity evaluation approaches, and some results (Appendix D). (5) Establishing a general methodology of simulating the modal responses by direct application of NN and by sensitivity techniques, in a design space composed of a number of design points. Comparison is made through examples using these two methods (Appendix E). (6) Establishing a general methodology of efficient analysis of complex wing structures by indirect application of NN: the NN-aided Equivalent Plate Analysis. Training of the Neural Networks for this purpose in several cases of design spaces, which can be applicable for actual design of complex wings (Appendix F).

  5. 40 CFR Appendix A to Subpart A of... - Tables

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... precursor of PM2.5. Table 2a to Appendix A of Subpart A—Data Elements for Reporting on Emissions From Point Sources, Where Required by 40 CFR 51.30 Data elements Every-yearreporting Three-yearreporting (1... phone number ✓ ✓ (6) FIPS code ✓ ✓ (7) Facility ID codes ✓ ✓ (8) Unit ID code ✓ ✓ (9) Process ID code...

  6. Earth's early biosphere

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Des Marais, D. J.

    1998-01-01

    Understanding our own early biosphere is essential to our search for life elsewhere, because life arose on Earth very early and rocky planets shared similar early histories. The biosphere arose before 3.8 Ga ago, was exclusively unicellular and was dominated by hyperthermophiles that utilized chemical sources of energy and employed a range of metabolic pathways for CO2 assimilation. Photosynthesis also arose very early. Oxygenic photosynthesis arose later but still prior to 2.7 Ga. The transition toward the modern global environment was paced by a decline in volcanic and hydrothermal activity. These developments allowed atmospheric O2 levels to increase. The O2 increase created new niches for aerobic life, most notably the more advanced Eukarya that eventually spawned the megascopic fauna and flora of our modern biosphere.

  7. Excerpts from Saudi Ministry of Education Textbooks for Islamic Studies: Arabic with English Translation

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Center for Religious Freedom, 2006

    2006-01-01

    This appendix is a companion document to "Saudi Arabia's Curriculum of Intolerance with Excerpts from Saudi Ministry of Education Textbooks for Islamic Studies." The appendix includes selected excerpts in Arabic with English translations for currently-used textbooks in grades 1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12. These excerpts support the…

  8. Precursor to the TRICARE Next Generation Program

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2004-06-01

    Precursor to T-NEX 6 Appendix A - Maps of Interest 84 Appendix B - International Classification of Diseases Codes 86...utilization management, and disease management (Lupo, 2003). Health management will be demonstrated by measurable quality improvements, population...National Association of County and City Health Officials and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention that helps key officials review community

  9. 23 CFR Appendix B to Part 658 - Grandfathered Semitrailer Lengths

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... OPERATIONS TRUCK SIZE AND WEIGHT, ROUTE DESIGNATIONS-LENGTH, WIDTH AND WEIGHT LIMITATIONS Pt. 658, App. B Appendix B to Part 658—Grandfathered Semitrailer Lengths State Feet and inches Alabama 53-6 Alaska 48-0... 3 48-0 Wyoming 57-4 1 Semitrailers up to 53 feet may also operate without a permit by conforming to...

  10. 23 CFR Appendix B to Part 658 - Grandfathered Semitrailer Lengths

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... OPERATIONS TRUCK SIZE AND WEIGHT, ROUTE DESIGNATIONS-LENGTH, WIDTH AND WEIGHT LIMITATIONS Pt. 658, App. B Appendix B to Part 658—Grandfathered Semitrailer Lengths State Feet and inches Alabama 53-6 Alaska 48-0... 3 48-0 Wyoming 57-4 1 Semitrailers up to 53 feet may also operate without a permit by conforming to...

  11. Appendix C: National Forest System status information

    Treesearch

    Diane Macfarlane

    1994-01-01

    The information presented in this appendix was compiled from responses to two separate forest carnivore questionnaires distributed to Forest Service Regions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 10 in early 1993. Each region designated a primary contact to serve on the Habitat Conservation Assessment Management Team. It was the duty of each representative to provide and verify...

  12. 40 CFR Appendix F to Part 75 - Conversion Procedures

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... pollutant concentration during unit operation, ppm. 3.3.4%O2, %CO2 = Oxygen or carbon dioxide volume during....6.1H, C, S, N, and O are content by weight of hydrogen, carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen... section 2.4 of appendix D of this part. If a daily coal consumption value is not available, substitute the...

  13. 40 CFR Appendix F to Part 75 - Conversion Procedures

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... pollutant concentration during unit operation, ppm. 3.3.4%O2, %CO2 = Oxygen or carbon dioxide volume during....6.1H, C, S, N, and O are content by weight of hydrogen, carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen... procedures in section 2.4 of appendix D of this part. If a daily coal consumption value is not available...

  14. 40 CFR Appendix F to Part 75 - Conversion Procedures

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... pollutant concentration during unit operation, ppm. 3.3.4%O2, %CO2 = Oxygen or carbon dioxide volume during....6.1H, C, S, N, and O are content by weight of hydrogen, carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen... section 2.4 of appendix D of this part. If a daily coal consumption value is not available, substitute the...

  15. 40 CFR Appendix F to Part 75 - Conversion Procedures

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... pollutant concentration during unit operation, ppm. 3.3.4%O2, %CO2 = Oxygen or carbon dioxide volume during....6.1H, C, S, N, and O are content by weight of hydrogen, carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen... section 2.4 of appendix D of this part. If a daily coal consumption value is not available, substitute the...

  16. Saugus River and Tributaries, Lynn Malden, Revere and Saugus, Massachusetts. Flood Damage Reduction. Volume 4. Appendix G. Economics. Appendix H. Socioeconomic.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1989-06-01

    is not accessible by subway from Boston. Policy guidance for evaluation of recreational facilities for structural flood reduction plans require that...Trapelo Road Waltham, Massachusetts Prepared By: IEP, Inc. P.O. Box 1840 90 Route 6A/Sextant Hill Sandwich , Massachusetts 02563 EPnc. Table of Contents

  17. 32 CFR Appendix A to Part 195 - Programs to Which This Part Applies

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ...-EFFECTUATION OF TITLE VI OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964 Pt. 195, App. A Appendix A to Part 195—Programs to... Defense assistance to programs of adult education in civil defense subjects (50 United States Code App. 2281 (e), (f)). 6. Office of Civil Defense radiological instruments grants (50 United States Code App...

  18. 32 CFR Appendix A to Part 195 - Programs to Which This Part Applies

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ...-EFFECTUATION OF TITLE VI OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964 Pt. 195, App. A Appendix A to Part 195—Programs to... Defense assistance to programs of adult education in civil defense subjects (50 United States Code App. 2281 (e), (f)). 6. Office of Civil Defense radiological instruments grants (50 United States Code App...

  19. 32 CFR Appendix A to Part 1290 - Preparation Guide for DD Form 1805, Violation Notice

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Preparation Guide for DD Form 1805, Violation.... DISTRICT COURTS Pt. 1290, App. A Appendix A to Part 1290—Preparation Guide for DD Form 1805, Violation... data, as appropriate, and the place of court (i.e., Magistrate Court Address), the date and time of...

  20. Continental drilling for paleoclimatic records: Recommendations from an international workshop

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Colman, Steve M.

    1995-01-01

    The Workshop, entitled "Continental Drilling for Paleoclimate Records", was sponsored by the Past Global Changes (PAGES) Project, a core project of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) and by the GeoForschungsZentrum, Potsdam, Germany, in conjunction with the International Continental Drilling Programme (ICDP). The impetus for the meeting was the need for long continental paleoclimate records that will fill gaps left by the marine and ice-core records and provide information on time and spatial scales that are relevant to human activities. Further impetus came from a perceived need to balance the forecasts and reconstructions of climate models with information on actual behavior of the climate system on the continents. The meeting was organized by Steven M. Colman, Suzanne A.G. Leroy, and Jörg F.W. Negendank and was held at the GeoForschungsZentrum, Potsdam, Germany, June 30-July 2, 1995. Because the Workshop was primarily a working meeting, a relatively small number of participants were invited (Appendix 3). Leaders of the PAGES Pole-Equator-Pole (PEP) transects and existing large-lake drilling programs, along with a mixture of technical experts, were the primary group of attendees.

  1. Biosphere2 and Earthbuzz

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Washburne, J. C.

    2009-12-01

    In an attempt to reach a broader audience, Biosphere 2, near Tucson, AZ, is participating in a network of science centers thanks to new funding through the Science Museum of Minnesota (SMM) and the National Center for Earth System Dynamics (NCED). Each of these centers will be tied together through an Earthbuzz kiosk, basically a networked web site that allows visitors to learn more about the work of leading local scientists in a very personal and captivating format. Content is currently being developed by Biosphere 2 researchers, staff, and graduate students that range from a public question and answer forum called “Scientist on the Spot” to science blogs by Biosphere 2 Fellows. It is hoped that this project will help educate the public about the Anthropocene, that is, the current geologic period that is so greatly affected by humankind’s impact on the health of the planet. Biosphere 2 provides a unique location to engage the public in this conversation for several reasons. First, no other destination on Earth gives the public such a physical immersion into what climate change might mean as does Biosphere 2. On the regular walking tour, visitors are guided through scaled down versions of an African savannah, a semi-arid thorn scrub, a coastal fog desert and a tropical rainforest. Digital displays of temperature and humidity confirm what your body is feeling - conditions ranging from desert aridity to tropical humidity. As one passes through the biomes of Biosphere 2, climate change is a whole body experience. Second, Biosphere 2 is also an active ecological research site - part of a unique network of sites run by the University of Arizona that allow scientists to study ecosystem processes across a range of scales - from microscopic root studies to studies encompassing large watersheds. In particular, a group of researchers is studying why large stands of pinion-juniper forests across the southwest have died in recent years. Biosphere2’s role in this experiment is multi-faceted. Boxed Pinion pines have been placed in a setting that allows close regulation of both temperature and precipitation while being intensively monitored electronically. Graduate students are learning field protocols in close proximity to their classes and are encouraged to interact with the almost hourly public tours. While many scientists are able to wow their peers at AGU, it is quite another thing to assess the ever changing mix of ages and interests present in the tour groups and to clearly communicate your scientific objectives and to explain what you happen to be working on today. These and many other examples will be highlighted in this presentation of how Biosphere 2 is developing an Earthbuzz kiosk in conjunction with the SMM and NCED.

  2. Data Fusion for Decision Support

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2014-03-27

    Black for handing me a seven page paper one afternoon with so much new vocabulary it took me all afternoon to read it (I must then also thank Wikipedia...104 Appendix A. Wildfire Basics .......................................................................................107 Appendix B. Web ...Band 5 – Infrared ( IR ) o Band 10 – Thermal IR o Quality Assessment (QA) Band 6  National Fuel Moisture Database (NFMD)  Remote Automated

  3. Compiled records of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO2 for historical simulations in CMIP6

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Graven, Heather; Allison, Colin E.; Etheridge, David M.; Hammer, Samuel; Keeling, Ralph F.; Levin, Ingeborg; Meijer, Harro A. J.; Rubino, Mauro; Tans, Pieter P.; Trudinger, Cathy M.; Vaughn, Bruce H.; White, James W. C.

    2017-12-01

    The isotopic composition of carbon (Δ14C and δ13C) in atmospheric CO2 and in oceanic and terrestrial carbon reservoirs is influenced by anthropogenic emissions and by natural carbon exchanges, which can respond to and drive changes in climate. Simulations of 14C and 13C in the ocean and terrestrial components of Earth system models (ESMs) present opportunities for model evaluation and for investigation of carbon cycling, including anthropogenic CO2 emissions and uptake. The use of carbon isotopes in novel evaluation of the ESMs' component ocean and terrestrial biosphere models and in new analyses of historical changes may improve predictions of future changes in the carbon cycle and climate system. We compile existing data to produce records of Δ14C and δ13C in atmospheric CO2 for the historical period 1850-2015. The primary motivation for this compilation is to provide the atmospheric boundary condition for historical simulations in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6) for models simulating carbon isotopes in the ocean or terrestrial biosphere. The data may also be useful for other carbon cycle modelling activities.

  4. Space Flight Human System Standards (SFHSS). Volume 2; Human Factors, Habitability and Environmental Factors" and Human Integration Design Handbook (HIDH)

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Davis, Jeffrey R.; Fitts, David J.

    2009-01-01

    This viewgraph presentation reviews the standards for space flight hardware based on human capabilities and limitations. The contents include: 1) Scope; 2) Applicable documents; 3) General; 4) Human Physical Characteristics and Capabilities; 5) Human Performance and Cognition; 6) Natural and Induced Environments; 7) Habitability Functions; 8) Architecture; 9) Hardware and Equipment; 10) Crew Interfaces; 11) Spacesuits; 12) Operatons: Reserved; 13) Ground Maintenance and Assembly: Reserved; 14) Appendix A-Reference Documents; 15) Appendix N-Acronyms and 16) Appendix C-Definition. Volume 2 is supported by the Human Integration Design Handbook (HIDH)s.

  5. Instantons and Large N

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mariño, Marcos

    2015-09-01

    Preface; Part I. Instantons: 1. Instantons in quantum mechanics; 2. Unstable vacua in quantum field theory; 3. Large order behavior and Borel summability; 4. Non-perturbative aspects of Yang-Mills theories; 5. Instantons and fermions; Part II. Large N: 6. Sigma models at large N; 7. The 1=N expansion in QCD; 8. Matrix models and matrix quantum mechanics at large N; 9. Large N QCD in two dimensions; 10. Instantons at large N; Appendix A. Harmonic analysis on S3; Appendix B. Heat kernel and zeta functions; Appendix C. Effective action for large N sigma models; References; Author index; Subject index.

  6. 32 CFR Appendix C to Part 806 - Terms

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Terms C Appendix C to Part 806 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE ADMINISTRATION AIR FORCE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION... records. Records—The products of data compilation, such as all books, papers, maps, and photographs...

  7. 32 CFR Appendix C to Part 806 - Terms

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Terms C Appendix C to Part 806 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE ADMINISTRATION AIR FORCE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION... records. Records—The products of data compilation, such as all books, papers, maps, and photographs...

  8. 32 CFR Appendix C to Part 806 - Terms

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Terms C Appendix C to Part 806 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE ADMINISTRATION AIR FORCE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION... records. Records—The products of data compilation, such as all books, papers, maps, and photographs...

  9. 32 CFR Appendix C to Part 806 - Terms

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Terms C Appendix C to Part 806 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE ADMINISTRATION AIR FORCE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION... records. Records—The products of data compilation, such as all books, papers, maps, and photographs...

  10. 32 CFR Appendix C to Part 806 - Terms

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Terms C Appendix C to Part 806 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE ADMINISTRATION AIR FORCE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION... records. Records—The products of data compilation, such as all books, papers, maps, and photographs...

  11. 49 CFR Appendix D to Part 512 - Vehicle Identification Number Information

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 6 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Vehicle Identification Number Information D.... 512, App. D Appendix D to Part 512—Vehicle Identification Number Information The Chief Counsel has...) characters, of vehicle identification numbers reported in information on incidents involving death or injury...

  12. 49 CFR Appendix D to Part 512 - Vehicle Identification Number Information

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 6 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Vehicle Identification Number Information D.... 512, App. D Appendix D to Part 512—Vehicle Identification Number Information The Chief Counsel has...) characters, of vehicle identification numbers reported in information on incidents involving death or injury...

  13. 49 CFR Appendix D to Part 512 - Vehicle Identification Number Information

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 6 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Vehicle Identification Number Information D.... 512, App. D Appendix D to Part 512—Vehicle Identification Number Information The Chief Counsel has...) characters, of vehicle identification numbers reported in information on incidents involving death or injury...

  14. 49 CFR Appendix D to Part 512 - Vehicle Identification Number Information

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 6 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Vehicle Identification Number Information D.... 512, App. D Appendix D to Part 512—Vehicle Identification Number Information The Chief Counsel has...) characters, of vehicle identification numbers reported in information on incidents involving death or injury...

  15. 47 CFR Appendix 2 to Part 97 - VEC Regions

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... SERVICE Pt. 97, App. 2 Appendix 2 to Part 97—VEC Regions 1. Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont. 2. New Jersey and New York. 3. Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland... and Virginia. 5. Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Texas. 6. California. 7...

  16. Atomic Spectra and the Vector Model

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Candler, A. C.

    2015-05-01

    12. Displaced terms; 13. Combination of several electrons; 14. Short periods; 15. Long periods; 16. Rare earths; 17. Intensity relsations; 18. Sum rules and (jj) coupling; 19. Series limit; 20. Hyperfine structure; 21. Quadripole radiation; 22. Fluorescent crystals; Appendix 5. Key to references; Appendix 6. Bibliography; Subject index; Author index.

  17. Lignocellulose deconstruction in the biosphere

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Bomble, Yannick J.; Lin, Chien-Yuan; Amore, Antonella

    Microorganisms have evolved different and yet complementary mechanisms to degrade biomass in the biosphere. The chemical biology of lignocellulose deconstruction is a complex and intricate process that appears to vary in response to specific ecosystems. These microorganisms rely on simple to complex arrangements of glycoside hydrolases to conduct most of these polysaccharide depolymerization reactions and also, as discovered more recently, oxidative mechanisms via lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases or non-enzymatic Fenton reactions which are used to enhance deconstruction. It is now clear that these deconstruction mechanisms are often more efficient in the presence of the microorganisms. In general, a major fraction ofmore » the total plant biomass deconstruction in the biosphere results from the action of various microorganisms, primarily aerobic bacteria and fungi, as well as a variety of anaerobic bacteria. Beyond carbon recycling, specialized microorganisms interact with plants to manage nitrogen in the biosphere. Understanding the interplay between these organisms within or across ecosystems is crucial to further our grasp of chemical recycling in the biosphere and also enables optimization of the burgeoning plant-based bioeconomy.« less

  18. Lignocellulose deconstruction in the biosphere.

    PubMed

    Bomble, Yannick J; Lin, Chien-Yuan; Amore, Antonella; Wei, Hui; Holwerda, Evert K; Ciesielski, Peter N; Donohoe, Bryon S; Decker, Stephen R; Lynd, Lee R; Himmel, Michael E

    2017-12-01

    Microorganisms have evolved different and yet complementary mechanisms to degrade biomass in the biosphere. The chemical biology of lignocellulose deconstruction is a complex and intricate process that appears to vary in response to specific ecosystems. These microorganisms rely on simple to complex arrangements of glycoside hydrolases to conduct most of these polysaccharide depolymerization reactions and also, as discovered more recently, oxidative mechanisms via lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases or non-enzymatic Fenton reactions which are used to enhance deconstruction. It is now clear that these deconstruction mechanisms are often more efficient in the presence of the microorganisms. In general, a major fraction of the total plant biomass deconstruction in the biosphere results from the action of various microorganisms, primarily aerobic bacteria and fungi, as well as a variety of anaerobic bacteria. Beyond carbon recycling, specialized microorganisms interact with plants to manage nitrogen in the biosphere. Understanding the interplay between these organisms within or across ecosystems is crucial to further our grasp of chemical recycling in the biosphere and also enables optimization of the burgeoning plant-based bioeconomy. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

  19. Recent developments in assessment of long-term radionuclide behavior in the geosphere-biosphere subsystem.

    PubMed

    Smith, G M; Smith, K L; Kowe, R; Pérez-Sánchez, D; Thorne, M; Thiry, Y; Read, D; Molinero, J

    2014-05-01

    Decisions on permitting, controlling and monitoring releases of radioactivity into the environment rely on a great variety of factors. Important among these is the prospective assessment of radionuclide behavior in the environment, including migration and accumulation among and within specific environmental media, and the resulting environmental and human health impacts. Models and techniques to undertake such assessments have been developed over several decades based on knowledge of the ecosystems involved, as well as monitoring of previous radionuclide releases to the environment, laboratory experiments and other related research. This paper presents developments in the assessment of radiation doses and related research for some of the key radionuclides identified as of potential significance in the context of releases to the biosphere from disposal facilities for solid radioactive waste. Since releases to the biosphere from disposal facilities involve transfers from the geosphere to the biosphere, an important aspect is the combined effects of surface hydrology, near-surface hydrogeology and chemical gradients on speciation and radionuclide mobility in the zone in which the geosphere and biosphere overlap (herein described as the geosphere-biosphere subsystem). In turn, these aspects of the environment can be modified as a result of environmental change over the thousands of years that have to be considered in radioactive waste disposal safety assessments. Building on the experience from improved understanding of the behavior of the key radionuclides, this paper proceeds to describe development of a generic methodology for representing the processes and environmental changes that are characteristic of the interface between the geosphere and the biosphere. The information that is provided and the methodology that is described are based on international collaborative work implemented through the BIOPROTA forum, www.bioprota.org. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  20. Social Structure of Lions (Panthera leo) Is Affected by Management in Pendjari Biosphere Reserve, Benin

    PubMed Central

    Sogbohossou, Etotépé A.; Bauer, Hans; Loveridge, Andrew; Funston, Paul J.; De Snoo, Geert R.; Sinsin, Brice; De Iongh, Hans H.

    2014-01-01

    Lion populations have undergone a severe decline in West Africa. As baseline for conservation management, we assessed the group structure of lions in the Pendjari Biosphere Reserve in Benin. This reserve, composed of one National Park and two Hunting Zones, is part of the WAP transboundary complex of protected areas. Overall mean group size was 2.6±1.7 individuals (n = 296), it was significantly higher in the National Park (2.7±1.7, n = 168) than in the Hunting Zones (2.2±1.5, n = 128). Overall adult sex ratio was even, but significantly biased towards females (0.67) in the National Park and towards males (1.67) in the Hunting Zones. Our results suggest that the Pendjari lion population is affected by perturbations, such as trophy hunting. PMID:24416263

  1. Impact of Steel Fiber Size and Shape on the Mechanical Properties of Ultra-High Performance Concrete

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2015-08-01

    32 Appendix B: DTT Specimens Pretest / Posttest ..................................................................................... 36 Appendix C...type and then subsequently compared to that material’s UCS. Figure 6 shows the splitting tensile testing set-up, both pretest and posttest . Figure...9 show the actual test configuration, pretest and posttest , respectively. This configuration utilized a chucking mechanism suited to the shape of

  2. 50 CFR 23.90 - What are the criteria for listing species in Appendix III?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA (CITES) Lists of Species § 23.90 What are the criteria for listing species in Appendix III? (a) Purpose. Article XVI of the Treaty sets out the procedures for amending... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 6 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false What are the criteria for listing species...

  3. 17 CFR Appendix B to Part 3 - Statement of Acceptable Practices With Respect to Ethics Training

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... Practices With Respect to Ethics Training B Appendix B to Part 3 Commodity and Securities Exchanges... Practices With Respect to Ethics Training (a) The provisions of Section 4p(b) of the Act (7 U.S.C. 6p(b... ethics training sessions within six months of registration, and all registrants to attend such training...

  4. 17 CFR Appendix B to Part 3 - Statement of Acceptable Practices With Respect to Ethics Training

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... Practices With Respect to Ethics Training B Appendix B to Part 3 Commodity and Securities Exchanges... Practices With Respect to Ethics Training (a) The provisions of Section 4p(b) of the Act (7 U.S.C. 6p(b... ethics training sessions within six months of registration, and all registrants to attend such training...

  5. 17 CFR Appendix B to Part 3 - Statement of Acceptable Practices With Respect to Ethics Training

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... Practices With Respect to Ethics Training B Appendix B to Part 3 Commodity and Securities Exchanges... Practices With Respect to Ethics Training (a) The provisions of Section 4p(b) of the Act (7 U.S.C. 6p(b... ethics training sessions within six months of registration, and all registrants to attend such training...

  6. 17 CFR Appendix B to Part 3 - Statement of Acceptable Practices With Respect to Ethics Training

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... Practices With Respect to Ethics Training B Appendix B to Part 3 Commodity and Securities Exchanges... Practices With Respect to Ethics Training (a) The provisions of Section 4p(b) of the Act (7 U.S.C. 6p(b... ethics training sessions within six months of registration, and all registrants to attend such training...

  7. 32 CFR Appendix C to Part 989 - Procedures for Holding Public Hearings on Draft Environmental Impact Statements (EIS)

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... chance to speak, when the hearing has culled a representative view of public opinion, or when the time... 32 National Defense 6 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Procedures for Holding Public Hearings on Draft..., App. C Appendix C to Part 989—Procedures for Holding Public Hearings on Draft Environmental Impact...

  8. 40 CFR Appendix F to Subpart A of... - Listing of Ozone-Depleting Chemicals

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Listing of Ozone-Depleting Chemicals F..., Subpt. A, App. F Appendix F to Subpart A of Part 82—Listing of Ozone-Depleting Chemicals Controlled...-Monochloropentafluoroethane (CFC-115) 0.6 400.0 2.0 0.00 All isomers of the above chemicals [Reserved] 2. Group II: CF2 ClBr...

  9. 40 CFR Appendix F to Subpart A of... - Listing of Ozone-Depleting Chemicals

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Listing of Ozone-Depleting Chemicals F..., Subpt. A, App. F Appendix F to Subpart A of Part 82—Listing of Ozone-Depleting Chemicals Controlled...-Monochloropentafluoroethane (CFC-115) 0.6 400.0 2.0 0.00 All isomers of the above chemicals [Reserved] 2. Group II: CF2 ClBr...

  10. 14 CFR Appendix C to Part 91 - Operations in the North Atlantic (NAT) Minimum Navigation Performance Specifications (MNPS) Airspace

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... defined in section 1 of this appendix is as follows: (a) The standard deviation of lateral track errors shall be less than 6.3 NM (11.7 Km). Standard deviation is a statistical measure of data about a mean... standard deviation about the mean encompasses approximately 68 percent of the data and plus or minus 2...

  11. 49 CFR Appendix A to Part 213 - Maximum Allowable Curving Speeds

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Maximum Allowable Curving Speeds A Appendix A to...—Maximum Allowable Curving Speeds Table 1—Three Inches Unbalance [Elevation of outer rail (inches)] Degree of curvature 0 1/2 1 11/2 2 21/2 3 31/2 4 41/2 5 51/2 6 (12) Maximum allowable operating speed (mph...

  12. 49 CFR Appendix A to Part 213 - Maximum Allowable Curving Speeds

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Maximum Allowable Curving Speeds A Appendix A to...—Maximum Allowable Curving Speeds Table 1—Three Inches Unbalance [Elevation of outer rail (inches)] Degree of curvature 0 1/2 1 11/2 2 21/2 3 31/2 4 41/2 5 51/2 6 (12) Maximum allowable operating speed (mph...

  13. Nematoda from the terrestrial deep subsurface of South Africa.

    PubMed

    Borgonie, G; García-Moyano, A; Litthauer, D; Bert, W; Bester, A; van Heerden, E; Möller, C; Erasmus, M; Onstott, T C

    2011-06-02

    Since its discovery over two decades ago, the deep subsurface biosphere has been considered to be the realm of single-cell organisms, extending over three kilometres into the Earth's crust and comprising a significant fraction of the global biosphere. The constraints of temperature, energy, dioxygen and space seemed to preclude the possibility of more-complex, multicellular organisms from surviving at these depths. Here we report species of the phylum Nematoda that have been detected in or recovered from 0.9-3.6-kilometre-deep fracture water in the deep mines of South Africa but have not been detected in the mining water. These subsurface nematodes, including a new species, Halicephalobus mephisto, tolerate high temperature, reproduce asexually and preferentially feed upon subsurface bacteria. Carbon-14 data indicate that the fracture water in which the nematodes reside is 3,000-12,000-year-old palaeometeoric water. Our data suggest that nematodes should be found in other deep hypoxic settings where temperature permits, and that they may control the microbial population density by grazing on fracture surface biofilm patches. Our results expand the known metazoan biosphere and demonstrate that deep ecosystems are more complex than previously accepted. The discovery of multicellular life in the deep subsurface of the Earth also has important implications for the search for subsurface life on other planets in our Solar System.

  14. Ground-water monitoring compliance projects for Hanford site facilities: Progress report for the period January 1 to March 31, 1988: Volume 4, Appendix A (contd)

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Not Available

    1988-05-01

    This appendix is one of nine volumes, and presents data describing wells completed at the Hanford Site during the fourth quarter of calendar year 1987 (October through December). The data in this volume of Appendix A cover the following wells: 299-E33-30; 299-E34-2; 299-E34-3; 299-E34-4; 299-E34-5; 299-E34-6. The data are presented in the following order: Well Completion Report/Title III Inspection List, Inspection Plan, As-Built Diagram, Logging Charts, and Drill Logs.

  15. Evaluation of CERT Secure Coding Rules through Integration with Source Code Analysis Tools

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2008-06-01

    Fortify SCA 3 2.2 Compass / ROSE 6 3 Project Analysis 9 3.1 Measuring and Analysis 9 4 Results 13 4.1 Fortify Results 13 4.1.1 CERT C++ Secure...Fortify C Rules 23 Appendix B Fortify C++ Rules 35 Appendix C C Rules Implemented in Compass Rose 43 Appendix D ROSE C++ Rules 51 References...to Daniel Quinlan at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory for all his help getting us up and running with Compass /ROSE. Thanks to our SEI editor

  16. The Association Between Molecular Markers in Colorectal Sessile Serrated Polyps and Colorectal Cancer Risk

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2016-08-01

    subsequent colorectal neoplasia and interval cancers were identified, the pathology review form and protocol were finalized, assays for 6 out of the 11...methylation markers were optimized, tissue blocks and clinical H&E slides were pulled for standard pathology review. Also, Dr. Burnett-Hartman...10 9. Appendix I: Pathology Review Form…………………………………….. 11 10. Appendix II: Research Support: Burnett-Hartman…………………….. 12 11. Appendix III

  17. In situ Detection of Microbial Life in the Deep Biosphere in Igneous Ocean Crust.

    PubMed

    Salas, Everett C; Bhartia, Rohit; Anderson, Louise; Hug, William F; Reid, Ray D; Iturrino, Gerardo; Edwards, Katrina J

    2015-01-01

    The deep biosphere is a major frontier to science. Recent studies have shown the presence and activity of cells in deep marine sediments and in the continental deep biosphere. Volcanic lavas in the deep ocean subsurface, through which substantial fluid flow occurs, present another potentially massive deep biosphere. We present results from the deployment of a novel in situ logging tool designed to detect microbial life harbored in a deep, native, borehole environment within igneous oceanic crust, using deep ultraviolet native fluorescence spectroscopy. Results demonstrate the predominance of microbial-like signatures within the borehole environment, with densities in the range of 10(5) cells/mL. Based on transport and flux models, we estimate that such a concentration of microbial cells could not be supported by transport through the crust, suggesting in situ growth of these communities.

  18. Environmental Impact Analysis Process. Environmental Impact Statement for Realignment of Beale Air Force Base

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1990-04-01

    CONTACTED .......... 6-2 APPENDIX A.- Average Daily Air Emissions Inventory for Yuba County .............................. A-1 APPENDIX B...Civilian Wage and Salary Employment, Yuba City Metropolitan Statistical Area, 1987 (Yuba and Sutter Counties , CA) ................... 3-46 vii LIST OF...Beale AFB Students Enrolled in Yuba and Sutter County Public Schools, FY 1989-90, by Assistance Category and School Capacity ................... 3-50 4

  19. Better Housing Now: Public-Private Venture Housing at Big Bend National Park, Texas

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1990-03-01

    PPVs will be most effective in parks with a potential for off-park commercial activity and a large number of housing units. Our feasibility analysis ...1-10 Alternative Forms of Construction ...................... 1-11 Analysis of the Alternatives ............................ 1-12...Continued) Appendix D. Data Used in House Model for Big Bend Case Study .......................... D-1 -D- 6 Appendix E. Sensitivity Analysis

  20. Resistance of Navy Shipboard Work Clothing Materials to Extreme Heat.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1982-10-01

    OCT 82 NCTRR _, 48. SSFED N00140-81CRBA83 / 1p N = L. G1.8 IL 5 111 . 1112.6 MIC.5 IIIIONTE III 1. MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TESI CHART n-WN’ :01 IIA...Final Report - 3 December 1980 RESISTANCE OF NAVY SHIPBOARD WORK CLOTHING to 31 July 1982 MATERIALS TO EXTREME HEAT 6. PERFORMING ORO. REPORT NUMBER 7...to Bilateral Radiant Heat (Tables) Appendix 3 : Heat Transfer from Outerwear Fabrics Exposed 153 to Various Radiant Heat Flux Levels (Tables) Appendix 4

  1. National Dam Safety Program. Bray Lake Dam (MO 30098), Osage - Gasconade Basin, Phelps County, Missouri. Phase I Inspection Report.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1979-12-01

    Geologist Applied Engineering & Urban Geology Missouri Geological Survey May 6, 1974 Sheet 6, Appendix B For file Only DEAN LAKE SITE (Formerly Bray...time to point out these problems that you have been discussing. ,J. Hadley Williams Geologist and Chief Applied Engineering & Urban Geology Missouri...Geologist Applied Engineering & Urban Geology Missouri Geological Survey June 27, 1974 Sheet 9, Appendix B FOR FILE ONLY L • BRAYS LAKE RECONNAISSANCE PHELPS

  2. Exploring the Deep Biosphere in Ophiolite-hosted Systems: What Can Metabolic Processes in Surface Seeps Tell Us About Subsurface Ecosystems in Serpentinizing Fluids?

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Meyer-Dombard, D. R.; Cardace, D.; Woycheese, K. M.; Vallalar, B.; Casar, C.; Simon, A.; Arcilla, C. A.

    2016-12-01

    Serpentinization in the subsurface produces highly reduced, high pH fluids that provide microbial habitats. It is assumed that these deep subsurface fluids contain copious H2 and CH4 gas, little/no inorganic carbon, and limited electron acceptors. As serpentinized fluids reach the oxygenated surface environment, microbial biomes shift and organisms capable of metabolizing O2 thrive (Woycheese et al., 2015). However, the relationship of microbial communities found in surface expressions of serpentinizing fluids to the subsurface biosphere is still a target of exploration. Our work in the Zambales ophiolite (Philippines) defines surface microbial habitats with geochemistry, targeted culturing efforts, and community analysis (Cardace et al., 2015; Woycheese et al., 2015). Springs range from pH 9-11.5, and contain 0.06-2 ppm DO, 0-3.7 ppm sulfide, 30-800 ppm silica. Gases include H2 and CH4 > 10uM, CO2 > 1 mM, and trace amounts of CO. These surface data allow prediction of the subsurface metabolic landscape. For example, Cardace et al., (2015) predicted that metabolism of iron is important in both biospheres. Growth media were designed to target iron reduction yielding heterotrophic and autotrophic iron reducers at high pH. Reduced iron minerals were produced in several cultures (Casar et al., sub.), and isolation efforts are underway. Shotgun metagenomic analysis shows the metabolic capacity for methanogenesis, suggesting microbial origins for some CH4 present. The enzymes methyl coenzyme M reductase, and formylmethanofuran dehydrogenase were detected, and relative abundance increased near the near-anoxic spring source. The metagenomes indicate carbon cycling at these sites is reliant on methanogenesis, acetogenesis, sulfate reduction, and H2 and CH4 oxidation. In this tropical climate, cellulose is also a likely carbon source; cellulose degrading isolates have been obtained. These results indicate a metabolically flexible community at the surface where serpentinizing fluids are expressed. The next step is to understand what these surface systems might tell us about the subsurface biosphere. References: Cardace et al., 2015 Frontiers in Extreme Microbiology 6: doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00010 Woycheese et al., 2015 Frontiers in Extreme Microbiology 6: doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00044

  3. A biosphere modeling methodology for dose assessments of the potential Yucca Mountain deep geological high level radioactive waste repository.

    PubMed

    Watkins, B M; Smith, G M; Little, R H; Kessler, J

    1999-04-01

    Recent developments in performance standards for proposed high level radioactive waste disposal at Yucca Mountain suggest that health risk or dose rate limits will likely be part of future standards. Approaches to the development of biosphere modeling and dose assessments for Yucca Mountain have been relatively lacking in previous performance assessments due to the absence of such a requirement. This paper describes a practical methodology used to develop a biosphere model appropriate for calculating doses from use of well water by hypothetical individuals due to discharges of contaminated groundwater into a deep well. The biosphere model methodology, developed in parallel with the BIOMOVS II international study, allows a transparent recording of the decisions at each step, from the specification of the biosphere assessment context through to model development and analysis of results. A list of features, events, and processes relevant to Yucca Mountain was recorded and an interaction matrix developed to help identify relationships between them. Special consideration was given to critical/potential exposure group issues and approaches. The conceptual model of the biosphere system was then developed, based on the interaction matrix, to show how radionuclides migrate and accumulate in the biosphere media and result in potential exposure pathways. A mathematical dose assessment model was specified using the flexible AMBER software application, which allows users to construct their own compartment models. The starting point for the biosphere calculations was a unit flux of each radionuclide from the groundwater in the geosphere into the drinking water in the well. For each of the 26 radionuclides considered, the most significant exposure pathways for hypothetical individuals were identified. For 14 of the radionuclides, the primary exposure pathways were identified as consumption of various crops and animal products following assumed agricultural use of the contaminated water derived from the deep well. Inhalation of dust (11 radionuclides) and external irradiation (1 radionuclide) were also identified as significant exposure modes. Contribution to the total flux to dose conversion factor from the drinking water pathway for each radionuclide was also assessed and for most radionuclides was found to be less than 10% of the total flux to dose conversion factor summed across all pathways. Some of the uncertainties related to the results were considered. The biosphere modeling results have been applied within an EPRI Total Systems Performance Assessment of Yucca Mountain. Conclusions and recommendations for future performance assessments are provided.

  4. 50 CFR 23.18 - What CITES documents are required to export Appendix-I wildlife?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 6 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false What CITES documents are required to export Appendix-I wildlife? 23.18 Section 23.18 Wildlife and Fisheries UNITED STATES FISH AND WILDLIFE..., EXPORTATION, AND IMPORTATION OF WILDLIFE AND PLANTS (CONTINUED) CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN...

  5. 29 CFR 1910.106 - Flammable liquids.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... by reference as specified in § 1910.6, or an equivalent test method as defined in Appendix B to... an equivalent method as defined by Appendix B to § 1910.1200—Physical Hazard Criteria, shall be used... this subparagraph. (15) Hotel shall mean buildings or groups of buildings under the same management in...

  6. 17 CFR 200.80f - Appendix F-Records control schedule.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... ORGANIZATION; CONDUCT AND ETHICS; AND INFORMATION AND REQUESTS Information and Requests § 200.80f Appendix F... in purchasing new issues of securities from underwriters 6 years. 821- Reports by registered small... state or federal laws in the purchase and sale of securities Until date of last reported action plus 10...

  7. Simulation Study of Evacuation Control Center Operations Analysis

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2011-06-01

    28 4.3 Baseline Manning (Runs 1, 2, & 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 4.3.1 Baseline Statistics Interpretation...46 Appendix B. Key Statistic Matrix: Runs 1-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Appendix C. Blue Dart...Completion Time . . . 33 11. Paired T result - Run 5 v. Run 6: ECC Completion Time . . . 35 12. Key Statistics : Run 3 vs. Run 9

  8. Utility of CT after sonography for suspected appendicitis in children: integration of a clinical scoring system with a staged imaging protocol.

    PubMed

    Srinivasan, Abhay; Servaes, Sabah; Peña, Andrès; Darge, Kassa

    2015-02-01

    To improve diagnosis of pediatric appendicitis, many institutions have implemented a staged imaging protocol utilizing ultrasonography (US) first and then computed tomography (CT). A substantial number of children with suspected appendicitis undergo CT after US, and the efficient and accurate diagnosis of pediatric appendicitis continues to be challenging. The objective of the study is to characterize the utility of CT following US for diagnosis of pediatric appendicitis, in conjunction with a clinical appendicitis score (AS). Imaging studies of children with suspected appendicitis who underwent CT after US in an imaging protocol were retrospectively reviewed by three radiologists in consensus. Chart review derived the AS (range 0-10) and obtained the patient diagnosis and disposition, and an AS was applied to each patient. Clinical and radiologic data were analyzed to assess the yield of CT after US. Studies of 211 children (mean age 11.3 years) were included. The positive threshold for AS was determined to be 6 out of 10. When AS and US were concordant (N = 140), the sensitivity and specificity of US were similar to CT. When AS and US were discordant (N = 71) and also when AS ≥ 6 (N = 84), subsequent CT showed superior sensitivity and specificity to US alone. In the subset where US showed neither the appendix nor inflammatory change in the right lower quadrant (126/211, 60 % of scans), when AS < 6 (N = 83), the negative predictive value (NPV) of US was 0.98. However, when AS ≥ 6 (N = 43), NPV of US was 0.58, and the positive predictive value of subsequent CT was 1. There was a significant decrease in depiction of the appendix on US with patient weight-to-age ratio of >6 (kg/year, P < 0.001) and after-hours (1700 -0730 hours) performance of US (P < 0.001). Results suggest that the appendicitis score has utility in guiding an imaging protocol and support the contention that non-visualization of the appendix on US is not intrinsically non-diagnostic. There was little benefit to additional CT when AS < 6 and US did not show the appendix or evidence of inflammation; this would have avoided CT in 140/211 (66 %) patients. CT demonstrated benefit when AS ≥ 6, suggesting that cases with AS ≥ 6 and features that limit depiction of the appendix on US may be triaged to CT.

  9. Prebiological Synthesis Organic Matter and Origin of Life in Protoplanetary Disks

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Snytnikov, V. N.

    2017-05-01

    Processes and conditions around new born Sun and possibly other young stars led to the origin of life in the circumstellar disc in a few million years. Than the circumsolar biosphere evolved to its current earth state. In agreement with the main results of the natural sciences and the theory of self-organization, several stages are necessary for the life to emerge on the Earth. Nowday we can specify "The cold prehistiry of the life", "RNA-world", "Preplanet biosphere", "Destructive biosphere", "Earth of bacteria".

  10. Top–down assessment of the Asian carbon budget since the mid 1990s

    PubMed Central

    Thompson, R. L.; Patra, P. K.; Chevallier, F.; Maksyutov, S.; Law, R. M.; Ziehn, T.; van der Laan-Luijkx, I. T.; Peters, W.; Ganshin, A.; Zhuravlev, R.; Maki, T.; Nakamura, T.; Shirai, T.; Ishizawa, M.; Saeki, T.; Machida, T.; Poulter, B.; Canadell, J. G.; Ciais, P.

    2016-01-01

    Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is the principal driver of anthropogenic climate change. Asia is an important region for the global carbon budget, with 4 of the world's 10 largest national emitters of CO2. Using an ensemble of seven atmospheric inverse systems, we estimated land biosphere fluxes (natural, land-use change and fires) based on atmospheric observations of CO2 concentration. The Asian land biosphere was a net sink of −0.46 (−0.70–0.24) PgC per year (median and range) for 1996–2012 and was mostly located in East Asia, while in South and Southeast Asia the land biosphere was close to carbon neutral. In East Asia, the annual CO2 sink increased between 1996–2001 and 2008–2012 by 0.56 (0.30–0.81) PgC, accounting for ∼35% of the increase in the global land biosphere sink. Uncertainty in the fossil fuel emissions contributes significantly (32%) to the uncertainty in land biosphere sink change. PMID:26911442

  11. Epidemiology of neuroendocrine cancers in an Australian population.

    PubMed

    Luke, Colin; Price, Timothy; Townsend, Amanda; Karapetis, Christos; Kotasek, Dusan; Singhal, Nimit; Tracey, Elizabeth; Roder, David

    2010-06-01

    The aim was to explore incidence, mortality and case survivals for invasive neuroendocrine cancers in an Australian population and consider cancer control implications. Directly age-standardised incidence and mortality rates were investigated from 1980 to 2006, plus disease-specific survivals. Annual incidence per 100,000 increased from 1.7 in 1980-1989 to 3.3 in 2000-2006. A corresponding mortality increase was not observed, although numbers of deaths were low, reducing statistical power. Increases in incidence affected both sexes and were more evident for female lung, large bowel (excluding appendix), and unknown primary site. Common sites were lung (25.9%), large bowel (23.3%) (40.9% were appendix), small intestine (20.6%), unknown primary (15.0%), pancreas (6.5%), and stomach (3.7%). Site distribution did not vary by sex (p = 0.260). Younger ages at diagnosis applied for lung (p = 0.002) and appendix (p < 0.001) and older ages for small intestine (p < 0.001) and unknown primary site (p < 0.001). Five-year survival was 68.5% for all sites combined, with secular increases (p < 0.001). After adjusting for age and diagnostic period, survivals were higher for appendix and lower for unknown primary site, pancreas, and colon (excluding appendix). Incidence rates are increasing. Research is needed into possible aetiological factors for lung and large-bowel sites, including tobacco smoking, and excess body weight and lack of exercise, respectively; and Crohn's disease as a possible precursor condition.

  12. Understanding local community's values, worldviews and perceptions in the Galloway and Southern Ayrshire Biosphere Reserve, Scotland.

    PubMed

    Hernes, Maya I; Metzger, Marc J

    2017-01-15

    Biosphere reserves have been studied around the world, but methods to elicit community's values, worldviews and perceptions are missing. A greater understanding of these can help avoid tension and improve successful management. This paper used a mixed-methods survey to elicit local community's environmental values, ecological world views and perceptions of the Galloway and Southern Ayrshire Biosphere Reserve (GSABR). Over three weeks, forty participants from three communities of the GSABR responded to a semi-structured mixed-methods survey. The survey revealed that residents of the GSABR greatly value wildlife and beauty of nature, and that the majority of the respondents showed concern for the environment from an ecocentric worldview. Results also revealed that the most influential tested socio-demographic characteristic affecting people's relationship to their environment is their professional affiliation. Tourism and recreation were seen as major benefits of the recent biosphere designation. Results did highlight contrasting benefits from the designation for different stakeholder groups, which could potentially lead to tensions and should be considered in the reserve management. Given the community's supportive world views and perceptions, greater participation in the biosphere's management in likely to be welcomed and should be used to avoid or mediate any conflicts. The mixed-method survey developed for this study, proved successful in eliciting these themes in the GSABR. We recommend other biosphere reserves replicate this research, to gain better understanding of local communities and increase their support and participation in reserve management. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  13. 50 CFR 23.89 - What are the criteria for listing species in Appendix I or II?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA (CITES) Lists of Species § 23.89 What are the criteria for listing species in Appendix I or II? (a) Purpose. Article XV of the Treaty sets out the procedures for amending... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 6 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false What are the criteria for listing species...

  14. 6 CFR Appendix C to Part 5 - DHS Systems of Records Exempt From the Privacy Act

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... DISCLOSURE OF RECORDS AND INFORMATION Pt. 5, App. C Appendix C to Part 5—DHS Systems of Records Exempt From... Homeland Security (DHS) Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) and Privacy Act (PA) Record System allows the DHS... information contained in other systems of records subject to such exemptions pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 552a(j)(2...

  15. 29 CFR Appendix to 29 Cfr Part 1404 - Arbitration Policy; Schedule of Fees

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... listing fee for all arbitrators: $100 for the first address; $50 for the second address Request for panel... arbitrators in a specific area: $25.00 per request plus $.25 per page. [68 FR 10659, Mar. 6, 2003] Effective Date Note: At 75 FR 30706, June 2, 2010, appendix to part 1404 was amended by removing “$100” and...

  16. Responses of tropical terrestrial biosphere carbon cycle to the 2015-2016 El Niño

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Liu, J.; Schimel, D.; Bowman, K. W.; Parazoo, N.; Jiang, Z.; Lee, M.; Bloom, A. A.; Wunch, D.; Frankenberg, C.; Sun, Y.; O'Dell, C.; Gurney, K. R.; Menemenlis, D.; Gierach, M. M.; Crisp, D.; Eldering, A.

    2017-12-01

    The 2015-2016 El Niño, the 2nd strongest since the 1950s, led to historic high temperature and low precipitation over the tropics while the atmospheric CO2 growth rate was the largest on record. The launch of the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) shortly before the 2015-2016 El Niño event provides an opportunity to understand how tropical land carbon fluxes respond to the warm and dry climate characteristics of the El Niño conditions. The El Niño events may also provide a natural experiment to study the response of tropical land carbon fluxes to future climate, since anomalously warm and dry tropical environments typical of El Niño are expected to be more frequent under most emission scenarios. Here we quantified the response of net biosphere exchange (NBE) and biomass burning to these climate anomalies by assimilating column CO2 from Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) and Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2, and CO from Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) into an atmospheric inversion framework. We further quantified Gross Primary Production with the Solar Induced Fluorescence (SIF) from GOSAT, and calculated the respiration as a residual term. Relative to the 2011 La Niña, the pantropical biosphere released 2.4 ± 0.34 Gt more carbon into the atmosphere, with an approximately equal distribution over three tropical continents in 2015. However, the dominant processes were different: GPP reduced (0.9 ± 0.22 GtC) in tropical South America, fire increased (0.4 ± 0.10 GtC) in tropical Asia, and respiration increased (0.6 ± 0.34 GtC) in Africa. During the peak of El Nino from the late 2015 to the early 2016, tropical South American had the largest response. We will further discuss the possible lagged-effect of 2015-2016 El Niño on 2017 tropical biosphere carbon fluxes.

  17. Victor Kovda, Soil Science and Biosphere

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kovda, I.

    2012-04-01

    Victor Kovda (1904-1991) was one of the most famous soil scientists at the national and international soil science community. He published more than 500 scientific works including about 400 papers, 17 collective monographs, 30 personal monographs, and more than 200 interviews and popular papers describing the role of soils not only for food production, but for the functioning of the biosphere. Victor Kovda was a talented organizer, who founded the new Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry (known at the present time as the Institute of physico-chemical and biological problems of soil science in Pushchino, Russia). During six years from 1959 to 1964 he was the head of Science Department in UNESCO, where he initiated a set of international projects (ex. Soil World Map of FAO-UNESCO, Source-book on irrigation and drainage). He continued his international activity after UNESCO as a President of the International Soil Science Society (1968-1974), organizer of the X international Soil Science Congress in Moscow (1974), president of SCOPE (1973-1976), working for ICSU. The last three decades of his national and international activities Victor Kovda initiated and was strongly involved in the popularization of biosphere role and functions of soils and soil cover. The start point for this activity was his special talk "Biosphere and man" presented during the intergovernmental conference in the framework of the international program "Man and Biosphere" organized by UNESCO in 1968 in Paris. The next key presentation "Soil as a component of biosphere" Victor Kovda gave as a plenary lecture during the X International congress of soil scientists. This presentation determined the focus of soil science for the next decades: at least Russian soil science became oriented towards the investigation of biosphere functions and role of soils. Soils science was accepted not only for agriculture and food production, but also as a fundamental science with a large environmental application.

  18. The Search for Sustainable Subsurface Habitats on Mars, and the Sampling of Impact Ejecta

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ivarsson, Magnus; Lindgren, Paula

    2010-07-01

    On Earth, the deep subsurface biosphere of both the oceanic and the continental crust is well known for surviving harsh conditions and environments characterized by high temperatures, high pressures, extreme pHs, and the absence of sunlight. The microorganisms of the terrestrial deep biosphere have an excellent capacity for adapting to changing geochemistry, as the alteration of the crust proceeds and the conditions of their habitats slowly change. Despite an almost complete isolation from surface conditions and the surface biosphere, the deep biosphere of the crustal rocks has endured over geologic time. This indicates that the deep biosphere is a self-sufficient system, independent of the global events that occur at the surface, such as impacts, glaciations, sea level fluctuations, and climate changes. With our sustainable terrestrial subsurface biosphere in mind, the subsurface on Mars has often been suggested as the most plausible place to search for fossil Martian life, or even present Martian life. Since the Martian surface is more or less sterile, subsurface settings are the only place on Mars where life could have been sustained over geologic time. To detect a deep biosphere in the Martian basement, drilling is a requirement. However, near future Mars sample return missions are limited by the mission's payload, which excludes heavy drilling equipment and restrict the missions to only dig the topmost meter of the Martian soil. Therefore, the sampling and analysis of Martian impact ejecta has been suggested as a way of accessing the deeper Martian subsurface without using heavy drilling equipment. Impact cratering is a natural geological process capable of excavating and exposing large amounts of rock material from great depths up to the surface. Several studies of terrestrial impact deposits show the preservation of pre-impact biosignatures, such as fossilized organisms and chemical biological markers. Therefore, if the Martian subsurface contains a record of life, it is reasonable to assume that biosignatures derived from the Martian subsurface could also be preserved in the Martian impact ejecta.

  19. Ciliates and the rare biosphere: a review.

    PubMed

    Dunthorn, Micah; Stoeck, Thorsten; Clamp, John; Warren, Alan; Mahé, Frédéric

    2014-01-01

    Here we provide a brief review of the rare biosphere from the perspective of ciliates and other microbial eukaryotes. We trace research on rarity from its lack of much in-depth focus in morphological and Sanger sequencing projects, to its central importance in analyses using high throughput sequencing strategies. The problem that the rare biosphere is potentially comprised of mostly errors is then discussed in the light of asking community-comparative, novel-diversity, and ecosystem-functioning questions. © 2014 The Author(s) Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology © 2014 International Society of Protistologists.

  20. On the edge of a deep biosphere: Real animals in extreme environments

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Childress, James J.; Fisher, Charles F.; Felbeck, Horst; Girguis, Peter

    This paper considers the possibility of animals living in a subsurface environment on the global mid-ocean ridge system. It considers the possible environments and looks at the possibilities of animal inhabitants of the subsurface biosphere based on adaptations of animals to other extreme habitats. We conclude that there are known bridging inhabitants of the subsurface biosphere, that part-time inhabitants are extremely likely, and that there could be full-time inhabitants if conditions are stable within the tolerance limits of metazoans for time periods of months.

  1. In situ Detection of Microbial Life in the Deep Biosphere in Igneous Ocean Crust

    PubMed Central

    Salas, Everett C.; Bhartia, Rohit; Anderson, Louise; Hug, William F.; Reid, Ray D.; Iturrino, Gerardo; Edwards, Katrina J.

    2015-01-01

    The deep biosphere is a major frontier to science. Recent studies have shown the presence and activity of cells in deep marine sediments and in the continental deep biosphere. Volcanic lavas in the deep ocean subsurface, through which substantial fluid flow occurs, present another potentially massive deep biosphere. We present results from the deployment of a novel in situ logging tool designed to detect microbial life harbored in a deep, native, borehole environment within igneous oceanic crust, using deep ultraviolet native fluorescence spectroscopy. Results demonstrate the predominance of microbial-like signatures within the borehole environment, with densities in the range of 105 cells/mL. Based on transport and flux models, we estimate that such a concentration of microbial cells could not be supported by transport through the crust, suggesting in situ growth of these communities. PMID:26617595

  2. An Investigation of Electrodeposited Alloys and Pure Metals as Substitutes for Zinc and Cadmium for Protective Finishes for Steel Parts of Aircraft

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1947-11-30

    t » 35 Electropolishing Bath . .... 4 ... • »»«.»•» 35 Operating Conditions . ... ....«.»«•» 4 » . 35 Operating Details...electrodeposited or cast (Figure 6 , Appendix II, Table 4 , Appendix III). =trr 11. ’i. "•i Zinc - Tin Alloys The static potentials of the zinc - tin alloys...UJ Ul 8 J o < X-4130 ALLOY S2 ’I -O -o 4 O- o- 6 POTENTI- OMETER Q UJ CO UJ < o A FIGURE 2 ~ SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF

  3. Towards Reengineering the United States Department of Defense: A Financial Case for a Functionally-Aligned, Unified Military Structure

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2014-03-01

    DoD Defense Agencies ............................................................................95 Appendix C . Consolidated Results for IQ 2... 2938 10549 11703 Total Aircraft Inventory (TAI) 19388 39839 52393 2.2. Land Operations Divisions 188 -- 410 -- Combat Vehicle Depot Maintenance 1118...reduction in budget request for those functions analyzed. For ease of comparison, Tables 5, 6, 7, and 8 are consolidated at Appendix C , Consolidated

  4. 14 CFR Appendix C to Part 91 - Operations in the North Atlantic (NAT) Minimum Navigation Performance Specifications (MNPS) Airspace

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... OPERATING RULES GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES Pt. 91, App. C Appendix C to Part 91—Operations in the... Oceanic Control Area, excluding the areas west of 60 degrees west and south of 38 degrees 30 minutes north... shall be less than 6.3 NM (11.7 Km). Standard deviation is a statistical measure of data about a mean...

  5. 14 CFR Appendix C to Part 91 - Operations in the North Atlantic (NAT) Minimum Navigation Performance Specifications (MNPS) Airspace

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... OPERATING RULES GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES Pt. 91, App. C Appendix C to Part 91—Operations in the... Oceanic Control Area, excluding the areas west of 60 degrees west and south of 38 degrees 30 minutes north... shall be less than 6.3 NM (11.7 Km). Standard deviation is a statistical measure of data about a mean...

  6. 14 CFR Appendix C to Part 91 - Operations in the North Atlantic (NAT) Minimum Navigation Performance Specifications (MNPS) Airspace

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... OPERATING RULES GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES Pt. 91, App. C Appendix C to Part 91—Operations in the... Oceanic Control Area, excluding the areas west of 60 degrees west and south of 38 degrees 30 minutes north... shall be less than 6.3 NM (11.7 Km). Standard deviation is a statistical measure of data about a mean...

  7. 14 CFR Appendix C to Part 91 - Operations in the North Atlantic (NAT) Minimum Navigation Performance Specifications (MNPS) Airspace

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... OPERATING RULES GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES Pt. 91, App. C Appendix C to Part 91—Operations in the... Oceanic Control Area, excluding the areas west of 60 degrees west and south of 38 degrees 30 minutes north... shall be less than 6.3 NM (11.7 Km). Standard deviation is a statistical measure of data about a mean...

  8. Microcomputer Control of a Hydraulically Actuated Piston.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1987-06-01

    EhhhohEohEmhhE EhhmhhhohhhhhI M1l *2 112.2 Ll 6 111111.258 MICROCOPY RESOLUfION TEST CHART NATIONAL BUREAUJ nF SIANDARDS 1963 A W* %i r f U V ~ S i V...SYSTE.M............................I( E. I REQUENCY RESPONSE TEST ........................... F. MODEL V.ALIDATION ................................. 2...O RITH M (BA SIC) ................................. 43 APPENDIX D: DIGITAL SYSTEM SIMULATION CODE (DSL) ........... 44 APPENDIX E: DIGITAL LOGIC TEST

  9. Gene expression in the deep biosphere.

    PubMed

    Orsi, William D; Edgcomb, Virginia P; Christman, Glenn D; Biddle, Jennifer F

    2013-07-11

    Scientific ocean drilling has revealed a deep biosphere of widespread microbial life in sub-seafloor sediment. Microbial metabolism in the marine subsurface probably has an important role in global biogeochemical cycles, but deep biosphere activities are not well understood. Here we describe and analyse the first sub-seafloor metatranscriptomes from anaerobic Peru Margin sediment up to 159 metres below the sea floor, represented by over 1 billion complementary DNA (cDNA) sequence reads. Anaerobic metabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates and lipids seem to be the dominant metabolic processes, and profiles of dissimilatory sulfite reductase (dsr) transcripts are consistent with pore-water sulphate concentration profiles. Moreover, transcripts involved in cell division increase as a function of microbial cell concentration, indicating that increases in sub-seafloor microbial abundance are a function of cell division across all three domains of life. These data support calculations and models of sub-seafloor microbial metabolism and represent the first holistic picture of deep biosphere activities.

  10. Community Assembly Processes of the Microbial Rare Biosphere.

    PubMed

    Jia, Xiu; Dini-Andreote, Francisco; Falcão Salles, Joana

    2018-03-14

    Our planet teems with microorganisms that often present a skewed abundance distribution in a local community, with relatively few dominant species coexisting alongside a high number of rare species. Recent studies have demonstrated that these rare taxa serve as limitless reservoirs of genetic diversity, and perform disproportionate types of functions despite their low abundances. However, relatively little is known about the mechanisms controlling rarity and the processes promoting the development of the rare biosphere. Here, we propose the use of multivariate cut-offs to estimate rare species and phylogenetic null models applied to predefined rare taxa to disentangle the relative influences of ecoevolutionary processes mediating the assembly of the rare biosphere. Importantly, the identification of the factors controlling rare species assemblages is critical for understanding the types of rarity, how the rare biosphere is established, and how rare microorganisms fluctuate over spatiotemporal scales, thus enabling prospective predictions of ecosystem responses. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  11. Earth applications of closed ecological systems: Relevance to the development of sustainability in our global biosphere

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nelson, M.; Allen, J.; Ailing, A.; Dempster, W. F.; Silverstone, S.

    The parallels between the challenges facing bioregenerative life support in artificial closed ecological systems and those in our global biosphere are striking. At the scale of the current global technosphere and expanding human population, it is increasingly obvious that the biosphere can no longer safely buffer and absorb technogenic and anthropogenic pollutants. The loss of biodiversity, reliance on non-renewable natural resources, and conversion of once wild ecosystems for human use with attendant desertification/soil erosion, has led to a shift of consciousness and the widespread call for sustainability of human activities. For researchers working on bioregenerative life support in closed systems, the small volumes and faster cycling times than in the Earth's biosphere make it starkly clear that systems must be designed to ensure renewal of water and atmosphere, nutrient recycling, production of healthy food, and safe environmental methods of maintaining technical systems. The development of technical systems that can be fully integrated and supportive of living systems is a harbinger of new perspectives as well as technologies in the global environment. In addition, closed system bioregenerative life support offers opportunities for public education and consciousness changing of how to live with our global biosphere.

  12. Carbon 13 exchanges between the atmosphere and biosphere

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fung, I.; Field, C. B.; Berry, J. A.; Thompson, M. V.; Randerson, J. T.; MalmströM, C. M.; Vitousek, P. M.; Collatz, G. James; Sellers, P. J.; Randall, D. A.; Denning, A. S.; Badeck, F.; John, J.

    1997-12-01

    We present a detailed investigation of the gross 12C and 13C exchanges between the atmosphere and biosphere and their influence on the δ13C variations in the atmosphere. The photosynthetic discrimination Δ against 13C is derived from a biophysical model coupled to a general circulation model [Sellers et al., 1996a], where stomatal conductance and carbon assimilation are determined simultaneously with the ambient climate. The δ13C of the respired carbon is calculated by a biogeochemical model [Potter et al., 1993; Randerson et al., 1996] as the sum of the contributions from compartments with varying ages. The global flux-weighted mean photosynthetic discrimination is 12-16‰, which is lower than previous estimates. Factors that lower the discrimination are reduced stomatal conductance and C4 photosynthesis. The decreasing atmospheric δ13C causes an isotopic disequilibrium between the outgoing and incoming fluxes; the disequilibrium is ˜0.33‰ for 1988. The disequilibrium is higher than previous estimates because it accounts for the lifetime of trees and for the ages rather than turnover times of the biospheric pools. The atmospheric δ13C signature resulting from the biospheric fluxes is investigated using a three-dimensional atmospheric tracer model. The isotopic disequilibrium alone produces a hemispheric difference of ˜0.02‰ in atmospheric δ13C, comparable to the signal from a hypothetical carbon sink of 0.5 Gt C yr-1 into the midlatitude northern hemisphere biosphere. However, the rectifier effect, due to the seasonal covariation of CO2 fluxes and height of the atmospheric boundary layer, yields a background δ13C gradient of the opposite sign. These effects nearly cancel thus favoring a stronger net biospheric uptake than without the background CO2 gradient. Our analysis of the globally averaged carbon budget for the decade of the 1980s indicates that the biospheric uptake of fossil fuel CO2 is likely to be greater than the oceanic uptake; the relative proportions of the sinks cannot be uniquely determined using 12C and 13C alone. The land-ocean sink partitioning requires, in addition, information about the land use source, isotopic disequilibrium associated with gross oceanic exchanges, as well as the fractions of C3 and C4 vegetation involved in the biospheric uptake.

  13. Definition and means of maintaining the supply ventilation system seismic shutdown portion of the PFP safety envelope

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Keck, R.D.

    1997-01-21

    The purpose of this document is to record the technical evaluation of the Limiting Condition for Operation (LCO) described in the Plutonium Finishing Plant (PFP) Operational Safety Requirements, WHC-SD-CP-OSR- 010, Rev. 0. Kay 1994, Section 3.2.3, `Supply Ventilation System Seismic Shutdown.` This document, with its appendices, provides the following: 1. The system functional requirements for determining system operability (Section 3). 2. Evaluations of equipment to determine the safety boundary for the system (Section 4). 3. A list of annotated drawings which show the safety envelope boundaries (Appendix C). 4. A list of the safety envelope equipment (Appendix B). 5. Functionalmore » requirements for the individual safety envelope equipment, including appropriate setpoints and process parameters (Section 4.1). 6. A list of the operational, maintenance and surveillance procedures necessary to operate and maintain the system equipment within the safety envelope (Sections 5 and 6 and Appendix A).« less

  14. 32 CFR Appendix F to Part 310 - Format for New or Altered System Report

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... DEFENSE (CONTINUED) PRIVACY PROGRAM DOD PRIVACY PROGRAM Pt. 310, App. F Appendix F to Part 310—Format for.... Transmittal Letter The transmittal letter shall be prepared by the Defense Privacy Office and shall contain... maintenance of the System; 5. Probable or potential effects on the privacy of individuals; 6. Is the system...

  15. 7 CFR 6.37 - Supersedure of Import Regulation 1, Revision 7.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ...,064 13,064 SWISS OR EMMENTHALER CHEESE OTHER THAN WITH EYE FORMATION, GRUYERE-PROCESS CHEESE AND... ofAppendix 1&2 Appendix 3 Tokyo R. Uruguay R. Harmonized tariff schedule NON-CHEESE ARTICLES BUTTER...: NON-CHEESE ARTICLES 4,737,167 17,127,614 21,864,781 21,864,781 CHEESE ARTICLES CHEESE AND SUBSTITUTES...

  16. 50 CFR Appendix I to Part 37 - Legal Description of the Coastal Plain, Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 6 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Legal Description of the Coastal Plain, Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska I Appendix I to Part 37 Wildlife and Fisheries UNITED STATES FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR (CONTINUED) THE NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE SYSTEM...

  17. 48 CFR Appendix I to Chapter 15 - Environmental Protection Agency; Class Justification for Other Than Full and Open Competition in...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 6 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 true Environmental Protection... Regulations System ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Ch. 15, App. I Appendix I to Chapter 15—Environmental Protection Agency; Class Justification for Other Than Full and Open Competition in Acquisitions From the...

  18. 32 CFR Appendix D to Part 806b - General and Specific Exemptions

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false General and Specific Exemptions D Appendix D to Part 806b National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE ADMINISTRATION... systems of records maintained by the Department of the Air Force shall be exempt from the requirements of...

  19. 32 CFR Appendix D to Part 806b - General and Specific Exemptions

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false General and Specific Exemptions D Appendix D to Part 806b National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE ADMINISTRATION... systems of records maintained by the Department of the Air Force shall be exempt from the requirements of...

  20. 32 CFR Appendix D to Part 806b - General and Specific Exemptions

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false General and Specific Exemptions D Appendix D to Part 806b National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE ADMINISTRATION... systems of records maintained by the Department of the Air Force shall be exempt from the requirements of...

  1. Hadal biosphere: insight into the microbial ecosystem in the deepest ocean on Earth.

    PubMed

    Nunoura, Takuro; Takaki, Yoshihiro; Hirai, Miho; Shimamura, Shigeru; Makabe, Akiko; Koide, Osamu; Kikuchi, Tohru; Miyazaki, Junichi; Koba, Keisuke; Yoshida, Naohiro; Sunamura, Michinari; Takai, Ken

    2015-03-17

    Hadal oceans at water depths below 6,000 m are the least-explored aquatic biosphere. The Challenger Deep, located in the western equatorial Pacific, with a water depth of ∼11 km, is the deepest ocean on Earth. Microbial communities associated with waters from the sea surface to the trench bottom (0∼10,257 m) in the Challenger Deep were analyzed, and unprecedented trench microbial communities were identified in the hadal waters (6,000∼10,257 m) that were distinct from the abyssal microbial communities. The potentially chemolithotrophic populations were less abundant in the hadal water than those in the upper abyssal waters. The emerging members of chemolithotrophic nitrifiers in the hadal water that likely adapt to the higher flux of electron donors were also different from those in the abyssal waters that adapt to the lower flux of electron donors. Species-level niche separation in most of the dominant taxa was also found between the hadal and abyssal microbial communities. Considering the geomorphology and the isolated hydrotopographical nature of the Mariana Trench, we hypothesized that the distinct hadal microbial ecosystem was driven by the endogenous recycling of organic matter in the hadal waters associated with the trench geomorphology.

  2. A comparative radiological assessment of five European biosphere systems in the context of potential contamination of well water from the hypothetical disposal of radioactive waste.

    PubMed

    Olyslaegers, G; Zeevaert, T; Pinedo, P; Simon, I; Pröhl, G; Kowe, R; Chen, Q; Mobbs, S; Bergström, U; Hallberg, B; Katona, T; Eged, K; Kanyar, B

    2005-12-01

    In the framework of the BioMoSA project for the development of biosphere assessment models for radioactive waste disposal the Reference Biosphere Methodology developed in the IAEA programme BIOMASS was applied to five locations, situated in different European countries. Specific biosphere models were applied to assess the hypothetical contamination of a range of agricultural and environmental pathways and the dose to individuals, following contamination of well water. The results of these site-specific models developed by the different BioMoSA partners, and the individual normalised dose to the exposure groups were compared against each other. Ingestion of drinking water, fruit and vegetables were found to be among the most important pathways for almost all radionuclides. Stochastic calculations revealed that consumption habits, transfer factors, irrigation rates and distribution coefficients (Kd(s)) were the most important parameters that influence the end results. Variations in the confidence intervals were found to be higher for sorbing elements (e.g. (36)Cl, (237)Np, (99)Tc, (238)U, (129)I) than for mobile elements (e.g. (226)Ra, (79)Se, (135)Cs, (231)Pa, (239)Pu). The influence of daughter products, for which the distribution into the biosphere was calculated individually, was also shown to be important. This paper gives a brief overview of the deterministic and stochastic modelling results and the parameter sensitivity. A screening methodology was introduced to identify the most important pathways, simplify a generic biosphere tool and refine the existing models.

  3. Characterizing biospheric carbon balance using CO2 observations from the OCO-2 satellite

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Miller, Scot M.; Michalak, Anna M.; Yadav, Vineet; Tadić, Jovan M.

    2018-05-01

    NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) satellite launched in summer of 2014. Its observations could allow scientists to constrain CO2 fluxes across regions or continents that were previously difficult to monitor. This study explores an initial step toward that goal; we evaluate the extent to which current OCO-2 observations can detect patterns in biospheric CO2 fluxes and constrain monthly CO2 budgets. Our goal is to guide top-down, inverse modeling studies and identify areas for future improvement. We find that uncertainties and biases in the individual OCO-2 observations are comparable to the atmospheric signal from biospheric fluxes, particularly during Northern Hemisphere winter when biospheric fluxes are small. A series of top-down experiments indicate how these errors affect our ability to constrain monthly biospheric CO2 budgets. We are able to constrain budgets for between two and four global regions using OCO-2 observations, depending on the month, and we can constrain CO2 budgets at the regional level (i.e., smaller than seven global biomes) in only a handful of cases (16 % of all regions and months). The potential of the OCO-2 observations, however, is greater than these results might imply. A set of synthetic data experiments suggests that retrieval errors have a salient effect. Advances in retrieval algorithms and to a lesser extent atmospheric transport modeling will improve the results. In the interim, top-down studies that use current satellite observations are best-equipped to constrain the biospheric carbon balance across only continental or hemispheric regions.

  4. Palaeoecological data as a tool to predict possible future vegetation changes in the boreal forest zone of European Russia: a case study from the Central Forest Biosphere Reserve

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Novenko, E. Yu; Tsyganov, A. N.; Olchev, A. V.

    2018-01-01

    New multi-proxy records (pollen, testate amoebae, and charcoal) were applied to reconstruct the vegetation dynamics in the boreal forest area of the southern part of Valdai Hills (the Central Forest Biosphere Reserve) during the Holocene. The reconstructions of the mean annual temperature and precipitation, the climate moisture index (CMI), peatland surface moisture, and fire activity have shown that climate change has a significant impact on the boreal forests of European Russia. Temperature growth and decreased moistening during the warmest phases of the Holocene Thermal Maximum in 7.0-6.2 ka BP and 6.0-5.5 ka BP and in the relatively warm phase in 3.4-2.5 ka BP led to structural changes in plant communities, specifically an increase in the abundance of broadleaf tree species in forest stands and the suppression of Picea. The frequency of forest fires was higher in that period, and it resulted in the replacement of spruce forests by secondary stands with Betula and Pinus. Despite significant changes in the climatic parameters projected for the 21st century using even the optimistic RCP2.6 scenario, the time lag between climate changes and vegetation responses makes any catastrophic vegetation disturbances (due to natural reasons) in the area in the 21st century unlikely.

  5. Pilot Institute on Global Change on Trace Gases and the Biosphere, 1988

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Eddy, J. A.; Moore, B.

    1998-01-01

    Table of Contents: Summary; Background; General Framework for a Series of Institutes on Global Change; The 1988 Pilot Institute on Global Changes: Trace Gases and the Biosphere; Budget; List of Acronyms; and Attachments.

  6. The Haw River Sites: Archaeological Investigations at Two Stratified Sites in the North Carolina Piedmont. Volume III.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1982-04-01

    Excavation Unit 5 - Square 8 - Level 4 - Feature 12 - n - 12 (ID numbers 368-379 in Appendix 3, Table 3) Vessel II Block C - Excavation Unit 6 - Square 8...Level 4 - Feature 7 - See Figure 7.13 - n 38 (ID numbers 380-417 In Appendix 3, Table 3) OO Vessel Ill Block C - Excavation Unit 7 - Square 1 - levels...4-8 - Feature 5 - See Figure 7.12 - n - 90 (ID numbers 418-507 In Appendix 3, Table 3) Vessel IV Block C - Excavation Unit 7 - Square 1 - Levels 4-8

  7. Principles of Discrete Time Mechanics

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jaroszkiewicz, George

    2014-04-01

    1. Introduction; 2. The physics of discreteness; 3. The road to calculus; 4. Temporal discretization; 5. Discrete time dynamics architecture; 6. Some models; 7. Classical cellular automata; 8. The action sum; 9. Worked examples; 10. Lee's approach to discrete time mechanics; 11. Elliptic billiards; 12. The construction of system functions; 13. The classical discrete time oscillator; 14. Type 2 temporal discretization; 15. Intermission; 16. Discrete time quantum mechanics; 17. The quantized discrete time oscillator; 18. Path integrals; 19. Quantum encoding; 20. Discrete time classical field equations; 21. The discrete time Schrodinger equation; 22. The discrete time Klein-Gordon equation; 23. The discrete time Dirac equation; 24. Discrete time Maxwell's equations; 25. The discrete time Skyrme model; 26. Discrete time quantum field theory; 27. Interacting discrete time scalar fields; 28. Space, time and gravitation; 29. Causality and observation; 30. Concluding remarks; Appendix A. Coherent states; Appendix B. The time-dependent oscillator; Appendix C. Quaternions; Appendix D. Quantum registers; References; Index.

  8. Networks in Cell Biology

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Buchanan, Mark; Caldarelli, Guido; De Los Rios, Paolo; Rao, Francesco; Vendruscolo, Michele

    2010-05-01

    Introduction; 1. Network views of the cell Paolo De Los Rios and Michele Vendruscolo; 2. Transcriptional regulatory networks Sarath Chandra Janga and M. Madan Babu; 3. Transcription factors and gene regulatory networks Matteo Brilli, Elissa Calistri and Pietro Lió; 4. Experimental methods for protein interaction identification Peter Uetz, Björn Titz, Seesandra V. Rajagopala and Gerard Cagney; 5. Modeling protein interaction networks Francesco Rao; 6. Dynamics and evolution of metabolic networks Daniel Segré; 7. Hierarchical modularity in biological networks: the case of metabolic networks Erzsébet Ravasz Regan; 8. Signalling networks Gian Paolo Rossini; Appendix 1. Complex networks: from local to global properties D. Garlaschelli and G. Caldarelli; Appendix 2. Modelling the local structure of networks D. Garlaschelli and G. Caldarelli; Appendix 3. Higher-order topological properties S. Ahnert, T. Fink and G. Caldarelli; Appendix 4. Elementary mathematical concepts A. Gabrielli and G. Caldarelli; References.

  9. Modeling the impact of climate change in Germany with biosphere models for long-term safety assessment of nuclear waste repositories.

    PubMed

    Staudt, C; Semiochkina, N; Kaiser, J C; Pröhl, G

    2013-01-01

    Biosphere models are used to evaluate the exposure of populations to radionuclides from a deep geological repository. Since the time frame for assessments of long-time disposal safety is 1 million years, potential future climate changes need to be accounted for. Potential future climate conditions were defined for northern Germany according to model results from the BIOCLIM project. Nine present day reference climate regions were defined to cover those future climate conditions. A biosphere model was developed according to the BIOMASS methodology of the IAEA and model parameters were adjusted to the conditions at the reference climate regions. The model includes exposure pathways common to those reference climate regions in a stylized biosphere and relevant to the exposure of a hypothetical self-sustaining population at the site of potential radionuclide contamination from a deep geological repository. The end points of the model are Biosphere Dose Conversion factors (BDCF) for a range of radionuclides and scenarios normalized for a constant radionuclide concentration in near-surface groundwater. Model results suggest an increased exposure of in dry climate regions with a high impact of drinking water consumption rates and the amount of irrigation water used for agriculture. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  10. Common Modular Multimode Radar (CMMR) Software Acquisition Study.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1981-03-01

    MATEIAL .................................. A -1 APPENDIX B: POINTS OF CONTACT .................................... B-i APPENDIX C: F-i5, F-16, F/ A -iS... relook at a later time. 3.2.1.6 Low Altitude Navigation Targeting Infrared For Night (LANTIRN)-63249/2693 LANTIRN is scheduled to have production hardware...exit points for each module. As a result, the OFP can be easily read and tested, and revisions to the OFP can be easily undertaken and accomplished

  11. National Energy Policy: Report of the National Energy Policy Development Group

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2001-05-01

    and the environ- ment. Oil spill technology has improved dur- ing the last decade and will continue to do so. Risk assessments ...chemical intermediate in paper pulping and ore refining, and as a solvent. Transportation Sector: Private and public vehicles that move people and ...Energy Security and International Relationships Appendix One Summary of Report Recommendations Appendix Two Glossary 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 NATIONAL

  12. Neutron scattering studies of the RENi 2B 2C (RE = Lu, Y, Ho, Er): Lattice dynamics

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Bullock, Max

    1998-02-23

    The first chapter gives a brief overview of the system discussed in this dissertation. Chapters 2-5 and Appendix B of this dissertation consist of papers that are published, or have been submitted, which show experimental data regarding the phonon softening of LuNi 2B 2C. These papers have been removed and processed separately. Chapter 6 will contain a summary of the conclusions up to date. Appendix A will consist of a brief derivation of χ(q) which is talked about in the introduction of the dissertation. Appendix B will contain a Born-von Karman model fit to the experimental LuNi 2B 2C datamore » and a comparison with experimental data. Appendix C will contain a brief summary of the work done on LuNi 2B 2C as well as a complete listing of experimental data taken on the crystals which may be needed later for theoretical models of this system. Appendix D will outline a brief introduction covering some of the field theory used in the theoretical work for this thesis.« less

  13. Food Preference, Acceptance and Consumption in a Simulated, Isolated- Duty Station

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1977-05-01

    study food habits in a controlled isolation environment ,the fo6d choice and consumption behavior of the crew of a simulated, isolated-duty sta...Instructions for Consumption Diary 78 Appendix C: Food Items on Preference Survey List which were not on Menu 80 Appendix D: Item Name Changes Made to...U 1 SUMMARY The effectiveness of isolated duty stations depends on unusually careful planning to compensate for storage and logistical limitations

  14. The contribution of respiration in tree-stems to the Dole Effect

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Angert, A.; Muhr, J.; Negron Juarez, R.; Alegria Muñoz, W.; Kraemer, G.; Ramirez Santillan, J.; Chambers, J. Q.; Trumbore, S. E.

    2012-01-01

    Understanding the variability and the current value of the Dole Effect, which has been used to infer past changes in biospheric productivity, requires accurate information on the discrimination associated with respiratory oxygen consumption in each of the biosphere components. Respiration in tree stems is an important component of the land carbon cycle. Here we measured, for the first time, the discrimination associated with tree stem oxygen uptake. The measurements included tropical forest trees, which are major contributors to the global fluxes of carbon and oxygen. We found discrimination in the range of 12.6-21.5 ‰, indicating both diffusion limitation, resulting in O2 discrimination values below 20 ‰, and alternative oxidase respiration, which resulted in discrimination values greater than 20 ‰. Discrimination varied seasonally, between and within tree species. Calculations based on these results show that variability in woody plants discrimination can result in significant variations in the global Dole Effect.

  15. The contribution of respiration in tree stems to the Dole Effect

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Angert, A.; Muhr, J.; Negron Juarez, R.; Alegria Muñoz, W.; Kraemer, G.; Ramirez Santillan, J.; Chambers, J. Q.; Trumbore, S. E.

    2012-10-01

    Understanding the variability and the current value of the Dole Effect, which has been used to infer past changes in biospheric productivity, requires accurate information on the isotopic discrimination associated with respiratory oxygen consumption in each of the biosphere components. Respiration in tree stems is an important component of the land carbon cycle. Here we measured, for the first time, the discrimination associated with tree stem oxygen uptake. The measurements included tropical forest trees, which are major contributors to the global fluxes of carbon and oxygen. We found discrimination in the range of 12.6-21.5‰, indicating both diffusion limitation, resulting in O2 discrimination values below 20‰, and alternative oxidase respiration, which resulted in discrimination values greater than 20‰. Discrimination varied seasonally, between and within tree species. Calculations based on these results show that variability in woody plants discrimination can result in significant variations in the global Dole Effect.

  16. Green synthesis and antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles using wild medicinal mushroom Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat. from Similipal Biosphere Reserve, Odisha, India.

    PubMed

    Mohanta, Yugal Kishore; Singdevsachan, Sameer Kumar; Parida, Umesh Kumar; Panda, Sujogya Kumar; Mohanta, Tapan Kumar; Bae, Hanhong

    2016-08-01

    In the present study, green synthesis and cost effective approach of silver nanoparticles using wild medicinal mushroom Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat. from Similipal Biosphere Reserve, Odisha, India is reported. The biosynthesised AgNPs were characterised using UV-visible spectroscopy, particle analyser and scanning electron microscopy studies. It was found by dynamic light scattering analysis, that the average size and charges of the AgNPs were 133.0 ± 0.361 nm and -6.01 ± 5.30 mV, respectively. Moreover, the Fourier transform infrared study was also conducted to identify the biomolecules or functional groups responsible for the reduction of Ag and stabilisation of the AgNPs. The potential biomedical application with reference to antimicrobial activity of the synthesised AgNPs was investigated against some pathogenic microorganisms viz. Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Vibrio cholerae, Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella flexneri.

  17. Ingested razor blades within the appendix: A rare case report.

    PubMed

    Cui, Jason; Cross, Trent; Lockwood, David

    2018-01-01

    Foreign body ingestion is a common clinical presentation with less than 1% of the cases requiring surgical intervention. In this report, we present a rare case of razor blades lodged in the appendix as a result of intentional ingestion. A 25 year old male prisoner presented to our hospital with persistent right iliac fossa pain after razor blade ingestion. After 5 days of conservative management, there was no sign of transition on serial X-Rays. Laparoscopy with intraoperative image intensification confirmed the presence of the razor blades in the appendix and appendicectomy was subsequently performed without complications. Most ingested objected with diameter less than 2.5 cm and length less than 6 cm can pass through the gastrointestinal tract spontaneously in less than one week. The entry of foreign objects into the appendix is thought to be due to relative low motility of the caecum, the dependent position of the appendix and the size of the appendiceal orifice. Radiographic localisation to the appendiceal lumen was complicated by metallic artefact, but was consistent with failure to transit. Appendicectomy was felt to be the safest mode of retrieval. Ingested foreign body lodged in the appendix is a rare event. Once the exact location is confirmed, a simple laparoscopic appendicectomy can be performed to facilitate the removal. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

  18. General Aviation Avionics Statistics: 1977.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1980-06-01

    combustion of fuel, the gases of combustion (or the heated air) being used both to rotate the turbine and to create a thrust-producing engine. Turboprop...cc 0 4) 0 𔃾) cu z 4) 0 a$. .- MCI 1001 APPENDIX D AIRSPACE STRUCTURE 101 APPENDIX D. AIRSPACE STRUCTURE -t FLIO* - -FL450 I ContinentalI Control...Compass 9. Landing gear 4. Tachometer 10. Belts 5. Oil temperature 11. Special equipment for 6. Emergency locator over water flights transmitter

  19. Joint Services Electronics Program. Annual Report (16th). Appendix

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1993-10-01

    Lee and R.J. Burkholder, "A Three-Dimensional Implementation of the Hybrid Ray-FDTD Method for Modeling Electromagnetic Scattering from Electrically ...thin material-coated metallic surfaces. Each of the It is noted that expressions for the constants A1 electrically thin material coatings is modeled by...ElectroSdiece Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering Columbus, Ohio 43212I ODTIC.. . •L•ELECTIE 1 Annual Report Appendix 721563-6 JAN I At ,94

  20. 40 CFR 89.6 - Reference materials.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... July 1, 2009), Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (the Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity), IBR approved for appendix A to subpart D. (6) ASTM D613-95, Standard Test...

  1. 40 CFR 89.6 - Reference materials.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... July 1, 2009), Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (the Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity), IBR approved for appendix A to subpart D. (6) ASTM D613-95, Standard Test...

  2. 40 CFR 89.6 - Reference materials.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... July 1, 2009), Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (the Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity), IBR approved for appendix A to subpart D. (6) ASTM D613-95, Standard Test...

  3. Closed ecological systems: From test tubes to Earth's biosphere

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Frye, Robert J.; Mignon, George

    1992-01-01

    Artificially constructed closed ecological systems (CES) have been researched both experimentally and theoretically for over 25 years. The size of these systems have varied from less than one liter to many thousands of cubic meters in volume. The diversity of the included components has a similarly wide range from purely aquatic systems to soil based systems that incorporate many aspects of Earth's biosphere. While much has been learned about the functioning of these closed systems, much remains to be learned. In this paper, we compare and contrast the behavior of closed ecological systems of widely different sizes through an analysis of their atmospheric composition. In addition, we will compare the performance of relatively small CES with the behavior of Earth's biosphere. We address the applicability of small CES as replicable analogs for planetary biospheres and discuss the use of small CES as an experimental milieu for an examination of the evolution of extra-terrestrial colonies.

  4. Do Low-Income Students Have Equal Access to the Highest-Performing Teachers? Technical Appendix. NCEE 2011-4016

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Glazerman, Steven; Max, Jeffrey

    2011-01-01

    This appendix describes the methods and provides further detail to support the evaluation brief, "Do Low-Income Students Have Equal Access to the Highest-Performing Teachers?" (Contains 8 figures, 6 tables and 5 footnotes.) [For the main report, "Do Low-Income Students Have Equal Access to the Highest-Performing Teachers? NCEE…

  5. 7 CFR 6.37 - Supersedure of Import Regulation 1, Revision 7.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ...,000,000 1,000,000 Other Countries 1 1 1 SWISS OR EMMENTHALER CHEESE WITH EYE FORMATION (SW-NOTE 25) 15... Sum ofAppendix 1 & 2 Appendix 3 Tokyo R. Uruguay R. Harmonized tariffschedule NON-CHEESE ARTICLES...: NON-CHEESE ARTICLES 5,099,673 16,765,108 21,864,781 21,864,781 CHEESE ARTICLES CHEESE AND SUBSTITUTES...

  6. 32 CFR Appendix C to Part 806b - DoD ‘Blanket Routine Uses’

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false DoD âBlanket Routine Usesâ C Appendix C to Part 806b National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE ADMINISTRATION..., discharged, or retired from the Armed Forces, information as to last known residential or home of record...

  7. Coast Guard Deepwater Program: Background, Oversight Issues, and Options for Congress

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2007-02-20

    NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e . TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) Congressional...Appendix E: NGSS Testimony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Appendix F: Lockheed Martin Testimony...stopped at eight hulls (rather than the entire fleet of 49) due to deck cracking, hull buckling, and shaft alignment problems. These patrol boat

  8. 34 CFR Appendix E to Part 674 - Examples for Computing Maximum Penalty Charges (6 Months Unpaid Overdue Payments) on Direct Loans...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... Months Unpaid Overdue Payments) on Direct Loans Made for Periods of Enrollment Before January 1, 1986 E Appendix E to Part 674 Education Regulations of the Offices of the Department of Education (Continued) OFFICE OF POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION, DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION FEDERAL PERKINS LOAN PROGRAM Pt. 674, App. E...

  9. 40 CFR Appendix B to Part 75 - Quality Assurance and Quality Control Procedures

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... transmitters of an orifice-, nozzle-, or venturi-type fuel flowmeter under section 2.1.6 of appendix D to this... nozzle) of an orifice-, venturi-, or nozzle-type fuel flowmeter. Examples of the types of information to..., but ≤200 ppm). The out-of-control period begins upon failure of the calibration error test and ends...

  10. Fundamentals of Plasma Physics

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bellan, Paul M.

    2008-07-01

    Preface; 1. Basic concepts; 2. The Vlasov, two-fluid, and MHD models of plasma dynamics; 3. Motion of a single plasma particle; 4. Elementary plasma waves; 5. Streaming instabilities and the Landau problem; 6. Cold plasma waves in a magnetized plasma; 7. Waves in inhomogeneous plasmas and wave energy relations; 8. Vlasov theory of warm electrostatic waves in a magnetized plasma; 9. MHD equilibria; 10. Stability of static MHD equilibria; 11. Magnetic helicity interpreted and Woltjer-Taylor relaxation; 12. Magnetic reconnection; 13. Fokker-Planck theory of collisions; 14. Wave-particle nonlinearities; 15. Wave-wave nonlinearities; 16. Non-neutral plasmas; 17. Dusty plasmas; Appendix A. Intuitive method for vector calculus identities; Appendix B. Vector calculus in orthogonal curvilinear coordinates; Appendix C. Frequently used physical constants and formulae; Bibliography; References; Index.

  11. A biosphere assessment of high-level radioactive waste disposal in Sweden.

    PubMed

    Kautsky, Ulrik; Lindborg, Tobias; Valentin, Jack

    2015-04-01

    Licence applications to build a repository for the disposal of Swedish spent nuclear fuel have been lodged, underpinned by myriad reports and several broader reviews. This paper sketches out the technical and administrative aspects and highlights a recent review of the biosphere effects of a potential release from the repository. A comprehensive database and an understanding of major fluxes and pools of water and organic matter in the landscape let one envisage the future by looking at older parts of the site. Thus, today's biosphere is used as a natural analogue of possible future landscapes. It is concluded that the planned repository can meet the safety criteria and will have no detectable radiological impact on plants and animals. This paper also briefly describes biosphere work undertaken after the review. The multidisciplinary approach used is relevant in a much wider context and may prove beneficial across many environmental contexts. © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

  12. A Comparison of Aircraft Maintenance Organizational Structures

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1992-09-01

    Outputs ... ...................... 85 Appendix E : Double Cross-Validation ........... 117 Appendix F: Exchange of Independent Variables...splits into three major production branches (6). See Figure 8. 26 Aircraf t Interm ia•’ e Maintenance Off icerzI A ssistantAIKO I 1|A/ant a A Traiing...responsible for all aircraft maintenance activities, see Figure 9 (4:3). rdor ! E •; e Techn•1i Se~rvices Wff oE r I f .1 Bass Airaraf t Iaintenanoc E

  13. Towards understanding the variability in biospheric CO2 fluxes: using FTIR spectrometry and a chemical transport model to investigate the sources and sinks of carbonyl sulfide and its link to CO2

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wang, Yuting; Deutscher, Nicholas M.; Palm, Mathias; Warneke, Thorsten; Notholt, Justus; Baker, Ian; Berry, Joe; Suntharalingam, Parvadha; Jones, Nicholas; Mahieu, Emmanuel; Lejeune, Bernard; Hannigan, James; Conway, Stephanie; Mendonca, Joseph; Strong, Kimberly; Campbell, J. Elliott; Wolf, Adam; Kremser, Stefanie

    2016-02-01

    Understanding carbon dioxide (CO2) biospheric processes is of great importance because the terrestrial exchange drives the seasonal and interannual variability of CO2 in the atmosphere. Atmospheric inversions based on CO2 concentration measurements alone can only determine net biosphere fluxes, but not differentiate between photosynthesis (uptake) and respiration (production). Carbonyl sulfide (OCS) could provide an important additional constraint: it is also taken up by plants during photosynthesis but not emitted during respiration, and therefore is a potential means to differentiate between these processes. Solar absorption Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectrometry allows for the retrievals of the atmospheric concentrations of both CO2 and OCS from measured solar absorption spectra. Here, we investigate co-located and quasi-simultaneous FTIR measurements of OCS and CO2 performed at five selected sites located in the Northern Hemisphere. These measurements are compared to simulations of OCS and CO2 using a chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem). The coupled biospheric fluxes of OCS and CO2 from the simple biosphere model (SiB) are used in the study. The CO2 simulation with SiB fluxes agrees with the measurements well, while the OCS simulation reproduced a weaker drawdown than FTIR measurements at selected sites, and a smaller latitudinal gradient in the Northern Hemisphere during growing season when comparing with HIPPO (HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations) data spanning both hemispheres. An offset in the timing of the seasonal cycle minimum between SiB simulation and measurements is also seen. Using OCS as a photosynthesis proxy can help to understand how the biospheric processes are reproduced in models and to further understand the carbon cycle in the real world.

  14. Analysis of Low-Biomass Microbial Communities in the Deep Biosphere.

    PubMed

    Morono, Y; Inagaki, F

    2016-01-01

    Over the past few decades, the subseafloor biosphere has been explored by scientific ocean drilling to depths of about 2.5km below the seafloor. Although organic-rich anaerobic sedimentary habitats in the ocean margins harbor large numbers of microbial cells, microbial populations in ultraoligotrophic aerobic sedimentary habitats in the open ocean gyres are several orders of magnitude less abundant. Despite advances in cultivation-independent molecular ecological techniques, exploring the low-biomass environment remains technologically challenging, especially in the deep subseafloor biosphere. Reviewing the historical background of deep-biosphere analytical methods, the importance of obtaining clean samples and tracing contamination, as well as methods for detecting microbial life, technological aspects of molecular microbiology, and detecting subseafloor metabolic activity will be discussed. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  15. Tracing the microbial biosphere into the Messinian Salinity Crisis

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Natalicchio, Marcello; Dela Pierre, Francesco; Birgel, Daniel; Lozar, Francesca; Peckmann, Jörn

    2016-04-01

    The Messinian salinity crisis (MSC), one of the largest environmental crises in Earth history, occurred in the Mediterranean Basin about 6 Ma ago. The isolation of the Mediterranean from the Atlantic Ocean caused the transformation of the Mediterranean sea into a giant salina. The establishment of harsh conditions (hypersalinity and anoxia) in the water mass had a strong impact on the aquatic biosphere, resulting in the apparent disappearance of many marine biota. This aspect is however controversial, mostly because of the finding of fossils of biota that actually survived the onset of the MSC. To trace the response of life to this catastrophic event, we studied the microbial biosphere (both body fossils and molecular fossils) archived in the sediments straddling the MSC onset (shales, carbonates and sulphates) from marginal subbasins (Piedmont Basin, northern Italy, and Nijar Basin, southern Spain). Despite the significant reduction of calcareous plankton, the progressive rise of other microorganisms (prokaryotes and eukaryotes) is documented in the studied sediments at the MSC onset. These microorganisms include remains of euryhaline and stenohaline diatoms and filamentous microfossils interpreted as vacuolated sulphide-oxidizing bacteria. This fossil assemblage, which typifies both marginal (gypsum) and more distal (carbonates and shale) deposits, indicates conditions of high primary productivity in the surface waters, favoured by increased nutrient influx in the course of high riverine runoff. Molecular fossils allow tracing of the microbial biosphere into the geological past. The rise of algal compounds (e.g. dinosterol) in the basal MSC deposits (gypsum, carbonate and shales), accompanied by the simultaneous increase of terrigenous organic material (n-alkanes), agree with the eutrophication of the basin. In addition, the MSC deposits show an instant and significant increase of archaeal biomarkers, including the archaeal membrane lipids archaeol and extended archaeol, mostly produced by halophilic archaea, documenting a change toward harsh conditions. The co-occurrence of crenarchaeol, a compound mostly sourced by marine planktic Thaumarchaeota, above the MSC onset indicates that normal marine conditions were still present, probably in the upper water column, which was apparently underlain by a lower hypersaline layer. The local presence of tetrahymanol, a biomarker of ciliates or anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria, confirms water mass stratification, since this compound is predominantly found in stratified water bodies. In conclusion, the comprehensive study of body fossils and molecular fossils from different peripheral Mediterranean subbasins reveals that the onset of the MSC was typified by an expansion of microorganisms. The microbial biosphere archived in the basal MSC sediments agrees with a stratified basin characterized by locally persistent marine conditions.

  16. Earth applications of closed ecological systems: relevance to the development of sustainability in our global biosphere.

    PubMed

    Nelson, M; Allen, J; Alling, A; Dempster, W F; Silverstone, S

    2003-01-01

    The parallels between the challenges facing bioregenerative life support in artificial closed ecological systems and those in our global biosphere are striking. At the scale of the current global technosphere and expanding human population, it is increasingly obvious that the biosphere can no longer safely buffer and absorb technogenic and anthropogenic pollutants. The loss of biodiversity, reliance on non-renewable natural resources, and conversion of once wild ecosystems for human use with attendant desertification/soil erosion, has led to a shift of consciousness and the widespread call for sustainability of human activities. For researchers working on bioregenerative life support in closed systems, the small volumes and faster cycling times than in the Earth's biosphere make it starkly clear that systems must be designed to ensure renewal of water and atmosphere, nutrient recycling, production of healthy food, and safe environmental methods of maintaining technical systems. The development of technical systems that can be fully integrated and supportive of living systems is a harbinger of new perspectives as well as technologies in the global environment. In addition, closed system bioregenerative life support offers opportunities for public education and consciousness changing of how to live with our global biosphere. c2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

  17. The Development and Implementation of a Minimum Objective System in the Hinesburg Elementary School. Hinesburg Elementary School Minimum Objectives for Science, Physical Education, Music, Library. Appendix B: Vol. 3.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Morse, Margaret; And Others

    The appendix to the report of the minimum objective system of the Hinesburg Elementary School (Vermont) includes objectives for science, physical education, music, and library skills, from the kindergarten through grade 6 levels. Most objectives are presented in the format of condition (or task), student behavior, and criteria. Also included are…

  18. On the influence of biomass burning on the seasonal CO2 signal as observed at monitoring stations

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Wittenberg, U.; Heimann, Martin; Esse, G.; McGuire, A.D.; Sauf, W.

    1998-01-01

    We investigated the role of biomass burning in simulating the seasonal signal in both prognostic and diagnostic analyses. The prognostic anaysis involved the High-Resolution Biosphere Model, a prognostic terrestrial biosphere model, and the coupled vegetation fire module, which together produce a prognostic data set of biomass burning. The diagnostic analysis invovled the Simple Diagnostic Biosphere Model (SDBM) and the Hao and Liu [1994] diagnostic data set of bimass burning, which have been scaled to global 2 and 4 Pg C yr-1, respectively. The monthly carbon exchange fields between the atmosphere and the biosphere with a spatial resolution of 0.5?? ?? 0.5??, the seasonal atmosphere-ocean exchange fields, and the emissions from fossil fuels have been coupled to the three-dimensional atmospheric transport model TM2. We have chosen eight monitoring stations of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration network to compare the predicted seasonal atmospheric CO2 signals with those deduced from atmosphere-biosphere carbon exchange fluxes without any contribution from biomass burning. The prognostic analysis and the diagnostic analysis with global burning emissions of 4 Pg C yr-1 agree with respect to the change in the amplitude of the seasonal CO2 concentration introduced through biomass burning. We find that the seasonal CO2 signal at stations in higher northern latitudes (north of 30??N) is marginally influenced by biomass burning. For stations in tropical regions an increase in the CO2 amplitude of more an 1 oppmv (up to 50% with respect to the observed trough to peak amplitude) has been calculated. Biomass burning at stations farther south accounts for an increase in the CO2 amplitude of up to 59% (0.6 ppmv). A change in the phase of the seasonal CO2 signal at tropical and southern stations has been shown to be strongly influenced by the onset of biomass burning in southern tropical Africa and America. Comparing simulated and observed seasonal CO2 signals, we find higher discrepancies at southern troical stations if biomass burning emissions are included. This is caused by the additional increase in the amplitude in the prognostic analysis and a phase shift in a diagnostic analysis. In contrast, at the northern tropical stations biomass burning tends to improve the estimates of the seasonal CO2 signal in the prognostic analysis because of strengthening of the amplitude. Since the SDCM predicts the seasonal CO2 signal resonably well for the northern hemisphere tropical stations, no general improvement of the fit occurs if biomass burning emissions are considered.

  19. An improved land biosphere module for use in the DCESS Earth system model (version 1.1) with application to the last glacial termination

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Eichinger, Roland; Shaffer, Gary; Albarrán, Nelson; Rojas, Maisa; Lambert, Fabrice

    2017-09-01

    Interactions between the land biosphere and the atmosphere play an important role for the Earth's carbon cycle and thus should be considered in studies of global carbon cycling and climate. Simple approaches are a useful first step in this direction but may not be applicable for certain climatic conditions. To improve the ability of the reduced-complexity Danish Center for Earth System Science (DCESS) Earth system model DCESS to address cold climate conditions, we reformulated the model's land biosphere module by extending it to include three dynamically varying vegetation zones as well as a permafrost component. The vegetation zones are formulated by emulating the behaviour of a complex land biosphere model. We show that with the new module, the size and timing of carbon exchanges between atmosphere and land are represented more realistically in cooling and warming experiments. In particular, we use the new module to address carbon cycling and climate change across the last glacial transition. Within the constraints provided by various proxy data records, we tune the DCESS model to a Last Glacial Maximum state and then conduct transient sensitivity experiments across the transition under the application of explicit transition functions for high-latitude ocean exchange, atmospheric dust, and the land ice sheet extent. We compare simulated time evolutions of global mean temperature, pCO2, atmospheric and oceanic carbon isotopes as well as ocean dissolved oxygen concentrations with proxy data records. In this way we estimate the importance of different processes across the transition with emphasis on the role of land biosphere variations and show that carbon outgassing from permafrost and uptake of carbon by the land biosphere broadly compensate for each other during the temperature rise of the early last deglaciation.

  20. Towards understanding the variability in biospheric CO2 fluxes: using FTIR spectrometry and a chemical transport model to investigate the sources and sinks of carbonyl sulfide and its link to CO2

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wang, Y.; Deutscher, N. M.; Palm, M.; Warneke, T.; Notholt, J.; Baker, I.; Berry, J.; Suntharalingam, P.; Jones, N.; Mahieu, E.; Lejeune, B.; Campbell, J. E.; Wolf, A.; Kremser, S.

    2015-09-01

    Understanding carbon dioxide (CO2) biospheric processes is of great importance because the terrestrial exchange drives the seasonal and inter-annual variability of CO2 in the atmosphere. Atmospheric inversions based on CO2 concentration measurements alone can only determine net biosphere fluxes, but not differentiate between photosynthesis (uptake) and respiration (production). Carbonyl sulfide (OCS) could provide an important additional constraint: it is also taken up by plants during photosynthesis but not emitted during respiration, and therefore is a potential mean to differentiate between these processes. Solar absorption Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectrometry allows for the retrievals of the atmospheric concentrations of both CO2 and OCS from measured solar absorption spectra. Here, we investigate co-located and quasi-simultaneous FTIR measurements of OCS and CO2 performed at three selected sites located in the Northern Hemisphere. These measurements are compared to simulations of OCS and CO2 using a chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem). The OCS simulations are driven by different land biospheric fluxes to reproduce the seasonality of the measurements. Increasing the plant uptake of Kettle et al. (2002a) by a factor of three resulted in the best comparison with FTIR measurements. However, there are still discrepancies in the latitudinal distribution when comparing with HIPPO (HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations) data spanning both hemispheres. The coupled biospheric fluxes of OCS and CO2 from the simple biosphere model (SiB) are used in the study and compared to measurements. The CO2 simulation with SiB fluxes agrees with the measurements well, while the OCS simulation reproduced a weaker drawdown than FTIR measurements at selected sites, and a smaller latitudinal gradient in the Northern Hemisphere during growing season. An offset in the timing of the seasonal cycle minimum between SiB simulation and measurements is also seen. Using OCS as a photosynthesis proxy can help to understand how the biospheric processes are reproduced in models and to further understand the carbon cycle in the real world.

  1. Quantifying the influence of the terrestrial biosphere on glacial-interglacial climate dynamics

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Davies-Barnard, Taraka; Ridgwell, Andy; Singarayer, Joy; Valdes, Paul

    2017-10-01

    The terrestrial biosphere is thought to be a key component in the climatic variability seen in the palaeo-record. It has a direct impact on surface temperature through changes in surface albedo and evapotranspiration (so-called biogeophysical effects) and, in addition, has an important indirect effect through changes in vegetation and soil carbon storage (biogeochemical effects) and hence modulates the concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The biogeochemical and biogeophysical effects generally have opposite signs, meaning that the terrestrial biosphere could potentially have played only a very minor role in the dynamics of the glacial-interglacial cycles of the late Quaternary. Here we use a fully coupled dynamic atmosphere-ocean-vegetation general circulation model (GCM) to generate a set of 62 equilibrium simulations spanning the last 120 kyr. The analysis of these simulations elucidates the relative importance of the biogeophysical versus biogeochemical terrestrial biosphere interactions with climate. We find that the biogeophysical effects of vegetation account for up to an additional -0.91 °C global mean cooling, with regional cooling as large as -5 °C, but with considerable variability across the glacial-interglacial cycle. By comparison, while opposite in sign, our model estimates of the biogeochemical impacts are substantially smaller in magnitude. Offline simulations show a maximum of +0.33 °C warming due to an increase of 25 ppm above our (pre-industrial) baseline atmospheric CO2 mixing ratio. In contrast to shorter (century) timescale projections of future terrestrial biosphere response where direct and indirect responses may at times cancel out, we find that the biogeophysical effects consistently and strongly dominate the biogeochemical effect over the inter-glacial cycle. On average across the period, the terrestrial biosphere has a -0.26 °C effect on temperature, with -0.58 °C at the Last Glacial Maximum. Depending on assumptions made about the destination of terrestrial carbon under ice sheets and where sea level has changed, the average terrestrial biosphere contribution over the last 120 kyr could be as much as -50 °C and -0.83 °C at the Last Glacial Maximum.

  2. Group dynamics challenges: Insights from Biosphere 2 experiments

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nelson, Mark; Gray, Kathelin; Allen, John P.

    2015-07-01

    Successfully managing group dynamics of small, physically isolated groups is vital for long duration space exploration/habitation and for terrestrial CELSS (Controlled Environmental Life Support System) facilities with human participants. Biosphere 2 had important differences and shares some key commonalities with both Antarctic and space environments. There were a multitude of stress factors during the first two year closure experiment as well as mitigating factors. A helpful tool used at Biosphere 2 was the work of W.R. Bion who identified two competing modalities of behavior in small groups. Task-oriented groups are governed by conscious acceptance of goals, reality-thinking in relation to time and resources, and intelligent management of challenges. The opposing unconscious mode, the "basic-assumption" ("group animal") group, manifests through Dependency/Kill the Leader, Fight/Flight and Pairing. These unconscious dynamics undermine and can defeat the task group's goal. The biospherians experienced some dynamics seen in other isolated teams: factions developing reflecting personal chemistry and disagreements on overall mission procedures. These conflicts were exacerbated by external power struggles which enlisted support of those inside. Nevertheless, the crew evolved a coherent, creative life style to deal with some of the deprivations of isolation. The experience of the first two year closure of Biosphere 2 vividly illustrates both vicissitudes and management of group dynamics. The crew overrode inevitable frictions to creatively manage both operational and research demands and opportunities of the facility, thus staying 'on task' in Bion's group dynamics terminology. The understanding that Biosphere 2 was their life support system may also have helped the mission to succeed. Insights from the Biosphere 2 experience can help space and remote missions cope successfully with the inherent challenges of small, isolated crews.

  3. The Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization of a Corn Ecosystem's Oxidative Ratio and Its Carbon Cycle Implications

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gallagher, M. E.; Masiello, C. A.; Hockaday, W. C.; McSwiney, C. P.; Robertson, G. P.

    2008-12-01

    One of the most effective ways to estimate the size of carbon sinks in the terrestrial biosphere and oceans is through paired measurements of atmospheric CO2 and O2 concentrations (e.g. (Keeling et al. 1996)). Successful use of this technique requires knowledge of the oxidative ratio (OR) of the terrestrial biosphere (the ratio of moles of O2 released per moles of CO2 consumed in gas fluxes between the terrestrial biosphere and atmosphere.) Historically the terrestrial biosphere's OR has been assumed to be a constant, approximately 1.1 (e.g. Prentice et al. 2001). However, small shifts in the biosphere's OR values can lead to large variations in the calculated sizes of the terrestrial biosphere and ocean carbon sinks (Randerson et al. 2006). We have recently shown that it is possible to measure the OR of biomass to at least +/- 0.01 units (Masiello et al., 2008), and that there is significant natural variability in ecosystem OR. Ecosystem OR is impacted by human activities. In this presentation, we explore the effects of one major form of anthropogenic ecosystem alteration: nitrogen fertilization. We are measuring ecosystem OR in corn agricultural ecosystems under a range of nitrogen fertilization treatments at the Kellogg Biological Station- Long Term Ecological Research Site (KBS-LTER) in Michigan. We measure OR indirectly, through its relationship with organic carbon oxidation state (Cox) (Masiello et al. 2008). Here we present data showing the effects of varying corn ecosystem nitrogen fertilization rates (from 0 to 202 kg N/ha) on ecosystem OR and the implications it will have on apportionment calculations.

  4. Group dynamics challenges: Insights from Biosphere 2 experiments.

    PubMed

    Nelson, Mark; Gray, Kathelin; Allen, John P

    2015-07-01

    Successfully managing group dynamics of small, physically isolated groups is vital for long duration space exploration/habitation and for terrestrial CELSS (Controlled Environmental Life Support System) facilities with human participants. Biosphere 2 had important differences and shares some key commonalities with both Antarctic and space environments. There were a multitude of stress factors during the first two year closure experiment as well as mitigating factors. A helpful tool used at Biosphere 2 was the work of W.R. Bion who identified two competing modalities of behavior in small groups. Task-oriented groups are governed by conscious acceptance of goals, reality-thinking in relation to time and resources, and intelligent management of challenges. The opposing unconscious mode, the "basic-assumption" ("group animal") group, manifests through Dependency/Kill the Leader, Fight/Flight and Pairing. These unconscious dynamics undermine and can defeat the task group's goal. The biospherians experienced some dynamics seen in other isolated teams: factions developing reflecting personal chemistry and disagreements on overall mission procedures. These conflicts were exacerbated by external power struggles which enlisted support of those inside. Nevertheless, the crew evolved a coherent, creative life style to deal with some of the deprivations of isolation. The experience of the first two year closure of Biosphere 2 vividly illustrates both vicissitudes and management of group dynamics. The crew overrode inevitable frictions to creatively manage both operational and research demands and opportunities of the facility, thus staying 'on task' in Bion's group dynamics terminology. The understanding that Biosphere 2 was their life support system may also have helped the mission to succeed. Insights from the Biosphere 2 experience can help space and remote missions cope successfully with the inherent challenges of small, isolated crews. Copyright © 2015 The Committee on Space Research (COSPAR). Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  5. The Race for Space: Tracking Land-Cover Transformation in a Socio-ecological Landscape, South Africa

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Coetzer, Kaera L.; Erasmus, Barend F. N.; Witkowski, Edward T. F.; Reyers, Belinda

    2013-09-01

    Biosphere Reserves attempt to align existing biodiversity conservation with sustainable resource use, specifically for improving socio-economic circumstances of resident communities. Typically, the Biosphere Reserve model is applied to an established landscape mosaic of existing land uses; these are often socio-ecological systems where strict environmental protection and community livelihoods are in conflict, and environmental degradation frequently accompanies "use". This raises challenges for successful implementation of the model, as the reality of the existing land-use mosaic undermines the theoretical aspirations of the Biosphere concept. This study focuses on the Kruger to Canyons Biosphere Reserve (K2C), South Africa; a socio-ecological landscape where formal conservation is juxtaposed against extensive impoverished rural communities. We focus on land-cover changes of the existing land-use mosaic (1993-2006), specifically selected land-cover classes identified as important for biodiversity conservation and local-level resource utilization. We discuss the implications of transformation for conservation, sustainable resource-use, and K2C's functioning as a "Biosphere Reserve". Spatially, changes radiated outward from the settlement expanse, with little regard for the theoretical land-use zonation of the Biosphere Reserve. Settlement growth tracked transport routes, transforming cohesive areas of communal-use rangelands. Given the interdependencies between the settlement population and local environmental resources, the Impacted Vegetation class expanded accordingly, fragmenting the Intact Vegetation class, and merging rangelands. This has serious implications for sustainability of communal harvesting areas, and further transformation of intact habitat. The distribution and magnitude of Intact Vegetation losses raise concerns around connectivity and edge effects, with long-term consequences for ecological integrity of remnant habitat, and K2C's existing network of protected areas.

  6. The Anthropocene: a conspicuous stratigraphical signal of anthropogenic changes in production and consumption across the biosphere

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Williams, Mark; Zalasiewicz, Jan; Waters, Colin N.; Edgeworth, Matt; Bennett, Carys; Barnosky, Anthony D.; Ellis, Erle C.; Ellis, Michael A.; Cearreta, Alejandro; Haff, Peter K.; Ivar do Sul, Juliana A.; Leinfelder, Reinhold; McNeill, John R.; Odada, Eric; Oreskes, Naomi; Revkin, Andrew; Richter, Daniel deB; Steffen, Will; Summerhayes, Colin; Syvitski, James P.; Vidas, Davor; Wagreich, Michael; Wing, Scott L.; Wolfe, Alexander P.; Zhisheng, An

    2016-03-01

    Biospheric relationships between production and consumption of biomass have been resilient to changes in the Earth system over billions of years. This relationship has increased in its complexity, from localized ecosystems predicated on anaerobic microbial production and consumption to a global biosphere founded on primary production from oxygenic photoautotrophs, through the evolution of Eukarya, metazoans, and the complexly networked ecosystems of microbes, animals, fungi, and plants that characterize the Phanerozoic Eon (the last ˜541 million years of Earth history). At present, one species, Homo sapiens, is refashioning this relationship between consumption and production in the biosphere with unknown consequences. This has left a distinctive stratigraphy of the production and consumption of biomass, of natural resources, and of produced goods. This can be traced through stone tool technologies and geochemical signals, later unfolding into a diachronous signal of technofossils and human bioturbation across the planet, leading to stratigraphically almost isochronous signals developing by the mid-20th century. These latter signals may provide an invaluable resource for informing and constraining a formal Anthropocene chronostratigraphy, but are perhaps yet more important as tracers of a biosphere state that is characterized by a geologically unprecedented pattern of global energy flow that is now pervasively influenced and mediated by humans, and which is necessary for maintaining the complexity of modern human societies.

  7. Multiple greenhouse gas feedbacks from the land biosphere under future climate change scenarios

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Stocker, Benjamin; Roth, Raphael; Joos, Fortunat; Spahni, Renato; Steinacher, Marco; Zaehle, Soenke; Bouwman, Lex; Xu-Ri, Xu-Ri; Prentice, Colin

    2013-04-01

    Atmospheric concentrations of the three important greenhouse gases (GHG) CO2, CH4, and N2O are mediated by processes in the terrestrial biosphere. The sensitivity of terrestrial GHG emissions to climate and CO2 contributed to the sharp rise in atmospheric GHG concentrations since preindustrial times and leads to multiple feedbacks between the terrestrial biosphere and the climate system. The strength of these feedbacks is determined by (i) the sensitivity of terrestrial GHG emissions to climate and CO2 and (ii) the greenhouse warming potential of the respective gas. Here, we quantify feedbacks from CO2, CH4, N2O, and land surface albedo in a consistent and comprehensive framework based on a large set of simulations conducted with an Earth System Model of Intermediate Complexity. The modeled sensitivities of CH4 and N2O emissions are tested, demonstrating that independent data for non-land (anthropogenic, oceanic, etc.) GHG emissions, combined with simulated emissions from natural and agricultural land reproduces historical atmospheric budgets within their uncertainties. 21st-century scenarios for climate, land use change and reactive nitrogen inputs (Nr) are applied to investigate future GHG emissions. Results suggest that in a business-as-usual scenario, terrestrial N2O emissions increase from 9.0 by today to 9.8-11.1 (RCP 2.6) and 14.2-17.0 TgN2O-N/yr by 2100 (RCP 8.5). Without anthropogenic Nr inputs, the amplification is reduced by 24-32%. Soil CH4 emissions increase from 221 at present to 228-245 in RCP 2.6 and to 303-343 TgCH4/yr in RCP 8.5, and the land becomes a net source of C by 2100 AD. Feedbacks from land imply an additional warming of 1.3-1.5°C by 2300 in RCP 8.5, 0.4-0.5°C of which are due to N2O and CH4. The combined effect of multiple GHGs and albedo represents an increasingly positive total feedback to anthropogenic climate change with positive individual feedbacks from CH4, N2O, and albedo outweighing the diminishing negative feedback from CO2 fertilisation of terrestrial C storage. This positive feedback from terrestrial biogeochemistry amplifies the traditionally defined physical equilibrium climate sensitivity by 23-28%, Strong mitigation, reducing Nr inputs and preserving natural vegetation limits the amplification of terrestrial GHG emissions and prevents the land biosphere from acting as an increasingly strong amplifier of anthropogenic climate change.

  8. 49 CFR Appendix B to Part 541 - Light Duty Truck Lines With Theft Rates Below the 1990/91 Median Theft Rate, Subject to the...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 6 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Light Duty Truck Lines With Theft Rates Below the 1990/91 Median Theft Rate, Subject to the Requirements of This Standard B Appendix B to Part 541... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE THEFT PREVENTION STANDARD Pt. 541, App. B...

  9. 32 CFR 80.6 - Procedures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... EDUCATION CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES WITHIN THE SECTION 6 SCHOOL ARRANGEMENTS § 80.6 Procedures. (a... children and children with disabilities (3-21 years inclusive) are in appendix B to this part. (c... education provided to, such infant, toddler, preschool child or child, as the case may be. ...

  10. 32 CFR 80.6 - Procedures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... EDUCATION CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES WITHIN THE SECTION 6 SCHOOL ARRANGEMENTS § 80.6 Procedures. (a... children and children with disabilities (3-21 years inclusive) are in appendix B to this part. (c... education provided to, such infant, toddler, preschool child or child, as the case may be. ...

  11. Mars Exobiology: The Principles Behind The Plan For Exploration

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    DesMarais, D. J.; DeVincenzi, Donald L.; Carr, M. H.; Clark, B. C.; Farmer, J. D.; Hayes, J. M.; Holland, H.; Kerridge, J. F.; Klein, H. P.; McDonald, G. D.

    1995-01-01

    The search for evidence of life on Mars is a highly interdisciplinary enterprise which extends beyond the traditional life sciences. Mars conceivably had a pervasive ancient biosphere which may have persisted even to the present, but only in subsurface environments. Understanding the history of Mars' global environment, including its inventory of volatile elements, is a crucial part of the search strategy. Those deposits (minerals, sediments, etc.) which could have and retained a record of earlier biological activity must be identified and examined. While the importance of. seeking another biosphere has not diminished during the years since the Viking mission, the strategy for Mars exploration certainly has been modified by later discoveries. The Viking mission itself demonstrated that the present day surface environment of Mars is hostile to life as we know it. Thus, to search effectively for life on Mars, be it extant or extinct, we now must greatly improve our understanding of Mars the planet. Such an understanding will help us broaden our search beyond the Viking lander sites, both back in time to earlier epochs and elsewhere to other sites and beneath the surface. Exobiology involves much more than simply a search for extant life beyond Earth. It addresses the prospect of long-extinct biospheres and also the chemistry, organic and otherwise, which either led to life or which occurred on rocky planets that remained lifeless. Even a Mars without a biosphere would reveal much about life. How better to understand the origin and impact of a biosphere than to compare Earth with another similar but lifeless planet? Still, several relatively recent discoveries offer encouragement that a Martian biosphere indeed might have existed. The ancient Martian surface was extensively sculptured by volcanism and the activity of liquid water. Such observations invoke impressions of an ancient martian atmosphere and environment that resembled ancient Earth more than present-day Mars. Since Viking, we have learned that our own biosphere began prior to 3.5 billion years ago, during an early period when our solar system apparently was sustaining clement conditions on at least two of its planets. Also, we have found that microorganisms can survive, even flourish, in environments more extreme in temperature and water availability than had been previously recognized. The common ancestor of life on Earth probably was adapted to elevated temperatures, raising the possibility that hydrothermal systems played a central role in sustaining our early biosphere. If a biosphere ever arose on Mars, at least some of its constituents probably dwelled in the subsurface. Even today, conditions on Mars and Earth become more similar with increasing depth beneath their surfaces. For example, under the martian permafrost, the geothermal gradient very likely maintains liquid water in environments which resemble aquifers on Earth. Indigenous bacteria have recently been recovered from deep aquifers on Earth. Liquid groundwater very likely persisted throughout Mars' history. Thus, martian biota, if they ever existed, indeed might have survived in subsurface environments.

  12. Patterns of new versus recycled primary production in the terrestrial biosphere

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability regulate plant productivity throughout the terrestrial biosphere, influencing the patterns and magnitude of net primary production (NPP) by land plants both now and into the future. These nutrients enter ecosystems via geologic and atmospheric pathways, a...

  13. Access 1996: A directory of permanent plots which monitor flora, fauna, climate, hydrology, soil, geology, and the effects of anthropogenic changes at 132 biosphere reserves in 27 countries

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    NONE

    1996-07-01

    This directory summarizes information about environmental data collected in permanent monitoring and research plots in 132 biosphere reserves in Canada, the United States, and 25 European countries. The text of the directory is organized alphabetically by country and, within each country, alphabetically according to the name of the biosphere reserve. Tabular summaries of information on permanent plots are provided. The summaries are organized topically . A general summary of basic information on permanent plots is followed by more detailed information on permanent plots dedicated primarily to monitroing and research on particular topics.

  14. Viral infections as controlling factors for the deep biosphere? (Invited)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Engelen, B.; Engelhardt, T.; Sahlberg, M.; Cypionka, H.

    2009-12-01

    The marine deep biosphere represents the largest biotope on Earth. Throughout the last years, we have obtained interesting insights into its microbial community composition. However, one component that was completely overlooked so far is the viral inventory of deep-subsurface sediments. While viral infections were identified to have a major impact on the benthic microflora of deep-sea surface sediments (Danavaro et al. 2008), no studies were performed on deep-biosphere samples, so far. As grazers probably play only a minor role in anoxic and highly compressed deep sediments, viruses might be the main “predators” for indigenous microorganisms. Furthermore, the release of cell components, called “the viral shunt”, could have a major impact on the deep biosphere in providing labile organic compounds to non-infected microorganisms in these generally nutrient depleted sediments. However, direct counting of viruses in sediments is highly challenging due to the small size of viruses and the high background of small particles. Even molecular surveys using “universal” PCR primers that target phage-specific genes fail due to the vast phage diversity. One solution for this problem is the lysogenic viral life cycle as many bacteriophages integrate their DNA into the host genome. It is estimated that up to 70% of cultivated bacteria contain prophages within their genome. Therefore, culture collections (Batzke et al. 2007) represent an archive of the viral composition within the respective habitat. These prophages can be induced to become free phage particles in stimulation experiments in which the host cells are set under certain stress situations such as a treatment with UV exposure or DNA-damaging antibiotics. The study of the viral component within the deep biosphere offers to answer the following questions: To which extent are deep-biosphere populations controlled by viral infections? What is the inter- and intra-specific diversity and the host-specific viral biogeography? Can viral infections tell us something about the physiological state of indigenous microorganisms? Finally, we will obtain estimates for the viral shunt as an important factor for sustaining the deep biosphere. References: Batzke A, Engelen B, Sass H, Cypionka H (2007) Phylogenetic and physiological diversity of cultured deep-biosphere bacteria from Equatorial Pacific Ocean and Peru Margin sediments. Geomicrobiology J 24:261-273 Danovaro R, Dell'Anno A, Corinaldesi C, Magagnini M, Noble R, Tamburini C, Weinbauer M (2008) Major viral impact on the functioning of benthic deep-sea ecosystems. Nature 454: 1084-U1027.

  15. Design of the NUSC (Naval Underwater System Center) Replacement TCP (transducer Calibration Platform) Mooring for Lake Seneca, Dresden, New York

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1983-05-01

    SMP has sinkers attached to wire rope within the water column. This location of sinkers was not duplicated on the TCP moor because of possible wear and...breaking (new chain) 1-3/4" wire rope breaking strength is approx. 224. kips; F.S. = 6.4 against breaking (new rope) Buoy, dia=9.5’,h=5’ buoy freeboard is...6.4 against breakingconnecting agis 1-3/4" wire rope with J b- chain tails 13 See Appendix B for details of the mooring buoy design and Appendix C

  16. VizieR Online Data Catalog: Comet ion acoustic waves code (Gunell+, 2017)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gunell, H.; Nilsson, H.; Hamrin, M.; Eriksson, A.; Odelstad, E.; Maggiolo, R.; Henri, P.; Vallieres, X.; Altwegg, K.; Tzou, C.-Y.; Rubin, M.; Glassmeier, K.-H.; Stenberg Wieser, G.; Simon Wedlund, C.; de Keyser, J.; Dhooghe, F.; Cessateur, G.; Gibbons, A.

    2017-01-01

    The general package for dispersion relations and fluctuation calculations using simple pole expansions is in the directory named simple. The directory ThisPaper contains files that are specific to the present paper. ThisPaper/startup.m sets up paths and physical constants. ThisPaper/aa16appendix.m plots the figure in the appendix. ThisPaper/aa16figs7to9.m performs the computations behind Figs. 7-9 and plots those figures. ThisPaper/aa16fig6.m performs the computations behind Fig. 6 and plots it. (2 data files).

  17. Bedside Ultrasonography as an Adjunct to Routine Evaluation of Acute Appendicitis in the Emergency Department

    PubMed Central

    Lam, Samuel H.F.; Grippo, Anthony; Kerwin, Chistopher; Konicki, P. John; Goodwine, Diana; Lambert, Michael J.

    2014-01-01

    Introduction Appendicitis is a common condition presenting to the emergency department (ED). Increasingly emergency physicians (EP) are using bedside ultrasound (BUS) as an adjunct diagnostic tool. Our objective is to investigate the test characteristics of BUS for the diagnosis of appendicitis and identify components of routine ED workup and BUS associated with the presence of appendicitis. Methods Patients four years of age and older presenting to the ED with suspected appendicitis were eligible for enrollment. After informed consent was obtained, BUS was performed on the subjects by trained EPs who had undergone a minimum of one-hour didactic training on the use of BUS to diagnose appendicitis. They then recorded elements of clinical history, physical examination, white blood cell count (WBC) with polymophonuclear percentage (PMN), and BUS findings on a data form. We ascertained subject outcomes by a combination of medical record review and telephone follow-up. Results A total of 125 subjects consented for the study, and 116 had adequate image data for final analysis. Prevalence of appendicitis was 40%. Mean age of the subjects was 20.2 years, and 51% were male. BUS was 100% sensitive (95% CI 87–100%) and 32% specific (95% CI 14–57%) for detection of appendicitis, with a positive predictive value of 72% (95% CI 56–84%), and a negative predictive value of 100% (95% CI 52–100%). Assuming all non-diagnostic studies were negative would yield a sensitivity of 72% and specificity of 81%. Subjects with appendicitis had a significantly higher occurrence of anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and a higher WBC and PMN count when compared to those without appendicitis. Their BUS studies were significantly more likely to result in visualization of the appendix, appendix diameter >6mm, appendix wall thickness >2mm, periappendiceal fluid, visualization of the appendix tip, and sonographic Mcburney’s sign (p<0.05). In subjects with diagnostic BUS studies, WBC, PMN, visualization of appendix, appendix diameter >6mm, appendix wall thickness >2mm, periappendiceal fluid were found to be predictors of appendicitis on logistic regression. Conclusion BUS is moderately useful for appendicitis diagnosis. We also identified several components in routine ED workup and BUS that are associated with appendicitis generating hypothesis for future studies. PMID:25493122

  18. Measuring volatile organic compounds and stable isotopes emitted from trees and soils of the Biosphere 2 Rainforest

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Meraz, J. C.; Meredith, L. K.; Van Haren, J. L. M.; Volkmann, T. H. M.

    2017-12-01

    Rainforest trees and soils play an important role in volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. It is known that many rainforest tree species emit these organic compounds, such as terpenes, which can have an impact on the atmosphere and can be indicative of their metabolic functions. Some VOCs also absorb infrared radiation at wavelengths at which water isotopes are measured with laser spectrometers. Normal concentrations are not high enough for ambient sampling, but increased concentrations resulting from soil and plant samples extracted using equilibrium methods affect observed isotope ratios. There is thus a need to characterize volatile emissions from soil and plant samples, and to develop better methods to account for VOC interference during water isotope measurements. In this study, we collected soil and leaf samples from plants of the Biosphere 2 Rainforest Biome, a mesocosm system created to stimulate natural tropical rainforest habitats . Volatile concentrations were measured using a Gasmet DX4015 FTIR analyzer and a custom sampling system with sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) used as a tracer gas to test for leakage, and a commercial laser spectrometer was used for isotopic analysis. We determined that the different types of tree species emit different kinds of VOCs, such as isoprenes, alcohols, and aldehydes, that will potentially have to be accounted for. This study will help build the understanding of which organic compounds are emitted and develop new methods to test for water isotopes and gas fluxes in clear and precise measures. Such measures can help characterize the functioning of environmental systems such as the Biosphere 2 Rainforest Biome.

  19. De Novo Chromosome Copy Number Variation in Fanconi Anemia-Associated Hematopoietic Defects

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2012-04-01

    Appendix 1. Expansion of monoclonal populations of FA-A hTERT and FA-A + FANCA hTERT cells Appendix 2. Expansion of monoclonal populations of FA...marrow failure (BMF) and pronounced cancer susceptibility. The FA proteins and the major breast cancer susceptibility gene products BRCA1 and BRCA2...Correction of FA-A, FA-C, and FA-D2 hTERT cells with pLenti6.2/V5- FANCA , -FANCC, and FANCD2, respectively. Sub-task 1. Selection and expansion of clonal

  20. Deterioration of Synthetic Fiber Rope during Marine Usage. Appendix A.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1981-12-31

    Rigidity, Moisture and Fibre Structure, JTI 48(6), T163-%174 (1957). R394 Khosla, N.K., Shrinkage Properties of Continuous Filament Yarns with Different...8217D-Ai3i 685 DETERIORATION OF SYNTHETIC FIBER ROPE DURING MARINE i/i USAGE APPENDIX AU) MASSACHUSETTS INST OF TECH CAMBRIDGE S BACKER ET AL. 31 DEC...79 70A -. - - DETERIORATION OF SYNTHETIC FIBER ROPE DURING MARINE USAGE -- APPNDIX A PROGRESS REPORT PROJECT R/T-11 PERIOD JANUARY 1 - DECEMBER 31

  1. North Seeking Gyrocompass.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1981-01-01

    ENVIRONMENTAL TEST SPECIFICATION FOR GIMBAL MOUNT 67 2 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Title Page 1 NFM Mounted on NSG Gimbals 6 2 NSG Family Tree 9 3 NFM...has a rating of .45 ampere-hours and can provide up to 30 northings on one charge. The NSG is designed to operate either on the vehicle batery or the BB...is included in Appendix B. The acceptance test requirements for the NFM are presented in Appendix C. The environmental test specification for the NSG

  2. In Situ/On-Site Biodegradation of Refined Oils and Fuels (A Technology Review). Volume 3. Appendices B to F.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1992-06-01

    streams (Oxitron system). The system combines the features of activated sludge and fixed-film biological processes (see Appendix F, Biotechnologies...contaminated aqueous streams. The system combines the features of activated sludge and fixed-film biological processes (see Appendix F, Biotechnologies in... marine oil spills have been estimated to average $6.50/gal of spilled oil (Bartha and Atlas, 1977). This translates to roughly $2000 per metric ton

  3. Airpower in Counterinsurgency (COIN) Operations: Considerations for Low-Tech Aircraft for Effective Close Air Support in COIN

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2011-03-30

    light attack armed reconnaissance (LAAR) aircraft such as: OV-lOX, Super Bronco ; Embraer, Super Tucano; Hawker-Beechcraft, AT-6; Air Tractor, AT-802...37 Appendix D: Boeing, OV-JOX "Super Bronco " .......................................................................... 39 Appendix E...1960s, and the Salvadorans of the A-37 in El Salvador in the 1980s. In all three of these conflicts, the light attack aircraft have proven to be

  4. Reaching for Excellence.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Wright, Emmett L.; Perna, Jack A.

    1992-01-01

    Presents the four program goals for biology set forth in the National Science Teacher Association's "A Focus on Excellence: Biology Revisited" to (1) address biosphere, human society, and individual needs; (2) encourage students to experience, understand, and appreciate of natural systems; (3) apply the basic concept of the biosphere; and (4)…

  5. Preindustrial nitrous oxide emissions from the land biosphere estimated by using a global biogeochemistry model

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Xu, Rongting; Tian, Hanqin; Lu, Chaoqun; Pan, Shufen; Chen, Jian; Yang, Jia; Zhang, Bowen

    2017-07-01

    To accurately assess how increased global nitrous oxide (N2O) emission has affected the climate system requires a robust estimation of the preindustrial N2O emissions since only the difference between current and preindustrial emissions represents net drivers of anthropogenic climate change. However, large uncertainty exists in previous estimates of preindustrial N2O emissions from the land biosphere, while preindustrial N2O emissions on the finer scales, such as regional, biome, or sector scales, have not been well quantified yet. In this study, we applied a process-based Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM) to estimate the magnitude and spatial patterns of preindustrial N2O fluxes at the biome, continental, and global level as driven by multiple environmental factors. Uncertainties associated with key parameters were also evaluated. Our study indicates that the mean of the preindustrial N2O emission was approximately 6.20 Tg N yr-1, with an uncertainty range of 4.76 to 8.13 Tg N yr-1. The estimated N2O emission varied significantly at spatial and biome levels. South America, Africa, and Southern Asia accounted for 34.12, 23.85, and 18.93 %, respectively, together contributing 76.90 % of global total emission. The tropics were identified as the major source of N2O released into the atmosphere, accounting for 64.66 % of the total emission. Our multi-scale estimates provide a robust reference for assessing the climate forcing of anthropogenic N2O emission from the land biosphere

  6. Introduction to Econophysics

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mantegna, Rosario N.; Stanley, H. Eugene

    2007-08-01

    Preface; 1. Introduction; 2. Efficient market hypothesis; 3. Random walk; 4. Lévy stochastic processes and limit theorems; 5. Scales in financial data; 6. Stationarity and time correlation; 7. Time correlation in financial time series; 8. Stochastic models of price dynamics; 9. Scaling and its breakdown; 10. ARCH and GARCH processes; 11. Financial markets and turbulence; 12. Correlation and anti-correlation between stocks; 13. Taxonomy of a stock portfolio; 14. Options in idealized markets; 15. Options in real markets; Appendix A: notation guide; Appendix B: martingales; References; Index.

  7. Mars Analog Rio Tinto Experiment (MARTE): 2003 Drilling Campaign to Search for a Subsurface Biosphere at Rio Tinto Spain

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Stoker, C.; Dunagan, S.; Stevens, T.; Amils, R.; Gómez-Elvira, J.; Fernández, D.; Hall, J.; Lynch, K.; Cannon, H.; Zavaleta, J.; Glass, B.; Lemke, L.

    2004-03-01

    The results of an drilling experiment to search for a subsurface biosphere in a pyritic mineral deposit at Rio Tinto, Spain, are described. The experiment provides ground truth for a simulation of a Mars drilling mission to search for subsurface life.

  8. A global biogeocenotical biosphere simulation

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Moiseyev, N. N.

    1980-01-01

    This model of the D. Forrester type, constructed in differential equations, predicts the food and mineral supply for the factors biosphere population, depending on two socio-economic factors, until about the year 2500. If contemporary rates of natural resources utilization are maintained and there is no management of the environment, food resources will begin to limit human population growth after 2200, and mineral resources will after 2300. A decrease in the biosphere pollution, increase in effective agricultural production, and discovery of new energy sources may forestall or completely avert the onset of a crisis situation. Conservation measures, according to the model, are to a considerable extent realizable only if carried out simultaneously in both areas.

  9. The Role of Biosphere Reserves in Environmental Education and Training = Le Role des reserves de la biosphere dans l'education et la formation environnementales. Report of the Unesco/MAB Symposium Held During the Unesco/UNEP International Congress on Environmental Education and Training (Moscow, USSR, August 17-21, 1987). Report 20.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Francis, George, Ed.

    Environmental education and training have been key elements of Unesco's Program on Man and the Biosphere (MAB) since its inception in 1971. The MAB Program is an intergovernmental program of research, training, demonstration and distribution of information, aimed at providing the scientific background and the trained personnel to deal with…

  10. Ecology and exploration of the rare biosphere.

    PubMed

    Lynch, Michael D J; Neufeld, Josh D

    2015-04-01

    The profound influence of microorganisms on human life and global biogeochemical cycles underlines the value of studying the biogeography of microorganisms, exploring microbial genomes and expanding our understanding of most microbial species on Earth: that is, those present at low relative abundance. The detection and subsequent analysis of low-abundance microbial populations—the 'rare biosphere'—have demonstrated the persistence, population dynamics, dispersion and predation of these microbial species. We discuss the ecology of rare microbial populations, and highlight molecular and computational methods for targeting taxonomic 'blind spots' within the rare biosphere of complex microbial communities.

  11. Reconnecting to the biosphere.

    PubMed

    Folke, Carl; Jansson, Asa; Rockström, Johan; Olsson, Per; Carpenter, Stephen R; Chapin, F Stuart; Crépin, Anne-Sophie; Daily, Gretchen; Danell, Kjell; Ebbesson, Jonas; Elmqvist, Thomas; Galaz, Victor; Moberg, Fredrik; Nilsson, Måns; Osterblom, Henrik; Ostrom, Elinor; Persson, Asa; Peterson, Garry; Polasky, Stephen; Steffen, Will; Walker, Brian; Westley, Frances

    2011-11-01

    Humanity has emerged as a major force in the operation of the biosphere, with a significant imprint on the Earth System, challenging social-ecological resilience. This new situation calls for a fundamental shift in perspectives, world views, and institutions. Human development and progress must be reconnected to the capacity of the biosphere and essential ecosystem services to be sustained. Governance challenges include a highly interconnected and faster world, cascading social-ecological interactions and planetary boundaries that create vulnerabilities but also opportunities for social-ecological change and transformation. Tipping points and thresholds highlight the importance of understanding and managing resilience. New modes of flexible governance are emerging. A central challenge is to reconnect these efforts to the changing preconditions for societal development as active stewards of the Earth System. We suggest that the Millennium Development Goals need to be reframed in such a planetary stewardship context combined with a call for a new social contract on global sustainability. The ongoing mind shift in human relations with Earth and its boundaries provides exciting opportunities for societal development in collaboration with the biosphere--a global sustainability agenda for humanity.

  12. Exploring frontiers of the deep biosphere through scientific ocean drilling

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Inagaki, F.; D'Hondt, S.; Hinrichs, K. U.

    2015-12-01

    Since the first deep biosphere-dedicated Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 201 using the US drill ship JOIDES Resolution in 2002, scientific ocean drilling has offered unique opportunities to expand our knowledge of the nature and extent of the deep biosphere. The latest estimate of the global subseafloor microbial biomass is ~1029cells, accounting for 4 Gt of carbon and ~1% of the Earth's total living biomass. The subseafloor microbial communities are evolutionarily diverse and their metabolic rates are extraordinarily slow. Nevertheless, accumulating activity most likely plays a significant role in elemental cycles over geological time. In 2010, during Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 329, the JOIDES Resolutionexplored the deep biosphere in the open-ocean South Pacific Gyre—the largest oligotrophic province on our planet. During Expedition 329, relatively high concentrations of dissolved oxygen and significantly low biomass of microbial populations were observed in the entire sediment column, indicating that (i) there is no limit to life in open-ocean sediment and (ii) a significant amount of oxygen reaches through the sediment to the upper oceanic crust. This "deep aerobic biosphere" inhabits the sediment throughout up to ~37 percent of the world's oceans. The remaining ~63 percent of the oceans is comprised of higher productivity areas that contain the "deep anaerobic biosphere". In 2012, during IODP Expedition 337, the Japanese drill ship Chikyu explored coal-bearing sediments down to 2,466 meters below the seafloor off the Shimokita Peninsula, Japan. Geochemical and microbiological analyses consistently showed the occurrence of methane-producing communities associated with the coal beds. Cell concentrations in deep sediments were notably lower than those expected from the global regression line, implying that the bottom of the deep biosphere is approached in these beds. Taxonomic composition of the deep coal-bearing communities profoundly differs from those in shallower marine sediments and instead resembles organotrophic communities in forest soils. These findings suggest that the terrigenous microbial ecosystem has been partly retained from the original depositional setting over 20 million years and contributed to deep carbon cycling ever since.

  13. A new technique for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis: abdominal CT with compression to the right lower quadrant.

    PubMed

    Kılınçer, Abidin; Akpınar, Erhan; Erbil, Bülent; Ünal, Emre; Karaosmanoğlu, Ali Devrim; Kaynaroğlu, Volkan; Akata, Deniz; Özmen, Mustafa

    2017-08-01

    To determine the diagnostic accuracy of abdominal CT with compression to the right lower quadrant (RLQ) in adults with acute appendicitis. 168 patients (age range, 18-78 years) were included who underwent contrast-enhanced CT for suspected appendicitis performed either using compression to the RLQ (n = 71) or a standard protocol (n = 97). Outer diameter of the appendix, appendiceal wall thickening, luminal content and associated findings were evaluated in each patient. Kruskal-Wallis, Fisher's and Pearson's chi-squared tests were used for statistical analysis. There was no significant difference in the mean outer diameter (MOD) between compression CT scans (10.6 ± 1.9 mm) and standard protocol (11.2 ± 2.3 mm) in patients with acute appendicitis (P = 1). MOD was significantly lower in the compression group (5.2 ± 0.8 mm) compared to the standard protocol (6.5 ± 1.1 mm) (P < 0.01) in patients without appendicitis. A cut-off value of 6.75 mm for the outer diameter of the appendix was found to be 100% sensitive in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis for both groups. The specificity was higher for compression CT technique (67.7 vs. 94.9%). Normal appendix diameter was significantly smaller in the compression-CT group compared to standard-CT group, increasing diagnostic accuracy of abdominal compression CT. • Normal appendix diameter is significantly smaller in compression CT. • Compression could force contrast material to flow through the appendiceal lumen. • Compression CT may be a CT counterpart of graded compression US.

  14. Hadal biosphere: Insight into the microbial ecosystem in the deepest ocean on Earth

    PubMed Central

    Nunoura, Takuro; Takaki, Yoshihiro; Hirai, Miho; Shimamura, Shigeru; Makabe, Akiko; Koide, Osamu; Kikuchi, Tohru; Miyazaki, Junichi; Koba, Keisuke; Yoshida, Naohiro; Sunamura, Michinari; Takai, Ken

    2015-01-01

    Hadal oceans at water depths below 6,000 m are the least-explored aquatic biosphere. The Challenger Deep, located in the western equatorial Pacific, with a water depth of ∼11 km, is the deepest ocean on Earth. Microbial communities associated with waters from the sea surface to the trench bottom (0 ∼10,257 m) in the Challenger Deep were analyzed, and unprecedented trench microbial communities were identified in the hadal waters (6,000 ∼10,257 m) that were distinct from the abyssal microbial communities. The potentially chemolithotrophic populations were less abundant in the hadal water than those in the upper abyssal waters. The emerging members of chemolithotrophic nitrifiers in the hadal water that likely adapt to the higher flux of electron donors were also different from those in the abyssal waters that adapt to the lower flux of electron donors. Species-level niche separation in most of the dominant taxa was also found between the hadal and abyssal microbial communities. Considering the geomorphology and the isolated hydrotopographical nature of the Mariana Trench, we hypothesized that the distinct hadal microbial ecosystem was driven by the endogenous recycling of organic matter in the hadal waters associated with the trench geomorphology. PMID:25713387

  15. Inhabitants' environmental perceptions in the city of Rome within the framework for urban biosphere reserves of the UNESCO programme on man and biosphere.

    PubMed

    Bonnes, Mirilia; Carrus, Giuseppe; Bonaiuto, Marino; Fornara, Ferdinando; Passafaro, Paola

    2004-06-01

    The article presents the main tenets of the UNESCO Programme on Man and Biosphere (MAB), launched by the United Nations at the beginning of the 1970s. The program aimed at supporting applied research and scientific knowledge for managing natural resources in a rational and sustainable way. The implication of the full ecological perspective, typical of the MAB, for promoting multidisciplinary and integrated approaches in the study of environmental issues is briefly outlined. In particular, we point out the role of the MAB, through the biosphere reserve concept, in supporting the collaboration between natural-biological and social-behavioral sciences when dealing with biodiversity conservation problems and with urban ecosystems. Then, the specific UNESCO-MAB Project on the city of Rome, launched at the end of the 1980s, is briefly presented, together with the recent project of the Department of the Environment of the Rome Municipality to propose Rome's urban and periurban green areas as a new UNESCO-MAB Biosphere Reserve. The results of the main research activities conducted therein are summarized. In particular, the specific research lines of the environmental psychology research group, involved in the MAB-Rome Project for approximately two decades, are presented. These research lines dealt with various aspects of residents' environmental perceptions and behaviors in the city of Rome. The practical implications of these results are also briefly discussed.

  16. Impact of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake on river organic carbon provenance: Insight from biomarkers

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wang, Jin; Feng, Xiaojuan; Hilton, Robert; Jin, Zhangdong; Ma, Tian; Zhang, Fei; Li, Gen; Densmore, Alexander; West, A. Joshua

    2017-04-01

    Large earthquakes can trigger widespread landslides in active mountain belts, which can mobilize biospheric organic carbon (OC) from the soil and vegetation. Rivers can erode and export biospheric particulate organic carbon (POC), which is an export of ecosystem productivity and may result in a CO2 sink if buried in sedimentary deposits. Our previous work showed that the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake increased the discharge of biospheric OC by rivers, due to the increased supply by earthquake triggered landslides (Wang et al., 2016). However, while the OC derived from sedimentary rocks could be accounted for, the source of biospheric OC in rivers before and after the earthquake remains poorly constrained. Here we use suspended sediment samples collected from the Zagunao River before and after the Wenchuan earthquake and measured the specific compounds of OC, including fatty acids, lignin phenols and glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT) lipids. In combination with the analysis of bulk elemental concentration (C and N) and carbon isotopic ratio, the new data shows differential export patterns for OC components derived from varied terrestrial sources. A high frequency sampling enabled us to explore how the biospheric OC source changes following the earthquake, helping to better understand the link between active tectonics and the carbon cycle. Our results are also important in revealing how sedimentary biomarker records may record past earthquakes.

  17. 30 CFR Appendix I to Subpart D of... - Appendix I to Subpart D of Part 18

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 60 °C. copper temperature (40 °C. ambient) Resistance at 60 °C. copper temperature (ohms) 6 550 50 0... Temperature—40 °C. Ambient) Conductor size—AWG or MCM Single conductor 2-conductor, round or flat 3-conductor... 2—Portable Cord Ampacities—600 Volts (Amperes Per Conductor Based on 60 °C. Copper Temperature—40 °C...

  18. The Large, the Small and the Human Mind

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Penrose, Roger; Longair, Malcolm; Abner Shimony, With; Cartwright, Nancy; Hawking, Stephen

    2000-05-01

    Foreword Malcolm Longair; 1. Space-time and cosmology Roger Penrose; 2. The mysteries of quantum physics Roger Penrose; 3. Physics and the mind Roger Penrose; 4. On mentality, quantum mechanics and the actualization of potentialities Abner Shimony; 5. Why physics? Nancy Cartwright; 6. The objections of an unashamed reductionist Stephen Hawking; 7. Response Roger Penrose; Appendix I: Goodstein's theorm and mathematical thinking; Appendix II: Experiments to test gravitationally induced state reduction.

  19. Operation GREENHOUSE. Scientific Director’s Report of Atomic Weapon Tests at Eniwetok, 1951. Annex 1.3. Thermal Radiation Measurements. Part 1. Atmospheric Transmission. Part 2. Total Thermal Radiation. Part 3. Radiant Power as a Function of Time--Photoelectric Measurements. Appendix A and Appendix B

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1985-09-01

    derived in the article by Stewart and Curcio. 1 In this expression, e is the angular diameter (in radians) of the field of view of the detecting...t dt = Ftdt (1) where t is the angular deflection of the galvanometer at time t; Ft is the radiant thermal en- ergy, in watts/cm’, incident n the...tits igl~ *ING ma Z.9 .Io - OEaM, * ’Uv I 82* 16. 6 O~vS v 4.vS I 0.0 vst , SO- L900 6 IS* los - low tows S~ wows; V. ) S .14t; .6;slows -~ ’.3 ’.3

  20. Exploration of a Subsurface Biosphere in a Volcanic Massive Sulfide: Results of the Mars Analog Rio Tinto Drilling Experiment

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Stoker, C. R.; Stevens, T.; Amils, R.; Fernandez, D.

    2005-12-01

    Biological systems on Earth require three key ingredients-- liquid water, an energy source, and a carbon source, that are found in very few extraterrestrial environments. Previous examples of independent subsurface ecosystems have been found only in basalt aquifers. Such lithotrophic microbial ecosystems (LME) have been proposed as models for steps in the early evolution of Earth's biosphere and for potential biospheres on other planets where the surface is uninhabitable, such as Mars and Europa.. The Mars Analog Rio Tinto Experiment (MARTE) has searched in a volcanic massive sulfide deposit in Rio Tinto Spain for a subsurface biosphere capable of living without sunlight or oxygen and found a subsurface ecosystem driven by the weathering of the massive sulfide deposit (VMS) in which the rock matrix provides sufficient resources to support microbial metabolism, including the vigorous production of H2 by water-rock interactions. Microbial production of methane and sulfate occurred in the sulfide orebody and microbial production of methane and hydrogen sulfide continued in an anoxic plume downgradient from the sulfide ore. Organic carbon concentrations in the parent rock were too low to support microbes. The Rio Tinto system thus represents a new type of subsurface ecosystem with strong relevance for exobiological studies. Commercial drilling was used to reach the aquifer system at 100 m depth and conventional laboratory techniques were used to identify and characterize the biosphere. Then, the life search strategy that led to successful identification of this biosphere was applied to the development of a robotic drilling, core handling, inspection, subsampling, and life detection system built on a prototype planetary lander that was deployed in Rio Tinto Spain in September 2005 to test the capability of a robotic drilling system to search for subsurface life. A remote science team directed the simulation and analyzed the data from the MARTE robotic drill. The results of this experiment have important implications for the strategy for searching for life on Mars.

  1. 15 CFR Appendix A to Part 950 - Schedule of User Fees for Access to NOAA Environmental Data

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... In-Situ Digital Data 6.00 (*) Data Poster 18.00 18.00 Shipping Service for orders totaling less than...: NEXRAD Doppler Radar Color Prints 17.00 14.00 Paper Copy from Electronic Media 6.00 6.00 Offline In-Situ...

  2. The potential impacts of nutrient and CO2 variations on ecosystem oxidative ratio

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    A fraction of fossil fuel carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are being taken up by the terrestrial biosphere and the oceans. One particularly effective way of determining the sizes of these terrestrial biosphere and ocean carbon sinks is based on the measurements of changes in atmospheric oxygen (O2) a...

  3. Biological life-support systems for Mars mission.

    PubMed

    Gitelson, J I

    1992-01-01

    Mars mission like the Lunar base is the first venture to maintain human life beyond earth biosphere. So far, all manned space missions including the longest ones used stocked reserves and can not be considered egress from biosphere. Conventional path proposed by technology for Martian mission LSS is to use physical-chemical approaches proved by the experience of astronautics. But the problem of man living beyond the limits of the earth biosphere can be fundamentally solved by making a closed ecosystem for him. The choice optimum for a Mars mission LSS can be substantiated by comparing the merits and demerits of physical-chemical and biological principles without ruling out possible compromise between them. The work gives comparative analysis of ecological and physical-chemical principles for LSS. Taking into consideration universal significance of ecological problems with artificial LSS as a particular case of their solution, complexity and high cost of large-scale experiments with manned LSS, it would be expedient for these works to have the status of an International Program open to be joined. A program of making artificial biospheres based on preceding experience and analysis of current situation is proposed.

  4. Comparing the effectiveness of monetary versus moral motives in environmental campaigning

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bolderdijk, J. W.; Steg, L.; Geller, E. S.; Lehman, P. K.; Postmes, T.

    2013-04-01

    Environmental campaigns often promote energy conservation by appealing to economic (for example, lower electricity bills) rather than biospheric concerns (for example, reduced carbon emissions), assuming that people are primarily motivated by economic self-interest. However, people also care about maintaining a favourable view of themselves (they want to maintain a `positive self-concept'), and may prefer to see themselves as `green' rather than `greedy'. Consequently, people may find economic appeals less attractive than biospheric appeals. Across two studies, participants indicated feeling better about biospheric (`Want to protect the environment? Check your car's tire pressure') than economic (`Want to save money? Check your car's tire pressure') tyre-check appeals. In a field experiment, we found that an economic tyre-check appeal (`Do you care about your finances? Get a free tire check') elicited significantly less compliance than parallel biospheric and neutral appeals. Together, these studies discredit the conventional wisdom that appealing to economic self-interest is the best way to secure behaviour change. At least in some cases, our studies suggest, this strategy is not effective.

  5. A comparison between the example reference biosphere model ERB 2B and a process-based model: simulation of a natural release scenario.

    PubMed

    Almahayni, T

    2014-12-01

    The BIOMASS methodology was developed with the objective of constructing defensible assessment biospheres for assessing potential radiological impacts of radioactive waste repositories. To this end, a set of Example Reference Biospheres were developed to demonstrate the use of the methodology and to provide an international point of reference. In this paper, the performance of the Example Reference Biosphere model ERB 2B associated with the natural release scenario, discharge of contaminated groundwater to the surface environment, was evaluated by comparing its long-term projections of radionuclide dynamics and distribution in a soil-plant system to those of a process-based, transient advection-dispersion model (AD). The models were parametrised with data characteristic of a typical rainfed winter wheat crop grown on a sandy loam soil under temperate climate conditions. Three safety-relevant radionuclides, (99)Tc, (129)I and (237)Np with different degree of sorption were selected for the study. Although the models were driven by the same hydraulic (soil moisture content and water fluxes) and radiological (Kds) input data, their projections were remarkably different. On one hand, both models were able to capture short and long-term variation in activity concentration in the subsoil compartment. On the other hand, the Reference Biosphere model did not project any radionuclide accumulation in the topsoil and crop compartments. This behaviour would underestimate the radiological exposure under natural release scenarios. The results highlight the potential role deep roots play in soil-to-plant transfer under a natural release scenario where radionuclides are released into the subsoil. When considering the relative activity and root depth profiles within the soil column, much of the radioactivity was taken up into the crop from the subsoil compartment. Further improvements were suggested to address the limitations of the Reference Biosphere model presented in this paper. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  6. Biospheres and solar system exploration

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Paine, Thomas O.

    1990-01-01

    The implications of biosphere technology is briefly examined. The exploration status and prospects of each world in the solar system is briefly reviewed, including the asteroid belt, the moon, and comets. Five program elements are listed as particularly critical for future interplanetary operations during the coming extraterrestrial century. They include the following: (1) a highway to Space (earth orbits); (2) Orbital Spaceports to support spacecraft assembly, storage, repair, maintenance, refueling, launch, and recovery; (3) a Bridge Between Worlds to transport cargo and crews to the moon and beyond to Mars; (4) Prospecting and Resource Utilization Systems to map and characterize the resources of planets, moons, and asteroids; and (5) Closed Ecology Biospheres. The progress in these five field is reviewed.

  7. Agent Reasoning Transparency: The Influence of Information Level on Automation-Induced Complacency

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2017-06-30

    Surveys and Tests 16 3.3.4 Experimental Design and Performance Measures 19 3.3.5 Procedure 21 3.4 Results 23 3.4.1 Complacent behavior, Primary Task...Method 57 4.3.1 Participants 57 4.3.2 Apparatus 57 4.3.3 Surveys and Tests 57 4.3.4 Experimental Design and Performance Measures 58 4.3.5...Discussion 115 5.5 Conclusion 119 6. References 120 Appendix A. Demographics Questionnaire 127 Appendix B. Attentional Control Survey 129

  8. Evaluation of Weapons’ Combustion Products in Armored Vehicles. Appendix A: Sampling and Analysis Methods. Appendix B: Analytical Data

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1989-01-01

    25 wt % Solid Sorbent Collection solution in water 1. Glass tubing (6.0 mm OD, (Aldrich G400-y or equivalent) 4.0 mm ID) 2. 2,4- Dinitrophenylhydrazine ... dinitrophenylhydrazine in boiling 4M HCI. When the DNPH has dissolved completely, cool the Folution in an ice bath. Collect the yellow crystalline precipitate... dinitrophenylhydrazine . Add the aldehyde in excess to assure that no underivatized DNPH remains. Extract the derivative with dichloromethane. Remove the

  9. Using archived ITS data to measure the operational benefits of a system-wide adaptive ramp metering system : appendix online 10 : OR\\0x2010217 NB ramp flow & ML speed-flow plots.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2008-12-01

    The appendix includes various ramp flow and ML speed-flow plots: OR-217 NB, 72nd MP 6.61; OR-217 NB, 99W-EB MP 5.9; OR-217 NB, 99W-WB MP 5.85; OR-217 NB, Greenburg MP 4.65; OR-217 NB, Scholls MP 3.85; OR-217 NB, Denney MP 2.68; OR-217 NB, Allen MP 2....

  10. Physical and performance characteristics of instruments selected for global change monitoring

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Allen, Cheryl L.

    1991-01-01

    The following appendix (appendix B) lists the instruments chosen for the Global Change Monitoring program. The instruments are described according to the following categories: (1) Title; (2) Measurement; (3) Contact; (4) Instrument Type; (5) Dimensions; (6) Mass; (7) Average Operational Power; (8) Data Rate; (9) Spectral/Frequency Range; (10) Number of Channels/Frequencies; (11) Viewing Field; (12) Scanning Characteristics; (13) Resolution (Horizontal/Vertical); (14) Swath Width; (15) Satellite Application; and (16) Technology Status. A technical drawing of each instrument is also provided.

  11. “Modular Biospheres” New testbed platforms for public environmental education and research

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nelson, M.; Dempster, W. F.; Allen, J. P.

    This paper will review the potential of a relatively new type of testbed platform for environmental education and research because of the unique advantages resulting from their material closure and separation from the outside environment. These facilities which we term "modular biospheres", have emerged from research centered on space life support research but offer a wider range of application. Examples of this type of facility include the Bios-3 facility in Russia, the Japanese CEEF (Closed Ecological Experiment Facility), the NASA Kennedy Space Center Breadboard facility, the Biosphere 2 Test Module and the Laboratory Biosphere. Modular biosphere facilities offer unique research and public real-time science education opportunities. Ecosystem behavior can be studied since initial state conditions can be precisely specified and tracked over different ranges of time. With material closure (apart from very small air exchange rate which can be determined), biogeochemical cycles between soil and soil microorganisms, water, plants, and atmosphere can be studied in detail. Such studies offer a major advance from studies conducted with phytotrons which because of their small size, limit the number of organisms to a very small number, and which crucially do not have a high degree of atmospheric, water and overall material closure. Modular biospheres take advantage of the unique properties of closure, as representing a distinct system "metabolism" and therefore are essentially a "mini-world". Though relatively large in comparison with most phytotrons and ecological microcosms, which are now standard research and educational tools, modular biospheres are small enough that they can be economically reconfigured to reflect a changing research agenda. Some design elements include lighting via electric lights and/or sunlight, hydroponic or soil substrate for plants, opaque or glazed structures, and variable volume chambers or other methods to handle atmospheric pressure differences between the facility and the outside environment.

  12. Atmospheric dynamics and bioregenerative technologies in a soil-based ecological life support system: Initial results from biosphere 2

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nelson, M.; Dempster, W.; Alvarez-Romo, N.; MacCallum, T.

    1994-11-01

    Biosphere 2 is the first man-made, soil-based, bioregenerative life support system to be developed and tested. The utilization and amendment of local space resources, e.g. martian soil or lunar regolith, for agricultural and other purposes will be necesary if we are to minimize the requirement for Earth materials in the creation of long-term off-planet bases and habitations. Several of the roles soil plays in Biosphere 2 are 1) for air purification 2) as a key component in created wetland systems to recycle human and animal wastes and 3) as nutrient base for a sustainable agricultural cropping program. Initial results from the Biosphere 2 closure experiment are presented. These include the accelerated cycling rates due to small reservoir sizes, strong diurnal and seasonal fluxes in atmospheric CO2, an unexpected and continuing decline in atmospheric oxygen, overall maintenance of low levels of trace gases, recycling of waste waters through biological regeneration systems, and operation of an agriculture designed to provide diverse and nutritionally adequate diets for the crew members.

  13. Pharmaceutical Residues Affecting the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Kristianstads Vattenrike Wetlands: Sources and Sinks.

    PubMed

    Björklund, Erland; Svahn, Ola; Bak, Søren; Bekoe, Samuel Oppong; Hansen, Martin

    2016-10-01

    This study is the first to investigate the pharmaceutical burden from point sources affecting the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Kristianstads Vattenrike, Sweden. The investigated Biosphere Reserve is a >1000 km(2) wetland system with inflows from lakes, rivers, leachate from landfill, and wastewater-treatment plants (WWTPs). We analysed influent and treated wastewater, leachate water, lake, river, and wetland water alongside sediment for six model pharmaceuticals. The two WWTPs investigated released pharmaceutical residues at levels close to those previously observed in Swedish monitoring exercises. Compound-dependent WWTP removal efficiencies ranging from 12 to 100 % for bendroflumethiazide, oxazepam, atenolol, carbamazepine, and diclofenac were observed. Surface-water concentrations in the most affected lake were ≥100 ng/L for the various pharmaceuticals with atenolol showing the highest levels (>300 ng/L). A small risk assessment showed that adverse single-substance toxicity on aquatic organisms within the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve is unlikely. However, the effects of combinations of a large number of known and unknown pharmaceuticals, metals, and nutrients are still unknown.

  14. Appendicitis with appendicular atresia: a rare presentation

    PubMed Central

    Masood, Irfan; Majid, Zain; Rafiq, Ali; Fatima, Saba; Siddiqui, Osama Bin Zia

    2015-01-01

    Acute appendicitis is the most common acute surgical condition; making appendectomy the most commonly performed emergency surgical procedure in the world. Anomalies of the appendix are relatively uncommon. However, their presence may alter the course of pre-operative diagnosis and the surgical treatment provided, leading to medico-legal issues in certain cases as well. We hereby present the case of a 17 year-old female who had the suggestive signs, symptoms and investigations of appendicular lump. She was managed according to the Ochsner-Sherren regimen and then underwent interval open appendectomy 6 weeks later. During the procedure, the findings of a 5 cm long appendix were noted. The base of the appendix was attached to the caecum, however there was complete mucosal discontinuity between the base and the remaining portion of the appendix. A fibrous strand connected the two blind ending parts together. After thorough literature search, the authors concluded that this is only the fourth reported case of appendicular atresia ever to have been reported. Considering the rarity of this finding we feel this could be of valuable interest to surgeons and readers alike PMID:26090015

  15. Self-organization of the earth's biosphere-geochemical or geophysiological?

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Schwartzman, David W.; Shore, Steven N.; Volk, Tyler; Mcmenamin, Mark

    1994-01-01

    We explore the implications of indicating the biosphere's self-organization by the trend over time of the net entropic flow from the Earth's surface, the actual physical boundary of virtually all biotic mass. This flow, derived from the radiative surface entropy budget, is approximately inversely related to the surface temperature when the solar incident flux remains constant. In the geophysiological ('gaian') interpretation, biospheric self-organization has increased with the progressive colonization of the continents and evolutionary developments in the land biota, as a result of surface cooling arising from biotic enhancement of weathering. The key site for this self-organization is at the interface between land and atmosphere, the soil, where carbon is sequestered by its reaction (as carbonic and organic acids) with calcium magnesium silicates. Along with disequilibrium (steady-state) levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the occurrence of differentiated soil is the critical material evidence for biospheric self-organization, whether it be geophysiological or geochemical (ie., purely result of inorganic reactions). The computed equilibrium levels of carbon dioxide and corresponding equilibrium temperatures in the past are dramatically different from the steady-state levels. With future solar luminosity increase, the biospheric capacity for climatic regulation will decrease, leading to the ending of self-organization some two billion years from now. The Earth's surface will then approach chemical equilibrium with respect to the carbonate-silicate cycle.

  16. 31 CFR Appendix I to Part 539 - Designated Foreign Persons

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 30, 1998; 63 FR 42089, August 6, 1998]. 6. D. Mendeleyev University of Chemical Technology of Russia... Technology, aka NIKIET, Research and Development Institute of Power Engineering [RDIPE], and ENTEK, including...

  17. An Experimental Study of an Ultra-Mobile Vehicle for Off-Road Transportation. Appendix 2. Dissertation. Kinematic Optimal Design of a Six-Legged Walking Machine.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1985-05-01

    6° . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 - C Lb = (n-1) P (3.1) Definition 10: A gait matrix ...Research Projects Agency under Contracts MDA 903-81- C -0138 and MDA 903-82-K-00S8. iv °.a. . a a . -- ..... a * ... , VITA August 12, 1951 .. . Born -Taipe...PATTERN APPENDIX C . STRESS ANALYSIS OF FOUR-BAR LEG BY FINITE .5’ .5 EEETBLETOD ONS . con. ..in ...ue .d9 Chapte Page xiv .. 5 ----A i I I ’I I i

  18. 76 FR 23649 - Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; 12-Month Finding on a Petition and Proposed Rule...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-04-27

    ... field research), the potential global population of free-ranging Morelet's crocodiles in 2004 was... will include monitoring and harvest of Morelet's crocodiles and hybrids for scientific research (CITES... Biosphere Reserve, Laguna de T[eacute]rminos Biosphere Reserve, Hampolol Wildlife Conservation and Research...

  19. Putting the Deep Biosphere and Gas Hydrates on the Map

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Sikorski, Janelle J.; Briggs, Brandon R.

    2016-01-01

    Microbial processes in the deep biosphere affect marine sediments, such as the formation of gas hydrate deposits. Gas hydrate deposits offer a large source of natural gas with the potential to augment energy reserves and affect climate and seafloor stability. Despite the significant interdependence between life and geology in the ocean, coverage…

  20. The Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia: Analyzing Regional Land Use Change Effects.

    Treesearch

    Michael Keller; Maria Assunção Silva-Dias; Daniel C. Nepstad; Meinrat O. Andreae

    2004-01-01

    The Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) is a multi-disciplinary, multinational scientific project led by Brazil. LBA researchers seek to understand Amazonia in its global context especially with regard to regional and global climate. Current development activities in Amazonia including deforestation, logging, cattle ranching, and agriculture...

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