7 CFR 1412.49 - Apportionment of long and medium grain rice.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 10 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Apportionment of long and medium grain rice. 1412.49... and Peanuts 2008 through 2012 § 1412.49 Apportionment of long and medium grain rice. (a) Rice base...) Medium grain rice. Medium grain rice includes short grain rice. (c) Owners on a farm will elect rice base...

7 CFR 1412.49 - Apportionment of long and medium grain rice.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 10 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Apportionment of long and medium grain rice. 1412.49... and Peanuts 2008 Through 2012 § 1412.49 Apportionment of long and medium grain rice. (a) Rice base...) Medium grain rice. Medium grain rice includes short grain rice. (c) Owners on a farm will elect rice base...

Construction of Fine Particles Source Spectrum Bank in Typical Region and Empirical Research of Matching Diagnosis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Xing; Sun, Wenliang; Guo, Min; Li, Minjiao; Li, Wan

2018-01-01

The research object of this paper is fine particles in typical region. The construction of component spectrum bank is based on the technology of online source apportionment, then the result of the apportionment is utilized to verify the effectiveness of fine particles component spectrum bank and which also act as the matching basis of online source apportionment receptor sample. On the next, the particle source of air pollution is carried through the matching diagnosis empirical research by utilizing online source apportionment technology, to provide technical support for the cause analysis and treatment of heavy pollution weather.

Reliability apportionment approach for spacecraft solar array using fuzzy reasoning Petri net and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Jianing; Yan, Shaoze; Xie, Liyang; Gao, Peng

2012-07-01

The reliability apportionment of spacecraft solar array is of significant importance for spacecraft designers in the early stage of design. However, it is difficult to use the existing methods to resolve reliability apportionment problem because of the data insufficiency and the uncertainty of the relations among the components in the mechanical system. This paper proposes a new method which combines the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation with fuzzy reasoning Petri net (FRPN) to accomplish the reliability apportionment of the solar array. The proposed method extends the previous fuzzy methods and focuses on the characteristics of the subsystems and the intrinsic associations among the components. The analysis results show that the synchronization mechanism may obtain the highest reliability value and the solar panels and hinges may get the lowest reliability before design and manufacturing. Our developed method is of practical significance for the reliability apportionment of solar array where the design information has not been clearly identified, particularly in early stage of design.

Characterization of Off-Road Diesel Emissions of Criteria Pollutants

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-10-01

Feasibility of soil dust source apportionment by the pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 56(9):1230-1242...temperatures found in exhaust pipes. PM2.5 source profiles are important for speciated emission inventories and source apportionment , but few of these are...different between types. This method holds great potential for source apportionment , even in the absence of associating each pattern with a specific

Integrated Forensics Approach to Fingerprint PCB Sources in Sediments using Rapid Sediment Characterization (RSC) and Advanced Chemical Fingerprinting (ACF)

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-01

Source Compositions for HPS Dataset ...........................................78 Figure 25 Comparison of Source Apportionment for HPS Dataset...The similarity in the three source patterns from HPS makes the apportionment less certain at that site compared to the four source patterns at... apportionment of these sources across the site. Overall these techniques passed all the performance assessment tests that are presented in Section 6. 3.3

50 CFR Table 35 to Part 679 - Apportionment of Crab PSC and Halibut PSC Between the Amendment 80 and BSAI Trawl Limited Access...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 35 to Part 679—Apportionment of Crab PSC and Halibut PSC Between the Amendment 80 and BSAI Trawl Limited Access Sectors Fishery Year Halibut PSC limit in the BSAI Zone 1 Red king crab PSC limit . . . C... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 11 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Apportionment of Crab PSC and Halibut PSC...

50 CFR Table 35 to Part 679 - Apportionment of Crab PSC and Halibut PSC Between the Amendment 80 and BSAI Trawl Limited Access...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 35 to Part 679—Apportionment of Crab PSC and Halibut PSC Between the Amendment 80 and BSAI Trawl Limited Access Sectors Fishery Year Halibut PSC limit in the BSAI Zone 1 Red king crab PSC limit . . . C... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 9 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Apportionment of Crab PSC and Halibut PSC...

Source apportionment and sensitivity analysis: two methodologies with two different purposes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Clappier, Alain; Belis, Claudio A.; Pernigotti, Denise; Thunis, Philippe

2017-11-01

This work reviews the existing methodologies for source apportionment and sensitivity analysis to identify key differences and stress their implicit limitations. The emphasis is laid on the differences between source impacts (sensitivity analysis) and contributions (source apportionment) obtained by using four different methodologies: brute-force top-down, brute-force bottom-up, tagged species and decoupled direct method (DDM). A simple theoretical example to compare these approaches is used highlighting differences and potential implications for policy. When the relationships between concentration and emissions are linear, impacts and contributions are equivalent concepts. In this case, source apportionment and sensitivity analysis may be used indifferently for both air quality planning purposes and quantifying source contributions. However, this study demonstrates that when the relationship between emissions and concentrations is nonlinear, sensitivity approaches are not suitable to retrieve source contributions and source apportionment methods are not appropriate to evaluate the impact of abatement strategies. A quantification of the potential nonlinearities should therefore be the first step prior to source apportionment or planning applications, to prevent any limitations in their use. When nonlinearity is mild, these limitations may, however, be acceptable in the context of the other uncertainties inherent to complex models. Moreover, when using sensitivity analysis for planning, it is important to note that, under nonlinear circumstances, the calculated impacts will only provide information for the exact conditions (e.g. emission reduction share) that are simulated.

Lorain Harbor, Ohio. Preliminary Feasibility Study (Stage 2). Review of Reports. Volume 1. Main Report.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-10-01

May 1980 Dollars) 93 32 Apportionment of Total Project Cost for Alternative 1, Option 1 (1,000-Footer) 94 33 Estimated Investment Cost and Annual...Costs - Alternative 2, Option 1 (1,000-Foot Vessels) (May 1980 Dollars) 101 36 Apportionment of Total Project Cost for Alternative 2, Option 1 (1,000...1 (1,000-Footer) 104 39 Estimate of Navigation Project Codes - Alternative 3, Option 1 (1,000-Foot Vessels) (May 1980 Dollars) 107 40 Apportionment of

Source apportionment of indoor air pollution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sexton, Ken; Hayward, Steven B.

An understanding of the relative contributions from important pollutant sources to human exposures is necessary for the design and implementation of effective control strategies. In the past, societal efforts to control air pollution have focused almost exclusively on the outdoor (ambient) environment. As a result, substantial amounts of time and money have been spent to limit airborne discharges from mobile and stationary sources. Yet it is now recognized that exposures to elevated pollutant concentrations often occur as a result of indoor, rather than outdoor, emissions. While the major indoor sources have been identified, their relative impacts on indoor air quality have not been well defined. Application of existing source apportionment models to nonindustrial indoor environments is only just beginning. It is possible that these models might be used to distinguish between indoor and outdoor emissions, as well as to distinguish among indoor sources themselves. However, before the feasibility and suitability of source-apportionment methods for indoor applications can be assessed adequately, it is necessary to take account of model assumptions and associated data requirements. This paper examines the issue of indoor source apportionment and reviews the need for emission characterization studies to support such source-apportionment efforts.

Proceedings from the Workshop on Research Needs for Assessment and Management of Non-Point Air Emissions from Department of Defense Activities held in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina on 19-21 February 2008

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-10-01

Chow, J.C. (2006). Feasibility of soil dust source apportionment by the pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method. J. Air Waste Manage...receptor-oriented source apportionment models. • Develop monitoring methods to determine source and fence line amounts of fugitive dust emissions for...offsite impact, including evaluation with receptor- oriented source apportionment models 76 8.8.1 Background 76 8.8.2 Significance 77 8.8.3

PM SOURCE APPORTIONMENT/RECEPTOR MODELING

EPA Science Inventory

Source apportionment (receptor) models are mathematical procedures for identifying and quantifying the sources of ambient air pollutants and their effects at a site (the receptor), primarily on the basis of species concentration measurements at the receptor, and generally without...

Composition of the council of representatives: Report on the apportionment ballot for representation year 2011.

PubMed

2010-01-01

Each year, the apportionment ballot is used to determine how many representatives each division and state, provincial, and territorial association will have on the Council of Representatives. The system is described in Article V, Sections 6 and 7, of the American Psychological Association (APA) Bylaws. Briefly, all APA fellows, members, and voting associates are sent an apportionment ballot on or before November 1. Voting members indicate the division( s) and/or state, provincial, or territorial association(s) through which they desire to have their interests represented on Council in the following year by allocating a total of 10 votes to one or more of these groups. Beginning with the 2003 legislative year the total number of representatives (seats) on Council was set at 162. This article reports the apportionment ballot for representation year 2001. 2010 APA, all rights reserved.

Highway Funding: The Federal Highway Administration's Funding Apportionment Model

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1997-06-01

The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has developed and is operating, through the use of a contractor, a new apportionment model to estimate the expected distribution of federal-aid funds under various legislative proposals. Because of the import...

Photochemical grid model implementation and application of ...

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

For the purposes of developing optimal emissions control strategies, efficient approaches are needed to identify the major sources or groups of sources that contribute to elevated ozone (O3) concentrations. Source-based apportionment techniques implemented in photochemical grid models track sources through the physical and chemical processes important to the formation and transport of air pollutants. Photochemical model source apportionment has been used to track source impacts of specific sources, groups of sources (sectors), sources in specific geographic areas, and stratospheric and lateral boundary inflow on O3. The implementation and application of a source apportionment technique for O3 and its precursors, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), for the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model are described here. The Integrated Source Apportionment Method (ISAM) O3 approach is a hybrid of source apportionment and source sensitivity in that O3 production is attributed to precursor sources based on O3 formation regime (e.g., for a NOx-sensitive regime, O3 is apportioned to participating NOx emissions). This implementation is illustrated by tracking multiple emissions source sectors and lateral boundary inflow. NOx, VOC, and O3 attribution to tracked sectors in the application are consistent with spatial and temporal patterns of precursor emissions. The O3 ISAM implementation is further evaluated through comparisons of apportioned am

Air quality analysis of MDT transportation improvements, cost-effectiveness analysis of the MACI Program.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2004-03-01

"Under TEA-21, part of Montana's CMAQ apportionment is dedicated to Missoula and at the direction of the : Montana Transportation Commission, the Montana Department of Transportation (MDT) directs the remainder of : the CMAQ apportionment to areas in...

Air quality analysis of MDT transportation improvements : cost-effectiveness analysis of the MACI program.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2004-03-01

Under TEA-21, part of Montana's CMAQ apportionment is dedicated to Missoula and at the direction of the : Montana Transportation Commission, the Montana Department of Transportation (MDT) directs the remainder of : the CMAQ apportionment to areas in ...

47 CFR 36.142 - Categories and apportionment procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Categories and apportionment procedures. 36.142 Section 36.142 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED) COMMON CARRIER SERVICES... Customer Premises Equipment that was detariffed pursuant to the Second Computer Inquiry decision. It shall...

47 CFR 36.142 - Categories and apportionment procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Categories and apportionment procedures. 36.142 Section 36.142 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED) COMMON CARRIER SERVICES... Customer Premises Equipment that was detariffed pursuant to the Second Computer Inquiry decision. It shall...

47 CFR 36.142 - Categories and apportionment procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Categories and apportionment procedures. 36.142 Section 36.142 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED) COMMON CARRIER SERVICES... Customer Premises Equipment that was detariffed pursuant to the Second Computer Inquiry decision. It shall...

47 CFR 36.142 - Categories and apportionment procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Categories and apportionment procedures. 36.142 Section 36.142 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED) COMMON CARRIER SERVICES... Customer Premises Equipment that was detariffed pursuant to the Second Computer Inquiry decision. It shall...

47 CFR 36.142 - Categories and apportionment procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Categories and apportionment procedures. 36.142 Section 36.142 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED) COMMON CARRIER SERVICES... Customer Premises Equipment that was detariffed pursuant to the Second Computer Inquiry decision. It shall...

DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF PM 2.5 SOURCE APPORTIONMENT METHODOLOGIES

EPA Science Inventory

The receptor model called Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) has been extensively used to apportion sources of ambient fine particulate matter (PM_2.5), but the accuracy of source apportionment results currently remains unknown. In addition, air quality forecast model...

Guidance Document for PMF Applications with the Multilinear Engine

EPA Science Inventory

This document serves as a guide for users of the Multilinear Engine version 2 (ME-2) for source apportionment applications utilizing positive matrix factorization (PMF). It aims to educate experienced source apportionment analysts on available ME rotational tools and provides gui...

Contributions to cities' ambient particulate matter (PM): A systematic review of local source contributions at global level

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Karagulian, Federico; Belis, Claudio A.; Dora, Carlos Francisco C.; Prüss-Ustün, Annette M.; Bonjour, Sophie; Adair-Rohani, Heather; Amann, Markus

2015-11-01

For reducing health impacts from air pollution, it is important to know the sources contributing to human exposure. This study systematically reviewed and analysed available source apportionment studies on particulate matter (of diameter of 10 and 2.5 microns, PM10 and PM2.5) performed in cities to estimate typical shares of the sources of pollution by country and by region. A database with city source apportionment records, estimated with the use of receptor models, was also developed and available at the website of the World Health Organization. Systematic Scopus and Google searches were performed to retrieve city studies of source apportionment for particulate matter. Six source categories were defined. Country and regional averages of source apportionment were estimated based on city population weighting. A total of 419 source apportionment records from studies conducted in cities of 51 countries were used to calculate regional averages of sources of ambient particulate matter. Based on the available information, globally 25% of urban ambient air pollution from PM2.5 is contributed by traffic, 15% by industrial activities, 20% by domestic fuel burning, 22% from unspecified sources of human origin, and 18% from natural dust and salt. The available source apportionment records exhibit, however, important heterogeneities in assessed source categories and incompleteness in certain countries/regions. Traffic is one important contributor to ambient PM in cities. To reduce air pollution in cities and the substantial disease burden it causes, solutions to sustainably reduce ambient PM from traffic, industrial activities and biomass burning should urgently be sought. However, further efforts are required to improve data availability and evaluation, and possibly to combine with other types of information in view of increasing usefulness for policy making.

76 FR 2765 - Apportionments to Dependents and Payments to Fiduciaries and Incarcerated Beneficiaries

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-14

... Eligibility for apportionment of a surviving spouse's dependency and indemnity compensation. 5.782 Effective... Limitation on dependency and indemnity compensation during incarceration. 5.813 Discontinuance of pension... disability compensation or dependency and indemnity compensation upon a beneficiary's release from...

Photochemical grid model implementation and application of VOC, NOx, and O3 source apportionment

EPA Science Inventory

For the purposes of developing optimal emissions control strategies, efficient approaches are needed to identify the major sources or groups of sources that contribute to elevated ozone (O3) concentrations. Source-based apportionment techniques implemented in photochemical grid m...

Enterococcus and Escherichia coli fecal source apportionment with microbial source tracking genetic markers - is it feasible?

EPA Science Inventory

Fecal pollution is measured in surface waters using culture-based measurements of enterococci and Escherichia coli bacteria. Source apportionment of these two fecal indicator bacteria is an urgent need for prioritizing remediation efforts and quantifying health risks associated...

75 FR 33384 - Proposed Collection; Comment Request for Regulation Project

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-11

... 8228; TD 8410), Allocation and Apportionment of Interest Expense and Certain Other Expenses (Sec. Sec... to be assured of consideration. ADDRESSES: Direct all written comments to Gerald J. Shields, Internal...: Allocation and Apportionment of Interest Expense and Certain Other Expenses. OMB Number: 1545-1072...

42 CFR 413.50 - Apportionment of allowable costs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Apportionment of allowable costs. (a) Consistent with prevailing practice in which third-party organizations pay... participate in the program. Available evidence shows that the use of services by persons age 65 and over... time by third-party purchasers of inpatient hospital care apportions a provider's total costs among...

SOURCE APPORTIONMENT OF EXPOSURES TO VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: I. EVALUATION OF RECEPTOR MODELS USING SIMULATED EXPOSURE DATA. (R826788)

EPA Science Inventory

Four receptor-oriented source apportionment models were evaluated by applying them to simulated personal exposure data for select volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that were generated by Monte Carlo sampling from known source contributions and profiles. The exposure sources mo...

14 CFR 1215.104 - Apportionment and assignment of services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Apportionment and assignment of services. 1215.104 Section 1215.104 Aeronautics and Space NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION TRACKING AND DATA RELAY SATELLITE SYSTEM (TDRSS) Use and Reimbursement Policy for Non-U.S. Government Users...

14 CFR 1215.104 - Apportionment and assignment of services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2011-01-01 2010-01-01 true Apportionment and assignment of services. 1215.104 Section 1215.104 Aeronautics and Space NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION TRACKING AND DATA RELAY SATELLITE SYSTEM (TDRSS) Use and Reimbursement Policy for Non-U.S. Government Users...

75 FR 13208 - Proposed Collection; Comment Request for Revenue Procedure 2006-42

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-18

... to the Apportionment of Interest Expense, Research and Experimental Expenditures Under Section 1.861... Certain Elections Relating to the Apportionment of Interest Expense, Research and Experimental... automatic consent to change (a) from the fair market value method or from the alternative tax book method to...

MONITORING AND SOURCE APPORTIONMENT OF PARTICULATE MATTER NEAR A LARGE PHOSPHORUS PRODUCTION FACILITY

EPA Science Inventory

A source apportionment study was conducted to identify sources within a large elemental phosphorus plant that contribute to exceedances of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard for 24-h PM10. Ambient data were collected at three monitoring sites from October 1996 through Ju...

Apportionment of Primary and Secondary Organic Aerosols in Southern California During the 2005 Study of Organic Aerosols in Riverside (SOAR-1)

EPA Science Inventory

Ambient sampling was conducted in Riverside, California during the 2005 Study of Organic Aerosols in Riverside to characterize the composition and sources of organic aerosol using a variety of state-of-the-art instrumentation and source apportionment techniques.

77 FR 2240 - Allocation and Apportionment of Interest Expense

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-01-17

... allocation and apportionment of interest expense using the fair market value asset method. The temporary... law by the legislation commonly referred to as the Education Jobs and Medicaid Assistance Act (EJMAA... using the fair market value method. The text of those regulations also serves as the text of these...

38 CFR 13.70 - Apportionment of benefits to dependents.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... veteran's spouse, child or dependent parent as may be necessary to provide for their needs. (b) Dependent... a dependent parent or parents and the fiduciary neglects or refuses to make an equivalent... apportionment to the veteran's spouse, child or dependent parent of any benefit not paid under an institutional...

SOURCE APPORTIONMENT OF EXPOSURES TO VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: II. APPLICATION OF RECEPTOR MODELS TO TEAM STUDY DATA. (R826788)

EPA Science Inventory

Four receptor-oriented source apportionment models were applied to personal exposure measurements for toxic volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The measurements are from the total exposure assessment methodology studies conducted from 1980 to 1984 in New Jersey (NJ) and Califor...

IMPROVING PARTICULATE MATTER SOURCE APPORTIONMENT FOR HEALTH STUDIES: A TRAINED RECEPTOR MODELING APPROACH WITH SENSITIVITY, UNCERTAINTY AND SPATIAL ANALYSES

EPA Science Inventory

An approach for conducting PM source apportionment will be developed, tested, and applied that directly addresses limitations in current SA methods, in particular variability, biases, and intensive resource requirements. Uncertainties in SA results and sensitivities to SA inpu...

Synthesizing Scientific Progress: Outcomes from US EPA’s Carbonaceous Aerosols and Source Apportionment STAR Grants

EPA Science Inventory

ABSTRACTA number of studies in the past decade have transformed the way we think about atmospheric aerosols. The advances include, but are not limited to, source apportionment of organics using aerosol mass spectrometer data, the volatility basis set approach, quantifying isopre...

78 FR 16916 - Proposed Collection; Comment Request for Regulation Project

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-19

... allocation and apportionment of deduction for state income. DATES: Written comments should be received on or before May 20, 2013 to be assured of consideration. ADDRESSES: Direct all written comments to Yvette... INFORMATION: Title: Allocation and Apportionment of Deduction for State Income Taxes. OMB Number: 1545-1224...

Crew interface with a telerobotic control station

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mok, Eva

1987-01-01

A method for apportioning crew-telerobot tasks has been derived to facilitate the design of a crew-friendly telerobot control station. To identify the most appropriate state-of-the-art hardware for the control station, task apportionment must first be conducted to identify if an astronaut or a telerobot is best to execute the task and which displays and controls are required for monitoring and performance. Basic steps that comprise the task analysis process are: (1) identify space station tasks; (2) define tasks; (3) define task performance criteria and perform task apportionment; (4) verify task apportionment; (5) generate control station requirements; (6) develop design concepts to meet requirements; and (7) test and verify design concepts.

75 FR 7047 - FTA Fiscal Year 2010 Apportionments, Allocations, and Program Information

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-16

... Transit in Parks Program (49 U.S.C. 5320) P. Alternatives Analysis Program (49 U.S.C. 5339) Q. Growing... Section 5317 New Freedom Apportionments 19. FTA FY 2010 Section 5339 Alternatives Analysis Allocations 20. FTA Prior Year Unobligated Section 5339 Alternatives Analysis Allocations Appendix I. Overview FTA's...

26 CFR 1.861-9T - Allocation and apportionment of interest expense (temporary).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... income method described in paragraph (j) of this section is not available to any controlled foreign... given tax year. The method of allocation and apportionment for interest set forth in this section is... of such group were a single corporation. For the method of determining the interest deduction allowed...

77 FR 11974 - Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans; State of Iowa Regional Haze State...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-28

... and beyond. The modeling was based on PM Source Apportionment Technology (PSAT) for the Comprehensive... sources and the State adequately determined the apportionment of those pollutants from sources located... Class I areas caused by emissions of air pollutants from numerous sources located over a wide geographic...

Methods for Characterizing the Distribution of Exhaust Emissions from Light-Duty, Gasoline-Powered Motor Vehicles in the U.S. Fleet

EPA Science Inventory

Mobile sources significantly contribute to ambient concentrations of airborne particulate matter. Source apportionment studies for PMlO and PM2.5 indicate that mobile sources can be responsible for over half of the ambient PM measured in an urban area. Recent source apportionment...

Source Contributions to Wintertime Elemental and Organic Carbon in the Western Arctic Based on Radiocarbon and Tracer Apportionment.

PubMed

Barrett, T E; Robinson, E M; Usenko, S; Sheesley, R J

2015-10-06

To quantify the contributions of fossil and biomass sources to the wintertime Arctic aerosol burden source apportionment is reported for elemental (EC) and organic carbon (OC) fractions of six PM10 samples collected during a wintertime (2012-2013) campaign in Barrow, AK. Radiocarbon apportionment of EC indicates that fossil sources contribute an average of 68 ± 9% (0.01-0.07 μg m(-3)) in midwinter decreasing to 49 ± 6% (0.02 μg m(-3)) in late winter. The mean contribution of fossil sources to OC for the campaign was stable at 38 ± 8% (0.04-0.32 μg m(-3)). Samples were also analyzed for organic tracers, including levoglucosan, for use in a chemical mass balance (CMB) source apportionment model. The CMB model was able to apportion 24-53% and 99% of the OC and EC burdens, respectively, during the campaign, with fossil OC contributions ranging from 25 to 74% (0.02-0.09 μg m(-3)) and fossil EC contributions ranging from 73 to 94% (0.03-0.07 μg m(-3)). Back trajectories identified two major wintertime source regions to Barrow: the Russian and North American Arctic. Atmospheric lifetimes of levoglucosan, ranging from 50 to 320 h, revealed variability in wintertime atmospheric processing of this biomass burning tracer. This study allows for unambiguous apportionment of EC to fossil fuel and biomass combustion sources and intercomparison with CMB modeling.

Source apportionment of PM2.5 organic carbon in the San Joaquin Valley using monthly and daily observations and meteorological clustering.

PubMed

Skiles, Matthew J; Lai, Alexandra M; Olson, Michael R; Schauer, James J; de Foy, Benjamin

2018-06-01

Two hundred sixty-three fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) samples collected on 3-day intervals over a 14-month period at two sites in the San Joaquin Valley (SJV) were analyzed for organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water soluble organic carbon (WSOC), and organic molecular markers. A unique source profile library was applied to a chemical mass balance (CMB) source apportionment model to develop monthly and seasonally averaged source apportionment results. Five major OC sources were identified: mobile sources, biomass burning, meat smoke, vegetative detritus, and secondary organic carbon (SOC), as inferred from OC not apportioned by CMB. The SOC factor was the largest source contributor at Fresno and Bakersfield, contributing 44% and 51% of PM mass, respectively. Biomass burning was the only source with a statistically different average mass contribution (95% CI) between the two sites. Wintertime peaks of biomass burning, meat smoke, and total OC were observed at both sites, with SOC peaking during the summer months. Exceptionally strong seasonal variation in apportioned meat smoke mass could potentially be explained by oxidation of cholesterol between source and receptor and trends in wind transport outlined in a Residence Time Analysis (RTA). Fast moving nighttime winds prevalent during warmer months caused local emissions to be replaced by air mass transported from the San Francisco Bay Area, consisting of mostly diluted, oxidized concentrations of molecular markers. Good agreement was observed between SOC derived from the CMB model and from non-biomass burning WSOC mass, suggesting the CMB model is sufficiently accurate to assist in policy development. In general, uncertainty in monthly mass values derived from daily CMB apportionments were lower than that of CMB results produced with monthly marker composites, further validating daily sampling methodologies. Strong seasonal trends were observed for biomass and meat smoke OC apportionment, and monthly mass averages had lowest uncertainty when derived from daily CMB apportionments. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

23 CFR 192.10 - Procedures affecting States in noncompliance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 23 Highways 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Procedures affecting States in noncompliance. 192.10...) Each fiscal year, each State determined to be in noncompliance with 23 U.S.C. 159, based on FHWA's... apportionment, as part of the advance notice of apportionments required under 23 U.S.C. 104(e), normally not...

23 CFR 192.10 - Procedures affecting States in noncompliance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 23 Highways 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Procedures affecting States in noncompliance. 192.10...) Each fiscal year, each State determined to be in noncompliance with 23 U.S.C. 159, based on FHWA's... apportionment, as part of the advance notice of apportionments required under 23 U.S.C. 104(e), normally not...

23 CFR 192.10 - Procedures affecting States in noncompliance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 23 Highways 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Procedures affecting States in noncompliance. 192.10...) Each fiscal year, each State determined to be in noncompliance with 23 U.S.C. 159, based on FHWA's... apportionment, as part of the advance notice of apportionments required under 23 U.S.C. 104(e), normally not...

23 CFR 192.10 - Procedures affecting States in noncompliance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 23 Highways 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Procedures affecting States in noncompliance. 192.10...) Each fiscal year, each State determined to be in noncompliance with 23 U.S.C. 159, based on FHWA's... apportionment, as part of the advance notice of apportionments required under 23 U.S.C. 104(e), normally not...

IMPROVING SOURCE PROFILES AND APPORTIONMENT OF COMBUSTION SOURCES USING THERMAL CARBON FRACTIONS IN MULTIVARIATE RECEPTOR MODELS

EPA Science Inventory

The purpose of this study was to improve combustion source profiles and apportionment of a PM2.5 urban aerosol by using 7 individual organic and elemental carbon thermal fractions in place of total organic and elemental carbon. This study used 3 years (96-99) of speciated data...

26 CFR 1.861-4 - Compensation for labor or personal services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... employer as advances or reimbursements for travel expenses incurred on behalf of the employer shall be... apportionment on the time basis, as defined in paragraph (b)(2)(ii)(E) of this section, will be acceptable. (ii... facts and circumstances will be such that an apportionment on a time basis, as defined in paragraph (b...

SOURCE APPORTIONMENT OF PM 2.5 AND CARBON IN SEATTLE USING CHEMICAL MASS BALANCE AND POSITIVE MATRIX FACTORIZATION

EPA Science Inventory

Three years of PM2.5 speciated data were collected and chemically analyzed using the IMPROVE protocol at the Beacon Hill site in Seattle. The data were analyzed by the Chemical Mass Balance Version 8 (CMB8) and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) source apportionment models. T...

47 CFR 36.157 - Host/remote message Cable and Wire Facilities (C&WF)-Category 4-apportionment procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Host/remote message Cable and Wire Facilities... TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANIES 1 Telecommunications Property Cable and Wire Facilities § 36.157 Host/remote message Cable and Wire Facilities (C&WF)—Category 4—apportionment procedures. (a) Host/Remote Message C&WF...

47 CFR 36.157 - Host/remote message Cable and Wire Facilities (C&WF)-Category 4-apportionment procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Host/remote message Cable and Wire Facilities... TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANIES 1 Telecommunications Property Cable and Wire Facilities § 36.157 Host/remote message Cable and Wire Facilities (C&WF)—Category 4—apportionment procedures. (a) Host/Remote Message C&WF...

40 CFR 82.6 - Apportionment of baseline consumption allowances for class I controlled substances.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 18 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Apportionment of baseline consumption allowances for class I controlled substances. 82.6 Section 82.6 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... Chemicals 29,025 National Refrigerants, Inc 16,665 CFC-111 CFC-112 Sumitomo Corp of America 5,912 TG (USA...

40 CFR 82.6 - Apportionment of baseline consumption allowances for class I controlled substances.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 18 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Apportionment of baseline consumption allowances for class I controlled substances. 82.6 Section 82.6 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... Chemicals 29,025 National Refrigerants, Inc 16,665 CFC-111 CFC-112 Sumitomo Corp of America 5,912 TG (USA...

40 CFR 82.5 - Apportionment of baseline production allowances for class I controlled substances.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 18 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Apportionment of baseline production allowances for class I controlled substances. 82.5 Section 82.5 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL..., Inc 7,873,615 Degussa Corporation 26,546 Dow Chemical Company, USA 18,987,747 E.I. DuPont de Nemours...

40 CFR 82.5 - Apportionment of baseline production allowances for class I controlled substances.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 18 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Apportionment of baseline production allowances for class I controlled substances. 82.5 Section 82.5 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL..., Inc 7,873,615 Degussa Corporation 26,546 Dow Chemical Company, USA 18,987,747 E.I. DuPont de Nemours...

40 CFR 82.6 - Apportionment of baseline consumption allowances for class I controlled substances.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 18 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Apportionment of baseline consumption allowances for class I controlled substances. 82.6 Section 82.6 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... Chemicals 29,025 National Refrigerants, Inc 16,665 CFC-111 CFC-112 Sumitomo Corp of America 5,912 TG (USA...

40 CFR 82.5 - Apportionment of baseline production allowances for class I controlled substances.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 18 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Apportionment of baseline production allowances for class I controlled substances. 82.5 Section 82.5 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL..., Inc 7,873,615 Degussa Corporation 26,546 Dow Chemical Company, USA 18,987,747 E.I. DuPont de Nemours...

40 CFR 82.17 - Apportionment of baseline production allowances for class II controlled substances.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... allowances for class II controlled substances. 82.17 Section 82.17 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... Consumption Controls § 82.17 Apportionment of baseline production allowances for class II controlled... 1,759,681 MDA Manufacturing HCFC-22 2,383,835 Solvay Solexis HCFC-142b 6,541,764 [ 74 FR 66446, Dec...

A Regional Assessment of Marine Vessel PM2.5 Impacts in the U.S. Pacific Northwest Using a Receptor Based Source Apportionment Method

EPA Science Inventory

This work reports the results of a regional receptor-based source apportionment analysis using the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model on chemically speciated PM2.5 data from 36 urban and rural monitoring sites within the U.S. Pacific Northwest. The approach taken is to mo...

Defense Coastal/Estuarine Research Program (DCERP) Strategic Plan

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-09-01

atmospheric deposition. The source apportionment of nutrients from atmospheric deposition (especially nitrogen) to estuarine waters derived from direct...migrating wildlife, and nutrient release from soil weathering, atmospheric deposition represents the only source of new nutrients into the... apportionment to properly assess the contributions of off-site and on-site emission sources to regional levels of PM2.5. In preparing this DCERP Strategic

50 CFR 80.67 - May an agency finance an activity from more than one annual apportionment?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 9 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false May an agency finance an activity from... SPORT FISH RESTORATION ACTS Allocation of Funds by an Agency § 80.67 May an agency finance an activity... one annual apportionment to finance high-cost projects, such as construction or acquisition of lands...

50 CFR 80.67 - May an agency finance an activity from more than one annual apportionment?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 9 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false May an agency finance an activity from... SPORT FISH RESTORATION ACTS Allocation of Funds by an Agency § 80.67 May an agency finance an activity... one annual apportionment to finance high-cost projects, such as construction or acquisition of lands...

50 CFR 80.67 - May an agency finance an activity from more than one annual apportionment?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 9 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false May an agency finance an activity from... SPORT FISH RESTORATION ACTS Allocation of Funds by an Agency § 80.67 May an agency finance an activity... one annual apportionment to finance high-cost projects, such as construction or acquisition of lands...

50 CFR 80.67 - May an agency finance an activity from more than one annual apportionment?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 8 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false May an agency finance an activity from... SPORT FISH RESTORATION ACTS Allocation of Funds by an Agency § 80.67 May an agency finance an activity... one annual apportionment to finance high-cost projects, such as construction or acquisition of lands...

26 CFR 1.164-6 - Apportionment of taxes on real property between seller and purchaser.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... relates and the real property is sold subsequent to the time the tax becomes a personal liability or a...) and the application of section 164(d) do not depend upon what real property taxes were allocated nor... 26 Internal Revenue 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Apportionment of taxes on real property between...

26 CFR 1.164-6 - Apportionment of taxes on real property between seller and purchaser.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... relates and the real property is sold subsequent to the time the tax becomes a personal liability or a...) and the application of section 164(d) do not depend upon what real property taxes were allocated nor... 26 Internal Revenue 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Apportionment of taxes on real property between...

5 CFR 894.305 - Am I eligible to enroll if I am a former spouse receiving an apportionment of annuity?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Am I eligible to enroll if I am a former spouse receiving an apportionment of annuity? 894.305 Section 894.305 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT (CONTINUED) CIVIL SERVICE REGULATIONS (CONTINUED) FEDERAL EMPLOYEES DENTAL AND VISION...

5 CFR 894.305 - Am I eligible to enroll if I am a former spouse receiving an apportionment of annuity?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Am I eligible to enroll if I am a former spouse receiving an apportionment of annuity? 894.305 Section 894.305 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT (CONTINUED) CIVIL SERVICE REGULATIONS (CONTINUED) FEDERAL EMPLOYEES DENTAL AND VISION...

Effective numbers in the partitioning of biological diversity.

PubMed

Gregorius, Hans-Rolf

2016-11-21

Admissible measures of diversity allow specification of the number of types (species, alleles, etc.) that are "effectively" involved in producing the diversity (the "diversity effective number", also referred to as "true diversity") of a community or population. In metacommunities, effective numbers additionally serve in partitioning the total diversity (symbolized by γ) into one component summarizing the diversity within communities (symbolized by α) and an independent component summarizing the differences between communities (symbolized by β). There is growing consensus that the β-component should be treated in terms of an effective number of "distinct" communities in the metacommunity. Yet, the notion of distinctness is shown in the present paper to remain conceptually ambiguous at least with respect to the diversity within the "distinct" communities. To overcome this ambiguity and to provide the means for designing further desirable effective numbers, a new approach is taken that involves a generalized concept of effective number. The approach relies on first specifying the distributional characteristics of partitioning diversity among communities (among which are differentiation, where the same types tend to occur in the same communities, and apportionment, where different types tend to occur in different communities), then developing the indices which measure these characteristics, and finally inferring the effective numbers from these indices. (1) The β-component reflects apportionment characteristics of metacommunity structure and is quantified by the "apportionment effective number" of communities (number of effectively monomorphic communities). Since differentiation between communities arises only as a side effect of apportionment, the common interpretation of the β-component in terms of differentiation is unwarranted. (2) Multiplicative as well as additive methods of partitioning the total type diversity (γ) involve apportionment effective numbers of communities that are based on different apportionment indices. (3) "Differentiation effective numbers" of communities exist but do not conform with the classical concept of partitioning total type diversity into components within and between communities. (4) Differentiation characteristics are measured as effective numbers of distinct types (rather than communities) from the dual perspective, in which the roles of type and community membership are exchanged. This is relevant e.g. in studies of endemism and competitive exclusion. (5) For Shannon-Wiener diversity, all of the differentiation and apportionment effective numbers are equal, with the exception of those representing additive partitioning. (6) Under either perspective, that is dual or non-dual, measures of compositional differentiation (as originally suggested for the assessment of β-diversity) do not figure in the partitioning of total diversity into components, since they do not build on the intrinsic concept of diversity. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Control of Toxic Chemicals in Puget Sound, Phase 3: Study Of Atmospheric Deposition of Air Toxics to the Surface of Puget Sound

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-01-01

deposition directly to Puget Sound was an important source of PAHs, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and heavy metals . In most cases, atmospheric...versus Atmospheric Fluxes ........................................................................66  PAH Source Apportionment ...temperature inversions) on air quality during the wet season. A semi-quantitative apportionment study permitted a first-order characterization of source

Countering Air and Missile Threats

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-23

information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources , gathering... apportionment guidance by the JFC. Functional component commands serve to ease the burden on the theater and joint task force staffs, free the JFC to focus...action (COA) to attain the desired objectives. Counterair requires a combination of OCA and DCA operations based on the JFC’s air apportionment

26 CFR 1.861-8 - Computation of taxable income from sources within the United States and from other sources and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... income. [Reserved]. For guidance, see § 1.861-8T(c)(1). (2) Apportionment based on assets. [Reserved.... [Reserved]. For guidance, see § 1.861-8T(d)(2). (e) Allocation and apportionment of certain deductions—(1... section. (2) Interest. [Reserved]. For guidance, see § 1.861-8T(e)(2). (3) Research and experimental...

PM2.5 pollution from household solid fuel burning practices in Central India: 2. Application of receptor models for source apportionment.

PubMed

Matawle, Jeevan Lal; Pervez, Shamsh; Deb, Manas Kanti; Shrivastava, Anjali; Tiwari, Suresh

2018-02-01

USEPA's UNMIX, positive matrix factorization (PMF) and effective variance-chemical mass balance (EV-CMB) receptor models were applied to chemically speciated profiles of 125 indoor PM 2.5 measurements, sampled longitudinally during 2012-2013 in low-income group households of Central India which uses solid fuels for cooking practices. Three step source apportionment studies were carried out to generate more confident source characterization. Firstly, UNMIX6.0 extracted initial number of source factors, which were used to execute PMF5.0 to extract source-factor profiles in second step. Finally, factor analog locally derived source profiles were supplemented to EV-CMB8.2 with indoor receptor PM 2.5 chemical profile to evaluate source contribution estimates (SCEs). The results of combined use of three receptor models clearly describe that UNMIX and PMF are useful tool to extract types of source categories within small receptor dataset and EV-CMB can pick those locally derived source profiles for source apportionment which are analog to PMF-extracted source categories. The source apportionment results have also shown three fold higher relative contribution of solid fuel burning emissions to indoor PM 2.5 compared to those measurements reported for normal households with LPG stoves. The previously reported influential source marker species were found to be comparatively similar to those extracted from PMF fingerprint plots. The comparison between PMF and CMB SCEs results were also found to be qualitatively similar. The performance fit measures of all three receptor models were cross-verified and validated and support each other to gain confidence in source apportionment results.

75 FR 19562 - Fisheries of the Exclusive Economic Zone Off Alaska; Reallocation of Pacific Cod in the Bering...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-15

... gear to catcher vessels less than 60 feet (18.3 meters) length overall (LOA) using hook-and-line or pot... vessels will not be able to harvest 400 mt of the B season apportionment of the 2010 Pacific cod TAC...)(iii)(A), NMFS apportions 400 mt of Pacific cod from the B season jig gear apportionment to catcher...

A Handbook for Determining the Sources of PCB Contamination in Sediments

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-10-01

identifying sources for initial source control to later use for remedial cost apportionment . Often, forensic investigations are successfully used to...alteration processes, source apportionment can be difficult. For instance, one can easily imagine an onshore spill or source of PCB oil that results in a...the use of Aroclor analyses for identifying contamination sources to only fresh samples (for example, PCB oils or soils with freshly spilled PCB

Measuring the Effectiveness of Active Associate TFI Units

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-06-19

consolidated list of prior commanders at the squadron, group and wing levels. Heavy reliance on personal contacts helped spread the request for...that role; namely limiting the use of DSCs in response to certain pre-planned emergency scenarios or major disaster on our soil . “USNORTHCOM and/or...Availability to COMAFFOR Apportionment and Allocation Process (CAAP) MoM 1.1: Aircraft Availability to COMAFFOR Apportionment and Allocation Process

Source apportionment of soil heavy metals using robust absolute principal component scores-robust geographically weighted regression (RAPCS-RGWR) receptor model.

PubMed

Qu, Mingkai; Wang, Yan; Huang, Biao; Zhao, Yongcun

2018-06-01

The traditional source apportionment models, such as absolute principal component scores-multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR), are usually susceptible to outliers, which may be widely present in the regional geochemical dataset. Furthermore, the models are merely built on variable space instead of geographical space and thus cannot effectively capture the local spatial characteristics of each source contributions. To overcome the limitations, a new receptor model, robust absolute principal component scores-robust geographically weighted regression (RAPCS-RGWR), was proposed based on the traditional APCS-MLR model. Then, the new method was applied to the source apportionment of soil metal elements in a region of Wuhan City, China as a case study. Evaluations revealed that: (i) RAPCS-RGWR model had better performance than APCS-MLR model in the identification of the major sources of soil metal elements, and (ii) source contributions estimated by RAPCS-RGWR model were more close to the true soil metal concentrations than that estimated by APCS-MLR model. It is shown that the proposed RAPCS-RGWR model is a more effective source apportionment method than APCS-MLR (i.e., non-robust and global model) in dealing with the regional geochemical dataset. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Measuring the Wealth of School Districts for the Apportionment of Aid to Public Schools in New York State: Full Valuation vs. Personal Income.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

New York State Div. of the Budget, Albany.

The purpose of this study was to assess the merit of using personal income in the determination of a school district's fiscal capacity for the apportionment of New York state aid. Both personal income and full valuation of real property suffer from technical weaknesses, but improvements in the data are possible if the state is willing to…

The CSSIAR v.1.00 Software: A new tool based on SIAR to assess soil redistribution using Compound Specific Stable Isotopes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sergio, de los Santos-Villalobos; Claudio, Bravo-Linares; dos Anjos Roberto, Meigikos; Renan, Cardoso; Max, Gibbs; Andrew, Swales; Lionel, Mabit; Gerd, Dercon

Soil erosion is one of the biggest challenges for food production around the world. Many techniques have been used to evaluate and mitigate soil degradation. Nowadays isotopic techniques are becoming a powerful tool to assess soil apportionment. One of the innovative techniques used is the Compound Specific Stable Isotopes (CSSI) analysis, which has been used to track down sediments and specify their sources by the isotopic signature of δ13 C in specific fatty acids. The application of this technique on soil apportionment has been recently developed, however there is a lack of user-friendly Software for data processing and interpretation. The aim of this article is to introduce a new open source tool for working with data sets generated by the use of the CSSI technique to assess soil apportionment, called the CSSIARv1.00 Software

ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL SOURCE-RECEPTOR RELATIONSHIPS: THE ROLE OF COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Allen L. Robinson; Spyros N. Pandis; Cliff I. Davidson

2004-12-01

This report describes the technical progress made on the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study (PAQS) during the period of March 2004 through August 2004. Significant progress was made this project period on the analysis of ambient data, source apportionment, and deterministic modeling activities. Results highlighted in this report include evaluation of the performance of PMCAMx+ for an air pollution episode in the Eastern US, an emission profile for a coke production facility, ultrafine particle composition during a nucleation event, and a new hybrid approach for source apportionment. An agreement was reached with a utility to characterize fine particle and mercury emissionsmore » from a commercial coal fired power. Research in the next project period will include source testing of a coal fired power plant, source apportionment analysis, emission scenario modeling with PMCAMx+, and writing up results for submission as journal articles.« less

Fine Particle Sources and Cardiorespiratory Morbidity: An Application of Chemical Mass Balance and Factor Analytical Source-Apportionment Methods

PubMed Central

Sarnat, Jeremy A.; Marmur, Amit; Klein, Mitchel; Kim, Eugene; Russell, Armistead G.; Sarnat, Stefanie E.; Mulholland, James A.; Hopke, Philip K.; Tolbert, Paige E.

2008-01-01

Background Interest in the health effects of particulate matter (PM) has focused on identifying sources of PM, including biomass burning, power plants, and gasoline and diesel emissions that may be associated with adverse health risks. Few epidemiologic studies, however, have included source-apportionment estimates in their examinations of PM health effects. We analyzed a time-series of chemically speciated PM measurements in Atlanta, Georgia, and conducted an epidemiologic analysis using data from three distinct source-apportionment methods. Objective The key objective of this analysis was to compare epidemiologic findings generated using both factor analysis and mass balance source-apportionment methods. Methods We analyzed data collected between November 1998 and December 2002 using positive-matrix factorization (PMF), modified chemical mass balance (CMB-LGO), and a tracer approach. Emergency department (ED) visits for a combined cardiovascular (CVD) and respiratory disease (RD) group were assessed as end points. We estimated the risk ratio (RR) associated with same day PM concentrations using Poisson generalized linear models. Results There were significant, positive associations between same-day PM2.5 (PM with aero-dynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) concentrations attributed to mobile sources (RR range, 1.018–1.025) and biomass combustion, primarily prescribed forest burning and residential wood combustion, (RR range, 1.024–1.033) source categories and CVD-related ED visits. Associations between the source categories and RD visits were not significant for all models except sulfate-rich secondary PM2.5 (RR range, 1.012–1.020). Generally, the epidemiologic results were robust to the selection of source-apportionment method, with strong agreement between the RR estimates from the PMF and CMB-LGO models, as well as with results from models using single-species tracers as surrogates of the source-apportioned PM2.5 values. Conclusions Despite differences among the source-apportionment methods, these findings suggest that modeled source-apportioned data can produce robust estimates of acute health risk. In Atlanta, there were consistent associations across methods between PM2.5 from mobile sources and biomass burning with both cardiovascular and respiratory ED visits, and between sulfate-rich secondary PM2.5 with respiratory visits. PMID:18414627

A modified receptor model for source apportionment of heavy metal pollution in soil.

PubMed

Huang, Ying; Deng, Meihua; Wu, Shaofu; Japenga, Jan; Li, Tingqiang; Yang, Xiaoe; He, Zhenli

2018-07-15

Source apportionment is a crucial step toward reduction of heavy metal pollution in soil. Existing methods are generally based on receptor models. However, overestimation or underestimation occurs when they are applied to heavy metal source apportionment in soil. Therefore, a modified model (PCA-MLRD) was developed, which is based on principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple linear regression with distance (MLRD). This model was applied to a case study conducted in a peri-urban area in southeast China where soils were contaminated by arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb). Compared with existing models, PCA-MLRD is able to identify specific sources and quantify the extent of influence for each emission. The zinc (Zn)-Pb mine was identified as the most important anthropogenic emission, which affected approximately half area for Pb and As accumulation, and approximately one third for Cd. Overall, the influence extent of the anthropogenic emissions decreased in the order of mine (3 km) > dyeing mill (2 km) ≈ industrial hub (2 km) > fluorescent factory (1.5 km) > road (0.5 km). Although algorithm still needs to improved, the PCA-MLRD model has the potential to become a useful tool for heavy metal source apportionment in soil. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Apportionment of rainfall in central Himalayan forests (India)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pathak, P. C.; Pandey, A. N.; Singh, J. S.

1985-02-01

The apportionment of rainfall into throughfall, stemflow and interception in certain forests of Kumaun Himalaya was assessed during the 1981 and 1982 monsoon seasons. Stemflow accounted for 0.28-0.89%, throughfall 74.7-91.5% and interception 8.1-25.0% of gross rainfall. The absolute values of throughfall, stemflow and interception were influenced by tree species. Overland flow was low for all forests, indicating that the latter are subsurface flow systems and, consequently, are specially susceptible to deforestation.

Weak acid extractable metals in Bramble Bay, Queensland, Australia: temporal behaviour, enrichment and source apportionment.

PubMed

Brady, James P; Ayoko, Godwin A; Martens, Wayde N; Goonetilleke, Ashantha

2015-02-15

Sediment samples were taken from six sampling sites in Bramble Bay, Queensland, Australia between February and November in 2012. They were analysed for a range of heavy metals including Al, Fe, Mn, Ti, Ce, Th, U, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Sb, Te, Hg, Tl and Pb. Fraction analysis, Enrichment Factors and Principal Component Analysis-Absolute Principal Component Scores (PCA-APCS) were carried out in order to assess metal pollution, potential bioavailability and source apportionment. Cr and Ni exceeded the Australian Interim Sediment Quality Guidelines at some sampling sites, while Hg was found to be the most enriched metal. Fraction analysis identified increased weak acid soluble Hg and Cd during the sampling period. Source apportionment via PCA-APCS found four sources of metals pollution, namely, marine sediments, shipping, antifouling coatings and a mixed source. These sources need to be considered in any metal pollution control measure within Bramble Bay. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Source apportionment of exposures to volatile organic compounds. I. Evaluation of receptor models using simulated exposure data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Miller, Shelly L.; Anderson, Melissa J.; Daly, Eileen P.; Milford, Jana B.

Four receptor-oriented source apportionment models were evaluated by applying them to simulated personal exposure data for select volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that were generated by Monte Carlo sampling from known source contributions and profiles. The exposure sources modeled are environmental tobacco smoke, paint emissions, cleaning and/or pesticide products, gasoline vapors, automobile exhaust, and wastewater treatment plant emissions. The receptor models analyzed are chemical mass balance, principal component analysis/absolute principal component scores, positive matrix factorization (PMF), and graphical ratio analysis for composition estimates/source apportionment by factors with explicit restriction, incorporated in the UNMIX model. All models identified only the major contributors to total exposure concentrations. PMF extracted factor profiles that most closely represented the major sources used to generate the simulated data. None of the models were able to distinguish between sources with similar chemical profiles. Sources that contributed <5% to the average total VOC exposure were not identified.

Problems in the fingerprints based polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons source apportionment analysis and a practical solution.

PubMed

Zou, Yonghong; Wang, Lixia; Christensen, Erik R

2015-10-01

This work intended to explain the challenges of the fingerprints based source apportionment method for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the aquatic environment, and to illustrate a practical and robust solution. The PAH data detected in the sediment cores from the Illinois River provide the basis of this study. Principal component analysis (PCA) separates PAH compounds into two groups reflecting their possible airborne transport patterns; but it is not able to suggest specific sources. Not all positive matrix factorization (PMF) determined sources are distinguishable due to the variability of source fingerprints. However, they constitute useful suggestions for inputs for a Bayesian chemical mass balance (CMB) analysis. The Bayesian CMB analysis takes into account the measurement errors as well as the variations of source fingerprints, and provides a credible source apportionment. Major PAH sources for Illinois River sediments are traffic (35%), coke oven (24%), coal combustion (18%), and wood combustion (14%). Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Source Apportionment of PM2.5 in Delhi, India Using PMF Model.

PubMed

Sharma, S K; Mandal, T K; Jain, Srishti; Saraswati; Sharma, A; Saxena, Mohit

2016-08-01

Chemical characterization of PM2.5 [organic carbon, elemental carbon, water soluble inorganic ionic components, and major and trace elements] was carried out for a source apportionment study of PM2.5 at an urban site of Delhi, India from January, 2013, to December, 2014. The annual average mass concentration of PM2.5 was 122 ± 94.1 µg m(-3). Strong seasonal variation was observed in PM2.5 mass concentration and its chemical composition with maxima during winter and minima during monsoon. A receptor model, positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied for source apportionment of PM2.5 mass concentration. The PMF model resolved the major sources of PM2.5 as secondary aerosols (21.3 %), followed by soil dust (20.5 %), vehicle emissions (19.7 %), biomass burning (14.3 %), fossil fuel combustion (13.7 %), industrial emissions (6.2 %) and sea salt (4.3 %).

Medicare and Medicaid; payment for the cost of malpractice insurance--HCFA. Interim final rule with comment period.

PubMed

1986-04-01

In this final rule we are adopting an apportionment methodology for determining reasonable cost reimbursement for hospital malpractice insurance costs. The new apportionment policy for hospitals will divide total malpractice insurance premium cost into two components. The "administrative component," which accounts for 8.5 percent of total premium cost, will be included in the General and Administrative cost center and will be apportioned on the basis of the individual hospital's Medicare utilization rate. The "risk component," which comprises 91.5 percent of total cost, will be apportioned on the basis of a formula that takes into account the individual hospital's utilization as well as the national Medicare patient utilization rate and the national Medicare malpractice loss ratio (as adjusted to account for associated claims handling costs). Effectively, the "scaling factor formula" will relate the national utilization rate to the adjusted national loss ratio. As a hospital's own utilization rate exceeds or falls below the national utilization rate, the risk component will be reimbursed on the basis of a "scaling factor" that is more or less than the national Medicare malpractice loss ratio. Different apportionment policies are being adopted for Medicare skilled nursing facilities and for providers of services under the Medicaid and Maternal and Child Health programs. This final rule replaces our current apportionment policy for reimbursement of malpractice insurance costs and is applicable, subject to the rules of reopening and administrative finality, to cost reporting periods beginning on or after July 1, 1979.

Bioavailability of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and their Potential Application in Eco-risk Assessment and Source Apportionment in Urban River Sediment

PubMed Central

Yang, Xunan; Yu, Liuqian; Chen, Zefang; Xu, Meiying

2016-01-01

Traditional risk assessment and source apportionment of sediments based on bulk polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can introduce biases due to unknown aging effects in various sediments. We used a mild solvent (hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin) to extract the bioavailable fraction of PAHs (a-PAHs) from sediment samples collected in Pearl River, southern China. We investigated the potential application of this technique for ecological risk assessments and source apportionment. We found that the distribution of PAHs was associated with human activities and that the a-PAHs accounted for a wide range (4.7%–21.2%) of total-PAHs (t-PAHs), and high risk sites were associated with lower t-PAHs but higher a-PAHs. The correlation between a-PAHs and the sediment toxicity assessed using tubificid worms (r = −0.654, P = 0.021) was greater than that from t-PAH-based risk assessment (r = −0.230, P = 0.472). Moreover, the insignificant correlation between a-PAH content and mPEC-Q of low molecular weight PAHs implied the potiential bias of t-PAH-based risk assessment. The source apportionment from mild extracted fractions was consistent across different indicators and was in accordance with typical pollution sources. Our results suggested that mild extraction-based approaches reduce the potential error from aging effects because the mild extracted PAHs provide a more direct indicator of bioavailability and fresher fractions in sediments. PMID:26976450

An inter-comparison of PM10 source apportionment using PCA and PMF receptor models in three European sites.

PubMed

Cesari, Daniela; Amato, F; Pandolfi, M; Alastuey, A; Querol, X; Contini, D

2016-08-01

Source apportionment of aerosol is an important approach to investigate aerosol formation and transformation processes as well as to assess appropriate mitigation strategies and to investigate causes of non-compliance with air quality standards (Directive 2008/50/CE). Receptor models (RMs) based on chemical composition of aerosol measured at specific sites are a useful, and widely used, tool to perform source apportionment. However, an analysis of available studies in the scientific literature reveals heterogeneities in the approaches used, in terms of "working variables" such as the number of samples in the dataset and the number of chemical species used as well as in the modeling tools used. In this work, an inter-comparison of PM10 source apportionment results obtained at three European measurement sites is presented, using two receptor models: principal component analysis coupled with multi-linear regression analysis (PCA-MLRA) and positive matrix factorization (PMF). The inter-comparison focuses on source identification, quantification of source contribution to PM10, robustness of the results, and how these are influenced by the number of chemical species available in the datasets. Results show very similar component/factor profiles identified by PCA and PMF, with some discrepancies in the number of factors. The PMF model appears to be more suitable to separate secondary sulfate and secondary nitrate with respect to PCA at least in the datasets analyzed. Further, some difficulties have been observed with PCA in separating industrial and heavy oil combustion contributions. Commonly at all sites, the crustal contributions found with PCA were larger than those found with PMF, and the secondary inorganic aerosol contributions found by PCA were lower than those found by PMF. Site-dependent differences were also observed for traffic and marine contributions. The inter-comparison of source apportionment performed on complete datasets (using the full range of available chemical species) and incomplete datasets (with reduced number of chemical species) allowed to investigate the sensitivity of source apportionment (SA) results to the working variables used in the RMs. Results show that, at both sites, the profiles and the contributions of the different sources calculated with PMF are comparable within the estimated uncertainties indicating a good stability and robustness of PMF results. In contrast, PCA outputs are more sensitive to the chemical species present in the datasets. In PCA, the crustal contributions are higher in the incomplete datasets and the traffic contributions are significantly lower for incomplete datasets.

Source Apportionment Using Positive Matrix Factorization on Daily Measurements of Inorganic and Organic Speciated PM2.5

PubMed Central

Dutton, Steven J.; Vedal, Sverre; Piedrahita, Ricardo; Milford, Jana B.; Miller, Shelly L.; Hannigan, Michael P.

2012-01-01

Particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5) has been linked with a wide range of adverse health effects. Determination of the sources of PM2.5 most responsible for these health effects could lead to improved understanding of the mechanisms of such effects and more targeted regulation. This has provided the impetus for the Denver Aerosol Sources and Health (DASH) study, a multi-year source apportionment and health effects study relying on detailed inorganic and organic PM2.5 speciation measurements. In this study, PM2.5 source apportionment is performed by coupling positive matrix factorization (PMF) with daily speciated PM2.5 measurements including inorganic ions, elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC), and organic molecular markers. A qualitative comparison is made between two models, PMF2 and ME2, commonly used for solving the PMF problem. Many previous studies have incorporated chemical mass balance (CMB) for organic molecular marker source apportionment on limited data sets, but the DASH data set is large enough to use multivariate factor analysis techniques such as PMF. Sensitivity of the PMF2 and ME2 models to the selection of speciated PM2.5 components and model input parameters was investigated in depth. A combination of diagnostics was used to select an optimum, 7-factor model using one complete year of daily data with pointwise measurement uncertainties. The factors included 1) a wintertime/methoxyphenol factor, 2) an EC/sterane factor, 3) a nitrate/polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) factor, 4) a summertime/selective aliphatic factor, 5) an n-alkane factor, 6) a middle oxygenated PAH/alkanoic acid factor and 7) an inorganic ion factor. These seven factors were qualitatively linked with known PM2.5 emission sources with varying degrees of confidence. Mass apportionment using the 7-factor model revealed the contribution of each factor to the mass of OC, EC, nitrate and sulfate. On an annual basis, the majority of OC and EC mass was associated with the summertime/selective aliphatic factor and the EC/sterane factor, respectively, while nitrate and sulfate mass were both dominated by the inorganic ion factor. This apportionment was found to vary substantially by season. Several of the factors identified in this study agree well with similar assessments conducted in St. Louis, MO and Pittsburgh, PA using PMF and organic molecular markers. PMID:22768005

Single particle characterization, source apportionment, and aging effects of ambient aerosols in Southern California

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shields, Laura Grace

Composed of a mixture of chemical species and phases and existing in a variety of shapes and sizes, atmospheric aerosols are complex and can have serious influence on human health, the environment, and climate. In order to better understand the impact of aerosols on local to global scales, detailed measurements on the physical and chemical properties of ambient particles are essential. In addition, knowing the origin or the source of the aerosols is important for policymakers to implement targeted regulations and effective control strategies to reduce air pollution in their region. One of the most ground breaking techniques in aerosol instrumentation is single particle mass spectrometry (SPMS), which can provide online chemical composition and size information on the individual particle level. The primary focus of this work is to further improve the ability of one specific SPMS technique, aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ATOFMS), for the use of identifying the specific origin of ambient aerosols, which is known as source apportionment. The ATOFMS source apportionment method utilizes a library of distinct source mass spectral signatures to match the chemical information of the single ambient particles. The unique signatures are obtained in controlled source characterization studies, such as with the exhaust emissions of heavy duty diesel vehicles (HDDV) operating on a dynamometer. The apportionment of ambient aerosols is complicated by the chemical and physical processes an individual particle can undergo as it spends time in the atmosphere, which is referred to as "aging" of the aerosol. Therefore, the performance of the source signature library technique was investigated on the ambient dataset of the highly aged environment of Riverside, California. Additionally, two specific subsets of the Riverside dataset (ultrafine particles and particles containing trace metals), which are known to cause adverse health effects, were probed in greater detail. Finally, the impact of large wildfires on the ambient levels of particulate matter in Southern California is discussed. The results of this work provide insight into single particles impacting the Southern California region, the relative source contributions to this region, and finally an examination of how atmospheric aging influences the ability to perform source apportionment.

Organic aerosol components derived from 25 AMS datasets across Europe using a newly developed ME-2 based source apportionment strategy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Crippa, M.; Canonaco, F.; Lanz, V. A.; Äijälä, M.; Allan, J. D.; Carbone, S.; Capes, G.; Dall'Osto, M.; Day, D. A.; DeCarlo, P. F.; Di Marco, C. F.; Ehn, M.; Eriksson, A.; Freney, E.; Hildebrandt Ruiz, L.; Hillamo, R.; Jimenez, J.-L.; Junninen, H.; Kiendler-Scharr, A.; Kortelainen, A.-M.; Kulmala, M.; Mensah, A. A.; Mohr, C.; Nemitz, E.; O'Dowd, C.; Ovadnevaite, J.; Pandis, S. N.; Petäjä, T.; Poulain, L.; Saarikoski, S.; Sellegri, K.; Swietlicki, E.; Tiitta, P.; Worsnop, D. R.; Baltensperger, U.; Prévôt, A. S. H.

2013-09-01

Organic aerosols (OA) represent one of the major constituents of submicron particulate matter (PM1) and comprise a huge variety of compounds emitted by different sources. Three intensive measurement field campaigns to investigate the aerosol chemical composition all over Europe were carried out within the framework of EUCAARI and the intensive campaigns of EMEP during 2008 (May-June and September-October) and 2009 (February-March). In this paper we focus on the identification of the main organic aerosol sources and we propose a standardized methodology to perform source apportionment using positive matrix factorization (PMF) with the multilinear engine (ME-2) on Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) data. Our source apportionment procedure is tested and applied on 25 datasets accounting for urban, rural, remote and high altitude sites and therefore it is likely suitable for the treatment of AMS-related ambient datasets. For most of the sites, four organic components are retrieved, improving significantly previous source apportionment results where only a separation in primary and secondary OA sources was possible. Our solutions include two primary OA sources, i.e. hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA) and biomass burning OA (BBOA) and two secondary OA components, i.e. semi-volatile oxygenated OA (SV-OOA) and low-volatility oxygenated OA (LV-OOA). For specific sites cooking-related (COA) and marine-related sources (MSA) are also separated. Finally, our work provides a large overview of organic aerosol sources in Europe and an interesting set of highly time resolved data for modeling evaluation purposes.

Toward Synchronous Evaluation of Source Apportionments for Atmospheric Concentration and Deposition of Sulfate Aerosol Over East Asia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Itahashi, S.

2018-03-01

Source apportionments for atmospheric concentration, dry deposition, and wet deposition of sulfate aerosol (SO42-) were synchronously evaluated over East Asia, a main source of anthropogenic sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions. Estimating dry deposition was difficult owing to the difficulty of measuring deposition velocity directly; therefore, sensitivity simulations using two dry deposition schemes were conducted. Moreover, sensitivity simulations for different emission inventories, the largest uncertainty source in the air quality model, were also conducted. In total, four experimental settings were used. Model performance was verified for atmospheric concentration and wet deposition using a ground-based observation network in China, Korea, and Japan, and all four model settings captured the observations. The underestimation of wet deposition over China was improved by an adjusted approach that linearly scaled the modeled precipitation values to observations. The synchronous evaluation of source apportionments for atmospheric concentration and dry and wet deposition showed the dominant contribution of anthropogenic emissions from China to the atmospheric concentration and deposition in Japan. The contributions of emissions from volcanoes were more important for wet deposition than for atmospheric concentration. Differences in the dry deposition scheme and emission inventory did not substantially influence the relative ratio of source apportionments over Japan. Because the dry deposition was more attributed to local factors, the differences in dry deposition may be an important determinant of the source contributions from China to Japan. Verification of these findings, including the dry deposition velocity, is necessary for better understanding of the behavior of sulfur compound in East Asia.

Comparison of source apportionments of PM2.5 using three receptor models (CMB, PMF, and SMP) in Seoul, Korea

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Heo, J.; Kim, J. Y.; Kim, S. W.

2017-12-01

We compared source apportionments of PM2.5 in Seoul, Korea by three receptor models, Chemical Mass Balance (CMB), Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF), and Solver for Mixture Problem (SMP). The CMB model can estimate source apportionment with suitable source profiles of emissions, but it is difficult to find location-specific source profiles. In contrary, the multivariate receptor model does not need source profiles, but fundamental natural physical constraints (FNPCs) required for aerosol source apportionment are different in PMF and SMP. Ninety-six PM2.5 daily samples collected at Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) in Seoul, Korea from October 2012 to September 2013 were analyzed in this study. The average PM2.5 mass concentration over the study period was 41.5 ± 27.7 mg m-3 and secondary inorganic species and organic matter were the main chemical species occupying about 73.7% - 87.9% of the PM2.5 mass concentration in all seasons. Secondary sulfate (18.0% - 26.1%), secondary nitrate (12.1% - 28.5%), vehicle (2.9% - 32.9%), biomass burning (13.2% - 21.3%) were identified by all three receptor models as the major sources accounting for approximately 76.3%-82.7% of the total PM2.5 and contributions of main sources represented their seasonality. However, three receptor models showed significant differences, especially for vehicle emission due to their measured/estimated source profiles. In this presentation, more detailed comparisons among CMB, PMF and SMP models will be presented focusing on the source profiles and contributions.

Evaluating analytical approaches for estimating pelagic fish biomass using simulated fish communities

USGS Publications Warehouse

Yule, Daniel L.; Adams, Jean V.; Warner, David M.; Hrabik, Thomas R.; Kocovsky, Patrick M.; Weidel, Brian C.; Rudstam, Lars G.; Sullivan, Patrick J.

2013-01-01

Pelagic fish assessments often combine large amounts of acoustic-based fish density data and limited midwater trawl information to estimate species-specific biomass density. We compared the accuracy of five apportionment methods for estimating pelagic fish biomass density using simulated communities with known fish numbers that mimic Lakes Superior, Michigan, and Ontario, representing a range of fish community complexities. Across all apportionment methods, the error in the estimated biomass generally declined with increasing effort, but methods that accounted for community composition changes with water column depth performed best. Correlations between trawl catch and the true species composition were highest when more fish were caught, highlighting the benefits of targeted trawling in locations of high fish density. Pelagic fish surveys should incorporate geographic and water column depth stratification in the survey design, use apportionment methods that account for species-specific depth differences, target midwater trawling effort in areas of high fish density, and include at least 15 midwater trawls. With relatively basic biological information, simulations of fish communities and sampling programs can optimize effort allocation and reduce error in biomass estimates.

A clustering algorithm for sample data based on environmental pollution characteristics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Mei; Wang, Pengfei; Chen, Qiang; Wu, Jiadong; Chen, Xiaoyun

2015-04-01

Environmental pollution has become an issue of serious international concern in recent years. Among the receptor-oriented pollution models, CMB, PMF, UNMIX, and PCA are widely used as source apportionment models. To improve the accuracy of source apportionment and classify the sample data for these models, this study proposes an easy-to-use, high-dimensional EPC algorithm that not only organizes all of the sample data into different groups according to the similarities in pollution characteristics such as pollution sources and concentrations but also simultaneously detects outliers. The main clustering process consists of selecting the first unlabelled point as the cluster centre, then assigning each data point in the sample dataset to its most similar cluster centre according to both the user-defined threshold and the value of similarity function in each iteration, and finally modifying the clusters using a method similar to k-Means. The validity and accuracy of the algorithm are tested using both real and synthetic datasets, which makes the EPC algorithm practical and effective for appropriately classifying sample data for source apportionment models and helpful for better understanding and interpreting the sources of pollution.

Quota methods for congressional apportionment are still non-unique

PubMed Central

Mayberry, John P.

1978-01-01

Balinski and Young described a “quota method” for congressional apportionment and recommended it as “the only method satisfying three essential axioms” [Balinski, M. L. & Young, H. P. (1974) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 4602-4606]. This paper points out and repairs a slight defect in one of those axioms, producing a quota method slightly different from that described previously. It also presents an alternative to the “consistency” axiom of the paper and describes the “dual quota” method, uniquely satisfying the alternative axioms (which have exactly as much justification as the originals). PMID:16592547

Establishing the origin of particulate matter across Europe

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schaap, Martijn; Kranenburg, Richard; Hendriks, Carlijn; Kuenen, Jeroen

2016-04-01

Exposure to particulate matter (PM) in ambient air leads to adverse health effects. To design cost effective mitigation strategies, a thorough understanding of the sources of particulate matter is crucial. In this paper we like to provide an overview of recent source apportionment studies aimed at PM and its precursors carried out at TNO. The source apportionment module that tracks the origin of modelled particulate matter distributions throughout a LOTOS-EUROS simulation will be explained. To optimally apply this technology dedicated emission inventories, e.g. fuel type specific, need to be generated. Applications to Europe shows that in northwestern Europe the contribution of transport and agricultural emissions dominate the PM mass concentrations, especially during episodic events. In eastern Europe, the domestic and energy sector are much more important. In southern Europe the picture is more mixed, although the frequent high levels of desert dust stand out. Evaluation of the source allocation against experimental data and PMF analyses is challenging as there is only a limited availability of source specific tracers or factors that can be used for direct comparison. Nonetheless, for the available tracers such as vanadium for heavy fuel oil combustion an evaluation is very well possible. The source apportionment technique can also be used to interpret particulate matter formation efficiencies. It will be shown that the conversion rates for the secondary inorganic aerosol precursors (NOx, NH3 and SO2) have changed during the last 20 years. A particular problem is related to the fact that CTMs systematically underestimate observed PM levels, which means that the contribution of certain source categories (natural, agriculture, combustion) are underestimated. Future developments needed to improve the source apportionment information concerning process knowledge, data assimilation as well as model implementation will be discussed. Specific challenges concerning the underlying emission information will be highlighted.

Organic aerosol components derived from 25 AMS data sets across Europe using a consistent ME-2 based source apportionment approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Crippa, M.; Canonaco, F.; Lanz, V. A.; Äijälä, M.; Allan, J. D.; Carbone, S.; Capes, G.; Ceburnis, D.; Dall'Osto, M.; Day, D. A.; DeCarlo, P. F.; Ehn, M.; Eriksson, A.; Freney, E.; Hildebrandt Ruiz, L.; Hillamo, R.; Jimenez, J. L.; Junninen, H.; Kiendler-Scharr, A.; Kortelainen, A.-M.; Kulmala, M.; Laaksonen, A.; Mensah, A. A.; Mohr, C.; Nemitz, E.; O'Dowd, C.; Ovadnevaite, J.; Pandis, S. N.; Petäjä, T.; Poulain, L.; Saarikoski, S.; Sellegri, K.; Swietlicki, E.; Tiitta, P.; Worsnop, D. R.; Baltensperger, U.; Prévôt, A. S. H.

2014-06-01

Organic aerosols (OA) represent one of the major constituents of submicron particulate matter (PM1) and comprise a huge variety of compounds emitted by different sources. Three intensive measurement field campaigns to investigate the aerosol chemical composition all over Europe were carried out within the framework of the European Integrated Project on Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air Quality Interactions (EUCAARI) and the intensive campaigns of European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) during 2008 (May-June and September-October) and 2009 (February-March). In this paper we focus on the identification of the main organic aerosol sources and we define a standardized methodology to perform source apportionment using positive matrix factorization (PMF) with the multilinear engine (ME-2) on Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) data. Our source apportionment procedure is tested and applied on 25 data sets accounting for two urban, several rural and remote and two high altitude sites; therefore it is likely suitable for the treatment of AMS-related ambient data sets. For most of the sites, four organic components are retrieved, improving significantly previous source apportionment results where only a separation in primary and secondary OA sources was possible. Generally, our solutions include two primary OA sources, i.e. hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA) and biomass burning OA (BBOA) and two secondary OA components, i.e. semi-volatile oxygenated OA (SV-OOA) and low-volatility oxygenated OA (LV-OOA). For specific sites cooking-related (COA) and marine-related sources (MSA) are also separated. Finally, our work provides a large overview of organic aerosol sources in Europe and an interesting set of highly time resolved data for modeling purposes.

Application of a source apportionment model in consideration of volatile organic compounds in an urban stream

USGS Publications Warehouse

Asher, W.E.; Luo, W.; Campo, K.W.; Bender, D.A.; Robinson, K.W.; Zogorski, J.S.; Pankow, J.F.

2007-01-01

Position-dependent concentrations of trichloroethylene and methyl-tert-butyl ether are considered for a 2.81-km section of the Aberjona River in Massachusetts, USA. This river flows through Woburn and Winchester (Massachusetts, USA), an area that is highly urbanized, has a long history of industrial activities dating to the early 1800s, and has gained national attention because of contamination from chlorinated solvent compounds in Woburn wells G and H. The river study section is in Winchester and begins approximately five stream kilometers downstream from the Woburn wells superfund site. Approximately 300 toxic release sites are documented in the watershed upstream from the terminus of the study section. The inflow to the river study section is considered one source of contamination. Other sources are the atmosphere, a tributary flow, and groundwater flows entering the river; the latter are categorized according to stream zone (1, 2, 3, etc.). Loss processes considered include outflows to groundwater and water-to-atmosphere transfer of volatile compounds. For both trichloroethylene and methyl-rerf-butyl ether, degradation is neglected over the timescale of interest. Source apportionment fractions with assigned values ??inflow, ??1, ??2, ??3, etc. are tracked by a source apportionment model. The strengths of the groundwater and tributary sources serve as fitting parameters when minimizing a reduced least squares statistic between water concentrations measured during a synoptic study in July 2001 versus predictions from the model. The model fits provide strong evidence of substantial unknown groundwater sources of trichloroethylene and methyl-tert-butyl ether amounting to tens of grams per day of trichloroethylene and methyl-tert-butyl ether in the river along the study section. Modeling in a source apportionment manner can be useful to water quality managers allocating limited resources for remediation and source control. ?? 2007 SETAC.

An integrated approach to assess heavy metal source apportionment in peri-urban agricultural soils.

PubMed

Huang, Ying; Li, Tingqiang; Wu, Chengxian; He, Zhenli; Japenga, Jan; Deng, Meihua; Yang, Xiaoe

2015-12-15

Three techniques (Isotope Ratio Analysis, GIS mapping, and Multivariate Statistical Analysis) were integrated to assess heavy metal pollution and source apportionment in peri-urban agricultural soils. The soils in the study area were moderately polluted with cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg), lightly polluted with lead (Pb), and chromium (Cr). GIS Mapping suggested Cd pollution originates from point sources, whereas Hg, Pb, Cr could be traced back to both point and non-point sources. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated aluminum (Al), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni) were mainly inherited from natural sources, while Hg, Pb, and Cd were associated with two different kinds of anthropogenic sources. Cluster analysis (CA) further identified fertilizers, waste water, industrial solid wastes, road dust, and atmospheric deposition as potential sources. Based on isotope ratio analysis (IRA) organic fertilizers and road dusts accounted for 74-100% and 0-24% of the total Hg input, while road dusts and solid wastes contributed for 0-80% and 19-100% of the Pb input. This study provides a reliable approach for heavy metal source apportionment in this particular peri-urban area, with a clear potential for future application in other regions. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Trends in PM2.5 emissions, concentrations and apportionments in Detroit and Chicago

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Milando, Chad; Huang, Lei; Batterman, Stuart

2016-03-01

PM2.5 concentrations throughout much of the U.S. have decreased over the last 15 years, but emissions and concentration trends can vary by location and source type. Such trends should be understood to inform air quality management and policies. This work examines trends in emissions, concentrations and source apportionments in two large Midwest U.S. cities, Detroit, Michigan, and Chicago, Illinois. Annual and seasonal trends were investigated using National Emission Inventory (NEI) data for 2002 to 2011, speciated ambient PM2.5 data from 2001 to 2014, apportionments from positive matrix factorization (PMF) receptor modeling, and quantile regression. Over the study period, county-wide data suggest emissions from point sources decreased (Detroit) or held constant (Chicago), while emissions from on-road mobile sources were constant (Detroit) or increased (Chicago), however changes in methodology limit the interpretation of inventory trends. Ambient concentration data also suggest source and apportionment trends, e.g., annual median concentrations of PM2.5 in the two cities declined by 3.2-3.6%/yr (faster than national trends), and sulfate concentrations (due to coal-fired facilities and other point source emissions) declined even faster; in contrast, organic and elemental carbon (tracers of gasoline and diesel vehicle exhaust) declined more slowly or held constant. The PMF models identified nine sources in Detroit and eight in Chicago, the most important being secondary sulfate, secondary nitrate and vehicle emissions. A minor crustal dust source, metals sources, and a biomass source also were present in both cities. These apportionments showed that the median relative contributions from secondary sulfate sources decreased by 4.2-5.5% per year in Detroit and Chicago, while contributions from metals sources, biomass sources, and vehicles increased from 1.3 to 9.2% per year. This first application of quantile regression to trend analyses of speciated PM2.5 data reveals that source contributions to PM2.5 varied as PM2.5 concentrations decreased, and that the fraction of PM2.5 due to emissions from vehicles and other local emissions has increased. Each data source has uncertainties, but emissions, monitoring and PMF data provide complementary information that can help to discern trends and identify contributing sources. Study results emphasize the need to target specific sources in policies and regulations aimed at decreasing PM2.5 concentrations in urban areas.

Aerosol source apportionment based on multi-wavelength photoacoustic light absorption measurements: a simulation method for system's optimisation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Simon, Károly; Ajtai, Tibor; Kiss-Albert, Gergely; Utry, Noémi; Pintér, Máté; Szabó, Gábor; Bozóki, Zoltán

2017-04-01

Aerosol source apportionment is currently one of the outstanding challenges for environmental monitoring. In most cases atmospheric aerosol is a heterogeneous mixture as it typically originates from various sources. Consequently, each aerosol type has distinct chemical and physical properties. Contrary to chemical properties, optical absorption and size distribution of airborne particles can be measured in real time with high time resolution i.e. their measurement facilitates real time source apportionment (Favez et al (2009), Ajtai et al (2011), Favez et al (2010)). The wavelength dependency of the optical absorption coefficient (OAC) is usually characterised by the Absorption Angström Exponent (AAE). So far, the selection of light sources (lasers) into a photoacoustic aerosol measuring system was based on rule of thumb type estimations only. Recently, we proposed a simulation method that can be used to estimate the accuracy of aerosol source apportionment in case of a dual wavelength photoacoustic system (Simon et al., (2017)). This simulation is based on the assumption that the atmospheric aerosol load is dominated by two distinct sources and each of them is strongly light absorbing with specific AAE values. This is a typical scenario e.g. for urban measurements under wintry conditions when dominating aerosol sources are fossil fuel and wood burning with characteristic AAE 1 and 2, respectively. The wavelength pair of 405 and 1064 nm was found to be optimal for source apportionment in this case. In the presented study we investigated the situation when there are aerosol components with only slightly different AAE values and searched for a photoacoustic system which is optimal for distinguishing these components. Ajtai, T.; Filep, Á.; Utry, N.; Schnaiter, M.; Linke, C.; Bozóki, Z.; Szabó, G. and Leisner T. (2011) Journal of Aerosol Science 42, 859-866. Favez, O.; Cachier, H.; Sciare, J.; Sarda-Estève, R. and Martinon, L. (2009) Atmospheric Environment 43, 3640-3644. Favez, O.; El Haddad, I.; Piot, C.; Boréave, A.; Abidi, E.; Marchand, N.; Jaffrezo, J. L.; Besombes, J. L.; Personnaz, M. B.; Sciare, J.; Wortham, H.; George, C. and D'Anna, B. (2010), Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 5295-5314. Simon, K.A.; Ajtai, T; Gulyas, G; Utry, N; Pinter, M; Szabo, G. and Bozoki, Bozoki, Z. (2017), Journal of Aerosol Science 104, 10-15.

Trace elements and common ions in southeastern Idaho snow: Regional air pollutant tracers for source area emissions

USGS Publications Warehouse

Abbott, M.; Einerson, J.; Schuster, P.; Susong, D.; Taylor, Howard E.; ,

2004-01-01

Snow sampling and analysis methods which produce accurate and ultra-low measurements of trace elements and common ion concentration in southeastern Idaho snow, were developed. Snow samples were collected over two winters to assess trace elements and common ion concentrations in air pollutant fallout across the southeastern Idaho. The area apportionment of apportionment of fallout concentrations measured at downwind location were investigated using pattern recognition and multivariate statistical technical techniques. Results show a high level of contribution from phosphates processing facilities located outside Pocatello in the southern portion of the Eastern Snake River Plain, and no obvious source area profiles other than at Pocatello.

Evaluation and error apportionment of an ensemble of ...

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Through the comparison of several regional-scale chemistry transport modelling systems that simulate meteorology and air quality over the European and American continents, this study aims at i) apportioning the error to the responsible processes using time-scale analysis, ii) helping to detect causes of models error, and iii) identifying the processes and scales most urgently requiring dedicated investigations. The analysis is conducted within the framework of the third phase of the Air Quality Model Evaluation International Initiative (AQMEII) and tackles model performance gauging through measurement-to-model comparison, error decomposition and time series analysis of the models biases for several fields (ozone, CO, SO2, NO, NO2, PM10, PM2.5, wind speed, and temperature). The operational metrics (magnitude of the error, sign of the bias, associativity) provide an overall sense of model strengths and deficiencies, while apportioning the error to its constituent parts (bias, variance and covariance) can help to assess the nature and quality of the error. Each of the error components is analysed independently and apportioned to specific processes based on the corresponding timescale (long scale, synoptic, diurnal, and intra-day) using the error apportionment technique devised in the former phases of AQMEII.The application of the error apportionment method to the AQMEII Phase 3 simulations provides several key insights. In addition to reaffirming the strong impact

Source Apportionment of Elemental Carbon in Beijing, China: Insights from Radiocarbon and Organic Marker Measurements.

PubMed

Zhang, Yan-Lin; Schnelle-Kreis, Jürgen; Abbaszade, Gülcin; Zimmermann, Ralf; Zotter, Peter; Shen, Rong-rong; Schäfer, Klaus; Shao, Longyi; Prévôt, André S H; Szidat, Sönke

2015-07-21

Elemental carbon (EC) or black carbon (BC) in the atmosphere has a strong influence on both climate and human health. In this study, radiocarbon ((14)C) based source apportionment is used to distinguish between fossil fuel and biomass burning sources of EC isolated from aerosol filter samples collected in Beijing from June 2010 to May 2011. The (14)C results demonstrate that EC is consistently dominated by fossil-fuel combustion throughout the whole year with a mean contribution of 79% ± 6% (ranging from 70% to 91%), though EC has a higher mean and peak concentrations in the cold season. The seasonal molecular pattern of hopanes (i.e., a class of organic markers mainly emitted during the combustion of different fossil fuels) indicates that traffic-related emissions are the most important fossil source in the warm period and coal combustion emissions are significantly increased in the cold season. By combining (14)C based source apportionment results and picene (i.e., an organic marker for coal emissions) concentrations, relative contributions from coal (mainly from residential bituminous coal) and vehicle to EC in the cold period were estimated as 25 ± 4% and 50 ± 7%, respectively, whereas the coal combustion contribution was negligible or very small in the warm period.

Source apportionment of PM2.5 at the Lin'an regional background site in China with three receptor models

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Deng, Junjun; Zhang, Yanru; Qiu, Yuqing; Zhang, Hongliang; Du, Wenjiao; Xu, Lingling; Hong, Youwei; Chen, Yanting; Chen, Jinsheng

2018-04-01

Source apportionment of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) were conducted at the Lin'an Regional Atmospheric Background Station (LA) in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region in China from July 2014 to April 2015 with three receptor models including principal component analysis combining multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR), UNMIX and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF). The model performance, source identification and source contribution of the three models were analyzed and inter-compared. Source apportionment of PM2.5 was also conducted with the receptor models. Good correlations between the reconstructed and measured concentrations of PM2.5 and its major chemical species were obtained for all models. PMF resolved almost all masses of PM2.5, while PCA-MLR and UNMIX explained about 80%. Five, four and seven sources were identified by PCA-MLR, UNMIX and PMF, respectively. Combustion, secondary source, marine source, dust and industrial activities were identified by all the three receptor models. Combustion source and secondary source were the major sources, and totally contributed over 60% to PM2.5. The PMF model had a better performance on separating the different combustion sources. These findings improve the understanding of PM2.5 sources in background region.

Volatility-resolved source apportionment of primary and secondary organic aerosol over Europe

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Skyllakou, Ksakousti; Fountoukis, Christos; Charalampidis, Panagiotis; Pandis, Spyros N.

2017-10-01

A three-dimensional regional chemical transport model (Particulate Matter Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions, PMCAMx) was applied over Europe combined with a source apportionment algorithm, the Particulate Source Apportionment Technology (PSAT), in order to quantify the sources which contribute to the primary and secondary organic aerosol (OA) during different seasons. The PSAT algorithm was first extended to allow the quantification of the sources of OA as a function of volatility. The most significant OA sources during May were biogenic, while during February residential wood combustion and during September wildfires dominated. The contributions of the various sources have strong spatial dependence. Wildfires were significant OA sources (38% of the OA) for Russia during September, but had a much lower impact (5%) in Scandinavia. The above results are in general consistent with the findings of the CARBOSOL project for selected sites in Europe. For remote sites such as Finokalia in Crete, more than 90% of the OA has undergone two or more generations of oxidation for all seasons. This highly processed oxidized OA is predicted to also dominate over much of Europe during the summer and fall. The first generation SOA is predicted to represent 20-30% of the OA in central and northern Europe during these photochemically active periods.

Tim Watkins

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Tim’s expertise and interests lie in the area of air pollution exposure assessment, including ambient air monitoring, personal monitoring, source apportionment, and air quality and exposure modeling.

Coarse and fine aerosol source apportionment in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Godoy, Maria Luiza D. P.; Godoy, José Marcus; Roldão, Luiz Alfredo; Soluri, Daniela S.; Donagemma, Raquel A.

The metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro is one of the twenty biggest urban agglomerations in the world, with 11 million inhabitants in the metropolitan area, and has a high population density, with 1700 hab. km -2. For this aerosol source apportionment study, the atmospheric aerosol sampling was performed at ten sites distributed in different locations of the metropolitan area from September/2003 to December/2005, with sampling during 24 h on a weekly basis. Stacked filter units (SFU) were used to collect fine and coarse aerosol particles with a flow rate of 17 L min -1. In both size fractions trace elements were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) as well as water-soluble species by Ion-Chromatography (IC). Also gravimetric analysis and reflectance measurements provided aerosol mass and black carbon concentrations. Very good detection limits for up to 42 species were obtained. Mean annual PM 10 mass concentration ranged from 20 to 37 μg m -3, values that are within the Brazilian air quality standards. Receptor models such as principal factor analysis, cluster analysis and absolute principal factor analysis were applied in order to identify and quantify the aerosol sources. For fine and coarse modes, circa of 100% of the measured mass was quantitatively apportioned to relatively few identified aerosol sources. A very similar and consistent source apportionment was obtained for both fine and coarse modes for all 10 sampling sites. Soil dust is an important component, accounting for 22-72% and for 25-48% of the coarse and fine mass respectively. On the other hand, anthropogenic sources as vehicle traffic and oil combustion represent a relatively high contribution (52-75%) of the fine aerosol mass. The joint use of ICP-MS and IC analysis of species in aerosols has proven to be reliable and feasible for the analysis of large amount of samples, and the coupling with receptor models provided an excellent method for quantitative aerosol source apportionment in large urban areas.

Numerical simulations for the sources apportionment and control strategies of PM2.5 over Pearl River Delta, China, part I: Inventory and PM2.5 sources apportionment.

PubMed

Huang, Yeqi; Deng, Tao; Li, Zhenning; Wang, Nan; Yin, Chanqin; Wang, Shiqiang; Fan, Shaojia

2018-09-01

This article uses the WRF-CMAQ model to systematically study the source apportionment of PM 2.5 under typical meteorological conditions in the dry season (November 2010) in the Pearl River Delta (PRD). According to the geographical location and the relative magnitude of pollutant emission, Guangdong Province is divided into eight subdomains for source apportionment study. The Brute-Force Method (BFM) method was implemented to simulate the contribution from different regions to the PM 2.5 pollution in the PRD. Results show that the industrial sources accounted for the largest proportion. For emission species, the total amount of NO x and VOC in Guangdong Province, and NH 3 and VOC in Hunan Province are relatively larger. In Guangdong Province, the emission of SO 2 , NO x and VOC in the PRD are relatively larger, and the NH 3 emissions are higher outside the PRD. In northerly-controlled episodes, model simulations demonstrate that local emissions are important for PM 2.5 pollution in Guangzhou and Foshan. Meanwhile, emissions from Dongguan and Huizhou (DH), and out of Guangdong Province (SW) are important contributors for PM 2.5 pollution in Guangzhou. For PM 2.5 pollution in Foshan, emissions in Guangzhou and DH are the major contributors. In addition, high contribution ratio from DH only occurs in severe pollution periods. In southerly-controlled episode, contribution from the southern PRD increases. Local emissions and emissions from Shenzhen, DH, Zhuhai-Jiangmen-Zhongshan (ZJZ) are the major contributors. Regional contribution to the chemical compositions of PM 2.5 indicates that the sources of chemical components are similar to those of PM 2.5 . In particular, SO 4 2- is mainly sourced from emissions out of Guangdong Province, while the NO 3- and NH 4+ are more linked to agricultural emissions. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Microbial water pollution: a screening tool for initial catchment-scale assessment and source apportionment.

PubMed

Kay, D; Anthony, S; Crowther, J; Chambers, B J; Nicholson, F A; Chadwick, D; Stapleton, C M; Wyer, M D

2010-11-01

The European Union Water Framework Directive requires that Management Plans are developed for individual River Basin Districts. From the point of view of faecal indicator organisms (FIOs), there is a critical need for screening tools that can provide a rapid assessment of the likely FIO concentrations and fluxes within catchments under base- and high-flow conditions, and of the balance ('source apportionment') between agriculture- and sewage-derived sources. Accordingly, the present paper reports on: (1) the development of preliminary generic models, using water quality and land cover data from previous UK catchment studies for assessing FIO concentrations, fluxes and source apportionment within catchments during the summer bathing season; (2) the calibration of national land use data, against data previously used in the models; and (3) provisional FIO concentration and source-apportionment assessments for England and Wales. The models clearly highlighted the crucial importance of high-flow conditions for the flux of FIOs within catchments. At high flow, improved grassland (and associated livestock) was the key FIO source; FIO loadings derived from catchments with high proportions of improved grassland were shown to be as high as from urbanized catchments; and in many rural catchments, especially in NW and SW England and Wales, which are important areas of lowland livestock (especially dairy) farming, ≥ 40% of FIOs was assessed to be derived from agricultural sources. In contrast, under base-flow conditions, when there was little or no runoff from agricultural land, urban (i.e. sewerage-related) sources were assessed to dominate, and even in rural areas the majority of FIOs were attributed to urban sources. The results of the study demonstrate the potential of this type of approach, particularly in light of climate change and the likelihood of more high-flow events, in underpinning informed policy development and prioritization of investment. Copyright © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Contamination source apportionment and health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil around municipal solid waste incinerator: A case study in North China.

PubMed

Ma, Wenchao; Tai, Lingyu; Qiao, Zhi; Zhong, Lei; Wang, Zhen; Fu, Kaixuan; Chen, Guanyi

2018-08-01

Few studies have comprehensively taken into account the source apportionment and human health risk of soil heavy metals in the vicinity of municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) in high population density area. In this study, 8 elements (Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd, Hg, and As) in fly ash, soil samples from different functional areas and vegetables collected surrounding the MSWI in North China were determined. The single pollution index, integrated Nemerow pollution index, principal component analysis (PCA), absolute principle component score-multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) model and dose-response model were used in this study. The results showed that the soils around the MSWI were moderately polluted by Cu, Pb, Zn, and Hg, and heavily polluted by As and Cd. MSWI had a significant influence on the distribution of soil heavy metals in different distances from MSWI. The source apportionment results showed that MSWI, natural source, industrial discharges and coal combustion were the four major potential sources for heavy metals in the soils, with the contributions of 36.08%, 29.57%, 10.07%, and 4.55%, respectively. MSWI had a major impact on Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, and Hg contamination in soil. The non-carcinogenic risk and carcinogenic risk posed by soil heavy metals surrounding the MSWI were unacceptable. The soil heavy metals concentrations and health risks in different functional areas were distinct. MSWI was the predominate source of non-carcinogenic risk with the average contribution rate of 36.99% and carcinogenic risk to adult male, adult female and children with 4.23×10 -4 , 4.57×10 -4 , and 1.41×10 -4 respectively, implying that the impact of MSWI on human health was apparent. This study provided a new insight for the source apportionment and health risk assessment of soil heavy metals in the vicinity of MSWI. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Winter-time size distribution and source apportionment of total suspended particulate matter and associated metals in Delhi

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Srivastava, Arun; Gupta, Sandeep; Jain, V. K.

2009-03-01

A study of the winter time size distribution and source apportionment of total suspended particulate matter (TSPM) and associated heavy metal concentrations have been carried out for the city of Delhi. This study is important from the point of view of implementation of compressed natural gas (CNG) as alternate of diesel fuel in the public transport system in 2001 to reduce the pollution level. TSPM were collected using a five-stage cascade impactor at six sites in the winters of 2005-06. The results of size distribution indicate that a major portion (~ 40%) of TSPM concentration is in the form of PM0.7 (< 0.7 μm). Similar trends were observed with most of the heavy metals associated with various size fractions of TSPM. A very good correlation between coarse and fine size fraction of TSPM was observed. It was also observed that the metals associated with coarse particles have more chances of correlation with other metals; rather they are associated with fine particles. Source apportionment was carried out separately in coarse and fine size modes of TSPM by Chemical Mass Balance Receptor Model (CMB8) as well as by Principle Component Analysis (PCA) of SPSS. Source apportionment by PCA reveals that there are two major sources (possibly vehicular and crustal re-suspension) in both coarse and fine size fractions. Results obtained by CMB8 show the dominance of vehicular pollutants and crustal dust in fine and coarse size mode respectively. Noticeably the dominance of vehicular pollutants are now confined to fine size only whilst during pre CNG era it dominated both coarse and fine size mode. An increase of 42.5, 44.4, 48.2, 38.6 and 38.9% in the concentrations of TSPM, PM10.9, coarse particles, fine particles and lead respectively was observed during pre (2001) to post CNG (2005-06) period.

Temporal trend and source apportionment of water pollution in different functional zones of Qiantang River, China.

PubMed

Su, Shiliang; Li, Dan; Zhang, Qi; Xiao, Rui; Huang, Fang; Wu, Jiaping

2011-02-01

The increasingly serious river water pollution in developing countries poses great threat to environmental health and human welfare. The assignment of river function to specific uses, known as zoning, is a useful tool to reveal variations of water environmental adaptability to human impact. Therefore, characterizing the temporal trend and identifying responsible pollution sources in different functional zones could greatly improve our knowledge about human impacts on the river water environment. The aim of this study is to obtain a deeper understanding of temporal trends and sources of water pollution in different functional zones with a case study of the Qiantang River, China. Measurement data were obtained and pretreated for 13 variables from 41 monitoring sites in four categories of functional zones during the period 1996-2004. An exploratory approach, which combines smoothing and non-parametric statistical tests, was applied to characterize trends of four significant parameters (permanganate index, ammonia nitrogen, total cadmium and fluoride) accounting for differences among different functional zones identified by discriminant analysis. Aided by GIS, yearly pollution index (PI) for each monitoring site was further mapped to compare the within-group variations in temporal dynamics for different functional zones. Rotated principal component analysis and receptor model (absolute principle component score-multiple linear regression, APCS-MLR) revealed that potential pollution sources and their corresponding contributions varied among the four functional zones. Variations of APCS values for each site of one functional zone as well as their annual average values highlighted the uncertainties associated with cross space-time effects in source apportionment. All these results reinforce the notion that the concept of zoning should be taken seriously in water pollution control. Being applicable to other rivers, the framework of management-oriented source apportionment is thus believed to have potentials to offer new insights into water management and advance the source apportionment framework as an operational basis for national and local governments. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Source apportionment of airborne particulates through receptor modeling: Indian scenario

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Banerjee, Tirthankar; Murari, Vishnu; Kumar, Manish; Raju, M. P.

2015-10-01

Airborne particulate chemistry mostly governed by associated sources and apportionment of specific sources is extremely essential to delineate explicit control strategies. The present submission initially deals with the publications (1980s-2010s) of Indian origin which report regional heterogeneities of particulate concentrations with reference to associated species. Such meta-analyses clearly indicate the presence of reservoir of both primary and secondary aerosols in different geographical regions. Further, identification of specific signatory molecules for individual source category was also evaluated in terms of their scientific merit and repeatability. Source signatures mostly resemble international profile while, in selected cases lack appropriateness. In India, source apportionment (SA) of airborne particulates was initiated way back in 1985 through factor analysis, however, principal component analysis (PCA) shares a major proportion of applications (34%) followed by enrichment factor (EF, 27%), chemical mass balance (CMB, 15%) and positive matrix factorization (PMF, 9%). Mainstream SA analyses identify earth crust and road dust resuspensions (traced by Al, Ca, Fe, Na and Mg) as a principal source (6-73%) followed by vehicular emissions (traced by Fe, Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni, Mn, Ba and Zn; 5-65%), industrial emissions (traced by Co, Cr, Zn, V, Ni, Mn, Cd; 0-60%), fuel combustion (traced by K, NH4+, SO4-, As, Te, S, Mn; 4-42%), marine aerosols (traced by Na, Mg, K; 0-15%) and biomass/refuse burning (traced by Cd, V, K, Cr, As, TC, Na, K, NH4+, NO3-, OC; 1-42%). In most of the cases, temporal variations of individual source contribution for a specific geographic region exhibit radical heterogeneity possibly due to unscientific orientation of individual tracers for specific source and well exaggerated by methodological weakness, inappropriate sample size, implications of secondary aerosols and inadequate emission inventories. Conclusively, a number of challenging issues and specific recommendations have been included which need to be considered for a scientific apportionment of particulate sources in different geographical regions of India.

[Preliminary study of source apportionment of PM10 and PM2.5 in three cities of China during spring].

PubMed

Gao, Shen; Pan, Xiao-chuan; Madaniyazi, Li-na; Xie, Juan; He, Ya-hui

2013-09-01

To study source apportionment of atmospheric PM10 (particle matter ≤ 10 µm in aerodynamic diameter) and PM2.5 (particle matter ≤ 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter) in Beijing,Urumqi and Qingdao, China. The atmospheric particle samples of PM10 and PM2.5 collected from Beijing between May 17th and June 18th, 2005, from Urumqi between April 20th and June 1st, 2006 and from Qingdao between April 4th and May 15th, 2005, were detected to trace the source apportionment by factor analysis and enrichment factor methods. In Beijing, the source apportionment results derived from factor analysis model for PM10 were construction dust and soil sand dust (contributing rate of variance at 45.35%), industry dust, coal-combusted smoke and vehicle emissions (contributing rate at 31.83%), and biomass burning dust (13.57%). The main pollution element was Pb, while the content (median (minimum value-maximum value)was 0.216 (0.040-0.795) µg/m(3)) . As for PM2.5, the sources were construction dust and soil sand dust (38.86%), industry dust, coal-combusted smoke and vehicle emissions (25.73%), biomass burning dust (13.10%) and burning oil dust (11.92%). The main pollution element was Zn (0.365(0.126-0.808) µg/m(3)).In Urumqi, source apportionment results for PM10 were soil sand dust and coal-combusted dust(49.75%), industry dust, vehicle emissions and secondary particles dust (30.65%). The main characteristic pollution element was Cd (0.463(0.033-1.351) ng/m(3)). As for PM2.5, the sources were soil sand dust and coal-combusted dust (43.26%), secondary particles dust (22.29%), industry dust and vehicle emissions (20.50%). The main characteristic pollution element was As (14.599 (1.696-36.741) µg/m(3)).In Qingdao, source apportionment results for PM10 were construction dust (30.91%), vehicle emissions and industry dust (29.65%) and secondary particles dust (28.99%). The main characteristic pollution element was Pb (64.071 (5.846-346.831) µg/m(3)). As for PM2.5, the sources were secondary particles dust, industry dust and vehicle emissions (49.82%) and construction dust (33.71%). The main characteristic pollution element was Pb(57.340 (5.004-241.559) µg/m(3)).Enrichment factors of Zn, Pb, As and Cd in PM2.5 were higher than those in PM10 both in Beijing and Urumqi. The major sources of the atmospheric particles PM10 and PM2.5 in Beijing were cement dust from construction sites and sand dust from soil; while the major sources of those in Urumqi were pollution by smoke and sand dust from burning coal. The major sources of the atmospheric particles PM10 in Qingdao were cement dust from construction sites; however, the major sources of PM2.5 there were secondary particles dust, industry dust and vehicle emissions. According to our study, the heavy metal elements were likely to gather in PM2.5.

33 CFR 277.2 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... WATER RESOURCES POLICIES AND AUTHORITIES: NAVIGATION POLICY: COST APPORTIONMENT OF BRIDGE ALTERATIONS... Civil Works responsibilities. For bridges altered under U.S. Coast Guard authority pursuant to the...

Indoor source apportionment in urban communities near industrial sites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tunno, Brett J.; Dalton, Rebecca; Cambal, Leah; Holguin, Fernando; Lioy, Paul; Clougherty, Jane E.

2016-08-01

Because fine particulate matter (PM2.5) differs in chemical composition, source apportionment is frequently used for identification of relative contributions of multiple sources to outdoor concentrations. Indoor air pollution and source apportionment is often overlooked, though people in northern climates may spend up to 90% of their time inside. We selected 21 homes for a 1-week indoor sampling session during summer (July to September 2011), repeated in winter (January to March 2012). Elemental analysis was performed using inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and factor analysis was used to determine constituent grouping. Multivariate modeling was run on factor scores to corroborate interpretations of source factors based on a literature review. For each season, a 5-factor solution explained 86-88% of variability in constituent concentrations. Indoor sources (i.e. cooking, smoking) explained greater variability than did outdoor sources in these industrial communities. A smoking factor was identified in each season, predicted by number of cigarettes smoked. Cooking factors were also identified in each season, explained by frequency of stove cooking and stovetop frying. Significant contributions from outdoor sources including coal and motor vehicles were also identified. Higher coal and secondary-related elemental concentrations were detected during summer than winter. Our findings suggest that source contributions to indoor concentrations can be identified and should be examined in relation to health effects.

Source apportionment and a novel approach of estimating regional contributions to ambient PM2.5 in Haikou, China.

PubMed

Liu, Baoshuang; Li, Tingkun; Yang, Jiamei; Wu, Jianhui; Wang, Jiao; Gao, Jixin; Bi, Xiaohui; Feng, Yinchang; Zhang, Yufen; Yang, Haihang

2017-04-01

A novel approach was developed to estimate regional contributions to ambient PM 2.5 in Haikou, China. In this paper, the investigation was divided into two main steps. The first step: analysing the characteristics of the chemical compositions of ambient PM 2.5 , as well as the source profiles, and then conducting source apportionments by using the CMB and CMB-Iteration models. The second step: the development of estimation approaches for regional contributions in terms of local features of Haikou and the results of source apportionment, and estimating regional contributions to ambient PM 2.5 in Haikou by this new approach. The results indicate that secondary sulphate, resuspended dust and vehicle exhaust were the major sources of ambient PM 2.5 in Haikou, contributing 9.9-21.4%, 10.1-19.0% and 10.5-20.2%, respectively. Regional contributions to ambient PM 2.5 in Haikou in spring, autumn and winter were 22.5%, 11.6% and 32.5%, respectively. The regional contribution in summer was assumed to be zero according to the better atmospheric quality and assumptions of this new estimation approach. The higher regional contribution in winter might be mainly attributable to the transport of polluted air originating in mainland China, especially from the north, where coal is burned for heating in winter. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Combining emission inventory and isotope ratio analyses for quantitative source apportionment of heavy metals in agricultural soil.

PubMed

Chen, Lian; Zhou, Shenglu; Wu, Shaohua; Wang, Chunhui; Li, Baojie; Li, Yan; Wang, Junxiao

2018-08-01

Two quantitative methods (emission inventory and isotope ratio analysis) were combined to apportion source contributions of heavy metals entering agricultural soils in the Lihe River watershed (Taihu region, east China). Source apportionment based on the emission inventory method indicated that for Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn, the mean percentage input from atmospheric deposition was highest (62-85%), followed by irrigation (12-27%) and fertilization (1-14%). Thus, the heavy metals were derived mainly from industrial activities and traffic emissions. For Ni the combined percentage input from irrigation and fertilization was approximately 20% higher than that from atmospheric deposition, indicating that Ni was mainly derived from agricultural activities. Based on isotope ratio analysis, atmospheric deposition accounted for 57-93% of Pb entering soil, with the mean value of 69.3%, which indicates that this was the major source of Pb entering soil in the study area. The mean contributions of irrigation and fertilization to Pb pollution of soil ranged from 0% to 10%, indicating that they played only a marginally important role. Overall, the results obtained using the two methods were similar. This study provides a reliable approach for source apportionment of heavy metals entering agricultural soils in the study area, and clearly have potential application for future studies in other regions. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Integrating Source Apportionment Tracers into a Bottom-up Inventory of Methane Emissions in the Barnett Shale Hydraulic Fracturing Region.

PubMed

Townsend-Small, Amy; Marrero, Josette E; Lyon, David R; Simpson, Isobel J; Meinardi, Simone; Blake, Donald R

2015-07-07

A growing dependence on natural gas for energy may exacerbate emissions of the greenhouse gas methane (CH4). Identifying fingerprints of these emissions is critical to our understanding of potential impacts. Here, we compare stable isotopic and alkane ratio tracers of natural gas, agricultural, and urban CH4 sources in the Barnett Shale hydraulic fracturing region near Fort Worth, Texas. Thermogenic and biogenic sources were compositionally distinct, and emissions from oil wells were enriched in alkanes and isotopically depleted relative to natural gas wells. Emissions from natural gas production varied in δ(13)C and alkane ratio composition, with δD-CH4 representing the most consistent tracer of natural gas sources. We integrated our data into a bottom-up inventory of CH4 for the region, resulting in an inventory of ethane (C2H6) sources for comparison to top-down estimates of CH4 and C2H6 emissions. Methane emissions in the Barnett are a complex mixture of urban, agricultural, and fossil fuel sources, which makes source apportionment challenging. For example, spatial heterogeneity in gas composition and high C2H6/CH4 ratios in emissions from conventional oil production add uncertainty to top-down models of source apportionment. Future top-down studies may benefit from the addition of δD-CH4 to distinguish thermogenic and biogenic sources.

Contribution of regional-scale fire events to ozone and PM2.5 ...

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Two specific fires from 2011 are tracked for local to regional scale contribution to ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) using a freely available regulatory modeling system that includes the BlueSky wildland fire emissions tool, Spare Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions (SMOKE) model, Weather and Research Forecasting (WRF) meteorological model, and Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) photochemical grid model. The modeling system was applied to track the contribution from a wildfire (Wallow) and prescribed fire (Flint Hills) using both source sensitivity and source apportionment approaches. The model estimated fire contribution to primary and secondary pollutants are comparable using source sensitivity (brute-force zero out) and source apportionment (Integrated Source Apportionment Method) approaches. Model estimated O3 enhancement relative to CO is similar to values reported in literature indicating the modeling system captures the range of O3 inhibition possible near fires and O3 production both near the fire and downwind. O3 and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) are formed in the fire plume and transported downwind along with highly reactive VOC species such as formaldehyde and acetaldehyde that are both emitted by the fire and rapidly produced in the fire plume by VOC oxidation reactions. PAN and aldehydes contribute to continued downwind O3 production. The transport and thermal decomposition of PAN to nitrogen oxides (NOX) enables O3 production in areas

33 CFR 277.5 - General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... has established implementing procedures based on those previously adopted and utilized by the Chief of Engineers prior to 15 October 1966. This regulation adapts these cost apportionment procedures, found in...

33 CFR 277.5 - General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... has established implementing procedures based on those previously adopted and utilized by the Chief of Engineers prior to 15 October 1966. This regulation adapts these cost apportionment procedures, found in...

5 CFR 332.401 - Order on registers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... SELECTION THROUGH COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION Consideration for Appointment § 332.401 Order on registers. Subject to apportionment, residence, and other requirements of law and this chapter, OPM shall enter the...

5 CFR 332.401 - Order on registers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... SELECTION THROUGH COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION Consideration for Appointment § 332.401 Order on registers. Subject to apportionment, residence, and other requirements of law and this chapter, OPM shall enter the...

PM10 source apportionment in Milan (Italy) using time-resolved data.

PubMed

Bernardoni, Vera; Vecchi, Roberta; Valli, Gianluigi; Piazzalunga, Andrea; Fermo, Paola

2011-10-15

In this work Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was applied to 4-hour resolved PM10 data collected in Milan (Italy) during summer and winter 2006. PM10 characterisation included elements (Mg-Pb), main inorganic ions (NH(4)(+), NO(3)(-), SO(4)(2-)), levoglucosan and its isomers (mannosan and galactosan), and organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC). PMF resolved seven factors that were assigned to construction works, re-suspended dust, secondary sulphate, traffic, industry, secondary nitrate, and wood burning. Multi Linear Regression was applied to obtain the PM10 source apportionment. The 4-hour temporal resolution allowed the estimation of the factor contributions during peculiar episodes, which would have not been detected with the traditional 24-hour sampling strategy. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Preliminary Results of the first European Source Apportionment intercomparison for Receptor and Chemical Transport Models

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Belis, Claudio A.; Pernigotti, Denise; Pirovano, Guido

2017-04-01

Source Apportionment (SA) is the identification of ambient air pollution sources and the quantification of their contribution to pollution levels. This task can be accomplished using different approaches: chemical transport models and receptor models. Receptor models are derived from measurements and therefore are considered as a reference for primary sources urban background levels. Chemical transport model have better estimation of the secondary pollutants (inorganic) and are capable to provide gridded results with high time resolution. Assessing the performance of SA model results is essential to guarantee reliable information on source contributions to be used for the reporting to the Commission and in the development of pollution abatement strategies. This is the first intercomparison ever designed to test both receptor oriented models (or receptor models) and chemical transport models (or source oriented models) using a comprehensive method based on model quality indicators and pre-established criteria. The target pollutant of this exercise, organised in the frame of FAIRMODE WG 3, is PM10. Both receptor models and chemical transport models present good performances when evaluated against their respective references. Both types of models demonstrate quite satisfactory capabilities to estimate the yearly source contributions while the estimation of the source contributions at the daily level (time series) is more critical. Chemical transport models showed a tendency to underestimate the contribution of some single sources when compared to receptor models. For receptor models the most critical source category is industry. This is probably due to the variety of single sources with different characteristics that belong to this category. Dust is the most problematic source for Chemical Transport Models, likely due to the poor information about this kind of source in the emission inventories, particularly concerning road dust re-suspension, and consequently the little detail about the chemical components of this source used in the models. The sensitivity tests show that chemical transport models show better performances when displaying a detailed set of sources (14) than when using a simplified one (only 8). It was also observed that an enhanced vertical profiling can improve the estimation of specific sources, such as industry, under complex meteorological conditions and that an insufficient spatial resolution in urban areas can impact on the capabilities of models to estimate the contribution of diffuse primary sources (e.g. traffic). Both families of models identify traffic and biomass burning as the first and second most contributing categories, respectively, to elemental carbon. The results of this study demonstrate that the source apportionment assessment methodology developed by the JRC is applicable to any kind of SA model. The same methodology is implemented in the on-line DeltaSA tool to support source apportionment model evaluation (http://source-apportionment.jrc.ec.europa.eu/).

38 CFR 3.500 - General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... last payment when reason for apportionment no longer exists. (2) Where pension was apportioned under... is later. (l) Guardian, marriage or divorce of (§ 3.856). Date of last payment (pending receipt of...

Organic aerosol source apportionment by offline-AMS over a full year in Marseille

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bozzetti, Carlo; El Haddad, Imad; Salameh, Dalia; Daellenbach, Kaspar Rudolf; Fermo, Paola; Gonzalez, Raquel; Cruz Minguillón, María; Iinuma, Yoshiteru; Poulain, Laurent; Elser, Miriam; Müller, Emanuel; Gates Slowik, Jay; Jaffrezo, Jean-Luc; Baltensperger, Urs; Marchand, Nicolas; Prévôt, André Stephan Henry

2017-07-01

We investigated the seasonal trends of OA sources affecting the air quality of Marseille (France), which is the largest harbor of the Mediterranean Sea. This was achieved by measurements of nebulized filter extracts using an aerosol mass spectrometer (offline-AMS). In total 216 PM2. 5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 µm) filter samples were collected over 1 year from August 2011 to July 2012. These filters were used to create 54 composite samples which were analyzed by offline-AMS. The same samples were also analyzed for major water-soluble ions, metals, elemental and organic carbon (EC / OC), and organic markers, including n-alkanes, hopanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), lignin and cellulose pyrolysis products, and nitrocatechols. The application of positive matrix factorization (PMF) to the water-soluble AMS spectra enabled the extraction of five factors, related to hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA), cooking OA (COA), biomass burning OA (BBOA), oxygenated OA (OOA), and an industry-related OA (INDOA). Seasonal trends and relative contributions of OA sources were compared with the source apportionment of OA spectra collected from the AMS field deployment at the same station but in different years and for shorter monitoring periods (February 2011 and July 2008). Online- and offline-AMS source apportionment revealed comparable seasonal contribution of the different OA sources. Results revealed that BBOA was the dominant source during winter, representing on average 48 % of the OA, while during summer the main OA component was OOA (63 % of OA mass on average). HOA related to traffic emissions contributed on a yearly average 17 % to the OA mass, while COA was a minor source contributing 4 %. The contribution of INDOA was enhanced during winter (17 % during winter and 11 % during summer), consistent with an increased contribution from light alkanes, light PAHs (fluoranthene, pyrene, phenanthrene), and selenium, which is commonly considered as a unique coal combustion and coke production marker. Online- and offline-AMS source apportionments revealed evolving levoglucosan : BBOA ratios, which were higher during late autumn and March. A similar seasonality was observed in the ratios of cellulose combustion markers to lignin combustion markers, highlighting the contribution from cellulose-rich biomass combustion, possibly related to agricultural activities.

Size-segregated aerosol in a hot-spot pollution urban area: Chemical composition and three-way source apportionment.

PubMed

Bernardoni, V; Elser, M; Valli, G; Valentini, S; Bigi, A; Fermo, P; Piazzalunga, A; Vecchi, R

2017-12-01

In this work, a comprehensive characterisation and source apportionment of size-segregated aerosol collected using a multistage cascade impactor was performed. The samples were collected during wintertime in Milan (Italy), which is located in the Po Valley, one of the main pollution hot-spot areas in Europe. For every sampling, size-segregated mass concentration, elemental and ionic composition, and levoglucosan concentration were determined. Size-segregated data were inverted using the program MICRON to identify and quantify modal contributions of all the measured components. The detailed chemical characterisation allowed the application of a three-way (3-D) receptor model (implemented using Multilinear Engine) for size-segregated source apportionment and chemical profiles identification. It is noteworthy that - as far as we know - this is the first time that three-way source apportionment is attempted using data of aerosol collected by traditional cascade impactors. Seven factors were identified: wood burning, industry, resuspended dust, regional aerosol, construction works, traffic 1, and traffic 2. Further insights into size-segregated factor profiles suggested that the traffic 1 factor can be associated to diesel vehicles and traffic 2 to gasoline vehicles. The regional aerosol factor resulted to be the main contributor (nearly 50%) to the droplet mode (accumulation sub-mode with modal diameter in the range 0.5-1 μm), whereas the overall contribution from the two factors related to traffic was the most important one in the other size modes (34-41%). The results showed that applying a 3-D receptor model to size-segregated samples allows identifying factors of local and regional origin while receptor modelling on integrated PM fractions usually singles out factors characterised by primary (e.g. industry, traffic, soil dust) and secondary (e.g. ammonium sulphate and nitrate) origin. Furthermore, the results suggested that the information on size-segregated chemical composition in different size classes was exploited by the model to relate primary emissions to rapidly-formed secondary compounds. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

43 CFR 414.6 - Environmental compliance and funding of Federal costs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... RECLAMATION, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR OFFSTREAM STORAGE OF COLORADO RIVER WATER AND DEVELOPMENT AND RELEASE OF INTENTIONALLY CREATED UNUSED APPORTIONMENT IN THE LOWER DIVISION STATES Water Quality and...

50 CFR 253.21 - Apportionment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... calendar years for which data satisfactory to the Secretary are available bears to the total equally... under an interstate fishery management plan; (3) Borders one or more of the Great Lakes; (4) Has entered...

50 CFR 253.51 - Apportionment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... calendar years for which data satisfactory to the Secretary are available bears to the total equally... under an interstate fishery management plan; (3) Borders one or more of the Great Lakes; (4) Has entered...

50 CFR 253.51 - Apportionment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... calendar years for which data satisfactory to the Secretary are available bears to the total equally... under an interstate fishery management plan; (3) Borders one or more of the Great Lakes; (4) Has entered...

50 CFR 253.51 - Apportionment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... calendar years for which data satisfactory to the Secretary are available bears to the total equally... under an interstate fishery management plan; (3) Borders one or more of the Great Lakes; (4) Has entered...

50 CFR 253.51 - Apportionment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... calendar years for which data satisfactory to the Secretary are available bears to the total equally... under an interstate fishery management plan; (3) Borders one or more of the Great Lakes; (4) Has entered...

43 CFR 414.6 - Environmental compliance and funding of Federal costs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... RECLAMATION, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR OFFSTREAM STORAGE OF COLORADO RIVER WATER AND DEVELOPMENT AND RELEASE OF INTENTIONALLY CREATED UNUSED APPORTIONMENT IN THE LOWER DIVISION STATES Water Quality and...

47 CFR 64.903 - Cost allocation manuals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

.... Annual cost allocation manual updates shall be filed on or before the last working day of each calendar... update their cost allocation manuals at least annually, except that changes to the cost apportionment...

47 CFR 64.903 - Cost allocation manuals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

.... Annual cost allocation manual updates shall be filed on or before the last working day of each calendar... update their cost allocation manuals at least annually, except that changes to the cost apportionment...

47 CFR 64.903 - Cost allocation manuals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

.... Annual cost allocation manual updates shall be filed on or before the last working day of each calendar... update their cost allocation manuals at least annually, except that changes to the cost apportionment...

47 CFR 64.903 - Cost allocation manuals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

.... Annual cost allocation manual updates shall be filed on or before the last working day of each calendar... update their cost allocation manuals at least annually, except that changes to the cost apportionment...

38 CFR 1.671 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Management and Budget apportionment or reapportionment action. The creation of an obligation in excess of an... overall VA budget or plan of expenditure. The creation of an obligation in excess of an allowance is not a...

21 CFR 1401.10 - Fees to be charged-general.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... search. (b) Computerized search for records. ONDCP will charge 116% of the salary of the programmer/operator and the apportionable time of the central processing unit directly attributed to the search. (c...

21 CFR 1401.10 - Fees to be charged-general.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... search. (b) Computerized search for records. ONDCP will charge 116% of the salary of the programmer/operator and the apportionable time of the central processing unit directly attributed to the search. (c...

14 CFR 1214.105 - Apportionment and/or assignment of services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... and/or assignment of Shuttle services may take place outside the payload. (b) Integration of... assistance in such integration will be provided as an optional service. (c) Customers intending to apportion...

Source apportionment and pollution evaluation of heavy metals in water and sediments of Buriganga River, Bangladesh, using multivariate analysis and pollution evaluation indices.

PubMed

Bhuiyan, Mohammad Amir Hossain; Dampare, Samuel B; Islam, M A; Suzuki, Shigeyuki

2015-01-01

Concentrations of heavy metals in water and sediment samples of Buriganga River in the capital city Dhaka, Bangladesh, were studied to understand the level of heavy metals and their source apportionment. The results showed that the mean concentrations of heavy metals both in water and sediment samples were very high and, in most cases, exceeded the permissible limits recommended by the Bangladesh government and other international organizations. Significantly higher concentrations of Pb, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, and Cd were found in sediment samples. However, average concentrations of metals both in water and sediment samples were above the effect range median. The heavy metal pollution index (HPI) and degree of contamination (Cd) yielded different results in water samples despite significant correlations between them. The heavy metal evaluation index (HEI) showed strong correlations with HPI and Cd and provided better assessment of pollution levels. The enrichment factor (EF) and geoaccumulation index (Igeo) showed the elevated value of Cr, Pb, and Cd in access of background values. The measured elements were subjected to positive matrix factorization (PMF) and examining correlations in order to explain the content, behavior, and source apportionment of metals. PMF resulted in a successful partitioning of variances into sources related to background geochemistry and contaminant influences. However, the PMF approach successfully demarcated the major sources of metals from tannery, paint, municipal sewage, textiles, and agricultural activities.

Heavy metal contamination status and source apportionment in sediments of Songhua River Harbin region, Northeast China.

PubMed

Li, Ning; Tian, Yu; Zhang, Jun; Zuo, Wei; Zhan, Wei; Zhang, Jian

2017-02-01

The Songhua River represents one of the seven major river systems in China. It flows through Harbin city with 66 km long, locating in the northern China with a longer winter time. This paper aimed to study concentration distributions, stability, risk assessment, and source apportionment of heavy metals including chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and nickel (Ni) in 11 selected sections of the Songhua River Harbin region. Results showed that Cr, Cd, Pb, Hg, and As exceeded their respective geochemical background values in sediments of most monitoring sections. Compared with other important rivers and lakes in China, Cr, Hg, Cd, and As pollutions in surface sediments were above medium level. Further analysis of chemical speciation indicated that Cr and As in surface sediments were relatively stable while Pb and Cd were easily bioavailable. Correlation analysis revealed sources of these metals except As might be identical. Pollution levels and ecological risks of heavy metals in surface sediments presented higher in the mainstream region (45° 47.0' N ~ 45° 53.3' N, 126° 37.0' E ~ 126° 42.1' E). Source apportionment found Hejiagou and Ashi River were the main contributors to metal pollution of this region. Thus, anthropogenic activities along the Hejiagou and Ashi River should be restricted in order to protect the Songhua River Harbin region from metal contamination.

Verifying Sediment Fingerprinting Results with Known Mixtures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gellis, A.; Gorman-Sanisaca, L.; Cashman, M. J.

2017-12-01

Sediment fingerprinting is a widely used approach to determine the specific sources of fluvial sediment within a watershed. It relies on the principle that potential sediment sources can be identified using a set of chemical tracers (or fingerprints), and comparison of these source fingerprints with fluvial (target) sediment allows for source apportionment of the fluvial sediment. There are numerous source classifications, fingerprints, and statistical approaches used in the literature to apportion sources of sediment. However, few of these studies have sought to test the method by creating controls on the ratio of sources in the target sediment. Without a controlled environment for inputs and outputs, such verification of results is ambiguous. Here, we generated artificial mixtures of source sediment from an agricultural/forested watershed in Virginia, USA (Smith Creek, 246 km2) to verify the apportionment results. Target samples were established from known mixtures of the four major sediment sources in the watershed (forest, pasture, cropland, and streambanks). The target samples were sieved to less than 63 microns and analyzed for elemental and isotopic chemistry. The target samples and source samples were run through the Sediment Source Assessment Tool (Sed_SAT) to verify if the statistical operations provided the correct apportionment. Sed_SAT uses a multivariate parametric approach to identify the minimum suite of fingerprints that discriminate the source areas and applies these fingerprints through an unmixng model to apportion sediment. The results of this sediment fingerprinting verification experiment will be presented in this session.

Sediment source apportionment in Laurel Hill Creek, PA, using Bayesian chemical mass balance and isotope fingerprinting

USGS Publications Warehouse

Stewart, Heather; Massoudieh, Arash; Gellis, Allen C.

2015-01-01

A Bayesian chemical mass balance (CMB) approach was used to assess the contribution of potential sources for fluvial samples from Laurel Hill Creek in southwest Pennsylvania. The Bayesian approach provides joint probability density functions of the sources' contributions considering the uncertainties due to source and fluvial sample heterogeneity and measurement error. Both elemental profiles of sources and fluvial samples and 13C and 15N isotopes were used for source apportionment. The sources considered include stream bank erosion, forest, roads and agriculture (pasture and cropland). Agriculture was found to have the largest contribution, followed by stream bank erosion. Also, road erosion was found to have a significant contribution in three of the samples collected during lower-intensity rain events. The source apportionment was performed with and without isotopes. The results were largely consistent; however, the use of isotopes was found to slightly increase the uncertainty in most of the cases. The correlation analysis between the contributions of sources shows strong correlations between stream bank and agriculture, whereas roads and forest seem to be less correlated to other sources. Thus, the method was better able to estimate road and forest contributions independently. The hypothesis that the contributions of sources are not seasonally changing was tested by assuming that all ten fluvial samples had the same source contributions. This hypothesis was rejected, demonstrating a significant seasonal variation in the sources of sediments in the stream.

47 CFR 69.401 - Direct expenses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... elements in the same proportions as the combined investment in COE, IOT, and C&WF apportioned to each... shall be deemed to be associated with § 69.303(b) IOT investment for purposes of the apportionment...

11 CFR 9405.9 - Fees in general.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... at the salary rate(s) (basic pay plus 16 percent) of the employee(s) making the search. (c) Computer... responsive to a FOIA request and operator/programmer salary apportionable to the search. (d) Review of...

11 CFR 9405.9 - Fees in general.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... at the salary rate(s) (basic pay plus 16 percent) of the employee(s) making the search. (c) Computer... responsive to a FOIA request and operator/programmer salary apportionable to the search. (d) Review of...

MOLECULAR MARKER ANALYSIS OF DEARS SAMPLES

EPA Science Inventory

Source apportionment based on organic molecular markers provides a promising approach for meeting the Detroit Exposure and Aerosol Research Study (DEARS) objective of comparing source contributions between community air monitoring stations and various neighborhoods. Source appor...

(ISEA) MOLECULAR MARKER ANALYSIS OF DEARS SAMPLES

EPA Science Inventory

Source apportionment based on organic molecular markers provides a promising approach for meeting the Detroit Exposure and Aerosol Research Study (DEARS) objective of comparing source contributions between community air monitoring stations and various neighborhoods. Source appor...

47 CFR 69.401 - Direct expenses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... elements in the same proportions as the combined investment in COE, IOT, and C&WF apportioned to each... shall be deemed to be associated with § 69.303(b) IOT investment for purposes of the apportionment...

47 CFR 69.401 - Direct expenses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... elements in the same proportions as the combined investment in COE, IOT, and C&WF apportioned to each... shall be deemed to be associated with § 69.303(b) IOT investment for purposes of the apportionment...

47 CFR 69.401 - Direct expenses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... elements in the same proportions as the combined investment in COE, IOT, and C&WF apportioned to each... shall be deemed to be associated with § 69.303(b) IOT investment for purposes of the apportionment...

47 CFR 69.401 - Direct expenses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... elements in the same proportions as the combined investment in COE, IOT, and C&WF apportioned to each... shall be deemed to be associated with § 69.303(b) IOT investment for purposes of the apportionment...

"OZONE SOURCE APPORTIONMENT IN CMAQ'

EPA Science Inventory

Ozone source attribution has been used to support various policy purposes including interstate transport (Cross State Air Pollution Rule) by U.S. EPA and ozone nonattainment area designations by State agencies. Common scientific applications include tracking intercontinental tran...

Application of an integrated Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)/CALPUFF modeling tool for source apportionment of atmospheric pollutants for air quality management: A case study in the urban area of Benxi, China.

PubMed

Wu, Hao; Zhang, Yan; Yu, Qi; Ma, Weichun

2018-04-01

In this study, the authors endeavored to develop an effective framework for improving local urban air quality on meso-micro scales in cities in China that are experiencing rapid urbanization. Within this framework, the integrated Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)/CALPUFF modeling system was applied to simulate the concentration distributions of typical pollutants (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <10 μm [PM 10 ], sulfur dioxide [SO 2 ], and nitrogen oxides [NO x ]) in the urban area of Benxi. Statistical analyses were performed to verify the credibility of this simulation, including the meteorological fields and concentration fields. The sources were then categorized using two different classification methods (the district-based and type-based methods), and the contributions to the pollutant concentrations from each source category were computed to provide a basis for appropriate control measures. The statistical indexes showed that CALMET had sufficient ability to predict the meteorological conditions, such as the wind fields and temperatures, which provided meteorological data for the subsequent CALPUFF run. The simulated concentrations from CALPUFF showed considerable agreement with the observed values but were generally underestimated. The spatial-temporal concentration pattern revealed that the maximum concentrations tended to appear in the urban centers and during the winter. In terms of their contributions to pollutant concentrations, the districts of Xihu, Pingshan, and Mingshan all affected the urban air quality to different degrees. According to the type-based classification, which categorized the pollution sources as belonging to the Bengang Group, large point sources, small point sources, and area sources, the source apportionment showed that the Bengang Group, the large point sources, and the area sources had considerable impacts on urban air quality. Finally, combined with the industrial characteristics, detailed control measures were proposed with which local policy makers could improve the urban air quality in Benxi. In summary, the results of this study showed that this framework has credibility for effectively improving urban air quality, based on the source apportionment of atmospheric pollutants. The authors endeavored to build up an effective framework based on the integrated WRF/CALPUFF to improve the air quality in many cities on meso-micro scales in China. Via this framework, the integrated modeling tool is accurately used to study the characteristics of meteorological fields, concentration fields, and source apportionments of pollutants in target area. The impacts of classified sources on air quality together with the industrial characteristics can provide more effective control measures for improving air quality. Through the case study, the technical framework developed in this study, particularly the source apportionment, could provide important data and technical support for policy makers to assess air pollution on the scale of a city in China or even the world.

RECEPTOR MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION

EPA Science Inventory

Source apportionment (receptor) models are mathematical procedures for identifying and quantifying the sources of ambient air pollutants and their effects at a site (the receptor), primarily on the basis of species concentration measurements at the receptor, and generally without...

50 CFR 80.38 - May the Service recalculate an apportionment if an agency submits revised data?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR (CONTINUED) FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE-WILDLIFE AND SPORT... DINGELL-JOHNSON SPORT FISH RESTORATION ACTS Certification of License Holders § 80.38 May the Service...

15 CFR 700.54 - Instances where assistance will not be provided.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... when a person is attempting to: (a) Secure a price advantage; (b) Obtain delivery prior to the time required to fill a rated order; (c) Gain competitive advantage; (d) Disrupt an industry apportionment...

SOURCE APPORTIONMENT OF FINE PARTICLES IN THE U.S. AND ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN INFLAMMATORY MARKER IL -8

EPA Science Inventory

Associations are well established between particulate matter (PM) and increased human mortality and morbidity. The association between PM sources and inflammatory marker IL-8 was evaluated in this study.

33 CFR 277.8 - Procedures for apportionment of costs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... betterments. The cost of such items will be borne by the bridge owner. (i) Access roads. (ii) Concrete or... paint, and exotic paint systems. (xiv) Brass pipe and high alloy steel conduits. (xv) Floodlights and...

Source apportionment of trace metals in surface waters of a polluted stream using multivariate statistical analyses.

PubMed

Pekey, Hakan; Karakaş, Duran; Bakoğlu, Mithat

2004-11-01

Surface water samples were collected from ten previously selected sites of the polluted Dil Deresi stream, during two field surveys, December 2001 and April 2002. All samples were analyzed using ICP-AES, and the concentrations of trace metals (Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Sn and Zn) were determined. The results were compared with national and international water quality guidelines, as well as literature values reported for similar rivers. Factor analysis (FA) and a factor analysis-multiple regression (FA-MR) model were used for source apportionment and estimation of contributions from identified sources to the concentration of each parameter. By a varimax rotated factor analysis, four source types were identified as the paint industry; sewage, crustal and road traffic runoff for trace metals, explaining about 83% of the total variance. FA-MR results showed that predicted concentrations were calculated with uncertainties lower than 15%.

Source apportionment of heavy metals in agricultural soil based on PMF: A case study in Hexi Corridor, northwest China.

PubMed

Guan, Qingyu; Wang, Feifei; Xu, Chuanqi; Pan, Ninghui; Lin, Jinkuo; Zhao, Rui; Yang, Yanyan; Luo, Haiping

2018-02-01

Hexi Corridor is the most important base of commodity grain and producing area for cash crops. However, the rapid development of agriculture and industry has inevitably led to heavy metal contamination in the soils. Multivariate statistical analysis, GIS-based geostatistical methods and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) receptor modeling techniques were used to understand the levels of heavy metals and their source apportionment for agricultural soil in Hexi Corridor. The results showed that the average concentrations of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were lower than the secondary standard of soil environmental quality; however, the concentrations of eight metals (Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Ti, V and Zn) were higher than background values, and their corresponding enrichment factor values were significantly greater than 1. Different degrees of heavy metal pollution occurred in the agricultural soils; specifically, Ni had the most potential for impacting human health. The results from the multivariate statistical analysis and GIS-based geostatistical methods indicated both natural sources (Co and W) and anthropogenic sources (Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Ti, V and Zn). To better identify pollution sources of heavy metals in the agricultural soils, the PMF model was applied. Further source apportionment revealed that enrichments of Pb and Zn were attributed to traffic sources; Cr and Ni were closely related to industrial activities, including mining, smelting, coal combustion, iron and steel production and metal processing; Zn and Cu originated from agricultural activities; and V, Ti and Mn were derived from oil- and coal-related activities. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Approaches to Children’s Exposure Assessment: Case Study with Diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP)

PubMed Central

Ginsberg, Gary; Ginsberg, Justine; Foos, Brenda

2016-01-01

Children’s exposure assessment is a key input into epidemiology studies, risk assessment and source apportionment. The goals of this article are to describe a methodology for children’s exposure assessment that can be used for these purposes and to apply the methodology to source apportionment for the case study chemical, diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP). A key feature is the comparison of total (aggregate) exposure calculated via a pathways approach to that derived from a biomonitoring approach. The 4-step methodology and its results for DEHP are: (1) Prioritization of life stages and exposure pathways, with pregnancy, breast-fed infants, and toddlers the focus of the case study and pathways selected that are relevant to these groups; (2) Estimation of pathway-specific exposures by life stage wherein diet was found to be the largest contributor for pregnant women, breast milk and mouthing behavior for the nursing infant and diet, house dust, and mouthing for toddlers; (3) Comparison of aggregate exposure by pathways vs biomonitoring-based approaches wherein good concordance was found for toddlers and pregnant women providing confidence in the exposure assessment; (4) Source apportionment in which DEHP presence in foods, children’s products, consumer products and the built environment are discussed with respect to early life mouthing, house dust and dietary exposure. A potential fifth step of the method involves the calculation of exposure doses for risk assessment which is described but outside the scope for the current case study. In summary, the methodology has been used to synthesize the available information to identify key sources of early life exposure to DEHP. PMID:27376320

47 CFR 36.112 - Apportionment procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED) COMMON CARRIER SERVICES JURISDICTIONAL SEPARATIONS... accounts: Plant Specific Expenses Central Office Switching Expenses—Accounts 6211 and 6212 Operators...—Accounts 6411, 6421, 6422, 6423, 6424, 6426, 6431, and 6441 Plant Non-Specific Expenses Network Operations...

43 CFR 414.1 - Purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... STORAGE OF COLORADO RIVER WATER AND DEVELOPMENT AND RELEASE OF INTENTIONALLY CREATED UNUSED APPORTIONMENT... Colorado River water offstream; (2) Permit State-authorized entities to develop intentionally created... years subsequent to storage; and (4) Allow only voluntary interstate water transactions. These water...

50 CFR 80.12 - Does an agency have to confirm that it wants to receive an annual apportionment of funds?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... AND SPORT FISH RESTORATION PROGRAM ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS, PITTMAN-ROBERTSON WILDLIFE RESTORATION AND DINGELL-JOHNSON SPORT FISH RESTORATION ACTS State Fish and Wildlife Agency Eligibility § 80.12...

50 CFR 80.12 - Does an agency have to confirm that it wants to receive an annual apportionment of funds?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... AND SPORT FISH RESTORATION PROGRAM ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS, PITTMAN-ROBERTSON WILDLIFE RESTORATION AND DINGELL-JOHNSON SPORT FISH RESTORATION ACTS State Fish and Wildlife Agency Eligibility § 80.12...

47 CFR 36.112 - Apportionment procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED) COMMON CARRIER SERVICES JURISDICTIONAL SEPARATIONS... accounts: Plant Specific Expenses Central Office Switching Expenses—Accounts 6211 and 6212 Operators...—Accounts 6411, 6421, 6422, 6423, 6424, 6426, 6431, and 6441 Plant Non-Specific Expenses Network Operations...

77 FR 60172 - Clean Fuels Grant Program, Augmented With Discretionary Bus and Bus Facilities Program Funds

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-02

.... Grantees are reminded that the 90% provision for biodiesel buses is not available this year, as the... was highlighted in FTA's January 2012 Apportionment Notice, Section III (C). Biodiesel buses remain...

Characterization of emissions from South Asian biofuels and application to source apportionment of carbonaceous aerosol in the Himalayas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stone, Elizabeth A.; Schauer, James J.; Pradhan, Bidya Banmali; Dangol, Pradeep Man; Habib, Gazala; Venkataraman, Chandra; Ramanathan, V.

2010-03-01

This study focuses on improving source apportionment of carbonaceous aerosol in South Asia and consists of three parts: (1) development of novel molecular marker-based profiles for real-world biofuel combustion, (2) application of these profiles to a year-long data set, and (3) evaluation of profiles by an in-depth sensitivity analysis. Emissions profiles for biomass fuels were developed through source testing of a residential stove commonly used in South Asia. Wood fuels were combusted at high and low rates, which corresponded to source profiles high in organic carbon (OC) or high in elemental carbon (EC), respectively. Crop wastes common to the region, including rice straw, mustard stalk, jute stalk, soybean stalk, and animal residue burnings, were also characterized. Biofuel profiles were used in a source apportionment study of OC and EC in Godavari, Nepal. This site is located in the foothills of the Himalayas and was selected for its well-mixed and regionally impacted air masses. At Godavari, daily samples of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) were collected throughout the year of 2006, and the annual trends in particulate mass, OC, and EC followed the occurrence of a regional haze in South Asia. Maximum concentrations occurred during the dry winter season and minimum concentrations occurred during the summer monsoon season. Specific organic compounds unique to aerosol sources, molecular markers, were measured in monthly composite samples. These markers implicated motor vehicles, coal combustion, biomass burning, cow dung burning, vegetative detritus, and secondary organic aerosol as sources of carbonaceous aerosol. A molecular marker-based chemical mass balance (CMB) model provided a quantitative assessment of primary source contributions to carbonaceous aerosol. The new profiles were compared to widely used biomass burning profiles from the literature in a sensitivity analysis. This analysis indicated a high degree of stability in estimates of source contributions to OC when different biomass profiles were used. The majority of OC was unapportioned to primary sources and was estimated to be of secondary origin, while biomass combustion was the next-largest source of OC. The CMB apportionment of EC to primary sources was unstable due to the diversity of biomass burning conditions in the region. The model results suggested that biomass burning and fossil fuel were important contributors to EC, but could not reconcile their relative contributions.

Sensitivity tests to define the source apportionment performance criteria in the DeltaSA tool

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pernigotti, Denise; Belis, Claudio A.

2017-04-01

Identification and quantification of the contribution of emission sources to a given area is a key task for the design of abatement strategies. Moreover, European member states are obliged to report this kind of information for zones where the pollution levels exceed the limit values. At present, little is known about the performance and uncertainty of the variety of methodologies used for source apportionment and the comparability between the results of studies using different approaches. The source apportionment Delta (SA Delta) is a tool developed by the EC-JRC to support the particulate matter source apportionment modellers in the identification of sources (for factor analysis studies) and/or in the measure of their performance. The source identification is performed by the tool measuring the proximity of any user chemical profile to preloaded repository data (SPECIATE and SPECIEUROPE). The model performances criteria are based on standard statistical indexes calculated by comparing participants' source contribute estimates and their time series with preloaded references data. Those preloaded data refer to previous European SA intercomparison exercises: the first with real world data (22 participants), the second with synthetic data (25 participants) and the last with real world data which was also extended to Chemical Transport Models (38 receptor models and 4 CTMs). The references used for the model performances are 'true' (predefined by JRC) for the synthetic while they are calculated as ensemble average of the participants' results in real world intercomparisons. The candidates used for each source ensemble reference calculation were selected among participants results based on a number of consistency checks plus the similarity between their chemical profiles to the repository measured data. The estimation of the ensemble reference uncertainty is crucial in order to evaluate the users' performances against it. For this reason a sensitivity analysis on different methods to estimate the ensemble references' uncertainties was performed re-analyzing the synthetic intercomparison dataset, the only one where 'true' reference and ensemble reference contributions were both present. The Delta SA is now available on-line and will be presented, with a critical discussion of the sensitivity analysis on the ensemble reference uncertainty. In particular the grade of among participants mutual agreement on the presence of a certain source should be taken into account. Moreover also the importance of the synthetic intercomparisons in order to catch receptor models common biases will be stressed.

ACTRIS ACSM intercomparison - Part 2: Intercomparison of ME-2 organic source apportionment results from 15 individual, co-located aerosol mass spectrometers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fröhlich, R.; Crenn, V.; Setyan, A.; Belis, C. A.; Canonaco, F.; Favez, O.; Riffault, V.; Slowik, J. G.; Aas, W.; Aijälä, M.; Alastuey, A.; Artiñano, B.; Bonnaire, N.; Bozzetti, C.; Bressi, M.; Carbone, C.; Coz, E.; Croteau, P. L.; Cubison, M. J.; Esser-Gietl, J. K.; Green, D. C.; Gros, V.; Heikkinen, L.; Herrmann, H.; Jayne, J. T.; Lunder, C. R.; Minguillón, M. C.; Močnik, G.; O'Dowd, C. D.; Ovadnevaite, J.; Petralia, E.; Poulain, L.; Priestman, M.; Ripoll, A.; Sarda-Estève, R.; Wiedensohler, A.; Baltensperger, U.; Sciare, J.; Prévôt, A. S. H.

2015-02-01

Chemically resolved atmospheric aerosol data sets from the largest intercomparison of the Aerodyne aerosol chemical speciation monitors (ACSM) performed to date were collected at the French atmospheric supersite SIRTA. In total 13 quadrupole ACSMs (Q-ACSM) from the European ACTRIS ACSM network, one time-of-flight ACSM (ToF-ACSM), and one high-resolution ToF aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) were operated in parallel for about three weeks in November and December 2013. Part 1 of this study reports on the accuracy and precision of the instruments for all the measured species. In this work we report on the intercomparison of organic components and the results from factor analysis source apportionment by positive matrix factorisation (PMF) utilising the multilinear engine 2 (ME-2). Except for the organic contribution of m/z 44 to the total organics (f44), which varied by factors between 0.6 and 1.3 compared to the mean, the peaks in the organic mass spectra were similar among instruments. The m/z 44 differences in the spectra resulted in a variable f44 in the source profiles extracted by ME-2, but had only a minor influence on the extracted mass contributions of the sources. The presented source apportionment yielded four factors for all 15 instruments: hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA), cooking-related organic aerosol (COA), biomass burning-related organic aerosol (BBOA) and secondary oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA). Individual application and optimisation of the ME-2 boundary conditions (profile constraints) are discussed together with the investigation of the influence of alternative anchors (reference profiles). A comparison of the ME-2 source apportionment output of all 15 instruments resulted in relative SD from the mean between 13.7 and 22.7% of the source's average mass contribution depending on the factors (HOA: 14.3 ± 2.2%, COA: 15.0 ± 3.4%, OOA: 41.5 ± 5.7%, BBOA: 29.3 ± 5.0%). Factors which tend to be subject to minor factor mixing (in this case COA) have higher relative uncertainties than factors which are recognised more readily like the OOA. Averaged over all factors and instruments the relative first SD from the mean of a source extracted with ME-2 was 17.2%.

SOURCE APPORTIONMENT RESULTS, UNCERTAINTIES, AND MODELING TOOLS

EPA Science Inventory

Advanced multivariate receptor modeling tools are available from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that use only speciated sample data to identify and quantify sources of air pollution. EPA has developed both EPA Unmix and EPA Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and ...

IMPLICATIONS OF PARTICULATE MATTER RESEARCH PROGRAM UPON EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT AND APPORTIONMENT AND ATTRIBUTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS

EPA Science Inventory

Recent personal exposure panel studies and monitoring programs addressing fine particulate matter (PM) and associated co-pollutants have elucidated the physical and statistical relationships between personal exposures, residential indoor concentrations (and sources), concentratio...

76 FR 12847 - Public Road Mileage for Apportionment of Highway Safety Funds; Correction

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-09

... FHWA are from 8 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., e.t., Monday through Friday, except Federal holidays. SUPPLEMENTARY..., Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana...

50 CFR Table 34 to Part 679 - Annual Apportionment of BSAI Yellowfin Sole Between the Amendment 80 and BSAI Trawl Limited...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... and Fisheries FISHERY CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT, NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE (CONTINUED) FISHERIES OF THE EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE OFF ALASKA Pt. 679, Table 34...

47 CFR 36.412 - Apportionment procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... PROCEDURES; STANDARD PROCEDURES FOR SEPARATING TELECOMMUNICATIONS PROPERTY COSTS, REVENUES, EXPENSES, TAXES AND RESERVES FOR TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANIES 1 Operating Expenses and Taxes Operating Taxes § 36.412... groups as follows: (1) Operating Federal, State and local income taxes and (2) all other operating taxes...

7 CFR 253.11 - Administrative funds.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) FOOD AND NUTRITION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF... fiscal year and apportionment of funds by the Office of Management and Budget, administrative funds will... receiving administrative funds, State agencies must submit a proposed budget reflecting planned...

7 CFR 253.11 - Administrative funds.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) FOOD AND NUTRITION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF... fiscal year and apportionment of funds by the Office of Management and Budget, administrative funds will... receiving administrative funds, State agencies must submit a proposed budget reflecting planned...

47 CFR 69.403 - Marketing expense (Account 6610).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Marketing expense (Account 6610). 69.403 Section 69.403 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED) COMMON CARRIER SERVICES (CONTINUED) ACCESS CHARGES Apportionment of Expenses § 69.403 Marketing expense (Account 6610). Marketing...

47 CFR 69.403 - Marketing expense (Account 6610).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Marketing expense (Account 6610). 69.403 Section 69.403 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED) COMMON CARRIER SERVICES (CONTINUED) ACCESS CHARGES Apportionment of Expenses § 69.403 Marketing expense (Account 6610). Marketing...

47 CFR 69.403 - Marketing expense (Account 6610).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Marketing expense (Account 6610). 69.403 Section 69.403 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED) COMMON CARRIER SERVICES (CONTINUED) ACCESS CHARGES Apportionment of Expenses § 69.403 Marketing expense (Account 6610). Marketing...

47 CFR 69.403 - Marketing expense (Account 6610).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Marketing expense (Account 6610). 69.403 Section 69.403 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED) COMMON CARRIER SERVICES (CONTINUED) ACCESS CHARGES Apportionment of Expenses § 69.403 Marketing expense (Account 6610). Marketing...

Source apportionment of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) using a constrained US-EPA-PMF5.0 model at different urban environments in France

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Salameh, Dalia; Favez, Olivier; Golly, Benjamin; Besombes, Jean Luc; Alleman, Laurent; Albinet, Alexandre; Jaffrezo, Jean Luc

2017-04-01

Particulate matter (PM) is one of the most studied atmospheric pollutant in urban areas due to their adverse effects on human health (Pope et al., 2009). Intrinsic properties of PM (e.g. chemical composition and morphology) are directly linked to their origins. Therefore, a harmonized and comprehensive apportionment study of PM sources in urban environments is extremely required to connect source contributions with PM concentration levels and then develop effective PM abatement strategies. Multivariate receptor models such as Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) are very useful and have been used worldwide for PM source apportionment (Viana et al., 2008). PMF uses a weighted least-squares fit and quantitatively determines source fingerprints (factors) and their contributions to the total PM mass. However, in many cases, it could be tricky to separate two factors that co-vary due to similar seasonal variations, making unclear the physical sense of the extracted factors. To address such issues of source collinearities, additional specific constraints are incorporated into the model (i.e., constrained PMF) based on user's external knowledge allowing better apportionment results. In this work and within the framework of the SOURCES project, a harmonized source apportionment approach has been implemented and applied for the determination of PM sources on a large number of sites (up to 20) of different typologies (e.g. urban background, industrial, traffic, rural and/or alpine sites) distributed all over France and previously investigated with annual or multiannual studies (2012-2016). A constrained PMF approach (using US-EPA PMF5.0 software) was applied to the comprehensive PM-offline chemical datasets (i.e. carbonaceous fraction, major ions, metals/trace elements, specific organic markers) in a harmonized way for all the investigated sites. Different types of specific chemical constraints from well-characterized sources were defined based on external knowledge and were imposed to some species in the PMF factor profiles. As an example, the contributions of the levoglucosan, a specific tracer of the biomass burning emissions, were pulled up maximally in the biomass burning factor profiles and were set to zero in all other resolved factors (e.g. vehicular emissions, biogenic emissions, etc,…). The different source categories contributing to ambient PM concentration levels were chemically characterized and quantified. Chemical profiles of the resolved common sources have been exploited and compared allowing us to get extra knowledge on the spatial variabilities of the source compositions. The presentation will address the main points achieved with this program. Pope, I. C., et al. (2009), New England Journal of Medicine, 360(4), 376-386. Viana, M., et al. (2008), Journal of Aerosol Science, 39(10), 827-849. Acknowledgments: This work, including a postdoctoral grant for D Salameh, is funded by the French Ministry of Environment, Energy, and Sea (MEEM) through the Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME, contract 1462C0044) and the national reference laboratory for air quality monitoring (LCSQA). The authors also gratefully acknowledge the funding by ANDRA of the program conducted at OPE by S Conil, and all dedicated staffs within the French regional monitoring networks for collecting the samples.

7 CFR 984.35 - California Walnut Board.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 8 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false California Walnut Board. 984.35 Section 984.35 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Marketing... production in its relation to existing districts; (3) The equitable relationship between Board apportionment...

Deferred Maintenance Program Handbook.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

California State Dept. of General Services, Sacramento. Office of Public School Construction.

This handbook provides process information on California's Deferred Maintenance Program, including a description of the administering body of law. Chapters discuss the program's process on the topics of basic/additional apportionment, fund release (basic/additional and critical hardship), the Deferred Maintenance Five-Year Plan, district deposit,…

SPECIATE--EPA'S DATABASE OF SPECIATED EMISSION PROFILES

EPA Science Inventory

SPECIATE is EPA's repository of Total Organic Compound and Particulate Matter speciated profiles for a wide variety of sources. The profiles in this system are provided for air quality dispersion modeling and as a library for source-receptor and source apportionment type models. ...

DUALITY IN MULTIVARIATE RECEPTOR MODEL. (R831078)

EPA Science Inventory

Multivariate receptor models are used for source apportionment of multiple observations of compositional data of air pollutants that obey mass conservation. Singular value decomposition of the data leads to two sets of eigenvectors. One set of eigenvectors spans a space in whi...

50 CFR 80.23 - Allocation of funds between marine and freshwater fishery projects.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR (CONTINUED) FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE-WILDLIFE SPORT FISH RESTORATION PROGRAM ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS, PITTMAN-ROBERTSON WILDLIFE RESTORATION AND DINGELL-JOHNSON SPORT FISH... apportionment of the Dingell-Johnson Sport Fish Restoration funds, between projects having recreational benefits...

RECENT APPLICATIONS OF SOURCE APPORTIONMENT METHODS AND RELATED NEEDS

EPA Science Inventory

Traditional receptor modeling studies have utilized factor analysis (like principal component analysis, PCA) and/or Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) to assess source influences. The limitations with these approaches is that PCA is qualitative and CMB requires the input of source pr...

FORT HALL SOURCE APPORTIONMENT STUDY (FINAL REPORT)

EPA Science Inventory

Air quality monitoring on the Fort Hall Indian Reservation has revealed numerous exceedances of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for 24-h averaged PM10 mass. Wind-directional analysis coupled with PM10 measurements have identified the FMC elemental phosphorus p...

43 CFR 414.1 - Purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... STORAGE OF COLORADO RIVER WATER AND DEVELOPMENT AND RELEASE OF INTENTIONALLY CREATED UNUSED APPORTIONMENT IN THE LOWER DIVISION STATES Purposes and Definitions § 414.1 Purpose. (a) What this part does. This... Colorado River water offstream; (2) Permit State-authorized entities to develop intentionally created...

43 CFR 414.1 - Purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... STORAGE OF COLORADO RIVER WATER AND DEVELOPMENT AND RELEASE OF INTENTIONALLY CREATED UNUSED APPORTIONMENT IN THE LOWER DIVISION STATES Purposes and Definitions § 414.1 Purpose. (a) What this part does. This... Colorado River water offstream; (2) Permit State-authorized entities to develop intentionally created...

Characterization of Aral Sea Particulate Matter in Kyrgyzstan

EPA Science Inventory

1. Elemental analyses of resuspendable soils from the Aral Sea region and Kyrgyz soils show that the composition of the soils are remarkably uniform thereby supporting chemical source apportionment models that treat this region as a homogeneous source with respect to elemental co...

PARTICLE SPECIATION AND EMISSION PROFILES OF SMALL 2-STROKE ENGINES

EPA Science Inventory

The Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division (HEASD) conducts studies designed to acquire information from emission sources for use in source apportionment studies. The objective of this work is to characterize a complete, speciated emission profile (PM and air toxics) ...

38 CFR 3.454 - Veterans disability pension.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Veterans disability pension. 3.454 Section 3.454 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS ADJUDICATION Pension, Compensation, and Dependency and Indemnity Compensation Apportionments § 3.454 Veterans...

Management Advisory Memorandum of Federal Aviation Administration's Fiscal Year 1996 Apportionment of Formula Grants

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1997-06-25

Implementation of the Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks (CVISN) program will result in enhanced safety for drivers and trucks and improved operating efficiencies for government agencies and motor carriers. In turn, both the public a...

Source apportionment for fine particulate matter in a Chinese city using an improved gas-constrained method and comparison with multiple receptor models.

PubMed

Shi, Guoliang; Liu, Jiayuan; Wang, Haiting; Tian, Yingze; Wen, Jie; Shi, Xurong; Feng, Yinchang; Ivey, Cesunica E; Russell, Armistead G

2018-02-01

PM 2.5 is one of the most studied atmospheric pollutants due to its adverse impacts on human health and welfare and the environment. An improved model (the chemical mass balance gas constraint-Iteration: CMBGC-Iteration) is proposed and applied to identify source categories and estimate source contributions of PM 2.5. The CMBGC-Iteration model uses the ratio of gases to PM as constraints and considers the uncertainties of source profiles and receptor datasets, which is crucial information for source apportionment. To apply this model, samples of PM 2.5 were collected at Tianjin, a megacity in northern China. The ambient PM 2.5 dataset, source information, and gas-to-particle ratios (such as SO 2 /PM 2.5 , CO/PM 2.5 , and NOx/PM 2.5 ratios) were introduced into the CMBGC-Iteration to identify the potential sources and their contributions. Six source categories were identified by this model and the order based on their contributions to PM 2.5 was as follows: secondary sources (30%), crustal dust (25%), vehicle exhaust (16%), coal combustion (13%), SOC (7.6%), and cement dust (0.40%). In addition, the same dataset was also calculated by other receptor models (CMB, CMB-Iteration, CMB-GC, PMF, WALSPMF, and NCAPCA), and the results obtained were compared. Ensemble-average source impacts were calculated based on the seven source apportionment results: contributions of secondary sources (28%), crustal dust (20%), coal combustion (18%), vehicle exhaust (17%), SOC (11%), and cement dust (1.3%). The similar results of CMBGC-Iteration and ensemble method indicated that CMBGC-Iteration can produce relatively appropriate results. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A Holistic Framework for Deriving Equitable Apportionments and Resolving Conflicts in Transboundary Watercourses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tyagi, H.; Gosain, A. K.; Khosa, R.

2017-12-01

Climate uncertainty & perpetually rising freshwater demands have emerged as the biggest threat to global water security. Consequently, water disputes have become more frequent & intense. If such conflicts remain unresolved for long, eventually they may cause severe socio-political damage to the riparians. The present study develops a comprehensive framework for conflict resolution & equitable allocation in transboundary Ganges watercourse with 4 stakeholder nations: China (Tibet), Nepal, India & Bangladesh. Scientific spatio-temporal information can be of great help in transboundary dispute resolution. Hence, this study employs a GIS-based semi-distributed SWAT hydrologic model for estimating water balance at different scales within the basin for present & future climate, landuse, storage & water use efficiency scenarios. The study analyses pertinent provisions of the Indian Constitution & examines the rulings of Indian water tribunals. It also critically compares various water dispute resolution mechanisms & doctrines on the barometer of equity & fairness to arrive at a procedurally & distributionally just water apportionment policy. The study makes use of Methods of Apportionments, Operations Research & Bankruptcy Rules to operationalize the chosen doctrine by devising an objective & quantifiable formulae for water allocation amongst the co-basin states for a range of flows. Furthermore, Game Theoretic and multi-optimization techniques have been used to rank the appropriateness of the above mentioned methods according to aggregate satisfaction/resentment of the stakeholders computed by equating their respective water claims with actual water shares obtained by them under different methods. Moreover, several Social Choice Theory methods have been employed to rate the performance of water allotment methods in a socio-political setting. The developed framework can thus be of great help for decision makers in effective water conflict resolution as transboundary basins cover nearly half of world's total land surface & there are high chances of water disputes in such transnational rivers.

Contamination characteristics and source apportionment of trace metals in soils around Miyun Reservoir.

PubMed

Chen, Haiyang; Teng, Yanguo; Chen, Ruihui; Li, Jiao; Wang, Jinsheng

2016-08-01

Due to their toxicity and bioaccumulation, trace metals in soils can result in a wide range of toxic effects on animals, plants, microbes, and even humans. Recognizing the contamination characteristics of soil metals and especially apportioning their potential sources are the necessary preconditions for pollution prevention and control. Over the past decades, several receptor models have been developed for source apportionment. Among them, positive matrix factorization (PMF) has gained popularity and was recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency as a general modeling tool. In this study, an extended chemometrics model, multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares based on maximum likelihood principal component analysis (MCR-ALS/MLPCA), was proposed for source apportionment of soil metals and applied to identify the potential sources of trace metals in soils around Miyun Reservoir. Similar to PMF, the MCR-ALS/MLPCA model can incorporate measurement error information and non-negativity constraints in its calculation procedures. Model validation with synthetic dataset suggested that the MCR-ALS/MLPCA could extract acceptable recovered source profiles even considering relatively larger error levels. When applying to identify the sources of trace metals in soils around Miyun Reservoir, the MCR-ALS/MLPCA model obtained the highly similar profiles with PMF. On the other hand, the assessment results of contamination status showed that the soils around reservoir were polluted by trace metals in slightly moderate degree but potentially posed acceptable risks to the public. Mining activities, fertilizers and agrochemicals, and atmospheric deposition were identified as the potential anthropogenic sources with contributions of 24.8, 14.6, and 13.3 %, respectively. In order to protect the drinking water source of Beijing, special attention should be paid to the metal inputs to soils from mining and agricultural activities.

Spatial-temporal Variations and Source Apportionment of typical Heavy Metals in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region of China Based on Localized Air Pollutants Emission Inventory and WRF-CMAQ modelling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tian, H.; Liu, S.; Zhu, C.; Liu, H.; Wu, B.

2017-12-01

Abstract: Anthropogenic atmospheric emissions of air pollutants have caused worldwide concerns due to their adverse effects on human health and the ecosystem. By determining the best available emission factors for varied source categories, we established the comprehensive atmospheric emission inventories of hazardous air pollutants including 12 typical toxic heavy metals (Hg, As, Se, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Sb, Mn, Co, Cu, and Zn) from primary anthropogenic activities in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region of China for the period of 2012 for the first time. The annual emissions of these pollutants were allocated at a high spatial resolution of 9km × 9km grid with ArcGIS methodology and surrogate indexes, such as regional population and gross domestic product (GDP). Notably, the total heavy metal emissions from this region represented about 10.9% of the Chinese national total emissions. The areas with high emissions of heavy metals were mainly concentrated in Tangshan, Shijiazhuang, Handan and Tianjin. Further, WRF-CMAQ modeling system were applied to simulate the regional concentration of heavy metals to explore their spatial-temporal variations, and the source apportionment of these heavy metals in BTH region was performed using the Brute-Force method. Finally, integrated countermeasures were proposed to minimize the final air pollutants discharge on account of the current and future demand of energy-saving and pollution reduction in China. Keywords: heavy metals; particulate matter; emission inventory; CMAQ model; source apportionment Acknowledgment. This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21377012 and 21177012) and the Trail Special Program of Research on the Cause and Control Technology of Air Pollution under the National Key Research and Development Plan of China (2016YFC0201501).

Size distribution of chemical elements and their source apportionment in ambient coarse, fine, and ultrafine particles in Shanghai urban summer atmosphere.

PubMed

Lü, Senlin; Zhang, Rui; Yao, Zhenkun; Yi, Fei; Ren, Jingjing; Wu, Minghong; Feng, Man; Wang, Qingyue

2012-01-01

Ambient coarse particles (diameter 1.8-10 microm), fine particles (diameter 0.1-1.8 microm), and ultrafine particles (diameter < 0.1 microm) in the atmosphere of the city of Shanghai were sampled during the summer of 2008 (from Aug 27 to Sep 08). Microscopic characterization of the particles was investigated by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX). Mass concentrations of Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, and Pb in the size-resolved particles were quantified by using synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence (SRXRF). Source apportionment of the chemical elements was analyzed by means of an enrichment factor method. Our results showed that the average mass concentrations of coarse particles, fine particles and ultrafine particles in the summer air were 9.38 +/- 2.18, 8.82 +/- 3.52, and 2.02 +/- 0.41 microg/m3, respectively. The mass percentage of the fine particles accounted for 51.47% in the total mass of PM10, indicating that fine particles are the major component in the Shanghai ambient particles. SEM/EDX results showed that the coarse particles were dominated by minerals, fine particles by soot aggregates and fly ashes, and ultrafine particles by soot particles and unidentified particles. SRXRF results demonstrated that crustal elements were mainly distributed in the coarse particles, while heavy metals were in higher proportions in the fine particles. Source apportionment revealed that Si, K, Ca, Fe, Mn, Rb, and Sr were from crustal sources, and S, Cl, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, and Pb from anthropogenic sources. Levels of P, V, Cr, and Ni in particles might be contributed from multi-sources, and need further investigation.

Spatio-temporal patterns and source apportionment of pollution in Qiantang River (China) using neural-based modeling and multivariate statistical techniques

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Su, Shiliang; Zhi, Junjun; Lou, Liping; Huang, Fang; Chen, Xia; Wu, Jiaping

Characterizing the spatio-temporal patterns and apportioning the pollution sources of water bodies are important for the management and protection of water resources. The main objective of this study is to describe the dynamics of water quality and provide references for improving river pollution control practices. Comprehensive application of neural-based modeling and different multivariate methods was used to evaluate the spatio-temporal patterns and source apportionment of pollution in Qiantang River, China. Measurement data were obtained and pretreated for 13 variables from 41 monitoring sites for the period of 2001-2004. A self-organizing map classified the 41 monitoring sites into three groups (Group A, B and C), representing different pollution characteristics. Four significant parameters (dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus and total lead) were identified by discriminant analysis for distinguishing variations of different years, with about 80% correct assignment for temporal variation. Rotated principal component analysis (PCA) identified four potential pollution sources for Group A (domestic sewage and agricultural pollution, industrial wastewater pollution, mineral weathering, vehicle exhaust and sand mining), five for Group B (heavy metal pollution, agricultural runoff, vehicle exhaust and sand mining, mineral weathering, chemical plants discharge) and another five for Group C (vehicle exhaust and sand mining, chemical plants discharge, soil weathering, biochemical pollution, mineral weathering). The identified potential pollution sources explained 75.6% of the total variances for Group A, 75.0% for Group B and 80.0% for Group C, respectively. Receptor-based source apportionment was applied to further estimate source contributions for each pollution variable in the three groups, which facilitated and supported the PCA results. These results could assist managers to develop optimal strategies and determine priorities for river pollution control and effective water resources management.

SEM-EDX analysis in the source apportionment of particulate matter on Hypogymnia physodes lichen transplants around the Cu smelter and former mining town of Karabash, South Urals, Russia.

PubMed

Williamson, B J; Mikhailova, I; Purvis, O W; Udachin, V

2004-04-25

Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX) of particulate matter on lichen transplant thalli (Hypogymnia physodes) was assessed as a complementary technique to wet chemical analysis for source apportionment of airborne contaminants. Transplants (2 month exposure) stationed in the Cu smelter and former mining town of Karabash were compared with those from a control site 30 km south. Particulate matter in Karabash samples (715 analyses) showed higher levels of S, Pb, Cu, Sn and Zn compared with the control (598 analyses). Complex element associations among the particles confounded detailed mineralogical identifications, and therefore a simplified particle classification scheme was devised for source apportionment. Karabash samples contained high levels of particles classified as mining-related (MRP), and these were also identified in control samples, indicating wide spatial dispersion from the smelter and highlighting the sensitivity of the method. It was noted that MRP <2.5-microm diameter were poorly represented on lichen surfaces suggesting this may limit the usefulness of Hypogymnia transplants as proxies when assessing human health impacts from airborne particulates. Analyses of the lichen thallus surface (away from surface particulates) revealed high levels of Cu, Zn, Fe and Pb associated with organics in the Karabash samples compared with the control, with a proportionate loss of K, interpreted as being due to a stress-related increase in cell membrane permeability. This type of analysis may provide a novel SEM-EDX-based method for assessing lichen vitality. The techniques developed are presented and further implications of the study are discussed.

Characterization of Arctic elemental carbon in Barrow, AK using radiocarbon source apportionment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barrett, T. E.; Usenko, S.; Robinson, E. M.; Sheesley, R. J.

2013-12-01

Currently, the Arctic is one of the fastest warming regions on earth with surface temperatures increasing at a rate nearly double the global mean over recent decades. Despite the fact that atmospheric concentrations of elemental carbon (EC) are lower in the Arctic than in lower latitudes, deposition of EC on snow and ice may exacerbate regional warming by simultaneously decreasing albedo and increasing melt rates. Due to the intensifying Arctic oil exploration in areas such as the Beaufort and Chukchi seas, the impact of new emission sources such as heavy fuel and heavy diesel combustion on regional carbon needs to be assessed. The first step in developing mitigation strategies for reducing current and future EC emissions in the Arctic is to determine emission source contributions. This study aims to determine the relative contributions of fossil fuel and biomass combustion and to identify major source regions of EC to the Arctic. Radiocarbon analysis of both total organic carbon (TOC) and EC combined with organic tracer and back trajectory analysis has been applied to a set of wintertime coarse particulate matter (PM10) samples from Barrow, AK. Preliminary apportionment for January 2013 indicates roughly half of TOC is from biogenic/biomass burning emissions and one third of EC is due to biomass burning emissions. The radiocarbon results will be combined with organic tracer analysis (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, petroleum biomarkers and normal alkanes), increasing the specificity of the relative contribution of both the fossil and modern (biogenic/biomass burning) carbon emission sources. This research represents the first reported radiocarbon values for Arctic EC, providing highly conclusive source apportionment prior to the influence of increased drilling operations and ship traffic in the Beaufort and Chukchi seas.

Source apportionment of VOCs and the contribution to photochemical ozone formation during summer in the typical industrial area in the Yangtze River Delta, China

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shao, Ping; An, Junlin; Xin, Jinyuan; Wu, Fangkun; Wang, Junxiu; Ji, Dongsheng; Wang, Yuesi

2016-07-01

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were continuously observated in a northern suburb of Nanjing, a typical industrial area in the Yangtze River Delta, in a summer observation period from 15th May to 31st August 2013. The average concentration of total VOCs was (34.40 ± 25.20) ppbv, including alkanes (14.98 ± 12.72) ppbv, alkenes (7.35 ± 5.93) ppbv, aromatics (9.06 ± 6.64) ppbv and alkynes (3.02 ± 2.01) ppbv, respectively. Source apportionment via Positive Matrix Factorization was conducted, and six major sources of VOCs were identified. The industry-related sources, including industrial emissions and industrial solvent usage, occupied the highest proportion, accounting for about 51.26% of the VOCs. Vehicular emissions occupied the second highest proportion, accounting for about 34.08%. The rest accounted for about 14.66%, including vegetation emission and liquefied petroleum gas/natural gas usage. Contributions of VOCs to photochemical O3 formation were evaluated by the application of a detailed chemical mechanism model (NCAR MM). Alkenes were the dominant contributors to the O3 photochemical production, followed by aromatics and alkanes. Alkynes had a very small impact on photochemical O3 formation. Based on the outcomes of the source apportionment, a sensitivity analysis of relative O3 reduction efficiency (RORE), under different source removal regimes such as using the reduction of VOCs from 10% to 100% as input, was conducted. The RORE was the highest (~ 20%-40%) when the VOCs from solvent-related sources decreased by 40%. The highest RORE values for vegetation emissions, industrial emissions, vehicle exhaust, and LPG/NG usage were presented in the scenarios of 50%, 80%, 40% and 40%, respectively.

Inter-comparison of receptor models for PM source apportionment: Case study in an industrial area

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Viana, M.; Pandolfi, M.; Minguillón, M. C.; Querol, X.; Alastuey, A.; Monfort, E.; Celades, I.

2008-05-01

Receptor modelling techniques are used to identify and quantify the contributions from emission sources to the levels and major and trace components of ambient particulate matter (PM). A wide variety of receptor models are currently available, and consequently the comparability between models should be evaluated if source apportionment data are to be used as input in health effects studies or mitigation plans. Three of the most widespread receptor models (principal component analysis, PCA; positive matrix factorization, PMF; chemical mass balance, CMB) were applied to a single PM10 data set (n=328 samples, 2002-2005) obtained from an industrial area in NE Spain, dedicated to ceramic production. Sensitivity and temporal trend analyses (using the Mann-Kendall test) were applied. Results evidenced the good overall performance of the three models (r2>0.83 and α>0.91×between modelled and measured PM10 mass), with a good agreement regarding source identification and high correlations between input (CMB) and output (PCA, PMF) source profiles. Larger differences were obtained regarding the quantification of source contributions (up to a factor of 4 in some cases). The combined application of different types of receptor models would solve the limitations of each of the models, by constructing a more robust solution based on their strengths. The authors suggest the combined use of factor analysis techniques (PCA, PMF) to identify and interpret emission sources, and to obtain a first quantification of their contributions to the PM mass, and the subsequent application of CMB. Further research is needed to ensure that source apportionment methods are robust enough for application to PM health effects assessments.

Fine Particulate Pollution and Source Apportionment in the Urban Centers for Africa, Asia and Latin America

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guttikunda, S. K.; Johnson, T. M.; Procee, P.

2004-12-01

Fossil fuel combustion for domestic cooking and heating, power generation, industrial processes, and motor vehicles are the primary sources of air pollution in the developing country cities. Over the past twenty years, major advances have been made in understanding the social and economic consequences of air pollution. In both industrialized and developing countries, it has been shown that air pollution from energy combustion has detrimental impacts on human health and the environment. Lack of information on the sectoral contributions to air pollution - especially fine particulates, is one of the typical constraints for an effective integrated urban air quality management program. Without such information, it is difficult, if not impossible, for decision makers to provide policy advice and make informed investment decisions related to air quality improvements in developing countries. This also raises the need for low-cost ways of determining the principal sources of fine PM for a proper planning and decision making. The project objective is to develop and verify a methodology to assess and monitor the sources of PM, using a combination of ground-based monitoring and source apportionment techniques. This presentation will focus on four general tasks: (1) Review of the science and current activities in the combined use of monitoring data and modeling for better understanding of PM pollution. (2) Review of recent advances in atmospheric source apportionment techniques (e.g., principal component analysis, organic markers, source-receptor modeling techniques). (3) Develop a general methodology to use integrated top-down and bottom-up datasets. (4) Review of a series of current case studies from Africa, Asia and Latin America and the methodologies applied to assess the air pollution and its sources.

Source apportionment of trace metals in river sediments: A comparison of three methods.

PubMed

Chen, Haiyang; Teng, Yanguo; Li, Jiao; Wu, Jin; Wang, Jinsheng

2016-04-01

Increasing trace metal pollution in river sediment poses a significant threat to watershed ecosystem health. Identifying potential sources of sediment metals and apportioning their contributions are of key importance for proposing prevention and control strategies of river pollution. In this study, three advanced multivariate receptor models, factor analysis with nonnegative constraints (FA-NNC), positive matrix factorization (PMF), and multivariate curve resolution weighted-alternating least-squares (MCR-WALS), were comparatively employed for source apportionment of trace metals in river sediments and applied to the Le'an River, a main tributary of Poyang Lake which is the largest freshwater lake in China. The pollution assessment with contamination factor and geoaccumulation index suggested that the river sediments in Le'an River were contaminated severely by trace metals due to human activities. With the three apportionment tools, similar source profiles of trace metals in sediments were extracted. Especially, the MCR-WALS and PMF models produced essentially the same results. Comparatively speaking, the weighted schemes might give better solutions than the unweighted FA-NNC because the uncertainty information of environmental data was considered by PMF and MCR-WALS. Anthropogenic sources were apportioned as the most important pollution sources influencing the sediment metals in Le'an River with contributions of about 90%. Among them, copper tailings occupied the largest contribution (38.4-42.2%), followed by mining wastewater (29.0-33.5%), and agricultural activities (18.2-18.7%). To protect the ecosystem of Le'an River and Poyang Lake, special attention should be paid to the discharges of mining wastewater and the leachates of copper tailing ponds in that region. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The application of carbon-14 analyses to the source apportionment of atmospheric carbonaceous particulate matter: a review.

PubMed

Heal, Mathew R

2014-01-01

Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) together constitute a substantial proportion of airborne particulate matter (PM). Insight into the sources of this major contributor to PM is important for policies to mitigate the impact of PM on human health and climate change. In recent years measurement of the abundance of the radioisotope of carbon ((14)C) in samples of PM by accelerator mass spectrometry has been used to help quantify the relative contributions from sources of fossil carbon and contemporary carbon. This review provides an introduction to the different sources of carbon within PM and the role of (14)C measurements, a description of the preparation of PM samples and of the instrumentation used to quantify (14)C, and a summary of the results and source apportionment methods reported in published studies since 2004. All studies report a sizable fraction of the carbonaceous PM as of non-fossil origin. Even for PM collected in urban locations, the proportions of non-fossil carbon generally exceed 30%; typically the proportion in urban background locations is around 40-60% depending on the local influence of biomass burning. Where values have been measured directly, proportions of non-fossil carbon in EC are lower than in OC, reflecting the greater contribution of fossil-fuel combustion to EC and the generally small sources of contemporary EC. Detailed source apportionment studies point to important contributions from biogenic-derived secondary OC, consistent with other evidence of a ubiquitous presence of heavily oxidized background secondary OC. The review concludes with some comments on current issues and future prospects, including progress towards compound-class and individual-compound-specific (14)C analyses.

Biomass burning contributed most to the human cancer risk exposed to the soil-bound PAHs from Chengdu Economic Region, western China.

PubMed

Zheng, Huang; Xing, Xinli; Hu, Tianpeng; Zhang, Yuan; Zhang, Jiaquan; Zhu, Gehao; Li, Ying; Qi, Shihua

2018-05-03

The purpose of this study was to assess the human cancer risk due to the exposure to the soil-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from Chengdu Economic Region (CER), western China with the main concern on cancer risk source apportionment. The total concentrations of sixteen PAHs ranged from 12.5 to 75431 ng g -1 , with a mean value of 3106 ng g -1 , which suggested that the most areas of CER were contaminated. Source apportionment of PAHs was conducted by the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model and the biomass burning contributed most (63.6%) to the total PAHs, followed by petroleum combustion (16.0%), coke source (11.3%), and petrogenic source (9.2%). Results from incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) calculation showed that soil ingestion exerted the highest cancer risk (accounted for 98.1 - 99.3% of the total cancer risk) on human health among three different exposure pathways, followed by dermal contact (0.66 - 1.83%) and inhalation (0.03 - 0.04%). Among different age groups, adult suffered the highest cancer risk via any exposure pathways. Based on PMF and ILCR methods, the cancer risk source apportionment was conducted and the biomass burning showed moderate cancer risk. The petrogenic, coke, and petroleum sources showed low cancer risks to human. To analyze the sensitivity of the parameters used in ILCR calculation, Monte Carlo simulation was employed. The results indicated that the contribution of each source and exposure duration (ED) were the influential parameters on human health associated with soil-bound PAHs. Therefore, much attentions should be paid to biomass burning to avoid cumulative cancer risk. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Source apportionment of lead in the blood of women of reproductive age living near tailings in Taxco, Guerrero, Mexico: An isotopic study.

PubMed

Vázquez Bahéna, Analine Berenice; Talavera Mendoza, Oscar; Moreno Godínez, Ma Elena; Salgado Souto, Sergio Adrián; Ruiz, Joaquín; Huerta Beristain, Gerardo

2017-04-01

The concentration and isotopic composition of lead in the blood of forty seven women of reproductive age (15-45y) exposed to multiple sources in two rural communities of the mining region of Taxco, Guerrero in southern Mexico were determined in order to identify specific contributing sources and their apportionment and to trace probable ingestion pathways. Our data indicate that >36% of the studied women have blood lead concentrations above 10μgdL -1 and up to 87% above 5μgdL -1 . Tailings contain between 2128 and 5988mgkg -1 of lead and represent the most conspicuous source in the area. Lead contents in indoor dust are largely variable (21.7-987mgkg -1 ) but only 15% of samples are above the Mexican Regulatory Guideline for urban soils (400mgkg -1 ). By contrast, 85% of glazed containers (range: 0.026-68.6mgkg -1 ) used for cooking and food storage are above the maximum 2mgL -1 of soluble lead established in the Mexican Guideline. The isotopic composition indicates that lead in the blood of 95% of the studied women can be modeled in terms of a mixing system between local ores (and derivatives), glazed pottery and Morelos bedrock, end-members, with the two former being largely the most important contributors. Only one sample shows influence of indoor paints. Indoor dust is dominated by ores and derivatives but some samples show evidence of contribution from a less radiogenic source very likely represented by interior paints. This study supports the application of lead isotopic ratios to identify potential sources and their apportionment in humans exposed to multiple sources of lead from both, natural and anthropogenic origin. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Global Particulate Matter Source Apportionment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lamancusa, C.; Wagstrom, K.

2017-12-01

As our global society develops and grows it is necessary to better understand the impacts and nuances of atmospheric chemistry, in particular those associated with atmospheric particulate matter. We have developed a source apportionment scheme for the GEOS-Chem global atmospheric chemical transport model. While these approaches have existed for several years in regional chemical transport models, the Global Particulate Matter Source Apportionment Technology (GPSAT) represents the first incorporation into a global chemical transport model. GPSAT runs in parallel to a standard GEOS-Chem run. GPSAT uses the fact that all molecules of a given species have the same probability of undergoing any given process as a core principle. This allows GPSAT to track many different species using only the flux information provided by GEOS-Chem's many processes. GPSAT accounts for the change in source specific concentrations as a result of aqueous and gas-phase chemistry, horizontal and vertical transport, condensation and evaporation on particulate matter, emissions, and wet and dry deposition. By using fluxes, GPSAT minimizes computational cost by circumventing the computationally costly chemistry and transport solvers. GPSAT will allow researchers to address many pertinent research questions about global particulate matter including the global impact of emissions from different source regions and the climate impacts from different source types and regions. For this first application of GPSAT, we investigate the contribution of the twenty largest urban areas worldwide to global particulate matter concentrations. The species investigated include: ammonium, nitrates, sulfates, and the secondary organic aerosols formed by the oxidation of benzene, isoprene, and terpenes. While GPSAT is not yet publically available, we will incorporate it into a future standard release of GEOS-Chem so that all GEOS-Chem users will have access to this new tool.

Source apportionment of settleable particles in an impacted urban and industrialized region in Brazil.

PubMed

Santos, Jane Meri; Reis, Neyval Costa; Galvão, Elson Silva; Silveira, Alexsander; Goulart, Elisa Valentim; Lima, Ana Teresa

2017-09-01

Settleable particulate matter (SPM), especially coarser particles with diameters greater than 10 μm, has been found culprit of high deposition rates in cities affected by hinterland industrial activities. This is the case of Metropolitan Region of Vitoria (MRV), Espirito Santo, Brazil where industrial facilities are located within the urban sprawl and building constructions are intense. Frequent population complaints to the environmental protection agency (IEMA) throughout the years have triggered monitoring campaigns to determine SPM deposition rates and source apportionment. Eight different locations were monitored throughout the MRV, and SPM was quantified and chemically characterized. Sources profiles were defined either by using US EPA SPECIATE data or by experimental analysis. Atmospheric fallout in the MRV ranged between 2 and 20g/(m 2 30-day), with only one monitoring station ranging from 6-10 g/(m 2 30-day). EC, OC, Fe, Al, and Si were found the main constituents of dry deposition in the region. Source apportionment by the chemical mass balance (CMB) model determined that steel and iron ore pelletizing industries were the main contributor to one of the eight locations whereas resuspension, civil construction, and vehicular sources were also very important contributors to the other stations. Quarries and soil were also considered expressive SPM sources, but at the city periphery. CMB model could differentiate contributions from six industrial source groups: thermoelectric; iron ore, pellet, and pellet furnaces; coal coke and coke oven; sintering, blast furnace, and basic oxygen furnace; and soil, resuspension, and vehicles. However, the CMB model was unable to differentiate between iron ore and pellet stockpiles which are present in both steel and iron ore pelletizing industries. Further characterization of source and SPM might be necessary to aid local authorities in decision-making regarding these two industrial sources.

Spatially and chemically resolved source apportionment analysis: Case study of high particulate matter event

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Byeong-Uk; Bae, Changhan; Kim, Hyun Cheol; Kim, Eunhye; Kim, Soontae

2017-08-01

This article presents the results of a detailed source apportionment study of the high particulate matter (PM) event in the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA), South Korea, during late February 2014. Using the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions with its Particulate Source Apportionment Technology (CAMx-PSAT), we defined 10 source regions, including five in China, for spatially and chemically resolved analyses. During the event, the spatially averaged PM10 concentration at all PM10 monitors in the SMA was 129 μg/m3, while the PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations at the BulGwang Supersite were 143 μg/m3 and 123 μg/m3, respectively. CAMx-PSAT showed reasonably good PM model performance in both China and the SMA. For February 23-27, CAMx-PSAT estimated that Chinese contributions to the SMA PM10 and PM2.5 were 84.3 μg/m3 and 80.0 μg/m3, respectively, or 64% and 70% of the respective totals, while South Korea's respective domestic contributions were 36.5 μg/m3 and 23.3 μg/m3. We observed that the spatiotemporal pattern of PM constituent concentrations and contributions did not necessarily follow that of total PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations. For example, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei produced high nitrate concentrations, but the two most-contributing regions to PM in the SMA were the Near Beijing area and South Korea. In addition, we noticed that the relative contributions from each region changed over time. We found that most ammonium mass that neutralized Chinese sulfate mass in the SMA came from South Korean sources, indicating that secondary inorganic aerosol in the SMA, especially ammonium sulfates, during this event resulted from different major precursors originating from different regions.

23 CFR 460.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... toll roads are not considered restrictive gates. (d) Maintenance means the preservation of the entire... HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND RESEARCH PUBLIC ROAD MILEAGE FOR APPORTIONMENT OF HIGHWAY SAFETY FUNDS § 460.2 Definitions. As used in this part: (a) Public road means any road...

38 CFR 3.459 - Death compensation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Death compensation. 3.459 Section 3.459 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS ADJUDICATION Pension, Compensation, and Dependency and Indemnity Compensation Apportionments § 3.459 Death compensation. (a) Death...

Lease-Purchase Program Applicant Handbook.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

California State Dept. of General Services, Sacramento. Office of Public School Construction.

This manual guides applicants through the process of acquiring and managing California state funds for public school facility construction projects. Section 1 focuses on determining eligibility and on preparing application packages for Phase P approval and/or apportionment. Section 2 examines regulations and required forms for selecting school…

RADIOCARBON SOURCE APPORTIONMENT IN A BIOFUELS ERA

EPA Science Inventory

Biofuels (gasohol and biodiesel) introduce radiocarbon into the U.S. mobile source fuel supply where it was previously absent. Initial measurements of radiocarbon in the PM_2.5 combustion emissions from engines using gasohol indicate that this may have less effect on r...

47 CFR 69.405 - Published directory expenses in Account 6620.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Published directory expenses in Account 6620... SERVICES (CONTINUED) ACCESS CHARGES Apportionment of Expenses § 69.405 Published directory expenses in Account 6620. Published Directory expenses shall be assigned to the Information element. ...

40 CFR 82.19 - Apportionment of baseline consumption allowances for class II controlled substances.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Controlled substance Allowances (kg) ABCO Refrigeration Supply HCFC-22 279,366 AGC Chemicals Americas HCFC...-142b 52,797 HCFC-123 1,877,042 HCFC-124 743,312 H.G. Refrigeration Supply HCFC-22 40,068 Honeywell HCFC...

40 CFR 82.19 - Apportionment of baseline consumption allowances for class II controlled substances.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Controlled substance Allowances (kg) ABCO Refrigeration Supply HCFC-22 279,366 AGC Chemicals Americas HCFC...-142b 52,797 HCFC-123 1,877,042 HCFC-124 743,312 H.G. Refrigeration Supply HCFC-22 40,068 Honeywell HCFC...

40 CFR 82.19 - Apportionment of baseline consumption allowances for class II controlled substances.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... following table: Person Controlled substance Allowances (kg) ABCO Refrigeration Supply HCFC-22 279,366 AGC... HCFC-124 743,312 H.G. Refrigeration Supply HCFC-22 40,068 Honeywell HCFC-22 35,392,492 HCFC-141b 20,749...

40 CFR 82.19 - Apportionment of baseline consumption allowances for class II controlled substances.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... following table: Person Controlled substance Allowances (kg) ABCO Refrigeration Supply HCFC-22 279,366 AGC... HCFC-124 743,312 H.G. Refrigeration Supply HCFC-22 40,068 Honeywell HCFC-22 35,392,492 HCFC-141b 20,749...

40 CFR 82.19 - Apportionment of baseline consumption allowances for class II controlled substances.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Controlled substance Allowances (kg) ABCO Refrigeration Supply HCFC-22 279,366 AGC Chemicals Americas HCFC...-142b 52,797 HCFC-123 1,877,042 HCFC-124 743,312 H.G. Refrigeration Supply HCFC-22 40,068 Honeywell HCFC...

Implementation and evaluation of PM2.5 source contribution analysis in a photochemical model

EPA Science Inventory

Source culpability assessments are useful for developing effective emissions control programs. The Integrated Source Apportionment Method (ISAM) has been implemented in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model to track contributions from source groups and regions to ambi...

Spatial Gradients and Source Apportionment of Volatile Organic Compounds Near Roadways

EPA Science Inventory

Concentrations of 55 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are reported near a highway in Raleigh, NC (traffic volume of approximately 125,000 vehicles/day). Levels of VOCs generally decreased exponentially with perpendicular distance from the roadway 10-100m). The EPA Chemical Mass ...

23 CFR 460.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND RESEARCH PUBLIC ROAD MILEAGE FOR APPORTIONMENT OF HIGHWAY SAFETY FUNDS § 460.2 Definitions. As used in this part: (a) Public road means any road...-free highway facilities. (c) Open to public travel means that the road section is available, except...

23 CFR 460.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND RESEARCH PUBLIC ROAD MILEAGE FOR APPORTIONMENT OF HIGHWAY SAFETY FUNDS § 460.2 Definitions. As used in this part: (a) Public road means any road...-free highway facilities. (c) Open to public travel means that the road section is available, except...

23 CFR 460.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND RESEARCH PUBLIC ROAD MILEAGE FOR APPORTIONMENT OF HIGHWAY SAFETY FUNDS § 460.2 Definitions. As used in this part: (a) Public road means any road...-free highway facilities. (c) Open to public travel means that the road section is available, except...

23 CFR 460.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND RESEARCH PUBLIC ROAD MILEAGE FOR APPORTIONMENT OF HIGHWAY SAFETY FUNDS § 460.2 Definitions. As used in this part: (a) Public road means any road...-free highway facilities. (c) Open to public travel means that the road section is available, except...

45 CFR 98.60 - Availability of funds.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Welfare DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL ADMINISTRATION CHILD CARE AND DEVELOPMENT FUND Financial Management § 98.60 Availability of funds. (a) The CCDF is available, subject to the availability of appropriations, in accordance with the apportionment of funds from the Office of Management and...

45 CFR 98.60 - Availability of funds.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Welfare DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL ADMINISTRATION CHILD CARE AND DEVELOPMENT FUND Financial Management § 98.60 Availability of funds. (a) The CCDF is available, subject to the availability of appropriations, in accordance with the apportionment of funds from the Office of Management and...

45 CFR 98.60 - Availability of funds.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Welfare DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL ADMINISTRATION CHILD CARE AND DEVELOPMENT FUND Financial Management § 98.60 Availability of funds. (a) The CCDF is available, subject to the availability of appropriations, in accordance with the apportionment of funds from the Office of Management and...

Source Region Identification Using Kernel Smoothing

EPA Science Inventory

As described in this paper, Nonparametric Wind Regression is a source-to-receptor source apportionment model that can be used to identify and quantify the impact of possible source regions of pollutants as defined by wind direction sectors. It is described in detail with an exam...

23 CFR 460.1 - Purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND RESEARCH PUBLIC ROAD MILEAGE FOR APPORTIONMENT OF HIGHWAY SAFETY FUNDS § 460.1 Purpose. The purpose of this part is to prescribe the policies and procedures followed in identifying and reporting public road mileage for utilization in the statutory formula for the...

23 CFR 460.1 - Purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND RESEARCH PUBLIC ROAD MILEAGE FOR APPORTIONMENT OF HIGHWAY SAFETY FUNDS § 460.1 Purpose. The purpose of this part is to prescribe the policies and procedures followed in identifying and reporting public road mileage for utilization in the statutory formula for the...

38 CFR 3.459 - Death compensation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Death compensation. 3.459 Section 3.459 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS ADJUDICATION Pension, Compensation, and Dependency and Indemnity Compensation Apportionments § 3.459 Death compensation. (a) Death...

38 CFR 3.459 - Death compensation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Death compensation. 3.459 Section 3.459 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS ADJUDICATION Pension, Compensation, and Dependency and Indemnity Compensation Apportionments § 3.459 Death compensation. (a) Death...

38 CFR 3.459 - Death compensation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Death compensation. 3.459 Section 3.459 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS ADJUDICATION Pension, Compensation, and Dependency and Indemnity Compensation Apportionments § 3.459 Death compensation. (a) Death...

38 CFR 3.459 - Death compensation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Death compensation. 3.459 Section 3.459 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS ADJUDICATION Pension, Compensation, and Dependency and Indemnity Compensation Apportionments § 3.459 Death compensation. (a) Death...

SOURCES OF MERCURY WET DEPOSITION IN EASTERN OHIO, USA

EPA Science Inventory

In the fall of 2002, an enhanced air monitoring site was established in Steubenville, Ohio as part of a multi-year comprehensive mercury monitoring and source apportionment study to investigate the impact of local and regional coal combustion sources on atmospheric mercury deposi...

The source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the topsoil in Xiaodian sewage irrigation area, North of China.

PubMed

Li, Jia-Le; Wang, Yan-Xin; Zhang, Cai-Xiang; Dong, Yi-Hui; Du, Bin; Liao, Xiao-Ping

2014-12-01

31 topsoil samples were collected by grid method in Xiaodian sewage irrigation area, Taiyuan City, North of China. The concentrations of 16 kinds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined by gas chromatograph coupled with mass spectrum. Generally speaking, the distribution order of PAHs in the area is: those with five and six rings > those with four rings > those with two and three rings. Source apportionment shows a significant zonation of the source of PAHs: the civil coal pollution occurred in the north part, the local and far factory pollution happened in the middle area and the mixed pollution sources from coal and wood combustion, automotive emission, presented in the south area. The distribution of PAHs has a definite relationship with the sewage water flow and soil adsorption. The related coefficient between PAHs and physicochemical property showed there was a negative correlation between pH, silt, clay and PAHs while there was a positive correlation between total organic carbon, sand and PAHs.

APORT: a program for the area-based apportionment of county variables to cells of a polar grid. [Airborne pollutant transport models

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fields, D.E.; Little, C.A.

1978-11-01

The APORT computer code was developed to apportion variables tabulated for polygon-structured civil districts onto cells of a polar grid. The apportionment is based on fractional overlap between the polygon and the grid cells. Centering the origin of the polar system at a pollutant source site yields results that are very useful for assessing and interpreting the effects of airborne pollutant dissemination. The APOPLT graphics code, which uses the same data set as APORT, provides a convenient visual display of the polygon structure and the extent of the polar grid. The APORT/APOPLT methodology was verified by application to county summariesmore » of cattle population for counties surrounding the Oyster Creek, New Jersey, nuclear power plant. These numerical results, which were obtained using approximately 2-min computer time on an IBM System 360/91 computer, compare favorably to results of manual computations in both speed and accuracy.« less

A comparison of students' and jury panelists' decision-making in split recovery cases.

PubMed

Fox, Paul; Wingrove, Twila; Pfeifer, Courtney

2011-01-01

This study was designed to assess jury decision-making for 289 participants reading a medical malpractice vignette as a function of participant type (undergraduate students or jury panelists), punitive damage award apportionment (none, half, or all to the plaintiff), and compensation previously assigned to the plaintiff (low, medium, or high). We found several sample differences. Overall, jury panelists awarded more money for punitive damages. Jury panelists were also more affected by compensatory-relevant information when making punitive decisions, including assigning punitive damages and rating the fairness of the traditional apportionment scheme, where the plaintiff receives all of the money. Compared with students, more jury panelists were in favor of the plaintiff receiving the entire punitive award. Most students endorsed split recovery. The authors suggest that psycholegal research conducted solely with student samples, rather than community members, may misestimate the likely behavior of actual juries. The implications of the study for split recovery policy are also discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban environment: Occurrence, toxicity and source apportionment.

PubMed

Mishra, Nitika; Ayoko, Godwin A; Morawska, Lidia

2016-01-01

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent a major class of toxic pollutants because of their carcinogenic and mutagenic characteristics. People living in urban areas are regularly exposed to PAHs because of abundance of their emission sources. Within this context, this study aimed to: (i) identify and quantify the levels of ambient PAHs in an urban environment; (ii) evaluate their toxicity; and (iii) identify their sources as well as the contribution of specific sources to measured concentrations. Sixteen PAHs were identified and quantified in air samples collected from Brisbane. Principal Component Analysis - Absolute Principal Component Scores (PCA-APCS) was used in order to conduct source apportionment of the measured PAHs. Vehicular emissions, natural gas combustion, petrol emissions and evaporative/unburned fuel were the sources identified; contributing 56%, 21%, 15% and 8% of the total PAHs emissions, respectively, all of which need to be considered for any pollution control measures implemented in urban areas. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Urban air-quality assessment and source apportionment studies for Bhubaneshwar, Odisha

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mahapatra, Parth Sarathi; Ray, Sanak; Das, Namrata; Mohanty, Ayusman; Ramulu, T. S.; Das, Trupti; Chaudhury, G. Roy; Das, S. N.

2013-04-01

Acid- and water-soluble component of suspended particulate matter was studied from January 2009 to December 2009 at Bhubaneshwar, an urban coastal location of eastern India, by high-volume sampler, environmental dust monitor using GRIMM®, and scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer. The water-soluble components accounted for 30-45 % of the total suspended particulate matter, and the major elements were observed to be ammonium and nitrate as the cationic and anionic species, respectively. The acid-soluble component like copper, nickel, cobalt, iron, and lead accounted for 5-15 % of the total particulate matter concentration. The composition of particulate matter shows a clear seasonal variation in relation to wind speed, wind direction, and trajectories of the air mass movement. The GRIMM spectrometer analysis shows higher concentration of fine particulate matter. Source apportionment and enrichment factor analysis indicated that except sodium and chloride, all other elements have emerged from different sources such as crustal as well as anthropogenic.

Chemometric techniques in distribution, characterisation and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHS) in aquaculture sediments in Malaysia.

PubMed

Retnam, Ananthy; Zakaria, Mohamad Pauzi; Juahir, Hafizan; Aris, Ahmad Zaharin; Zali, Munirah Abdul; Kasim, Mohd Fadhil

2013-04-15

This study investigated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution in surface sediments within aquaculture areas in Peninsular Malaysia using chemometric techniques, forensics and univariate methods. The samples were analysed using soxhlet extraction, silica gel column clean-up and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The total PAH concentrations ranged from 20 to 1841 ng/g with a mean of 363 ng/g dw. The application of chemometric techniques enabled clustering and discrimination of the aquaculture sediments into four groups according to the contamination levels. A combination of chemometric and molecular indices was used to identify the sources of PAHs, which could be attributed to vehicle emissions, oil combustion and biomass combustion. Source apportionment using absolute principle component scores-multiple linear regression showed that the main sources of PAHs are vehicle emissions 54%, oil 37% and biomass combustion 9%. Land-based pollution from vehicle emissions is the predominant contributor of PAHs in the aquaculture sediments of Peninsular Malaysia. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Chemical Composition and Source Apportionment of Size Fractionated Particulate Matter in Cleveland, Ohio, USA

EPA Science Inventory

The Cleveland airshed comprises a complex mixture of industrial source emissions that contribute to periods of non-attainment for fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) and are associated with increased adverse health outcomes in the exposed population. Specific PM sources responsible...

38 CFR 3.461 - Dependency and indemnity compensation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Dependency and indemnity... ADJUDICATION Pension, Compensation, and Dependency and Indemnity Compensation Apportionments § 3.461 Dependency...'s award of dependency and indemnity compensation will be apportioned where there is a child or...

38 CFR 3.461 - Dependency and indemnity compensation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Dependency and indemnity... ADJUDICATION Pension, Compensation, and Dependency and Indemnity Compensation Apportionments § 3.461 Dependency...'s award of dependency and indemnity compensation will be apportioned where there is a child or...

38 CFR 3.461 - Dependency and indemnity compensation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Dependency and indemnity... ADJUDICATION Pension, Compensation, and Dependency and Indemnity Compensation Apportionments § 3.461 Dependency...'s award of dependency and indemnity compensation will be apportioned where there is a child or...

38 CFR 3.461 - Dependency and indemnity compensation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Dependency and indemnity... ADJUDICATION Pension, Compensation, and Dependency and Indemnity Compensation Apportionments § 3.461 Dependency...'s award of dependency and indemnity compensation will be apportioned where there is a child or...

38 CFR 3.461 - Dependency and indemnity compensation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Dependency and indemnity... ADJUDICATION Pension, Compensation, and Dependency and Indemnity Compensation Apportionments § 3.461 Dependency...'s award of dependency and indemnity compensation will be apportioned where there is a child or...

19 CFR 152.103 - Transaction value.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... actually paid or payable will be considered without regard to its method of derivation. It may be the... accounting principles. The method of apportionment actually accepted by Customs will depend upon the... of the first shipment, or (iii) the entire anticipated production. In addition to these three methods...

47 CFR 36.102 - General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED) COMMON CARRIER SERVICES JURISDICTIONAL SEPARATIONS... Plant in Service—Account 2001 to categories and the apportionment of the cost assigned to each category among the operations. (b) The treatment of rental plant is outlined in §§ 36.2(c) through 36.2(e). If...

REVIEW OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND SOURCE APPORTIONMENT BY CHEMICAL MASS BALANCE. (R826237)

EPA Science Inventory

The chemical mass balance (CMB) receptor model has apportioned volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in more than 20 urban areas, mostly in the United States. These applications differ in terms of the total fraction apportioned, the calculation method, the chemical compounds used ...

76 FR 29291 - FTA Supplemental Fiscal Year 2011 Apportionments, Allocations, and Corrections

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-20

.... SUMMARY: The Department of Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 (Pub. L. 112-10), was... Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 (Pub. L. 112-10), hereinafter ``Appropriations... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Federal Transit Administration FTA Supplemental Fiscal Year 2011...

47 CFR 36.102 - General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED) COMMON CARRIER SERVICES JURISDICTIONAL SEPARATIONS... Plant in Service—Account 2001 to categories and the apportionment of the cost assigned to each category among the operations. (b) The treatment of rental plant is outlined in §§ 36.2(c) through 36.2(e). If...

47 CFR 69.304 - Subscriber line cable and wire facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Subscriber line cable and wire facilities. 69.304 Section 69.304 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED) COMMON CARRIER SERVICES (CONTINUED) ACCESS CHARGES Apportionment of Net Investment § 69.304 Subscriber line cable and wire...

47 CFR 69.305 - Carrier cable and wire facilities (C&WF).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Carrier cable and wire facilities (C&WF). 69.305 Section 69.305 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED) COMMON CARRIER SERVICES (CONTINUED) ACCESS CHARGES Apportionment of Net Investment § 69.305 Carrier cable and wire...

47 CFR 69.304 - Subscriber line cable and wire facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Subscriber line cable and wire facilities. 69.304 Section 69.304 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED) COMMON CARRIER SERVICES (CONTINUED) ACCESS CHARGES Apportionment of Net Investment § 69.304 Subscriber line cable and wire...

47 CFR 69.305 - Carrier cable and wire facilities (C&WF).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Carrier cable and wire facilities (C&WF). 69.305 Section 69.305 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED) COMMON CARRIER SERVICES (CONTINUED) ACCESS CHARGES Apportionment of Net Investment § 69.305 Carrier cable and wire...

O3 Source Contribution During a Heavy O3 Pollution Episode in Shanghai China

EPA Science Inventory

Source culpability assessments are useful for developing effective emission control strategies. The Integrated Source Apportionment Method (ISAM) has been implemented in CMAQ to track contributions from source groups and regions to ambient levels and deposited amounts of O3. CMAQ...

47 CFR 69.415 - Reallocation of certain transport expenses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Reallocation of certain transport expenses. 69... SERVICES (CONTINUED) ACCESS CHARGES Apportionment of Expenses § 69.415 Reallocation of certain transport... of the costs otherwise assigned to the transport category to the common line, local switching...

47 CFR 69.415 - Reallocation of certain transport expenses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Reallocation of certain transport expenses. 69... SERVICES (CONTINUED) ACCESS CHARGES Apportionment of Expenses § 69.415 Reallocation of certain transport... of the costs otherwise assigned to the transport category to the common line, local switching...

26 CFR 1.856-5 - Interest.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES Real Estate Investment Trusts § 1.856-5 Interest. (a) In general. In computing the percentage... 75-percent requirement, the apportionment shall be made as follows: (i) If the loan value of the real...

GUIDELINES FOR THE APPLICATION OF SEM/EDX ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR FINE AND COARSE PM SAMPLES

EPA Science Inventory

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) coupled with Energy-Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) is a powerful tool in the characterization and source apportionment of environmental particulate matter (PM), providing size, chemistry, and morphology of particles as small as a few tenths ...

47 CFR 36.181 - Material and supplies-Account 1220.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... JURISDICTIONAL SEPARATIONS PROCEDURES; STANDARD PROCEDURES FOR SEPARATING TELECOMMUNICATIONS PROPERTY COSTS... Material and Supplies and Cash Working Capital § 36.181 Material and supplies—Account 1220. (a) The amount included in Account 1220 is apportioned among the operations on the basis of the apportionment of the cost...

23 CFR 1.28 - Diversion of highway revenues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 23 Highways 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Diversion of highway revenues. 1.28 Section 1.28 Highways FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION GENERAL MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION GENERAL § 1.28 Diversion of highway revenues. (a) Reduction in apportionment. If the Secretary shall find...

PARTICULATE ORGANIC SOURCE MARKERS IN THE NEW YORK CITY METROPOLITAN AREA

EPA Science Inventory

A sampling network of four sites was established for the Speciation of Organics for Apportionment of PM2.5 (SOAP) project during 2002-2003 to investigate composition, seasonal and spatial variability, and source contributions to particulate organic matter in the New York City met...

Assessing the Anthropogenic Fugitive Dust Emission Inventory and Temporal Allocation Using an Updated Speciation of Particulate Matter

EPA Science Inventory

Crustal materials are mainly emitted by anthropogenic and windblown fugitive dust, but also may potentially include some fly ash and industrial process emissions which are chemically similar to crustal emissions. Source apportionment studies have shown that anthropogenic fugitive...

75 FR 59060 - Farm Credit Administration Board Meetings; Assessment and Apportionment of Administrative...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-27

... of Conduct and Referral of Known or Suspected Criminal Violations; Loan Policies and Operations; Funding and Fiscal Affairs, Loan Policies and Operations, and Funding Operations; General Provisions; and... effective September 20, 2010. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Jacqueline R. Melvin, Policy Analyst, Office...

EPA’s Study of Potential Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing on Drinking Water Resources: Wastewater Source Apportionment Project

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

EPA scientists evaluated sources of bromide and other inorganic pollutants impacting drinking water intakes on the Allegheny River in Pennsylvania to examine the potential impacts related to the treatment and disposal of oil & gas well produced wastewater.

ACTRIS ACSM intercomparison - Part 2: Intercomparison of ME-2 organic source apportionment results from 15 individual, co-located aerosol mass spectrometers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fröhlich, R.; Crenn, V.; Setyan, A.; Belis, C. A.; Canonaco, F.; Favez, O.; Riffault, V.; Slowik, J. G.; Aas, W.; Aijälä, M.; Alastuey, A.; Artiñano, B.; Bonnaire, N.; Bozzetti, C.; Bressi, M.; Carbone, C.; Coz, E.; Croteau, P. L.; Cubison, M. J.; Esser-Gietl, J. K.; Green, D. C.; Gros, V.; Heikkinen, L.; Herrmann, H.; Jayne, J. T.; Lunder, C. R.; Minguillón, M. C.; Močnik, G.; O'Dowd, C. D.; Ovadnevaite, J.; Petralia, E.; Poulain, L.; Priestman, M.; Ripoll, A.; Sarda-Estève, R.; Wiedensohler, A.; Baltensperger, U.; Sciare, J.; Prévôt, A. S. H.

2015-06-01

Chemically resolved atmospheric aerosol data sets from the largest intercomparison of the Aerodyne aerosol chemical speciation monitors (ACSMs) performed to date were collected at the French atmospheric supersite SIRTA. In total 13 quadrupole ACSMs (Q-ACSM) from the European ACTRIS ACSM network, one time-of-flight ACSM (ToF-ACSM), and one high-resolution ToF aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) were operated in parallel for about 3 weeks in November and December~2013. Part 1 of this study reports on the accuracy and precision of the instruments for all the measured species. In this work we report on the intercomparison of organic components and the results from factor analysis source apportionment by positive matrix factorisation (PMF) utilising the multilinear engine 2 (ME-2). Except for the organic contribution of mass-to-charge ratio m/z 44 to the total organics (f44), which varied by factors between 0.6 and 1.3 compared to the mean, the peaks in the organic mass spectra were similar among instruments. The m/z 44 differences in the spectra resulted in a variable f44 in the source profiles extracted by ME-2, but had only a minor influence on the extracted mass contributions of the sources. The presented source apportionment yielded four factors for all 15 instruments: hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA), cooking-related organic aerosol (COA), biomass burning-related organic aerosol (BBOA) and secondary oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA). ME-2 boundary conditions (profile constraints) were optimised individually by means of correlation to external data in order to achieve equivalent / comparable solutions for all ACSM instruments and the results are discussed together with the investigation of the influence of alternative anchors (reference profiles). A comparison of the ME-2 source apportionment output of all 15 instruments resulted in relative standard deviations (SD) from the mean between 13.7 and 22.7 % of the source's average mass contribution depending on the factors (HOA: 14.3 ± 2.2 %, COA: 15.0 ± 3.4 %, OOA: 41.5 ± 5.7 %, BBOA: 29.3 ± 5.0 %). Factors which tend to be subject to minor factor mixing (in this case COA) have higher relative uncertainties than factors which are recognised more readily like the OOA. Averaged over all factors and instruments the relative first SD from the mean of a source extracted with ME-2 was 17.2 %.

38 CFR 3.665 - Incarcerated beneficiaries and fugitive felons-compensation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... of the DIC not paid to an incarcerated surviving spouse or other children not in the surviving spouse... incarcerated child may be apportioned to the surviving spouse or other children. These apportionments shall be... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Incarcerated...

Chemical mass balance source apportionment of fine and PM10 in the Desert Southwest, USA

EPA Science Inventory

The Desert Southwest Coarse Particulate Matter Study was undertaken in Pinal County, Arizona, to better understand the origin and impact of sources of fine and coarse particulate matter (PM) in rural, arid regions of the U.S. southwestern desert. The desert southwest experiences ...

47 CFR 69.309 - Other investment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Other investment. 69.309 Section 69.309... Apportionment of Net Investment § 69.309 Other investment. Investment that is not apportioned pursuant to §§ 69... category and access elements in the same proportions as the combined investment that is apportioned...

47 CFR 69.302 - Net investment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Net investment. 69.302 Section 69.302... Apportionment of Net Investment § 69.302 Net investment. (a) Investment in Accounts 2001, 1220 and Class B Rural...) Investment in Accounts 2002, 2003 and to the extent such inclusions are allowed by this Commission, Account...

Apportionment in the Democratic Primary Process

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Geist, Kristi; Jones, Michael A.; Wilson, Jennifer

2010-01-01

The 2008 Democratic presidential primary--one of the most riveting and lengthy primaries in recent U.S. history--was analyzed extensively, from the altered calendar that advanced several states' primary dates to the historic role of gender and race. The primary was particularly fascinating because candidate Barack Obama, then senator from…

47 CFR 69.309 - Other investment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Other investment. 69.309 Section 69.309... Apportionment of Net Investment § 69.309 Other investment. Investment that is not apportioned pursuant to §§ 69... category and access elements in the same proportions as the combined investment that is apportioned...

47 CFR 69.302 - Net investment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Net investment. 69.302 Section 69.302... Apportionment of Net Investment § 69.302 Net investment. (a) Investment in Accounts 2001, 1220 and Class B Rural...) Investment in Accounts 2002, 2003 and to the extent such inclusions are allowed by this Commission, Account...

43 CFR 414.5 - Water quality.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Water quality. 414.5 Section 414.5 Public... OFFSTREAM STORAGE OF COLORADO RIVER WATER AND DEVELOPMENT AND RELEASE OF INTENTIONALLY CREATED UNUSED APPORTIONMENT IN THE LOWER DIVISION STATES Water Quality and Environmental Compliance § 414.5 Water quality. (a...

43 CFR 414.5 - Water quality.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Water quality. 414.5 Section 414.5 Public... OFFSTREAM STORAGE OF COLORADO RIVER WATER AND DEVELOPMENT AND RELEASE OF INTENTIONALLY CREATED UNUSED APPORTIONMENT IN THE LOWER DIVISION STATES Water Quality and Environmental Compliance § 414.5 Water quality. (a...

75 FR 27056 - FTA Supplemental Fiscal Year 2010 Apportionments, Allocations, and Corrections

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-13

... notice to apportion the full amount of FY 2010 formula funds. In addition, this Notice revises the Job Access and Reverse Commute (JARC) and Alternatives Analysis program carryover tables, Small Transit... projects under the Alternative Analysis program. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For general information...

Source Apportionment of the Summer Time Carbonaceous Aerosol at Nordic Rural Background Sites

EPA Science Inventory

In the present study, natural and anthropogenic sources of particulate organic carbon (OC_p) and elemental carbon (EC) have been quantified based on weekly filter samples of PM₁₀ (particles with aerodynamic diameter <10µ collected at four Nordic rural backgro...

42 CFR 417.564 - Apportionment and allocation of administrative and general costs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... general costs. 417.564 Section 417.564 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT... providing medical care. Enrollment, marketing, and other administrative and general costs that benefit the... benefit of which cannot be quantitatively measured (such as facility costs), the total allowable costs of...

47 CFR 1.1417 - Allocation of Unusable Space Costs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Allocation of Unusable Space Costs. 1.1417... by Random Selection Pole Attachment Complaint Procedures § 1.1417 Allocation of Unusable Space Costs... providing unusable space on a pole so that such apportionment equals two-thirds of the costs of providing...

47 CFR 1.1417 - Allocation of Unusable Space Costs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Allocation of Unusable Space Costs. 1.1417... by Random Selection Pole Attachment Complaint Procedures § 1.1417 Allocation of Unusable Space Costs... providing unusable space on a pole so that such apportionment equals two-thirds of the costs of providing...

Inverse modeling to estimate local source contributions in a complex environment with nearby port, airport, highway, and industrial sources

EPA Science Inventory

Source apportionment is challenging in urban environments with clustered sourceemissions that have similar chemical signatures. A field and inverse modeling studywas conducted in Elizabeth, New Jersey to observe gaseous and particulate pollutionnear the Port of New York and New J...

50 CFR 80.1 - What does this part do?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

...) FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE-WILDLIFE AND SPORT FISH RESTORATION PROGRAM ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS, PITTMAN-ROBERTSON WILDLIFE RESTORATION AND DINGELL-JOHNSON SPORT FISH RESTORATION ACTS General § 80.1 What does this... apportionments from the Federal Aid to Wildlife Restoration Fund (16 U.S.C. 669(b)), if authorized, and the Sport...

50 CFR 80.1 - What does this part do?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

...) FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE-WILDLIFE AND SPORT FISH RESTORATION PROGRAM ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS, PITTMAN-ROBERTSON WILDLIFE RESTORATION AND DINGELL-JOHNSON SPORT FISH RESTORATION ACTS General § 80.1 What does this... apportionments from the Federal Aid to Wildlife Restoration Fund (16 U.S.C. 669(b)), if authorized, and the Sport...

47 CFR 36.154 - Exchange Line Cable and Wire Facilities (C&WF)-Category 1-apportionment procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... jurisdictions shall be updated annually as specified in § 36.154(b). [52 FR 17229, May 6, 1987, as amended at 53... services. (b) The costs assigned to subcategories 1.1 and 1.2 shall be directly assigned to the appropriate...

47 CFR 36.154 - Exchange Line Cable and Wire Facilities (C&WF)-Category 1-apportionment procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... jurisdictions shall be updated annually as specified in § 36.154(b). [52 FR 17229, May 6, 1987, as amended at 53... services. (b) The costs assigned to subcategories 1.1 and 1.2 shall be directly assigned to the appropriate...

76 FR 37174 - Capital Investment Program-New Starts and Small Starts Program Funds

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-24

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Federal Transit Administration Capital Investment Program--New Starts... apportionment of the FY 2011 Capital Investment (New Starts and Small Starts) program funds. The funds will be... FY 2011, $1,596,800,000 was appropriated for the Capital Investments Grant Account, which includes...

38 CFR 3.460 - Death pension.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Death pension. 3.460..., Compensation, and Dependency and Indemnity Compensation Apportionments § 3.460 Death pension. Death pension... individual case in accordance with § 3.451. (b) Section 306 and old-law death pension. Appointment of...

76 FR 6957 - FTA Fiscal Year 2011 Apportionments, Allocations, and Program Information

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-08

.... 5336(b), FTA used 60 percent of the directional route miles attributable to the Alaska Railroad... to 49 U.S.C. 5336(b), FTA uses 60 percent of the directional route miles attributable to the Alaska...: notifying eligible local entities of funding availability; developing project selection criteria...

SOURCE APPORTIONMENT OF FINE PARTICULATE MATTER IN THE U.S. AND ASSOCIATIONS WITH LUNG INFLAMMATORY MARKERS IL -8, COX -2 AND HO -1

EPA Science Inventory

Associations are well established between particulate matter (PM) and increased human mortality and morbidity. The association between fine PM sources and lung inflammatory markers IL-8, COX-2, and HO-1 was evaluated in this study.

& Source apportionment of particulate matter in the United States and associations with lung inflammatory Markers

EPA Science Inventory

Size-fractionated particulate matter (PM) samples were collected from six U.S. cities and chemically analyzed as part of the Multiple Air Pollutant Study. Particles were administered to cultured lung cells and the production of three different proinflammatory markers was measured...

77 FR 11914 - Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Vermont; Regional Haze

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-28

... United States. Through source apportionment modeling, MANE-VU assisted States in determining their... Contributions of Pollutants to Visibility Impairments 2. Procedure for Identifying Sources To Evaluate for... is visibility impairment that is produced by a multitude of sources and activities which are located...

Close ISR Support: Re-organizing the Combined Forces Air Component Commander’s Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Processes and Agencies

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-12-01

instruction, searching existing data sources , gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information...146 1. Allocation vs. Apportionment .........................................................146 2. Collection Management Authority...290 D. MEASUREMENT AND SIGNATURE INTELLIGENCE .....................291 E. OPEN- SOURCE

SOURCE APPORTIONMENT OF FINE PARTICULATE MATTER BY CLUSTERING SINGLE-PARTICLE DATA: TESTS OF RECEPTOR MODEL ACCURACY. (R826371C001)

EPA Science Inventory

The perspectives, information and conclusions conveyed in research project abstracts, progress reports, final reports, journal abstracts and journal publications convey the viewpoints of the principal investigator and may not represent the views and policies of ORD and EPA. Concl...

SOURCE APPORTIONMENT STUDIES OF PM-2.5 IN TWO CZECH CITIES: POSSIBLE USES IN HEALTH STUDIES

EPA Science Inventory

Aerosol and gas phase air pollutant measurements were made in two cities during an ongoing air pollution-health outcome study in the Czech Republic. Teplice, located in northwestern Bohemia, was selected because the local population was exposed to high air pollution levels. Prac...

Size-Differentiated Chemical Composition of Re-Suspended Soil Dust from the Desert Southwest United States

EPA Science Inventory

As part of the Desert Southwest Coarse Particulate Matter Study which characterized the composition of fine and coarse particulate matter in Pinal County, AZ, several source samples were collected from several different soil types to assist in source apportionment analysis of the...

12 CFR 607.6 - Payment of assessment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Payment of assessment. 607.6 Section 607.6 Banks and Banking FARM CREDIT ADMINISTRATION ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS ASSESSMENT AND APPORTIONMENT OF... scheduled in the FCA Notice of Assessment. Payment shall be made by electronic funds transfer (EFT) for...

12 CFR 607.6 - Payment of assessment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Payment of assessment. 607.6 Section 607.6 Banks and Banking FARM CREDIT ADMINISTRATION ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS ASSESSMENT AND APPORTIONMENT OF... scheduled in the FCA Notice of Assessment. Payment shall be made by electronic funds transfer (EFT) for...

38 CFR 3.460 - Death pension.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Death pension. 3.460..., Compensation, and Dependency and Indemnity Compensation Apportionments § 3.460 Death pension. Death pension... surviving spouse. Where the surviving spouse's rate is in excess of $70 monthly because of having been the...

38 CFR 3.460 - Death pension.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Death pension. 3.460..., Compensation, and Dependency and Indemnity Compensation Apportionments § 3.460 Death pension. Death pension... surviving spouse. Where the surviving spouse's rate is in excess of $70 monthly because of having been the...

38 CFR 3.460 - Death pension.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Death pension. 3.460..., Compensation, and Dependency and Indemnity Compensation Apportionments § 3.460 Death pension. Death pension... surviving spouse. Where the surviving spouse's rate is in excess of $70 monthly because of having been the...

38 CFR 3.460 - Death pension.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Death pension. 3.460..., Compensation, and Dependency and Indemnity Compensation Apportionments § 3.460 Death pension. Death pension... surviving spouse. Where the surviving spouse's rate is in excess of $70 monthly because of having been the...

SOURCE APPORTIONMENT OF PRIMARY CARBONACEOUS AEROSOL USING THE COMMUNITY MULTISCALE AIR QUALITY MODEL

EPA Science Inventory

A substantial fraction of fine particulate matter (PM) across the United States is composed of carbon, which may be either emitted in particulate form (i.e., primary) or formed in the atmosphere through gas-to-particle conversion processes (i.e., secondary). Primary carbonaceous...

75 FR 29508 - The 2010 Census Count Question Resolution Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-26

.... Relevant 2010 Census Data Releases The Redistricting Data (Pub. L. 94-171) are scheduled for release from... redistricting functions within each State and State equivalents who are acting on the behalf of a local or... 2010 Census base files, 2010 Census apportionment counts, redistricting data, or 2010 Census data...

Planning for the 1990 Census.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brown, Kirk; Melnick, Daniel

This memorandum responds to a request from the House Subcommittee on Census and Population for information concering the planning for the 1990 Census. It identifies eleven major issues concerning the implementation of the 1990 Census: (1) determination of who shall be counted; (2) provision of data for apportionment and redistricting; (3)…

26 CFR 1.167(a)-5 - Apportionment of basis.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... depreciation cannot exceed an amount which bears the same proportion to the lump sum as the value of the... case of property which is subject to both the allowance for depreciation and amortization, depreciation... will be subject to depreciation. For adjustments to basis, see section 1016 and other applicable...

SOURCE APPORTIONMENT OF PHOENIX PM2.5 AEROSOL WITH THE UNMIX RECEPTOR MODEL

EPA Science Inventory

The multivariate receptor model Unmix has been used to analyze a 3-yr PM2.5 ambient aerosol data set collected in Phoenix, AZ, beginning in 1995. The analysis generated source profiles and overall percentage source contribution estimates (SCE) for five source categories: ga...

47 CFR 69.408 - All other customer services expenses in Account 6620.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false All other customer services expenses in Account... CARRIER SERVICES (CONTINUED) ACCESS CHARGES Apportionment of Expenses § 69.408 All other customer services expenses in Account 6620. All other customer services expenses shall be apportioned among the Interexchange...

43 CFR 414.2 - Definitions of terms used in this part.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... by the Secretary of the Interior, to satisfy 7.5 million acre-feet (maf) of annual consumptive use in... reservation of water from the Secretary. Intentionally created unused apportionment or ICUA means unused... have been pumped and consumed. Secretary means the Secretary of the Interior or an authorized...

43 CFR 414.2 - Definitions of terms used in this part.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... by the Secretary of the Interior, to satisfy 7.5 million acre-feet (maf) of annual consumptive use in... reservation of water from the Secretary. Intentionally created unused apportionment or ICUA means unused... have been pumped and consumed. Secretary means the Secretary of the Interior or an authorized...

47 CFR 1.1417 - Allocation of Unusable Space Costs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Allocation of Unusable Space Costs. 1.1417... by Random Selection Pole Attachment Complaint Procedures § 1.1417 Allocation of Unusable Space Costs... providing unusable space on a pole so that such apportionment equals two-thirds of the costs of providing...

44 CFR 5.46 - Fee schedule.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... records responsive to a FOIA request and operator/programmer salary apportionable to the search. FEMA may... are determined to be exempt from disclosure. (c) Duplication costs. (1) For copies of documents... rate prescribed in section 3717 of Title 31 U.S.C. and will accrue from the date of the billing. (e...

25 CFR 517.9 - Fees.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... paragraph (c) of this section. Payment of fees should be by check or money order made payable to the... fees has been granted pursuant to paragraph (c) of this section: (1) Copies. The FOIA Officer shall... requested records, as well as the costs of operator/programmer salary apportionable to the search. The...

5 CFR 2502.12 - Fees to be charged-general.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... AVAILABILITY OF RECORDS Production or Disclosure of Records Under the Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. 552... attributable to searching for records responsive to a FOIA request and operator/programmer salary apportionable to the search. (c) Review of records. Only requestors who are seeking documents for commercial use...

45 CFR 1100.6 - Fees.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... responsive to a request and the operator/programmer salary apportionable to the search. (2) Review. The fee... cost of duplication. (c) Restrictions on charging fees. (1) Except for documents provided in response... at the rate prescribed in 31 U.S.C. 3717. (2) If the agency reasonably believes that a requestor(s...

5 CFR 2502.12 - Fees to be charged-general.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... AVAILABILITY OF RECORDS Production or Disclosure of Records Under the Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. 552... attributable to searching for records responsive to a FOIA request and operator/programmer salary apportionable to the search. (c) Review of records. Only requestors who are seeking documents for commercial use...

44 CFR 5.46 - Fee schedule.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... records responsive to a FOIA request and operator/programmer salary apportionable to the search. FEMA may... are determined to be exempt from disclosure. (c) Duplication costs. (1) For copies of documents... rate prescribed in section 3717 of Title 31 U.S.C. and will accrue from the date of the billing. (e...

22 CFR 1304.9 - Fees.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... granted under paragraph (c) of this section. Payment of fees should be in U.S. Dollars in the form of... waiver or reduction of fees has been granted pursuant to paragraph (c) of this section: (1) Duplications... well as the costs of operator/programmer salary apportionable to the search. MCC is not required to...

24 CFR 15.110 - What fees will HUD charge?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... in this paragraph (b). (c) FOIA Fee Schedule. The following table sets out the Fee Schedule that HUD... operator/programmer salary apportionable to the search. HUD's fee schedule does not include overhead... understanding of Federal governmental operations or activities. (C) The disclosure is likely to contribute to an...

45 CFR 1100.6 - Fees.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... responsive to a request and the operator/programmer salary apportionable to the search. (2) Review. The fee... cost of duplication. (c) Restrictions on charging fees. (1) Except for documents provided in response... at the rate prescribed in 31 U.S.C. 3717. (2) If the agency reasonably believes that a requestor(s...

25 CFR 517.9 - Fees.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... paragraph (c) of this section. Payment of fees should be by check or money order made payable to the... fees has been granted pursuant to paragraph (c) of this section: (1) Copies. The FOIA Officer shall... requested records, as well as the costs of operator/programmer salary apportionable to the search. The...

22 CFR 1304.9 - Fees.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... granted under paragraph (c) of this section. Payment of fees should be in U.S. Dollars in the form of... waiver or reduction of fees has been granted pursuant to paragraph (c) of this section: (1) Duplications... well as the costs of operator/programmer salary apportionable to the search. MCC is not required to...

47 CFR 69.402 - Operating taxes (Account 7200).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Operating taxes (Account 7200). 69.402 Section... (CONTINUED) ACCESS CHARGES Apportionment of Expenses § 69.402 Operating taxes (Account 7200). (a) Federal income taxes, state and local income taxes, and state and local gross receipts or gross earnings taxes...

26 CFR 1.861-17 - Allocation and apportionment of research and experimental expenditures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... of the group has changed methods. (f) Special rules for partnerships—(1) Research and experimental... and Wiring Equipment (SIC Industry Group 364). Thus, X's research and experimental expenses are... experimental expenditures. 1.861-17 Section 1.861-17 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF...

26 CFR 1.861-17 - Allocation and apportionment of research and experimental expenditures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... of the group has changed methods. (f) Special rules for partnerships—(1) Research and experimental... and Wiring Equipment (SIC Industry Group 364). Thus, X's research and experimental expenses are... experimental expenditures. 1.861-17 Section 1.861-17 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF...

26 CFR 1.861-17 - Allocation and apportionment of research and experimental expenditures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... of the group has changed methods. (f) Special rules for partnerships—(1) Research and experimental... and Wiring Equipment (SIC Industry Group 364). Thus, X's research and experimental expenses are... experimental expenditures. 1.861-17 Section 1.861-17 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF...

26 CFR 1.861-17 - Allocation and apportionment of research and experimental expenditures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... of the group has changed methods. (f) Special rules for partnerships—(1) Research and experimental... and Wiring Equipment (SIC Industry Group 364). Thus, X's research and experimental expenses are... experimental expenditures. 1.861-17 Section 1.861-17 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF...

26 CFR 1.861-17 - Allocation and apportionment of research and experimental expenditures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... of the group has changed methods. (f) Special rules for partnerships—(1) Research and experimental... and Wiring Equipment (SIC Industry Group 364). Thus, X's research and experimental expenses are... experimental expenditures. 1.861-17 Section 1.861-17 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF...

SOURCE APPORTIONMENT OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CARBONACEOUS AEROSOL IN THE UNITED STATES USING MODELS AND MEASUREMENTS

EPA Science Inventory

In this presentation, three diagnostic evaluation methods of model performance for carbonaceous aerosol are reviewed. The EC-tracer method is used to distinguish primary and secondary carbon, radiocarbon data are used to distinguish fossil-fuel and contemporary carbon, and organ...

43 CFR 414.5 - Water quality.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2012-10-01 2011-10-01 true Water quality. 414.5 Section 414.5 Public... OFFSTREAM STORAGE OF COLORADO RIVER WATER AND DEVELOPMENT AND RELEASE OF INTENTIONALLY CREATED UNUSED APPORTIONMENT IN THE LOWER DIVISION STATES Water Quality and Environmental Compliance § 414.5 Water quality. (a...

43 CFR 414.5 - Water quality.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Water quality. 414.5 Section 414.5 Public... OFFSTREAM STORAGE OF COLORADO RIVER WATER AND DEVELOPMENT AND RELEASE OF INTENTIONALLY CREATED UNUSED APPORTIONMENT IN THE LOWER DIVISION STATES Water Quality and Environmental Compliance § 414.5 Water quality. (a...

43 CFR 414.5 - Water quality.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Water quality. 414.5 Section 414.5 Public... OFFSTREAM STORAGE OF COLORADO RIVER WATER AND DEVELOPMENT AND RELEASE OF INTENTIONALLY CREATED UNUSED APPORTIONMENT IN THE LOWER DIVISION STATES Water Quality and Environmental Compliance § 414.5 Water quality. (a...

50 CFR 660.508 - Annual specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

..., quota, Annual Catch Limit (ACL) (defined at § 600.310(f)(2)) or Annual Catch Target (ACT) (defined at... guideline, quota, ACL, or ACT, including any apportionment between the directed fishery and set-aside for..., quota, ACL or ACT will contain the following information if available or applicable: (1) The estimated...

50 CFR 660.508 - Annual specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

..., quota, Annual Catch Limit (ACL) (defined at § 600.310(f)(2)) or Annual Catch Target (ACT) (defined at... guideline, quota, ACL, or ACT, including any apportionment between the directed fishery and set-aside for..., quota, ACL or ACT will contain the following information if available or applicable: (1) The estimated...

50 CFR 660.508 - Annual specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

..., quota, Annual Catch Limit (ACL) (defined at § 600.310(f)(2)) or Annual Catch Target (ACT) (defined at... guideline, quota, ACL, or ACT, including any apportionment between the directed fishery and set-aside for..., quota, ACL or ACT will contain the following information if available or applicable: (1) The estimated...

THE WORKSHOP ON THE SOURCE APPORTIONMENT OF PM HEALTH EFFECTS: INTER-COMPARISON OF RESULTS AND IMPLICATIONS

EPA Science Inventory

While the association between exposure to ambient fine particulate matter mass (PM2.5) and human mortality is well established, the most responsible particle types/sources are not yet certain. In May 2003, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Particulate Matter Centers Prog...

Source Apportionment of Primary and Secondary Organic Aerosol Using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) of Molecular Markers

EPA Science Inventory

Monthly average ambient concentrations of more than eighty particle-phase organic compounds, as well as total organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), were measured from March 2004 through February 2005 in five cities in the Midwestern United States. A multi-variant source...

23 CFR 460.3 - Procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND RESEARCH PUBLIC ROAD MILEAGE FOR APPORTIONMENT OF HIGHWAY SAFETY FUNDS § 460.3 Procedures. (a) General requirements. 23 U.S.C. 402(c) provides that funds... public road mileage of each State. Public road mileage shall be determined as of the end of the calendar...

23 CFR 460.3 - Procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND RESEARCH PUBLIC ROAD MILEAGE FOR APPORTIONMENT OF HIGHWAY SAFETY FUNDS § 460.3 Procedures. (a) General requirements. 23 U.S.C. 402(c) provides that funds... public road mileage of each State. Public road mileage shall be determined as of the end of the calendar...

Evaluation and error apportionment of an ensemble of atmospheric chemistry transport modeling systems: multivariable temporal and spatial breakdown

EPA Science Inventory

Through the comparison of several regional-scale chemistry transport modelling systems that simulate meteorology and air quality over the European and American continents, this study aims at i) apportioning the error to the responsible processes using time-scale analysis, ii) hel...

14 CFR 158.95 - Implementation of reduction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

...) AIRPORTS PASSENGER FACILITY CHARGES (PFC'S) Reduction in Airport Improvement Program Apportionment § 158.95... year following the year in which the collection of the PFC is begun and will be applied in each succeeding fiscal year in which the public agency imposes the PFC. (b) The reduction in apportioned funds is...

14 CFR 158.95 - Implementation of reduction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

...) AIRPORTS PASSENGER FACILITY CHARGES (PFC'S) Reduction in Airport Improvement Program Apportionment § 158.95... year following the year in which the collection of the PFC is begun and will be applied in each succeeding fiscal year in which the public agency imposes the PFC. (b) The reduction in apportioned funds is...

14 CFR 158.95 - Implementation of reduction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

...) AIRPORTS PASSENGER FACILITY CHARGES (PFC'S) Reduction in Airport Improvement Program Apportionment § 158.95... year following the year in which the collection of the PFC is begun and will be applied in each succeeding fiscal year in which the public agency imposes the PFC. (b) The reduction in apportioned funds is...

14 CFR 158.95 - Implementation of reduction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

...) AIRPORTS PASSENGER FACILITY CHARGES (PFC'S) Reduction in Airport Improvement Program Apportionment § 158.95... year following the year in which the collection of the PFC is begun and will be applied in each succeeding fiscal year in which the public agency imposes the PFC. (b) The reduction in apportioned funds is...

14 CFR 158.95 - Implementation of reduction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

...) AIRPORTS PASSENGER FACILITY CHARGES (PFC'S) Reduction in Airport Improvement Program Apportionment § 158.95... year following the year in which the collection of the PFC is begun and will be applied in each succeeding fiscal year in which the public agency imposes the PFC. (b) The reduction in apportioned funds is...

Noncredit Education. Policy Brief

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Community College League of California, 2014

2014-01-01

The current level of apportionment for Career Development and College Preparation (CDCP) enhanced noncredit classes and program--at only 71% of the credit rate--does not provide adequate funding for noncredit programs that endeavor to support job readiness, provide a gateway to enrollment in credit classes, and attract and retain quality faculty…

49 CFR 1.58 - Delegations to Assistant Secretary for Budget and Programs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... operating management responsibility over the Office of Programs and Evaluation and the Office of Budget. (b) Direct and manage the Departmental planning, evaluation, and budget activities. (c) Request apportionment... Inflation Adjustment Act of 1990 (Pub. L. 101-410, 104 Stat. 890), as amended by the Debt Collection...

Air quality assessment and the use of specific markers to apportion pollutants to source

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Douce, David Stewart

The contributions of specific polluting sources to both indoor and outdoor atmospheric pollution are difficult to determine, as solid and gaseous products from different combustion sources are often similar. Sometimes, however, a marker compound can be identified that is unique to a pollution source (or at least not present in most other local combustion sources) and which will allow assessment of the contribution of that source to total atmospheric pollution.The aim of this study was to identify suitable marker compounds and methods for the apportionment (assessment of percentage contribution) of specific sources to atmospheric pollution. The sources selected were diesel exhaust emissions in outdoor, and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in indoor environments. Studies with controlled (laboratory) atmospheres would be followed by field studies using these methods and markers to produce apportionments for these sources to air pollution in selected environments. Initial analysis of such polluting sources was therefore the qualitative analysis of volatile compounds and particulate associated material, both organic and inorganic. Volatile organic compounds were adsorbed onto various resins, while particulate material was sampled onto various filter paper types. Organics were determined by GC-AED and GC-MS, and elements by ICP-MS.1-Nitropyrene was identified as a suitable marker for diesel particulate emissions (<5um). A large volume air sample from Sheffield city centre using 1-nitropyrene as a marker suggested that 63% of atmospheric particulate material (<5um) might be of diesel origin. However the concentration of 1-nitropyrene is low in atmospheric samples, and in the volumes used in routine sampling the amount of 1-nitropyrene was below the limit of detection on the instrument used. In an alternative approach the aliphatic alkane tetracosane (C24) was used as a diesel marker for urban air, with a 1-nitropyrene:tetracosane ratio derived from the average results from laboratory experiments with a diesel engine running at various speeds and loads. This approach yielded apportionment values ranging from 5-85% for the diesel contribution to particulate material (<5mum) in the urban air of Sheffield. No volatile marker compound was found for diesel apportionment.The contribution of ETS to atmospheric pollution has previously been estimated from the measurement of respirable suspended particulates (RSP), which was superseded by total UV absorbance and total fluorescence of a methanol extract. More recent work has suggested the use of solanesol or scopoletin as marker compounds. This thesis shows that the non specific methods overestimated the particulate contribution of ETS in some atmospheres, and that solanesol is a better marker compound than scopoletin. Preliminary studies from a small number of smokers homes and offices, with solanesol as a marker compound for particulate ETS, indicated that ETS contributions to total particulate material (<5mum) ranged from 6 to 49% in homes and 11 to 28% in offices.Pyrrole was used as a marker for ETS contribution to volatile organic pollution, and studies with controlled atmospheres with a smoking machine allowed calculation of the ratios of pyrrole to other volatile organic compounds (VOC's) in ETS. Samples from the field study were used to produce apportionment percentage levels of benzene, toluene, o-xylene and p+m-xylene associated with ETS.In addition the use of tree bark as a atmospheric sink for airborne particulates was investigated. Six nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with diesel emissions were quantified in bark extracts and levels of these were found to be highest during winter months.

38 CFR 21.330 - Apportionment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... account of the existence of the child or children. The veteran is not entitled in his or her own right to... U.S.C. 5307(c)) (c) Child adopted out of family. Where evidence establishes that a veteran is the natural parent of a child or children legally adopted outside of the veteran's family, VA will apportion...

Earth is (mostly) flat: Apportionment of the flux of continental sediment over millennial time scales: COMMENT

USGS Publications Warehouse

Warrick, J.A.; Milliman, John D.; Walling, D.E.; Wasson, R.J.; Syvitski, J.P.M.; Arno, Stephen F.

2014-01-01

Recent synthesis of 10Be-derived denudation rates by Willenbring et al. (2013) suggests that the “flat” areas of the world, those with average slopes of 2) using landscape slope as the controlling variable. We suggest that these findings are incorrect on several grounds.

76 FR 55276 - Fisheries of the Economic Exclusive Zone Off Alaska; Shallow-Water Species Fishery by Vessels...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-07

.... 101126522-0640-02] RIN 0648-XA680 Fisheries of the Economic Exclusive Zone Off Alaska; Shallow- Water...; closure. SUMMARY: NMFS is prohibiting directed fishing for species that comprise the shallow-water species... fourth seasonal apportionment of the Pacific halibut bycatch allowance specified for the shallow-water...

77 FR 54837 - Fisheries of the Economic Exclusive Zone Off Alaska; Shallow-Water Species Fishery by Vessels...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-09-06

.... 111207737-2141-02] RIN 0648-XC204 Fisheries of the Economic Exclusive Zone Off Alaska; Shallow- Water...; closure. SUMMARY: NMFS is prohibiting directed fishing for species that comprise the shallow-water species... fourth seasonal apportionment of the Pacific halibut bycatch allowance specified for the shallow-water...

77 FR 33103 - Fisheries of the Economic Exclusive Zone Off Alaska; Shallow-Water Species Fishery by Vessels...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-05

.... 111207737-2141-02] RIN 0648-XC056 Fisheries of the Economic Exclusive Zone Off Alaska; Shallow- Water...; closure. SUMMARY: NMFS is prohibiting directed fishing for species that comprise the shallow-water species... second seasonal apportionment of the Pacific halibut bycatch allowance specified for the shallow-water...

77 FR 19146 - Fisheries of the Economic Exclusive Zone Off Alaska; Shallow-Water Species Fishery by Vessels...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-30

.... 111207737-2141-02] RIN 0648-XB122 Fisheries of the Economic Exclusive Zone Off Alaska; Shallow- Water...; closure. SUMMARY: NMFS is prohibiting directed fishing for species that comprise the shallow-water species... first seasonal apportionment of the Pacific halibut bycatch allowance specified for the shallow-water...

Assessment of eutrophication in estuaries: Pressure-state-response and source apportionment

Treesearch

David Whitall; Suzanne Bricker

2006-01-01

The National Estuarine Eutrophication Assessment (NEEA) Update Program is a management oriented program designed to improve monitoring and assessment efforts through the development of type specific classification of estuaries that will allow improved assessment methods and development of analytical and research models and tools for managers which will help guide and...

Money and Education: A Guide to Illinois School Finance.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McMaster, Donald; Sinkin, Judy G.

Illinois' education finance plan is described in the first of this report's two chapters, and the second chapter considers the finance plan's equity. Chapter 1 covers the state's Resource Equalizer Aid Program and the tax revenue it guarantees districts; the calculation of maximum tax guarantees and local shares; the apportionment of state aid;…

33 CFR 116.50 - Apportionment of costs under the Truman-Hobbs Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... traffic, and actual capital costs of the used service life. The United States will bear the balance of the... quality than similar items in the bridge prior to alteration. Examples include improved signal and fender... service life of old bridge ____ $____ Subtotal ____ $____ Share to be borne by the bridge owner...

33 CFR 116.50 - Apportionment of costs under the Truman-Hobbs Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... traffic, and actual capital costs of the used service life. The United States will bear the balance of the... quality than similar items in the bridge prior to alteration. Examples include improved signal and fender... service life of old bridge ____ $____ Subtotal ____ $____ Share to be borne by the bridge owner...

33 CFR 277.8 - Procedures for apportionment of costs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... life bears to the total estimated service life. The share of the bridge owner, thus computed... not have to be met until the bridge had reached the end of its useful life. Accordingly, the present worth of the amount is computed deferred over the unexpired life. The discount rate to be used in the...

33 CFR 116.50 - Apportionment of costs under the Truman-Hobbs Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... traffic, and actual capital costs of the used service life. The United States will bear the balance of the... quality than similar items in the bridge prior to alteration. Examples include improved signal and fender... service life of old bridge ____ $____ Subtotal ____ $____ Share to be borne by the bridge owner...

33 CFR 116.50 - Apportionment of costs under the Truman-Hobbs Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... traffic, and actual capital costs of the used service life. The United States will bear the balance of the... quality than similar items in the bridge prior to alteration. Examples include improved signal and fender... service life of old bridge ____ $____ Subtotal ____ $____ Share to be borne by the bridge owner...

33 CFR 277.8 - Procedures for apportionment of costs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... life bears to the total estimated service life. The share of the bridge owner, thus computed... not have to be met until the bridge had reached the end of its useful life. Accordingly, the present worth of the amount is computed deferred over the unexpired life. The discount rate to be used in the...

33 CFR 277.8 - Procedures for apportionment of costs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... life bears to the total estimated service life. The share of the bridge owner, thus computed... not have to be met until the bridge had reached the end of its useful life. Accordingly, the present worth of the amount is computed deferred over the unexpired life. The discount rate to be used in the...

33 CFR 277.8 - Procedures for apportionment of costs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... life bears to the total estimated service life. The share of the bridge owner, thus computed... not have to be met until the bridge had reached the end of its useful life. Accordingly, the present worth of the amount is computed deferred over the unexpired life. The discount rate to be used in the...

26 CFR 1.863-3 - Allocation and apportionment of income from certain sales of inventory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... income from sources within and without the United States determined under the 50/50 method. Research and... Possession Purchase Sales—(A) Business activity method. Gross income from Possession Purchase Sales is... from Possession Purchase Sales computed under the business activity method, the amounts of expenses...

Quantification and source apportionment of the methane emission flux from the city of Indianapolis

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

We report the CH4 emission flux from the city of Indianapolis, IN, the site of the Indianapolis Flux Experiment (INFLUX) project for developing, assessing, and improving top-down and bottom-up approaches for quantifying urban greenhouse gas emissions. Using an aircraft-based mass balance approach, w...

78 FR 28014 - FTA Supplemental Fiscal Year 2013 Apportionments, Allocations, and Program Information

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-13

... Oversight (SSO) grant program and provides information on FTA's discretionary programs and forthcoming program guidance. DATES: Comments on the SSO Grant Program must be received by June 12, 2013. Late-filed... available on the FTA Web site under the heading ``Regional Offices'' at http://www.fta.dot.gov . For SSO...

SOURCE APPORTIONMENT OF PM2.5 AT AN URBAN IMPROVE SITE IN SEATTLE, WA

EPA Science Inventory

The multivariate receptor models Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and Unmix were used along with EPA's Chemical Mass Balance model to deduce the sources of PM2.5 at a centrally located urban site in Seattle, Washington. A total of 289 filter samples were obtained with an IM...

12 CFR 607.4 - Assessment of other System entities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Assessment of other System entities. 607.4... APPORTIONMENT OF ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES § 607.4 Assessment of other System entities. (a)(1) Unless otherwise... section, other System entities will be assessed for estimated direct expenses plus an allocated portion of...

12 CFR 607.4 - Assessment of other System entities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Assessment of other System entities. 607.4... APPORTIONMENT OF ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES § 607.4 Assessment of other System entities. (a)(1) Unless otherwise... section, other System entities will be assessed for estimated direct expenses plus an allocated portion of...

77 FR 1785 - FTA Fiscal Year 2012 Apportionments, Allocations, and Program Information

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-01-11

... and Research Program Grants, dated September 1, 2008. For more information, contact Victor Austin... Fund of the United States Treasury, which are Administrative Expenses, the New Starts and Research... Planning Program (49 U.S.C. 5305(d)) B. State Planning and Research Program (49 U.S.C. 5305(e)) C...

47 CFR 69.406 - Local business office expenses in Account 6620.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Local business office expenses in Account 6620. 69.406 Section 69.406 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED) COMMON CARRIER SERVICES (CONTINUED) ACCESS CHARGES Apportionment of Expenses § 69.406 Local business office expenses in Account 6620. (a) Local business office...

77 FR 11798 - Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Rhode Island; Regional Haze

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-28

...; and Lye Brook Wilderness Area in Vermont. Through source apportionment modeling, MANE-VU assisted... sources and activities which are located across a broad geographic area and emit fine particles and their...., sulfates, nitrates, organic carbon, elemental carbon, and soil dust), which also impair visibility by...

33 CFR Appendix B to Part 277 - Hypothetical Example of Cost Apportionment

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...) $165,489 I b. Fixed charges (owner's share) 284,460 II A fixed charge such as engineering, design and... new bridge is designed for increased loading and width greater than that of the old bridge. Therefore, the estimated annual maintenance cost was based on a hypothetical bridge designed, but not constructed...

33 CFR Appendix B to Part 277 - Hypothetical Example of Cost Apportionment

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...) $165,489 I b. Fixed charges (owner's share) 284,460 II A fixed charge such as engineering, design and... new bridge is designed for increased loading and width greater than that of the old bridge. Therefore, the estimated annual maintenance cost was based on a hypothetical bridge designed, but not constructed...

33 CFR Appendix B to Part 277 - Hypothetical Example of Cost Apportionment

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) $165,489 I b. Fixed charges (owner's share) 284,460 II A fixed charge such as engineering, design and... new bridge is designed for increased loading and width greater than that of the old bridge. Therefore, the estimated annual maintenance cost was based on a hypothetical bridge designed, but not constructed...

33 CFR Appendix B to Part 277 - Hypothetical Example of Cost Apportionment

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) $165,489 I b. Fixed charges (owner's share) 284,460 II A fixed charge such as engineering, design and... new bridge is designed for increased loading and width greater than that of the old bridge. Therefore, the estimated annual maintenance cost was based on a hypothetical bridge designed, but not constructed...

33 CFR Appendix B to Part 277 - Hypothetical Example of Cost Apportionment

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...) $165,489 I b. Fixed charges (owner's share) 284,460 II A fixed charge such as engineering, design and... new bridge is designed for increased loading and width greater than that of the old bridge. Therefore, the estimated annual maintenance cost was based on a hypothetical bridge designed, but not constructed...

5 CFR 1631.14 - Fee schedule.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Disclosure of Records Under the Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. 552 § 1631.14 Fee schedule. (a) Manual... operator/programmer salary, plus 23.5 percent, apportionable to the search. The Board may assess charges... determined to be exempt from disclosure. (c) Duplication costs. (1) For copies of documents reproduced on a...

5 CFR 1631.14 - Fee schedule.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... Disclosure of Records Under the Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. 552 § 1631.14 Fee schedule. (a) Manual... operator/programmer salary, plus 23.5 percent, apportionable to the search. The Board may assess charges... determined to be exempt from disclosure. (c) Duplication costs. (1) For copies of documents reproduced on a...

26 CFR 1.861-9T - Allocation and apportionment of interest expense (temporary).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... functional currency, borrows 100 pounds on January 1, 1987 for a three-year term at an interest rate greater... dollars and entered into a currency swap that substantially hedged X's foreign currency exposure on the... currency. Any net foreign currency loss on this series of transactions constitutes a loss incurred...

ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS OF NOVEL INSTRUMENTATION FOR MEASUREMENT OF LEAD ISOTOPE RATIOS IN ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION SOURCE APPORTIONMENT STUDIES

EPA Science Inventory

In spite of the reduced flux of lead to the atmosphere from the combustion of leaded gasoline, anthropogenic sources still dominate the supply of lead to the atmosphere and the environment. Emissions from coal and oil combustion, industrial processes, and municipal incineration w...

CARBON CONTAINING COMPONENT OF THE LOS ANGELES AEROSOL: SOURCE APPORTIONMENT AND CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE VISIBILITY BUDGET

EPA Science Inventory

Source resolution of the organic component of the fine fraction of the ambient aerosol (d(sub p) < 3.5 micrometers) has been carried out by combining source information from the organic component with thermal analysis and local emission inventories. The primary and secondary carb...

SOURCE APPORTIONMENT OF SEATTLE PM 2.5: A COMPARISON OF IMPROVE AND ENHANCED STN DATA SETS

EPA Science Inventory

Seattle, WA, STN and IMPROVE data sets with STN temperature resolved carbon peaks were analyzed with both the PMF and Unmix receptor models. In addition, the IMPROVE trace element data was combined with the major STN species to examine the role of IMPROVE metals. To compare the ...

77 FR 2225 - Allocation and Apportionment of Interest Expense

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-01-17

... for Services and Enforcement. Approved: December 6, 2011. Emily S. McMahon, Acting Assistant Secretary... 44 U.S.C. 1510. #0; #0;The Code of Federal Regulations is sold by the Superintendent of Documents. #0... partner's distributive share of interest expense incurred by the partnership. Section 1.861-9T(e)(1...

75 FR 35966 - Farm Credit Administration Board Meetings; Assessment and Apportionment of Administrative...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-24

...-Section Analysis A. Section 604.420(i)(1)--Farm Credit Administration Board Meetings; Sec. 607.2(j... Mediation Programs; Right of First Refusal We previously removed Sec. Sec. 614.4514 through 614.4522 of... described in the ``Section-by-Section Analysis'' above by a direct final rulemaking. The Administrative...

47 CFR 36.156 - Interexchange Cable and Wire Facilities (C&WF)-Category 3-apportionment procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... cost per equivalent interexchange telephone circuit kilometer for all circuits in Category 3 is determined and applied to the equivalent interexchange telephone circuit kilometer counts of each of the... Interexchange Cable and Wire Facilities C&WF where feasible. All study areas shall apportion the non-directly...

47 CFR 36.156 - Interexchange Cable and Wire Facilities (C&WF)-Category 3-apportionment procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... cost per equivalent interexchange telephone circuit kilometer for all circuits in Category 3 is determined and applied to the equivalent interexchange telephone circuit kilometer counts of each of the... Interexchange Cable and Wire Facilities C&WF where feasible. All study areas shall apportion the non-directly...

47 CFR 36.156 - Interexchange Cable and Wire Facilities (C&WF)-Category 3-apportionment procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... cost per equivalent interexchange telephone circuit kilometer for all circuits in Category 3 is determined and applied to the equivalent interexchange telephone circuit kilometer counts of each of the... Interexchange Cable and Wire Facilities C&WF where feasible. All study areas shall apportion the non-directly...

47 CFR 36.156 - Interexchange Cable and Wire Facilities (C&WF)-Category 3-apportionment procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... cost per equivalent interexchange telephone circuit kilometer for all circuits in Category 3 is determined and applied to the equivalent interexchange telephone circuit kilometer counts of each of the... Interexchange Cable and Wire Facilities C&WF where feasible. All study areas shall apportion the non-directly...

10 CFR 9.33 - Search, review, and special service fees.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... in excess of 100 pages when agency records are not sought for commercial use and the request is made...) Search time that exceeds two hours and duplication of agency records of more than 100 pages for requests... records plus the operator/programmer salary apportionable to the search. (b) The NRC may charge requesters...

Identifying the Sources Contributing to PM Exceedances in Ostrava, Czech Republic, Using Passive Aerosol Sampling Coupled with Computer-Controlled Microscopy

EPA Science Inventory

The Czech Hydrometeorological Institute (CHMI) in collaboration with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency conducted a multi-pollutant source apportionment study in 2012 to quantify the impact of regional as well as local sources on air quality in the Ostrava metropolitan area...

42 CFR 413.130 - Introduction to capital-related costs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... depreciable assets under § 413.134(f). (2) Taxes on land or depreciable assets used for patient care. (3... depreciable assets used for patient care or to refinance existing debt for which the original purpose was to acquire land or depreciable assets used for patient care. (11) The apportionment of the capital-related...

ORGANIC MOLECULAR MARKER ANALYSIS OF LOW VOLUME RESIDENTIAL SAMPLES FOR SOURCE APPORTIONMENT IN THE DETROIT EXPOSURE AND AEROSOL RESEARCH STUDY

EPA Science Inventory

This abstract describes a poster on results for organic speciation analysis for Detroit Exposure and Aerosol Research Study (DEARS) to be presented at the 2006 International Aerosol Conference sponsored by the American Association for Aerosol Research in St. Paul, Minnesota on Se...

14 CFR 158.93 - Public agencies subject to reduction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS PASSENGER FACILITY CHARGES (PFC'S) Reduction in Airport Improvement Program Apportionment § 158.93 Public agencies subject to reduction. The funds apportioned under 49 U.S.C. 47114 to a... airport enplanes 0.25 percent or more of the total annual enplanements in the U.S., and (b) The public...

14 CFR 158.93 - Public agencies subject to reduction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS PASSENGER FACILITY CHARGES (PFC'S) Reduction in Airport Improvement Program Apportionment § 158.93 Public agencies subject to reduction. The funds apportioned under 49 U.S.C. 47114 to a... airport enplanes 0.25 percent or more of the total annual enplanements in the U.S., and (b) The public...

14 CFR 158.93 - Public agencies subject to reduction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS PASSENGER FACILITY CHARGES (PFC'S) Reduction in Airport Improvement Program Apportionment § 158.93 Public agencies subject to reduction. The funds apportioned under 49 U.S.C. 47114 to a... airport enplanes 0.25 percent or more of the total annual enplanements in the U.S., and (b) The public...

14 CFR 158.93 - Public agencies subject to reduction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS PASSENGER FACILITY CHARGES (PFC'S) Reduction in Airport Improvement Program Apportionment § 158.93 Public agencies subject to reduction. The funds apportioned under 49 U.S.C. 47114 to a... airport enplanes 0.25 percent or more of the total annual enplanements in the U.S., and (b) The public...

14 CFR 158.93 - Public agencies subject to reduction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS PASSENGER FACILITY CHARGES (PFC'S) Reduction in Airport Improvement Program Apportionment § 158.93 Public agencies subject to reduction. The funds apportioned under 49 U.S.C. 47114 to a... airport enplanes 0.25 percent or more of the total annual enplanements in the U.S., and (b) The public...

26 CFR 1.168(i)-0 - Table of contents for the general asset account rules.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

...) Source of ordinary income, gain, or loss. (i) Source determined by allocation and apportionment of depreciation allowed. (ii) Formula for determining foreign source income, gain, or loss. (3) Section 904(d... disposed or converted asset. (k) Effect of adjustments on prior dispositions. (l) Election. (1) Irrevocable...

26 CFR 1.168(i)-0 - Table of contents for the general asset account rules.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

...) Source of ordinary income, gain, or loss. (i) Source determined by allocation and apportionment of depreciation allowed. (ii) Formula for determining foreign source income, gain, or loss. (3) Section 904(d... disposed or converted asset. (k) Effect of adjustments on prior dispositions. (l) Election. (1) Irrevocable...

26 CFR 1.168(i)-0 - Table of contents for the general asset account rules.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

...) Source of ordinary income, gain, or loss. (i) Source determined by allocation and apportionment of depreciation allowed. (ii) Formula for determining foreign source income, gain, or loss. (3) Section 904(d... disposed or converted asset. (k) Effect of adjustments on prior dispositions. (l) Election. (1) Irrevocable...

26 CFR 1.904-6 - Allocation and apportionment of taxes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... accrued. Gross income, as determined under foreign law, in the passive category shall first be reduced by... 954(b)(5) and § 1.904-5(c)(2)(ii)(C) (adjusted gross passive income). Gross income in all separate categories (including adjusted gross passive income) is next reduced by deducting any expenses, losses, or...

26 CFR 1.904-6 - Allocation and apportionment of taxes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... accrued. Gross income, as determined under foreign law, in the passive category shall first be reduced by... 954(b)(5) and § 1.904-5(c)(2)(ii)(C) (adjusted gross passive income). Gross income in all separate categories (including adjusted gross passive income) is next reduced by deducting any expenses, losses, or...

Creating Hierarchical Pores by Controlled Linker Thermolysis in Multivariate Metal-Organic Frameworks.

PubMed

Feng, Liang; Yuan, Shuai; Zhang, Liang-Liang; Tan, Kui; Li, Jia-Luo; Kirchon, Angelo; Liu, Ling-Mei; Zhang, Peng; Han, Yu; Chabal, Yves J; Zhou, Hong-Cai

2018-02-14

Sufficient pore size, appropriate stability, and hierarchical porosity are three prerequisites for open frameworks designed for drug delivery, enzyme immobilization, and catalysis involving large molecules. Herein, we report a powerful and general strategy, linker thermolysis, to construct ultrastable hierarchically porous metal-organic frameworks (HP-MOFs) with tunable pore size distribution. Linker instability, usually an undesirable trait of MOFs, was exploited to create mesopores by generating crystal defects throughout a microporous MOF crystal via thermolysis. The crystallinity and stability of HP-MOFs remain after thermolabile linkers are selectively removed from multivariate metal-organic frameworks (MTV-MOFs) through a decarboxylation process. A domain-based linker spatial distribution was found to be critical for creating hierarchical pores inside MTV-MOFs. Furthermore, linker thermolysis promotes the formation of ultrasmall metal oxide nanoparticles immobilized in an open framework that exhibits high catalytic activity for Lewis acid-catalyzed reactions. Most importantly, this work provides fresh insights into the connection between linker apportionment and vacancy distribution, which may shed light on probing the disordered linker apportionment in multivariate systems, a long-standing challenge in the study of MTV-MOFs.

Levels and source apportionment of children's lead exposure: could urinary lead be used to identify the levels and sources of children's lead pollution?

PubMed

Cao, Suzhen; Duan, Xiaoli; Zhao, Xiuge; Wang, Beibei; Ma, Jin; Fan, Delong; Sun, Chengye; He, Bin; Wei, Fusheng; Jiang, Guibin

2015-04-01

As a highly toxic heavy metal, the pollution and exposure risks of lead are of widespread concern for human health. However, the collection of blood samples for use as an indicator of lead pollution is not always feasible in most cohort or longitudinal studies, especially those involving children health. To evaluate the potential use of urinary lead as an indicator of exposure levels and source apportionment, accompanying with environmental media samples, lead concentrations and isotopic measurements (expressed as (207)Pb/(206)Pb, (208)Pb/(206)Pb and (204)Pb/(206)Pb) were investigated and compared between blood and urine from children living in the vicinities of a typical coking plant and lead-acid battery factory. The results showed urinary lead might not be a preferable proxy for estimating blood lead levels. Fortunately, urinary lead isotopic measurements could be used as an alternative for identifying the sources of children's lead exposure, which coincided well with the blood lead isotope ratio analysis. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Using Source Apportionment to Evaluate the Cross State Transport of Ozone in the Eastern United States

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Goldberg, D. L.; Canty, T. P.; Hembeck, L.; Vinciguerra, T.; Carpenter, S. F.; Anderson, D. C.; Salawitch, R. J.; Dickerson, R. R.

2014-12-01

The amount of air pollution crossing state lines has great policy implications. Using the ozone source apportionment tool (OSAT) in the Comprehensive Air-Quality Model with Extensions (CAMx) version 6.10, we can quantify how much ozone is generated locally versus transported from upwind locations. Initial results show that up to 70% of the surface ozone in Maryland during poor air quality days in the summer of July 2011 can be attributed to pollution from outside of the state's borders. Modifications to the CB05 gas-phase chemistry mechanism, supported by literature recommendations and improve agreement with NASA's DISCOVER-AQ Maryland aircraft campaign, can further increase this percentage. Additionally, we show the role of upwind sources and background ozone has become increasingly important as local emissions of ozone precursors continue to drop, starting with the steep reductions imposed in 2002 in response to Maryland's State Implementation Plan submitted to EPA. This study suggests future efforts to control surface ozone must include a meaningful strategy for dealing with cross-state transport of ozone precursors.

DeltaSA tool for source apportionment benchmarking, description and sensitivity analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pernigotti, D.; Belis, C. A.

2018-05-01

DeltaSA is an R-package and a Java on-line tool developed at the EC-Joint Research Centre to assist and benchmark source apportionment applications. Its key functionalities support two critical tasks in this kind of studies: the assignment of a factor to a source in factor analytical models (source identification) and the model performance evaluation. The source identification is based on the similarity between a given factor and source chemical profiles from public databases. The model performance evaluation is based on statistical indicators used to compare model output with reference values generated in intercomparison exercises. The references values are calculated as the ensemble average of the results reported by participants that have passed a set of testing criteria based on chemical profiles and time series similarity. In this study, a sensitivity analysis of the model performance criteria is accomplished using the results of a synthetic dataset where "a priori" references are available. The consensus modulated standard deviation punc gives the best choice for the model performance evaluation when a conservative approach is adopted.

Impacts of Oil and Gas Production on Winter Ozone Pollution in the Uintah Basin Using Model Source Apportionment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tran, H. N. Q.; Tran, T. T.; Mansfield, M. L.; Lyman, S. N.

2014-12-01

Contributions of emissions from oil and gas activities to elevated ozone concentrations in the Uintah Basin - Utah were evaluated using the CMAQ Integrated Source Apportionment Method (CMAQ-ISAM) technique, and were compared with the results of traditional budgeting methods. Unlike the traditional budgeting method, which compares simulations with and without emissions of the source(s) in question to quantify its impacts, the CMAQ-ISAM technique assigns tags to emissions of each source and tracks their evolution through physical and chemical processes to quantify the final ozone product yield from the source. Model simulations were performed for two episodes in winter 2013 of low and high ozone to provide better understanding of source contributions under different weather conditions. Due to the highly nonlinear ozone chemistry, results obtained from the two methods differed significantly. The growing oil and gas industry in the Uintah Basin is the largest contributor to the elevated zone (>75 ppb) observed in the Basin. This study therefore provides an insight into the impact of oil and gas industry on the ozone issue, and helps in determining effective control strategies.

Distribution and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments from Zhoushan Archipelago and Xiangshan Harbor, East China Sea.

PubMed

Wang, Xiaoyan; Xu, Huanzhi; Zhou, Yongdong; Wu, Changwen; Kanchanopas-Barnette, Praparsiri

2015-12-30

Zhoushan Archipelago and the adjacent Xiangshan Harbor are important commercial, tourism, fishing, and mariculture areas. Considering the concern on the effects of anthropogenic activities on the environment, the level and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments were investigated. The sum of 16 PAH (∑16 PAH) concentrations in the Zhoushan Archipelago ranged from 3.67 to 31.30 ng g(-1) d.w., with a mean of 15.01 ± 1.21 ng g(-1) d.w., and that in Xiangshan Harbor varied from 11.58 to 481.44 ng g(-1) d.w., with a mean of 62.52 ± 32.85 ng g(-1) d.w. Diagnostic ratios and factor analysis were performed to identify PAH sources. Results show that PAHs have mixed origins (i.e., traffic-related sources, coal combustion, petrogenic sources, and biomass burning), with pyrolytic-related pollution as the dominant source. This study provided a baseline to promote environmental protection and pollution episode monitoring in the East China Sea. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Understanding the Impacts of Land Uses on the Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Contamination By Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons throughout a Small State in the Northeast United States

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schifman, L. A.; Boving, T. B.

2014-12-01

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are ubiquitous contaminants that enter the environment through combustion processes and are often found in higher concentration of urban areas. However, once released, these compounds can travel long distances via transport through the atmosphere and can be deposited on the landscape far away from their original source. This PAH deposition pattern can slowly lead to the diffuse contamination of whole landscapes. Since most of the air masses entering the northeastern United States originate from the Midwest where coal burning power plants are plentiful, several atmospheric pollutants are introduced to the region in addition to local sources. Here, atmospheric deposition of PAHs in six different locations throughout Rhode Island was measured using passive bulk-deposition samplers for 3 years. The data were analyzed statistically by principal component analysis and factor analysis to identify the source of contamination and respective apportionment. The data clearly show that an urban-to- rural gradient exists where deposition rates are significantly higher in urban areas (up to 12325 ng/d m2 ∑PAH) compared to rural areas (as low as 11 ng/d m2 ∑PAH) and also follow seasonal trends that show higher deposition rates in the fall and winter compared to the summer and spring time. Further, based on PAH source apportionment ratios, contamination origins differ spatially. For example, fossil fuel, coal, and vehicle combustion is present in all samples; however fossil fuel combustion is dominant in urban samples. In Rural areas biomass combustion is much more prevalent and is not as greatly represented in urban or suburban areas. Therefore, even in a small state such as Rhode Island airborne PAH contamination can be fingerprinted readily for different sampling areas, indicating that distant emission sources have a widespread impact on regional air quality.

Atmospheric deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons near New England coastal waters

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Golomb, D.; Barry, E.; Fisher, G.; Varanusupakul, P.; Koleda, M.; Rooney, T.

Wet and dry deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was measured at Nahant, Massachusetts, a peninsula jutting into Massachusetts Bay and Wolf Neck, a peninsula jutting into Casco Bay, Maine. Wet deposition (rain and snow) was collected in a funnel which drains into a shielded, temperature controlled receiving bottle. Dry deposition of gaseous and particulate PAHs was collected onto an exposed water surface. PAHs were analyzed by solid phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sixteen PAH species were analyzed, ranging from acenaphthylene to coronene. The mean wet deposition rate of the sum of the 16 species is 720 ng m -2 cm -1 precipitation at Nahant, and 831 ng m -2 cm -1 precipitation at Wolf Neck. Wet deposition is attributed to regional PAH emitting sources. Storm patterns appear to bring somewhat higher wet deposition of PAHs to Wolf Neck than to Nahant. The mean dry deposition rate is 95 ng m -2 h -1 at Nahant and 9.3 ng m -2 h -1 at Wolf Neck. The large difference is attributed to the fact that Nahant is close to the urban-industrial metropolitan Boston area and Logan International Airport, whereas Wolf Neck has no major PAH-emitting sources nearby. Individual measurements have an error bracket of ±30%. The Chemical Mass Balance model was used to apportion the dry deposition to source categories. At Nahant, nine samples gave valid statistical attributes with a mean apportionment: jet exhaust 35%, gasoline fueled vehicles 32%, diesel fueled vehicles 17%, wood combustion 13%, others 3%. At Wolf Neck, six samples yielded a mean apportionment: jet exhaust 30%, gasoline vehicles 28%, diesel vehicles 18%, wood combustion 16%, others 8%. There is a considerable variation between the samples. The apportionment is greatly dependent on the quality and selection of the model inputs, i.e. source signatures, which for PAHs are questionable.

Investigating the contribution of shipping emissions to atmospheric PM2.5 using a combined source apportionment approach.

PubMed

Lang, Jianlei; Zhou, Ying; Chen, Dongsheng; Xing, Xiaofan; Wei, Lin; Wang, Xiaotong; Zhao, Na; Zhang, Yanyun; Guo, Xiurui; Han, Lihui; Cheng, Shuiyuan

2017-10-01

Many studies have been conducted focusing on the contribution of land emission sources to PM 2.5 in China; however, little attention had been paid to other contributions, especially the secondary contributions from shipping emissions to atmospheric PM 2.5 . In this study, a combined source apportionment approach, including principle component analysis (PCA) and WRF-CMAQ simulation, was applied to identify both primary and secondary contributions from ships to atmospheric PM 2.5 . An intensive PM 2.5 observation was conducted from April 2014 to January 2015 in Qinhuangdao, which was close to the largest energy output port of China. The chemical components analysis results showed that the primary component was the major contributor to PM 2.5 , with proportions of 48.3%, 48.9%, 55.1% and 55.4% in spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively. The secondary component contributed higher fractions in summer (48.2%) and winter (36.8%), but had lower percentages in spring (30.1%) and autumn (32.7%). The hybrid source apportionment results indicated that the secondary contribution (SC) of shipping emissions to PM 2.5 could not be ignored. The annual average SC was 2.7%, which was comparable to the primary contribution (2.9%). The SC was higher in summer (5.3%), but lower in winter (1.1%). The primary contributions to atmospheric PM 2.5 were 3.0%, 2.5%, 3.4% and 2.7% in spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively. As for the detailed chemical components, the contributions of shipping emissions were 2.3%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 1.0%, 1.7% and 0.1% to elements & sea salt, primary organic aerosol (POA), element carbon (EC), nitrate, sulfate and secondary organic carbon (SOA), respectively. The results of this study will further the understanding of the implications of shipping emissions in PM 2.5 pollution. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Space-time quantitative source apportionment of soil heavy metal concentration increments.

PubMed

Yang, Yong; Christakos, George; Guo, Mingwu; Xiao, Lu; Huang, Wei

2017-04-01

Assessing the space-time trends and detecting the sources of heavy metal accumulation in soils have important consequences in the prevention and treatment of soil heavy metal pollution. In this study, we collected soil samples in the eastern part of the Qingshan district, Wuhan city, Hubei Province, China, during the period 2010-2014. The Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations in soils exhibited a significant accumulation during 2010-2014. The spatiotemporal Kriging technique, based on a quantitative characterization of soil heavy metal concentration variations in terms of non-separable variogram models, was employed to estimate the spatiotemporal soil heavy metal distribution in the study region. Our findings showed that the Cd, Cu, and Zn concentrations have an obvious incremental tendency from the southwestern to the central part of the study region. However, the Pb concentrations exhibited an obvious tendency from the northern part to the central part of the region. Then, spatial overlay analysis was used to obtain absolute and relative concentration increments of adjacent 1- or 5-year periods during 2010-2014. The spatial distribution of soil heavy metal concentration increments showed that the larger increments occurred in the center of the study region. Lastly, the principal component analysis combined with the multiple linear regression method were employed to quantify the source apportionment of the soil heavy metal concentration increments in the region. Our results led to the conclusion that the sources of soil heavy metal concentration increments should be ascribed to industry, agriculture and traffic. In particular, 82.5% of soil heavy metal concentration increment during 2010-2014 was ascribed to industrial/agricultural activities sources. Using STK and SOA to obtain the spatial distribution of heavy metal concentration increments in soils. Using PCA-MLR to quantify the source apportionment of soil heavy metal concentration increments. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Source apportionment of aerosol particles at a European air pollution hot spot using particle number size distributions and chemical composition.

PubMed

Leoni, Cecilia; Pokorná, Petra; Hovorka, Jan; Masiol, Mauro; Topinka, Jan; Zhao, Yongjing; Křůmal, Kamil; Cliff, Steven; Mikuška, Pavel; Hopke, Philip K

2018-03-01

Ostrava in the Moravian-Silesian region (Czech Republic) is a European air pollution hot spot for airborne particulate matter (PM), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and ultrafine particles (UFPs). Air pollution source apportionment is essential for implementation of successful abatement strategies. UFPs or nanoparticles of diameter <100 nm exhibit the highest deposition efficiency in human lungs. To permit apportionment of PM sources at the hot-spot including nanoparticles, Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was applied to highly time resolved particle number size distributions (NSD, 14 nm-10 μm) and PM 0.09-1.15 chemical composition. Diurnal patterns, meteorological variables, gaseous pollutants, organic markers, and associations between the NSD factors and chemical composition factors were used to identify the pollution sources. The PMF on the NSD reveals two factors in the ultrafine size range: industrial UFPs (28%, number mode diameter - NMD 45 nm), industrial/fresh road traffic nanoparticles (26%, NMD 26 nm); three factors in the accumulation size range: urban background (24%, NMD 93 nm), coal burning (14%, volume mode diameter - VMD 0.5 μm), regional pollution (3%, VMD 0.8 μm) and one factor in the coarse size range: industrial coarse particles/road dust (2%, VMD 5 μm). The PMF analysis of PM 0.09-1.15 revealed four factors: SIA/CC/BB (52%), road dust (18%), sinter/steel (16%), iron production (16%). The factors in the ultrafine size range resolved with NSD have a positive correlation with sinter/steel production and iron production factors resolved with chemical composition. Coal combustion factor resolved with NSD has moderate correlation with SIA/CC/BB factor. The organic markers homohopanes correlate with coal combustion and the levoglucosan correlates with urban background. The PMF applications to NSD and chemical composition datasets are complementary. PAHs in PM 1 were found to be associated with coal combustion factor. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Characteristics and source apportionment of black carbon aerosols over an urban site.

PubMed

Rajesh, T A; Ramachandran, S

2017-03-01

Aethalometer based source apportionment model using the measured aerosol absorption coefficients at different wavelengths is used to apportion the contribution of fossil fuel and wood burning sources to the total black carbon (BC) mass concentration. Temporal and seasonal variabilities in BC mass concentrations, equivalent BC from fossil fuel (BC f f ), and wood burning (BC w b ) are investigated over an urban location in western India during January 2014 to December 2015. BC, BC f f , and BC w b mass concentrations exhibit strong diurnal variation and are mainly influenced by atmospheric dynamics. BC f f was higher by a factor of 2-4 than BC w b and contributes maximum to BC mass throughout the day, confirming consistent anthropogenic activities. Diurnal contribution of BC f f and BC w b exhibits opposite variation due to differences in emission sources over Ahmedabad. Night time BC values are about a factor of 1.4 higher than day time BC values. The annual mean percentage contributions of day time and night time are 42 and 58 %, respectively. BC, BC f f , and BC w b mass concentrations exhibit large and significant variations during morning, afternoon, evening, and night time. During afternoon, mass concentration values are minimum throughout the year because of the fully evolved boundary layer and reduced anthropogenic activities. BC exhibits a strong seasonal variability with postmonsoon high (8.3 μg m -3 ) and monsoon low (1.9 μg m -3 ). Annual mean BC f f and BC w b contributions are 80 and 20 %, respectively, to total BC, which suggests that major contribution of BC in Ahmedabad comes from fossil fuel emissions. The results show that the study location is dominated by fossil fuel combustion as compared to the emissions from wood burning. The results obtained represent a regional value over an urban regime which can be used as inputs on source apportionment to model BC emissions in regional and global climate models.

Seasonal assessment and apportionment of surface water pollution using multivariate statistical methods: Sinos River, southern Brazil.

PubMed

Alves, Darlan Daniel; Riegel, Roberta Plangg; de Quevedo, Daniela Müller; Osório, Daniela Montanari Migliavacca; da Costa, Gustavo Marques; do Nascimento, Carlos Augusto; Telöken, Franko

2018-06-08

Assessment of surface water quality is an issue of currently high importance, especially in polluted rivers which provide water for treatment and distribution as drinking water, as is the case of the Sinos River, southern Brazil. Multivariate statistical techniques allow a better understanding of the seasonal variations in water quality, as well as the source identification and source apportionment of water pollution. In this study, the multivariate statistical techniques of cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), and positive matrix factorization (PMF) were used, along with the Kruskal-Wallis test and Spearman's correlation analysis in order to interpret a water quality data set resulting from a monitoring program conducted over a period of almost two years (May 2013 to April 2015). The water samples were collected from the raw water inlet of the municipal water treatment plant (WTP) operated by the Water and Sewage Services of Novo Hamburgo (COMUSA). CA allowed the data to be grouped into three periods (autumn and summer (AUT-SUM); winter (WIN); spring (SPR)). Through the PCA, it was possible to identify that the most important parameters in contribution to water quality variations are total coliforms (TCOLI) in SUM-AUT, water level (WL), water temperature (WT), and electrical conductivity (EC) in WIN and color (COLOR) and turbidity (TURB) in SPR. PMF was applied to the complete data set and enabled the source apportionment water pollution through three factors, which are related to anthropogenic sources, such as the discharge of domestic sewage (mostly represented by Escherichia coli (ECOLI)), industrial wastewaters, and agriculture runoff. The results provided by this study demonstrate the contribution provided by the use of integrated statistical techniques in the interpretation and understanding of large data sets of water quality, showing also that this approach can be used as an efficient methodology to optimize indicators for water quality assessment.

Occurrence and source apportionment of sulfonamides and their metabolites in Liaodong Bay and the adjacent Liao River basin, North China.

PubMed

Jia, Ai; Hu, Jianying; Wu, Xiaoqin; Peng, Hui; Wu, Shimin; Dong, Zhaomin

2011-06-01

The presence of antibiotics in the environment is of great concern because of their potential for resistance selection among pathogens. In the present study we investigated the occurrence of 19 sulfonamides, five N-acetylated sulfonamide metabolites, and trimethoprim in the Liao River basin and adjacent Liaodong Bay, China, as well as 10 human/agricultural source samples. Within the 35 river samples, 12 sulfonamides, four acetylated sulfonamides, and trimethoprim were detected, with the dominant being sulfamethoxazole (66.6 ng/L), N-acetylsulfamethoxazole (63.1 ng/L), trimethoprim (29.0 ng/L), sulfadiazine (14.0 ng/L), and sulfamonomethoxine (8.4 ng/L); within the 36 marine samples, 10 chemicals were detected, with the main contributions from sulfamethoxazole (25.2 ng/L) and N-acetylsulfamethoxazole (28.6 ng/L). Sulfamethoxazole (25.9%), N-acetylsulfamethoxazole (46.6%), trimethoprim (22.9%), and sulfapyridine (1.4%) were the main chemicals from human sources, while sulfamonomethoxine, sulfamethazine, sulfaquinoxaline, sulfaguanidine, sulfadiazine, sulfanilamide, and sulfamethoxypyridazine were dominant in the animal husbandry sources, specifically, swine and poultry farms, and sulfamethoxazole (91%) was dominant in the mariculture source. A principal component analysis with multiple linear regression was performed to evaluate the source apportionment of total sulfonamides in Liaodong Bay. It was found that animal husbandry contributed 15.2% of total sulfonamides, while human sources contributed 28.5%, and combined human and mariculture sources contributed 56.3%. In addition, the mariculture contribution was 24.1% of total sulfonamides into the sea based on mass flux estimation. The present study is the first report that the environmental levels of sulfonamide metabolites were comparable to the corresponding parents; therefore, we should pay attention to their environmental occurrence. Source apportionment showed human discharge (60.7%) significantly contributed to these antibiotics in Liaodong Bay, which provides important information for environmental management. Copyright © 2011 SETAC.

Source apportionment with uncertainty estimates of fine particulate matter in Ostrava, Czech Republic using Positive Matrix Factorization

EPA Science Inventory

A 14-week investigation during a warm and cold seasons was conducted to improve understanding of air pollution sources that might be impacting air quality in Ostrava, the Czech Republic. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples were collected in consecutive 12-h day and night incr...

Major Issues in Community College Finance: Summary of Testimony Presented to the Assembly Education Committee. Director's Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Callan, Pat

The systems of finance and governance of California's state universities and colleges and its community colleges have differed significantly. While the four-year institutions have been funded from the state budget, prior to 1978, the community colleges depended largely on local property taxes for revenue supplemented by state apportionments to…

75 FR 54290 - Fisheries of the Economic Exclusive Zone Off Alaska; Shallow-Water Species Fishery by Vessels...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-07

.... 0910131362-0087-02] RIN 0648-XY78 Fisheries of the Economic Exclusive Zone Off Alaska; Shallow- Water Species...: NMFS is prohibiting directed fishing for species that comprise the shallow-water species fishery by... apportionment of the Pacific halibut bycatch allowance specified for the shallow-water species fishery in the...

77 FR 42193 - Fisheries of the Economic Exclusive Zone Off Alaska; Shallow-Water Species Fishery by Vessels...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-18

.... 111207737-2141-02] RIN 0648-0648-XC112 Fisheries of the Economic Exclusive Zone Off Alaska; Shallow- Water...; closure. SUMMARY: NMFS is prohibiting directed fishing for species that comprise the shallow-water species... third seasonal apportionment of the Pacific halibut bycatch allowance specified for the shallow-water...

Differences Between Magnitudes and Health Impacts of BC Emissions Across the United States Using 12 km Scale Seasonal Source Apportionment

EPA Science Inventory

Recent assessments have analyzed the health impacts of PM2.5 from emissions from different locations and sectors using simplified or reduced-form air quality models. Here we present an alternative approach using the adjoint of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model, wh...

49 CFR 1152.33 - Apportionment rules for the assignment of expenses to on-branch costs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... between diesel and other (electric). The costs for these accounts for yard locomotives shall be assigned to the branch separately for diesel and electric locomotives on the basis of the ratio of branch diesel and electric yard locomotive unit-hours to the total system diesel and electric yard locomotive...

49 CFR 1152.33 - Apportionment rules for the assignment of expenses to on-branch costs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... between diesel and other (electric). The costs for these accounts for yard locomotives shall be assigned to the branch separately for diesel and electric locomotives on the basis of the ratio of branch diesel and electric yard locomotive unit-hours to the total system diesel and electric yard locomotive...

49 CFR 1152.33 - Apportionment rules for the assignment of expenses to on-branch costs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... between diesel and other (electric). The costs for these accounts for yard locomotives shall be assigned to the branch separately for diesel and electric locomotives on the basis of the ratio of branch diesel and electric yard locomotive unit-hours to the total system diesel and electric yard locomotive...

26 CFR 1.863-2 - Allocation and apportionment of taxable income.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... the sale of inventory property (within the meaning of section 865(i)) produced (in whole or in part) by the taxpayer in the United States and sold outside the United States or produced (in whole or in... purchase of personal property within a possession of the United States and its sale within the United...

77 FR 4510 - Air Quality Implementation Plans; Kentucky; Attainment Plan for the Kentucky Portion of the...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-01-30

... and population based apportionment of the area and nonroad sectors to support the mobile source... and nitrogen oxides (NO X ) for the mobile source contribution to ambient PM 2.5 levels for the.... Attainment Date B. Insignificance Determination for the Mobile Source Contribution to PM 2.5 and NO X...

SOURCE APPORTIONMENT OF PM2.5 IN SEATTLE, WA URBAN IMPROVE SITE: COMPARISON OF THREE RECEPTOR MODELS AND SOURCE PROFILES

EPA Science Inventory

IMPROVE protocol data were collected at the urban Beacon Hill monitoring site in Seattle, WA from 1996-99. The 289 sets of PM2.5 filters were analyzed for: metals using PIXIE and XRF, anions using ion chromatography, elemental hydrogen (H) by proton scattering, and elemental an...

47 CFR 36.154 - Exchange Line Cable and Wire Facilities (C&WF)-Category 1-apportionment procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Exchange Line Cable and Wire Facilities (C&WF... COMPANIES 1 Telecommunications Property Cable and Wire Facilities § 36.154 Exchange Line Cable and Wire... apportioning the cost of exchange line cable and wire facilities among the operations is the determination of...

47 CFR 36.154 - Exchange Line Cable and Wire Facilities (C&WF)-Category 1-apportionment procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Exchange Line Cable and Wire Facilities (C&WF... COMPANIES 1 Telecommunications Property Cable and Wire Facilities § 36.154 Exchange Line Cable and Wire... apportioning the cost of exchange line cable and wire facilities among the operations is the determination of...

Source Apportionment of Ambient Fine Particulate Matter in Dearborn, Michigan, using Hourly Resolved PM Chemical Composition Data

EPA Science Inventory

High time-resolution aerosol sampling was conducted for one month during July–August 2007 in Dearborn, MI, a non-attainment area for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Measurements of more than 30 PM2.5 species were made using a suite o...

26 CFR 1.861-8T - Computation of taxable income from sources within the United States and from other sources and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... income. In determining the method of apportionment for a specific deduction, examples of bases and..., research and development expenses, and certain other deductions. The effects on tax liability of the... comparative value of assets that generate income within each grouping, provided that such method reflects the...

26 CFR 1.861-8T - Computation of taxable income from sources within the United States and from other sources and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... income. In determining the method of apportionment for a specific deduction, examples of bases and..., research and development expenses, and certain other deductions. The effects on tax liability of the... comparative value of assets that generate income within each grouping, provided that such method reflects the...

26 CFR 1.861-8T - Computation of taxable income from sources within the United States and from other sources and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... income. In determining the method of apportionment for a specific deduction, examples of bases and..., research and development expenses, and certain other deductions. The effects on tax liability of the... comparative value of assets that generate income within each grouping, provided that such method reflects the...

26 CFR 1.861-8T - Computation of taxable income from sources within the United States and from other sources and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... income. In determining the method of apportionment for a specific deduction, examples of bases and..., research and development expenses, and certain other deductions. The effects on tax liability of the... comparative value of assets that generate income within each grouping, provided that such method reflects the...

26 CFR 1.861-8T - Computation of taxable income from sources within the United States and from other sources and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... income. In determining the method of apportionment for a specific deduction, examples of bases and..., research and development expenses, and certain other deductions. The effects on tax liability of the... comparative value of assets that generate income within each grouping, provided that such method reflects the...

49 CFR 1152.33 - Apportionment rules for the assignment of expenses to on-branch costs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... between diesel and other (electric). The costs for these accounts for yard locomotives shall be assigned to the branch separately for diesel and electric locomotives on the basis of the ratio of branch diesel and electric yard locomotive unit-hours to the total system diesel and electric yard locomotive...

49 CFR 1152.33 - Apportionment rules for the assignment of expenses to on-branch costs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... between diesel and other (electric). The costs for these accounts for yard locomotives shall be assigned to the branch separately for diesel and electric locomotives on the basis of the ratio of branch diesel and electric yard locomotive unit-hours to the total system diesel and electric yard locomotive...

SOURCE APPORTIONMENT OF INDOOR, OUTDOOR, AND PERSONAL PM2.5 IN SEATTLE, WASHINGTON, USING POSITIVE MATRIX FACTORIZATION

EPA Science Inventory

As part of a large exposure assessment and health effects panel study, 33 trace elements and light-absorbing carbon were measured on 24-hr particulate matter with an aero-dynamic diameter <2.5 um (PM2.5) fixed-site filter samples collected between September 26, 2000, and May 25, ...

76 FR 57679 - Fisheries of the Exclusive Economic Zone Off Alaska; Shallow-Water Species by Vessels Using Trawl...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-16

.... 101126522-0640-02] RIN 0648-XA704 Fisheries of the Exclusive Economic Zone Off Alaska; Shallow- Water... closure. SUMMARY: NMFS is opening directed fishing for shallow-water species by vessels using trawl gear... apportionment of the 2011 Pacific halibut bycatch allowance specified for the trawl shallow-water species...

EVALUATION OF THE CMB AND PMF MODELS USING ORGANIC MOLECULAR MARKERS IN FINE PARTICULATE MATTER COLLECTED DURING THE PITTSBURGH AIR QUALITY STUDY

EPA Science Inventory

This research investigated different strategies for source apportionment of airborne fine particulate matter (PM2.5) collected as part of the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study. Two source receptor models were used, the EPA Chemical Mass Balance 8.2 (CMB) and EPA Positive Matrix Facto...

From Statehouse to Schoolhouse: Education Finance Apportionment Systems in the United States

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Verstegen, Deborah A.; Knoeppel, Robert C.

2012-01-01

This research investigates state finance policies for public elementary and secondary education using survey methodology. The purpose is to update the existing knowledge base in the field as well as to provide a compendium of finance and policy options that are being used across the states to finance school for lawmakers, educators and others.…

77 FR 30248 - Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans; State of Idaho; Regional Haze State...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-22

... range (or deciview), which is the greatest distance, in kilometers or miles, at which a dark object can... Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions (CAMx) and Particulate Matter Source Apportionment Technology... air for NO X , wet flue gas desulfurization for SO 2 and the existing baghouse for particulate matter...

26 CFR 1.861-11T - Special rules for allocating and apportioning interest expense of an affiliated group of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... limitations on passive income, high withholding interest income, financial services income, shipping income... profits because Z owns less than 10 percent of the stock) which would be considered to generate passive... 10 percent foreign passive. Y deducts its related person interest payment using those apportionment...

42 CFR 417.560 - Apportionment: Part B physician and supplier services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... HMO or CMP or by a related entity of the HMO or CMP must be apportioned on the basis of the ratio of... reasonable cost the HMO or CMP pays under its financial arrangement with the physician or supplier must be apportioned between Medicare enrollees and others based on the ratio of covered services furnished to Medicare...

26 CFR 1.861-9T - Allocation and apportionment of interest expense (temporary).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... approach recognizes that all activities and property require funds and that management has a great deal of..., taxpayer borrows 100 units of foreign currency for a three-year period bearing interest at the annual rate... sale of the receivable, it bears interest at a rate which is at least 120 percent of the short term...

26 CFR 1.861-9T - Allocation and apportionment of interest expense (temporary).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... approach recognizes that all activities and property require funds and that management has a great deal of..., taxpayer borrows 100 units of foreign currency for a three-year period bearing interest at the annual rate... sale of the receivable, it bears interest at a rate which is at least 120 percent of the short term...

77 FR 27277 - FTA Supplemental Fiscal Year 2012 Apportionments, Allocations, and Program Information

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-09

... allocates Section 5309 Bus and Bus Facilities funds to bus testing and the Fuel Cell program. Tables... Fuel Cell program. FTA will issue a supplemental notice at a later date if additional contract... allocated CA, GA, MA E2012-BUSP-018 Fuel Cell Bus Program..... $13,500,000 PA E2012-BUSP-019 Bus Testing 3...

23 CFR 192.6 - Period of availability of withheld funds.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 23 Highways 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Period of availability of withheld funds. 192.6 Section... for apportionment as follows: (1) If the funds would have been apportioned under 23 U.S.C. 104(b)(5)(A... funds are authorized to be appropriated. (2) If the funds would have been apportioned under 23 U.S.C...

23 CFR 192.6 - Period of availability of withheld funds.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 23 Highways 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Period of availability of withheld funds. 192.6 Section... for apportionment as follows: (1) If the funds would have been apportioned under 23 U.S.C. 104(b)(5)(A... funds are authorized to be appropriated. (2) If the funds would have been apportioned under 23 U.S.C...

23 CFR 192.6 - Period of availability of withheld funds.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 23 Highways 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Period of availability of withheld funds. 192.6 Section... for apportionment as follows: (1) If the funds would have been apportioned under 23 U.S.C. 104(b)(5)(A... funds are authorized to be appropriated. (2) If the funds would have been apportioned under 23 U.S.C...

23 CFR 192.9 - Effect of noncompliance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 23 Highways 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Effect of noncompliance. 192.9 Section 192.9 Highways... LICENSE SUSPENSION § 192.9 Effect of noncompliance. If a State has not met the requirements of 23 U.S.C... apportionment under 23 U.S.C. 104(b)(5), shall lapse and be made available by the Secretary for projects in...

23 CFR 192.6 - Period of availability of withheld funds.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 23 Highways 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Period of availability of withheld funds. 192.6 Section... for apportionment as follows: (1) If the funds would have been apportioned under 23 U.S.C. 104(b)(5)(A... funds are authorized to be appropriated. (2) If the funds would have been apportioned under 23 U.S.C...

23 CFR 192.9 - Effect of noncompliance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 23 Highways 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Effect of noncompliance. 192.9 Section 192.9 Highways... LICENSE SUSPENSION § 192.9 Effect of noncompliance. If a State has not met the requirements of 23 U.S.C... apportionment under 23 U.S.C. 104(b)(5), shall lapse and be made available by the Secretary for projects in...

23 CFR 192.9 - Effect of noncompliance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 23 Highways 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Effect of noncompliance. 192.9 Section 192.9 Highways... LICENSE SUSPENSION § 192.9 Effect of noncompliance. If a State has not met the requirements of 23 U.S.C... apportionment under 23 U.S.C. 104(b)(5), shall lapse and be made available by the Secretary for projects in...