In vivo fluorescence imaging of atherosclerotic plaques with activatable cell-penetrating peptides targeting thrombin activity†

PubMed Central

Olson, Emilia S.; Whitney, Michael A.; Friedman, Beth; Aguilera, Todd A.; Crisp, Jessica L.; Baik, Fred M.; Jiang, Tao; Baird, Stephen M.; Tsimikas, Sotirios; Tsien, Roger Y.

2012-01-01

Thrombin and other coagulation enzymes have been shown to be important during atherosclerotic disease development. Study of these proteases is currently limited because of lack of robust molecular imaging agents for imaging protease activity in vivo. Activatable cell penetrating peptides (ACPPs) have been used to monitor MMP activity in tumors and, in principle, can be modified to detect other proteases. We have developed a probe that incorporates the peptide sequence DPRSFL from the proteinase activated receptor 1 (PAR-1) into an ACPP and shown that it is preferentially cleaved by purified thrombin. Active thrombin in serum cleaves DPRSFL–ACPP with >90% inhibition by lepirudin or argatroban. The DPRSFL–ACPP cleavage product accumulated in advanced atherosclerotic lesions in living mice, with 85% reduction in retention upon pre-injection of mice with hirudin. Uptake of the ACPP cleavage product was highest in plaques with histological features associated with more severe disease. Freshly resected human atheromas bathed in DPRSFL–ACPP retained 63% greater cleavage product compared to control ACPP. In conclusion, DPRSFL–ACPP can be used to study thrombin activity in coagulation and atherosclerosis with good spatial and temporal resolution. Thrombin-sensitive ACPPs may be developed into probes for early detection and intraoperative imaging of high risk atherosclerotic plaques. PMID:22534729

In vivo fluorescence imaging of atherosclerotic plaques with activatable cell-penetrating peptides targeting thrombin activity.

PubMed

Olson, Emilia S; Whitney, Michael A; Friedman, Beth; Aguilera, Todd A; Crisp, Jessica L; Baik, Fred M; Jiang, Tao; Baird, Stephen M; Tsimikas, Sotirios; Tsien, Roger Y; Nguyen, Quyen T

2012-06-01

Thrombin and other coagulation enzymes have been shown to be important during atherosclerotic disease development. Study of these proteases is currently limited because of lack of robust molecular imaging agents for imaging protease activity in vivo. Activatable cell penetrating peptides (ACPPs) have been used to monitor MMP activity in tumors and, in principle, can be modified to detect other proteases. We have developed a probe that incorporates the peptide sequence DPRSFL from the proteinase activated receptor 1 (PAR-1) into an ACPP and shown that it is preferentially cleaved by purified thrombin. Active thrombin in serum cleaves DPRSFL-ACPP with >90% inhibition by lepirudin or argatroban. The DPRSFL-ACPP cleavage product accumulated in advanced atherosclerotic lesions in living mice, with 85% reduction in retention upon pre-injection of mice with hirudin. Uptake of the ACPP cleavage product was highest in plaques with histological features associated with more severe disease. Freshly resected human atheromas bathed in DPRSFL-ACPP retained 63% greater cleavage product compared to control ACPP. In conclusion, DPRSFL-ACPP can be used to study thrombin activity in coagulation and atherosclerosis with good spatial and temporal resolution. Thrombin-sensitive ACPPs may be developed into probes for early detection and intraoperative imaging of high risk atherosclerotic plaques.

Elevated plasma factor VIII enhances venous thrombus formation in rabbits: contribution of factor XI, von Willebrand factor and tissue factor.

PubMed

Sugita, Chihiro; Yamashita, Atsushi; Matsuura, Yunosuke; Iwakiri, Takashi; Okuyama, Nozomi; Matsuda, Shuntaro; Matsumoto, Tomoko; Inoue, Osamu; Harada, Aya; Kitazawa, Takehisa; Hattori, Kunihiro; Shima, Midori; Asada, Yujiro

2013-07-01

Elevated plasma levels of factor VIII (FVIII) are associated with increased risk of deep venous thrombosis. The aim of this study is to elucidate how elevated FVIII levels affect venous thrombus formation and propagation in vivo. We examined rabbit plasma FVIII activity, plasma thrombin generation, whole blood coagulation, platelet aggregation and venous wall thrombogenicity before and one hour after an intravenous infusion of recombinant human FVIII (rFVIII). Venous thrombus induced by the endothelial denudation of rabbit jugular veins was histologically assessed. Thrombus propagation was evaluated as indocyanine green fluorescence intensity. Argatroban, a thrombin inhibitor, and neutralised antibodies for tissue factor (TF), factor XI (FXI), and von Willebrand factor (VWF) were infused before or after thrombus induction to investigate their effects on venous thrombus formation or propagation. Recombinant FVIII (100 IU/kg) increased rabbit plasma FVIII activity two-fold and significantly enhanced whole blood coagulation and total plasma thrombin generation, but did not affect initial thrombin generation time, platelet aggregation and venous wall thrombogenicity. The rFVIII infusion also increased the size of venous thrombus 1 hour after thrombus induction. Argatroban and the antibodies for TF, FXI or VWF inhibited such enhanced thrombus formation and all except TF suppressed thrombus propagation. In conclusion, elevated plasma FVIII levels enhance venous thrombus formation and propagation. Excess thrombin generation by FXI and VWF-mediated FVIII recruitment appear to contribute to the growth of FVIII-driven venous thrombus.

Spontaneous HIT syndrome post-knee replacement surgery with delayed recovery of thrombocytopenia: a case report and literature review.

PubMed

Poudel, Dilli Ram; Ghimire, Sushil; Dhital, Rashmi; Forman, Daniel A; Warkentin, Theodore E

2017-09-01

Recently published reports have established a heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)-mimicking thromboembolic disorder without proximate heparin exposure, called spontaneous HIT syndrome. Although the pathophysiology remains unclear, anti-platelet factor 4 (PF4)/heparin antibodies possibly triggered by exposure to knee cartilage glycosaminoglycans or other non-heparin polyanions found on bacterial surfaces and nucleic acids have been postulated. We present a 53-year-old female receiving antithrombotic prophylaxis with aspirin following right total knee replacement surgery (without perioperative or any previous lifetime heparin exposure) who acutely presented with high-risk pulmonary embolism (PE) and right great saphenous vein thrombophlebitis on postoperative day (POD) 14; her platelet count at presentation was 13 × 10 9 /L. Prior to diagnostic consideration of spontaneous HIT syndrome, the patient briefly received unfractionated heparin (UFH) and one dose of enoxaparin. The patient's serum tested strongly positive for anti-PF4/heparin antibodies by two different PF4-dependent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and by serotonin release assay (SRA). Failure of fondaparinux anticoagulation (persisting HIT-associated disseminated intravascular coagulation) prompted switching to argatroban. Severe thrombocytopenia persisted (platelet count nadir, 12 × 10 9 /L, on POD21), and 9 days after starting argatroban symptomatic right leg deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) occurred, prompting switch to rivaroxaban. Thereafter, her course was uneventful, although platelet count recovery was prolonged, reaching 99 × 10 9 /L by POD45 and 199 × 10 9 /L by POD79. The patient's serum elicited strong serotonin release in the absence of heparin (seen even with 1/32 serum dilution) that was enhanced by pharmacological concentrations of UFH (0.1 and 0.3 IU/mL) and fondaparinux (0.1-1.2 μg/mL, i.e., in vitro fondaparinux "cross-reactivity"). Ultimately, platelet count recovery was associated with seroreversion to a negative SRA (documented at POD151). Our literature review identified joint replacement surgery, specifically knee replacement, to be a relatively common trigger of spontaneous HIT syndrome. Further, including our patient case, 5 of 7 patients with spontaneous HIT syndrome post-orthopedic surgery who received treatment with argatroban developed new and/or progressive lower-limb DVT or recurrent PE despite anticoagulation with this parenteral direct thrombin inhibitor, suggesting that this patient population is at high risk of breakthrough thrombotic events despite treatment with this HIT treatment-approved anticoagulant. Our case also illustrates successful outcome with rivaroxaban for treatment of spontaneous HIT syndrome, consistent with emerging literature supporting safety and efficacy of direct oral anticoagulant therapy for treatment of acute HIT.

Gateways to clinical trials.

PubMed

Bayes, M; Rabasseda, X; Prous, J R

2002-05-01

Gateways to Clinical Trials is a guide to the most recent clinical trials in current literature and congresses. The data in the following tables can be retrieved from the Clinical Studies knowledge area of Prous Science Integrity, the drug discovery and development portal, http://integrity.prous.com. This issue focuses on the following selection of drugs: Abacavir sulfate, abarelix, abciximab, acarbose, alefacept, alteplase, amisulpride, amoxicillin trihydrate, apomorphine hydrochloride, aprepitant, argatroban monohydrate, aspirin, atenolol; Betamethasone dipropionate, betamethasone valerate, bicalutamide, bleomycin sulfate; Calcium carbonate, candesartan cilexetil, celecoxib, cetirizine hydrochloride, cisplatin, clarithromycin, clavulanate potassium, clomethiazole edisilate, clopidogrel hydrogensulfate, cyclophosphamide, chorionic gonadotropin (human); Dalteparin sodium, desloratadine, dexamethasone, doxorubicin, DPC-083; Efalizumab, efavirenz, enoxaparin sodium, eprosartan mesilate, etanercept, etoposide, ezetimibe; Faropenem daloxate, fenofibrate, fluocinolone acetonide, flutamide, fluvastatin sodium, follitropin beta, fondaparinux sodium; Gabapentin, glibenclamide, goserelin, granisetron hydrochloride; Haloperidol, hydrochlorothiazide; Imiquimod, interferon beta-1a, irbesartan, iseganan hydrochloride; L-758298, lamivudine, lanoteplase, leflunomide, leuprorelin acetate, loratadine, losartan potassium; Melagatran, metformin hydrochloride, methotrexate, metronidazole, micafungin sodium, mitoxantrone hydrochloride; Nelfinavir mesilate, neutral insulin injection, nizatidine; Olopatadine hydrochloride, omeprazole, ondansetron hydrochloride; Pamidronate sodium, paracetamol, paroxetine hydrochloride, perindopril, pimecrolimus, pioglitazone hydrochloride, piroxicam, pleconaril, pralmorelin, pravastatin sodium, prednisolone, prednisone, propofol; Raloxifene hydrochloride, ranpirnase, remifentanil hydrochloride, risedronate sodium, risperidone, rofecoxib, ropinirole hydrochloride, rosuvastatin calcium; Sevoflurane, sildenafil citrate, simvastatin, somatropin; Tacrolimus, tamoxifen citrate, telmisartan, temozolomide, thiopental sodium, tinzaparin sodium, tirofiban hydrochloride, treosulfan, triamcinolone acetonide; Urokinase; Valsartan, vardenafil, vincristine; Warfarin sodium; Ximelagatran; Zidovudine.

Treatment and Prevention of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia

PubMed Central

Dans, Antonio L.; Moores, Lisa K.; Bona, Robert; Davidson, Bruce L.; Schulman, Sam; Crowther, Mark

2012-01-01

Background: Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an antibody-mediated adverse drug reaction that can lead to devastating thromboembolic complications, including pulmonary embolism, ischemic limb necrosis necessitating limb amputation, acute myocardial infarction, and stroke. Methods: The methods of this guideline follow the Methodology for the Development of Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis Guidelines: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines in this supplement. Results: Among the key recommendations for this article are the following: For patients receiving heparin in whom clinicians consider the risk of HIT to be > 1%, we suggest that platelet count monitoring be performed every 2 or 3 days from day 4 to day 14 (or until heparin is stopped, whichever occurs first) (Grade 2C). For patients receiving heparin in whom clinicians consider the risk of HIT to be < 1%, we suggest that platelet counts not be monitored (Grade 2C). In patients with HIT with thrombosis (HITT) or isolated HIT who have normal renal function, we suggest the use of argatroban or lepirudin or danaparoid over other nonheparin anticoagulants (Grade 2C). In patients with HITT and renal insufficiency, we suggest the use of argatroban over other nonheparin anticoagulants (Grade 2C). In patients with acute HIT or subacute HIT who require urgent cardiac surgery, we suggest the use of bivalirudin over other nonheparin anticoagulants or heparin plus antiplatelet agents (Grade 2C). Conclusions: Further studies evaluating the role of fondaparinux and the new oral anticoagulants in the treatment of HIT are needed. PMID:22315270

Heparin Resistance and Anticoagulation Failure in a Challenging Case of Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis.

PubMed

King, Adam B; O'Duffy, Anne E; Kumar, Avinash B

2016-07-01

We report a challenging case of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (multiple etiologic factors) that was complicated by heparin resistance secondary to suspected antithrombin III (ATIII) deficiency. A 20-year-old female previously healthy and currently 8 weeks pregnant presented with worsening headaches, nausea, and decreasing Glasgow Coma Scale/Score (GCS), necessitating mechanical ventilatory support. Imaging showed extensive clots in multiple cerebral venous sinuses including the superior sagittal sinus, transverse, sigmoid, jugular veins, and the straight sinus. She was started on systemic anticoagulation and underwent mechanical clot removal and catheter-directed endovascular thrombolysis with limited success. Complicating the intensive care unit care was the development of heparin resistance, with an inability to reach the target partial thomboplastin time (PTT) of 60 to 80 seconds. At her peak heparin dose, she was receiving >35 000 units/24 h, and her PTT was subtherapeutic at <50 seconds. Deficiency of ATIII was suspected as a possible etiology of her heparin resistance. Fresh frozen plasma was administered for ATIII level repletion. Given her high thrombogenic risk and challenges with conventional anticoagulation regimens, we transitioned to argatroban for systemic anticoagulation. Heparin produces its major anticoagulant effect by inactivating thrombin and factor X through an AT-dependent mechanism. For inhibition of thrombin, heparin must bind to both the coagulation enzyme and the AT. A deficiency of AT leads to a hypercoagulable state and decreased efficacy of heparin that places patients at high risk of thromboembolism. Heparin resistance, especially in the setting of critical illness, should raise the index of suspicion for AT deficiency. Argatroban is an alternate agent for systemic anticoagulation in the setting of heparin resistance.

Think of HIT.

PubMed

Warkentin, Theodore E

2006-01-01

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, or HIT, can present in many ways, ranging from common-isolated thrombocytopenia, venous thromboembolism, acute limb ischemia-to less common but specific presentations-necrotizing skin lesions at heparin injection sites, post-bolus acute systemic reactions, and adrenal hemorrhagic necrosis (secondary to adrenal vein thrombosis). Many patients with HIT have mild or moderate thrombocytopenia: the median platelet count nadir is 60 x 10(9)/L, and ranges from 15 to 150 x 10(9)/L in 90% of patients, most of whom evince a 50% or greater fall in the platelet count. HIT that begins after stopping heparin ("delayed-onset HIT") is increasingly recognized. Factors influencing risk of HIT include type of heparin (unfractionated heparin > low-molecular-weight heparin), type of patient (surgical > medical), and gender (female > male). Since timely diagnosis and treatment of HIT may reduce the risk of adverse outcomes, this review focuses on those clinical circumstances that should prompt the clinician to "think of HIT." Coumarin anticoagulants such as warfarin are ineffective in acute HIT and can even be deleterious by predisposing to micro-thrombosis via protein C depletion (venous limb gangrene and skin necrosis syndromes). Thus, it is important to avoid or postpone coumarin while managing HIT hypercoagulability, focusing on agents that inhibit thrombin directly (lepirudin, argatroban) or that inhibit its generation (danaparoid, fondaparinux). Post-marketing experience suggests that standard dosing of lepirudin is too high; current recommendations are to avoid the initial lepirudin bolus and to begin with lower infusion rates, even in patients without overt renal dysfunction.

An Apparatus for Pressure Injection of Solutions into Trees

Treesearch

Thomas W. Jones; Garold F. Gregory; Garold F. Gregory

1971-01-01

The construction and use of an apparatus for injecting solutions under pressure into trees is described. A unique and important feature of the apparatus is that it permits injection of solutions into the outermost sapwood. It has been used to inject dye solutions and solubilized benomyl into elm, oak, and maple.

Intramuscular temperature modulates glutamate-evoked masseter muscle pain intensity in humans.

PubMed

Sato, Hitoshi; Castrillon, Eduardo E; Cairns, Brian E; Bendixen, Karina H; Wang, Kelun; Nakagawa, Taneaki; Wajima, Koichi; Svensson, Peter

2015-01-01

To determine whether glutamate-evoked jaw muscle pain is altered by the temperature of the solution injected. Sixteen healthy volunteers participated and received injections of hot (48°C), neutral (36°C), or cold (3°C) solutions (0.5 mL) of glutamate or isotonic saline into the masseter muscle. Pain intensity was assessed with an electronic visual analog scale (eVAS). Numeric rating scale (NRS) scores of unpleasantness and temperature perception, pain-drawing areas, and pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) were also measured. Participants filled out the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ). Two-way or three-way repeated measures ANOVA were used for data analyses. Injection of hot glutamate and cold glutamate solutions significantly increased and decreased, respectively, the peak pain intensity compared with injection of neutral glutamate solution. The duration of glutamate-evoked pain was significantly longer when hot glutamate was injected than when cold glutamate was injected. No significant effect of temperature on pain intensity was observed when isotonic saline was injected. No effect of solution temperature was detected on unpleasantness, heat perception, cold perception, area of pain drawings, or PPTs. There was a significantly greater use of the "numb" term in the MPQ to describe the injection of cold solutions compared to the injection of both neutral and hot solutions. Glutamate-evoked jaw muscle pain was significantly altered by the temperature of the injection solution. Although temperature perception in the jaw muscle is poor, pain intensity is increased when the muscle tissue temperature is elevated.

Effect of dexmedetomidine injected into the oral mucosa in combination with lidocaine on local anesthetic potency in humans: a crossover double-blind study.

PubMed

Yamane, Ayaka; Higuchi, Hitoshi; Tomoyasu, Yumiko; Ishii-Maruhama, Minako; Maeda, Shigeru; Miyawaki, Takuya

2015-04-01

Recently, attention has been paid to dexmedetomidine, a selective α-2 adrenoceptor agonist, as a possible additive for local anesthesia. However, the effect of locally injected dexmedetomidine on the anesthetic action in humans has not fully been clarified. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine injected into the oral mucosa in combination with lidocaine on local anesthetic potency in humans. Twenty healthy volunteers were included in the present crossover double-blinded study. Lidocaine solution or lidocaine plus dexmedetomidine solution was submucosally injected into the alveolar mucosa in a crossover and double-blinded manner. The local anesthetic effect of the solutions was evaluated by measuring the current perception threshold (CPT) in the oral mucosa for 120 minutes after injection. Furthermore, the sedation level, blood pressure, and heart rate of the volunteers were evaluated. For statistical analysis, the Wilcoxon signed rank test and 2-way repeated measures analysis of variation were used. The CPT was increased with the 2 solutions and peaked 10 minutes after injection. CPT values 10 and 20 minutes after injection of lidocaine plus dexmedetomidine solution were considerably higher than those with lidocaine solution. The duration of an important increase in the CPT after injection with lidocaine plus dexmedetomidine solution was longer than that with lidocaine. Furthermore, the area under the time curve of CPT was considerably higher with lidocaine plus dexmedetomidine solution than with lidocaine solution. No volunteer showed a change in sedation level, blood pressure, or heart rate after injection with either test solution throughout the experiment. The present study showed that a combination of dexmedetomidine plus lidocaine considerably enhances the local anesthetic potency of lidocaine without any major influences on the cardiovascular system when locally injected into the oral mucosa. Copyright © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The effects of injected solution temperature on intravenous regional anaesthesia.

PubMed

Paul, D L; Logan, M R; Wildsmith, J A

1988-05-01

Ten healthy volunteers received three standard Bier's blocks. Prilocaine 0.5%, 40 ml was injected at a solution temperature of 0 degrees C, 22 degrees C or 37 degrees C. Recordings were made of sensory block, motor block, intravenous pressure, limb temperature and pain on injection. There were no differences between the three treatments in the rate of development or in the quality of block but there was a significant difference in the comfort of injection. Cold solutions caused most, and warm solutions least discomfort.

Saline as the Sole Contrast Agent for Successful MRI-guided Epidural Injections

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Deli, Martin, E-mail: martin.deli@web.de; Fritz, Jan, E-mail: jfritz9@jhmi.edu; Mateiescu, Serban, E-mail: mateiescu@microtherapy.de

Purpose. To assess the performance of sterile saline solution as the sole contrast agent for percutaneous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided epidural injections at 1.5 T. Methods. A retrospective analysis of two different techniques of MRI-guided epidural injections was performed with either gadolinium-enhanced saline solution or sterile saline solution for documentation of the epidural location of the needle tip. T1-weighted spoiled gradient echo (FLASH) images or T2-weighted single-shot turbo spin echo (HASTE) images visualized the test injectants. Methods were compared by technical success rate, image quality, table time, and rate of complications. Results. 105 MRI-guided epidural injections (12 of 105 withmore » gadolinium-enhanced saline solution and 93 of 105 with sterile saline solution) were performed successfully and without complications. Visualization of sterile saline solution and gadolinium-enhanced saline solution was sufficient, good, or excellent in all 105 interventions. For either test injectant, quantitative image analysis demonstrated comparable high contrast-to-noise ratios of test injectants to adjacent body substances with reliable statistical significance levels (p < 0.001). The mean table time was 22 {+-} 9 min in the gadolinium-enhanced saline solution group and 22 {+-} 8 min in the saline solution group (p = 0.75). Conclusion. Sterile saline is suitable as the sole contrast agent for successful and safe percutaneous MRI-guided epidural drug delivery at 1.5 T.« less

Injection of beef strip loins with solutions containing sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium lactate, and sodium chloride to enhance palatability.

PubMed

Vote, D J; Platter, W J; Tatum, J D; Schmidt, G R; Belk, K E; Smith, G C; Speer, N C

2000-04-01

Beef strip loins (46 U.S. Choice loins and 49 U.S. Select loins) were used to evaluate the potential for enhancing beef tenderness, juiciness, and flavor by injecting fresh cuts with solutions containing sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium lactate, and sodium chloride. One half of each loin served as an untreated control, and the other half was injected with either distilled water (110% of raw weight) or a solution containing phosphate/lactate/chloride solution (107.5, 110, 112.5, or 115% of raw weight). All phosphate/lactate/chloride solutions were formulated to produce injected product concentrations of .25% sodium tripolyphosphate, .5% sodium chloride, and 2.5% sodium lactate. Ten additional U.S. Select loins were injected to 110% of raw weight with a phosphate-only solution (final product concentration of .25% sodium tripolyphosphate) for comparison with Select loins injected to 110% with phosphate/lactate/chloride and with distilled water. Steaks from each control and treated loin section were cooked to two final internal temperatures (66 degrees C and 77 degrees C) for sensory panel evaluation and shear force measurement. Injection of subprimal cuts with phosphate/lactate/chloride solutions improved tenderness (P < .05), juiciness (P < .05), and cooked beef flavor (P < .10) of strip loin steaks and was especially effective for maintaining tenderness and juiciness of steaks cooked to the higher final internal temperature. Injection of Select loins with a solution containing only sodium tripolyphosphate was not effective for improving beef tenderness or juiciness and tended to impart off-flavors characterized by sensory panelists as soapy and sour. Injection of fresh cuts with phosphate/lactate/chloride solutions could assist the beef industry's efforts to improve product quality and consistency.

Modeling the Influence of Injection Modes on the Evolution of Solution Sprays in a Plasma Jet

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shan, Y.; Coyle, T. W.; Mostaghimi, J.

2010-01-01

Solution precursor plasma spraying (SPPS) is a novel technology with great potential for depositing finely structured ceramic coatings with nano- and sub-micrometric features. The solution is injected into the plasma jet either as a liquid stream or gas atomized droplets. Solution droplets or the stream interact with the plasma jet and break up into fine droplets. The solvent vaporizes very fast as the droplets travel downstream. Solid particles are finally formed, and the particle are heated up and accelerated to the substrate to generate the coating. The deposition process and the properties of coatings obtained are extremely sensitive to the process parameters, such as torch operating conditions, injection modes, injection parameters, and substrate temperatures. This article numerically investigates the effect of injection modes, a liquid stream injection and a gas-blast injection, on the size distribution of injected droplets. The particle/droplet size, temperature, and position distributions on the substrate are predicted for different injection modes.

Microfluidic Device for Sequential Injection and Flushing of Solutions and its Application to Immunosensing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nashida, Norihiro; Suzuki, Hiroaki

A microfluidic system with injecting and flushing functions was developed. In the system, hydrophilic flow channels have a dry-film photoresist layer which facilitates the introduction of solutions from four injection ports. The injection and flushing of solutions are controlled by valves operated by electrowetting. The valves consist of gold working electrodes in the flow channels or a through-hole in the glass substrate. Solutions can be sequentially introduced through the injection ports into a reaction chamber and flushed through a valve in the through-hole. Necessary immunoassay steps can be conducted on the chip, and a target antibody can be detected electrochemically.

Epidural migration of new methylene blue in 0.9% sodium chloride solution or 2% mepivacaine solution following injection into the first intercoccygeal space in foal cadavers and anesthetized foals undergoing laparoscopy.

PubMed

Lansdowne, Jennifer L; Kerr, Carolyn L; Bouré, Ludovic P; Pearce, Simon G

2005-08-01

To determine the relationship between epidural cranial migration and injectate volume of an isotonic solution containing dye in laterally recumbent foal cadavers and evaluate the cranial migration and dermatome analgesia of an epidural dye solution during conditions of laparoscopy in foals. 19 foal cadavers and 8 pony foals. Foal cadavers received an epidural injection of dye solution (0.05, 0.1, 0.15, or 0.2 mL/kg) containing 1.2 mg of new methylene blue (NMB)/mL of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. Length of the dye column and number of intervertebral spaces cranial and caudal to the injection site were measured. Anesthetized foals received an epidural injection of dye solution (0.2 mL/kg) containing saline solution or 2% mepivacaine. Foals were placed in a 100 head-down position, and pneumoperitoneum was induced. Dermatome analgesia was determined by use of a described electrical stimulus technique. Foals were euthanatized, and length of the dye column was measured. Epidural cranial migration of dye solution in foal cadavers increased with increasing volume injected. No significant difference was found in epidural cranial migration of a dye solution (0.2 mL/kg) between anesthetized foals undergoing conditions of laparoscopy and foal cadavers in lateral recumbency. Further craniad migration of the dye column occurred than indicated by dermatome analgesia. Epidural cranial migration increases with volume of injectate. On the basis of dermatome analgesia, an epidural injection of 2% mepivacaine (0.2 mL/kg) alone provides analgesia up to at least the caudal thoracic dermatome and could permit caudal laparoscopic surgical procedures in foals.

Detection of Subclinical Arthritis in Mice by a Thrombin Receptor-Derived Imaging Agent.

PubMed

Friedman, Beth; Whitney, Michael A; Savariar, Elamprakash N; Caneda, Christa; Steinbach, Paul; Xiong, Qing; Hingorani, Dina V; Crisp, Jessica; Adams, Stephen R; Kenner, Michael; Lippert, Csilla N; Nguyen, Quyen T; Guma, Monica; Tsien, Roger Y; Corr, Maripat

2018-01-01

Functional imaging of synovitis could improve both early detection of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and long-term outcomes. Given the intersection of inflammation with coagulation protease activation, this study was undertaken to examine coagulation protease activities in arthritic mice with a dual-fluorescence ratiometric activatable cell-penetrating peptide (RACPP) that has a linker, norleucine (Nle)-TPRSFL, with a cleavage site for thrombin. K/BxN-transgenic mice with chronic arthritis and mice with day 1 passive serum-transfer arthritis were imaged in vivo for Cy5:Cy7 emission ratiometric fluorescence from proteolytic cleavage and activation of RACPP NleTPRSFL . Joint thickness in mice with serum-transfer arthritis was measured from days 0 to 10. The cleavage-evoked release of Cy5-tagged tissue-adhesive fragments enabled microscopic correlation with immunohistochemistry for inflammatory markers. Thrombin dependence of ratiometric fluorescence was tested by ex vivo application of RACPP NleTPRSFL and argatroban to cryosections obtained from mouse hind paws on day 1 of serum-transfer arthritis. In chronic arthritis, RACPP NleTPRSFL fluorescence ratios of Cy5:Cy7 emission were significantly higher in diseased swollen ankles of K/BxN-transgenic mice than in normal mouse ankles. A high ratio of RACPP NleTPRSFL fluorescence in mouse ankles and toes on day 1 of serum-transfer arthritis correlated with subsequent joint swelling. Foci of high ratiometric fluorescence localized to inflammation, as demarcated by immune reactivity for citrullinated histones, macrophages, mast cells, and neutrophils, in soft tissue on day 1 of serum-transfer arthritis. Ex vivo application of RACPP NleTPRSFL to cryosections obtained from mice on day 1 of serum-transfer arthritis produced ratiometric fluorescence that was inhibited by argatroban. RACPP NleTPRSFL activation detects established experimental arthritis, and the detection of inflammation by RACPP NleTPRSFL on day 1 of serum-transfer arthritis correlates with disease progression. © 2017, American College of Rheumatology.

Contamination of injectable solutions with 2-mercaptobenzothiazole leached from rubber closures.

PubMed

Reepmeyer, J C; Juhl, Y H

1983-11-01

An impurity, discovered in a sample of digoxin injectable solution commercially packaged in a syringe for single-dose delivery, was found to originate from the rubber closure of the syringe and was identified as 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, a common accelerator for rubber vulcanization. Several similarly packaged injectable solutions of a variety of drugs from various manufacturers were examined and over half contained 2-mercaptobenzothiazole. The compound was identified by UV spectrophotometry (including a pH-dependent shift in its absorbance maximum), by mass spectrometry, and by comparison with standard 2-mercaptobenzothiazole using silica gel and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The presence of this impurity in injectable solutions may have implications with regard to toxicity and may interfere with the assay of digoxin injectable solution by HPLC.

An experimental study of wall-injected flows in a rectangular cylinder

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Perrotta, A.; Romano, G. P.; Favini, B.

2018-01-01

An experimental investigation of the flow inside a rectangular cylinder with air injected continuously along the wall is performed. This kind of flow is a two-dimensional approximation of what happens inside a solid rocket motor, where the lateral grain burns expelling exhaust gas or in processes with air filtration or devices to attain uniform flows. We propose a brief derivation of some analytical solutions and a comparison between these solutions and experimental data, which are obtained using the particle image velocimetry technique, to provide a global reconstruction of the flowfield. The flow, which enters orthogonal to the injecting wall, turns suddenly its direction being pushed towards the exit of the chamber. Under the incompressible and inviscid flow hypothesis, two analytical solutions are reported and compared. The first one, known as Hart-McClure solution, is irrotational and the injection velocity is non-perpendicular to the injecting wall. The other one, due to Taylor and Culick, has non-zero vorticity and constant, vertical injection velocity. The comparison with laminar solutions is useful to assess whether transition to turbulence is reached and how the disturbance thrown in by the porous injection influences and modifies those solutions.

On the existence of solutions of an equation arising in the theory of laminar flow in a uniformly porous channel with injection

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shih, K. G.

1986-01-01

The existence of concave solutions of Berman's equation which describes the laminar flow in channels with injection through porous walls is established. It was found that the (unique) concave solutions exist for all injection Reynolds number R < 0.

Crushed and Injected Buprenorphine Tablets: Characteristics of Princeps and Generic Solutions

PubMed Central

Bouquié, Régis; Wainstein, Laura; Pilet, Paul; Mussini, Jean-Marie; Deslandes, Guillaume; Clouet, Johann; Dailly, Eric; Jolliet, Pascale; Victorri-Vigneau, Caroline

2014-01-01

Self-injection of high-dose buprenorphine is responsible for well-described complications. In 2011, we have been alerted by unusual but serious cutaneous complication among injection buprenorphine users. A prospective data collection identified 30 cases of necrotic cutaneous lesions after injection of filtered buprenorphine solution, among which 25 cases occurred following injection of buprenorphine generics. The main goal of our study was to put forward particularities that could explain the cutaneous complications, by qualitatively and quantitatively confronting particles present in Subutex and generics solutions. We used the same protocol that injected-buprenorphine users: generic or subutex tablets were crushed in sterile water and filtered through 2 filters commonly used (cotton-pad and sterifilt). Solutions were analyzed by laser granulometry, flow cytometry and scanning electron microscopy. We have highlighted the wide variation of the quantity and the size of the particles present in solution between the two drugs after cotton-pad filtration. The proportion of particles <10 µm is systematically higher in the generic solutions than with Subutex. All of the insoluble particles found in generic solutions contain silica, whereas non- organic element was to be identified in the insoluble particles of Subutex. One skin biopsy obtained from one patient who developed a necrotic lesion after intravenous injection of filtrated solution of buprenorphine generic, shows non-organic elements. Identification of particles in situ enables us to confirm the presence of silica in the biopsy. Actually the monitoring of patient receiving generic of buprenorphine must be strengthened. PMID:25474108

The effect of injection of high K+ solution into scala media.

PubMed

Fukazawa, T; Ohmura, M; Yagi, N

1987-01-01

Thirty guinea pig ears were studied to investigate the effect of endolymphatic hydrops on the cochlea. High K+ solution was injected into the scala media, and cochlear microphonics (CM) and endocochlear potential (EP) were observed before, during and after the injection. The CM amplitude decreased rapidly after injection, ending in a depressed plateau value. By contrast, EP remained almost unchanged. By changing the composition of the solution it was suggested that the effect of the injection was mechanical one, rather than biochemical. In three ears, spontaneous recovery of CM was observed during a relatively long interval after the injection. The meaning of these findings for the hearing loss in Meniere's disease is discussed.

Coupling the Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer Technology and The Gelation Technology to Maximize Oil Production

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Malcolm Pitts; Jie Qi; Dan Wilson

2005-10-01

Gelation technologies have been developed to provide more efficient vertical sweep efficiencies for flooding naturally fractured oil reservoirs or more efficient areal sweep efficiency for those with high permeability contrast ''thief zones''. The field proven alkaline-surfactant-polymer technology economically recovers 15% to 25% OOIP more oil than waterflooding from swept pore space of an oil reservoir. However, alkaline-surfactant-polymer technology is not amenable to naturally fractured reservoirs or those with thief zones because much of injected solution bypasses target pore space containing oil. This work investigates whether combining these two technologies could broaden applicability of alkaline-surfactant-polymer flooding into these reservoirs. A priormore » fluid-fluid report discussed interaction of different gel chemical compositions and alkaline-surfactant-polymer solutions. Gel solutions under dynamic conditions of linear corefloods showed similar stability to alkaline-surfactant-polymer solutions as in the fluid-fluid analyses. Aluminum-polyacrylamide, flowing gels are not stable to alkaline-surfactant-polymer solutions of either pH 10.5 or 12.9. Chromium acetate-polyacrylamide flowing and rigid flowing gels are stable to subsequent alkaline-surfactant-polymer solution injection. Rigid flowing chromium acetate-polyacrylamide gels maintained permeability reduction better than flowing chromium acetate-polyacrylamide gels. Silicate-polyacrylamide gels are not stable with subsequent injection of either a pH 10.5 or a 12.9 alkaline-surfactant-polymer solution. Chromium acetate-xanthan gum rigid gels are not stable to subsequent alkaline-surfactant-polymer solution injection. Resorcinol-formaldehyde gels were stable to subsequent alkaline-surfactant-polymer solution injection. When evaluated in a dual core configuration, injected fluid flows into the core with the greatest effective permeability to the injected fluid. The same gel stability trends to subsequent alkaline-surfactant-polymer injected solution were observed. Aluminum citrate-polyacrylamide, resorcinol-formaldehyde, and the silicate-polyacrylamide gel systems did not produce significant incremental oil in linear corefloods. Both flowing and rigid flowing chromium acetate-polyacrylamide gels and the xanthan gum-chromium acetate gel system produced incremental oil with the rigid flowing gel producing the greatest amount. Higher oil recovery could have been due to higher differential pressures across cores. None of the gels tested appeared to alter alkaline-surfactant-polymer solution oil recovery. Total waterflood plus chemical flood oil recovery sequence recoveries were all similar. Chromium acetate-polyacrylamide gel used to seal fractured core maintain fracture closure if followed by an alkaline-surfactant-polymer solution. Chromium acetate gels that were stable to injection of alkaline-surfactant-polymer solutions at 72 F were stable to injection of alkaline-surfactant-polymer solutions at 125 F and 175 F in linear corefloods. Chromium acetate-polyacrylamide gels maintained diversion capability after injection of an alkaline-surfactant-polymer solution in stacked; radial coreflood with a common well bore. Xanthan gum-chromium acetate gels maintained gel integrity in linear corefloods after injection of an alkaline-surfactant-polymer solution at 125 F. At 175 F, Xanthan gum-chromium acetate gels were not stable either with or without subsequent alkaline-surfactant-polymer solution injection. Numerical simulation demonstrated that reducing the permeability of a high permeability zone of a reservoir with gel improved both waterflood and alkaline-surfactant-polymer flood oil recovery. A Minnelusa reservoir with both A and B sand production was simulated. A and B sands are separated by a shale layer. A sand and B sand waterflood oil recovery was improved by 196,000 bbls when a gel was placed in the B sand. A sand and B sand alkaline-surfactant-polymer flood oil recovery was improved by 596,000 bbls when a gel was placed in the B sand. Alkaline-surfactant-polymer flood oil recovery improvement over a waterflood was 392,000 bbls. Placing a gel into the B sand prior to an alkaline-surfactant-polymer flood resulted in 989,000 bbl more oil than only water injection.« less

Ficts and facts of epinephrine and norepinephrine stability in injectable solutions.

PubMed

Hoellein, Ludwig; Holzgrabe, Ulrike

2012-09-15

Epinephrine (EPI) and norepinephrine (NE) play an important role in emergency medicine and acute treatment of hypotension and shocks in the intensive care unit. Injectable solutions can either be provided as proprietary medicinal products or as individually prepared dilutions. Due to the chemical structure of EPI and NE, the stability of the corresponding solutions is limited. Thus, most manufacturers of EPI and NE injectable solutions use sulfites and nitrogen for stabilization, Nevertheless, storage conditions such as temperature and light have to be considered, but are often neglected in the daily hospital routine. In addition, hospital pharmacies prepare EPI and NE solutions and dilute commercially available solutions for individual therapy, especially on ICUs. Since the influence of dilution and the presence of excipients and other preservatives are not systematically explored, we collected published data and investigations on stability on the potency of EPI and NE injectable solutions in order to deduce storage recommendations for diluted EPI and NE solutions of different concentration. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Characterization of polymeric solutions as injectable vehicles for hydroxyapatite microspheres.

PubMed

Oliveira, Serafim M; Almeida, Isabel F; Costa, Paulo C; Barrias, Cristina C; Ferreira, M Rosa Pena; Bahia, M Fernanda; Barbosa, Mário A

2010-06-01

A polymeric solution and a reinforcement phase can work as an injectable material to fill up bone defects. However, the properties of the solution should be suitable to enable the transport of that extra phase. Additionally, the use of biocompatible materials is a requirement for tissue regeneration. Thus, we intended to optimize a biocompatible polymeric solution able to carry hydroxyapatite microspheres into bone defects using an orthopedic injectable device. To achieve that goal, polymers usually regarded as biocompatible were selected, namely sodium carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, and Na-alginate (ALG). The rheological properties of the polymeric solutions at different concentrations were assessed by viscosimetry before and after moist heat sterilization. In order to correlate rheological properties with injectability, solutions were tested using an orthopedic device applied for minimal invasive surgeries. Among the three polymers, ALG solutions presented the most suitable properties for our goal and a non-sterile ALG 6% solution was successfully used to perform preliminary injection tests of hydroxyapatite microspheres. Sterile ALG 7.25% solution was found to closely match non-sterile ALG 6% properties and it was selected as the optimal vehicle. Finally, sterile ALG 7.25% physical stability was studied at different temperatures over a 3-month period. It was observed that its rheological properties presented minor changes when stored at 25 degrees C or at 4 degrees C.

Simple and rapid analysis of endocrine disruptors in liquid medicines and intravenous injection solutions by automated in-tube solid-phase microextraction/high performance liquid chromatography.

PubMed

Mitani, Kurie; Narimatsu, Shizuo; Izushi, Fumio; Kataoka, Hiroyuki

2003-07-14

A simple and rapid method was developed for analyzing contamination of endocrine disruptors in liquid medicines and intravenous injection solutions. Endocrine disrupting compounds such as bisphenol A (BPA), alkylphenols and phthalates were quantitated by on-line in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography (in-tube SPME/HPLC) with UV detection. The liquid medicines and intravenous injection solutions could be used directly without any pretreatment, and the BPA, alkylphenols and phthalates in these solutions were automatically analyzed. The limits of quantification for these compounds were 1-10 ng/ml. Recoveries of these compounds spiked to the intravenous injection solutions was over 80%, except for some phthalates. Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) was detected at a concentration of 7-60 ng/ml in most intravenous injection solutions in plastic containers, but it was not detected in solutions in glass bottles. Diethyl phthalate, di-n-propyl phthalate, DBP and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) were also detected in syrup, lotion and eye drops in plastic containers. On the other hand, BPA and alkylphenols were not detected at all in these solutions. DEHP contamination from an administration set increased when total vitamin formulation was added to the infusion solution. DEHP was easily leached from polyvinyl chloride tubing by polysorbate 80. The in-tube SPME/HPLC method is simple, rapid and automatic, and it provides a useful tool for the screening and determination of endocrine disruptor contamination in liquid medicines and intravenous injection solutions.

Pressure injection of methyl 2-benzimidazole carbamate hydrochloride solution as a control for Dutch elm disease

Treesearch

Garold F. Gregory; Thomas W. Jones

1973-01-01

A preliminary evaluation of the effectiveness of injecting methyl 2-benzimidazole carbamate hydrochloride solution into elms for prevention or cure of Dutch elm disease is reported. Symptom development was diminished or prevented in elms injected with fungicide before inoculation. Symptom development was arrested in all crown-inoculated diseased trees injected with the...

The feasibility of using solution-processed aqueous La2O3 as effective hole injection layer in organic light-emitting diode

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Yan; Li, Wanshu; Zhang, Ting; Yang, Bo; Zheng, Qinghong; Xu, Jiwen; Wang, Hua; Wang, Lihui; Zhang, Xiaowen; Wei, Bin

2018-01-01

Low-cost and scalable manufacturing boosts organic electronic devices with all solution process. La2O3 powders and corresponding aqueous solutions are facilely synthesized. Atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy measurements show that solution-processed La2O3 behaves superior film morphology. X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements verify crystal phase and typical La signals. In comparison with the most widely-used hole injection layers (HILs) of MoOx and poly(ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), enhanced luminous efficiency is observed in organic light-emitting diode (OLED) using solution-processed La2O3 HIL. Current-voltage, impedance-voltage and phase angle-voltage transition curves clarify that solution-processed La2O3 behaves nearly comparable hole injection capacity to MoOx and PEDOT:PSS, and favorably tailors carrier balance. Moreover, the hole injection mechanism of solution-processed La2O3 is proven to be predominantly controlled by Fowler-Nordheim tunneling process and the hole injection barrier height between ITO and NPB via La2O3 interlayer is estimated to be 0.098 eV. Our experiments provide a feasible application of La2O3 in organic electronic devices with solution process.

Ocular toxicity of beta-blockers and benzalkonium chloride in pigmented rabbits: electrophysiological and morphological studies.

PubMed

Chou, A; Hori, S; Takase, M

1985-01-01

Subconjunctival injection of 0.2 ml of the following solutions was carried out once a day for two weeks in the albino and pigmented rabbit: commercial 0.5% timolol or 1% befunolol ophthalmic solutions, both containing benzalkonium chloride, and also these drug solutions containing no preservative, ophthalmic base solutions containing benzalkonium chloride, physiological saline solution or phosphate buffer solution. One week after daily injections of the commercial drug solutions or base solutions with benzalkonium chloride, the electroretinogram (ERG) showed a marked reduction in the a- and b-wave amplitudes in the pigmented rabbit, but the ERG changes were slight in the albino rabbit. After two weeks of injections, histological studies of the pigmented rabbit eyes revealed retinal detachment, visual cell loss and atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium and choroid; the changes in the albino rabbit eyes were minimal. Injections of the beta-blockers containing no benzalkonium resulted in no significant changes in the ERG or in the tissue structures of all rabbits. Injections of only physiological saline or phosphate buffer had no deleterious effects. Therefore, the ocular toxicity of the beta-blockers was thought to be minor and the toxic effects seen in this study were thought to be due to benzalkonium chloride, which possibly accumulates in the ocular pigments.

An analytic-geometric model of the effect of spherically distributed injection errors for Galileo and Ulysses spacecraft - The multi-stage problem

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Longuski, James M.; Mcronald, Angus D.

1988-01-01

In previous work the problem of injecting the Galileo and Ulysses spacecraft from low earth orbit into their respective interplanetary trajectories has been discussed for the single stage (Centaur) vehicle. The central issue, in the event of spherically distributed injection errors, is what happens to the vehicle? The difficulties addressed in this paper involve the multi-stage problem since both Galileo and Ulysses will be utilizing the two-stage IUS system. Ulysses will also include a third stage: the PAM-S. The solution is expressed in terms of probabilities for total percentage of escape, orbit decay and reentry trajectories. Analytic solutions are found for Hill's Equations of Relative Motion (more recently called Clohessy-Wiltshire Equations) for multi-stage injections. These solutions are interpreted geometrically on the injection sphere. The analytic-geometric models compare well with numerical solutions, provide insight into the behavior of trajectories mapped on the injection sphere and simplify the numerical two-dimensional search for trajectory families.

[Development of injection containers for patient and medical staff].

PubMed

Kawasaki, Yoichi; Sendo, Toshiaki

2015-01-01

Recently, there has been a transition from glass to plastic injection containers in Japan. In our previous study, we suggested that plastic containers had less impurity contamination than glass containers. However, the use of some plasticizers has been limited because of their endocrine disrupting effects. Therefore, contamination has been a concern due to chemicals in injection solution packed with plastic containers. Indeed, in our recent study, photoinitiators were detected in an injection solution coming from plastic containers. Photoinitiators mainly exist in ink. We therefore speculated that ink originating from a photoinitiator directly printing on plastic containers had migrated into the injection solutions. In a clinical setting, plastic containers are very tractable because they are lightweight and less breakable. On the other hand, from a safety view point, these containers may be hazardous because of permeation by steam, ambient air or photoinitiators. In the present symposium, we will discuss the risk of photoinitiators leaking into injection solution packed with plastic containers, and countermeasures to avoid this risk.

An analytical solution for modeling thermal energy transfer in a confined aquifer system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shaw-Yang, Yang; Hund-der, Yeh

2008-12-01

A mathematical model is developed for simulating the thermal energy transfer in a confined aquifer with different geological properties in the underlying and overlying rocks. The solutions for temperature distributions in the aquifer, underlying rock, and overlying rock are derived by the Laplace transforms and their corresponding time-domain solutions are evaluated by the modified Crump method. Field data adopted from the literature are used as examples to demonstrate the applicability of the solutions in modeling the heat transfer in an aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) system. The results show that the aquifer temperature increases with time, injection flow rate, and water temperature. However, the temperature decreases with increasing radial and vertical distances. The heat transfer in the rocks is slow and has an effect on the aquifer temperature only after a long period of injection time. The influence distance depends on the aquifer physical and thermal properties, injection flow rate, and injected water temperature. A larger value of thermal diffusivity or injection flow rate will result in a longer influence distance. The present solution can be used as a tool for designing the heat injection facilities for an ATES system.

Tunable hole injection of solution-processed polymeric carbon nitride towards efficient organic light-emitting diode

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Xiaowen; Zheng, Qinghong; Tang, Zhenyu; Li, Wanshu; Zhang, Yan; Xu, Kai; Xue, Xiaogang; Xu, Jiwen; Wang, Hua; Wei, Bin

2018-02-01

Polymeric carbon nitride (CNxHy) has been facilely synthesized from dicyandiamide and functions as a solution-processed hole injection layer in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). The measurements using X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, and impedance spectroscopy elucidate that CNxHy exhibits superior film morphology and extra electric properties such as tailored work function and tunable hole injection. The luminous efficiency of CNxHy-based OLED is found to improve by 76.6% in comparison to the counterpart using favorite solution-processed poly(ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) as the hole injection layer. Our results also pave a way for broadening carbon nitride applications in organic electronics using the solution process.

Axisymmetric flows from fluid injection into a confined porous medium

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guo, Bo; Zheng, Zhong; Celia, Michael A.; Stone, Howard A.

2016-02-01

We study the axisymmetric flows generated from fluid injection into a horizontal confined porous medium that is originally saturated with another fluid of different density and viscosity. Neglecting the effects of surface tension and fluid mixing, we use the lubrication approximation to obtain a nonlinear advection-diffusion equation that describes the time evolution of the sharp fluid-fluid interface. The flow behaviors are controlled by two dimensionless groups: M, the viscosity ratio of displaced fluid relative to injected fluid, and Γ, which measures the relative importance of buoyancy and fluid injection. For this axisymmetric geometry, the similarity solution involving R2/T (where R is the dimensionless radial coordinate and T is the dimensionless time) is an exact solution to the nonlinear governing equation for all times. Four analytical expressions are identified as asymptotic approximations (two of which are new solutions): (i) injection-driven flow with the injected fluid being more viscous than the displaced fluid (Γ ≪ 1 and M < 1) where we identify a self-similar solution that indicates a parabolic interface shape; (ii) injection-driven flow with injected and displaced fluids of equal viscosity (Γ ≪ 1 and M = 1), where we find a self-similar solution that predicts a distinct parabolic interface shape; (iii) injection-driven flow with a less viscous injected fluid (Γ ≪ 1 and M > 1) for which there is a rarefaction wave solution, assuming that the Saffman-Taylor instability does not occur at the reservoir scale; and (iv) buoyancy-driven flow (Γ ≫ 1) for which there is a well-known self-similar solution corresponding to gravity currents in an unconfined porous medium [S. Lyle et al. "Axisymmetric gravity currents in a porous medium," J. Fluid Mech. 543, 293-302 (2005)]. The various axisymmetric flows are summarized in a Γ-M regime diagram with five distinct dynamic behaviors including the four asymptotic regimes and an intermediate regime. The implications of the regime diagram are discussed using practical engineering projects of geological CO2 sequestration, enhanced oil recovery, and underground waste disposal.

COUPLING THE ALKALINE-SURFACTANT-POLYMER TECHNOLOGY AND THE GELATION TECHNOLOGY TO MAXIMIZE OIL PRODUCTION

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Malcolm Pitts; Jie Qi; Dan Wilson

2005-04-01

Gelation technologies have been developed to provide more efficient vertical sweep efficiencies for flooding naturally fractured oil reservoirs or more efficient areal sweep efficiency for those with high permeability contrast ''thief zones''. The field proven alkaline-surfactant-polymer technology economically recovers 15% to 25% OOIP more oil than waterflooding from swept pore space of an oil reservoir. However, alkaline-surfactant-polymer technology is not amenable to naturally fractured reservoirs or those with thief zones because much of injected solution bypasses target pore space containing oil. This work investigates whether combining these two technologies could broaden applicability of alkaline-surfactant-polymer flooding into these reservoirs. A priormore » fluid-fluid report discussed interaction of different gel chemical compositions and alkaline-surfactant-polymer solutions. Gel solutions under dynamic conditions of linear corefloods showed similar stability to alkaline-surfactant-polymer solutions as in the fluid-fluid analyses. Aluminum-polyacrylamide, flowing gels are not stable to alkaline-surfactant-polymer solutions of either pH 10.5 or 12.9. Chromium acetate-polyacrylamide flowing and rigid flowing gels are stable to subsequent alkaline-surfactant-polymer solution injection. Rigid flowing chromium acetate-polyacrylamide gels maintained permeability reduction better than flowing chromium acetate-polyacrylamide gels. Silicate-polyacrylamide gels are not stable with subsequent injection of either a pH 10.5 or a 12.9 alkaline-surfactant-polymer solution. Chromium acetate-xanthan gum rigid gels are not stable to subsequent alkaline-surfactant-polymer solution injection. Resorcinol-formaldehyde gels were stable to subsequent alkaline-surfactant-polymer solution injection. When evaluated in a dual core configuration, injected fluid flows into the core with the greatest effective permeability to the injected fluid. The same gel stability trends to subsequent alkaline-surfactant-polymer injected solution were observed. Aluminum citrate-polyacrylamide, resorcinol-formaldehyde, and the silicate-polyacrylamide gel systems did not produce significant incremental oil in linear corefloods. Both flowing and rigid flowing chromium acetate-polyacrylamide gels and the xanthan gum-chromium acetate gel system produced incremental oil with the rigid flowing gel producing the greatest amount. Higher oil recovery could have been due to higher differential pressures across cores. None of the gels tested appeared to alter alkaline-surfactant-polymer solution oil recovery. Total waterflood plus chemical flood oil recovery sequence recoveries were all similar.« less

Flow regimes for fluid injection into a confined porous medium

DOE PAGES

Zheng, Zhong; Guo, Bo; Christov, Ivan C.; ...

2015-02-24

We report theoretical and numerical studies of the flow behaviour when a fluid is injected into a confined porous medium saturated with another fluid of different density and viscosity. For a two-dimensional configuration with point source injection, a nonlinear convection–diffusion equation is derived to describe the time evolution of the fluid–fluid interface. In the early time period, the fluid motion is mainly driven by the buoyancy force and the governing equation is reduced to a nonlinear diffusion equation with a well-known self-similar solution. In the late time period, the fluid flow is mainly driven by the injection, and the governingmore » equation is approximated by a nonlinear hyperbolic equation that determines the global spreading rate; a shock solution is obtained when the injected fluid is more viscous than the displaced fluid, whereas a rarefaction wave solution is found when the injected fluid is less viscous. In the late time period, we also obtain analytical solutions including the diffusive term associated with the buoyancy effects (for an injected fluid with a viscosity higher than or equal to that of the displaced fluid), which provide the structure of the moving front. Numerical simulations of the convection–diffusion equation are performed; the various analytical solutions are verified as appropriate asymptotic limits, and the transition processes between the individual limits are demonstrated.« less

Effects of in ovo injection of carbohydrates on embryonic metabolism, hatchability, and subsequent somatic characteristics of broiler hatchlings.

PubMed

Zhai, W; Gerard, P D; Pulikanti, R; Peebles, E D

2011-10-01

The effects of the in ovo injection of different carbohydrate solutions on the internal egg temperature (IT), hatchability, and time of hatch of embryonated Ross × Ross 708 broiler hatching eggs were determined. In addition, the BW, liver weight, yolk sac weight (YSW), and yolk-free BW (YFBW) of the embryos on d 19.5 of incubation and of the chicks on day of hatch were determined. Eggs containing live embryos were injected in the amnion on d 18.5 of incubation using an automated multiple-egg injector. Solution injections delivered 1.2 mL of physiological saline (0.85%) alone or with a supplemental carbohydrate. The following supplemental carbohydrates were separately dissolved in saline at a concentration of 0.3 g/mL: glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, and dextrin. Temperature transponders were implanted in the air cells of embryonated and nonembryonated eggs after in ovo injection for the detection of IT at 6, 14, and 22 h after injection. The IT of embryonated eggs was significantly greater than that of nonembryonated eggs at all 3 times after the treatment period. Eggs that were injected with saline with or without supplemental carbohydrates experienced a reduction in IT when compared with control eggs whose shells were perforated without solution delivery, and the decrease in IT was associated with a delay in hatch time. Liver weight was negatively related to YSW and positively related to YFBW, and YSW was negatively related to YFBW. Although the saline and carbohydrate solution injections increased chick BW compared with noninjected controls, chick YFBW was decreased in the maltose- and sucrose-injected groups. In conclusion, the injection of 1.2 mL of saline with or without supplemental carbohydrates lowered embryonic metabolism, as reflected by a lower IT and a delay in time of hatch. However, effects of the different carbohydrate solutions on yolk absorption and tissue deposition in yolk-free embryos varied. These results suggest that lower volumes for solutions containing maltose, sucrose, or fructose should be considered for in ovo injection.

SOLUTIONS APPROXIMATING SOLUTE TRANSPORT IN A LEAKY AQUIFER RECEIVING WASTEWATER INJECTION

EPA Science Inventory

A mathematical model amenable to analytical solution techniques is developed for the investigation of contaminant transport from an injection well into a leaky aquifer system, which comprises a pumped and an unpumped aquifer connected to each other by an aquitard. A steady state ...

Improved electron injection in all-solution-processed n-type organic field-effect transistors with an inkjet-printed ZnO electron injection layer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Roh, Jeongkyun; Kim, Hyeok; Park, Myeongjin; Kwak, Jeonghun; Lee, Changhee

2017-10-01

Interface engineering for the improved injection properties of all-solution-processed n-type organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) arising from the use of an inkjet-printed ZnO electron injection layer were demonstrated. The characteristics of ZnO in terms of electron injection and transport were investigated, and then we employed ZnO as the electron injection layer via inkjet-printing during the fabrication of all-solution-processed, n-type OFETs. With the inkjet-printed ZnO electron injection layer, the devices exhibited approximately five-fold increased mobility (0.0058 cm2/V s to 0.030 cm2/V s), more than two-fold increased charge concentration (2.76 × 1011 cm-2 to 6.86 × 1011 cm-2), and two orders of magnitude reduced device resistance (120 MΩ cm to 3 MΩ cm). Moreover, n-type polymer form smoother film with ZnO implying denser packing of polymer, which results in higher mobility.

Injection of sodium borohydride and nzvi solutions into homogeneous sands: H2 gas production and implications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mohammed, O.; Mumford, K. G.; Sleep, B. E.

2016-12-01

Gases are commonly introduced into the subsurface via external displacement (drainage). However, gases can also be produced by internal drainage (exsolution). One example is the injection of reactive solutions for in situ groundwater remediation, such as nanoscale zero-valent iron (nzvi), which produces hydrogen gas (H2). Effective implementation of nzvi requires an understanding of H2 gas generation and dynamics, and their effects on aqueous permeability, contaminant mass transfer and potential flow diversion. Several studies have reported using excess sodium borohydride (NaBH4) in nzvi applications to promote complete reaction and to ensure uniform nzvi particle growth, which also produces H2 gas. The aim of this study was to visualize and quantify H2 produced by exsolution from the injection of NaBH4 and nzvi solutions into homogeneous sands, and to investigate the reduction of hydraulic conductivity caused by the H2 gas and the subsequent increase in hydraulic conductivity as the gas dissolved. Bench-scale experiments were performed using cold (4 °C) NaBH4 solutions injected in sand packed in a 22 cm × 34 cm × 1 cm flow cell. The injected solution was allowed to warm to room temperature, for controlled production of a uniform distribution of exsolved gas. A light transmission method was used to quantify gas production and dissolution over time. The results indicate a reduction of hydraulic conductivity due to the existence of H2 and increased hydraulic conductivity as H2 gas dissolves, which could be represented using traditional relative permeability expressions. Additional experiments were performed in the flow cell to compare H2 gas exsolving from nzvi and NaBH4 solutions injected as either a point injection or a well injection. The results indicated greater amounts of H2 gas produced when injecting nzvi solutions prepared with high concentrations of excess NaBH4. H2 gas pooling at the top of the flow cell, and H2 gas trapped near the injection point created preferential flow through the middle of the cell. These results demonstrate that H2 gas produced during remediation by nzvi injection can be controlled by limiting the excess NaBH4 concentrations. The trapped H2 gas produced by injection of nzvi, or NaBH4 alone may provide a source of H2 that could facilitate bioremediation as a secondary treatment.

Haemoglobinuria caused by propylene glycol in sheep

PubMed Central

Potter, B. J.

1958-01-01

Haemoglobinuria occurred in sheep anaesthetized by an intravenous injection of pentobarbitone sodium containing propylene glycol: an equivalent dose failed to cause haemoglobinuria in rabbits. Intravenous injection of an aqueous solution of 20% propylene glycol caused haemoglobinaemia and haemoglobinuria in sheep. Neither distilled water nor 20% glycerol in water administered under identical conditions produced these effects. Haemoglobinuria occurred on some occasions when an aqueous 20% solution of propylene glycol was administered to sheep after an injection of saline: it never occurred when a solution of 20% propylene glycol prepared with physiological saline was injected. It is suggested that saline may protect against the haemolytic action of propylene glycol in sheep and that propylene glycol should be avoided as a menstruum for pharmaceutical preparations to be used for injection into the blood stream of these animals. PMID:13618540

Stability of tacrolimus solutions in polyolefin containers.

PubMed

Lee, Jun H; Goldspiel, Barry R; Ryu, Sujung; Potti, Gopal K

2016-02-01

Results of a study to determine the stability of tacrolimus solutions stored in polyolefin containers under various temperature conditions are reported. Triplicate solutions of tacrolimus (0.001, 0.01, and 0.1 mg/mL) in 0.9% sodium chloride injection or 5% dextrose injection were prepared in polyolefin containers. Some samples were stored at room temperature (20-25 °C); others were refrigerated (2-8 °C) for 20 hours and then stored at room temperature for up to 28 hours. The solutions were analyzed by stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay at specified time points over 48 hours. Solution pH was measured and containers were visually inspected at each time point. Stability was defined as retention of at least 90% of the initial tacrolimus concentration. All tested solutions retained over 90% of the initial tacrolimus concentration at all time points, with the exception of the 0.001-mg/mL solution prepared in 0.9% sodium chloride injection, which was deemed unstable beyond 24 hours. At all evaluated concentrations, mean solution pH values did not change significantly over 48 hours; no particle formation was detected. During storage in polyolefin bags at room temperature, a 0.001-mg/mL solution of tacrolimus was stable for 24 hours when prepared in 0.9% sodium chloride injection and for at least 48 hours when prepared in 5% dextrose injection. Solutions of 0.01 and 0.1 mg/mL prepared in either diluent were stable for at least 48 hours, and the 0.01-mg/mL tacrolimus solution was also found to be stable throughout a sequential temperature protocol. Copyright © 2016 by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. All rights reserved.

Promoted new bone formation in maxillary distraction osteogenesis using a tissue-engineered osteogenic material.

PubMed

Kinoshita, Kazuhiko; Hibi, Hideharu; Yamada, Yoichi; Ueda, Minoru

2008-01-01

Bilateral maxillary distraction was performed at a higher rate in rabbits to determine whether locally applied tissue-engineered osteogenic material (TEOM) enhances bone regeneration. The material was an injectable gel composed of autologous mesenchymal stem cells, which were cultured then induced to be osteogenic in character, and platelet-rich plasma (PRP). After a 5-day latency period, distraction devices were activated at a rate of 2.0 mm once daily for 4 days. Twelve rabbits were divided into 2 groups. At the end of distraction, the experimental group of rabbits received an injection of TEOM into the distracted tissue on one side, whereas, saline solution was injected into the distracted tissue on the contralateral side as the internal control. An additional control group received an injection of PRP or saline solution into the distracted tissue in the same way as the experimental group. The distraction regenerates were assessed by radiological and histomorphometric analyses. The radiodensity of the distraction gap injected with TEOM was significantly higher than that injected with PRP or saline solution at 2, 3, and 4 weeks postdistraction. The histomorphometric analysis also showed that both new bone zone and bony content in the distraction gap injected with TEOM were significantly increased when compared with PRP or saline solution. Our results demonstrated that the distraction gap injected with TEOM showed significant new bone formation. Therefore, injections of TEOM may be able to compensate for insufficient distraction gaps.

Development of an analytical solution for thermal single-well injection-withdrawal tests in horizontally fractured reservoirs

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jung, Yoojin

In this study, we have developed an analytical solution for thermal single-well injection-withdrawal tests in horizontally fractured reservoirs where fluid flow through the fracture is radial. The dimensionless forms of the governing equations and the initial and boundary conditions in the radial flow system can be written in a form identical to those in the linear flow system developed by Jung and Pruess [Jung, Y., and K. Pruess (2012), A Closed-Form Analytical Solution for Thermal Single-Well Injection-Withdrawal Tests, Water Resour. Res., 48, W03504, doi:10.1029/2011WR010979], and therefore the analytical solutions developed in Jung and Pruess (2012) can be applied to computemore » the time dependence of temperature recovery at the injection/withdrawal well in a horizontally oriented fracture with radial flow.« less

Physical compatibility of various drugs with neonatal total parenteral nutrient solution during simulated Y-site administration.

PubMed

Fox, Laura M; Wilder, Alyson G; Foushee, Jaime A

2013-03-15

The physical compatibility of various drugs with neonatal total parenteral nutrient (TPN) solution during simulated Y-site administration was evaluated. Study drugs were selected based on the lack of compatibility data with them and neonatal TPN solution and the frequency of use in a local neonatal unit. These drugs included amiodarone, caffeine citrate, clindamycin, enalaprilat, epinephrine, fluconazole, fosphenytoin sodium, hydrocortisone, metoclopramide, midazolam, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, and rifampin. Equal volumes of neonatal TPN solution or sterile water for injection were combined with study drugs or sterile water for injection at concentrations used clinically in neonates. Each test was performed in triplicate. The samples were examined via turbidimetric analysis and visually against light and dark backgrounds immediately after mixing and at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 hours after mixing. Analysis of variance was used to determine statistically significant differences between the test and control solutions. Many of the drugs studied exhibited no visual or turbidimetric evidence of incompatibility when combined with neonatal TPN solution for up to three hours in a simulated Y-site injection. Pentobarbital, phenobarbital, and rifampin formed visible precipitation immediately after mixing with the neonatal TPN solution. Caffeine citrate, clindamycin, enalaprilat, epinephrine, fluconazole, fosphenytoin sodium, hydrocortisone, metoclopramide, and midazolam exhibited no visual or turbidimetric evidence of incompatibility when combined with a neonatal TPN solution for up to three hours in a simulated Y-site injection. Amiodarone, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, and rifampin were not compatible with the neonatal TPN solution and should not be coadministered via Y-site injection.

Solution stability of Captisol-stabilized melphalan (Evomela) versus Propylene glycol-based melphalan hydrochloride injection.

PubMed

Singh, Ramsharan; Chen, Jin; Miller, Teresa; Bergren, Michael; Mallik, Rangan

2016-12-14

The objective of this study was to compare the stability of recently approved Captisol-stabilized propylene glycol-free melphalan injection (Evomela™) against currently marketed propylene glycol-based melphalan injection. The products were compared as reconstituted solutions in vials as well as admixture solutions prepared from normal saline in infusion bags. Evomela and propylene glycol-based melphalan injection were reconstituted in normal saline and organic custom diluent, respectively, according to their package insert instructions. The reconstituted solutions were diluted in normal saline to obtain drug admixture solutions at specific drug concentrations. Stability of the solutions was studied at room temperature by assay of melphalan and determination of melphalan-related impurities. Results show that based on the increase in total impurities in propylene glycol-based melphalan injection at 0.45 mg/mL, Evomela admixture solutions are about 5, 9, 15 and 29 times more stable at concentrations of 0.45, 1.0, 2.0 and 5.0 mg/mL, respectively. Results confirmed that reconstituted Evomela solution can be stored in the vial for up to 1 h at RT or for up to 24 h at refrigerated temperature (2-8 °C) with no significant degradation. After storage in the vial, it remains stable for an additional 3-29 h after preparation of admixture solution in infusion bags at concentrations of 0.25-5.0 mg/mL, respectively. In addition, Evomela solution in saline, at concentration of 5.0 mg/mL melphalan was bacteriostatic through 72 h storage at 2-8 °C. Formulation of melphalan with Captisol technology significantly improved stability compared to melphalan hydrochloride reconstituted with propylene-glycol based diluents.

Microfluidic model experiments on the injectability of monoclonal antibody solutions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Duchene, Charles; Filipe, Vasco; Nakach, Mostafa; Huille, Sylvain; Lindner, Anke

2017-11-01

Autoinjection devices that allow patients to self-administer medicine are becoming used more frequently; however, this advance comes with an increased need for precision in the injection process. The rare occurrence of protein aggregates in solutions of monoclonal antibodies constitutes a threat to the reliability of such devices. Here we study the flow of protein solutions containing aggregates in microfluidic model systems, mimicking injection devices, to gain fundamental understanding of the catastrophic clogging of constrictions of given size. We form aggregates by mechanically shaking or heating antibody solutions and then inject these solutions into microfluidic channels with varying types of constrictions. Geometrical clogging occurs when aggregates reach the size of the constriction and can in some cases be undone by increasing the applied pressure. We perform systematic experiments varying the relative aggregate size and the flow rate or applied pressure. The mechanical deformation of aggregates during their passage through constrictions is investigated to gain a better understanding of the clogging and unclogging mechanisms.

A Method To Determine the Kinetics of Solute Mixing in Liquid/Liquid Formulation Dual-Chamber Syringes.

PubMed

Werk, Tobias; Mahler, Hanns-Christian; Ludwig, Imke Sonja; Luemkemann, Joerg; Huwyler, Joerg; Hafner, Mathias

Dual-chamber syringes were originally designed to separate a solid substance and its diluent. However, they can also be used to separate liquid formulations of two individual drug products, which cannot be co-formulated due to technical or regulatory issues. A liquid/liquid dual-chamber syringe can be designed to achieve homogenization and mixing of both solutions prior to administration, or it can be used to sequentially inject both solutions. While sequential injection can be easily achieved by a dual-chamber syringe with a bypass located at the needle end of the syringe barrel, mixing of the two fluids may provide more challenges. Within this study, the mixing behavior of surrogate solutions in different dual-chamber syringes is assessed. Furthermore, the influence of parameters such as injection angle, injection speed, agitation, and sample viscosity were studied. It was noted that mixing was poor for the commercial dual-chamber syringes (with a bypass designed as a longitudinal ridge) when the two liquids significantly differ in their physical properties (viscosity, density). However, an optimized dual-chamber syringe design with multiple bypass channels resulted in improved mixing of liquids. Dual-chamber syringes were originally designed to separate a solid substance and its diluent. However, they can also be used to separate liquid formulations of two individual drug products. A liquid/liquid dual-chamber syringe can be designed to achieve homogenization and mixing of both solutions prior to administration, or it can be used to sequentially inject both solutions. While sequential injection can be easily achieved by a dual-chamber syringe with a bypass located at the needle end of the syringe barrel, mixing of the two fluids may provide more challenges. Within this study, the mixing behavior of surrogate solutions in different dual-chamber syringes is assessed. Furthermore, the influence of parameters such as injection angle, injection speed, agitation, and sample viscosity were studied. It was noted that mixing was poor for the commercially available dual-chamber syringes when the two liquids significantly differ in viscosity and density. However, an optimized dual-chamber syringe design resulted in improved mixing of liquids. © PDA, Inc. 2017.

Nusinersen Injection

MedlinePlus

Nusinersen injection comes as a solution (liquid) to inject intrathecally (into the fluid-filled space of the spinal canal). Nusinersen injection is given by a doctor in a medical office or clinic. It is usually given as ...

[Formation of oxalate in oxaliplatin injection diluted with infusion solutions].

PubMed

Eto, Seiji; Yamamoto, Kie; Shimazu, Kounosuke; Sugiura, Toshimune; Baba, Kaori; Sato, Ayaka; Goromaru, Takeshi; Hagiwara, Yoshiaki; Hara, Keiko; Shinohara, Yoshitake; Takahashi, Kojiro

2014-01-01

Oxaliplatin use can cause acute peripheral neuropathy characterized by sensory paresthesias, which are markedly exacerbated by exposure to cold temperatures, and is a dose-limiting factor in the treatment of colorectal cancer.Oxalate is eliminated in a series of nonenzymatic conversions of oxaliplatin in infusion solutions or biological fluids.Elimination of oxalate from oxaliplatin has been suggested as one of the reasons for the development of acute neuropathy.In this study, we developed a high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)-based method to detect oxalate formation, and investigated the time dependent formation of oxalate in oxaliplatin diluted with infusion solutions.The results obtained showed that the amount of oxalate in the solution corresponded to 1.6% of oxaliplatin 8 h after oxaliplatin dilution with a 5% glucose solution. On the other hand, oxalate formation from oxaliplatin diluted with a saline solution was ten-fold higher than that from oxaliplatin diluted with the 5% glucose solution.Most patients who were intravenously injected with oxaliplatin experienced venous pain.As a preventive measure against venous pain, dexamethasone was added to the oxaliplatin injection.We measured the amount of oxalate formed in the dexamethasone-containing oxaliplatin injection diluted with a 5% glucose solution.The amount of oxalate formed when dexamethasone was added did not differ significantly from that formed when dexamethasone was not added.Thus, there are no clinical problems associated with the stability of oxaliplatin solutions.

Long-term stability study of clofarabine injection concentrate and diluted clofarabine infusion solutions.

PubMed

Kaiser, Jeanette; Krämer, Irene

2012-06-01

The aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical stability of clofarabine (CAFdA) injection concentrate and ready-to-use CAFdA infusion solutions over a prolonged period of 28 days. To determine the stability of CAFdA infusion solutions, the injection concentrate (Evoltra®, 1 mg/mL, Genzyme) was diluted either with 0.9% sodium chloride or 5% glucose infusion solution. The resulting concentrations of 0.2 mg/mL or 0.6 mg/mL, respectively, were chosen to represent the lower and upper limit of the ordinary concentration range. Test solutions were stored under refrigeration (2-8°C) or at room temperature either light protected or exposed to light. CAFdA concentrations and pH values were determined at different time intervals throughout a 28-day storage period. Compatibility of diluted CAFdA infusion solutions (0.1-0.4 mg/mL) with different container materials (polyvinyl chloride (PVC), glass, and polypropylene/polyethylene (PP/PE)) was tested over a 48-h storage period. CAFdA concentrations were measured by a stability-indicating reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay with ultraviolet detection. CAFdA injection concentrate and CAFdA infusion solutions remained physicochemically stable (>90% CAFdA) for 4 weeks. Results are independent of storage conditions, drug concentrations (0.2, 0.6, and 1.0 mg/mL) and diluents (0.9% sodium chloride, 5% glucose infusion solution). Adsorption of CAFdA to container material can be excluded. CAFdA injection concentrate and diluted infusion solutions in commonly used vehicles are stable for at least 28 days either refrigerated or at room temperature. Physicochemical stability favors pharmacy-based centralized preparation. Due to microbiological reasons, strict aseptic handling and storage of the products under refrigeration is recommended.

Teriparatide (rDNA origin) Injection

MedlinePlus

... teriparatide injection yourself the first time, read the User Manual that comes with it. Ask your doctor or ... injecting the medication how to inject it. The User Manual includes solutions to problems you may have when ...

Coupling the Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer Technology and the Gelation Technology to Maximize Oil Production

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Malcolm Pitts; Jie Qi; Dan Wilson

2005-12-01

Gelation technologies have been developed to provide more efficient vertical sweep efficiencies for flooding naturally fractured oil reservoirs or reservoirs with different sand lenses with high permeability contrast. The field proven alkaline-surfactant-polymer technology economically recovers 15% to 25% OOIP more crude oil than waterflooding froin swept pore space of an oil reservoir. However, alkaline-surfactant-polymer technology is not amenable to naturally fractured reservoirs or reservoirs with high permeability contrast zones because much of injected solution bypasses target pore space containing oil. This work investigates whether combining these two technologies could broaden applicability of alkaline-surfactant-polymer flooding into these reservoirs. Fluid-fluid interaction withmore » different gel chemical compositions and alkaline-surfactant-polymer solution with pH values ranging from 9.2 to 12.9 have been tested. Aluminum-polyacrylamide gels are not stable to alkaline-surfactant-polymer solutions at any pH. Chromium-polyacrylamide gels with polymer to chromium ion ratios of 25 or greater were stable to alkaline-surfactant-polymer solutions if solution pH was 10.6 or less. When the polymer to chromium ion was 15 or less, chromium-polyacrylamide gels were stable to alkaline-surfactant-polymer solutions with pH values up to 12.9. Chromium-xanthan gum gels were stable to alkaline-surfactant-polymer solutions with pH values of 12.9 at the polymer to chromium ion ratios tested. Silicate-polyacrylamide, resorcinol-formaldehyde, and sulfomethylated resorcinol-formaldehyde gels were also stable to alkaline-surfactant-polymer solutions with pH values ranging from 9.2 to 12.9. Iron-polyacrylamide gels were immediately destroyed when contacted with any of the alkaline-surfactant-polymer solutions with pH values ranging from 9.2 to 12.9. Gel solutions under dynamic conditions of linear corefloods showed similar stability to alkaline-surfactant-polymer solutions as in the fluid-fluid analyses with the exception of the xanthan gum-chromium acetate gels. Aluminum-polyacrylamide flowing gels are not stable to alkaline-surfactant-polymer solutions of either pH 10.5 or 12.9, either in linear corefloods or in dual separate radial core, common manifold corefloods. Chromium acetate-polyacrylamide flowing and rigid tonguing gels are stable to subsequent alkaline-surfactant-polymer solution injection. Rigid tonguing chromium acetate-polyacrylamide gels maintained permeability reduction better than flowing chromium acetate-polyacrylamide gels. Chromium acetate gels were stable to injection of alkaline-surfactant-polymer solutions at 72 F, 125 F and 175 F in linear corefloods. Chromium acetate-polyacrylamide gels maintained diversion capability after injection of an alkaline-surfactant-polymer solution in stacked; radial coreflood with a common well bore. Chromium acetate-polyacrylamide gel used to seal fractured core maintain fracture closure if followed by an alkaline-surfactant-polymer solution. Chromium acetate-xanthan gum rigid gels are not stable to subsequent alkaline-surfactant-polymer solution injection at 72, 125, and 175 F. Silicate-polyacrylamide gels are not stable with subsequent injection of either a pH 10.5 or a 12.9 alkaline-surfactant-polymer solution. Resorcinol-formaldehyde gels were stable to subsequent alkaline-surfactant-polymer solution injection. When evaluated in a dual core configuration, injected fluid flows into the core with the greatest effective permeability to the injected fluid. The same gel stability trends to subsequent alkaline-surfactant-polymer injected solution were observed. Aluminum citrate-polyacrylamide, resorcinol-formaldehyde, and the silicate-polyacrylamide gel systems did not produce significant incremental oil in linear corefloods. Both flowing and rigid tonguing chromium acetate-polyacrylamide gels and the xanthan gum-chromium acetate gel system produced incremental oil with the rigid tonguing gel producing the greatest amount. Higher oil recovery could have been due to higher differential pressures across cores. Aluminum citrate-polyacrylamide gels, chromium acetate-polyacrylamide gels, silicate-polymer, and chromium-xanthan guin gels did not alter an alkaline-surfactant-polymer solution's ability to produce incremental oil. Incremental oil was reduced with the resorcinol-formaldehyde gel system. Total waterflood plus chemical flood oil recovery sequence recoveries were generally similar.« less

Water-assisted growth of graphene on carbon nanotubes by the chemical vapor deposition method.

PubMed

Feng, Jian-Min; Dai, Ye-Jing

2013-05-21

Combining carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with graphene has been proved to be a feasible method for improving the performance of graphene for some practical applications. This paper reports a water-assisted route to grow graphene on CNTs from ferrocene and thiophene dissolved in ethanol by the chemical vapor deposition method in an argon flow. A double injection technique was used to separately inject ethanol solution and water for the preparation of graphene/CNTs. First, CNTs were prepared from ethanol solution and water. The injection of ethanol solution was suspended and water alone was injected into the reactor to etch the CNTs. Thereafter, ethanol solution was injected along with water, which is the key factor in obtaining graphene/CNTs. Transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman scattering analyses confirmed that the products were the hybrid materials of graphene/CNTs. X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy analysis showed the presence of oxygen rich functional groups on the surface of the graphene/CNTs. Given the activity of the graphene/CNT surface, CdS quantum dots adhered onto it uniformly through simple mechanical mixing.

Devices for monitoring content of microparticles and bacterium in injection solutions in pharmaceutical production

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bilyi, Olexander I.; Getman, Vasyl B.; Konyev, Fedir A.; Sapunkov, Olexander; Sapunkov, Pavlo G.

2001-06-01

The devices for monitoring of parameters of efficiency of water solutions filtration, which are based on the analysis of scattered light by microparticles are considered in this article. The efficiency of using of devices in pharmaceutics in technological processes of manufacturing medical injection solutions is shown. The examples of monitoring of contents of bacterial cultures Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Micrococcus luteus in water solutions of glucose are indicated.

Serotonin-induced hypophagia is mediated via α2 and β2 adrenergic receptors in neonatal layer-type chickens.

PubMed

Zendehdel, M; Sardari, F; Hassanpour, S; Rahnema, M; Adeli, A; Ghashghayi, E

2017-06-01

1. Serotoninergic and adrenergic systems play crucial roles in feed intake regulation in avians but there is no report on possible interactions among them. So, in this study, 5 experiments were designed to evaluate the interaction of central serotonergic and adrenergic systems on food intake regulation in 3 h food deprived (FD 3 ) neonatal layer-type chickens. 2. In Experiment 1, chickens received intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of control solution, serotonin (56.74 nmol), prazosin (α 1 receptor antagonist, 10 nmol) and co-injection of serotonin plus prazosin. In Experiment 2, control solution, serotonin (56.74 nmol), yohimbine (α 2 receptor antagonist, 13 nmol) and co-injection of serotonin plus yohimbine were used. In Experiment 3, the birds received control solution, serotonin (56.74 nmol), metoprolol (β 1 receptor antagonist, 24 nmol) and co-injection of serotonin plus metoprolol. In Experiment 4, injections were control solution, serotonin (56.74 nmol), ICI 118.551 (β 2 receptor antagonist, 5 nmol) and serotonin plus ICI 118.551. In Experiment 5, control solution, serotonin (56.74 nmol), SR59230R (β 3 receptor antagonist, 20 nmol) and co-administration of serotonin and SR59230R were injected. In all experiments the cumulative food intake was measured until 120 min post injection. 3. The results showed that ICV injection of serotonin alone decreased food intake in chickens. A combined injection of serotonin plus ICI 118.551 significantly attenuated serotonin-induced hypophagia. Also, co-administration of serotonin and yohimbine significantly amplified the hypophagic effect of serotonin. However, prazosin, metoprolol and SR59230R had no effect on serotonin-induced hypophagia in chickens. 4. These results suggest that serotonin-induced feeding behaviour is probably mediated via α 2 and β 2 adrenergic receptors in neonatal layer-type chicken.

Trans-Corneal Subretinal Injection in Mice and Its Effect on the Function and Morphology of the Retina

PubMed Central

He, Ying; Zhang, Yangyang; Han, Juanjuan; Zhu, Ping; Zhang, Yuxin; Zheng, Qinxiang; Li, Xia; Zhao, Chen; Pang, Jijing

2015-01-01

Purpose To introduce a practical method of subretinal injection in mice and evaluate injection-induced retinal detachment (RD) and damage using a dynamic imaging system, electrophysiology, and histology. Methods After full dilation of a 2-month-old C57BL/6J mouse pupil, the cornea near the limbus was punctured with a 30 ½-gague disposable beveled needle. A 33 ½-gauge blunt needle was inserted through the corneal perforation into the anterior chamber, avoiding the lens before going deeper into the vitreous cavity, and penetrating the inner retina to reach the subretinal space. The mice were divided into four groups: in group 1, about 80–100% of the retina was filled with subretinally injected solution; in group 2, approximately 50–70% of the retina was filled with injected solution; in group 3, the procedures were stopped before solution injection; and non-injected eyes were used as the negative control in group 4. An optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging system was used to monitor retinal reattachment during the first three days following the injections. Histological and functional changes were examined by light microscopy and electroretinography (ERG) at five weeks post-injection. Results After a short-term training, a 70% success rate with 50% or more coverage (i.e., retinal blebs occupied 50% or more retinal area and filled with the injected solution) with minimal injection-related damages can be achieved. Bleb formation was associated with retinal detachment (RD) between the neuroretina and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) layer. Partial RD could be observed at post-injection day 1, and by day 2 most of the retina had reattached. At 5 weeks post-injection, compared to uninjected control group 4, the b-wave amplitudes of ERG decreased 22% in group 1, 16% in group 2, and 7% in group 3; the b-wave amplitudes were statistically different between the uninjected group and the groups with either 50–70% or 80–100% coverage. The subretinal injection-induced RD reattached and became stable at five weeks post-injection, although some photoreceptor damage could still be observed in and around the injection sites, especially in 80–100% coverage group. Conclusions Trans-corneal subretinal injection is effective and practical, although subretinal injection-related damages can cause some morphological and functional loss. PMID:26317758

Revisitation of the dipole tracer test for heterogeneous porous formations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zech, Alraune; D'Angelo, Claudia; Attinger, Sabine; Fiori, Aldo

2018-05-01

In this paper, a new analytical solution for interpreting dipole tests in heterogeneous media is derived by associating the shape of the tracer breakthrough curve with the log-conductivity variance. It is presented how the solution can be used for interpretation of dipole field test in view of geostatistical aquifer characterization on three illustrative examples. The analytical solution for the tracer breakthrough curve at the pumping well in a dipole tracer test is developed by considering a perfectly stratified formation. The analysis is carried out making use of the travel time of a generic solute particle, from the injection to the pumping well. Injection conditions are adapted to different possible field setting. Solutions are presented for resident and flux proportional injection mode as well as for an instantaneous pulse of solute and continuous solute injections. The analytical form of the solution allows a detailed investigation on the impact of heterogeneity, the tracer input conditions and ergodicity conditions at the well. The impact of heterogeneity manifests in a significant spreading of solute particles that increases the natural tendency to spreading induced by the dipole setup. Furthermore, with increasing heterogeneity the number of layers needed to reach ergodic conditions become larger. Thus, dipole test in highly heterogeneous aquifers might take place under non-ergodic conditions giving that the log-conductivity variance is underestimated. The method is a promising geostatistical analyzing tool being the first analytical solution for dipole tracer test analysis taking heterogeneity of hydraulic conductivity into account.

Compatibility of azathioprine sodium with intravenous fluids.

PubMed

Johnson, C A; Porter, W A

1981-06-01

The effects of storage containers, diluent, temperature, and illumination on the stability and compatibility of azathioprine sodium were studied. Reconstituted solutions were stored in the manufacturer's vial and a plastic syringe. Diluted solutions were stored in mini-bags mixed with standard intravenous solutions (5% dextrose injection, 0.9% sodium chloride injection, and 0.45% sodium chloride injection). Samples were stored at 4 degrees C in the dark and at 23 degrees C under constant illumination. Samples containing an internal standard, 6-methylmercaptopurine, were assayed by ion exchange chromatography at 0, 8, and 16 days. Accelerated decomposition studies at 70 degrees C also were performed to determine the chromatographic method's capability for separating azathioprine from its breakdown products. No solutions or admixtures differed significantly (p greater than 0.13) from initial concentrations after 16 days at 23 degrees C under constant illumination. Mixture with 5% dextrose injection caused precipitation by day 16. Azathioprine sodium reconstituted and stored in the manufacturer's vial or a plastic syringe at 4 degrees C formed a precipitate by day 4. Sterility is the limiting factor determining suitability for use of azathioprine solutions kept less than four days.

Stability of midazolam hydrochloride injection 1-mg/mL solutions in polyvinyl chloride and polyolefin bags.

PubMed

Karlage, Kelly; Earhart, Zachary; Green-Boesen, Kelly; Myrdal, Paul B

2011-08-15

The stability of midazolam hydrochloride injection 1-mg/mL solutions in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyolefin bags under varying conditions was evaluated. Triplicate solutions of midazolam hydrochloride 1-mg/mL were prepared in polyolefin and PVC i.v. bags by diluting midazolam hydrochloride injection 5 mg/mL with 5% dextrose injection. Bags were then stored under refrigeration (3-4 °C), exposed to light at room temperature (20-25 °C), or protected from light in amber bags at room temperature. Samples were taken immediately after preparation (day 0) and on days 1, 2, 3, 6, 13, 20, and 27 for analysis with a stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography assay in order to determine solution concentration. Stability was defined as retention of at least 90% of the initial drug concentration. The pH of each solution was also measured weekly. Sterility of the i.v. bags was determined at the end of the study by microbiological testing with culture in growth media. Differences in concentrations under the various storage conditions and bags used were analyzed using analysis of variance. All solutions retained over 98% of the initial midazolam hydrochloride concentration, with no statistically significant (p ≥ 0.05) change in concentration over the four-week period. Stability was not affected by temperature, exposure to light, or bag type. The pH of all solutions remained between 3.2 and 3.4 throughout the study. Sterility after 28 days was retained. Midazolam hydrochloride 1-mg/mL solutions diluted in 5% dextrose injection remained stable over 27 days in both polyolefin and PVC i.v. bags, regardless of storage condition.

Palatal mucosa necrosis because of accidental sodium hypochlorite injection instead of anaesthetic solution.

PubMed

Gursoy, U K; Bostanci, V; Kosger, H H

2006-02-01

A case is reported in which sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) was inadvertently injected into the palatal mucosa instead of local anaesthetic solution. An adult male was referred to the University clinic 15 days after an inadvertent NaOCl injection into the palatal mucosa. Soft tissue necrosis was evident, without obvious bony involvement. Tissues healed without scarring within 30 days. No surgical intervention was required. NaOCl is highly irritant when extruded into vital tissues.--Dentists should be careful to avoid the misuse of NaOCl, and should check the nature of any agent before injecting it into patients.--NaOCl should not be dispensed in a way that could allow it to be mistaken for local anaesthetic solutions.--The well-perfused tissues of the oral cavity have considerable healing ability.

[A case of bilateral medial medullary infarction caused by unilateral vertebral artery dissection].

PubMed

Akimoto, Takayoshi; Hara, Makoto; Saito, Mari; Takahashi, Keiko; Kamei, Satoshi

2015-01-01

A 34-year-old man developed right neck pain. Several hours later, he felt numbness of his extremities and presented at our hospital. He developed right hemiparesis and hypoesthesia of the right extremities. A few hours later, upbeat nystagmus and dysarthria appeared along with a sensory disturbance that spread to all extremities, and right hemiparesis progressed to tetraplegia. Brain MR diffusion-weighted images revealed a high-intensity lesion in the bilateral medial medulla oblongata and we diagnosed this bilateral medial medullary infarction. Three dimentional CT angiography revealed dissection of the right VA. We administered intravenous argatroban, edaravone, glycerin and oral clopidogrel. He was assessed as having modified Rankin scale 4 and was transferred to another hospital for rehabilitation on day 30. When the medial medulla oblongata is supplied by the unilateral VA, a unilateral VA dissection can cause bilateral medial medullary infarction.

Capillary-Driven Solute Transport and Precipitation in Porous Media during Dry-Out

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ott, Holger; Andrew, Matthew; Blunt, Martin; Snippe, Jeroen

2014-05-01

The injection of dry or under-saturated gases or supercritical (SC) fluids into water bearing formations might lead to a formation dry-out in the vicinity of the injection well. The dry-out is caused by the evaporation/dissolution of formation water into the injected fluid and the subsequent transport of dissolved water in the injected fluid away from the injection well. Dry-out results in precipitation from solutes of the formation brine and consequently leads to a reduction of the rock's pore space (porosity) and eventually to a reduction of permeability near the injection well, or even to the loss of injectivity. Recently evidence has been found that the complexity of the pore space and the respective capillary driven solute transport plays a key role. While no effective-permeability (Keff) reduction was observed in a single-porosity sandstone, multi porosity carbonate rocks responded to precipitation with a strong reduction of Keff. The reason for the different response of Keff to salt precipitation is suspected to be in the exact location of the precipitate (solid salt) in the pore space. In this study, we investigate dry-out and salt precipitation due to supercritical CO2 injection in single and multi-porosity systems under near well-bore conditions. We image fluid saturation changes by means of μCT scanning during desaturation. We are able to observe capillary driven transport of the brine phase and the respective transport of solutes on the rock's pore scale. Finally we have access to the precipitated solid-salt phase and their distribution. The results can proof the thought models behind permeability porosity relationships K(φ) for injectivity modeling. The topic and the mechanisms we show are of general interest for drying processes in porous material such as soils and paper.

Injectable Hydrogels for Cardiac Tissue Repair after Myocardial Infarction

PubMed Central

Khattab, Ahmad; Islam, Mohammad Ariful; Hweij, Khaled Abou; Zeitouny, Joya; Waters, Renae; Sayegh, Malek; Hossain, Md Monowar; Paul, Arghya

2015-01-01

Cardiac tissue damage due to myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. The available treatments of MI include pharmaceutical therapy, medical device implants, and organ transplants, all of which have severe limitations including high invasiveness, scarcity of donor organs, thrombosis or stenosis of devices, immune rejection, and prolonged hospitalization time. Injectable hydrogels have emerged as a promising solution for in situ cardiac tissue repair in infarcted hearts after MI. In this review, an overview of various natural and synthetic hydrogels for potential application as injectable hydrogels in cardiac tissue repair and regeneration is presented. The review starts with brief discussions about the pathology of MI, its current clinical treatments and their limitations, and the emergence of injectable hydrogels as a potential solution for post MI cardiac regeneration. It then summarizes various hydrogels, their compositions, structures and properties for potential application in post MI cardiac repair, and recent advancements in the application of injectable hydrogels in treatment of MI. Finally, the current challenges associated with the clinical application of injectable hydrogels to MI and their potential solutions are discussed to help guide the future research on injectable hydrogels for translational therapeutic applications in regeneration of cardiac tissue after MI. PMID:27668147

Computed tomography analysis of third webspace injections for interdigital neuroma.

PubMed

Hembree, W Chad; Groth, Adam T; Schon, Lew C; Guyton, Gregory P

2013-04-01

Injection for interdigital neuroma (IDN) may not selectively target the common digital nerve. We investigated the anatomical localization and extent of extravasation with injection for IDN. Two fellowship-trained foot and ankle surgeons injected radiopaque contrast into the third webspace of 49 cadaveric specimens (29 with 2 mL and 20 with 1 mL). Computed tomography scan of each specimen was obtained. An independent blinded foot and ankle surgeon analyzed the scans. All injections were accurate. Contrast was found in the second (greater than 70%) and fourth (greater than 30%) webspaces in both injection volume groups. No contrast was found within the third metatarsophalangeal joint. Extravasation extent was significantly greater with 2 mL versus 1 mL of solution in the medial to lateral (27.9 [7.8] mm vs 23.7 [6.0] mm; P = .05) and distal to proximal (52.1 [13.7] mm vs 40.4 [16.1] mm; P = .01) planes. No differences were observed in extravasation extent between surgeons. Injection for IDN was accurate, and extravasation extended into adjacent webspaces in a large percentage of specimens with both solution volumes. Lower extent of extravasation with 1 mL of solution did not indicate better selectivity of injection. Steroid injections for interdigital neuroma were accurate for therapeutic purposes but not diagnostic, except potentially for distinguishing webspace pain from joint pain.

Risk behaviour determinants among people who inject drugs in Stockholm, Sweden over a 10-year period, from 2002 to 2012.

PubMed

Karlsson, Niklas; Santacatterina, Michele; Käll, Kerstin; Hägerstrand, Maria; Wallin, Susanne; Berglund, Torsten; Ekström, Anna Mia

2017-08-16

People who inject drugs (PWID) frequently engage in injection risk behaviours exposing them to blood-borne infections. Understanding the underlying causes that drive various types and levels of risk behaviours is important to better target preventive interventions. A total of 2150 PWID in Swedish remand prisons were interviewed between 2002 and 2012. Questions on socio-demographic and drug-related variables were asked in relation to the following outcomes: Having shared injection drug solution and having lent out or having received already used drug injection equipment within a 12 month recall period. Women shared solutions more than men (odds ratio (OR) 1.51, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03; 2.21). Those who had begun to inject drugs before age 17 had a higher risk (OR 1.43, 95% CI 0.99; 2.08) of having received used equipment compared to 17-19 year olds. Amphetamine-injectors shared solutions more than those injecting heroin (OR 2.43, 95% CI 1.64; 3.62). A housing contract lowered the risk of unsafe injection by 37-59% compared to being homeless. Women, early drug debut, amphetamine users and homeless people had a significantly higher level of injection risk behaviour and need special attention and tailored prevention to successfully combat hepatitis C and HIV transmission among PWID. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier, NCT02234167.

75 FR 9333 - Implantation or Injectable Dosage Form New Animal Drugs; Tilmicosin

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-02

.... FDA-2010-N-0002] Implantation or Injectable Dosage Form New Animal Drugs; Tilmicosin AGENCY: Food and... dose range for use of an injectable solution of tilmicosin phosphate for treatment of respiratory... 300 (tilmicosin injection, USP) Injection, available by veterinary prescription for use in the...

Advocacy for Gender Affirming Care: Learning from the Injectable Estrogen Shortage.

PubMed

Geffen, Sophia; Horn, Tim; Smith, Kimberleigh Joy; Cahill, Sean

2018-01-01

Hormone therapy is medically necessary for many transgender individuals. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and pharmaceutical companies' failure to guarantee a supply of injectable estrogen in 2016 and 2017 for transgender individuals is a violation of their right to comprehensive medical treatment, free of discrimination. A series of advocacy actions eventually led to all formulations of injectable estrogen being restored to market; however, long-term solutions to supply interruptions of injectable estrogen are needed. Long-term solutions should address the lack of federally funded research and, consequently, evidence-based practice on hormone therapy for gender affirmation.

Endophthalmitis due to inadvertent globe penetration during retrobulbar injection of saline solution for laser in situ keratomileusis.

PubMed

Han, Ying; Lam, Har Hiu; Stewart, Jay M

2009-06-01

A 31-year-old woman presented with visual acuity of counting fingers and presumed bacterial endophthalmitis in the left eye 10 days after refractive surgery. During the procedure, a retrobulbar injection of balanced salt solution had been performed to assist with globe suction by the microkeratome. A perforation site was identified in the inferonasal retina. Following intravitreal antibiotic injection and surgical intervention, the visual acuity returned to 20/20. Retrobulbar injection to facilitate laser in situ keratomileusis carries risks. Careful monitoring for signs of infection is recommended if globe perforation is recognized.

Process and apparatus for producing ultrafine explosive particles

DOEpatents

McGowan, Michael J.

1992-10-20

A method and an improved eductor apparatus for producing ultrafine explosive particles is disclosed. The explosive particles, which when incorporated into a binder system, have the ability to propagate in thin sheets, and have very low impact sensitivity and very high propagation sensitivity. A stream of a solution of the explosive dissolved in a solvent is thoroughly mixed with a stream of an inert nonsolvent by obtaining nonlaminar flow of the streams by applying pressure against the flow of the nonsolvent stream, to thereby diverge the stream as it contacts the explosive solution, and violently agitating the combined stream to rapidly precipitate the explosive particles from the solution in the form of generally spheroidal, ultrafine particles. The two streams are injected coaxially through continuous, concentric orifices of a nozzle into a mixing chamber. Preferably, the nonsolvent stream is injected centrally of the explosive solution stream. The explosive solution stream is injected downstream of and surrounds the nonsolvent solution stream for a substantial distance prior to being ejected into the mixing chamber.

Selective mucosal ablation using CO2 laser for the development of novel endoscopic submucosal dissection: comparison of continuous wave and nanosecond pulsed wave

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ishii, K.; Watanabe, S.; Obata, D.; Hazama, H.; Morita, Y.; Matsuoka, Y.; Kutsumi, H.; Azuma, T.; Awazu, K.

2010-02-01

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is accepted as a minimally invasive treatment technique for small early gastric cancers. Procedures are carried out using some specialized electrosurgical knifes with a submucosal injection solution. However it is not widely used because its procedure is difficult. The objective of this study is to develop a novel ESD method which is safe in principle and widely used by using laser techniques. In this study, we used CO2 lasers with a wavelength of 10.6 μm for mucosal ablation. Two types of pulse, continuous wave and pulsed wave with a pulse width of 110 ns, were studied to compare their values. Porcine stomach tissues were used as a sample. Aqueous solution of sodium hyaluronate (MucoUpR) with 50 mg/ml sodium dihydrogenphosphate is injected to a submucosal layer. As a result, ablation effect by CO2 laser irradiation was stopped because submucosal injection solution completely absorbed CO2 laser energy in the invasive energy condition which perforates a muscle layer without submucosal injection solution. Mucosal ablation by the combination of CO2 Laser and a submucosal injection solution is a feasible technique for treating early gastric cancers safely because it provides a selective mucosal resection and less-invasive interaction to muscle layer.

Tissue compatibility and pharmacokinetics of three potential subcutaneous injectables for low-pH drug solutions.

PubMed

Wu, Zimei; Tucker, Ian G; Razzak, Majid; McSporran, Keith; Medlicott, Natalie J

2010-07-01

The aim of the study was to investigate the tissue tolerance and bioavailability of four formulations containing 5% ricobendazole solubilised at low pH, following subcutaneous injection in sheep. Formulations were: a water-in-oil emulsion, a microemulsion, a hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD, 20%) drug solution, and a low-pH drug solution (reference). In-vitro cytotoxicity of the formulations was investigated in L929 fibroblasts using MTS viability and lactate dehydrogenase leakage assays. Each formulation and respective vehicle was injected into either side of the back of a sheep to investigate the tissue tolerance and pharmacokinetics. In-vitro studies suggested that both the emulsion and the microemulsion are unlikely to give a burst release of the low-pH drug solution in aqueous media. The microemulsion showed the greatest in-vitro cytotoxic effect but no significant difference was observed between the other formulations. In sheep, the three new formulations and vehicles caused little or no injection-site reactions compared with a marked response to the reference formulation. Bioavailabilities of HP-beta-CD formulation, emulsion and microemulsion formulations, relative to the reference formulation, were 194, 155 and 115%, respectively. The three new subcutaneous injectables showed promise for reducing irritation of low-pH solubilised ricobendazole. HP-beta-CD significantly enhanced the drug absorption. Controlling the burst release of the low-pH drug solution may improve tissue tolerance and minimise post-injection precipitation, and hence increase drug bioavailability. The in-vitro cytotoxicity studies did not predict the in-vivo irritation effects.

The analysis of a nonsimilar laminar boundary layer

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stalmach, D. D.; Bertin, J. J.

1978-01-01

A computer code is described which yields accurate solutions for a broad range of laminar, nonsimilar boundary layers, providing the inviscid flow field is known. The boundary layer may be subject to mass injection for perfect-gas, nonreacting flows. If no mass injection is present, the code can be used with either perfect-gas or real-gas thermodynamic models. Solutions, ranging from two-dimensional similarity solutions to solutions for the boundary layer on the Space Shuttle Orbiter during reentry conditions, have been obtained with the code. Comparisons of these solutions, and others, with solutions presented in the literature; and with solutions obtained from other codes, demonstrate the accuracy of the present code.

Enhanced electron injection into inverted polymer light-emitting diodes by combined solution-processed zinc oxide/polyethylenimine interlayers.

PubMed

Höfle, Stefan; Schienle, Alexander; Bruns, Michael; Lemmer, Uli; Colsmann, Alexander

2014-05-01

Inverted device architectures for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) require suitable interfaces or buffer layers to enhance electron injection from highwork-function transparent electrodes. A solution-processable combination of ZnO and PEI is reported, that facilitates electron injection and enables efficient and air-stable inverted devices. Replacing the metal anode by highly conductive polymers enables transparent OLEDs. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Coupling the Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer Technology and The Gelation Technology to Maximize Oil Production

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Malcolm Pitts; Jie Qi; Dan Wilson

2005-12-01

Gelation technologies have been developed to provide more efficient vertical sweep efficiencies for flooding naturally fractured oil reservoirs or reservoirs with different sand lenses with high permeability contrast. The field proven alkaline-surfactant-polymer technology economically recovers 15% to 25% OOIP more crude oil than waterflooding from swept pore space of an oil reservoir. However, alkaline-surfactant-polymer technology is not amenable to naturally fractured reservoirs or reservoirs with high permeability contrast zones because much of injected solution bypasses target pore space containing oil. This work investigates whether combining these two technologies could broaden applicability of alkaline-surfactant-polymer flooding into these reservoirs. Fluid-fluid interaction withmore » different gel chemical compositions and alkaline-surfactant-polymer solution with pH values ranging from 9.2 to 12.9 have been tested. Aluminum-polyacrylamide gels are not stable to alkaline-surfactant-polymer solutions at any pH. Chromium-polyacrylamide gels with polymer to chromium ion ratios of 25 or greater were stable to alkaline-surfactant-polymer solutions if solution pH was 10.6 or less. When the polymer to chromium ion was 15 or less, chromium-polyacrylamide gels were stable to alkaline-surfactant-polymer solutions with pH values up to 12.9. Chromium-xanthan gum gels were stable to alkaline-surfactant-polymer solutions with pH values of 12.9 at the polymer to chromium ion ratios tested. Silicate-polyacrylamide, resorcinol-formaldehyde, and sulfomethylated resorcinol-formaldehyde gels were also stable to alkaline-surfactant-polymer solutions with pH values ranging from 9.2 to 12.9. Iron-polyacrylamide gels were immediately destroyed when contacted with any of the alkaline-surfactant-polymer solutions with pH values ranging from 9.2 to 12.9. Gel solutions under dynamic conditions of linear corefloods showed similar stability to alkaline-surfactant-polymer solutions as in the fluid-fluid analyses with the exception of the xanthan gum-chromium acetate gels. Aluminum-polyacrylamide flowing gels are not stable to alkaline-surfactant-polymer solutions of either pH 10.5 or 12.9, either in linear corefloods or in dual separate radial core, common manifold corefloods. Chromium acetate-polyacrylamide flowing and rigid tonguing gels are stable to subsequent alkaline-surfactant-polymer solution injection. Rigid tonguing chromium acetate-polyacrylamide gels maintained permeability reduction better than flowing chromium acetate-polyacrylamide gels. Chromium acetate gels were stable to injection of alkaline-surfactant-polymer solutions at 72 F, 125 F and 175 F in linear corefloods. Chromium acetate-polyacrylamide gels maintained diversion capability after injection of an alkaline-surfactant-polymer solution in stacked; radial coreflood with a common well bore. Chromium acetate-polyacrylamide gel used to seal fractured core maintain fracture closure if followed by an alkaline-surfactant-polymer solution. Chromium acetatexanthan gum rigid gels are not stable to subsequent alkaline-surfactant-polymer solution injection at 72, 125, and 175 F. Silicate-polyacrylamide gels are not stable with subsequent injection of either a pH 10.5 or a 12.9 alkaline-surfactant-polymer solution. Resorcinol-formaldehyde gels were stable to subsequent alkaline-surfactant-polymer solution injection. When evaluated in a dual core configuration, injected fluid flows into the core with the greatest effective permeability to the injected fluid. The same gel stability trends to subsequent alkaline-surfactant-polymer injected solution were observed. Aluminum citrate-polyacrylamide, resorcinol-formaldehyde, and the silicate-polyacrylamide gel systems did not produce significant incremental oil in linear corefloods. Both flowing and rigid tonguing chromium acetate-polyacrylamide gels and the xanthan gum-chromium acetate gel system produced incremental oil with the rigid tonguing gel producing the greatest amount. Higher oil recovery could have been due to higher differential pressures across cores. Aluminum citrate-polyacrylamide gels, chromium acetate-polyacrylamide gels, silicate-polymer, and chromium-xanthan gum gels did not alter an alkaline-surfactant-polymer solution's ability to produce incremental oil. Incremental oil was reduced with the resorcinol-formaldehyde gel system. Total waterflood plus chemical flood oil recovery sequence recoveries were generally similar. Performance and produced polymer evaluation of four alkaline-surfactant-polymer projects concluded that only one of the projects could have benefited from combining the alkaline-surfactant-polymer and gelation technologies. Cambridge, the 1993 Daqing, Mellott Ranch, and the Wardlaw alkaline-surfacant-polymer floods were studied. An initial gel treatment followed by an alkaline-surfactant-polymer flood in the Wardlaw field would have been a benefit due to reduction of fracture flow.« less

Monitoring TCE Degradation by In-situ Bioremediation in TCE-Contaminated site

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Han, K.; Hong, U.; Ahn, G.; Jiang, H.; Yoo, H.; Park, S.; Kim, N.; Ahn, H.; Kwon, S.; Kim, Y.

2012-12-01

Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a long-term common groundwater pollutant because the compound with high density is slowly released into groundwater. Physical and chemical remediation processes have been used to clean-up the contaminant, but novel remediation technology is required to overcome a low efficiency of the traditional treatment process. Many researchers focused on biological process using an anaerobic TCE degrading culture, but it still needs to evaluate whether the process can be applied into field scale under aerobic condition. Therefore, in this work we investigated two different tests (i.e., biostimulation and bioaugmentation) of biological remediation through the Well-to-Well test (injection well to extraction well) in TCE-contaminated site. Also solutions (Electron donor & acceptor, tracer) were injected into the aquifer using a liquid coupled with nitrogen gas sparging. In biostimulation, we use 3 phases to monitoring biological remediation. Phase 1: we inject formate solution to get electron donor hydrogen (hydrogen can be generated from fermentation of formate). We also inject bromide as tracer. Phase 2: we made injection solution by formate, bromide and sulfate. The reason why we inject sulfate is that as a kind of electron accepter, sulfate reduction process is helpful to create anaerobic condition. Phase 3: we inject mixed solution made by formate, sulfate, fumarate, and bromide. The degradation of fumarate has the same mechanism and condition with TCE degradation, so we added fumarate to make sure that if the anaerobic TCE degradation by indigenous microorganisms started up (Because low TCE concentration by gas sparging). In the bioaugmentation test, we inject the Evanite culture (containing dehalococcoides spp) and TCE degradation to c-DCE, VC, ETH was monitored. We are evaluating the transport of the Evanite culture in the field by measuring TCE and VC reductases.

Simulation of the Transverse Injection of a Pulsed Jet from the Surface of a Flat Plate into a Supersonic Flow

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Volkov, K. N.; Emelyanov, V. N.; Yakovchuk, M. S.

2017-11-01

The transverse injection of a pulsed jet into a supersonic flow for thrust vectoring in solid rocket motors is investigated. The gas flow through the injection nozzle is controlled by a piston which performs reciprocating motion. Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations and the ( k- ɛ) turbulence model equations are discretized using the finite volume method and moving grids. The pressure distributions on the plate surface obtained using various approaches to the description of the flow field and difference schemes are compared. The solution obtained for the case of injection of a pulsed jet is compared with the solution for the case where a valve prevents gas flow through the injection nozzle. The dependence of the control force produced by gas injection on time is investigated.

Needle-less local anesthesia: clinical evaluation of the effectiveness of the jet anesthesia Injex in local anesthesia in dentistry.

PubMed

Dabarakis, Nikolaos N; Alexander, Veis; Tsirlis, Anastasios T; Parissis, Nikolaos A; Nikolaos, Maroufidis

2007-01-01

To clinically evaluate the jet injection Injex (Rösch AG Medizintechnik) using 2 different anesthetic solutions, and to compare the jet injection and the standard needle injection techniques. Of the 32 patients in the study, 10 received mepivacaine 3% anesthetic solution by means of the jet injection technique, while the remaining 22 patients received lidocaine 2% with epinephrine 1:80,000 by the same method. The 14 patients in whom pulp anesthesia was achieved were selected for an additional evaluation of the pulp reaction using standard needle injection anesthesia. The differences between the 2 compounds with Injex were statistically evaluated by means of independent-samples t test analysis. The differences between subgroups receiving both jet injection and needle injection anesthesia were evaluated by means of paired t test analysis. The administration of mepivacaine 3% using Injex did not achieve pulp anesthesia in any of the 10 patients, although the soft tissue anesthesia was successful. The administration of lidocaine with epinephrine using Injex resulted in pulp anesthesia in only 14 patients; soft tissue anesthesia was observed in all patients of this group. There was no statistically significant difference between Injex and the needle injection technique in onset of anesthesia. However, the duration of anesthesia was significantly longer for the needle infiltration group than for the Injex injection group. The anesthetic solution should be combined with a vasoconstriction agent when the Injex technique is implemented.

Estimating the gas and dye quantities for modified tracer technique measurements of stream reaeration coefficients

USGS Publications Warehouse

Rathbun, R.E.

1979-01-01

Measuring the reaeration coefficient of a stream with a modified tracer technique has been accomplished by injecting either ethylene or ethylene and propane together and a rhodamine-WT dye solution into the stream. The movement of the tracers through the stream reach after injection is described by a one-dimensional diffusion equation. The peak concentrations of the tracers at the downstream end of the reach depend on the concentrations of the tracers in the stream at the injection site, the longitudinal dispersion coefficient, the mean water velocity, the length of the reach, and the duration of the injection period. The downstream gas concentrations also depend on the gas desorption coefficients of the reach. The concentrations of the tracer gases in the stream at the injection site depend on the flow rates of the gases through the injection diffusers, the efficiency of the gas absorption process, and the stream discharge. The concentration of dye in the stream at the injection site depends on the flow rate of the dye solution, the concentration of the dye solution, and the stream discharge. Equations for estimating the gas flow rates, the quantities of the gases, the dye concentration, and the quantity of dye together with procedures for determining the variables in these equations are presented. (Woodard-USGS)

[Skin necrosis resulting from the extravasation of intravenous injections].

PubMed

Ikhefoulma, Soumaya; Mahiou, Abelhamid; Perillat, Isabelle

2012-09-01

Extravasation is the diffusion of a product injected intravenously into the perivascular or subcutaneous spaces. Skin necrosis of iatrogenic origin can be observed for example with a subcutaneous perfusion of solution containing potassium chloride or the extravasation of 30% hypertonic glucose serum. Whenever a product is injected, the administration route for which the product has obtained marketing authorisation must be respected and a perfusion time of at least 4 to 5 hours per litre of solution perfused must be observed.

Multiplexed detection of nitrate and nitrite for capillary electrophoresis with an automated device for high injection efficiency.

PubMed

Gao, Leyi; Patterson, Eric E; Shippy, Scott A

2006-02-01

A simple automated nanoliter scale injection device which allows for reproducible 5 nL sample injections from samples with a volume of <1 microL is successfully used for conventional capillary electrophoresis (CE) and Hadamard transform (HT) CE detection. Two standard fused silica capillaries are assembled axially through the device to function as an injection and a separation capillary. Sample solution is supplied to the injection capillary using pressure controlled with a solenoid valve. Buffer solution flows gravimetrically by the junction of the injection and separation capillaries and is also gated with a solenoid valve. Plugs of sample are pushed into the space between the injection and separation capillaries for electrokinectic injection. To evaluate the performance of the injection device, several optimizations are performed including the influence of flow rates, the injected sample volume and the control of the buffer transverse flow on the overall sensitivity. The system was then applied to HT-CE-UV detection for the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) improvement of the nitric oxide (NO) metabolites, nitrite and nitrate. In addition, signal averaging was performed to explore the possibility of greater sensitivity enhancements compared to single injections.

76 FR 3488 - Implantation or Injectable Dosage Form New Animal Drugs; Oxytetracycline and Flunixin

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-20

.... FDA-2010-N-0002] Implantation or Injectable Dosage Form New Animal Drugs; Oxytetracycline and Flunixin... combination drug injectable solution containing oxytetracycline and flunixin meglumine in cattle. [[Page 3489... veterinary prescription use of HEXASOL (oxytetracycline and flunixin meglumine) Injection for the treatment...

Modeling of the Temperature Field Recovery in the Oil Pool

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khabibullin, I. L.; Davtetbaev, A. Ya.; Mar'in, D. F.; Khisamov, A. A.

2018-05-01

This paper considers the problem on mathematical modeling of the temperature field recovery in the oil pool upon termination of injection of water into the pool. The problem is broken down into two stages: injection of water and temperature and pressure recovery upon termination of injection. A review of the existing mathematical models is presented, analytical solutions for a number of cases have been constructed, and a comparison of the analytical solutions of different models has been made. In the general form, the expression has been obtained that permits determining the temperature change in the oil pool upon termination of injection of water (recovery of the temperature field).

Advocacy for Gender Affirming Care: Learning from the Injectable Estrogen Shortage

PubMed Central

Geffen, Sophia; Horn, Tim; Smith, Kimberleigh Joy; Cahill, Sean

2018-01-01

Abstract Hormone therapy is medically necessary for many transgender individuals. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and pharmaceutical companies' failure to guarantee a supply of injectable estrogen in 2016 and 2017 for transgender individuals is a violation of their right to comprehensive medical treatment, free of discrimination. A series of advocacy actions eventually led to all formulations of injectable estrogen being restored to market; however, long-term solutions to supply interruptions of injectable estrogen are needed. Long-term solutions should address the lack of federally funded research and, consequently, evidence-based practice on hormone therapy for gender affirmation. PMID:29682613

Development and characterization of a rapid polymerizing collagen for soft tissue augmentation.

PubMed

Devore, Dale; Zhu, Jiaxun; Brooks, Robert; McCrate, Rebecca Rone; Grant, David A; Grant, Sheila A

2016-03-01

A liquid collagen has been developed that fibrilizes upon injection. Rapid polymerizing collagen (RPC) is a type I porcine collagen that undergoes fibrillization upon interaction with ionic solutions, such as physiological solutions. The ability to inject liquid collagen would be beneficial for many soft tissue augmentation applications. In this study, RPC was synthesized and characterized as a possible dermal filler. Transmission electron microscopy, ion induced RPC fibrillogenesis tests, collagenase resistance assay, and injection force studies were performed to assess RPC's physicochemical properties. An in vivo study was performed which consisted of a 1-, 3-, and 6-month study where RPC was injected into the ears of miniature swine. The results demonstrated that the liquid RPC requires low injection force (<7 N); fibrillogenesis and banding of collagen occurs when RPC is injected into ionic solutions, and RPC has enhanced resistance to collagenase breakdown. The in vivo study demonstrated long-term biocompatibility with low irritation scores. In conclusion RPC possesses many of the desirable properties of a soft tissue augmentation material. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 758-767, 2016. © 2015 The authors journal of biomedical materials research part a published by wiley periodicals, inc.

Development and characterization of a rapid polymerizing collagen for soft tissue augmentation

PubMed Central

Devore, Dale; Zhu, Jiaxun; Brooks, Robert; McCrate, Rebecca Rone; Grant, David A.

2015-01-01

Abstract A liquid collagen has been developed that fibrilizes upon injection. Rapid polymerizing collagen (RPC) is a type I porcine collagen that undergoes fibrillization upon interaction with ionic solutions, such as physiological solutions. The ability to inject liquid collagen would be beneficial for many soft tissue augmentation applications. In this study, RPC was synthesized and characterized as a possible dermal filler. Transmission electron microscopy, ion induced RPC fibrillogenesis tests, collagenase resistance assay, and injection force studies were performed to assess RPC's physicochemical properties. An in vivo study was performed which consisted of a 1‐, 3‐, and 6‐month study where RPC was injected into the ears of miniature swine. The results demonstrated that the liquid RPC requires low injection force (<7 N); fibrillogenesis and banding of collagen occurs when RPC is injected into ionic solutions, and RPC has enhanced resistance to collagenase breakdown. The in vivo study demonstrated long‐term biocompatibility with low irritation scores. In conclusion RPC possesses many of the desirable properties of a soft tissue augmentation material. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 758–767, 2016. PMID:26488368

The febrile responses in rabbits and rats to leucocyte pyrogens of different species.

PubMed Central

Borsook, D; Laburn, H; Mitchell, D

1978-01-01

1. We have investigated the effects on body temperature of rats and rabbits of leucocyte pyrogen derived from the blood of rat, rabbit, ox, pig and baboon. 2. In the rabbit intravenous injections (3.5 ml.) of solutions containing leucocyte pyrogen derived from ox, pig and rabbit blood produced fevers with short latencies; no fevers resulted from injections of similar solutions derived from rat or baboon blood. 3. In the rat intraperitoneal injections (2.0 ml.) of solutions containing leucocyte pyrogen derived from ox blood caused a fever, while pig leucocyte pyrogen produced a marked hypothermia. Neither rabbit, baboon, nor rat leucocyte pyrogen had any significant effect on rectal temperature of the rats. 4. Our results show that there is a variability of response in the rat and the rabbit to injection of leucocyte pyrogen of different species; leucocyte pyrogen may be species specific. PMID:671345

Apparatus and method for continuous production of materials

DOEpatents

Chang, Chih-hung; Jin, Hyungdae

2014-08-12

Embodiments of a continuous-flow injection reactor and a method for continuous material synthesis are disclosed. The reactor includes a mixing zone unit and a residence time unit removably coupled to the mixing zone unit. The mixing zone unit includes at least one top inlet, a side inlet, and a bottom outlet. An injection tube, or plurality of injection tubes, is inserted through the top inlet and extends past the side inlet while terminating above the bottom outlet. A first reactant solution flows in through the side inlet, and a second reactant solution flows in through the injection tube(s). With reference to nanoparticle synthesis, the reactant solutions combine in a mixing zone and form nucleated nanoparticles. The nucleated nanoparticles flow through the residence time unit. The residence time unit may be a single conduit, or it may include an outer housing and a plurality of inner tubes within the outer housing.

Thickness and Closure Kinetics of the Suprachoroidal Space Following Microneedle Injection of Liquid Formulations

PubMed Central

Chiang, Bryce; Venugopal, Nitin; Grossniklaus, Hans E.; Jung, Jae Hwan; Edelhauser, Henry F.; Prausnitz, Mark R.

2017-01-01

Purpose To determine the effect of injection volume and formulation of a microneedle injection into the suprachoroidal space (SCS) on SCS thickness and closure kinetics. Methods Microneedle injections containing 25 to 150 μL Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS) were performed in the rabbit SCS ex vivo. Distribution of SCS thickness was measured by ultrasonography and three-dimensional (3D) cryo-reconstruction. Microneedle injections were performed in the rabbit SCS in vivo using HBSS, Discovisc, and 1% to 5% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in HBSS. Ultrasonography was used to track SCS thickness over time. Results Increasing HBSS injection volume increased the area of expanded SCS, but did not increase SCS thickness ex vivo. With SCS injections in vivo, the SCS initially expanded to thicknesses of 0.43 ± 0.06 mm with HBSS, 1.5 ± 0.4 mm with Discovisc, and 0.69 to 2.1 mm with 1% to 5% CMC. After injection with HBSS, Discovisc, and 1% CMC solution, the SCS collapsed to baseline with time constants of 19 minutes, 6 hours, and 2.4 days, respectively. In contrast, injections with 3% to 5% CMC solution resulted in SCS expansion to 2.3 to 2.8 mm over the course of 2.8 to 9.1 hours, after which the SCS collapsed to baseline with time constants of 4.5 to 9.2 days. Conclusions With low-viscosity formulations, SCS expands to a thickness that remains roughly constant, independent of the volume of fluid injected. Increasing injection fluid viscosity significantly increased SCS thickness. Expansion of the SCS is hypothesized to be controlled by a balance between the viscous forces of the liquid formulation and the resistive biomechanical forces of the tissue. PMID:28125842

Thickness and Closure Kinetics of the Suprachoroidal Space Following Microneedle Injection of Liquid Formulations.

PubMed

Chiang, Bryce; Venugopal, Nitin; Grossniklaus, Hans E; Jung, Jae Hwan; Edelhauser, Henry F; Prausnitz, Mark R

2017-01-01

To determine the effect of injection volume and formulation of a microneedle injection into the suprachoroidal space (SCS) on SCS thickness and closure kinetics. Microneedle injections containing 25 to 150 μL Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS) were performed in the rabbit SCS ex vivo. Distribution of SCS thickness was measured by ultrasonography and three-dimensional (3D) cryo-reconstruction. Microneedle injections were performed in the rabbit SCS in vivo using HBSS, Discovisc, and 1% to 5% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in HBSS. Ultrasonography was used to track SCS thickness over time. Increasing HBSS injection volume increased the area of expanded SCS, but did not increase SCS thickness ex vivo. With SCS injections in vivo, the SCS initially expanded to thicknesses of 0.43 ± 0.06 mm with HBSS, 1.5 ± 0.4 mm with Discovisc, and 0.69 to 2.1 mm with 1% to 5% CMC. After injection with HBSS, Discovisc, and 1% CMC solution, the SCS collapsed to baseline with time constants of 19 minutes, 6 hours, and 2.4 days, respectively. In contrast, injections with 3% to 5% CMC solution resulted in SCS expansion to 2.3 to 2.8 mm over the course of 2.8 to 9.1 hours, after which the SCS collapsed to baseline with time constants of 4.5 to 9.2 days. With low-viscosity formulations, SCS expands to a thickness that remains roughly constant, independent of the volume of fluid injected. Increasing injection fluid viscosity significantly increased SCS thickness. Expansion of the SCS is hypothesized to be controlled by a balance between the viscous forces of the liquid formulation and the resistive biomechanical forces of the tissue.

Fluid flow characteristics during polymer flooding

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yao, S. L.; Dou, H. E.; Wu, M.; Zhang, H. J.

2018-05-01

At present the main problems of polymer flooding is the high injection pressure which could not guarantee the later injection. In this paper the analyses of polymer’s physical properties and its solution’s variable movement characteristics in porous media reveal the inevitable trend of decrease in injection capacity and liquid production due to the increase of fluid viscosity and flow rate with more flow resistance. The injection rate makes the primary contribution to the active viscosity of the polymer solution in porous media. The higher injection rate, the greater shearing degradation and the more the viscosity loss. Besides the quantitative variation, the rate also changes qualitatively as that the injection rate demonstrates composite change of injection intensity and density. Due to the different adjustment function of the polymer solution on its injection profile, there should be different adjustment model of rates in such stages. Here in combination of the on-site recognitions, several conclusions and recommendations are made based on the study of the injection pattern adjustment during polymer flooding to improve the pressure distribution system, which would be a meaningful reference for extensive polymer flooding in the petroleum industry.

Solute plumes mean velocity in aquifer transport: Impact of injection and detection modes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dagan, Gedeon

2017-08-01

Flow of mean velocity U takes place in a heterogeneous aquifer of random spatially variable conductivity K. A solute plume is injected instantaneously along a plane normal to U, over a large area relative to the logconductivity integral scale I (ergodic plume). Transport is by advection by the spatially variable Eulerian velocity. The study is focused on the derivation of the mean plume velocity in the four modes set forth by Kreft and Zuber [1978] for one dimensional flow in a homogeneous medium. In the resident injection mode the mass is initially distributed uniformly in space while in the flux mode it is proportional to the local velocity. In the resident detection mode the mean velocity pertains to the plume centroid, whereas in flux detection it is quantified with the aid of the BTC and the corresponding mean arrival time. In agreement with the literature, it is shown that URR and UFF, pertaining to same injection and detection modes, either resident or flux, are equal to U. In contrast, in the mixed modes the solute velocity may differ significantly from U near the injection plane, approaching it at large distances relative to I. These effects are explained qualitatively with the aid of the exact solution for stratified aquifers.

Physicochemical characterization and an injection formulation study of water insoluble ZCVI₄-2, a novel NO-donor anticancer compound.

PubMed

Gao, Yuan; Li, Li; Zhang, Jianjun; Su, Feng; Gong, Zhenhua; Lai, Yisheng; Zhang, Yihua

2012-07-01

ZCVI(4)-2 was a novel nitric oxide-releasing glycosyl derivative of oleanolic acid that displayed strong cytotoxicity selectively against human hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. In this study, ZCVI(4)-2 was characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffractometry, Raman spectroscopy, hygroscopicity and stability. A high performance liquid chromatography method was also established for the quantitative determination of solubility and additional stability profile of ZCVI(4)-2. ZCVI(4)-2 was found to be an amorphous and stable solid with low solubility of less than 10 μg/mL. Based on the solubilization tests that included methods of cosolvency and micellization, the solution mixture of 5% Solutol HS-15, 5% 1, 2-propylene glycol and 5% anhydrous ethanol was determined to be the system for the preparation of the ZCVI(4)-2 early injection solution. The effect of pH, temperature, light and injectable isotonic glucose or NaCl solution on ZCVI(4)-2 injection was also investigated. Good stability was observed at all testing conditions. Under the conditions studied, the NO-releasing rate and amount of ZCVI(4)-2 from the early injection solution in rat plasma demonstrated a promising therapeutic efficacy while maintaining a good safety profile.

Assessment of the biopotency of follitropin alfa and lutropin alfa combined in one injection: a comparative trial in Sprague-Dawley rats

PubMed Central

Alper, Michael; Meyer, Randal; Dekkers, Chris; Ezcurra, Diego; Schertz, Joan; Kelly, Eduardo

2008-01-01

Background The current study was designed to determine if follitropin alfa (recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone; r-hFSH) and lutropin alfa (recombinant human luteinizing hormone; r-hLH) biopotencies were unchanged by reconstituting in sterile water for injection and mixing prior to injection. Methods The biopotencies of r-hFSH and r-hLH were determined following injection of female Sprague-Dawley rats with a mixture of follitropin alfa revised formulation female (RFF) and lutropin alfa (1:1, r-hFSH:r-hLH). Biopotencies of follitropin alfa RFF and lutropin alfa were measured using ovarian weight and ascorbic acid depletion assays, respectively, and compared with a reference standard. Stock mixtures of follitropin alfa RFF and lutropin alfa (1:1) were prepared within 1 h prior to each respective assay's injection and stored at 6 +/- 2°C. Separate low dose (follitropin alfa RFF 1.5 IU/rat, lutropin alfa 2 IU/rat) and high dose (follitropin alfa RFF 3 IU/rat, lutropin alfa 8 IU/rat) treatments were prepared from stock mixtures or individual solutions by diluting with 0.22% bovine serum albumin saline solution and injected within 1 h of preparation. The main outcome measures were ovarian weight and ovarian ascorbic acid depletion. Results FSH bioactivities were similar (p > 0.10) between the individual follitropin alfa RFF test solution (84.2 IU) and follitropin alfa RFF/lutropin alfa (87.6 IU) mixtures prepared within 1 h of injection and stored at 6 +/- 2°C. LH bioactivities were similar (p > 0.10) between lutropin alfa (94.7 IU) test solution and lutropin alfa/follitropin alfa RFF (85.3 IU) mixtures prepared within 1 h of injection and stored at 6 +/- 2°C for not more than 1 h prior to injection. Conclusion Mixing follitropin alfa RFF and lutropin alfa did not alter the bioactivity of either FSH or LH. PMID:18647398

21 CFR 522.1085 - Guaifenesin powder for injection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 6 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Guaifenesin powder for injection. 522.1085 Section... § 522.1085 Guaifenesin powder for injection. (a) Specifications. The product is a sterile powder containing guaifenesin. A solution is prepared by dissolving the drug in sterile water for injection to make...

21 CFR 522.800 - Droperidol and fentanyl citrate injection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 6 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Droperidol and fentanyl citrate injection. 522.800... § 522.800 Droperidol and fentanyl citrate injection. (a) Specifications. Droperidol and fentanyl citrate injection is a sterile solution containing 20 milligrams of droperidol and 0.4 milligram of fentanyl citrate...

21 CFR 522.800 - Droperidol and fentanyl citrate injection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 6 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Droperidol and fentanyl citrate injection. 522.800... § 522.800 Droperidol and fentanyl citrate injection. (a) Specifications. Droperidol and fentanyl citrate injection is a sterile solution containing 20 milligrams of droperidol and 0.4 milligram of fentanyl citrate...

21 CFR 522.800 - Droperidol and fentanyl citrate injection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 6 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Droperidol and fentanyl citrate injection. 522.800... § 522.800 Droperidol and fentanyl citrate injection. (a) Specifications. Droperidol and fentanyl citrate injection is a sterile solution containing 20 milligrams of droperidol and 0.4 milligram of fentanyl citrate...

Constraints on geothermal reservoir volume change calculations from InSAR surface displacements and injection and production data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kaven, J. Ole; Barbour, Andrew J.; Ali, Tabrez

2017-04-01

Continual production of geothermal energy at times leads to significant surface displacement that can be observed in high spatial resolution using InSAR imagery. The surface displacement can be analyzed to resolve volume change within the reservoir revealing the often-complicated patterns of reservoir deformation. Simple point source models of reservoir deformation in a homogeneous elastic or poro-elastic medium can be superimposed to provide spatially varying, kinematic representations of reservoir deformation. In many cases, injection and production data are known in insufficient detail; but, when these are available, the same Green functions can be used to constrain the reservoir deformation. Here we outline how the injection and production data can be used to constrain bounds on the solution by posing the inversion as a quadratic programming with inequality constraints and regularization rather than a conventional least squares solution with regularization. We apply this method to InSAR-derived surface displacements at the Coso and Salton Sea Geothermal Fields in California, using publically available injection and production data. At both geothermal fields the available surface deformation in conjunction with the injection and production data permit robust solutions for the spatially varying reservoir deformation. The reservoir deformation pattern resulting from the constrained quadratic programming solution is more heterogeneous when compared to a conventional least squares solution. The increased heterogeneity is consistent with the known structural controls on heat and fluid transport in each geothermal reservoir.

Determination of chloride in admixtures and aggregates for cement by a simple flow injection potentiometric system.

PubMed

Junsomboon, Jaroon; Jakmunee, Jaroon

2008-07-15

A simple flow injection system using three 3-way solenoid valves as an electric control injection valve and with a simple home-made chloride ion selective electrode based on Ag/AgCl wire as a sensor for determination of water soluble chloride in admixtures and aggregates for cement has been developed. A liquid sample or an extract was injected into a water carrier stream which was then merged with 0.1M KNO(3) stream and flowed through a flow cell where the solution will be in contact with the sensor, producing a potential change recorded as a peak. A calibration graph in range of 10-100 mg L(-1) was obtained with a detection limit of 2 mg L(-1). Relative standard deviations for 7 replicates injecting of 20, 60 and 90 mg L(-1) chloride solutions were 1.0, 1.2 and 0.6%, respectively. Sample throughput of 60 h(-1) was achieved with the consumption of 1 mL each of electrolyte solution and water carrier. The developed method was validated by the British Standard methods.

Diffusiophoresis in one-dimensional solute gradients

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ault, Jesse T.; Warren, Patrick B.; Shin, Sangwoo

Here, the diffusiophoretic motion of suspended colloidal particles under one-dimensional solute gradients is solved using numerical and analytical techniques. Similarity solutions are developed for the injection and withdrawal dynamics of particles into semi-infinite pores. Furthermore, a method of characteristics formulation of the diffusion-free particle transport model is presented and integrated to realize particle trajectories. Analytical solutions are presented for the limit of small particle diffusiophoretic mobility Γ p relative to the solute diffusivity D s for particle motions in both semi-infinite and finite domains. Results confirm the build up of local maxima and minima in the propagating particle front dynamics.more » The method of characteristics is shown to successfully predict particle motions and the position of the particle front, although it fails to accurately predict suspended particle concentrations in the vicinity of sharp gradients, such as at the particle front peak seen in some injection cases, where particle diffusion inevitably plays an important role. Results inform the design of applications in which the use of applied solute gradients can greatly enhance particle injection into and withdrawal from pores.« less

Different solutions used for submucosal injection influenced early healing of gastric endoscopic mucosal resection in a preclinical study in experimental pigs.

PubMed

Bures, Jan; Kopácová, Marcela; Kvetina, Jaroslav; Osterreicher, Jan; Sinkorová, Zuzana; Svoboda, Zbynek; Tachecí, Ilja; Filip, Stanislav; Spelda, Stanislav; Kunes, Martin; Rejchrt, Stanislav

2009-09-01

We hypothesised that different solutions for submucosal injection may influence early healing of endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR). The aim of this study was to evaluate histological and immunological changes after EMR in experimental pigs. Two parallel EMRs on the anterior and posterior wall of the gastric body were performed by means of the cap technique in 21 female pigs. A glycerol-based solution (anterior EMR) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose solution (posterior EMR) were applied for submucosal injection. The animals were sacrificed 7 days later, and tissue sections of all EMRs were stained using combined trichrome. Computer image analysis was used for objective evaluation of elastic and collagen fibres content. Two-colour indirect immunophenotyping of blood and gastric samples were performed using mouse anti-pig monoclonal antibodies. The values of collagen fibre content 7 days after EMR were significantly higher in lesions after the use of solution A in comparison with solution B (2.10 +/- 0.25% versus 1.57 +/- 0.25%, p = 0.009). Concordant results were found in elastic fibres (3.23 +/- 0.49% versus 2.93 +/- 0.61%, p = 0.018). No systemic changes in major leukocyte subpopulations were found. In gastric tissue, lymphocyte subsets exhibited only minor changes. CD4(+) T-lymphocytes were increased in the healing tissue after EMR using solution A (17.08 +/- 9.24% versus 9.76 +/- 7.97%, p = 0.011). Significant increase of SWC3(+) leukocytes was observed after EMR using solution B (47.70 +/- 25.41% versus 18.70 +/- 12.16%, p = 0.001). The use of glycerol-based solution for submucosal injection was associated with more pronounced histological signs of early healing of EMRs compared with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose.

Heart Rate Effects of Intraosseous Injections Using Slow and Fast Rates of Anesthetic Solution Deposition

PubMed Central

Susi, Louis; Reader, Al; Nusstein, John; Beck, Mike; Weaver, Joel; Drum, Melissa

2008-01-01

The authors, using a crossover design, randomly administered, in a single-blind manner, 3 primary intraosseous injections to 61 subjects using: the Wand local anesthetic system at a deposition rate of 45 seconds (fast injection); the Wand local anesthetic system at a deposition rate of 4 minutes and 45 seconds (slow injection); a conventional syringe injection at a deposition rate of 4 minutes and 45 seconds (slow injection), in 3 separate appointments spaced at least 3 weeks apart. A pulse oximeter measured heart rate (pulse). The results demonstrated the mean maximum heart rate was statistically higher with the fast intraosseous injection (average 21 to 28 beats/min increase) than either of the 2 slow intraosseous injections (average 10 to 12 beats/min increase). There was no statistically significant difference between the 2 slow injections. We concluded that an intraosseous injection of 1.4 mL of 2% lidocaine with 1 : 100,000 epinephrine with the Wand at a 45-second rate of anesthetic deposition resulted in a significantly higher heart rate when compared with a 4-minute and 45-second anesthetic solution deposition using either the Wand or traditional syringe. PMID:18327970

Heart rate effects of intraosseous injections using slow and fast rates of anesthetic solution deposition.

PubMed

Susi, Louis; Reader, Al; Nusstein, John; Beck, Mike; Weaver, Joel; Drum, Melissa

2008-01-01

The authors, using a crossover design, randomly administered, in a single-blind manner, 3 primary intraosseous injections to 61 subjects using: the Wand local anesthetic system at a deposition rate of 45 seconds (fast injection); the Wand local anesthetic system at a deposition rate of 4 minutes and 45 seconds (slow injection); a conventional syringe injection at a deposition rate of 4 minutes and 45 seconds (slow injection), in 3 separate appointments spaced at least 3 weeks apart. A pulse oximeter measured heart rate (pulse). The results demonstrated the mean maximum heart rate was statistically higher with the fast intraosseous injection (average 21 to 28 beats/min increase) than either of the 2 slow intraosseous injections (average 10 to 12 beats/min increase). There was no statistically significant difference between the 2 slow injections. We concluded that an intraosseous injection of 1.4 mL of 2% lidocaine with 1 : 100,000 epinephrine with the Wand at a 45-second rate of anesthetic deposition resulted in a significantly higher heart rate when compared with a 4-minute and 45-second anesthetic solution deposition using either the Wand or traditional syringe.

Visualization of diffusion of the drug solution during aluminum potassium tannic acid injection therapy: a pilot study.

PubMed

Yamamoto, Yutaka; Miwa, Mitsuharu

2013-06-01

Sclerotherapy with aluminum potassium tannic acid (ALTA), which was approved in Japan for the treatment of internal hemorrhoids in July 2004 (Takano et al., Int J Colorectal Dis 21:44-51, 2006), has been widely accepted because of its effectiveness and low invasiveness. More than 200,000 patients have received ALTA injection therapy. ALTA is injected directly into 4 points of an internal hemorrhoid (4-step injection) to induce sclerosis and remission of the hemorrhoids, and consequently, resolution of symptoms such as prolapse and bleeding. The precision of the 4-step injection is considered to be a crucial determinant of the success of this therapy and the risk of complications. However, sufficient evidence has not yet been obtained concerning the diffusion and distribution of the injected drug. A pilot study visualized the real-time diffusion/distribution of the drug solution following the 4-step injection, using the ICG (indocyanine green) fluorescence technique, and an infrared camera (Photodynamic EYE; PDE, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.).

Consideration of Preventing Local Venous Pain by Dacarbazine.

PubMed

Ohtsubo, Tatsuya; Tsuji, Takumi; Umeyama, Takayo; Sudou, Miho; Komesu, Kana; Matsumoto, Minako; Yoshida, Yuya; Banno, Rie; Tomogane, Kanji; Fujita, Atsuo; Kohno, Takeyuki; Mikami, Tadashi

2017-01-01

Local venous pain caused by dacarbazine (DTIC) injection is due to its photodegradation product 5-diazoimidazole-4-carboxamide (Diazo-IC). The production of Diazo-IC can be decreased by protecting the drug from light. Furthermore, the production of Diazo-IC reportedly increases with time; however, there are no studies reporting the association between the injection preparation time and local venous pain caused by the DTIC injection. We evaluated the efficacy of the following: (1) method used to shorten the injection preparation time and (2) method used to change the diluting solution for DTIC. We found that shortening the injection preparation time tended to decrease the local venous pain expression due to DTIC, and Veen F decreased the production of Diazo-IC compared with the normal saline and 5% glucose solution. These results indicate that shortening the injection preparation time may be effective in preventing the local venous pain caused by the DTIC injection; moreover, using Veen F for DTIC may also reduce the pain.

In-use Stability of Ceftaroline Fosamil in Elastomeric Home Infusion Systems and MINI-BAG Plus Containers.

PubMed

Bhattacharya, Sisir; Parekh, Satish; Dedhiya, Mahendra

2015-01-01

The objective of this study was to determine in-use stability of ceftaroline fosamil infusion solution of concentrations up to 12 mg/mL in elastomeric home infusion system prefilled with 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection USP or 5% Dextrose Injection USP and MINI-BAG Plus Container delivery devices prefilled with 0.9% sodium chloride injection. In-use ceftaroline fosamil infusion solution (12 mg/mL) was prepared for elastomeric home infusion systems (Homepump Eclipse, Baxter Intermate, and AccuRx Elastomeric Pump) pre-filled with either 0.9% sodium chloride injection or 5% dextrose; or Baxter MINI-BAG Plus Containers pre-filled with 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection USP (4 mg/mL to 12 mg/mL ceftaroline fosamil in final solution). The systems were stored refrigerated for 24 hours followed by up to 6 hours of storage at room temperature. Samples were analyzed at various time points for assay and degradation product by a validated stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography method. In-use ceftaroline fosamil infusion solution, ranging from 4-mg/mL to a maximum of 12-mg/mL concentration, in elastomeric home infusion systems prefilled with 0.9% sodium chloride injection or 5% dextrose, and MINI-BAG Plus Containers prefilled with 0.9% sodium chloride injection were chemically stable for up to 24 hours refrigerated at 2°C to 8°C (36°F to 46°F) and up to 6 hours at room temperature and had acceptable compatibility with material used. Ceftaroline fosamil (4 mg/mL to 12 mg/mL) maintains its potency for up to 24 hours refrigerated at 2°C to 8°C (36°F to 46°F) and up to 6 hours of storage at room temperature upon reconstitution in infusion solution with 0.9% sodium chloride or 5% dextrose when used in elastomeric home infusion system and MINI-BAG Plus Containers delivery devices prefilled with 0.9% sodium chloride injection.

Cardiovascular effects of intraosseous injections of 2 percent lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine and 3 percent mepivacaine.

PubMed

Replogle, K; Reader, A; Nist, R; Beck, M; Weaver, J; Meyers, W J

1999-05-01

Because a number of patients have reported an increase in heart rate with the intraosseous, or i.o., injection, it is important to evaluate changes in the cardiovascular system with this injection technique. The purpose of this study was to determine the cardiovascular effects of an i.o. injection of 2 percent lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine and 3 percent mepivacaine. With the use of a repeated-measures design, the authors randomly assigned 42 subjects to receive i.o. injections of 1.8 milliliters of 2 percent lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine or 1.8 mL of 3 percent mepivacaine in a double-blinded manner at two appointments. At each appointment the authors monitored electrocardiographic findings, cardiac rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and mean arterial pressure before, during and after administration of anesthetic solutions. With the 2 percent lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine solution, 28 (67 percent) of 42 subjects experienced an increase in heart rate that might be attributed to the effect of the epinephrine. In 22 (79 percent) of these subjects, the heart rate returned to within 5 beats of baseline values within four minutes after solution deposition. The authors found no significant increase in heart rate in subjects receiving the 3 percent mepivacaine. No significant differences (P > .05) were found in mean diastolic, mean systolic or mean arterial blood pressure values between the subjects receiving 2 percent lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine and those receiving 3 percent mepivacaine. The majority of subjects receiving the i.o. injection of the 2 percent lidocaine-epinephrine solution experienced a transient increase in heart rate. No significant increase in heart rate was seen with the i.o. injection of 3 percent mepivacaine. While patients would likely notice the heart rate increase with the lidocaine-epinephrine solution, it would not be clinically significant in most healthy patients. In patients whose medical condition, drug therapies or epinephrine sensitivity suggests caution, 3 percent mepivacaine is a good alternative for i.o. injections.

High pressure jet injection of viscous solutions for endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD): first clinical experience.

PubMed

Pioche, Mathieu; Lépilliez, Vincent; Déprez, Pierre; Giovannini, Marc; Caillol, Fabrice; Piessevaux, Hubert; Rivory, Jérôme; Guillaud, Olivier; Ciocîrlan, Mihai; Salmon, Damien; Lienhart, Isabelle; Lafon, Cyril; Saurin, Jean-Christophe; Ponchon, Thierry

2015-08-01

Long lasting elevation is a key factor during endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) and can be obtained by water jet injection of saline solution or by viscous macromolecular solutions. In a previous animal study, we assessed the Nestis Enki II system to combine jet injection and viscous solutions. In the present work, we used this combination in humans in different sites of the digestive tract. We retrospectively report all of the consecutive ESD procedures performed with jet injection of viscous solutions in four centers. Information was collected about the lesion, the procedure, the histological result, and the outcomes for the patient. In total, 45 resections were completed by six operators: five experts and one beginner with only one previous experience in human ESD. Lesions were located in the esophagus (10), the stomach (11), the duodenum (1), the colon (1) and the rectum (22). Average maximal lesion diameter was 4.8 cm (SD 2.4, range 2 - 11 cm), average lesion surface area was 19.8 cm(2) (SD 17.7, range 2.2 - 72 cm(2)), and average duration of procedure was 79.9 min (SD 50.3 min, range 19 - 225 min). ESD could be conducted while the endoscope was retroflexed at its maximum in 26 cases. Four adverse events were observed: two diminutive perforations and two delayed bleeding occurrences treated conservatively. The R0 resection rate was 91.1 %. The catheter was obstructed in six occurrences of bleeding. Endoscopic submucosal dissection using high pressure injection of viscous macromolecular solutions is safe and effective in different parts of the digestive tract. It does not impede working with the endoscope in the maximal retroflexed position.

Pharmacokinetics and Bioavailability of the GnRH Analogs in the Form of Solution and Zn2+-Suspension After Single Subcutaneous Injection in Female Rats.

PubMed

Suszka-Świtek, Aleksandra; Ryszka, Florian; Dolińska, Barbara; Dec, Renata; Danch, Alojzy; Filipczyk, Łukasz; Wiaderkiewicz, Ryszard

2017-04-01

Although many synthetic gonadoliberin analogs have been developed, only a few of them, including buserelin, were introduced into clinical practice. Dalarelin, which differs from buserelin by just one aminoacid in the position 6 (D-Ala), is not widely used so far. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs are used to treat many different illnesses and are available in different forms like solution for injection, nasal spray, microspheres, etc. Unfortunately, none of the above drug formulations can release the hormones for 24 h. We assumed that classical suspension could solve this problem. Two sets of experiments were performed. In the first one, buserelin and dalarelin were injected into mature female rats in two forms: suspension, in which the analogs are bounded by Zn 2+ ions and solution. The pharmacokinetic parameters and bioavailability of the analogs were calculated, based on their concentration in the plasma measured by high-performance liquid chromatography method (HPLC). In the second experiment, the hormones in two different forms were injected into superovulated immature female rats and then the concentration of Luteinizing hormone (LH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and 17β-estradiol in the serum was measured by radioimmunological method. The Extent of Biological Availability (EBA), calculated on the base of AUC 0-∞ , showed that in the form of solution buserelin and dalarelin display, respectively, only 13 and 8 % of biological availability of their suspension counterparts. Comparing both analogs, the EBA of dalarelin was half (53 %) that of buserelin delivered in the form of solution and 83 % when they were delivered in the form of suspension. The injection of buserelin or dalarelin, in the form of solution or suspension, into superovulated female rats increased LH, FSH and estradiol concentration in the serum. However, after injection of the analogs in the form of suspension, the high concentration of LH and FSH in the serum persisted longer. Performed studies indicate that GnRH analogs in the form of suspension have higher bioavailability than their solution counterparts. It influences the effects of their action, especially in relation to LH and FSH.

Droplet-based microfluidic flow injection system with large-scale concentration gradient by a single nanoliter-scale injection for enzyme inhibition assay.

PubMed

Cai, Long-Fei; Zhu, Ying; Du, Guan-Sheng; Fang, Qun

2012-01-03

We described a microfluidic chip-based system capable of generating droplet array with a large scale concentration gradient by coupling flow injection gradient technique with droplet-based microfluidics. Multiple modules including sample injection, sample dispersion, gradient generation, droplet formation, mixing of sample and reagents, and online reaction within the droplets were integrated into the microchip. In the system, nanoliter-scale sample solution was automatically injected into the chip under valveless flow injection analysis mode. The sample zone was first dispersed in the microchannel to form a concentration gradient along the axial direction of the microchannel and then segmented into a linear array of droplets by immiscible oil phase. With the segmentation and protection of the oil phase, the concentration gradient profile of the sample was preserved in the droplet array with high fidelity. With a single injection of 16 nL of sample solution, an array of droplets with concentration gradient spanning 3-4 orders of magnitude could be generated. The present system was applied in the enzyme inhibition assay of β-galactosidase to preliminarily demonstrate its potential in high throughput drug screening. With a single injection of 16 nL of inhibitor solution, more than 240 in-droplet enzyme inhibition reactions with different inhibitor concentrations could be performed with an analysis time of 2.5 min. Compared with multiwell plate-based screening systems, the inhibitor consumption was reduced 1000-fold. © 2011 American Chemical Society

Hazards of Improper Dispensary: Literature Review and Report of an Accidental Chloroform Injection.

PubMed

Verma, Prashant; Tordik, Patricia; Nosrat, Ali

2018-06-01

Several clear, transparent solutions are used in endodontics. Inappropriate dispensing methods can lead to accidental injection or accidental irrigation. These accidents can cause permanent tissue damage including damage to the bone, periodontium, nerves, and vasculature. This article reports on the consequences of an accidental chloroform injection. Nonsurgical retreatment of tooth #8 was planned as part of a restorative treatment plan in a 69-year-old woman. The dentist accidentally injected chloroform instead of local anesthesia because chloroform was loaded into the anesthetic syringe. The patient experienced severe pain and swelling and soft tissue necrosis and suffered permanent sensory and motor nerve damage. A review of the literature was performed on accidents caused by improper dispensary, namely accidental injections and accidental irrigations. The data were extracted and summarized. Sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, formalin, formocresol, 1:1000 adrenaline, benzalkonium chloride, and lighter fuel were accidentally injected as an intraoral nerve block or as infiltration injections. Bone and soft tissue necrosis, tooth loss, and sensory nerve damage (anesthesia and paresthesia) were the most common consequences reported. Such disastrous events can be prevented by appropriate labeling and separate dispensing methods for each solution. There is a need for disseminating information on toxicity and biocompatibility of materials/solutions used in endodontics. The authors recommend training dental students and endodontic residents on immediate and long-term therapeutic management of patients when an accidental injection or accidental irrigation occurs. Copyright © 2018 American Association of Endodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Solubilization of benomyl for xylem injection in vascular wilt disease control

Treesearch

Percy McWain; Garold F. Gregory; Garold F. Gregory

1971-01-01

Benomyl, in varying amounts, was solubilized in several solvents, thus allowing injection into trees for fungus disease prevention and therapy. A large amount of benomyl can be solubilized in diluted lactic acid. The resulting solution can be infinitely diluted with water without pre-cipitation. These characteristics make it the current solution of choice for our tree...

THE DEVELOPMENT OF IODINE BASED IMPINGER SOLUTIONS FOR THE EFFICIENT CAPTURE OF HG USING DIRECT INJECTION NEBULIZATION - INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS

EPA Science Inventory

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) with direct injection nebulization (DIN) was used to evaluate novel impinger solution compositions capable of capturing elemental mercury (Hgo) in EPA Method 5 type sampling. An iodine based impinger solutoin proved to be ver...

Tracer simulation study of potential solute movement in Port Royal Sound, South Carolina

USGS Publications Warehouse

Kilpatrick, F.A.; Cummings, T. Ray

1972-01-01

A tracer study was conducted in Port Royal Sound to simulate the movement and ultimate pattern of concentration of a solute continuously injected into the flow. A total of 750 pounds of Rhodamine WT dye was injected by boat during a period of 24.8 hours in a line across the Colleton River. During the following 43 days, samples of water were taken at selected points in the sound, and the concentration of dye in the samples was determined by fluorometric analysis. The data obtained in the field study were used with theoretical models to compute the ultimate pattern of concentration of nonconservative and conservative solutes for a hypothetical continuous injection at the site on the Colleton River.

Oral Mucosal Injection of a Local Anesthetic Solution Containing Epinephrine Enhances Muscle Relaxant Effects of Rocuronium

PubMed Central

Ninomiya, Asako; Terakawa, Yui; Matsuura, Nobuyuki; Ichinohe, Tatsuya; Kaneko, Yuzuru

2012-01-01

The purpose of this study was to examine how submucosal injection of a clinically relevant dose of a lidocaine hydrochloride solution containing epinephrine affects the muscle relaxant effects of rocuronium bromide. Sixteen patients scheduled for orthognathic surgery participated in this study. All patients were induced with fentanyl citrate, a target-controlled infusion of propofol and rocuronium bromide. Anesthesia was maintained by total intravenous anesthesia. After nasotracheal intubation, an infusion of rocuronium bromide was started at 7 µg/kg/min, and the infusion rate was then adjusted to maintain a train of four (TOF) ratio at 10 to 15%. The TOF ratio just prior to oral mucosal injection of a 1% lidocaine hydrochloride solution containing 10 µg/mL epinephrine (LE) was taken as the baseline. TOF ratio was observed for 20 minutes, with 1-minute intervals following the start of injection. Mean epinephrine dose was 85.6 ± 18.6 µg and mean infusion rate of rocuronium bromide was 6.3 ± 1.6 µg/kg/min. TOF ratio began to decrease 2 minutes after the injection of LE, reached the minimum value at 3.1 ± 3.6% 12 minutes after the injection, and then began to recover. We conclude that oral mucosal injection of LE enhances the muscle relaxant effects of rocuronium bromide. PMID:22428970

An Implicit Finite Difference Solution to the Viscous Radiating Shock Layer with Strong Blowing. Ph.D. Thesis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Garrett, L. B.

1971-01-01

An implicit finite difference scheme is developed for the fully coupled solution of the viscous radiating stagnation line equations, including strong blowing. Solutions are presented for both air injection and carbon phenolic ablation products injection into air at conditions near the peak radiative heating point in an earth entry trajectory from interplanetary return missions. A detailed radiative transport code that accounts for the important radiative exchange processes for gaseous mixtures in local thermodynamic and chemical equilibrium is utilized.

Is Limited Prehospital Resuscitation with Plasma More Beneficial than Using a Synthetic Colloid? An Experimental Study in Rabbits with Parenchymal Bleeding

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-04-01

pediatric TBI patients.36,37 The albumin solution used in this rabbit study was a 5% human albumin (Albminar) in an isotonic solution ( normal saline ... reconstituted easily at the point of injury and injected . Hemostatic properties and bene- fits of FDP or sprayed-dried plasma have been demonstrated...rabbit albumin solution appro- priate for intravenous injection is not commercially available. Rabbit albumin is sold by chemical companies as

Arginine and lysine reduce the high viscosity of serum albumin solutions for pharmaceutical injection.

PubMed

Inoue, Naoto; Takai, Eisuke; Arakawa, Tsutomu; Shiraki, Kentaro

2014-05-01

Therapeutic protein solutions for subcutaneous injection must be very highly concentrated, which increases their viscosity through protein-protein interactions. However, maintaining a solution viscosity below 50 cP is important for the preparation and injection of therapeutic protein solutions. In this study, we examined the effect of various amino acids on the solution viscosity of very highly concentrated bovine serum albumin (BSA) and human serum albumin (HSA) at a physiological pH. Among the amino acids tested, l-arginine hydrochloride (ArgHCl) and l-lysine hydrochloride (LysHCl) (50-200 mM) successfully reduced the viscosity of both BSA and HSA solutions; guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl), NaCl, and other sodium salts were equally as effective, indicating the electrostatic shielding effect of these additives. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that BSA is in its native state even in the presence of ArgHCl, LysHCl, and NaCl at high protein concentrations. These results indicate that weakened protein-protein interactions play a key role in reducing solution viscosity. ArgHCl and LysHCl, which are also non-toxic compounds, will be used as additives to reduce the solution viscosity of concentrated therapeutic proteins. Copyright © 2013 The Society for Biotechnology, Japan. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effects of Multiple Intra-articular Injections of 0.5% Bupivacaine on Normal and Osteoarthritic Joints in Rats.

PubMed

Iwasaki, Koji; Sudo, Hideki; Kasahara, Yasuhiko; Yamada, Katsuhisa; Ohnishi, Takashi; Tsujimoto, Takeru; Iwasaki, Norimasa

2016-10-01

To determine the in vivo effects of multiple local anesthetic injections of 0.5% bupivacaine on normal and osteoarthritic articular cartilage. Rats with normal knee joints received an intra-articular injection of 0.9% saline solution or 0.5% bupivacaine in their right knees joint once a week for 5 consecutive weeks, starting 4 weeks after the beginning of the experiment. Rats were humanely killed at 8, 16, and 24 weeks. In a parallel experiment, rats underwent anterior cruciate ligament transection to induce osteoarthritic changes. These rats were subjected to the same protocol as those with normal knee joints, starting 4 weeks after the procedure. Static weight-bearing tests were performed on both hind limbs to evaluate changes in weight-bearing ability throughout the experiments. Rats were humanely killed at 8 and 16 weeks. Cell viability was assessed with confocal microscopy, using samples from the distal femur. Histologic assessment of osteoarthritis was performed using samples from the tibial plateau based on the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) cartilage histopathology assessment system (i.e., OARSI score). Static weight-bearing tests showed no significant changes after intra-articular injection of saline solution or bupivacaine, and bupivacaine injection did not increase weight bearing compared with saline solution injection, regardless of whether there were osteoarthritic changes. There were also no significant differences in cell viability, cell density, or OARSI scores between the saline solution and bupivacaine groups at each time point, regardless of whether osteoarthritic changes were induced. This study suggested that single or intermittent intra-articular bupivacaine injections might not have deleterious effects on either osteoarthritic or normal joints. There is no strong evidence that intra-articular bupivacaine injection induces degenerative changes in articular cartilage. Therefore, these results may apply to normal and osteoarthritic joints. Copyright © 2016 Arthroscopy Association of North America. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

IMPROVED EXPERIMENTAL MODEL TO EVALUATE SUBMUCOSAL INJECTION SOLUTIONS FOR ENDOSCOPIC SUBMUCOSAL DISSECTION

PubMed Central

YAMAZAKI, Kendi; MALUF-FILHO, Fauze; da COSTA, Vitor Alves Pessoa; PESSORRUSSO, Fernanda Cristina Simões; HONDO, Fabio Yuji; SAKAI, Paulo; de FIGUEIREDO, Luis Francisco Poli

2015-01-01

Background : Endoscopic submucosal dissection carries an increased risk of bleeding and perforation. The creation of a long lasting submucosal cushion is essential for the safe and complete removal of the lesion. There is not a suitable experimental model for evaluation of the durability of the cushioning effect of different solutions. Aim : To describe an improved experimental model to evaluate submucosal injection solutions. Methods : A total of four domestic pigs were employed to evaluate two different submucosal fluid solutions in the gastric submucosa. After midline laparotomy, the anterior gastric wall was incised from the gastric body to the antrum and its mucosal surface was exposed by flipping inside out the incised gastric wall. Two different solutions (10% mannitol and normal saline) were injected in the submucosa of the anterior wall of the distal gastric body. All submucosal cushions were injected until they reach the same size, standardized as 1.0 cm in height and 2.0 cm in diameter. A caliper and a ruler were employed to guarantee accuracy of the measurements. Results : All four animal experiments were completed. All submucosal cushions had the exact same size measured with caliper and a ruler. By using the mannitol solution, the mean duration of the submucosal cushion was longer than the saline solution: 20 and 22 min (mean, 21 min) vs 5 and 6 min (mean, 5.5 min) Conclusions : This experimental model is simple and evaluate the duration, size, and effect of the submucosal cushion, making it more reliable than other models that employ resected porcine stomachs or endoscopic images in live porcine models. PMID:26734797

IMPROVED EXPERIMENTAL MODEL TO EVALUATE SUBMUCOSAL INJECTION SOLUTIONS FOR ENDOSCOPIC SUBMUCOSAL DISSECTION.

PubMed

Yamazaki, Kendi; Maluf-Filho, Fauze; da Costa, Vitor Alves Pessoa; Pessorrusso, Fernanda Cristina Simões; Hondo, Fabio Yuji; Sakai, Paulo; de Figueiredo, Luis Francisco Poli

2015-01-01

Endoscopic submucosal dissection carries an increased risk of bleeding and perforation. The creation of a long lasting submucosal cushion is essential for the safe and complete removal of the lesion. There is not a suitable experimental model for evaluation of the durability of the cushioning effect of different solutions. To describe an improved experimental model to evaluate submucosal injection solutions. A total of four domestic pigs were employed to evaluate two different submucosal fluid solutions in the gastric submucosa. After midline laparotomy, the anterior gastric wall was incised from the gastric body to the antrum and its mucosal surface was exposed by flipping inside out the incised gastric wall. Two different solutions (10% mannitol and normal saline) were injected in the submucosa of the anterior wall of the distal gastric body. All submucosal cushions were injected until they reach the same size, standardized as 1.0 cm in height and 2.0 cm in diameter. A caliper and a ruler were employed to guarantee accuracy of the measurements. All four animal experiments were completed. All submucosal cushions had the exact same size measured with caliper and a ruler. By using the mannitol solution, the mean duration of the submucosal cushion was longer than the saline solution: 20 and 22 min (mean, 21 min) vs 5 and 6 min (mean, 5.5 min) This experimental model is simple and evaluate the duration, size, and effect of the submucosal cushion, making it more reliable than other models that employ resected porcine stomachs or endoscopic images in live porcine models.

Stability and availability of cyclosporine in 5% dextrose injection or 0.9% sodium chloride injection.

PubMed

Ptachcinski, R J; Logue, L W; Burckart, G J; Venkataramanan, R

1986-01-01

The stability of cyclosporine in commonly used i.v. solutions and the percentage of the drug delivered via polyvinyl chloride administration tubing were studied. Cyclosporine injection was prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions and diluted with 5% dextrose injection (D5W) or with 0.9% sodium chloride injection (NS). Admixtures containing cyclosporine 2 mg/mL were prepared in polyvinyl chloride minibags (five for each solution) and in glass containers (three for each solution). The sample obtained at time zero from a glass container protected from light was the control. Additional samples were prepared in minibags and run through 70-inch polyvinyl chloride administration sets. An HPLC assay for cyclosporine was used. Exposure to room light did not significantly affect cyclosporine concentrations. More than 90% of the initial drug concentration remained after 24 hours under all storage conditions, but less than 95% remained after 6 hours in samples diluted with NS and stored in plastic. At times up to 60 minutes, cyclosporine concentrations were significantly different in solutions infused from the minibags through polyvinyl chloride tubing from those in control solutions. Under these conditions, cyclosporine is stable in D5W in glass containers or polyvinyl chloride minibags for 24 hours and in NS for 6 hours (polyvinyl chloride) to 12 hours (glass). However, because of the potential for leaching of plasticizers, cyclosporine admixtures should be stored in glass or used within six hours if stored in polyvinyl chloride minibags. Approximately 10% of the initial drug concentration is lost to 70-inch length polyvinyl chloride infusion tubing.

Simulation of ground-water flow and solute transport in the Glen Canyon aquifer, East-Central Utah

USGS Publications Warehouse

Freethey, Geoffrey W.; Stolp, Bernard J.

2010-01-01

The extraction of methane from coal beds in the Ferron coal trend in central Utah started in the mid-1980s. Beginning in 1994, water from the extraction process was pressure injected into the Glen Canyon aquifer. The lateral extent of the aquifer that could be affected by injection is about 7,600 square miles. To address regional-scale effects of injection over a decadal time frame, a conceptual model of ground-water movement and transport of dissolved solids was formulated. A numerical model that incorporates aquifer concepts was then constructed and used to simulate injection.The Glen Canyon aquifer within the study area is conceptualized in two parts—an active area of ground-water flow and solute transport that exists between recharge areas in the San Rafael Swell and Desert, Waterpocket Fold, and Henry Mountains and discharge locations along the Muddy, Dirty Devil, San Rafael, and Green Rivers. An area of little or negligible ground-water flow exists north of Price, Utah, and beneath the Wasatch Plateau. Pressurized injection of coal-bed methane production water occurs in this area where dissolved-solids concentrations can be more than 100,000 milligrams per liter. Injection has the potential to increase hydrologic interaction with the active flow area, where dissolved-solids concentrations are generally less than 3,000 milligrams per liter.Pressurized injection of coal-bed methane production water in 1994 initiated a net addition of flow and mass of solutes into the Glen Canyon aquifer. To better understand the regional scale hydrologic interaction between the two areas of the Glen Canyon aquifer, pressurized injection was numerically simulated. Data constraints precluded development of a fully calibrated simulation; instead, an uncalibrated model was constructed that is a plausible representation of the conceptual flow and solute-transport processes. The amount of injected water over the 36-year simulation period is about 25,000 acre-feet. As a result, simulated water levels in the injection areas increased by 50 feet and dissolved-solids concentrations increased by 100 milligrams per liter or more. These increases are accrued into aquifer storage and do not extend to the rivers during the 36-year simulation period. The amount of change in simulated discharge and solute load to the rivers is less than the resolution accuracy of the numerical simulation and is interpreted as no significant change over the considered time period.

Development of thermosensitive chitosan/glicerophospate injectable in situ gelling solutions for potential application in intraoperative fluorescence imaging and local therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma: a preliminary study.

PubMed

Salis, Andrea; Rassu, Giovanna; Budai-Szűcs, Maria; Benzoni, Ilaria; Csányi, Erzsébet; Berkó, Szilvia; Maestri, Marcello; Dionigi, Paolo; Porcu, Elena P; Gavini, Elisabetta; Giunchedi, Paolo

2015-01-01

Thermosensitive chitosan/glycerophosphate (C/GP) solutions exhibiting sol-gel transition around body temperature were prepared to develop a class of injectable hydrogel platforms for the imaging and loco-regional treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Indocyanine green (ICG) was loaded in the thermosensitive solutions in order to assess their potential for the detection of tumor nodules by fluorescence. The gel formation of these formulations as well as their gelling time, injectability, compactness and resistance of gel structure, gelling temperature, storage conditions, biodegradability, and in vitro dye release behavior were investigated. Ex vivo studies were carried out for preliminary evaluation using an isolated bovine liver. Gel strengths and gelation rates increased with the cross-link density between C and GP. These behaviors are more evident for C/GP solutions, which displayed a gel-like precipitation at 4°C. Furthermore, formulations with the lowest cross-link density between C and GP exhibited the best injectability due to a lower resistance to flow. The loading of the dye did not influence the gelation rate. ICG was not released from the hydrogels because of a strong electrostatic interaction between C and ICG. Ex vivo preliminary studies revealed that these injectable formulations remain in correspondence of the injected site. The developed ICG-loaded hydrogels have the potential for intraoperative fluorescence imaging and local therapy of HCC as embolic agents. They form in situ compact gels and have a good potential for filling vessels and/or body cavities.

Injection-modulated polarity conversion by charge carrier density control via a self-assembled monolayer for all-solution-processed organic field-effect transistors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Roh, Jeongkyun; Lee, Taesoo; Kang, Chan-Mo; Kwak, Jeonghun; Lang, Philippe; Horowitz, Gilles; Kim, Hyeok; Lee, Changhee

2017-04-01

We demonstrated modulation of charge carrier densities in all-solution-processed organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) by modifying the injection properties with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). The all-solution-processed OFETs based on an n-type polymer with inkjet-printed Ag electrodes were fabricated as a test platform, and the injection properties were modified by the SAMs. Two types of SAMs with different dipole direction, thiophenol (TP) and pentafluorobenzene thiol (PFBT) were employed, modifying the work function of the inkjet-printed Ag (4.9 eV) to 4.66 eV and 5.24 eV with TP and PFBT treatments, respectively. The charge carrier densities were controlled by the SAM treatment in both dominant and non-dominant carrier-channel regimes. This work demonstrates that control of the charge carrier densities can be efficiently achieved by modifying the injection property with SAM treatment; thus, this approach can achieve polarity conversion of the OFETs.

Radial solute transport in highly heterogeneous aquifers: Modeling and experimental comparison

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Di Dato, Mariaines; Fiori, Aldo; de Barros, Felipe P. J.; Bellin, Alberto

2017-07-01

We analyze solute transport in a radially converging 3-D flow field in a porous medium with spatially heterogeneous hydraulic conductivity (K). The aim of the paper is to analyze the impact of heterogeneity and the mode of injection on BreakThrough Curves (BTCs) detected at a well pumping a contaminated aquifer. The aquifer is conceptualized as an ensemble of blocks of uniform but contrasting K and the analysis makes use of the travel time approach. Despite the approximations introduced, the model reproduces a laboratory experiment without calibration of transport parameters. Our results also show excellent agreement with numerical simulations for different levels of heterogeneity. We focus on the impact on the BTC of both heterogeneity in K and solute release conditions. It is shown that the injection mode matters, and the differences in the BTCs between uniform and flux-proportional injection increase with the heterogeneity of the K-field. Furthermore, we study the effect of heterogeneity and mode of injection on early and late arrivals at the well.

Rapid colorimetric assay for gentamicin injection.

PubMed

Tarbutton, P

1987-01-01

A rapid colorimetric method for determining gentamicin concentration in commercial preparations of gentamicin sulfate injection was developed. Methods currently available for measuring gentamicin concentration via its colored complex with cupric ions in alkaline solution were modified to reduce the time required for a single analysis. The alkaline copper tartrate (ACT) reagent solution was prepared such that each milliliter contained 100 mumol cupric sulfate, 210 mumol potassium sodium tartrate, and 1.25 mmol sodium hydroxide. The assay involves mixing 0.3 mL gentamicin sulfate injection 40 mg/mL (of gentamicin), 1.0 mL ACT reagent, and 0.7 mL water; the absorbance of the resulting solution at 560 nm was used to calculate the gentamicin concentration in the sample. For injections containing 10 mg/mL of gentamicin, the amount of the injection was increased to 0.5 mL and water decreased to 0.5 mL. The concentration of gentamicin in samples representing 11 lots of gentamicin sulfate injection 40 mg/mL and 8 lots of gentamicin sulfate injection 10 mg/mL was determined. The specificity, reproducibility, and accuracy of the assay were assessed. The colored complex was stable for at least two hours. Gentamicin concentration ranged from 93.7 to 108% and from 95 to 109% of the stated label value of the 40 mg/mL and the 10 mg/mL injections, respectively. No components of the preservative system present in the injections interfered with the assay. Since other aminoglycosides produced a colored complex, the assay is not specific for gentamicin. The assay was accurate and reproducible over the range of 4-20 mg of gentamicin. This rapid and accurate assay can be easily applied in the hospital pharmacy setting.

Spatio-temporal droplet size statistics in developing spray of starchy solution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Naz, Muhammad Yasin; Sulaiman, Shaharin Anwar; Ariwahjoedi, Bambang

2015-07-01

In the given research, the spray jet breakup of a modified starch solution was studied as a function of jet injection time and nozzle orifice diameter. The starch-urea-borax solution was prepared and tested with three axisymmetric full cone nozzles at service temperature of 80°C and the injection pressure of 5 bar. It is worth mentioning that no jet breakup was seen below these temperature and pressure values. The imaging studies on the time based spray evolution revealed monotonic increase in both; spray cone angle and tip penetration with an increase in injection time form 0-300 mm. Hereinafter, both parameters exhibited constants value over injection time. Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) measurements of the droplet size revealed significant decrease in the Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) along the spray centerline. However, a steady decrease in SMD was seen towards the spray boundary. For fixed injection time of 300 ms, the overall SMD was decreased from 112 to 71 µm at 60 mm downstream, from 102 to 64 µm at 100 mm downstream and from 85 to 61 µm at 140 mm downstream with an increase in orifice diameter from 1.19 to 1.59 mm.

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: real-world issues.

PubMed

Linkins, Lori-Ann; Warkentin, Theodore E

2011-09-01

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a prothrombotic drug reaction caused by platelet-activating antibodies. HIT sera often activate platelets without needing heparin-such heparin-"independent" platelet activation can be associated with HIT beginning or worsening despite stopping heparin ("delayed-onset HIT"). We address important issues in HIT diagnosis and therapy, using a recent cohort of HIT patients to illustrate influences of heparin type; triggers for HIT investigation; serological features of heparin-independent platelet activation; and treatment. In our cohort of recent HIT cases ( N = 13), low-molecular-weight heparin (dalteparin) was a common causative agent ( N = 8, 62%); most patients were diagnosed after HIT-thrombosis had occurred; and danaparoid was the most frequently selected treatment. Heparin-independent platelet activation was common (7/13 [54%]) and predicted slower platelet count recovery (>1 week) among evaluable patients (5/5 vs 1/6; P = 0.015). In our experience with argatroban-treated patients, HIT-associated consumptive coagulopathy confounds anticoagulant monitoring. Our observations provide guidance on practical aspects of HIT diagnosis and management. Thieme Medical Publishers.

Analytical solutions to non-Fickian subsurface dispersion in uniform groundwater flow

USGS Publications Warehouse

Zou, S.; Xia, J.; Koussis, Antonis D.

1996-01-01

Analytical solutions are obtained by the Fourier transform technique for the one-, two-, and three-dimensional transport of a conservative solute injected instantaneously in a uniform groundwater flow. These solutions account for dispersive non-linearity caused by the heterogeneity of the hydraulic properties of aquifer systems and can be used as building blocks to construct solutions by convolution (principle of superposition) for source conditions other than slug injection. The dispersivity is assumed to vary parabolically with time and is thus constant for the entire system at any given time. Two approaches for estimating time-dependent dispersion parameters are developed for two-dimensional plumes. They both require minimal field tracer test data and, therefore, represent useful tools for assessing real-world aquifer contamination sites. The first approach requires mapped plume-area measurements at two specific times after the tracer injection. The second approach requires concentration-versus-time data from two sampling wells through which the plume passes. Detailed examples and comparisons with other procedures show that the methods presented herein are sufficiently accurate and easier to use than other available methods.

Distribution and absorption of local anesthetics in inferior alveolar nerve block: evaluation by magnetic resonance imaging.

PubMed

Ay, Sinan; Küçük, Dervisşhan; Gümüş, Cesur; Kara, M Isa

2011-11-01

The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution and absorption of local anesthetic solutions in inferior alveolar nerve block using magnetic resonance imaging. Forty healthy volunteers were divided into 4 groups and injected with 1.5 mL for inferior alveolar nerve block and 0.3 mL for lingual nerve block. The solutions used for the different groups were 2% lidocaine, 2% lidocaine with 0.125 mg/mL epinephrine, 4% articaine with 0.006 mg/mL epinephrine, and 4% articaine with 0.012 mg/mL epinephrine. All subjects had axial T2-weighted and fat-suppressed images at 0, 60, and 120 minutes after injection. The localization, area, and intensity (signal characteristics) of the solutions were analyzed and onset and duration times of the anesthesia were recorded. There were no significant differences between groups with regard to the intensity and area of the solutions at 0, 60, and 120 minutes after injection, but differences were found within each group. No between-group differences were found on magnetic resonance imaging in the distribution and absorption of lidocaine with or without epinephrine and articaine with 0.006 and 0.012 mg/mL epinephrine. All solutions were noticeably absorbed at 120 minutes after injection. Copyright © 2011 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Effects of in ovo feeding of L-arginine on the development of digestive organs, intestinal function and post-hatch performance of broiler embryos and hatchlings.

PubMed

Gao, T; Zhao, M M; Li, Y J; Zhang, L; Li, J L; Yu, L L; Gao, F; Zhou, G H

2018-02-01

This study was to investigate the effects of in ovo feeding (IOF) L-arginine (Arg) solution on the development of digestive organs, the duodenal mucosa of broiler embryos and hatchlings, and the growth performance of chicks during the first week post-hatch. A total of 720 fertilized eggs with similar weight were randomly allocated to three groups, consisting of eight replicates of 30 eggs each. Three treatments were arranged as non-injected control, diluent-injected (0.75% NaCl solution) group and Arg solution-injected group containing 1% Arg, dissolved in diluent. At 17.5 days of incubation, 0.6 ml of IOF solution was injected into amniotic fluid of each egg of injected groups. Results showed IOF of Arg solution increased (p < .05) the chick embryo weight at 19 days of incubation; the body weight gain of post-hatch broilers during 1-7 days; the weights of liver, pancreas, proventriculus and gizzard; the concentrations of duodenal ghrelin, vasoactive intestinal peptide and glucagon-like peptide 2; and the duodenum mucosal enzyme activities of alkaline phosphatase, maltase, sucrase and inducible nitric oxide synthase of 7-day-old post-hatch broilers compared with other groups. The IOF of Arg solution also increased (p < .05) the villus height (VH) and the ratio of VH to crypt depth (CD) and decreased (p < .05) the CD in duodenum of broiler embryos and post-hatch hatchlings, except for the CD at 19 days of incubation. In conclusion, IOF of 1% Arg solution into the amnion at 17.5 days of incubation could improve the development of digestive organs, the duodenal morphology, the releasing of gastrointestinal hormones and mucosal enzyme activities of broiler embryos and hatchlings and finally the growth performance of chicks during the first week post-hatch. Therefore, IOF of appropriate Arg solution could be an effective technology for regulating early nutrition supply and subsequent growth development in poultry industry. © 2017 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.

Three Dimensional Solution of Pneumatic Active Control of Forebody Vortex Asymmetry

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kandil, Osama A.; SharafEl-Din, Hazem H.; Liu, C. H.

1995-01-01

Pneumatic active control of asymmetric vortical flows around a slender pointed forebody is investigated using the three dimensional solution for the compressible thin-layer Navier-Stokes equation. The computational applications cover the normal and tangential injection control of asymmetric flows around a 5 degree semi-apex angle cone at a 40 degree angle of attack, 1.4 freestream Mach number and 6 x 10(exp 6) freestream Reynolds number (based on the cone length). The effective tangential angle range of 67.5 approaches minus 67.5 degrees is used for both normal and tangential ports of injection. The effective axial length of injection is varied from 0.03 to 0.05. The computational solver uses the implicit, upwind, flux difference splitting finite volume scheme, and the grid consists of 161 x 55 x 65 points in the wrap around, normal and axial directions, respectively. The results show that tangential injection is more effective than normal injection.

21 CFR 522.536 - Detomidine hydrochloride injection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 6 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Detomidine hydrochloride injection. 522.536... § 522.536 Detomidine hydrochloride injection. (a) Specification. Each milliliter of sterile aqueous solution contains 10 milligrams of detomidine hydrochloride. (b) Sponsor. See 052483 in § 510.600(c) of...

SORBENT/UREA SLURRY INJECTION FOR SIMULTANEOUS SO2/NOX REMOVAL

EPA Science Inventory

The combination of sorbent injection and selective noncatalytic reduction (SNCR) technologies has been investigated for simulataneous SO₂/NO_x removal. A slurry composed of a urea-based solution and various Ca-based sorbents was injected at a range of tempera...

21 CFR 522.995 - Fluprostenol sodium injection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 6 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Fluprostenol sodium injection. 522.995 Section 522....995 Fluprostenol sodium injection. (a) Specifications. Each milliliter of sterile aqueous solution contains fluprostenol sodium equivalent to 50 micrograms of fluprostenol. (b) Sponsor. See 000859 in § 510...

21 CFR 522.995 - Fluprostenol sodium injection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 6 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Fluprostenol sodium injection. 522.995 Section 522....995 Fluprostenol sodium injection. (a) Specifications. Each milliliter of sterile aqueous solution contains fluprostenol sodium equivalent to 50 micrograms of fluprostenol. (b) Sponsor. See 000859 in § 510...

Physicochemical stability of oxaliplatin in 5% dextrose injection stored in polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, and polypropylene infusion bags.

PubMed

Eiden, Céline; Philibert, Laurent; Bekhtari, Khedidja; Poujol, Sylvain; Malosse, Francoise; Pinguet, Frédéric

2009-11-01

The physicochemical stability of extemporaneous dilutions of oxaliplatin in 5% dextrose injection stored in polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene, and polyethylene infusion bags was studied. Oxaliplatin 100 mg/20 mL concentrated solution was diluted in 100 mL of 5% dextrose injection in PVC, polypropylene, and polyethylene infusion bags to produce nominal oxaliplatin concentrations of 0.2 and 1.3 mg/mL. The filled bags were stored for 14 days at 20 degrees C and protected from light, at 20 degrees C under normal fluorescent light, and at 4 degrees C. A 1-mL sample was removed from each bag at time 0 and at 24, 48, 72, 120, 168, and 336 hours. The samples were visually inspected for color and clarity, and the pH values of the solutions were measured. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to assay oxaliplatin concentration. Bacterial contamination was assessed on study day 14 after incubation in trypticase soy solution for three days at 37 degrees C. Solutions of oxaliplatin 0.2 and 1.3 mg/mL in 5% dextrose injection were stable in the three container types for at least 14 days at both 4 degrees C and 20 degrees C without regard to light exposure. No color change was detected during the storage period, and pH values remained stable. No microbial contamination was detected in any samples over the study period. Oxaliplatin solutions diluted in 5% dextrose injection to 0.2 and 1.3 mg/mL were stable in PVC and PVC-free infusion bags for at least 14 days at both 4 degrees C and 20 degrees C without regard to light exposure.

Time-dependent shock acceleration of particles. Effect of the time-dependent injection, with application to supernova remnants

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Petruk, O.; Kopytko, B.

2016-11-01

Three approaches are considered to solve the equation which describes the time-dependent diffusive shock acceleration of test particles at the non-relativistic shocks. At first, the solution of Drury for the particle distribution function at the shock is generalized to any relation between the acceleration time-scales upstream and downstream and for the time-dependent injection efficiency. Three alternative solutions for the spatial dependence of the distribution function are derived. Then, the two other approaches to solve the time-dependent equation are presented, one of which does not require the Laplace transform. At the end, our more general solution is discussed, with a particular attention to the time-dependent injection in supernova remnants. It is shown that, comparing to the case with the dominant upstream acceleration time-scale, the maximum momentum of accelerated particles shifts towards the smaller momenta with increase of the downstream acceleration time-scale. The time-dependent injection affects the shape of the particle spectrum. In particular, (I) the power-law index is not solely determined by the shock compression, in contrast to the stationary solution; (II) the larger the injection efficiency during the first decades after the supernova explosion, the harder the particle spectrum around the high-energy cutoff at the later times. This is important, in particular, for interpretation of the radio and gamma-ray observations of supernova remnants, as demonstrated on a number of examples.

A simple and effective approach to prepare injectable macroporous calcium phosphate cement for bone repair: Syringe-foaming using a viscous hydrophilic polymeric solution.

PubMed

Zhang, Jingtao; Liu, Weizhen; Gauthier, Olivier; Sourice, Sophie; Pilet, Paul; Rethore, Gildas; Khairoun, Khalid; Bouler, Jean-Michel; Tancret, Franck; Weiss, Pierre

2016-02-01

In this study, we propose a simple and effective strategy to prepare injectable macroporous calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) by syringe-foaming via hydrophilic viscous polymeric solution, such as using silanized-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (Si-HPMC) as a foaming agent. The Si-HPMC foamed CPCs demonstrate excellent handling properties such as injectability and cohesion. After hardening the foamed CPCs possess hierarchical macropores and their mechanical properties (Young's modulus and compressive strength) are comparable to those of cancellous bone. Moreover, a preliminary in vivo study in the distal femoral sites of rabbits was conducted to evaluate the biofunctionality of this injectable macroporous CPC. The evidence of newly formed bone in the central zone of implantation site indicates the feasibility and effectiveness of this foaming strategy that will have to be optimized by further extensive animal experiments. A major challenge in the design of biomaterial-based injectable bone substitutes is the development of cohesive, macroporous and self-setting calcium phosphate cement (CPC) that enables rapid cell invasion with adequate initial mechanical properties without the use of complex processing and additives. Thus, we propose a simple and effective strategy to prepare injectable macroporous CPCs through syringe-foaming using a hydrophilic viscous polymeric solution (silanized-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, Si-HPMC) as a foaming agent, that simultaneously meets all the aforementioned aims. Evidence from our in vivo studies shows the existence of newly formed bone within the implantation site, indicating the feasibility and effectiveness of this foaming strategy, which could be used in various CPC systems using other hydrophilic viscous polymeric solutions. Copyright © 2015 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

An anatomic study of local infiltration analgesia in total knee arthroplasty.

PubMed

Quinn, M; Deakin, A H; McDonald, D A; Cunningham, I K T; Payne, A P; Picard, F

2013-10-01

Local infiltration analgesia (LIA) is a relatively novel technique developed for effective pain control following total knee arthroplasty (TKA), reducing requirements for epidural or parenteral postoperative analgesia. This study investigated the anatomical spread of an LIA used in TKA to identify the nerve structures reached by the injected fluid. Six fresh-frozen cadaveric lower limbs were injected according to a standardised LIA technique with a solution of latex and India ink to enable visualisation. Wounds were closed and limbs placed flat in a freezer at -20°C for two weeks. Limbs were then either sliced or dissected to identify solution locations. Solution was found from the proximal thigh to the middle of the lower leg. The main areas of concentration were the popliteal fossa, the anterior aspect of the femur and the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior aspect of the knee. There was less solution in the lower popliteal fossa. The solution was found to reach the majority of nerves, with good infiltration of nerves supplying the knee. These results support the positive clinical outcomes with this LIA technique. However, the lack of infiltration into the lower popliteal fossa suggests more fluid or a different injection point could be used. The solution reaching the extensor muscles of the lower leg is likely to have no beneficial analgesic effect for a TKA patient. The LIA technique is already used in clinical practice following total knee arthroplasty. Results from this study show there may be scope to optimise the injection sites in LIA technique. © 2013.

Leaching of diethylhexyl phthalate from polyvinyl chloride bags into intravenous etoposide solution.

PubMed

Demoré, B; Vigneron, J; Perrin, A; Hoffman, M A; Hoffman, M

2002-04-01

To compare the release of diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bags from four different manufacturers into intravenous etoposide solutions. Etoposide solutions, 0.4 mg/mL, containing the vehicle polysorbate 80 were prepared in 5% dextrose or 0.9% sodium chloride injection PVC bags and stored at room temperature for 24 h. DEHP content was analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Substantial amounts of DEHP (up to 20 microg/mL at room temperature) leached into the etoposide solutions. However, no significant differences were found in the amounts of DEHP leached into the etoposide infusion solutions prepared using either 5% dextrose or 0.9% sodium chloride injection and stored in the four different containers. To minimize patient exposure o DEHP, etoposide solutions should ideally be stored in a glass or polyolefin container.

21 CFR 522.1086 - Guaifenesin injection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 6 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Guaifenesin injection. 522.1086 Section 522.1086... Guaifenesin injection. (a) Specifications. Each milliliter of sterile aqueous solution contains 50 milligrams of guaifenesin and 50 milligrams of dextrose. (b) Sponsor. See Nos. 037990 and 059130 in § 510.600(c...

21 CFR 522.1086 - Guaifenesin injection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 6 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Guaifenesin injection. 522.1086 Section 522.1086... Guaifenesin injection. (a) Specifications. Each milliliter of sterile aqueous solution contains 50 milligrams of guaifenesin and 50 milligrams of dextrose. (b) Sponsor. See Nos. 037990 and 000859 in § 510.600(c...

21 CFR 522.1086 - Guaifenesin injection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 6 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Guaifenesin injection. 522.1086 Section 522.1086... Guaifenesin injection. (a) Specifications. Each milliliter of sterile aqueous solution contains 50 milligrams of guaifenesin and 50 milligrams of dextrose. (b) Sponsor. See Nos. 037990 and 059130 in § 510.600(c...

21 CFR 522.1086 - Guaifenesin injection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 6 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Guaifenesin injection. 522.1086 Section 522.1086... Guaifenesin injection. (a) Specifications. Each milliliter of sterile aqueous solution contains 50 milligrams of guaifenesin and 50 milligrams of dextrose. (b) Sponsor. See Nos. 037990 and 059130 in § 510.600(c...

21 CFR 522.144 - Arsenamide sodium aqueous injection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 6 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Arsenamide sodium aqueous injection. 522.144... § 522.144 Arsenamide sodium aqueous injection. (a) Chemical name. [[(p-Carbamoylphenyl) arsylene]dithio diacetic acid, sodium salt. (b) Specifications. The drug is a sterile aqueous solution and each milliliter...

21 CFR 522.144 - Arsenamide sodium aqueous injection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 6 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Arsenamide sodium aqueous injection. 522.144... § 522.144 Arsenamide sodium aqueous injection. (a) Chemical name. [[(p-Carbamoylphenyl) arsylene]dithio diacetic acid, sodium salt. (b) Specifications. The drug is a sterile aqueous solution and each milliliter...

Panitumumab Injection

MedlinePlus

... as a solution (liquid) to be given by infusion (injected into a vein). It is usually given ... doctor or nurse in a doctor's office or infusion center. Panitumumab is usually given once every 2 ...

In-situ generation of oxygen-releasing metal peroxides

DOEpatents

Looney, Brian B.; Denham, Miles E.

2007-01-09

A method for remediation of contaminants in soil and groundwater is disclosed. The method generates oxygen releasing solids in groundwater or soil by injecting an aqueous energetic oxidant solution containing free radicals, oxidative conditions can be created within or ahead of a contaminant plume. Some contaminants may be remediated directly by reaction with the free radicals. Additionally and more importantly, the free radicals create an oxidative condition whereby native or injected materials, especially metals, are converted to peroxides. These peroxides provide a long-term oxygen reservoir, releasing oxygen relatively slowly over time. The oxygen can enhance microbial metabolism to remediate contaminants, can react with contaminant metals either to form immobile precipitants or to mobilize other metals to permit remediation through leaching techniques. Various injection strategies for injecting the energetic oxidant solution are also disclosed.

Transient neurologic deficit after spinal anesthesia: local anesthetic maldistribution with pencil point needles?

PubMed

Beardsley, D; Holman, S; Gantt, R; Robinson, R A; Lindsey, J; Bazaral, M; Stewart, S F; Stevens, R A

1995-08-01

Recent reports of transient neurologic deficits have raised concern about the potential toxicity of single-dose spinal 5% lidocaine in 7.5% dextrose. Two cases of volunteers who experienced minor local sensory deficits after slow (60 s) injections of 2 mL 5% lidocaine via Whitacre needles are described. One case was a result of a double injection because of a "failed" block. It seemed possible that the neurologic deficit in these cases resulted from neurotoxicity associated with maldistribution of local anesthetic. Using an in vitro spinal model, we investigated drug distribution resulting from injections through side-port spinal needles to determine whether the use of these needles could result in high local concentrations of hyperbaric solutions. A spinal canal model was fabricated using human magnetic resonance measurements. The model was placed in a surgical supine position and filled with lactated Ringer's solution to simulate the specific gravity of cerebral spinal fluid at 22 degrees C. A hyperbaric solution of phthalocyanine blue dye and dextrose (SG 1.042), simulating the anesthetic, was injected through three different needles (27-gauge 4 11/16-in. Whitacre, 25-gauge 3 1/2-in. Whitacre, 25-gauge 3 1/2-in. Quincke). Triplicate injections were done at rapid (2 mL/10 s) and slow (2 mL/60 s) rates, with needle side ports oriented in a sacral and cephalad direction. At slow rates of injection, using 27- or 25-gauge sacrally directed Whitacre needles, injections showed evidence of maldistribution with extrapolated peak sacral lidocaine concentrations reaching 2.0%. In contrast, distribution after slow injection through sacrally directed Quincke needles was uniform.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

In ovo feeding of L-arginine alters energy metabolism in post-hatch broilers.

PubMed

Yu, L L; Gao, T; Zhao, M M; Lv, P A; Zhang, L; Li, J L; Jiang, Y; Gao, F; Zhou, G H

2018-01-01

This study aimed to investigate the effects of in ovo feeding (IOF) of L-arginine (Arg) on energy metabolism in post-hatch broilers. A total of 720 eggs was randomly assigned to 3 treatments: 1) non-injected control group, 2) 0.75% NaCl diluent-injected control group, and 3) 1.0% Arg solution-injected group. At 17.5 d of incubation, 0.6 mL of each solution was injected into the amniotic fluid of each egg of injected groups. After hatching, 80 male chicks were randomly assigned to each treatment group with 8 replicates per group. The results showed that IOF of Arg increased glycogen and glucose concentrations in the liver and pectoral muscle of broilers at hatch (P < 0.05). The plasma glucose and insulin levels were higher in the Arg group than in the non-injected and diluent-injected control groups (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, IOF of Arg enhanced the hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase (G6P) activity at hatch (P < 0.05). There was no difference in hexokinase (HK) or phosphofructokinase (PFK) enzyme activities in the pectoral muscle in all groups. Further, IOF of Arg increased the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBP) mRNA expressions at hatch (P < 0.05). In addition, broilers in the Arg group had a higher mRNA expression of glycogen synthase and a lower expression of glycogen phosphorylase in the liver and pectoral muscles than in the non-injected controls at hatch (P < 0.05). In conclusion, IOF of Arg solution enhanced liver and pectoral muscle energy reserves at hatch, which might be considered as an effective strategy for regulating early energy metabolism in broilers. © 2017 Poultry Science Association Inc.

Liposuction: Anaesthesia challenges

PubMed Central

Sood, Jayashree; Jayaraman, Lakshmi; Sethi, Nitin

2011-01-01

Liposuction is one of the most popular treatment modalities in aesthetic surgery with certain unique anaesthetic considerations. Liposuction is often performed as an office procedure. There are four main types of liposuction techniques based on the volume of infiltration or wetting solution injected, viz dry, wet, superwet, and tumescent technique. The tumescent technique is one of the most common liposuction techniques in which large volumes of dilute local anaesthetic (wetting solution) are injected into the fat to facilitate anaesthesia and decrease blood loss. The amount of lignocaine injected may be very large, approximately 35-55 mg/kg, raising concerns regarding local anaesthetic toxicity. Liposuction can be of two types according to the volume of solution aspirated: High volume (>4,000 ml aspirated) or low volume (<4,000 ml aspirated). While small volume liposuction may be done under local/monitored anaesthesia care, large-volume liposuction requires general anaesthesia. As a large volume of wetting solution is injected into the subcutaneous tissue, the intraoperative fluid management has to be carefully titrated along with haemodynamic monitoring and temperature control. Assessment of blood loss is difficult, as it is mixed with the aspirated fat. Since most obese patients opt for liposuction as a quick method to lose weight, all concerns related to obesity need to be addressed in a preoperative evaluation. PMID:21808392

Administration of Injectable Vitamin K Orally.

PubMed

Afanasjeva, Janna

2017-10-01

Background: Vitamin K, or phytonadione, is available in both injectable and oral formulations. Oral vitamin K is available as 5-mg tablets, but the key drawbacks for using vitamin K tablets consist of availability of only 1 dose strength and recent tripling of the product's cost over a 2-year period. An interest exists for utilization of injectable vitamin K via oral route. Method: A literature search was performed on April 26, 2017, to identify any studies describing the use of injectable vitamin K for oral administration. The search involved PubMed and Embase and utilized various combinations of keywords vitamin K , phytonadione , IV , intravenous , injectable , and oral . The results were limited to studies that discussed oral administration of injectable vitamin K. The efficacy of the injectable preparation of vitamin K administered orally was explored in 6 studies and one cost-savings project. Results: Based on the available literature, the administration of injectable vitamin K via oral route is effective and safe. Injectable vitamin K for oral administration can be prepared as an undiluted solution or as a compounded solution. These 2 formulations have different beyond-use dates depending on ingredients used. Conclusion: Information on efficacy and stability of injectable vitamin K formulations prepared for oral administration provides an additional option for health care systems when vitamin K tablets are unavailable or cost-prohibitive to use.

Study on the technology of dual-tube layered injection in ASP flooding

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Ye; Zhang, Yongping; Xu, Dekui; Cai, Meng; Yang, Zhigang; Wang, Hailong; Song, Xingliang

2017-10-01

For the single-tube layered injection technology cannot solve the problem of interlayer pressure difference is greater than 2MPa injection wells, through the development of dual-tube packer, dual-tube injection allocator, downhole plug, the ground pressure regulator and molecular weight regulator. Dual-tube layered injection technology is formed. According to the data of ASP flooding injection wells in the field, the whole well is divided into high permeability and low permeability oil reservoir. Two separate injection channels can be formed by using dual-tube packer and dual-tube injection allocator. Through the use of the ground pressure regulator, the problem of the high permeability layer and low permeability layer of the injection pressure difference is solved. Through the use of the ground molecular weight regulator, the problem that the same molecular weight ASP solution is not suitable for high and low permeability is solved. By replacing the downhole plug, the grouping transformation of some oil layer can be achieved. The experiment and field application of 3 wells results show that: the flow control range is 20m3/d-70m3/d; the max. Throttling differential pressure is 3.5MPa; the viscosity loss rate of solution is less than 5%; and the molecular weight adjusting range is 20%-50%. The utilization degree of oil layer is obviously increased through the use of the dual-tube layered injection technology.

Modification of vortex ring formation using dilute polymer solution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jordan, Daniel; Krane, Michael; Peltier, Joel; Patterson, Eric; Fontaine, Arnold

2006-11-01

This talk will present the results of an experimental study to determine the effect of dilute polymer solution on the formation of a vortex ring. Experiments were conducted in a large, glass tank, filled with water. Vortex rings were produced by injecting a slug of dilute polymer solution into the tank through a nozzle. The injection was controlled by a prescribed piston motion in the nozzle. For the same piston motion, vortex rings were produced for 3 concentrations of the polymer solution, including one with no polymer. The vortex ring flowfield was measured using DPIV. Differences between the 3 cases of polymer concentration in vortex ring formation time, circulation, size, and convection speed are presented.

Distribution of Injectate and Sensory-Motor Blockade After Adductor Canal Block.

PubMed

Gautier, Philippe E; Hadzic, Admir; Lecoq, Jean-Pierre; Brichant, Jean Francois; Kuroda, Maxine M; Vandepitte, Catherine

2016-01-01

The analgesic efficacy reported for the adductor canal block may be related to the spread of local anesthetic outside the adductor canal. Fifteen patients undergoing knee surgery received ultrasound-guided injections of local anesthetic at the level of the adductor hiatus. Sensory-motor block and spread of contrast solution were assessed. Sensation was rated as "markedly diminished" or "absent" in the saphenous nerve distribution and "slightly diminished" in the sciatic nerve territory without motor deficits. Contrast solution was found in the popliteal fossa. The spread of injectate to the popliteal fossa may contribute to the analgesic efficacy of adductor canal block.

'It's Fast, It's Quick, It Stops Me Being Sick': How to influence preparation of opioid tablets for injection.

PubMed

Lafferty, Lise; Treloar, Carla; van Breda, Nick; Steele, Maureen; Hiley, Sarah; Flaherty, Ian; Salmon, Allison

2017-09-01

Injection of pharmaceutical opioids (PO) among people who inject drugs has increased in many countries. The common method for preparing PO tablets for injection uses heat, resulting in greater particulate matter and therefore increased risk of local infection risk and damage to veins and organs. A cold preparation process has fewer risks, but this preparation method is not commonly used. This study seeks to explore how people who inject PO learn to prepare injections and how health promotion efforts could influence practice. Between March and December 2013, qualitative interviews were undertaken with 33 clients of Sydney's Medically Supervised Injecting Centre who inject PO tablets regarding sources of knowledge and current preparation methods for injection of POs. Overwhelmingly, the most commonly reported source of knowledge around injection of tablets was others who inject. Most participants reported heating the solution as the quickest way to administer the drug. Attitudes to the use of wheel filters varied, with some participants reporting that they would use the filters if they were shown how, while others reported a number of barriers to using filters, including complexity of use. Harnessing the power of social connections may provide avenues for education about safer injecting of tablets, including the use of wheel filters. Further work is required to debunk myths about the relative potencies of cold versus hot drug solution. Collaborations between harm reduction workers and peer workers would assist in knowledge dissemination regarding safer injecting practices. © 2017 Australasian Professional Society on Alcohol and other Drugs.

Caudal epidural anesthesia in mares after bicarbonate addition to a lidocaine-epinephrine combination.

PubMed

Duarte, Patricia C; Paz, Cahuê F R; Oliveira, Alvaro P L; Maróstica, Thairê P; Cota, Leticia O; Faleiros, Rafael R

2017-07-01

To investigate the nociceptive and clinical effects of buffering a lidocaine-epinephrine solution with sodium bicarbonate in caudal epidural block in mares. Prospective randomized controlled trial. Six mixed-breed mares weighing 350-440 kg. Each animal was administered two caudal epidural injections, 72 hours apart, using different solutions prepared immediately before injection. The control solution was 7 mL 2% lidocaine hydrochloride with epinephrine hemitartrate (1:200,000) added to 3 mL sterile water for injection (pH 2.9). The alkalinized solution was 7 mL of lidocaine-epinephrine solution added to 2.3 mL sterile water for injection and 0.7 mL 8.4% sodium bicarbonate (pH 7.4). Nociception was evaluated by response to skin pinching at 31 sites in the sacral region and around the perimeter of the anogenital area (distances of 10, 15 and 20 cm) before, and 5, 10 and 15 minutes after epidural injection, then every 15 minutes until the return of nociception in all evaluated sites. The onset and duration times, and intensity of ataxia (grades 0 to 3) were recorded. The paired t test was used to compare the onset and duration of anesthesia and ataxia (p<0.05). Alkalization of the solution resulted in significant decreases in the average time of onset of loss of nociception in the sacral region (40%) and around the perimeter of the anogenital area extending up to 5 cm (36%) and from 5 to 10 cm (32%) from the anus and vulva. Alkalization also decreased the average duration of ataxia (33%), without affecting the duration and extent of anesthesia or the degree of ataxia. Alkalization of lidocaine-epinephrine solution is advantageous in shortening the duration of ataxia and hastening the onset of anesthesia in areas adjacent to the anogenital area, without reducing the duration of epidural anesthesia, in mares. Copyright © 2017 Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists and American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Validation of a stability-indicating hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatographic method for the quantitative determination of vitamin k3 (menadione sodium bisulfite) in injectable solution formulation.

PubMed

Ghanem, Mashhour M; Abu-Lafi, Saleh A; Hallak, Hussein O

2013-01-01

A simple, specific, accurate, and stability-indicating method was developed and validated for the quantitative determination of menadione sodium bisulfite in the injectable solution formulation. The method is based on zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (ZIC-HILIC) coupled with a photodiode array detector. The desired separation was achieved on the ZIC-HILIC column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) at 25°C temperature. The optimized mobile phase consisted of an isocratic solvent mixture of 200mM ammonium acetate (NH4AC) solution and acetonitrile (ACN) (20:80; v/v) pH-adjusted to 5.7 by glacial acetic acid. The mobile phase was fixed at 0.5 ml/min and the analytes were monitored at 261 nm using a photodiode array detector. The effects of the chromatographic conditions on the peak retention, peak USP tailing factor, and column efficiency were systematically optimized. Forced degradation experiments were carried out by exposing menadione sodium bisulfite standard and the injectable solution formulation to thermal, photolytic, oxidative, and acid-base hydrolytic stress conditions. The degradation products were well-resolved from the main peak and the excipients, thus proving that the method is a reliable, stability-indicating tool. The method was validated as per ICH and USP guidelines (USP34/NF29) and found to be adequate for the routine quantitative estimation of menadione sodium bisulfite in commercially available menadione sodium bisulfite injectable solution dosage forms.

Apparatus and method for preparing oxygen-15 labeled water H.sub.2 [.sup.15 O] in an injectable form for use in positron emission tomography

DOEpatents

Ferrieri, Richard A.; Schlyer, David J.; Alexoff, David

1996-01-09

A handling and processing apparatus for preparing Oxygen-15 labeled water (H.sub.2 [.sup.15 O]) in injectable form for use in Positron Emission Tomography from preferably H.sub.2 [.sup.15 O] produced by irradiating a flowing gas target of nitrogen and hydrogen. The apparatus includes a collector for receiving and directing a gas containing H.sub.2 [.sup.15 O] gas and impurities, mainly ammonia (NH.sub.3) gas into sterile water to trap the H.sub.2 [.sup.15 O] and form ammonium (NH.sub.4.sup.+) in the sterile water. A device for displacing the sterile water containing H.sub.2 [.sup.15 O] and NH.sub.4.sup.+ through a cation resin removes NH.sub.4.sup.+ from the sterile water. A device for combining the sterile water containing H.sub.2 [.sup.15 O] with a saline solution produces an injectable solution. Preferably, the apparatus includes a device for delivering the solution to a syringe for injection into a patient. Also, disclosed is a method for preparing H.sub.2 [.sup.15 O] in injectable form for use in Positron Emission Tomography in which the method neither requires isotopic exchange reaction nor application of high temperature.

Electrochemical attosyringe.

PubMed

Laforge, François O; Carpino, James; Rotenberg, Susan A; Mirkin, Michael V

2007-07-17

The ability to manipulate ultrasmall volumes of liquids is essential in such diverse fields as cell biology, microfluidics, capillary chromatography, and nanolithography. In cell biology, it is often necessary to inject material of high molecular weight (e.g., DNA, proteins) into living cells because their membranes are impermeable to such molecules. All techniques currently used for microinjection are plagued by two common problems: the relatively large injector size and volume of injected fluid, and poor control of the amount of injected material. Here we demonstrate the possibility of electrochemical control of the fluid motion that allows one to sample and dispense attoliter-to-picoliter (10(-18) to 10(-12) liter) volumes of either aqueous or nonaqueous solutions. By changing the voltage applied across the liquid/liquid interface, one can produce a sufficient force to draw solution inside a nanopipette and then inject it into an immobilized biological cell. A high success rate was achieved in injections of fluorescent dyes into cultured human breast cells. The injection of femtoliter-range volumes can be monitored by video microscopy, and current/resistance-based approaches can be used to control injections from very small pipettes. Other potential applications of the electrochemical syringe include fluid dispensing in nanolithography and pumping in microfluidic systems.

Electrochemical attosyringe

PubMed Central

Laforge, François O.; Carpino, James; Rotenberg, Susan A.; Mirkin, Michael V.

2007-01-01

The ability to manipulate ultrasmall volumes of liquids is essential in such diverse fields as cell biology, microfluidics, capillary chromatography, and nanolithography. In cell biology, it is often necessary to inject material of high molecular weight (e.g., DNA, proteins) into living cells because their membranes are impermeable to such molecules. All techniques currently used for microinjection are plagued by two common problems: the relatively large injector size and volume of injected fluid, and poor control of the amount of injected material. Here we demonstrate the possibility of electrochemical control of the fluid motion that allows one to sample and dispense attoliter-to-picoliter (10−18 to 10−12 liter) volumes of either aqueous or nonaqueous solutions. By changing the voltage applied across the liquid/liquid interface, one can produce a sufficient force to draw solution inside a nanopipette and then inject it into an immobilized biological cell. A high success rate was achieved in injections of fluorescent dyes into cultured human breast cells. The injection of femtoliter-range volumes can be monitored by video microscopy, and current/resistance-based approaches can be used to control injections from very small pipettes. Other potential applications of the electrochemical syringe include fluid dispensing in nanolithography and pumping in microfluidic systems. PMID:17620612

Designing Fault-Injection Experiments for the Reliability of Embedded Systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

White, Allan L.

2012-01-01

This paper considers the long-standing problem of conducting fault-injections experiments to establish the ultra-reliability of embedded systems. There have been extensive efforts in fault injection, and this paper offers a partial summary of the efforts, but these previous efforts have focused on realism and efficiency. Fault injections have been used to examine diagnostics and to test algorithms, but the literature does not contain any framework that says how to conduct fault-injection experiments to establish ultra-reliability. A solution to this problem integrates field-data, arguments-from-design, and fault-injection into a seamless whole. The solution in this paper is to derive a model reduction theorem for a class of semi-Markov models suitable for describing ultra-reliable embedded systems. The derivation shows that a tight upper bound on the probability of system failure can be obtained using only the means of system-recovery times, thus reducing the experimental effort to estimating a reasonable number of easily-observed parameters. The paper includes an example of a system subject to both permanent and transient faults. There is a discussion of integrating fault-injection with field-data and arguments-from-design.

Physico-chemical stability of eribulin mesylate containing concentrate and ready-to-administer solutions.

PubMed

Spindeldreier, Kirsten; Thiesen, Judith; Lipp, Hans-Peter; Krämer, Irene

2014-06-01

The aim of this study was to determine the stability of commercially available eribulin mesylate containing injection solution as well as diluted ready-to-administer solutions stored under refrigeration or at room temperature. Stability was studied by a novel developed stability-indicating reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) assay with ultraviolet detection (detection wavelength 200 nm). Triplicate test solutions of eribulin mesylate containing injection concentrate (0.5 mg/mL) and with 0.9% sodium chloride solution diluted ready-to-administer preparations (0.205 mg/mL eribulin mesylate in polypropylene (PP) syringes, 0.020 mg/mL eribulin mesylate in polypropylene/polyethylene (PE) bags) were stored protected from light either at room temperature (25) or under refrigeration (2-8). Samples were withdrawn on day 0 (initial), 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21 and 28 of storage and assayed. Physical stability was determined by measuring the pH value once a week and checking for visible precipitations or colour changes. The stability tests revealed that concentrations of eribulin mesylate remained unchanged over a period of 28 days irrespective of concentration, container material or storage temperature. Neither colour changes nor visible particles have been observed. The pH value varied slightly over time but remained in the stability favourable range of 5-9. Eribulin mesylate injection (0.5 mg/mL) is physico-chemically stable over a period of 28 days after first puncture of the vial. After dilution with 0.9% NaCl vehicle solution, ready-to-administer eribulin mesylate injection solutions (0.205 mg/mL in PP syringe) and infusion solutions (0.02 mg/mL in prefilled PP/PE bags) are physico-chemically stable for a period of at least four weeks either refrigerated or stored at room temperature. For microbiological reasons storage under refrigeration is recommended.

77 FR 39390 - Implantation or Injectable Dosage Form New Animal Drugs; Maropitant; Tildipirosin

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-03

...., Summit, Injectable the treatment NJ 07901. Solution. of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in beef and non-lactating dairy cattle; and for the control of respiratory disease in beef and non- lactating dairy cattle... subcutaneous injection in the neck. (ii) Indications for use. For the treatment of bovine respiratory disease...

Simulators for training in ultrasound guided procedures.

PubMed

Farjad Sultan, Syed; Shorten, George; Iohom, Gabrielle

2013-06-01

The four major categories of skill sets associated with proficiency in ultrasound guided regional anaesthesia are 1) understanding device operations, 2) image optimization, 3) image interpretation and 4) visualization of needle insertion and injection of the local anesthetic solution. Of these, visualization of needle insertion and injection of local anaesthetic solution can be practiced using simulators and phantoms. This survey of existing simulators summarizes advantages and disadvantages of each. Current deficits pertain to the validation process.

Effects of Alcohol Injection in Rat Sciatic Nerve

PubMed Central

Mazoch, Mathew J.; Cheema, Gulraiz A.; Suva, Larry J.; Thomas, Ruth L.

2015-01-01

Background Previous studies have shown that the injection of dehydrated alcohol has been successful for the treatment of Morton's neuroma in the foot. In this study, we determined the cellular effect of injection of alcohol into and around the sciatic nerve of rats, and measured the extent of cell necrosis and/or any associated histologic or inflammatory changes. Methods Twenty-two male (~375g) Wistar rats were randomized into two groups each receiving alcohol injections into or around the sciatic nerve after nerve exposure under sterile technique. Group 1 rats were injected with a 0.5ml solution of 0.5% Marcaine in the left sciatic nerve as a control group. In the right sciatic nerve a 0.5ml solution of 4% ethanol with 0.5% Marcaine was injected. Group 2 rats received 0.5ml of 20%ethanol with 0.5% Marcaine injected into the left sciatic nerve and 0.5 ml of 30% ethanol with 0.5% Marcaine injected into the right sciatic nerve. In each group, the rats were placed in 3 subgroups: intraneural, perineural, perimuscular injections. All rats were sacrificed and tissue harvested for histologic evaluation at day 10 post injection. Results No evidence of alcohol-associated cell necrosis, apoptosis or apparent inflammation was observed in histologic specimens of any injected nerves, perineural tissue, or muscles in controls or experimental groups regardless of concentration of ethanol injected on day 10. Conclusion We concluded that alcohol injection (≤30% ethanol) into and/or around the sciatic nerve or the adjacent muscle of rats has no histologic evidence of necrosis or inflammation to the nerve or surrounding tissue. There was no observable histological change in apoptosis, or cell number, in response to the alcohol injection. PMID:25097192

Transport toward a well in highly heterogeneous aquifer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Di Dato, Mariaines; de Barros, Felipe P. J.; Bellin, Alberto; Fiori, Aldo

2017-04-01

Solute transport toward a well is a challenging subject in subsurface hydrology since the complexity of the mathematical model is tremendously increased by the non-uniformity of the mean flow and heterogeneity of the formation. Up to date, analytical solutions for such flow configurations are limited to low heterogeneous conditions. On the other hand, numerical simulations in 3D highly heterogeneous formations are computationally expensive and plagued by numerical errors. In this work we propose an analytical solution for the Breakthrough Curve (BTC) at the well for an instantaneous linear injection across the aquifer's thickness for any degree of heterogeneity of the porous medium. Our solution makes use of the Multi Indicator Model-Self Consistent Approximation (MIMSCA), by which the aquifer is conceptualized as an ensemble of blocks of constant hydraulic conductivity K randomly drawn from a lognormal distribution. In order to apply MIMSCA, we assume the flow as locally uniform, given that K is uniform within the block. With this approximation, the travel time to the well is equal to the superposition of the time spent by the solute particle within each block. We emphasize that, despite the approximations introduced, the model is able to reproduce the laboratory experiment of [1] without the need to fit any transport parameters. In this work, we present results for two different injection modes: a resident injection (e.g., residual DNAPL) and a flux proportional injection (e.g., leakage from a passive well). The proposed methodology allows to quantify the BTC at the well as a function of few parameters such as the injection mode and the statistical structure of the aquifer (geometric mean, variance and integral scale of the hydraulic conductivity field). Results illustrate that the release condition has a strong impact on the shape of the BTC. Furthermore, the difference between different injection modes increases with the heterogeneity of the K-field. The importance of the both injection mode and heterogeneity degree are also elucidated on the early and late solute arrival times at the well. Finally, we show how travel times become ergodic only for very thick aquifers, even in case of mild heterogeneity. We emphasize that the present framework has a practical validity, giving an affordable, although approximated, first estimation of mass arrival at an extraction well. References [1] Fernàndez-Garcia, D., T. H. Illangasekare, and H. Rajaram (2004), Conservative and sorptive forced-gradient and uniform flow tracer tests in a three-dimensional laboratory test aquifer, Water Resour. Res., 40, W10103, doi:10.1029/2004WR003112.

75 FR 54018 - Implantation or Injectable Dosage Form New Animal Drugs; Florfenicol and Flunixin

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-03

... respiratory disease (BRD) pathogens for which use of an injectable solution containing florfenicol and.... For treatment of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) associated with Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella...

Numerical simulation of transverse fuel injection

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mao, Marlon; Riggins, David W.; Mcclinton, Charles R.

1991-01-01

A review of recent work at NASA Langley Research Center to compare the predictions of transverse fuel injector flow fields and mixing performance with experimental results is presented. Various cold (non-reactive) mixing studies were selected for code calibration which include the effects of boundary layer thickness and injection angle for sonic hydrogen injection into supersonic air. Angled injection of helium is also included. This study was performed using both the three-dimensional elliptic and the parabolized Navier-Stokes (PNS) versions of SPARK. Axial solution planes were passed from PNS to elliptic and elliptic to PNS in order to efficiently generate solutions. The PNS version is used both upstream and far downstream of the injector where the flow can be considered parabolic in nature. The comparisons are used to identify experimental deficiencies and computational procedures to improve agreement.

Anesthetic efficacy and heart rate effects of the intraosseous injection of 1.5% etidocaine (1:200,000 epinephrine) after an inferior alveolar nerve block.

PubMed

Stabile, P; Reader, A; Gallatin, E; Beck, M; Weaver, J

2000-04-01

The purpose of this study was to determine the anesthetic efficacy and heart rate effects of an intraosseous (IO) injection of 1.5% etidocaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine after an inferior alveolar nerve block. In a repeated-measures designed study, 48 subjects randomly received 2 combinations of injections at 2 separate appointments. The combinations were an inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) block (with 3% mepivacaine) + IO injection with 1.8 mL of 1.5% etidocaine hydrochloride containing 1:200,000 epinephrine, and an IAN + mock IO injection. The first molar was blindly tested with a pulp tester at 2-minute cycles for 60 minutes after the injection. Anesthesia was considered successful when 2 consecutive 80 readings (no subject response) were obtained. Heart rate (pulse rate) was measured with a pulse oximeter. Lip numbness occurred in 100% of the subjects with both the techniques. For the first molar, anesthetic success for the IAN + mock IO and the IAN + IO etidocaine hydrochloride groups, respectively, were 81% and 100%. The differences were significant (P <.05) when the IAN + IO etidocaine hydrochloride technique was compared with the IAN + mock IO. A mean increase in heart rate of 32 beats/min occurred in 90% of the subjects with the IO injection of the etidocaine hydrochloride solution. In 89% of these subjects, the heart rate returned to within 5 beats of baseline values 4 minutes or less after solution deposition. The IO injection of 1.8 mL of 1.5% etidocaine hydrochloride with 1:200,000 epinephrine, when used to augment an inferior alveolar nerve block, significantly increased anesthetic success in the first molar. The majority of subjects receiving the IO injection of the etidocaine hydrochloride solution had a transient increase in heart rate.

Solution formulation development of a VEGF inhibitor for intravitreal injection.

PubMed

Marra, Michelle T; Khamphavong, Penney; Wisniecki, Peter; Gukasyan, Hovhannes J; Sueda, Katsuhiko

2011-03-01

PF-00337210 is a potent, selective small molecule inhibitor of VEGFRs and has been under consideration for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration. An ophthalmic solution formulation intended for intravitreal injection was developed. This formulation was designed to maximize drug properties such that the formulation would precipitate upon injection into the vitreous for sustained delivery. As a parenteral formulation with additional constraints dictated by this specialized delivery route, multiple features were balanced in order to develop a successful formulation. Some of these considerations included low dosing volumes (≤0.1 mL), a limited repertoire of safe excipients for intravitreal injection, and the unique physical chemical properties of the drug. The aqueous solubility as a function of pH was characterized, buffer stressing studies to select the minimal amount of buffer were conducted, and both chemical and physical stability studies were executed. The selected formulation consisted of an isotonic solution comprised of PF-00337210 free base in a citrate-buffered vehicle containing NaCl for tonicity. The highest strength for regulatory toxicology studies was 60 mg/mL. The selected formulation exhibited sufficient chemical stability upon storage with no precipitation, and acceptable potency and recovery through an intravitreal dosing syringe. Formulation performance was simulated by precipitation experiments using extracted vitreous humor. In simulated injection experiments, PF-00337210 solutions reproducibly precipitated upon introduction to the vitreous so that a depot was formed. To our knowledge, this is the first time that a nonpolymeric in situ-forming depot formulation has been developed for intravitreal delivery, with the active ingredient as the precipitating agent. © 2011 American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists

Noninvasive assessment of aorta-coronary saphenous vein bypass graft patency using thermocouple.

PubMed

Tanimoto, Y; Watanabe, T; Endo, M; Hayashi, H

1978-03-01

Noninvasive monitoring of patency of aorta-coronary bypass grafts can be achieved with reasonable accuracy using the thermocouple. This method is consisted of attaching the thermocouple to the surface of grafted vein during surgery and judging the patency by rapid injection of iced solution into peripheral vein. Patient grafted vein will show the thermal change after injecting iced solution. On the contrary, occluded graft will show no thermal change. As this thermal curve is a thermodilution curve by a single injection and is measured from the outside of the vessel, thermal change depends on the temperature and the quantity of the injected solution, cardiac output, body temperature, and loss of indicator temperature along the way to the thermocouple. When the grafted vein is patent, the same thermal curves are recorded regardless of the amount of the flow, and zero flow resulted in disappearance of curve. Initially, the method was evaluated in dogs and the appropriateness was verified. Subsequently, this method was applied to 16 vein grafts of 12 patients undergoing aorta-coronary bypass surgery. Ten or 15 ml of iced solution was injected through inferior vena cava or antecubital vein and the thermal change of the grafted vein was recorded for 1-4 weeks after the operation. Fourteen grafted veins were judged to be patent and 2 were occluded. The comparison of the results by this method with coronary angiography undergone at 4 weeks after the operation showed no false positive case but 1 false negative case. This extravascular observation of the thermodilution curve is a convenient method for judging whether vein graft is patent or not.

Electrochemical immunoassay on a microfluidic device with sequential injection and flushing functions.

PubMed

Nashida, Norihiro; Satoh, Wataru; Fukuda, Junji; Suzuki, Hiroaki

2007-06-15

An integrated microfluidic device with injecting, flushing, and sensing functions was realized using valves that operate based on direct electrowetting. The device consisted of two substrates: a glass substrate with driving and sensing electrodes and a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) substrate. Microfluidic transport was achieved using the spontaneous movement of solutions in hydrophilic flow channels formed with a dry-film photoresist layer. The injection and flushing of solutions were controlled by gold working electrodes, which functioned as valves. The valves were formed either in the channels or in a through-hole in the glass substrate. To demonstrate the system's applicability to an immunoassay, the detection of immobilized antigens was performed as a partial simulation of a sandwich immunoassay. Human alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) or an anti-human AFP antibody was immobilized on a platinum working electrode in the chamber using a plasma-polymerized film (PPF). By applying a potential to the injection valves, necessary solutions were injected one by one through the channels into a reaction chamber at the center of the chip and incubated for reasonable periods of time. The solutions were then flushed through the flushing valve and absorbed in a filter paper placed under the device. After incubation with the corresponding antibodies labeled with glucose oxidase (GOD), electrochemical detection was conducted. In both cases, the obtained current depended on the amount of immobilized antigen. The calibration curves were sigmoidal, and the detection limit was 0.1 ng. The developed microfluidic system could potentially be a fundamental component for a micro immunoassay of the next generation.

Auditory function after application of ototopical vancomycin and mupirocin solutions in a murine model.

PubMed

Rutherford, Kimberley D; Kavanagh, Katherine; Parham, Kourosh

2011-03-01

To determine whether mupirocin (440 µg/mL) and vancomycin otic drops (25 mg/mL) show evidence of ototoxicity in CBA/J mice immediately following a 7-day course of daily intratympanic (IT) injections and 1 month following treatment. Nonrandomized controlled trial. Academic hospital laboratory. Twenty CBA/J mice. Mean auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds increased in all drug- and saline-treated ears immediately after 7 days of IT injections but returned to baseline for most stimulus frequencies by 30 days later. This finding appeared to be correlated with the presence and subsequent resolution of tympanic membrane (TM) perforations and granulation tissue at the injection sites. Mupirocin-treated ears showed no significant difference in ABR thresholds compared to saline-treated ears. No significant differences were noted between vancomycin- and saline-treated ears, but there was a significant interaction between testing day and stimulus frequency (P < .001). Further analysis revealed that ABR thresholds at 32 kHz remained significantly elevated in vancomycin-treated mice despite the resolution of TM perforations and granulation tissue 30 days after completion of IT injections (95% confidence interval, -13.5 to -5.5, P < .01). Although IT application of mupirocin solution (440 µg/mL) caused no significant change in the ABR thresholds in a murine model, vancomycin solution (25 mg/mL) resulted in high-frequency threshold elevations in both the ear directly injected and the contralateral ear. Mupirocin solution may be beneficial in managing otitis externa and media caused by resistant pathogens. Further studies of ototopical vancomycin are needed to define parameters governing its safe use.

POISON SPIDER FIELD CHEMICAL FLOOD PROJECT, WYOMING

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Douglas Arnell; Malcolm Pitts; Jie Qi

2004-11-01

A reservoir engineering and geologic study concluded that approximate 7,852,000 bbls of target oil exits in Poison Spider. Field pore volume, OOIP, and initial oil saturation are defined. Potential injection water has a total dissolved solids content of 1,275 mg/L with no measurable divalent cations. If the Lakota water consistently has no measurable cations, the injection water does not require softening to dissolve alkali. Produced water total dissolved solids were 2,835 mg/L and less than 20 mg/L hardness as the sum of divalent cations. Produced water requires softening to dissolve chemicals. Softened produced water was used to dissolve chemicals inmore » these evaluations. Crude oil API gravity varies across the field from 19.7 to 22.2 degrees with a dead oil viscosity of 95 to 280 cp at 75 F. Interfacial tension reductions of up to 21,025 fold (0.001 dyne/cm) were developed with fifteen alkaline-surfactant combinations at some alkali concentration. An additional three alkaline-surfactant combinations reduced the interfacial tension greater than 5,000 fold. NaOH generally produced the lowest interfacial tension values. Interfacial tension values of less than 0.021 dyne/cm were maintained when the solutions were diluted with produced water to about 60%. Na{sub 2}CO{sub 3} when mixed with surfactants did not reduce interfacial tension values to levels at which incremental oil can be expected. NaOH without surfactant interfacial tension reduction is at a level where some additional oil might be recovered. Most of the alkaline-surfactant-polymer solutions producing ultra low interfacial tension gave type II- phase behavior. Only two solutions produced type III phase behavior. Produced water dilution resulted in maintenance of phase type for a number of solutions at produced water dilutions exceeding 80% dilution. The average loss of phase type occurred at 80% dilution. Linear corefloods were performed to determine relative permeability end points, chemical-rock compatibility, polymer injectivity, dynamic chemical retention by rock, and recommended injected polymer concentration. Average initial oil saturation was 0.796 Vp. Produced water injection recovered 53% OOIP leaving an average residual oil saturation of 0.375 Vp. Poison Spider rock was strongly water-wet with a mobility ratio for produced water displacing the 280 cp crude oil of 8.6. Core was not sensitive to either alkali or surfactant injection. Injectivity increased 60 to 80% with alkali plus surfactant injection. Low and medium molecular weight polyacrylamide polymers (Flopaam 3330S and Flopaam 3430S) dissolved in either an alkaline-surfactant solution or softened produced water injected and flowed through Poison Spider rock. Recommended injected polyacrylamide concentration is 2,100 mg/L for both polymers for a unit mobility ratio. Radial corefloods were performed to evaluate oil recovery efficiency of different chemical solutions. Waterflood oil recovery averaged 46.4 OOIP and alkaline-surfactant-polymer flood oil recovery averaged an additional 18.1% OIP for a total of 64.6% OOIP. Oil cut change due to injection of a 1.5 wt% Na{sub 2}CO{sub 3} plus 0.05 wt% Petrostep B-100 plus 0.05 wt% Stepantan AS1216 plus 2100 mg/L Flopaam 3430S was from 2% to a peak of 23.5%. Additional study might determine the impact on oil recovery of a lower polymer concentration. An alkaline-surfactant-polymer flood field implementation outline report was written.« less

Field Validation of Supercritical CO 2 Reactivity with Basalts

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McGrail, B. Peter; Schaef, Herbert T.; Spane, Frank A.

2017-01-10

Continued global use of fossil fuels places a premium on developing technology solutions to minimize increases in atmospheric CO 2 levels. CO 2 storage in reactive basalts might be one of these solutions by permanently converting injected gaseous CO 2 into solid carbonates. Herein we report results from a field demonstration where ~1000 MT of CO 2 was injected into a natural basalt formation in Eastern Washington State. Following two years of post-injection monitoring, cores were obtained from within the injection zone and subjected to detailed physical and chemical analysis. Nodules found in vesicles throughout the cores were identified asmore » the carbonate mineral, ankerite Ca[Fe, Mg, Mn](CO 3) 2. Carbon isotope analysis showed the nodules are chemically distinct as compared with natural carbonates present in the basalt and clear correlation with the isotopic signature of the injected CO 2. These findings provide field validation of rapid mineralization rates observed from years of laboratory testing with basalts.« less

Development and applications of various optimization algorithms for diesel engine combustion and emissions optimization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ogren, Ryan M.

For this work, Hybrid PSO-GA and Artificial Bee Colony Optimization (ABC) algorithms are applied to the optimization of experimental diesel engine performance, to meet Environmental Protection Agency, off-road, diesel engine standards. This work is the first to apply ABC optimization to experimental engine testing. All trials were conducted at partial load on a four-cylinder, turbocharged, John Deere engine using neat-Biodiesel for PSO-GA and regular pump diesel for ABC. Key variables were altered throughout the experiments, including, fuel pressure, intake gas temperature, exhaust gas recirculation flow, fuel injection quantity for two injections, pilot injection timing and main injection timing. Both forms of optimization proved effective for optimizing engine operation. The PSO-GA hybrid was able to find a superior solution to that of ABC within fewer engine runs. Both solutions call for high exhaust gas recirculation to reduce oxide of nitrogen (NOx) emissions while also moving pilot and main fuel injections to near top dead center for improved tradeoffs between NOx and particulate matter.

Numerical study on injection parameters optimization of thin wall and biodegradable polymers parts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Santos, C.; Mendes, A.; Carreira, P.; Mateus, A.; Malça, C.

2017-07-01

Nowadays, the molds industry searches new markets, with diversified and added value products. The concept associated to the production of thin walled and biodegradable parts mostly manufactured by injection process has assumed a relevant importance due to environmental and economic factors. The growth of a global consciousness about the harmful effects of the conventional polymers in our life quality associated with the legislation imposed, become key factors for the choice of a particular product by the consumer. The target of this work is to provide an integrated solution for the injection of parts with thin walls and manufactured using biodegradable materials. This integrated solution includes the design and manufacture processes of the mold as well as to find the optimum values for the injection parameters in order to become the process effective and competitive. For this, the Moldflow software was used. It was demonstrated that this computational tool provides an effective responsiveness and it can constitute an important tool in supporting the injection molding of thin-walled and biodegradable parts.

Preparation and evaluation of Lu-177 phytate Complex for Radiosynovectomy

PubMed Central

Yousefnia, Hassan; Jalilian, Amir Reza; Zolghadri, Samaneh

2014-01-01

Lu-177 of 2.6-3 GBq/mg specific activity was obtained by irradiation of natural Lu2O3 sample with thermal neutron flux of 4 × 1013 n/cm/s. The product was converted into chloride form which was further used for labeling of Lu-177 phytate complex successfully with high radiochemical purity (>99.9%, instant thin layer chromatography, MeOH: H2O: Acetic acid, 4:4:2, as mobile phase). The complex stability and viscosity were checked in the final solution up to 7 days. The prepared complex solution (100 μCi/100 μl) was injected intra-articularly to the male rat knee joint. Leakage of radioactivity from the injection site and its distribution in organs were investigated up to 7 days. Approximately, all injected dose has remained in injection site 7 days after injection. The complex was proved to be a feasible agent for cavital radiotherapy in oncology and rheumatology. PMID:25191108

Incompatibility of Contrast Medium and Trisodium Citrate

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Delcour, Christian, E-mail: christian.delcour@chu-charleroi.be; Bruninx, Guy

2013-02-15

To test the compatibility of trisodium citrate, a catheter lock solution, with iodinated contrast medium. Iohexol, iobitridol, iodixanol, ioxaglate, ioxithalamate, iomeprol, and iopromide were tested. In all tests, 2 ml of contrast medium were mixed with 2 ml of trisodium citrate solution. Iodixanol and ioxaglate provoked a highly viscous gluelike precipitation when mixed with trisodium citrate. A brief transient precipitate was observed with iohexol, iomeprol, and ioxithalamate. Permanent precipitation occurred with iobitridol and iopromide. One must be aware of the potential for precipitation when contrast medium is mixed with trisodium citrate solution. Before trisodium citrate solution is injected, the cathetermore » should be thoroughly flushed with saline if a contrast medium has previously been injected through it.« less

Vacuum-integrated electrospray deposition for highly reliable polymer thin film.

PubMed

Park, Soohyung; Lee, Younjoo; Yi, Yeonjin

2012-10-01

Vacuum electrospray deposition (ESD) equipment was designed to prepare polymer thin films. The polymer solution can be injected directly into vacuum system through multi-stage pumping line, so that the solvent residues and ambient contaminants are highly reduced. To test the performance of ESD system, we fabricated organic photovoltaic cells (OPVCs) by injecting polymer solution directly onto the substrate inside a high vacuum chamber. The OPVC fabricated has the structure of Al∕P3HT:PCBM∕PEDOT:PSS∕ITO and was optimized by varying the speed of solution injection and concentration of the solution. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the optimized OPVC is 3.14% under AM 1.5G irradiation without any buffer layer at the cathode side. To test the advantages of the vacuum ESD, we exposed the device to atmosphere between the deposition steps of the active layer and cathode. This showed that the PCE of the vacuum processed device is 24% higher than that of the air exposed device and confirms the advantages of the vacuum prepared polymer film for high performance devices.

Modelling transient temperature distribution for injecting hot water through a well to an aquifer thermal energy storage system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Shaw-Yang; Yeh, Hund-Der; Li, Kuang-Yi

2010-10-01

Heat storage systems are usually used to store waste heat and solar energy. In this study, a mathematical model is developed to predict both the steady-state and transient temperature distributions of an aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) system after hot water is injected through a well into a confined aquifer. The ATES has a confined aquifer bounded by aquicludes with different thermomechanical properties and geothermal gradients along the depth. Consider that the heat is transferred by conduction and forced convection within the aquifer and by conduction within the aquicludes. The dimensionless semi-analytical solutions of temperature distributions of the ATES system are developed using Laplace and Fourier transforms and their corresponding time-domain results are evaluated numerically by the modified Crump method. The steady-state solution is obtained from the transient solution through the final-value theorem. The effect of the heat transfer coefficient on aquiclude temperature distribution is appreciable only near the outer boundaries of the aquicludes. The present solutions are useful for estimating the temperature distribution of heat injection and the aquifer thermal capacity of ATES systems.

Simulating the injection of micellar solutions to recover diesel in a sand column.

PubMed

Bernardez, Letícia A; Therrien, René; Lefebvre, René; Martel, Richard

2009-01-26

This paper presents numerical simulations of laboratory experiments where diesel, initially present at 18% residual saturation in a sand column, was recovered by injecting a micellar solution containing the surfactant Hostapur SAS-60 (SAS), and two alcohols, n-butanol (n-BuOH), and n-pentanol (n-PeOH). The micellar solution was developed and optimized for diesel recovery using phase diagrams and soil column experiments. Numerical simulations with the compositional simulator UTCHEM agree with the experimental results and show that the entire residual diesel in the sand column was recovered after the downward injection of 5 pore volumes of the micellar solution. Recovery of diesel occurs by enhanced solubility in the microemulsion phase and by mobilization. An additional series of simulations investigated the effects of phase transfer, alcohol partitioning, and component segregation on diesel recovery. These simulations indicate that diesel can be accurately represented in the model by a single component, but that the pseudo-component approach for active matter and the assumption of local phase equilibrium leads to an underestimation of diesel mobilization.

Simulating the injection of micellar solutions to recover diesel in a sand column

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bernardez, Letícia A.; Therrien, René; Lefebvre, René; Martel, Richard

2009-01-01

This paper presents numerical simulations of laboratory experiments where diesel, initially present at 18% residual saturation in a sand column, was recovered by injecting a micellar solution containing the surfactant Hostapur SAS-60 (SAS), and two alcohols, n-butanol ( n-BuOH), and n-pentanol ( n-PeOH). The micellar solution was developed and optimized for diesel recovery using phase diagrams and soil column experiments. Numerical simulations with the compositional simulator UTCHEM agree with the experimental results and show that the entire residual diesel in the sand column was recovered after the downward injection of 5 pore volumes of the micellar solution. Recovery of diesel occurs by enhanced solubility in the microemulsion phase and by mobilization. An additional series of simulations investigated the effects of phase transfer, alcohol partitioning, and component segregation on diesel recovery. These simulations indicate that diesel can be accurately represented in the model by a single component, but that the pseudo-component approach for active matter and the assumption of local phase equilibrium leads to an underestimation of diesel mobilization.

[Analysis of inadvertent epidural injection of drugs].

PubMed

Kasaba, T; Uehara, K; Katsuki, H; Ono, Y; Takasaki, M

2000-12-01

We asked 31 anesthesiologists, who were on the Japanese Board of Anesthesiology, about inadvertent injection of drugs into the epidural space, and received answers from 28 (90%). Fifteen (54%) had an experience of inadvertent epidural injection, and five of them had two experiences. Injected drugs were ephedrine (6 times), a mixture of neostigmine and atropine (3), thiopental (2), etilefrine (2), vecuronium (1), suxamethonium (1), bicarbonate (1), midazolam (1), lactated Ringer's solution (1), nicardipine (1), and pentazocine (1). The inadvertent injection of thiopental or bicarbonate was noticed by back pain during injection. No treatment was added after the inadvertent injections, except a patient with an epidural steroid injection following thiopental. No neurological complications were found in any patients.

Use of Tricaine Methanesulfonate (MS222) for Euthanasia of Reptiles

PubMed Central

Conroy, CJ; Papenfuss, T; Parker, J; Hahn, NE

2009-01-01

Tricaine methanesulfonate (MS222) injected into the intracoelomic cavity of reptiles was evaluated as a chemical euthanasia method. Three western fence lizards, 2 desert iguanas, 4 garter snakes, and 6 geckos were euthanized by intracoelomic injection of 250 to 500 mg/kg of 0.7% to 1% sodium-bicarbonate–buffered MS222 solution followed by intracoelomic injection of 0.1 to 1.0 ml unbuffered 50% (v/v) MS222 solution. A simple 2-stage protocol for euthanasia of reptiles by using MS222 is outlined. In addition, the conditions for safe use of MS222 are discussed. MS222 offers an alternative to sodium pentobarbital for euthanasia of reptiles. PMID:19245747

21 CFR 522.1680 - Oxytocin injection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 6 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Oxytocin injection. 522.1680 Section 522.1680 Food... Oxytocin injection. (a) Specifications. Each milliliter (mL) of solution contains 20 USP units oxytocin. (b... 10 to 20. Sows 0.25 to 1.0 5 to 20. (2) Indications for use. Oxytocin may be used as a uterine...

Local Anesthetic Microencapsulation.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-11-04

tollowing I.M. injection of microencapsulated lidocaine and etidocaine than following solution injections. Local toxicity of these microcapsule injections...Distribution 41 Table 12 Processing Summary of Lidocaine (Base) 43 Microencapsulation Table 13 Lidocaine (Base) Microcapsule Size 44 Distribution...Table 14 Processing Summary of Et’idocaine-HCl 45 Microencapsulation Table 15 Etidocaine-HCl Microcapsule Size 47 Distribution Table 16 Process Summary

3D Modeling of Transport Phenomena and the Injection of the Solution Droplets in the Solution Precursor Plasma Spraying

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shan, Yanguang; Coyle, Thomas W.; Mostaghimi, Javad

2007-12-01

Solution precursor plasma spraying has been used to produce finely structured ceramic coatings with nano- and sub-micrometric features. This process involves the injection of a solution spray of ceramic salts into a DC plasma jet under atmospheric condition. During the process, the solvent vaporizes as the droplet travel downstream. Solid particles are finally formed due to the precipitation of the solute, and the particle are heated up and accelerated to the substrate to generate the coating. This article describes a 3D model to simulate the transport phenomena and the trajectory and heating of the solution spray in the process. The jet-spray two-way interactions are considered. A simplified model is employed to simulate the evolution process and the formation of the solid particle from the solution droplet in the plasma jet. The temperature and velocity fields of the jet are obtained and validated. The particle size, velocity, temperature, and position distribution on the substrate are predicted.

Burst nucleation by hot injection for size controlled synthesis of ε-cobalt nanoparticles.

PubMed

Zacharaki, Eirini; Kalyva, Maria; Fjellvåg, Helmer; Sjåstad, Anja Olafsen

2016-01-01

Reproducible growth of narrow size distributed ε-Co nanoparticles with a specific size requires full understanding and identification of the role of essential synthesis parameters for the applied synthesis method. For the hot injection methodology, a significant discrepancy with respect to obtained sizes and applied reaction conditions is reported. Currently, a systematic investigation controlling key synthesis parameters as injection-temperature and time, metal to surfactant ratio and reaction holding time in terms of their impact on mean ([Formula: see text]mean) and median ([Formula: see text]median) particle diameter using dichlorobenzene (DCB), Co2(CO)8 and oleic acid (OA) as the reactant matrix is lacking. A series of solution-based ε-Co nanoparticles were synthesized using the hot injection method. Suspensions and obtained particles were analyzed by DLS, ICP-OES, (synchrotron)XRD and TEM. Rietveld refinements were used for structural analysis. Mean ([Formula: see text]mean) and median ([Formula: see text]median) particle diameters were calculated with basis in measurements of 250-500 particles for each synthesis. 95 % bias corrected confidence intervals using bootstrapping were calculated for syntheses with three or four replicas. ε-Co NPs in the size range ~4-10 nm with a narrow size distribution are obtained via the hot injection method, using OA as the sole surfactant. Typically the synthesis yield is ~75 %, and the particles form stable colloidal solutions when redispersed in hexane. Reproducibility of the adopted synthesis procedure on replicate syntheses was confirmed. We describe in detail the effects of essential synthesis parameters, such as injection-temperature and time, metal to surfactant ratio and reaction holding time in terms of their impact on mean ([Formula: see text]mean) and median ([Formula: see text]median) particle diameter. The described synthesis procedure towards ε-Co nanoparticles (NPs) is concluded to be robust when controlling key synthesis parameters, giving targeted particle diameters with a narrow size distribution. We have identified two major synthesis parameters which control particle size, i.e., the metal to surfactant molar ratio and the injection temperature of the hot OA-DCB solution into which the cobalt precursor is injected. By increasing the metal to surfactant molar ratio, the mean particle diameter of the ε-Co NPs has been found to increase. Furthermore, an increase in the injection temperature of the hot OA-DCB solution into which the cobalt precursor is injected, results in a decrease in the mean particle diameter of the ε-Co NPs, when the metal to surfactant molar ratio [Formula: see text] is fixed at ~12.9.

Physical and chemical stability of palonosetron HCl in 4 infusion solutions.

PubMed

Trissel, Lawrence A; Xu, Quanyun A

2004-10-01

Palonosetron HCl is a selective 5-HT(3) receptor antagonist used for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Palonosetron HCl may be diluted in an infusion solution for administraton. Consequently, stability information is needed for palonosetron HCl admixed in common infusion solutions. To evaluate the physical and chemical stability of palonosetron HCl in concentrations of 5 and 30 microg/mL in dextrose 5% injection, NaCl 0.9% injection, dextrose 5% in NaCl 0.45% injection, and dextrose 5% in lactated Ringer's injection. Triplicate test samples of palonosetron HCl at each concentration in each diluent were tested. Samples were stored and evaluated at appropriate intervals for up to 48 hours at room temperature ( approximately 23 degrees C) and 14 days under refrigeration (4 degrees C). Physical stability was assessed using turbidimetric and particulate measurement, as well as visual inspection. Chemical stability was assessed by HPLC. All of the admixtures were initially clear and colorless when viewed in normal fluorescent room light and with a Tyndall beam. Measured turbidity and particulate content were low initially and remained low throughout the study. The drug concentration was unchanged in any of the samples at either temperature throughout the study. Palonosetron HCl is physically and chemically stable in all 4 common infusion solutions for at least 48 hours at room temperature and 14 days under refrigeration.

Stability of suxamethonium in pharmaceutical solution for injection by validated stability-indicating chromatographic method.

PubMed

Beck, William; Kabiche, Sofiane; Balde, Issa-Bella; Carret, Sandra; Fontan, Jean-Eudes; Cisternino, Salvatore; Schlatter, Joël

2016-12-01

To assess the stability of pharmaceutical suxamethonium (succinylcholine) solution for injection by validated stability-indicating chromatographic method in vials stored at room temperature. The chromatographic assay was achieved by using a detector wavelength set at 218 nm, a C18 column, and an isocratic mobile phase (100% of water) at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min for 5 minutes. The method was validated according to the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines with respect to the stability-indicating capacity of the method including linearity, limits of detection and quantitation, precision, accuracy, system suitability, robustness, and forced degradations. Linearity was achieved in the concentration range of 5 to 40 mg/mL with a correlation coefficient higher than 0.999. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.8 and 0.9 mg/mL, respectively. The percentage relative standard deviation for intraday (1.3-1.7) and interday (0.1-2.0) precision was found to be less than 2.1%. Accuracy was assessed by the recovery test of suxamethonium from solution for injection (99.5%-101.2%). Storage of suxamethonium solution for injection vials at ambient temperature (22°C-26°C) for 17 days demonstrated that at least 95% of original suxamethonium concentration remained stable. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

[The cause of polyurethane catheter cracking during constant infusion of etoposide (VP-16) injection].

PubMed

Yokoyama, H; Aoyama, T; Matsuyama, T; Yamamura, Y; Nakajima, K; Nakamura, K; Sato, H; Kotaki, H; Chiba, S; Hirai, H; Yazaki, Y; Iga, T

1998-12-01

We studied the cause of cracking of a clinically used polyurethane (PU) catheter during the constant infusion of etoposide (VP-16) injection (Lastet), administered without dilution to patients as a part of combination high-dose chemotherapy. After VP-16 injection was infused into the PU catheter at a constant infusion rate (30 ml/h) for 24 h, a decrease in the elasticity (36% of untreated) and on increase in the length of the catheter (3.7%) were observed. These changes were significantly higher than those treated with the control saline. The similar changes of the PU catheter were observed after treatment with a basal solution containing polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400), polysorbate 80 and ethanol, which is the vehicle of the VP-16 injection, and with ethanol alone. Moreover, obvious degeneration of the internal wall (occurrence of spots like melting) and cutting face (micro-cracking) of the catheter was observed with an electron microscope after treatment with the vehicle. On the other hand, the elasticity or extension of the PU catheter were not changed after treatment with saline or PEG 400. From these findings, it was suggested that the degeneration and subsequent cracking of the PU catheter during the infusion of VP-16 injection was caused by ethanol contained in its injection solution. No cracking or morphological changes of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and silicone catheters were found after treatment with the vehicle solution. However, since it has been reported in previous reports that di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate was leached from PVC bags, the high dose chemotherapy with the dilution-free VP-16 injection should be achieved safely and effectively using a silicon catheter, rather than the PU catheter.

A morphological evaluation of botulinum neurotoxin A injections into the detrusor muscle using magnetic resonance imaging.

PubMed

Mehnert, Ulrich; Boy, Sönke; Schmid, Marius; Reitz, André; von Hessling, Alexander; Hodler, Juerg; Schurch, Brigitte

2009-06-01

Although botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) intradetrusor injections are a recommended therapy for neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO), refractory to antimuscarinic drugs, a standardisation of injection technique is missing. Furthermore, some basic questions are still unanswered, as where the toxin solution exactly spreads after injection. Therefore, we investigated the distribution of the toxin solution after injection into the bladder wall, using magnet resonance imaging (MRI). Six patients with NDO were recruited. Three of six patients received 300 U of BoNT/A + contrast agent distributed over 30 injection sites (group 1). The other three patients received 300 U of BoNT/A + contrast agent distributed over 10 injection sites (group 2). Immediately after injection, MRI of the pelvis was performed. The volume of the detrusor and the total volume of contrast medium inside and outside the bladder wall were calculated. In all patients, a small volume (mean 17.6%) was found at the lateral aspects of the bladder dome in the extraperitoneal fat tissue, whereas 82.4% of the injected volume reached the target area (detrusor). In both groups there was a similar distribution of the contrast medium in the target area. A mean of 33.3 and 25.3% of the total detrusor volume was covered in group 1 and 2, respectively. Six weeks after injection, five of six patients were continent and showed no detrusor overactivity in the urodynamic follow-up. No systemic side effects were observed. Our results provide morphological arguments that the currently used injection techniques are appropriate and safe.

Physical characterization and modeling of chitosan/peg blends for injectable scaffolds.

PubMed

Lima, Daniel B; Almeida, Renata D; Pasquali, Matheus; Borges, Sílvia P; Fook, Marcus L; Lisboa, Hugo M

2018-06-01

Injectable scaffolds find many applications on the biomedical field due to several advantages on preformed scaffolds such as being able to fill any defect can be used in minimal invasion surgeries and are ready to use products. The most critical parameter for an injectable scaffold usage is its injectability, which can be related with rheological properties. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to increase knowledge about the critical parameters influencing injectability of biopolymers used for injectable scaffolds. Rheological and mechanical properties of a biopolymer blend in combination with injectability tests for a given design space controlled by the concentrations of both polymers and temperatures was made. Then those results were modeled to better understand the impact of parameters on injectability. The biopolymer blend chosen was Chitosan physically blended with Poly(ethylene glycol) where variations of both polymer concentrations and molecular weights were tested. Rheological and mechanical properties of all samples were determined, together with the injection force using a compression test at different injection conditions. All solutions were clear and transparent suggesting perfect miscibility. Rheological results were modeled using Ostwald-Waelle law and revealed a shear thinning pseudo-plastic solution at any composition and temperature, being chitosan concentration the most influencing variable. Compression tests results revealed mean injection forces ranging from 9.9 ± 0.06N to 29.9 ± 0.65N and it was possible to accurately estimate those results. Simulations revealed draw speed as the most influencing parameter. Cell viability tests revealed a non-cytotoxic biopolymer blend. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

High-Efficiency All-Solution-Processed Light-Emitting Diodes Based on Anisotropic Colloidal Heterostructures with Polar Polymer Injecting Layers.

PubMed

Castelli, Andrea; Meinardi, Francesco; Pasini, Mariacecilia; Galeotti, Francesco; Pinchetti, Valerio; Lorenzon, Monica; Manna, Liberato; Moreels, Iwan; Giovanella, Umberto; Brovelli, Sergio

2015-08-12

Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) are emerging as true candidates for light-emitting diodes with ultrasaturated colors. Here, we combine CdSe/CdS dot-in-rod heterostructures and polar/polyelectrolytic conjugated polymers to demonstrate the first example of fully solution-based quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QD-LEDs) incorporating all-organic injection/transport layers with high brightness, very limited roll-off and external quantum efficiency as high as 6.1%, which is 20 times higher than the record QD-LEDs with all-solution-processed organic interlayers and exceeds by over 200% QD-LEDs embedding vacuum-deposited organic molecules.

Enhanced immunity in intradermal vaccination by novel hollow microneedles.

PubMed

Ogai, N; Nonaka, I; Toda, Y; Ono, T; Minegishi, S; Inou, A; Hachiya, M; Fukamizu, H

2018-04-29

The intradermal (ID) route for vaccination represents an effective alternative to subcutaneous (SC)/intramuscular administration to induce protective immunity. However, a critical issue associated with ID vaccination is the precise delivery of solution in the upper dermis, which ensures enhanced immunity. We fabricated a hollow microneedle unit made of poly-glycolic acid by injection molding and bonding, and created a dedicated prototype injector. To ensure ID delivery of solution, the injected site was macroscopically and microscopically examined. Serum immunoglobulin G antibody production was measured by enzyme immunoassay and compared in groups of rats following either ID delivery with microneedles or SC administration with a 27-G stainless needle of graded vaccine doses. The unit used a tandem array of six microneedles, each with a side delivery hole, and a conduit inside for solution. Microneedles installed in the injector punctured the skin with the aid of a spring. Injection of solution formed a wheal due to ID distribution. Histologically, a wedge-shaped skin defect in the upper skin corresponded to each puncture site. Antibody titers following vaccinations on days 1 and 8 were significantly higher with ID injection than with SC delivery on day 15 and every 7 days thereafter until day 36 with mumps vaccination, and until day 36 with varicella vaccination. The microneedle unit presented here delivered solution intradermally without any difficulty and evoked antibody responses against viruses even with the reduced vaccine volume. Our findings confirm promising results of ID delivery as an immunogenic option to enhance vaccination efficacy. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

A pilot study of the validation of percutaneous testing in cats.

PubMed

Rossi, Michael A; Messinger, Linda; Olivry, Thierry; Hoontrakoon, Raweewan

2013-10-01

Intradermal testing is useful for the identification of environmental allergens to which cats could be hypersensitive; intradermal test reactions are often subtle and difficult to interpret in cats. Percutaneous testing is the standard technique for the detection of significant environmental allergens in people, but it has not yet been evaluated in cats with hypersensitivity dermatitis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the skin test responses of healthy cats to percutaneous application and intradermal injections of control solutions. Ten clinically healthy cats were studied. Percutaneous applications of 0.0275 and 0.1 mg/mL aqueous histamine, 6 mg/mL glycerinated histamine, 0.9% buffered saline and 50% glycerosaline solution were performed using Greer Pick (Greer Laboratories, Lenoir, NC, USA) and Duotip-Test II (Lincoln Diagnostics, Decatur, IL, USA) percutaneous applicators. Reactions were compared with intradermal injections of 0.0275 mg/mL aqueous histamine and 0.9% buffered saline as controls. Positive responses to histamine solutions were significantly greater with the Greer Pick than with the Duotip-Test II. There were no significant differences between the histamine reactions using the Greer Pick applicator and the intradermal injections. Percutaneous reactions to histamine were more well demarcated and easier to read than intradermal injection reactions. Reactions to the saline controls were not noted. Percutaneous application of 6 mg/mL glycerinated histamine solution, 50% glycerosaline solution and 0.9% buffered saline produced similar positive and negative control wheals. These observations warrant further studies of percutaneous allergen testing in cats with hypersensitivity dermatitis. © 2013 ESVD and ACVD.

Convective transport resistance in the vitreous humor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Penkova, Anita; Sadhal, Satwindar; Ratanakijsuntorn, Komsan; Moats, Rex; Tang, Yang; Hughes, Patrick; Robinson, Michael; Lee, Susan

2012-11-01

It has been established by MRI visualization experiments that the convection of nanoparticles and large molecules with high rate of water flow in the vitreous humor will experience resistance, depending on the respective permeabilities of the injected solute. A set of experiments conducted with Gd-DTPA (Magnevist, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany) and 30 nm gadolinium-based particles (Gado CELLTrackTM, Biopal, Worcester, MA) as MRI contrast agents showed that the degree of convective transport in this Darcy-type porous medium varies between the two solutes. These experiments consisted of injecting a mixture of the two (a 30 μl solution of 2% Magnevist and 1% nanoparticles) at the middle of the vitreous of an ex vivo whole bovine eye and subjecting the vitreous to water flow rate of 100 μl/min. The water (0.9% saline solution) was injected at the top of the eye, and was allowed to drain through small slits cut at the bottom of the eyeball. After 50 minutes of pumping, MRI images showed that the water flow carried the Gd-DTPA farther than the nanoparticles, even though the two solutes, being mixed, were subjected to the same convective flow conditions. We find that the convected solute lags the water flow, depending on the solute permeability. The usual convection term needs to be adjusted to allow for the filtration effect on the larger particles in the form (1- σ) u . ∇ c with important implications for the modeling of such systems.

Pilot scale feasibility study for in-situ chemical oxidation using H2O2 solution conjugated with biodegradation to remediate a diesel contaminated site.

PubMed

Kim, Insu; Lee, Minhee

2012-11-30

A pilot scale test for a process combining in-situ chemical oxidation using H(2)O(2) solution with biodegradation was performed to remove TPH from a diesel contaminated military site. In batch experiments, when 20% H(2)O(2) solution was used for TPH contaminated soil, TPH removal efficiency was 63.5%. Batch experiments investigating biodegradation by adding indigenous microorganisms in pre-H(2)O(2)-treated soil were also performed, and TPH removal efficiency of biodegradation was 48.5%, showing an improvement of 19.4% by biodegradation even after chemical oxidation. For a pilot scale feasibility test, a site contaminated with diesel (2.5 m × 2.7 m × 1 m) in Korea was selected, and five injection wells and one extraction well were installed in the site. After 0.3 pore volumes of 17.5% H(2)O(2) solution flushing for 15 days, TPH removal efficiency of the site was 51.5%. Seven days after the H(2)O(2) solution flushing was finished, a mixed indigenous microorganism cultured solution (43 L) was injected into the wells two times. After the injection of the cultured solution, the average concentration of TPH in the site decreased to 777 mg/kg, showing that an additional 19.6% of TPH was removed by biodegradation (total TPH removal efficiency: 71.1%). Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Comparison of Field Groundwater Biostimulation Experiments Using Polylactate and Lactate Solutions at the Chromium-Contaminated Hanford 100-H Site

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hazen, T. C.; Faybishenko, B.; Beller, H. R.; Brodie, E. L.; Sonnenthal, E. L.; Steefel, C.; Larsen, J.; Conrad, M. E.; Bill, M.; Christensen, J. N.; Brown, S. T.; Joyner, D.; Borglin, S. E.; Geller, J. T.; Chakraborty, R.; Nico, P. S.; Long, P. E.; Newcomer, D. R.; Arntzen, E.

2011-12-01

The primary contaminant of concern in groundwater at the DOE Hanford 100 Area (Washington State) is hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] in Hanford coarse-grained sediments. Three lactate injections were conducted in March, August, and October 2010 at the Hanford 100-H field site to assess the efficacy of in situ Cr(VI) bioreductive immobilization. Each time, 55 gal of lactate solution was injected into the Hanford aquifer. To characterize the biogeochemical regimes before and after electron donor injection, we implemented a comprehensive plan of groundwater sampling for microbial, geochemical, and isotopic analyses. These tests were performed to provide evidence of transformation of toxic and soluble Cr(VI) into less toxic and poorly soluble Cr(III) by bioimmobilization, and to quantify critical and interrelated microbial metabolic and geochemical mechanisms affecting chromium in situ reductive immobilization and the long-term sustainability of chromium bioremediation. The results of lactate injections were compared with data from two groundwater biostimulation tests that were conducted in 2004 and 2008 by injecting Hydrogen Release Compound (HRC°), a slow-release glycerol polylactate, into the Hanford aquifer. In all HRC and lactate injection tests, 13C-labeled lactate was added to the injected solutions to track post-injection carbon pathways. Monitoring showed that despite a very low initial total microbial density (from <104 to 105 cells/mL), both HRC and lactate injections stimulated anaerobic microbial activity, which led to an increase in biomass to >107 cells/mL (including sulfate- and nitrate-reducing bacteria), resulting in a significant decrease in soluble Cr(VI) concentrations to below the MCL. In all tests, lactate was consumed nearly completely within the first week, much faster than HRC. Modeling of biogeochemical and isotope fractionation processes with the reaction-transport code TOUGHREACT captured the biodegradation of lactate, fermentative production of acetate and propionate, the evolution of 13C in bicarbonate, and the rate of sulfate reduction. In contrast to the slow-release HRC injections, no long-term effects of biostimulation and Cr bioreduction were observed in groundwater after the lactate injections. The presentation will address these patterns of the geochemical, δ13C of DIC, and biomass changes in groundwater before and after the polylactate and lactate injections.

Distribution of radiodense contrast medium after perineural injection of the palmar and palmar metacarpal nerves (low 4-point nerve block): an in vivo and ex vivo study in horses.

PubMed

Nagy, A; Bodò, G; Dyson, S J; Compostella, F; Barr, A R S

2010-09-01

Evidence-based information is limited on distribution of local anaesthetic solution following perineural analgesia of the palmar (Pa) and palmar metacarpal (PaM) nerves in the distal aspect of the metacarpal (Mc) region ('low 4-point nerve block'). To demonstrate the potential distribution of local anaesthetic solution after a low 4-point nerve block using a radiographic contrast model. A radiodense contrast medium was injected subcutaneously over the medial or the lateral Pa nerve at the junction of the proximal three-quarters and distal quarter of the Mc region (Pa injection) and over the ipsilateral PaM nerve immediately distal to the distal aspect of the second or fourth Mc bones (PaM injection) in both forelimbs of 10 mature horses free from lameness. Radiographs were obtained 0, 10 and 20 min after injection and analysed subjectively and objectively. Methylene blue and a radiodense contrast medium were injected in 20 cadaver limbs using the same techniques. Radiographs were obtained and the limbs dissected. After 31/40 (77.5%) Pa injections, the pattern of the contrast medium suggested distribution in the neurovascular bundle. There was significant proximal diffusion with time, but the main contrast medium patch never progressed proximal to the mid-Mc region. The radiological appearance of 2 limbs suggested that contrast medium was present in the digital flexor tendon sheath (DFTS). After PaM injections, the contrast medium was distributed diffusely around the injection site in the majority of the limbs. In cadaver limbs, after Pa injections, the contrast medium and the dye were distributed in the neurovascular bundle in 8/20 (40%) limbs and in the DFTS in 6/20 (30%) of limbs. After PaM injections, the contrast and dye were distributed diffusely around the injection site in 9/20 (45%) limbs and showed diffuse and tubular distribution in 11/20 (55%) limbs. Proximal diffusion of local anaesthetic solution after a low 4-point nerve block is unlikely to be responsible for decreasing lameness caused by pain in the proximal Mc region. The DFTS may be penetrated inadvertently when performing a low 4-point nerve block.

Preparation, characterization, and application of an enzyme-immobilized magnetic microreactor for flow injection analysis.

PubMed

Nomura, Akira; Shin, Shigemitsu; Mehdi, Othman Oulad; Kauffmann, Jean-Michel

2004-09-15

Enzyme-immobilized magnetic microparticles (EMMP) have been prepared for use as a microreactor in flow injection analysis (FI). The microparticles were directly injected into the FI system. Their retention occurred within the flow line by small permanent magnets located near the detector. The analytical utility of this concept was illustrated by the assay of glucose using glucose oxidase (GOx), immobilized microparticles, and amperometric detection of liberated hydrogen peroxide. The microparticles were derived from silica gel (nominal pore diameter, 15-80 nm) by impregnation with a citric acid/ethanol solution and a ferric nitrate/ethanol solution and then by calcination in a nitrogen atmosphere to produce ferrimagnetic fine particles of spinel-type iron oxide (gamma-Fe(2)O(3)) inside the pore. They were characterized by X-ray diffraction. The calibration curve of the glucose sample (2 microL injected) was linear between 2.5 x 10(-6) and 5 x 10(-4) mol/L (R = 0.9995), and the detection limit was 1.0 x 10(-6) mol/L or 0.36 ng of injected glucose (S/N = 3). The repeatability for a 5 x 10(-4) mol/L glucose solution was RSD = 1.5% (n = 6). Application to the assay of glucose in a fermentation broth is illustrated. The GOx MMP were stable and active for more than eight months when kept at 10 degrees C.

Apparatus and method for preparing oxygen-15 labeled water H{sub 2}[{sup 15}O] in an injectable form for use in positron emission tomography

DOEpatents

Ferrieri, R.A.; Schlyer, D.J.; Alexoff, D.

1996-01-09

A handling and processing apparatus is revealed for preparing Oxygen-15 labeled water (H{sub 2}[{sup 15}O]) in injectable form for use in Positron Emission Tomography from preferably H{sub 2}[{sup 15}O] produced by irradiating a flowing gas target of nitrogen and hydrogen. The apparatus includes a collector for receiving and directing a gas containing H{sub 2}[{sup 15}O] gas and impurities, mainly ammonia (NH{sub 3}) gas into sterile water to trap the H{sub 2}[{sup 15}O] and form ammonium (NH{sub 4}{sup +}) in the sterile water. A device for displacing the sterile water containing H{sub 2}[{sup 15}O] and NH{sub 4}{sup +} through a cation resin removes NH{sub 4}{sup +} from the sterile water. A device for combining the sterile water containing H{sub 2}[{sup 15}O] with a saline solution produces an injectable solution. Preferably, the apparatus includes a device for delivering the solution to a syringe for injection into a patient. Also, disclosed is a method for preparing H{sub 2}[{sup 15}O] in injectable form for use in Positron Emission Tomography in which the method neither requires isotopic exchange reaction nor application of high temperature. 7 figs.

[Permanent tattoos following injections with Dermo-Jet: anatomoclinical study. Apropos of 5 cases].

PubMed

Lachapelle, J M; Tennstedt, D; Burtonboy, G

1982-01-01

Blue or black tattoos were observed in five patients who had received several intradermal injections (of a lidocaine solution or of a triamcinolone acetonide suspension) with the Dermo-Jet. A histological examination revealed the presence of black masses, rounded or elongated, different in size, distributed throughout dermal tissue. Additionally, conglomerates of black grains in the cytoplasm of histiocytes and of pericytes are precisely observed in semi-thin sections. It has been proved by several investigations that these foreign particles are not of metallic nature. It can be concluded from electron microscopic studies that the particles are fragments of black rubber, from the upper joint of the reservoir. Indeed, some rubber fragments are leached into the reservoir. Some of these are passing through the wire-mesh filter of the nozzle (with the solution or the suspension) when injections are made. Therefore, they are injected intradermally and are permanently tattooing the skin.

Induction of carcinomas and sarcomas by 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene administration into the hamster maxillary sinus.

PubMed

Yura, Y; Tsujimoto, H; Kusaka, J; Harada, K; Yoshida, H; Sato, M

1995-03-01

To determine whether the local administration of 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA) into the hamster maxillary sinus induced carcinoma at the injected site, hamsters were injected with 30 microliters of 0.5% solution of DMBA in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) through the infraorbital foramen into the maxillary sinus once weekly for 10 weeks (Group 2). Another group of hamsters (Group 1) received similar injections of 30 microliters of DMSO only. In a third group of animals (Group 3), a roll of oxycellulose was inserted into the maxillary sinus and 40 microliters of a 2% solution of DMBA in DMSO was injected once. Sinonasal carcinomas were demonstrated in 73% (8/11) of the hamsters in Group 2 and sarcomas were shown in 73% (8/11) of the hamsters in Group 3, as well as some carcinomas. No tumors were seen in the Group 1 hamsters. Histologic examination revealed squamous cell carcinomas arising from the surface epithelium and submucous glands of the nasal cavity and maxillary sinus. These findings indicate that the intrasinal administration of a 0.5% solution of DMBA in DMSO is a reliable method for inducing maxillary sinus cancer.

Development of an automated flow injection analysis system for determination of phosphate in nutrient solutions.

PubMed

Karadağ, Sevinç; Görüşük, Emine M; Çetinkaya, Ebru; Deveci, Seda; Dönmez, Koray B; Uncuoğlu, Emre; Doğu, Mustafa

2018-01-25

A fully automated flow injection analysis (FIA) system was developed for determination of phosphate ion in nutrient solutions. This newly developed FIA system is a portable, rapid and sensitive measuring instrument that allows on-line analysis and monitoring of phosphate ion concentration in nutrient solutions. The molybdenum blue method, which is widely used in FIA phosphate analysis, was adapted to the developed FIA system. The method is based on the formation of ammonium Mo(VI) ion by reaction of ammonium molybdate with the phosphate ion present in the medium. The Mo(VI) ion then reacts with ascorbic acid and is reduced to the spectrometrically measurable Mo(V) ion. New software specific for flow analysis was developed in the LabVIEW development environment to control all the components of the FIA system. The important factors affecting the analytical signal were identified as reagent flow rate, injection volume and post-injection flow path length, and they were optimized using Box-Behnken experimental design and response surface methodology. The optimum point for the maximum analytical signal was calculated as 0.50 mL min -1 reagent flow rate, 100 µL sample injection volume and 60 cm post-injection flow path length. The proposed FIA system had a sampling frequency of 100 samples per hour over a linear working range of 3-100 mg L -1 (R 2  = 0.9995). The relative standard deviation (RSD) was 1.09% and the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.34 mg L -1 . Various nutrient solutions from a tomato-growing hydroponic greenhouse were analyzed with the developed FIA system and the results were found to be in good agreement with vanadomolybdate chemical method findings. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Comparing (semi-) analytic solutions used to model the impact of deep carbon injection on the displacement and pressurization of the resident brine

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bandilla, K.; Kraemer, S. R.

2009-12-01

Injection of carbon dioxide into deep saline formations is seen as one possible technology for mitigating carbon emissions from utilities. The safety of the sequestered carbon dioxide is the focus of many studies with leakage through faults or abandoned wells as some of the main failure mechanisms. The focus of this study is on the displacement of resident brine and the resulting changes in pressure due to the injection of large volumes of super-critical phase carbon dioxide into the subsurface. The movement of brine becomes important if it travels vertically and reaches an existing or potential underground source of drinking water where an increase in salt content may threaten the viability of the drinking water source. Vertical displacement of brine may occur slowly through confining layers, or more rapidly through faults and abandoned wells. This presentation compares several (semi-) analytic solutions to determine their applicability to the problem of brine pressurization and displacement. The goal is to find ranges of formation parameters (e.g., formation seal conductivity, distance to lateral boundary, … ) for which simplifying assumption are justifiable Each simplification in the conceptual model (e.g., neglecting the lateral boundary turns a bounded domain into an infinite one) leads to a simpler (semi-) analytic solution. The process involves a solution hierarchy from the most complex solution down to the basic Theis solution. A software tool-kit implementing several (semi-) analytic solutions was developed for this study to facilitate the comparison of the solutions.

Polymers And Riblets Reduce Hydrodynamic Skin Friction

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bushnell, Dennis M.; Reed, Jason C.

1991-01-01

Polymers injected into riblet grooves dramatically reduce polymer flow rate required for drag reduction. Polymer solution injected into valleys of grooves through array of holes or slots angled downstream to keep injected streams within grooves. Injection repeated some distance downstream because volumes of grooves finite and polymer becomes depleted as slowly pulled from groove by turbulence. Potentially useful for oil tankers as means of markedly reducing cost of fuel and used extensively on submarines, other ships, and other marine vehicles.

Induction of Contraception by Intraepididymal Sclerotherapy

PubMed Central

Park, Hyoung Keun; Paick, Sung Hyun; Kim, Hyeong Gon; Lho, Yong Soo

2014-01-01

Purpose The objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of a sclerosing solution for inducing epididymal occlusion in male rats. Materials and Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups: an injection group (n=20) and control group (n=20). Before injecting the sclerosing agent, seminal vesiculectomy and sperm identification using electrostimulation were performed in all of the rats. In the injection group, 0.2 mL of 0.1% sodium tetradecyl sulfate solution was injected into the epididymis. In the sham group, only the identification of the epididymis was performed. At 4 and 12 weeks after the injection, semen was collected by electrostimulation and evaluated to assess the contraceptive effect. Epididymis was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Results After 4 and 12 weeks, semen collection was performed in the two groups. Sperms were not observed in the injection group, while there was no change in the sperms in the sham group. H&E staining showed the obstruction of epididymal tubules and an accumulation of inflammatory cells in the injection group. Conclusions This study showed that the sclerosing agent induced sterilization in male rats. This result suggests that the injection method can replace vasectomy as a contraceptive method. However, a further study of large animals and a clinical study are needed. Further, the long-term effectiveness of this method needs to be studied. PMID:25237657

Quantification of CO2-FLUID-ROCK Reactions Using Reactive and Non-Reactive Tracers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Matter, J.; Stute, M.; Hall, J. L.; Mesfin, K. G.; Gislason, S. R.; Oelkers, E. H.; Sigfússon, B.; Gunnarsson, I.; Aradottir, E. S.; Alfredsson, H. A.; Gunnlaugsson, E.; Broecker, W. S.

2013-12-01

Carbon dioxide mineralization via fluid-rock reactions provides the most effective and long-term storage option for geologic carbon storage. Injection of CO2 in geologic formations induces CO2 -fluid-rock reactions that may enhance or decrease the storage permanence and thus the long-term safety of geologic carbon storage. Hence, quantitative characterization of critical CO2 -fluid-rock interactions is essential to assess the storage efficiency and safety of geologic carbon storage. In an attempt to quantify in-situ fluid-rock reactions and CO2 transport relevant for geologic carbon storage, we are testing reactive (14C, 13C) and non-reactive (sodium fluorescein, amidorhodamine G, SF5CF3, and SF6) tracers in an ongoing CO2 injection in a basaltic storage reservoir at the CARBFIX pilot injection site in Iceland. At the injection site, CO2 is dissolved in groundwater and injected into a permeable basalt formation located 500-800 m below the surface [1]. The injected CO2 is labeled with 14C by dynamically adding calibrated amounts of H14CO3-solution into the injection stream in addition to the non-reactive tracers. Chemical and isotopic analyses of fluid samples collected in a monitoring well, reveal fast fluid-rock reactions. Maximum SF6 concentration in the monitoring well indicates the bulk arrival of the injected CO2 solution but dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration and pH values close to background, and a potentially lower 14C to SF6 ratio than the injection ratio suggest that most of the injected CO2 has reacted with the basaltic rocks. This is supported by δ13CDIC, which shows a drop from values close to the δ 13C of the injected CO2 gas (-3‰ VPDB) during breakthrough of the CO2 plume to subsequent more depleted values (-11.25‰ VPDB), indicating precipitation of carbonate minerals. Preliminary mass balance calculations using mixing relationships between the background water in the storage formation and the injected solution, suggest that approximately 85% of the injected CO2 must have reacted along the flow path from the injection well to the monitoring well within less than one year. Monitoring is still going on and we will extend the time series and the mass balance accordingly. Our study demonstrates that by combining reactive and non-reactive tracers, we are able to quantify CO2-fluid-rock interactions on a reservoir scale. [1] Gislason et al. (2010), Int. J. Greenh. Gas Con. 4, 537-545.

Preparation and optimization of self-assembled chondroitin sulfate-nisin nanogel based on quality by design concept.

PubMed

Mohtashamian, Shahab; Boddohi, Soheil; Hosseinkhani, Saman

2018-02-01

Self-assembled nanogel was prepared by electrostatic complexation of two oppositely charged biological macromolecules, which were cationic nisin and anionic chondroitin sulfate (ChS). The critical factors affected the physical properties of ChS-nisin nanogel was screened and optimized by Plackett-Burman design (PB) and central composite design (CCD). The independent factors selected were: concentration ratio of nisin to ChS, injection rate of nisin solution, buffer solvent type, magnetic stirring rate, pH of initial buffer solution, centrifuge-cooling temperature, and centrifuge rotation speed. Among these factors, concentration ratio changed the entrapment efficiency and loading capacity significantly. In addition, the hydrodynamic diameter and loading capacity were significantly influenced by injection rate and pH of initial buffer solution. The optimized nanogel structure was obtained by concentration ratio of 6.4mg/mL nisin to 1mg/mL ChS, pH of buffer solution at 4.6, and nisin solution injection rate of 0.2mL/min. The observed values of dependent responses were close to predicted values confirmed by model from response surface methodology. The results obviously showed that quality by design concept (QbD) could be effectively applied to optimize the developed ChS-nisin nanogel. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Waterflooding employing surfactants derived from metallic soaps

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Williams, S.A.

1975-12-16

A waterflooding process is described in which a petroleum oil containing divalent metal soaps is contacted with an inorganic acid in order to convert the soaps to the corresponding organic acids. The organic acids thus obtained may be injected into the reservoir followed by an aqueous alkaline solution. Alternatively, the organic acids may be contacted with an aqueous solution in order to convert the acids to the corresponding surface-active monovalent salts, which may be then injected into the reservoir. (4 claims)

Exact solution for flow in a porous pipe with unsteady wall suction and/or injection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tsangaris, S.; Kondaxakis, D.; Vlachakis, N. W.

2007-10-01

This paper presents an extension of the exact solution of the steady laminar axisymmetric flow in a straight pipe of circular cross section with porous wall, given by R.M. Terrill, to the case of unsteady wall injection and/or suction. The cases of the pulsating parabolic profile and of the developed pulsating flow are investigated as examples. The pulsating flow in porous ducts has many applications in biomedical engineering and in other engineering areas.

Laboratory investigation of the factors impact on bubble size, pore blocking and enhanced oil recovery with aqueous Colloidal Gas Aphron.

PubMed

Shi, Shenglong; Wang, Yefei; Li, Zhongpeng; Chen, Qingguo; Zhao, Zenghao

Colloidal Gas Aphron as a mobility control in enhanced oil recovery is becoming attractive; it is also designed to block porous media with micro-bubbles. In this paper, the effects of surfactant concentration, polymer concentration, temperature and salinity on the bubble size of the Colloidal Gas Aphron were studied. Effects of injection rates, Colloidal Gas Aphron fluid composition, heterogeneity of reservoir on the resistance to the flow of Colloidal Gas Aphron fluid through porous media were investigated. Effects of Colloidal Gas Aphron fluid composition and temperature on residual oil recovery were also studied. The results showed that bubble growth rate decreased with increasing surfactant concentration, polymer concentration, and decreasing temperature, while it decreased and then increased slightly with increasing salinity. The obvious increase of injection pressure was observed as more Colloidal Gas Aphron fluid was injected, indicating that Colloidal Gas Aphron could block the pore media effectively. The effectiveness of the best blend obtained through homogeneous sandpack flood tests was modestly improved in the heterogeneous sandpack. The tertiary oil recovery increased 26.8 % by Colloidal Gas Aphron fluid as compared to 20.3 % by XG solution when chemical solution of 1 PV was injected into the sandpack. The maximum injected pressure of Colloidal Gas Aphron fluid was about three times that of the XG solution. As the temperature increased, the Colloidal Gas Aphron fluid became less stable; the maximum injection pressure and tertiary oil recovery of Colloidal Gas Aphron fluid decreased.

Transport and concentration controls for chloride, strontium, potassium and lead in Uvas Creek, a small cobble-bed stream in Santa Clara County, California, U.S.A. 1. Conceptual model

USGS Publications Warehouse

Kennedy, V.C.; Jackman, A.P.; Zand, S.M.; Zellweger, G.W.; Avanzino, R.J.

1984-01-01

Stream sediments adsorb certain solutes from streams, thereby significantly changing the solute composition; but little is known about the details and rates of these adsorptive processes. To investigate such processes, a 24-hr. injection of a solution containing chloride, strontium, potassium, sodium and lead was made at the head of a 640-m reach of Uvas Creek in west-central Santa Clara County, California. Uvas Creek is a cobble-bed pool-and-riffle stream draining the eastern slopes of the Santa Cruz Mountains. By September 12, 1973, after a long dry season, Uvas Creek had a low (0.0215 m3s-1 average) flow which varied diurnally, from 0.018 to 0.025 m3s-1. Because stream discharge varied while the injection rate was constant, the concentration of tracers (injected solutes), after mixing in the stream, varied inversely with discharge. Chloride, a nonreactive solute, served as a tracer of water movement. Analysis of extensive chloride concentration data at five sites below the injection point during and after the injection demonstrated that there was considerable underflow of water through the stream gravels; however, the extent of underflow varied greatly within the study reach. Pre-injection water, displaced by tracer-laden water percolating through the gravels, diluted tracers in the stream channel, giving the mistaken impression of groundwater inflow at some points. Accurate measurement of total discharge in such streams requires prolonged tracer injection unless a reach can be found where underflow is negligible. Strontium and potassium were adsorbed by the bed sediments to a moderate extent and lead was strongly adsorbed. A high proportion of these metals could be removed by adsorption from percolating underflow because of extensive and intimate contact with bed sediments. After channel clearing following injection cutoff, 51% of the added strontium and 96% of the lead remained in the study reach, whereas only 19% of the chloride remained. Packets of sized sediment, placed in the stream before the experiment and withdrawn during and after the injection, indicated that the strontium absorbed on the 0.42-0.50-mm size sediment appeared to achieve near equilibrium with dissolved strontium within less than 2 hr. whereas 3.4-4.0-mm grains had not reached that stage after 24 hr. The cation-exchange capacity (CEC) of the sediments shows a "bimodal" distribution with grain size. Largest values are in the finest sizes, lower values in the fine-to-medium sand-size range, intermediate values in the coarse- to very coarse-grained sand, and decreasing values with size above very coarse-grained sand. This considerable exchange capacity in coarse-sand to granule-size particles means that a streambed, that has not been infilled with fines to reduce permeability, can be highly reactive and accessible throughout a rather thick sediment layer and hence have a large and available reactive capacity. As stream discharge increases from low flow, the ratio of underflow to channel flow should decrease rapidly with resultant diminution in percent of solutes sorbed within a particular stream reach. ?? 1984.

Influence of injection mode on transport properties in kilometer-scale three-dimensional discrete fracture networks

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hyman, Jeffrey De'Haven; Painter, S. L.; Viswanathan, H.

We investigate how the choice of injection mode impacts transport properties in kilometer-scale three-dimensional discrete fracture networks (DFN). The choice of injection mode, resident and flux-weighted, is designed to mimic different physical phenomena. It has been hypothesized that solute plumes injected under resident conditions evolve to behave similarly to solutes injected under flux-weighted conditions. Previously, computational limitations have prohibited the large-scale simulations required to investigate this hypothesis. We investigate this hypothesis by using a high-performance DFN suite, dfnWorks, to simulate flow in kilometer-scale three-dimensional DFNs based on fractured granite at the Forsmark site in Sweden, and adopt a Lagrangian approachmore » to simulate transport therein. Results show that after traveling through a pre-equilibrium region, both injection methods exhibit linear scaling of the first moment of travel time and power law scaling of the breakthrough curve with similar exponents, slightly larger than 2. Lastly, the physical mechanisms behind this evolution appear to be the combination of in-network channeling of mass into larger fractures, which offer reduced resistance to flow, and in-fracture channeling, which results from the topology of the DFN.« less

Influence of injection mode on transport properties in kilometer-scale three-dimensional discrete fracture networks

DOE PAGES

Hyman, Jeffrey De'Haven; Painter, S. L.; Viswanathan, H.; ...

2015-09-12

We investigate how the choice of injection mode impacts transport properties in kilometer-scale three-dimensional discrete fracture networks (DFN). The choice of injection mode, resident and flux-weighted, is designed to mimic different physical phenomena. It has been hypothesized that solute plumes injected under resident conditions evolve to behave similarly to solutes injected under flux-weighted conditions. Previously, computational limitations have prohibited the large-scale simulations required to investigate this hypothesis. We investigate this hypothesis by using a high-performance DFN suite, dfnWorks, to simulate flow in kilometer-scale three-dimensional DFNs based on fractured granite at the Forsmark site in Sweden, and adopt a Lagrangian approachmore » to simulate transport therein. Results show that after traveling through a pre-equilibrium region, both injection methods exhibit linear scaling of the first moment of travel time and power law scaling of the breakthrough curve with similar exponents, slightly larger than 2. Lastly, the physical mechanisms behind this evolution appear to be the combination of in-network channeling of mass into larger fractures, which offer reduced resistance to flow, and in-fracture channeling, which results from the topology of the DFN.« less

Grounding electrode and method of reducing the electrical resistance of soils

DOEpatents

Koehmstedt, Paul L.

1980-01-01

A first solution of an electrolyte is injected underground into a volume of soil having negative surface charges on its particles. A cationic surfactant suspended in this solution neutralizes these surface charges of the soil particles within the volume. Following the first solution, a cationic asphalt emulsion suspended in a second solution is injected into the volume. The asphalt emulsion diffuses through the volume and electrostatically bonds with additional soil surrounding the volume such that an electrically conductive water repellant shell enclosing the volume is formed. This shell prevents the leaching of electrolyte from the volume into the additional soil. The second solution also contains a dissolved deliquescent salt which draws water into the volume prior to the formation of the shell. When electrically connected to an electrical installation such as a power line tower, the volume constitutes a grounding electrode for the tower.

Integrated vacuum absorption steam cycle gas separation

DOEpatents

Chen, Shiaguo [Champaign, IL; Lu, Yonggi [Urbana, IL; Rostam-Abadi, Massoud [Champaign, IL

2011-11-22

Methods and systems for separating a targeted gas from a gas stream emitted from a power plant. The gas stream is brought into contact with an absorption solution to preferentially absorb the targeted gas to be separated from the gas stream so that an absorbed gas is present within the absorption solution. This provides a gas-rich solution, which is introduced into a stripper. Low pressure exhaust steam from a low pressure steam turbine of the power plant is injected into the stripper with the gas-rich solution. The absorbed gas from the gas-rich solution is stripped in the stripper using the injected low pressure steam to provide a gas stream containing the targeted gas. The stripper is at or near vacuum. Water vapor in a gas stream from the stripper is condensed in a condenser operating at a pressure lower than the stripper to concentrate the targeted gas. Condensed water is separated from the concentrated targeted gas.

Buffered lidocaine and bupivacaine mixture - the ideal local anesthetic solution?

PubMed

Best, Corliss A; Best, Alyssa A; Best, Timothy J; Hamilton, Danielle A

2015-01-01

The use of injectable local anesthetic solutions to facilitate pain-free surgery is an integral component of many procedures performed by the plastic surgeon. In many instances, a solution that has both rapid onset and prolonged duration of analgesia is optimal. A combination of lidocaine and bupivacaine, plain or with epinephrine, is readily available in most Canadian health care settings where such procedures are performed, and fulfills these criteria. However, commercially available solutions of both medications are acidic and cause a burning sensation on injection. Buffering to neutral pH with sodium bicarbonate is a practical method to mitigate the burning sensation, and has the added benefit of increasing the fraction of nonionized lipid soluble drug available. The authors report on the proportions of the three drugs to yield a neutral pH, and the results of an initial survey regarding the use of the combined solution with epinephrine in hand surgery.

75 FR 1274 - Implantation or Injectable Dosage Form New Animal Drugs; Hyaluronate Sodium

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-11

... safety warning for use of hyaluronate sodium injectable solution in horses. DATES: This rule is effective... human food safety warning on product labeling. The supplemental NADA is approved as of December 11, 2009...

Intra-articular corticosteroid preparations: different characteristics and their effect during inflammation induced by monosodium urate crystals in the rat subcutaneous air pouch.

PubMed

Rull, M; Clayburne, G; Sieck, M; Schumacher, H R

2003-09-01

To examine the effects of three commonly used intra-articular depot corticosteroid preparations tested in a rat air pouch model and their effect against monosodium urate (MSU) crystal-induced inflammation. Rheumatologists use intra-articular corticosteroid preparations to relieve pain and inflammation of acute monoarthritis without really knowing their effects on the synovial fluid and membrane or the differences between distinct preparations. This work compares the effect of three commonly used corticosteroid preparations in vivo, showing that they behave differently. A subcutaneous air pouch was formed in male Sprague-Dawley rats. A first group of 6-day-old air pouches were injected with 10 ml of 6 mg/ml normal saline solution, 6 mg/ml betamethasone containing both depot betamethasone acetate and soluble betamethasone phosphate (Celestone) in 9 ml of normal saline solution, 20 mg/ml of prednisolone tebutate (Hydeltra) in 9 ml of normal saline solution or 20 mg/ml of triamcinolone hexacetonide (Aristospan) in 9 ml of normal saline solution. A second group (group 2) of air pouches were injected with 15 mg of synthetic MSU crystals and 24 h later they were reinjected with 1 ml of the same three corticosteroid suspensions. For each condition four rats were killed at 6, 24, 48 h and 7 days. Pouch fluid and tissue were analysed. In the first 6 h after normal saline solution or corticosteroid injection into the air pouch there were mildly increased leucocyte counts in the air pouch fluid. Betamethasone-injected pouches showed no cells in the fluid after 6 h and no crystals after 24 h, triamcinolone-injected pouches still showed rare cells at 7 days. Both triamcinolone and prednisolone crystals persisted in higher numbers and lasted longer in the fluid than did betamethasone (P<0.05). In group 2 MSU crystal phagocytosis in the fluid was decreased in the betamethasone- (P<0.01), prednisolone- (P<0.003) and triamcinolone- (P<0.006) injected pouches when compared with the MSU crystal-injected pouches alone. Pouches injected with MSU crystals alone showed the most intense tissue inflammation at all times. After MSU, betamethasone-injected pouches had a rapid but mild decrease in the number of lining cells and inflammation. In contrast, triamcinolone- and prednisolone-injected pouches showed a very thin tissue with few or no vessels and almost no inflammation at 7 days. The pouches injected with MSU crystals and any of the corticoid preparations had three times more tophus-like structures and persistent crystals identified than the ones injected with MSU crystals alone. Each of the corticosteroid preparations by themselves produced very mild transient inflammation. The betamethasone preparation with a soluble steroid component had a quicker but milder anti-inflammatory effect on MSU crystal-induced inflammation. In contrast to the doses used, prednisolone tebutate and triamcinolone hexacetonide preparations dramatically suppressed urate crystal-induced inflammation at 7 days, but both produced atrophy and necrosis of the membrane, yielding a very thin membrane with almost no vessels. When used for MSU crystal-induced inflammation these corticosteroid preparations suppressed some aspects of inflammation but may actually promote the persistence of MSU crystals and the formation of tophi.

Effect of guar gum and salt concentrations on drag reduction and shear degradation properties of turbulent flow of water in a pipe.

PubMed

Sokhal, Kamaljit Singh; Gangacharyulu, Dasaroju; Bulasara, Vijaya Kumar

2018-02-01

Concentrated solutions of guar gum in water (1000-3000ppm) with and without KCl salt (1000-4000ppm) were injected near the wall for a short period (2.5min) to investigate their effect on drag reduction in turbulent flow of water through a pipe (Re≈17000-45000). Relative to bulk solution, the concentrations of polymer and salt were 50-150ppm and 50-200ppm, respectively. A drag reduction of 71.45% was observed for 3000ppm of biopolymer without salt. Guar gum experienced mechanical degradation under high shear conditions and addition of KCl improved shear stability up to 47% (for Re≈45000). A polymer concentration of 3000ppm and salt concentration of 2000ppm in the injection fluid were found to be optimum for achieving the highest drag reduction with better shear stability. Results indicated that boundary layer injection shows better drag reduction ability than pre-mixed solutions. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Solutions for Reacting and Nonreacting Viscous Shock Layers with Multicomponent Diffusion and Mass Injection. Ph.D. Thesis - Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Moss, J. N.

1971-01-01

Numerical solutions are presented for the viscous shocklayer equations where the chemistry is treated as being either frozen, equilibrium, or nonequilibrium. Also the effects of the diffusion model, surface catalyticity, and mass injection on surface transport and flow parameters are considered. The equilibrium calculations for air species using multicomponent: diffusion provide solutions previously unavailable. The viscous shock-layer equations are solved by using an implicit finite-difference scheme. The flow is treated as a mixture of inert and thermally perfect species. Also the flow is assumed to be in vibrational equilibrium. All calculations are for a 45 deg hyperboloid. The flight conditions are those for various altitudes and velocities in the earth's atmosphere. Data are presented showing the effects of the chemical models; diffusion models; surface catalyticity; and mass injection of air, water, and ablation products on heat transfer; skin friction; shock stand-off distance; wall pressure distribution; and tangential velocity, temperature, and species profiles.

Behavior of Americium in Simulated Wounds in Nonhuman Primates

DOE PAGES

Poudel, Deepesh; Guilmette, Raymond A.; Bertelli, Luiz; ...

2017-06-01

An americium solution injected intramuscularly into several nonhuman primates (NHPs) was found to behave differently than predicted by the wound models described in the NCRP Report 156. This was because the injection was made along with a citrate solution, which is known to be more soluble than chlorides, oxides, or nitrates on which the NCRP Report was based. We developed a multi-exponential wound model specific to the injected americium solution based on the retention in the intramuscular sites. The model was coupled with the americium systemic model to interpret the urinary excretion data and assess the intake, and it wasmore » determined that the models were adequate to predict early urinary excretion in most cases but unable to predict late urinary excretion. This was attributed to the differences in the systemic handling of americium between humans and nonhuman primates. Furthermore, information on the type of wounds, solubility, particle size, mass, chemical form, etc., should always be considered when performing wound dosimetry.« less

Development of 177Lu-phytate Complex for Radiosynovectomy

PubMed Central

Yousefnia, Hassan; Jalilian, Amir Reza; Bahrami-Samani, Ali; Mazidi, Mohammad; Ghannadi Maragheh, Mohammad; Abbasi-Davani, Fereydoun

2013-01-01

Objective(s): In this work a new possible agent for radiosynovectomy has been targeted for articular pain palliation. Materials and Methods: Lu-177 of 2.6-3 GBq/mg specific activity was obtained by irradiation of natural Lu2O3 sample with thermal neutron flux of 4 × 1013 n.cm-2.s-1. The product was converted into chloride form which was further used for labeling of 177Lu-phytate complex and checked using ITLC (MeOH: H2O: acetic acid, 4: 4: 2, as mobile phase). The complex stability and viscosity were checked in the final solution up to seven days. The prepared complex solution (100 µCi/100 µl) was injected intra-articularly to male rat knee joint. Leakage of radioactivity from injection site and its distribution in organs were investigated up to seven days. Results: The complex was successfully prepared with high radiochemical purity (>99.9 %). Approximately, the whole injected dose has remained in injection site seven days after injection. Conclusion: The complex was proved to be a feasible agent for cavital radiotherapy in oncology and rheumatology. PMID:23826493

Anesthetic efficacy and heart rate effects of the supplemental intraosseous injection of 2% mepivacaine with 1:20,000 levonordefrin.

PubMed

Guglielmo, A; Reader, A; Nist, R; Beck, M; Weaver, J

1999-03-01

The purpose of this study was to determine the anesthetic efficacy and heart rate effects of a supplemental intraosseous injection of 2% mepivacaine with 1:20,000 levonordefrin. Through use of a repeated-measures design, 40 subjects randomly received 3 combinations of injections at 3 separate appointments. The combinations were as follows: inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) block (with 3% mepivacaine) + intraosseous injection of 1.8 mL of 2% mepivacaine with 1:20,000 levonordefrin; IAN block + intraosseous injection of 1.8 mL of 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine (positive control); IAN block + mock intraosseous injection (negative control). Each first molar, second molar, and second premolar was blindly tested with a pulp tester at 2-minute cycles for 60 minutes after injection. Anesthesia was considered successful when 2 consecutive readings of 80 were obtained. Heart rate (pulse rate) was measured with a pulse oximeter. One hundred percent of the subjects had lip numbness with the IAN block + intraosseous mock technique and IAN block + intraosseous techniques. The anesthetic success rates for IAN block + mock intraosseous injection, IAN block + intraosseous lidocaine, and IAN block + intraosseous mepivacaine, respectively, were as follows: 80%, 100%, and 100% for the first molar; 90%, 100%, and 100% for the second molar; 77%, 97%, and 97% for the second premolar. For the first molar and second premolar, the differences were significant (P< .05) when the intraosseous mepivacaine and lidocaine techniques were compared with the IAN block + mock intraosseous injection. There were no significant differences between the intraosseous mepivacaine and lidocaine techniques. Eighty percent of the subjects had a mean increase in heart rate of 23-24 beats per minute with the intraosseous injection of the mepivacaine and lidocaine solutions; there were no significant differences between results with the 2 solutions. We concluded that intraosseous injection of 1.8 mL of 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine or 2% mepivacaine with 1:20,000 levonordefrin, used to supplement an IAN block, significantly increased anesthetic success in first molars and second premolars. The 2 solutions were equivalent with regard to intraosseous anesthetic success rate, failure rate, and heart rate increase after IAN block.

Calcium-Citrate-Phosphate Solution Injection for In Situ Strontium-90 Immobilization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fruchter, J. S.; Vermeul, V.; Szecsody, J.; Williams, M. D.; Fritz, B. G.

2010-12-01

Sr-90 present in groundwater and the vadose zone at the Hanford 100N area due to past waste disposal practices has reached the nearby Columbia River, as evidenced by Sr-90 concentrations in near river wells and aquifer tubes and near shore sediments. Sr-90 is currently being remediated by adsorption onto apatite (55 times stronger than Sr-90 adsorption to sediment), followed by incorporation of the Sr-90 into the apatite structure. If the Sr-90 can remain immobilized for 300 years (~ten 29.1-yr half-lives of Sr-90 decay), it will have decayed below regulatory limits to Y-90 and to stable Zr-90. Apatite [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2] is being precipitated in situ by injection of an aqueous solution of Ca-citrate and Na-phosphate through a series of injection wells spaced 30 ft on center, forming a 300-ft-long permeable reactive barrier. Design criteria for the injection operations were based on 1) amendment volume and mass injected, 2) amendment arrival at adjacent wells, 3) water-level elevation during treatment, and 4) injection rate limitations associated with well plugging. An evaluation of compliance with these injection design criteria was used to assess operational performance and identify candidate wells for supplemental treatment. Injection design criteria were not fully met at 8 of the 16 injection well locations, with the primary deficiency at 4 of 8 locations being the limited vertical extent of Hanford formation treatment due to low-river-stage conditions during the injection. Wells whose extent of treatment did not meet design criteria were recommended for retreatment. Although injection design criteria were not fully met at a significant number of well locations, aqueous performance assessment monitoring data collected to date indicate good barrier performance. Aqueous Sr-90 monitoring in four compliance monitoring wells over a year following the high concentration injections indicates 84% to 95% decrease in Sr-90 concentrations (relative to the low and high end of the baseline range, respectively). In addition, post treatment sediment cores were collected to quantify the amount of apatite that was formed from the barrier-emplacement operations. Results indicate that the processes that account for the observed reduction in aqueous Sr-90 concentrations include: a) incorporation of Sr-90 into apatite (about 39.4% of the total Sr-90 mass in the core), b) ion exchange flushing due to the Ca-citrate-PO4 solution injection (about 47% of the mass), and c) a small increase in Sr-90 adsorbed to sediment and apatite precipitate.

Workshop report - A validation study of Navier-Stokes codes for transverse injection into a Mach 2 flow

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Eklund, Dean R.; Northam, G. B.; Mcdaniel, J. C.; Smith, Cliff

1992-01-01

A CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) competition was held at the Third Scramjet Combustor Modeling Workshop to assess the current state-of-the-art in CFD codes for the analysis of scramjet combustors. Solutions from six three-dimensional Navier-Stokes codes were compared for the case of staged injection of air behind a step into a Mach 2 flow. This case was investigated experimentally at the University of Virginia and extensive in-stream data was obtained. Code-to-code comparisons have been made with regard to both accuracy and efficiency. The turbulence models employed in the solutions are believed to be a major source of discrepancy between the six solutions.

Density of Gadolinium Nitrate Solutions for the High Flux Isotope Reactor

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Taylor, Paul Allen; Lee, Denise L

2009-05-01

In late 1992, the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) was planning to switch the solution contained in the poison injection tank from cadmium nitrate to gadolinium nitrate. The poison injection system is an emergency system used to shut down the reactor by adding a neutron poison to the cooling water. This system must be able to supply a minimum of 69 pounds of gadolinium to the reactor coolant system in order to guarantee that the reactor would become subcritical. A graph of the density of gadolinium nitrate solutions over a concentration range of 5 to 30 wt% and a temperaturemore » range of 15 to 40{sup o}C was prepared. Routine density measurements of the solution in the poison injection tank are made by HFIR personnel, and an adaptation of the original graph is used to determine the gadolinium nitrate concentration. In late 2008, HFIR personnel decided that the heat tracing that was present on the piping for the poison injection system could be removed without any danger of freezing the solution; however, the gadolinium nitrate solution might get as cold as 5{sup o}C. This was outside the range of the current density-concentration correlation, so the range needed to be expanded. This report supplies a new density-concentration correlation that covers the extended temperature range. The correlation is given in new units, which greatly simplifies the calculation that is required to determine the pounds of gadolinium in the tank solution. The procedure for calculating the amount of gadolinium in the HFIR poison injection system is as follows: (1) Calculate the usable volume in the system; (2) Measure the density of the solution; (3) Calculate the gadolinium concentration using the following equation: Gd(lb/ft{sup 3}) = measured density (g/mL) x 34.681 - 34.785; (4) Calculate the amount of gadolinium in the system using the following equation: Amount of Gd(lb) = Gd concentration (lb/ft{sup 3}) x usable volume (ft{sup 3}). The equation in step 3 is exact for a temperature of 5{sup o}C, and overestimates the gadolinium concentration at all higher temperatures. This guarantees that the calculation is conservative, in that the actual concentration will be at least as high as that calculated. If an additional safety factor is desired, it is recommended that an administrative control limit be set that is higher than the required minimum amount of gadolinium.« less

Rapid analytical assessment of the mechanical perturbations induced by non-isothermal injection into a subsurface formation.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

De Simone, Silvia; Carrera, Jesús; María Gómez Castro, Berta

2016-04-01

Fluid injection into geological formations is required for several engineering operations, e.g. geothermal energy production, hydrocarbon production and storage, CO2 storage, wastewater disposal, etc. Non-isothermal fluid injection causes alterations of the pressure and temperature fields, which affect the mechanical stability of the reservoir. This coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical behavior has become a matter of special interest because of public concern about induced seismicity. The response is complex and its evaluation often requires numerical modeling. Nevertheless, analytical solutions are useful in improving our understanding of interactions, identifying the controlling parameters, testing codes and in providing a rapid assessment of the system response to an alteration. We present an easy-to-use solution to the transient advection-conduction heat transfer problem for parallel and radial flow. The solution is then applied to derive analytical expressions for hydraulic and thermal driven displacements and stresses. The validity is verified by comparison with numerical simulations and yields fairly accurate results. The solution is then used to illustrate some features of the poroelastic and thermoelastic response and, in particular, the sensitivity to the external mechanical constraints and to the reservoir dimension.

Controlling the size of hot injection made nanocrystals by manipulating the diffusion coefficient of the solute.

PubMed

De Nolf, Kim; Capek, Richard K; Abe, Sofie; Sluydts, Michael; Jang, Youngjin; Martins, José C; Cottenier, Stefaan; Lifshitz, Efrat; Hens, Zeger

2015-02-25

We investigate the relation between the chain length of ligands used and the size of the nanocrystals formed in the hot injection synthesis. With two different CdSe nanocrystal syntheses, we consistently find that longer chain carboxylic acids result in smaller nanocrystals with improved size dispersions. By combining a more in-depth experimental investigation with kinetic reaction simulations, we come to the conclusion that this size tuning is due to a change in the diffusion coefficient and the solubility of the solute. The relation between size tuning by the ligand chain length and the coordination of the solute by the ligands is further explored by expanding the study to amines and phosphine oxides. In line with the weak coordination of CdSe nanocrystals by amines, no influence of the chain length on the nanocrystals is found, whereas the size tuning brought about by phosphine oxides can be attributed to a solubility change. We conclude that the ligand chain length provides a practical handle to optimize the outcome of a hot injection synthesis in terms of size and size dispersion and can be used to probe the interaction between ligands and the actual solute.

Transport and concentration controls for chloride, strontium, potassium and lead in Uvas Creek, a small cobble-bed stream in Santa Clara County, California, U.S.A. 2. Mathematical modeling

USGS Publications Warehouse

Jackman, A.P.; Walters, R.A.; Kennedy, V.C.

1984-01-01

Three models describing solute transport of conservative ion species and another describing transport of species which adsorb linearly and reversibly on bed sediments are developed and tested. The conservative models are based on three different conceptual models of the transient storage of solute in the bed. One model assumes the bed to be a well-mixed zone with flux of solute into the bed proportional to the difference between stream concentration and bed concentration. The second model assumes solute in the bed is transported by a vertical diffusion process described by Fick's law. The third model assumes that convection occurs in a selected portion of the bed while the mechanism of the first model functions everywhere. The model for adsorbing species assumes that the bed consists of particles of uniform size with the rate of uptake controlled by an intraparticle diffusion process. All models are tested using data collected before, during and after a 24-hr. pulse injection of chloride, strontium, potassium and lead ions into Uvas Creek near Morgan Hill, California, U.S.A. All three conservative models accurately predict chloride ion concentrations in the stream. The model employing the diffusion mechanism for bed transport predicts better than the others. The adsorption model predicts both strontium and potassium ion concentrations well during the injection of the pulse but somewhat overestimates the observed concentrations after the injection ceases. The overestimation may be due to the convection of solute deep into the bed where it is retained longer than the 3-week post-injection observation period. The model, when calibrated for strontium, predicts potassium equally well when the adsorption equilibrium constant for strontium is replaced by that for potassium. ?? 1984.

Stability of cyclosporine solutions stored in polypropylene-polyolefin bags and polypropylene syringes.

PubMed

Li, Mengqing; Forest, Jean-Marc; Coursol, Christian; Leclair, Grégoire

2011-09-01

The stability of cyclosporine diluted to 0.2 or 2.5 mg/mL with 0.9% sodium chloride injection or 5% dextrose injection and stored in polypropylene-polyolefin containers or polypropylene syringes was evaluated. Intravenous cyclosporine solutions (0.2 and 2.5 mg/mL) were aseptically prepared and transferred to 250-mL polypropylene-polyolefin bags or 60-mL polypropylene syringes. Chemical stability was measured using a stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay. Physical stability was assessed by visual inspection and a dynamic light scattering (DLS) method. After 14 days, HPLC assay showed that the samples of i.v. cyclosporine stored in polypropylene-polyolefin bags remained chemically stable (>98% of initial amount remaining); the physical stability of the samples was confirmed by DLS and visual inspection. The samples stored in polypropylene syringes were found to contain an impurity (attributed to leaching of a syringe component by the solution) that could be detected by HPLC after 1 day; on further investigation, no leaching was detected when the syringes were exposed to undiluted i.v. cyclosporine 50 mg/mL for 10 minutes. Samples of i.v. cyclosporine solutions of 0.2 and 2.5 mg/mL diluted in 0.9% sodium chloride injection or 5% dextrose injection and stored at 25 °C in polypropylene-polyolefin bags were physically and chemically stable for at least 14 days. When stored in polypropylene syringes, the samples were contaminated by an impurity within 1 day; however, the short-term (i.e., ≤10 minutes) use of the syringes for the preparation and transfer of i.v. cyclosporine solution is considered safe.

Preliminary study of injection transients in the TPS storage ring

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, C. H.; Liu, Y. C.; Y Chen, J.; Chiu, M. S.; Tseng, F. H.; Fann, S.; Liang, C. C.; Huang, C. S.; Y Lee, T.; Y Chen, B.; Tsai, H. J.; Luo, G. H.; Kuo, C. C.

2017-07-01

An optimized injection efficiency is related to a perfect match between the pulsed magnetic fields in the storage ring and transfer line extraction in the TPS. However, misalignment errors, hardware output errors and leakage fields are unavoidable. We study the influence of injection transients on the stored TPS beam and discuss solutions to compensate these. Related simulations and measurements will be presented.

Development of injectable thermogelling chitosan-inorganic phosphate solutions for biomedical applications.

PubMed

Nair, Lakshmi S; Starnes, Trevor; Ko, Jia-Wei Kevin; Laurencin, Cato T

2007-12-01

Thermosetting polymers are attractive candidates for biomedical applications as noninvasive therapeutic delivery vehicles. In the present study, the feasibility of developing a neutral physiological temperature setting injectable formulation based on chitosan and an inorganic phosphate salt have been demonstrated. The in situ gelling system was developed by adding different concentrations of ammonium hydrogen phosphate (AHP) to chitosan solution. The resulting solutions have pH in the range of approximately 7-7.2. The gelling time of the chitosan-AHP solution was determined by incubating the solutions at 37 degrees C. Depending on the concentrations of AHP added, the gelling time varied from 5 min to 30 h at 37 degrees C. Addition of various diluents to chitosan-AHP solution did not significantly change the gelling time of the solutions. The gels were found to be cytocompatible as evidenced from in vitro cytocompatibility evaluation using MC3T3-E1 mouse osteoblast like cells. The feasibility of using the gels as a stem cell carrier vehicle as well as a macromolecular delivery vehicle has been demonstrated.

Particulate-matter content of 11 cephalosporin injections: conformance with USP limits.

PubMed

Parkins, D A; Taylor, A J

1987-05-01

The particulate-matter content of 11 dry-powder cephalosporin injections was determined using a modified version of the official United States Pharmacopeial Convention (USP) method for particulate matter in small-volume injections (SVIs). Ten vials of each cephalosporin product were each constituted with 10 mL of Water for Injections BP that had been filtered through a 0.22-micron membrane. The pooled contents of the 10 vials for each product were allowed to stand under reduced pressure to ensure removal of gas bubbles. Particulate-matter content was determined using a HIAC/Royco particle counter on six 10-mL samples obtained from the pooled solutions for each product. All solution preparation and particle counting was performed in a horizontal-laminar-airflow hood. Modifications of the USP method used in this study included the use of six rather than two samples from each pooled solution, the addition of diluent to the injections through the rubber closure with a needle instead of into the open container, and changes in the degassing method. Particle counts for all products examined were lower than USP limits for SVIs. All but two products contained less than 15% of USP limits for particles greater than or equal to 10 microns in effective diameter and particles greater than or equal to 25 microns in effective diameter. The standard USP method for degassing (standing for two minutes) was inadequate. Application of reduced pressure for up to 10 minutes was necessary for thorough degassing of products.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Solution mining systems and methods for treating hydrocarbon containing formations

DOEpatents

Vinegar, Harold J [Bellaire, TX; de Rouffignac, Eric Pierre [Rijswijk, NL; Schoeling, Lanny Gene [Katy, TX

2009-07-14

A method for treating an oil shale formation comprising nahcolite is disclosed. The method includes providing a first fluid to a portion of the formation through at least two injection wells. A second fluid is produced from the portion through at least one injection well until at least two injection wells are interconnected such that fluid can flow between the two injection wells. The second fluid includes at least some nahcolite dissolved in the first fluid. The first fluid is injected through one of the interconnected injection wells. The second fluid is produced from at least one of the interconnected injection wells. Heat is provided from one or more heaters to the formation to heat the formation. Hydrocarbon fluids are produced from the formation.

Sodium alginate hydrogel-based bioprinting using a novel multinozzle bioprinting system.

PubMed

Song, Seung-Joon; Choi, Jaesoon; Park, Yong-Doo; Hong, Soyoung; Lee, Jung Joo; Ahn, Chi Bum; Choi, Hyuk; Sun, Kyung

2011-11-01

Bioprinting is a technology for constructing bioartificial tissue or organs of complex three-dimensional (3-D) structure with high-precision spatial shape forming ability in larger scale than conventional tissue engineering methods and simultaneous multiple components composition ability. It utilizes computer-controlled 3-D printer mechanism or solid free-form fabrication technologies. In this study, sodium alginate hydrogel that can be utilized for large-dimension tissue fabrication with its fast gelation property was studied regarding material-specific printing technique and printing parameters using a multinozzle bioprinting system developed by the authors. A sodium alginate solution was prepared with a concentration of 1% (wt/vol), and 1% CaCl(2) solution was used as cross-linker for the gelation. The two materials were loaded in each of two nozzles in the multinozzle bioprinting system that has a total of four nozzles of which the injection speed can be independently controlled. A 3-D alginate structure was fabricated through layer-by-layer printing. Each layer was formed through two phases of printing, the first phase with the sodium alginate solution and the second phase with the calcium chloride solution, in identical printing pattern and speed condition. The target patterns were lattice shaped with 2-mm spacing and two different line widths. The nozzle moving speed was 6.67 mm/s, and the injection head speed was 10 µm/s. For the two different line widths, two injection needles with inner diameters of 260 and 410 µm were used. The number of layers accumulated was five in this experiment. By varying the nozzle moving speed and the injection speed, various pattern widths could be achieved. The feasibility of sodium alginate hydrogel free-form formation by alternate printing of alginate solution and sodium chloride solution was confirmed in the developed multinozzle bioprinting system. © 2011, Copyright the Authors. Artificial Organs © 2011, International Center for Artificial Organs and Transplantation and Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Effect of injection screen slot geometry on hydraulic conductivity tests

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Klammler, Harald; Nemer, Bassel; Hatfield, Kirk

2014-04-01

Hydraulic conductivity and its spatial variability are important hydrogeological parameters and are typically determined through injection tests at different scales. For injection test interpretation, shape factors are required to account for injection screen geometry. Shape factors act as proportionality constants between hydraulic conductivity and observed ratios of injection flow rate and injection head at steady-state. Existing results for such shape factors assume either an ideal screen (i.e., ignoring effects of screen slot geometry) or infinite screen length (i.e., ignoring effects of screen extremes). In the present work, we investigate the combined effects of circumferential screen slot geometry and finite screen length on injection shape factors. This is done in terms of a screen entrance resistance by solving a steady-state potential flow mixed type boundary value problem in a homogeneous axi-symmetric flow domain using a semi-analytical solution approach. Results are compared to existing analytical solutions for circumferential and longitudinal slots on infinite screens, which are found to be identical. Based on an existing approximation, an expression is developed for a dimensionless screen entrance resistance of infinite screens, which is a function of the relative slot area only. For anisotropic conditions, e.g., when conductivity is smaller in the vertical direction than in the horizontal, screen entrance losses for circumferential slots increase, while they remain unaffected for longitudinal slots. This work is not concerned with investigating the effects of (possibly turbulent) head losses inside the injection device including the passage through the injection slots prior to entering the porous aquifer.

APPROXIMATE AND ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS FOR SOLUTE TRANSPORT FROM AN INJECTION WELL INTO A SINGLE FRACTURE

EPA Science Inventory

In dealing with problems related to land-based nuclear waste management, a number of analytical and approximate solutions were developed to quantify radionuclide transport through fractures contained in the porous formation. t has been reported that by treating the radioactive de...

Clinical efficacy of a computerised device (STA™) and a pressure syringe (VarioJect INTRA™) for intraligamentary anaesthesia.

PubMed

Kämmerer, P W; Schiegnitz, E; von Haussen, T; Shabazfar, N; Kämmerer, P; Willershausen, B; Al-Nawas, B; Daubländer, M

2015-02-01

To evaluate the impact of experience whilst using different devices for intraligamentary anaesthesia, dental students tested clinical anaesthetic efficacy of a mechanical (PDL-S) and a computer-controlled (CCLAD) application system in restorative patients. In a prospective study, 41 Patients in need of restorative treatment in lower posterior mandible were randomised into three groups (PDL-S: teeth n = 22; CCLAD: teeth n = 20; inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB): teeth n = 20). Dental last year students conducted anaesthesia and dental treatment. Primary objectives were differences in pain during treatment [numeric rating scale (NRS)] as well as in anaesthetic efficacy (complete/sufficient vs. insufficient/no effect) between PDL-S and CCLAD. Pain of injection, need for second injections, amount of anaesthetic solution and duration of local numbness were assessed. IANB as gold standard was compared to each system descriptively. PDL-S had a significant lower pain during treatment (P = 0.017) but a similar anaesthetic efficacy (P = 0.175) compared to the CCLAD system. Concerning pain of injection (P = 0.42), quantity of second injections (P = 0.232), amount of used solution (P = 0.073) as well as duration of local numbness (P = 0.253), no differences were seen. When comparing both periodontal ligament injection (PDL)-systems with IANB, pain rating was higher when using CCLAD. Injection pain, amount of used solution as well as soft tissue anaesthesia was less for PDL-S and CCLAD. Both PDL techniques showed a good success for dental routine treatments. Although, compared to the mechanic device, the CCLAD system might need more clinical daily experience. We recommend including specific trainings in intraligamentary anaesthesia in the dental curriculum. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Probing cardiac metabolism by hyperpolarized 13C MR using an exclusively endogenous substrate mixture and photo-induced non-persistent radicals

PubMed Central

Bastiaansen, Jessica A. M.; Yoshihara, Hikari A. I.; Capozzi, Andrea; Schwitter, Juerg; Gruetter, Rolf; Merritt, Matthew E.; Comment, Arnaud

2018-01-01

Purpose To probe the cardiac metabolism of carbohydrates and short chain fatty acids simultaneously in vivo following the injection of a hyperpolarized 13C-labeled substrate mixture prepared using photo-induced non-persistent radicals. Methods Droplets of mixed [1-13C]pyruvic and [1-13C]butyric acids were frozen into glassy beads in liquid nitrogen. Ethanol addition was investigated as a means to increase the polarization level. The beads were irradiated with ultraviolet (UV) light and the radical concentration was measured by ESR spectroscopy. Following dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) in a 7T polarizer, the beads were dissolved, and the radical-free hyperpolarized solution was rapidly transferred into an injection pump located inside a 9.4T scanner. The hyperpolarized solution was injected in healthy rats to measure cardiac metabolism in vivo. Results UV-irradiation created non-persistent radicals in a mixture containing 13C-labeled pyruvic and butyric acids and enabled the hyperpolarization of both substrates by DNP. Ethanol addition increased the radical concentration from 16 to 26 mM. Liquid-state 13C polarization was 3% inside the pump at the time of injection, and increased to 5% by addition of ethanol to the substrate mixture prior to UV irradiation. In the rat heart, the in vivo13C signals from lactate, alanine, bicarbonate and acetylcarnitine were detected following the metabolism of the injected substrate mixture. Conclusion Co-polarization of two 13C-labeled substrates and the detection of their myocardial metabolism in vivo was achieved without using persistent radicals. The absence of radicals in the solution containing the hyperpolarized 13C-substrates may simplify the translation to clinical use because no filtration is required prior to injection. PMID:29411415

Evaluation of the poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/pluronic F127 for injection laryngoplasty in rabbits.

PubMed

Lee, Jin Ho; Kim, Dong Wook; Kim, Eun Na; Park, Seok-Won; Kim, Hee-Bok; Oh, Se Heang; Kwon, Seong Keun

2014-11-01

Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is an aliphatic polyester and one of the most commonly used synthetic biodegradable polymers for tissue engineering. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the biocompatibility of PLGA/Pluronic F127 in the vocal fold. A randomized, prospective, controlled animal study. University laboratory. We used 18 New Zealand white rabbits, which were divided into 5% PLGA solution (n = 9) and 10% PLGA solution (n = 9) groups. The PLGA/Pluronic F127 solutions were injected into the rabbit vocal fold. Laryngoscopic exams were performed at 1, 4, and 8 weeks after implantation; then larynx specimens were sampled. High-speed video camera examination was performed for functional analysis of vocal mucosa vibration at 8 weeks after implantation. Also, we evaluated the amplitude of the mucosal wave from the laryngeal midline on high-speed recording. Histologic study of larynx specimen was performed at 4 and 8 weeks. All animals survived until the scheduled period. Laryngoscopic analysis showed that both 5% and 10% PLGA/Pluronic F127 maintained after 8 weeks after injection without significant inflammatory response. On functional analysis, high-speed camera examination revealed regular and symmetric contact of vocal fold mucosa without a distorted movement by injected PLGA/Pluronic F127. Histologically, no significant inflammation was observed in the injected vocal fold. As a vocal fold injection material, PLGA/Pluronic F127 showed a good bio-compatibility without significant inflammatory response. Further experiment will follow to elucidate its role for drug or gene delivery into the vocal fold. © American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation 2014.

Kidney disease in beagles injected with polonium-210

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bruenger, F.W.; Lloyd, R.D.; Taylor, G.N.

An unusually high incidence of kidney disease (tubular degeneration and necrosis with fibrous replacement) was observed among 24 beagles injected at about 5 years of age with 116 or 329 kBq 226Ra kg-1 but not among an additional 10 beagles given about 39 kBq 226Ra kg-1. This 226Ra solution also contained 210Pb, 210Bi, and 210Po. To determine whether the kidney disease was related to the radiation from 226Ra and its short-lived progeny or to the alpha radiation from 210Po, 2 beagles about 7 years of age were injected with 451 kBq 226Ra kg-1 of 210Po citrate. Measurements of polonium retentionmore » in the kidneys of 4 additional beagles given 210Bi citrate enabled us to model the retention of these emitters in the dog kidney and to estimate the kidney dose from the alpha radiation of 210Po following injection of either 226Ra + 210Bi + 210Po or 210Po only. Autoradiography revealed that almost equal concentrations of 210Po were in the tubular epithelium and/or its basement membrane and in the glomeruli, but very little of the 210Bi deposited in kidney tissue was present in the glomeruli. Radiation damage to the kidneys similar to that observed previously in beagles given 226Ra solutions that also contained 210Bi and 210Po was seen among the beagles given 210Po but not in the dogs given purified 226Ra. The analysis of these data indicated that the relatively high incidence of kidney disease among the mature beagles injected with 226Ra and its accompanying 210Bi and 210Po resulted from alpha irradiation of the kidneys by the substantial amount of 210Po that was in the injection solution.« less

Double-Blind Crossover Study to Compare Pain Experience During Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block Administration Using Buffered Two Percent Lidocaine in Children.

PubMed

Chopra, Radhika; Jindal, Garima; Sachdev, Vinod; Sandhu, Meera

2016-01-01

Buffering of anesthetic solutions has been suggested to reduce pain on injection and onset of anesthesia. The purpose of this study was to assess the reduction in pain on injection during inferior alveolar nerve block administration in children. A double blind crossover study was designed where 30 six- to 12-year-old patients received two sessions of inferior alveolar nerve block scheduled one week apart. Two percent lidocaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine was given during one appointment, and a buffered solution was given during the other. Pain on injection was assessed using the sound, eye, and motor (SEM) scale, and the time to onset was assessed after gingival probing. The Heft-Parker visual analogue scale (HP-VAS) was self recorded by the patient after administration of local anesthesia. When tested using Mann-Whitney analysis, no significant differences were found between the SEM scores (P=0.71) and HP-VAS scores (P=0.93) for the two solutions used. Student's t test was used to assess the difference in the onset of anesthesia, which was also found to be statistically insignificant (P=0.824). Buffered lidocaine did not reduce the pain on injection or time to onset of anesthesia for inferior alveolar nerve block in children.

Injectable Silica–Permanganate Gel as a Slow-Release MnO 4 - Source for Groundwater Remediation. Rheological Properties and Release Dynamics

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yang, Shuo; Oostrom, Martinus; Truex, Michael J.

2016-01-12

Injectable slow-release permanganate gel (ISRPG), formed by mixing KMnO 4 solution with fumed silica powder, may have a potential application in remediating chlorinated solvent plumes in groundwater. A series of batch, column, and flow cell experiments has been completed to test the gel behavior under a variety of conditions. The experiments have provided information on ISRPG rheology, permanganate (MnO 4 - ) release dynamics and distribution, and trichloroethene (TCE) degradation by ISRPG-released oxidant. The gel possesses remarkable shear thinning characteristics, resulting in a relative low viscosity during mixing, and facilitating its subsurface injection and distribution. Batch tests revealed that MnOmore » 4 - was diffused out from ISRPG into water while the gel did not dissolve or disperse into water but maintained its initial shape. Column experiments showed that MnO 4 - release from ISRPG lasted considerably longer than the release from aqueous solution. TCE degradation by ISRPG-released MnO 4 - was much more effective than that when MnO 4 - was delivered using aqueous solution injection. In two-dimensional flow cell experiments, it was demonstrated that ISRPG slowly released a long-lasting low concentration MnO 4 - plume sufficient for remediation and sustainable in an aquifer for a long period of time.« less

A two-dimensional cascade solution using minimized surface singularity density distributions - with application to film cooled turbine blades

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mcfarland, E.; Tabakoff, W.; Hamed, A.

1977-01-01

An investigation of the effects of coolant injection on the aerodynamic performance of cooled turbine blades is presented. The coolant injection is modeled in the inviscid irrotational adiabatic flow analysis through the cascade using the distributed singularities approach. The resulting integral equations are solved using a minimized surface singularity density criteria. The aerodynamic performance was evaluated using this solution in conjunction with an existing mixing theory analysis. The results of the present analysis are compared with experimental measurements in cold flow tests.

Effects of herbicide release on the growth of 8- to 12-year-old hardwood trees

Treesearch

G.W. Wendel; Neil I. Lamson; Neil I. Lamson

1987-01-01

In 8- to 12-year-old Appalachian hardwood stands, crop trees were released by stem injecting competing trees with a 20 percent aqueous solution of glyphosate. Species released were black cherry, red oak, and sugar maple. Release treatments were (a) injection of all trees within a 5-foot radius of the crop tree bole and (b) injections of all trees whose crown touched...

Enhanced Amendment Delivery to Low Permeability Zones for Chlorinated Solvent Source Area Bioremediation

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-10-01

enhanced amendments delivery process, a non-toxic biodegradable polymer, such as xanthan gum, is added to the injection solution to form a non- Newtonian...Once injection stops, the injected fluid viscosity increases and creates a more stable zone for biodegradation reactions because the amendment-laden...electron acceptors and biodegradation of the shear-thinning agent. • Determine the cost factors for applying the STF enhanced delivery technology

Efficacy of basal soil injection at different water volumes and landscape settings for Asian longhorn beetle control

Treesearch

Phillip A. Lewis

2007-01-01

The Asian longhorn beetle eradication program currently treats at-risk trees by soil injection with a high volume solution of pesticide placed in concentric rings expanding out from the trunk to the dripline of the tree. Using this method in wooded habitats has previously resulted in no detectable residue in treated trees. Basal soil injection (BSI) uses a high...

Formulation to target delivery to the ciliary body and choroid via the suprachoroidal space of the eye using microneedles.

PubMed

Kim, Yoo Chun; Oh, Kyung Hee; Edelhauser, Henry F; Prausnitz, Mark R

2015-09-01

In this work, we tested the hypothesis that particles injected into the suprachoroidal space can be localized at the site of injection or broadly distributed throughout the suprachoroidal space by controlling polymeric formulation properties. Single hollow microneedles were inserted into the sclera of New Zealand White rabbits and injected non-biodegradable fluorescently tagged nanoparticles and microparticles suspended in polymeric formulations into the suprachoroidal space of the eye. When formulated in saline, the particles were distributed over 29-42% of the suprachoroidal space immediately after injection. To spread particles over larger areas of the choroidal surface, addition of hyaluronic acid to make moderately non-Newtonian solutions increased particle spread to up to 100% of the suprachoroidal space. To localize particles at the site of injection adjacent to the ciliary body, strongly non-Newtonian polymer solutions localized particles to 8.3-20% of the suprachoroidal space, which exhibited a small increase in area over the course of two months. This study demonstrates targeted particle delivery within the suprachoroidal space using polymer formulations that spread particles over the whole choroidal surface or localized them adjacent to the ciliary body after injection. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effects of large volume injection of aliphatic alcohols as sample diluents on the retention of low hydrophobic solutes in reversed-phase liquid chromatography.

PubMed

David, Victor; Galaon, Toma; Aboul-Enein, Hassan Y

2014-01-03

Recent studies showed that injection of large volume of hydrophobic solvents used as sample diluents could be applied in reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC). This study reports a systematic research focused on the influence of a series of aliphatic alcohols (from methanol to 1-octanol) on the retention process in RP-LC, when large volumes of sample are injected on the column. Several model analytes with low hydrophobic character were studied by RP-LC process, for mobile phases containing methanol or acetonitrile as organic modifiers in different proportions with aqueous component. It was found that starting with 1-butanol, the aliphatic alcohols can be used as sample solvents and they can be injected in high volumes, but they may influence the retention factor and peak shape of the dissolved solutes. The dependence of the retention factor of the studied analytes on the injection volume of these alcohols is linear, with a decrease of its value as the sample volume is increased. The retention process in case of injecting up to 200μL of upper alcohols is dependent also on the content of the organic modifier (methanol or acetonitrile) in mobile phase. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

21 CFR 522.690 - Dinoprost solution.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... licensed veterinarian. (2) Women of child-bearing age, asthmatics, and persons with bronchial and other.... 1 mg per 100 pounds of body weight as a single intramuscular injection. (ii) Indications. For its... nonlactating dairy heifers—(A) Amount. 25 mg as a single intramuscular injection. (B) Indications. For...

Injection System for Multi-Well Injection Using a Single Pump

PubMed Central

Wovkulich, Karen; Stute, Martin; Protus, Thomas J.; Mailloux, Brian J.; Chillrud, Steven N.

2015-01-01

Many hydrological and geochemical studies rely on data resulting from injection of tracers and chemicals into groundwater wells. The even distribution of liquids to multiple injection points can be challenging or expensive, especially when using multiple pumps. An injection system was designed using one chemical metering pump to evenly distribute the desired influent simultaneously to 15 individual injection points through an injection manifold. The system was constructed with only one metal part contacting the fluid due to the low pH of the injection solutions. The injection manifold system was used during a three-month pilot scale injection experiment at the Vineland Chemical Company Superfund site. During the two injection phases of the experiment (Phase I = 0.27 L/min total flow, Phase II = 0.56 L/min total flow), flow measurements were made 20 times over three months; an even distribution of flow to each injection well was maintained (RSD <4%). This durable system is expandable to at least 16 injection points and should be adaptable to other injection experiments that require distribution of air-stable liquids to multiple injection points with a single pump. PMID:26140014

A graphene solution to conductivity mismatch: spin injection from ferromagnetic metal/graphene tunnel contacts into silicon

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

van't Erve, Olaf

2014-03-01

New paradigms for spin-based devices, such as spin-FETs and reconfigurable logic, have been proposed and modeled. These devices rely on electron spin being injected, transported, manipulated and detected in a semiconductor channel. This work is the first demonstration on how a single layer of graphene can be used as a low resistance tunnel barrier solution for electrical spin injection into Silicon at room temperature. We will show that a FM metal / monolayer graphene contact serves as a spin-polarized tunnel barrier which successfully circumvents the classic metal / semiconductor conductivity mismatch issue for electrical spin injection. We demonstrate electrical injection and detection of spin accumulation in Si above room temperature, and show that the corresponding spin lifetimes correlate with the Si carrier concentration, confirming that the spin accumulation measured occurs in the Si and not in interface trap states. An ideal tunnel barrier should exhibit several key material characteristics: a uniform and planar habit with well-controlled thickness, minimal defect / trapped charge density, a low resistance-area product for minimal power consumption, and compatibility with both the FM metal and semiconductor, insuring minimal diffusion to/from the surrounding materials at temperatures required for device processing. Graphene, offers all of the above, while preserving spin injection properties, making it a compelling solution to the conductivity mismatch for spin injection into Si. Although Graphene is very conductive in plane, it exhibits poor conductivity perpendicular to the plane. Its sp2 bonding results in a highly uniform, defect free layer, which is chemically inert, thermally robust, and essentially impervious to diffusion. The use of a single monolayer of graphene at the Si interface provides a much lower RA product than any film of an oxide thick enough to prevent pinholes (1 nm). Our results identify a new route to low resistance-area product spin-polarized contacts, a crucial requirement enabling future semiconductor spintronic devices, which rely upon two-terminal magnetoresistance, including spin-based transistors, logic and memory.

Electric conductivity for laboratory and field monitoring of induced partial saturation (IPS) in sands

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kazemiroodsari, Hadi

Liquefaction is loss of shear strength in fully saturated loose sands caused by build-up of excess pore water pressure, during moderate to large earthquakes, leading to catastrophic failures of structures. Currently used liquefaction mitigation measures are often costly and cannot be applied at sites with existing structures. An innovative, practical, and cost effective liquefaction mitigation technique titled "Induced Partial Saturation" (IPS) was developed by researchers at Northeastern University. The IPS technique is based on injection of sodium percarbonate solution into fully saturated liquefaction susceptible sand. Sodium percarbonate dissolves in water and breaks down into sodium and carbonate ions and hydrogen peroxide which generates oxygen gas bubbles. Oxygen gas bubbles become trapped in sand pores and therefore decrease the degree of saturation of the sand, increase the compressibility of the soil, thus reduce its potential for liquefaction. The implementation of IPS required the development and validation of a monitoring and evaluation technique that would help ensure that the sands are indeed partially saturated. This dissertation focuses on this aspect of the IPS research. The monitoring system developed was based on using electric conductivity fundamentals and probes to detect the transport of chemical solution, calculate degree of saturation of sand, and determine the final zone of partial saturation created by IPS. To understand the fundamentals of electric conductivity, laboratory bench-top tests were conducted using electric conductivity probes and small specimens of Ottawa sand. Bench-top tests were used to study rate of generation of gas bubbles due to reaction of sodium percarbonate solution in sand, and to confirm a theory based on which degree of saturation were calculated. In addition to bench-top tests, electric conductivity probes were used in a relatively large sand specimen prepared in a specially manufactured glass tank. IPS was implemented in the prepared specimen to validate the numerical simulation model and explore the use of conductivity probes to detect the transport of chemical solution, estimate degree of saturation achieved due to injection of chemical solution, and evaluate final zone of partial saturation. The conductivity probe and the simulation results agreed well. To study the effect of IPS on liquefaction response of the sand specimen, IPS was implemented in a large (2-story high) sand specimen prepared in the laminar box of NEES Buffalo and then the specimen was subjected to harmonic shaking. Electric conductivity probes were used in the specimen treatment by controlling the duration and spacing of injection of the chemical solution, in monitoring the transport of chemical solution, in the estimation of zone of partial saturation achieved, and in the estimation of degree of saturation achieved due to implementation of IPS. The conductivity probes indicated partial saturation of the specimen. The shaking tests results confirmed the partial saturation state of the sand specimen. In addition, to the laboratory works, electric conductivity probes were used in field implementation of IPS in a pilot test at the Wildlife Liquefaction Array (WLA) of NEES UCSB site. The conductivity probes in the field test helped decide the optimum injection pressure, the injection tube spacing, and the degree of saturation that could be achieved in the field. The various laboratory and field tests confirmed that electric conductivity and the probes devised and used can be invaluable in the implementation of IPS, by providing information regarding transport of the chemical solution, the spacing of injection tubes, duration of injection, and the zone and degree of partial saturation caused by IPS.

Nonlinear core deflection in injection molding

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Poungthong, P.; Giacomin, A. J.; Saengow, C.; Kolitawong, C.; Liao, H.-C.; Tseng, S.-C.

2018-05-01

Injection molding of thin slender parts is often complicated by core deflection. This deflection is caused by molten plastics race tracking through the slit between the core and the rigid cavity wall. The pressure of this liquid exerts a lateral force of the slender core causing the core to bend, and this bending is governed by a nonlinear fifth order ordinary differential equation for the deflection that is not directly in the position along the core. Here we subject this differential equation to 6 sets of boundary conditions, corresponding to 6 commercial core constraints. For each such set of boundary conditions, we develop an explicit approximate analytical solution, including both a linear term and a nonlinear term. By comparison with finite difference solutions, we find our new analytical solutions to be accurate. We then use these solutions to derive explicit analytical approximations for maximum deflections and for the core position of these maximum deflections. Our experiments on the base-gated free-tip boundary condition agree closely with our new explicit approximate analytical solution.

Efficient coupling of starlight into single mode photonics using Adaptive Injection (AI)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Norris, Barnaby; Cvetojevic, Nick; Gross, Simon; Arriola, Alexander; Tuthill, Peter; Lawrence, Jon; Richards, Samuel; Goodwin, Michael; Zheng, Jessica

2016-08-01

Using single-mode fibres in astronomy enables revolutionary techniques including single-mode interferometry and spectroscopy. However, injection of seeing-limited starlight into single mode photonics is extremely difficult. One solution is Adaptive Injection (AI). The telescope pupil is segmented into a number of smaller subapertures each with size r0, such that seeing can be approximated as a single tip / tilt / piston term for each subaperture, and then injected into a separate fibre via a facet of a segmented MEMS deformable mirror. The injection problem is then reduced to a set of individual tip tilt loops, resulting in high overall coupling efficiency.

Simultaneous injection-effective mixing analysis of palladium.

PubMed

Teshima, Norio; Noguchi, Daisuke; Joichi, Yasutaka; Lenghor, Narong; Ohno, Noriko; Sakai, Tadao; Motomizu, Shoji

2010-01-01

A novel concept of simultaneous injection-effective mixing analysis (SIEMA) is proposed, and a SIEMA method applied to the spectrophotometric determination of palladium using a water-soluble chromogenic reagent has been demonstrated. The flow configuration of SIEMA is a hybrid format of flow injection analysis (FIA), sequential injection analysis (SIA) and multicommutation in flow-based analysis. Sample and reagent solutions are aspirated into each holding coil through each solenoid valve by a syringe pump, and then the zones are simultaneously dispensed (injected) into a mixing coil by reversed flow toward a detector through a confluence point. This results in effective mixing and rapid detection with low reagent consumption.

Simple flow injection colorimetric system for determination of paraquat in natural water.

PubMed

Chuntib, Prakit; Jakmunee, Jaroon

2015-11-01

A simple and low cost flow injection colorimetric system has been developed for determination of paraquat in natural water. The developed method is based on the reduction of paraquat by using sodium dithionite as a reducing agent in an alkaline medium to produce a blue free radical ion that can be detected by a simple light emitting diode-light dependent resistor (LED-LDR) colorimeter. The standard or sample solution was injected via a set of 3-way solenoid valves into a water carrier stream and flowed to merge with reagent to generate a colored product which is proportional to the concentration of paraquat ion in the solution. Under the optimum condition of the system, i.e., mixing coil length 30 cm, flow rate 2.0 mL min(-1), sample volume 100 μL, concentrations of dithionite 0.1% (w/v) and sodium hydroxide 0.06 mol L(-1), a linear calibration graph in the range of 0.2-10.0 mg L(-1) with a correlation coefficient of 0.9996, and a limit of detection of 0.15 mg L(-1) were achieved. Relative standard deviation for 9 replicate injections of 1 mg L(-1) paraquat is 3.7%. A sample throughput of 40 injections h(-1) was achieved. The limit of detection can be improved by off-line preconcentration of paraquat employing a column packed with Dowex 50WX8-100 (H) cation exchange resin and eluted with 10% (w/v) ammonium chloride in ammonium buffer solution pH 10. The eluting solution was then injected into the FI system for paraquat determination. The proposed system did not suffer from interferences of some possible ions in natural water and other herbicides. Recoveries obtained by spiking 0.5 and 5.0 mg L(-1) paraquat standard into water samples were in the range of 104-110% and 101-105%, respectively. The developed system can be conveniently applied for screening of paraquat contaminated in natural water. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effects of intracellular injection of calcium buffers on light adaptation in Limulus ventral photoreceptors

PubMed Central

1975-01-01

The calcium sequestering agent, EGTA, was injected into Limulus ventral photoreceptors. Before injection, the inward membrane current induced by a long stimulus had a large initial transient which declined to a smaller plateau. Iontophoretic injection of EGTA tended to prevent the decline from transient to plateau. Before injection the plateau response was a nonlinear function of light intensity. After EGTA injection the response-intensity curves tended to become linear. Before injection, bright lights lowered the sensitivity as determined with subsequent test flashes. EGTA injection decreased the light-induced changes in sensitivity. Ca-EGTA buffers having different levels of free calcium were pressure-injected into ventral photoreceptors; the higher the level of free calcium, the lower the sensitivity measured after injection. The effects of inotophoretic injection of EGTA were not mimicked by injection or similar amounts of sulfate and the effects of pressure injection of EGTA buffer solutions were not mimicked by injection of similar volumes of pH buffer or mannitol. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that light adaptation is mediated by a rise of the intracellular free calcium concentration. PMID:810540

Prevalence and correlates of crack-cocaine injection among young injection drug users in the United States, 1997-1999.

PubMed

Santibanez, Scott S; Garfein, Richard S; Swartzendruber, Andrea; Kerndt, Peter R; Morse, Edward; Ompad, Danielle; Strathdee, Steffanie; Williams, Ian T; Friedman, Samuel R; Ouellet, Lawrence J

2005-03-07

We estimated prevalence and identified correlates of crack-cocaine injection among young injection drug users in the United States. We analyzed data from the second Collaborative Injection Drug Users Study (CIDUS II), a 1997-1999 cohort study of 18-30-year-old, street-recruited injection drug users from six US cities. Crack-cocaine injection was reported by 329 (15%) of 2198 participants. Prevalence varied considerably by site (range, 1.5-28.0%). No participants injected only crack-cocaine. At four sites where crack-cocaine injection prevalence was greater than 10%, recent (past 6 months) crack-cocaine injection was correlated with recent daily injection and sharing of syringes, equipment, and drug solution. Lifetime crack-cocaine injection was correlated with using shooting galleries, initiating others into drug injection, and having serologic evidence of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infection. Crack-cocaine injection may be a marker for high-risk behaviors that can be used to direct efforts to prevent HIV and other blood-borne viral infections.

Highly efficient solution-processed phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices with double-stacked hole injection layers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Yuehua; Hao, Lin; Zhang, Xinwen; Zhang, Xiaolin; Liu, Mengjiao; Zhang, Mengke; Wang, Jiong; Lai, Wen-Yong; Huang, Wei

2017-08-01

In this paper, solution-processed nickel oxide (NiOx) is used as hole-injection layers (HILs) in solution-processed phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (PhOLEDs). Serious exciton quenching is verified at the NiOx/emitting layer (EML) interface, resulting in worse device performance. The device performance is significantly improved by inserting a layer of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS) between the EML and NiOx. The solution-processed blue PhOLED with the double-stacked NiOx/PEDOT:PSS HILs shows a maximum current efficiency of 30.5 cd/A, which is 75% and 30% higher than those of the devices with a single NiOx HIL and a PEDOT:PSS HIL, respectively. Improvement of device efficiency can be attributed to reducing exciton quenching of the PEDOT:PSS layer as well as the electron blocking effect of the NiOx layer.

An implicit finite-difference solution to the viscous shock layer, including the effects of radiation and strong blowing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Garrett, L. B.; Smith, G. L.; Perkins, J. N.

1972-01-01

An implicit finite-difference scheme is developed for the fully coupled solution of the viscous, radiating stagnation-streamline equations, including strong blowing. Solutions are presented for both air injection and injection of carbon-phenolic ablation products into air at conditions near the peak radiative heating point in an earth entry trajectory from interplanetary return missions. A detailed radiative-transport code that accounts for the important radiative exchange processes for gaseous mixtures in local thermodynamic and chemical equilibrium is utilized in the study. With minimum number of assumptions for the initially unknown parameters and profile distributions, convergent solutions to the full stagnation-line equations are rapidly obtained by a method of successive approximations. Damping of selected profiles is required to aid convergence of the solutions for massive blowing. It is shown that certain finite-difference approximations to the governing differential equations stabilize and improve the solutions. Detailed comparisons are made with the numerical results of previous investigations. Results of the present study indicate lower radiative heat fluxes at the wall for carbonphenolic ablation than previously predicted.

Too many crying babies: a systematic review of pain management practices during immunizations on YouTube

PubMed Central

2014-01-01

Background Early childhood immunizations, although vital for preventative health, are painful and too often lead to fear of needles. Effective pain management strategies during infant immunizations include breastfeeding, sweet solutions, and upright front-to-front holding. However, it is unknown how often these strategies are used in clinical practice. We aimed to review the content of YouTube videos showing infants being immunized to ascertain parents’ and health care professionals’ use of pain management strategies, as well as to assess infants’ pain and distress. Methods A systematic review of YouTube videos showing intramuscular injections in infants less than 12 months was completed using the search terms "baby injection" and "baby vaccine" to assess (1) the use of pain management strategies and (2) infant pain and distress. Pain was assessed by crying duration and pain scores using the FLACC (Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability) tool. Results A total of 142 videos were included and coded by two trained individual viewers. Most infants received one injection (range of one to six). Almost all (94%) infants cried before or during the injections for a median of 33 seconds (IQR = 39), up to 146 seconds. FLACC scores during the immunizations were high, with a median of 10 (IQR = 3). No videos showed breastfeeding or the use of sucrose/sweet solutions during the injection(s), and only four (3%) videos showed the infants being held in a front-to-front position during the injections. Distraction using talking or singing was the most commonly used (66%) pain management strategy. Conclusions YouTube videos of infants being immunized showed that infants were highly distressed during the procedures. There was no use of breastfeeding or sweet solutions and limited use of upright or front-to-front holding during the injections. This systematic review will be used as a baseline to evaluate the impact of future knowledge translation interventions using YouTube to improve pain management practices for infant immunizations. PMID:24885559

Hele-Shaw Experiments on Plume Stretching and Folding

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Foster, M.; Mays, D. C.; Neupauer, R. M.

2013-12-01

Fluid mixing in laminar flow is important in a number of practical applications, including remediation of contaminated groundwater. Recent modeling studies have shown that mixing can be accelerated and amplified by imposing a flow that generates stretching and folding of an injected plume of treatment solution. Stretching and folding, in turn, results from engineered injection and extraction of clean water through an array of wells surrounding the treatment solution. This poster describes a series of experiments whose goal is to demonstrate plume stretching and folding in a Hele-Shaw apparatus. An initial plume of treatment solution is injected into the center of the Hele-Shaw apparatus, which is assumed to represent a zone of contaminated groundwater, with four wells spaced evenly around the treatment solution. In order to spread the treatment solution into the groundwater, the four wells perform a series of infusions and withdrawals that push and pull apart the plume of treatment solution. With the proper steps, it will be shown that the plume can be stretched and folded to greatly increase the reactive interface area between the treatment solution and the contaminated groundwater. Consideration is given to two qualitative differences with respect to previous modeling studies. First, constant volume is required by the no-flow boundary used at the edge of the Hele-Shaw cell; any pump that is withdrawing water must have a complementary pump adding water at the same rate. Second, in these experiments, mixing results from a physical process, namely Taylor dispersion, eliminating the uncertainty resulting from the need to assume dispersion mechanisms in numerical models. Therefore, these experiments further elucidate the benefits and challenges of imposing plume stretching and folding in systems (like aquifers) where dispersion is unavoidable, providing new insight into the required logistics of using this approach in groundwater treatment.

Comparison of the release behaviors of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and tri(2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate from the polyvinyl-chloride infusion set into pharmaceutical solutions.

PubMed

Zhang, Hong; Yang, Fengmin; Shen, Gang; Yang, Yueyang; Tang, Yalin

2015-05-01

Polyvinyl-chloride (PVC) with plasticizers of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and tris(2-ethyl- hexyl) trimellitate (TOTM) is widely used in medical and paramedical appliances. However, such plasticizers can leach from PVC products into contact solutions. The aim of this study is to investigate the release behaviors of DEHP and TOTM from the PVC intravenous infusion set into various pharmaceutical solutions under the simulated clinical conditions, such as the lipophilic substances (paclitaxel) , parenteral nutrition (fat emulsion injection) , acid and alkali pharmaceutical solution (levofloxacin hydrochloride injection, pH 3.0-5.0 and furosemide, pH 8.0-9.0). A simple and rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic method with UV detection (HPLC-UV) for the determination of DEHP or TOTM released from PVC medical devices into the above intravenous preparations was developed. The cumulative amounts of DEHP or TOTM released in 24 h were in the same following order: paclitaxel > fat emulsion injection levofloxacin hydrochloride > furosemide solution. From a comparison of the cumulative amounts of released DEHP and TOTM from the above solutions, we found that the cumulative amount of TOTM is far less than that of DEHP, under the same conditions. The cumulative amount of the DEHP released in 24 h in the paclitaxel solution was 21. 14 mg, while under the same conditions, the cumulative amount of TOTM was only 0. 078 mg. The cumulative amount of DEHP is assumed to be about 270 times that of the released TOTM. Thus TOTM could be a superior alternative to DEHP for use in medical devices because of its potential lower leachability.

Simple method to make a supersaturated oxygen fluid.

PubMed

Tange, Yoshihiro; Yoshitake, Shigenori; Takesawa, Shingo

2018-01-22

Intravenous oxygenation has demonstrated significant increase in partial pressure of oxygen (PO 2 ) in animal models. A highly dissolved oxygen solution might be able to provide a sufficient level of oxygen delivery to the tissues and organs in patients with hypoxia. However, conventional fluid oxygenation methods have required the use of original devices. If simpler oxygenation of a solution is possible, it will be a useful strategy for application in clinical practice. We simply developed its administration by injection of either air or oxygen gas into conventional saline. We determined the PO 2 values in the solutions in comparison with conventional saline in vitro. To examine the effects of the administration of the new solutions on the blood gas profile, we diluted bovine blood with either conventional or the new solutions and analyzed PO 2 , oxygen saturation (SO 2 ) and total oxygen content. PO 2 levels in the blood and new solution mixture significantly increased with each additional injected gas volume. Significant increases in the PO 2 and SO 2 of the bovine blood were found in those blood samples with the new solution, as compared with those with the control solution. These results suggest that this solution promotes oxygen delivery to the hypoxic tissue and recovery from hypoxia. This method is simpler and easier than previous methods.

Matching refractive indices of two fluids and finding interfacial tension for the purpose of fuel spray imaging

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liang, Y. H.

2017-06-01

This study attempts to prepare a fluid pair for use in spray dynamics investigations. Better understanding the behavior of fuel sprays is one of the things that can help improve the efficiency of internal combustion engines. To address the scattering issue in current imaging methods, the refractive index difference between the injected fluid and the medium that it is injected into is eliminated. Two immiscible fluids (sucrose solution and silicone oil) with the same refractive index was identified, their surface tension to build a model fluid engine system injection was also studied. At the same time, Weber number is found to help correct the difference. Results show that 63.7% mass sucrose solution has the same refractive index as silicone oil, and the sucrose solution/silicone oil interface has a surface tension of 0.08941 N/m, which is roughly four times larger than that of ethanol/air. This means using the sucrose/silicone oil fluid pair to model fuel spray will involve some adjustments to be accurate.

Dual-Valve and Counter-Flow Surface Plasmon Resonance.

PubMed

Wang, Xiaoying; Zhou, Feimeng

2018-04-17

Two six-port injector valves and one selector valve commonly used in flow injection analysis are combined with a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) instrument wherein solutions introduced from the two inlets counter-flow inside the flow cell. The system is versatile as the same or different solutions can be rapidly and repeatedly introduced to the two fluidic channels in series or in parallel. Unlike most commercial SPR instruments employing a single injector valve, solutions separately injected from the two injector valves can be readily exchanged (<1 s) between the two channels. This new method, referred to as the alternate injection mode, not only saves analysis time but also facilitates efficient and facile surface reactions for ligand immobilization and prevents immobilized species from desorbing. These advantages are demonstrated with the measurements of binding of acetazolamide (222.2 Da) to histidine-tagged human carbonic anhydrase II (his-tagged HCA). Amine-containing residues of his-tagged HCA molecules tethered at Ni-nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) sensors were rapidly cross-linked to the underlying carboxymethylated dextran. The higher ligand densities and more stable surfaces are essential for SPR detection of small molecule binding. In a different application, microglobulin solutions of increasing concentrations were introduced for continuous binding to the preimmobilized antibody. The kinetic and affinity measurements can be conducted without performing repeated dissociation and surface regeneration reactions.

Analysis of Bacterial and Archaeal Communities along a High-Molecular-Weight Polyacrylamide Transportation Pipeline System in an Oil Field

PubMed Central

Li, Cai-Yun; Li, Jing-Yan; Mbadinga, Serge Maurice; Liu, Jin-Feng; Gu, Ji-Dong; Mu, Bo-Zhong

2015-01-01

Viscosity loss of high-molecular-weight partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) solution was observed in a water injection pipeline before being injected into subterranean oil wells. In order to investigate the possible involvement of microorganisms in HPAM viscosity loss, both bacterial and archaeal community compositions of four samples collected from different points of the transportation pipeline were analyzed using PCR-amplification of the 16S rRNA gene and clone library construction method together with the analysis of physicochemical properties of HPAM solution and environmental factors. Further, the relationship between environmental factors and HPAM properties with microorganisms were delineated by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Diverse bacterial and archaeal groups were detected in the four samples. The microbial community of initial solution S1 gathered from the make-up tank is similar to solution S2 gathered from the first filter, and that of solution S3 obtained between the first and the second filter is similar to that of solution S4 obtained between the second filter and the injection well. Members of the genus Acinetobacter sp. were detected with high abundance in S3 and S4 in which HPAM viscosity was considerably reduced, suggesting that they likely played a considerable role in HPAM viscosity loss. This study presents information on microbial community diversity in the HPAM transportation pipeline and the possible involvement of microorganisms in HPAM viscosity loss and biodegradation. The results will help to understand the microbial community contribution made to viscosity change and are beneficial for providing information for microbial control in oil fields. PMID:25849654

Analysis of bacterial and archaeal communities along a high-molecular-weight polyacrylamide transportation pipeline system in an oil field.

PubMed

Li, Cai-Yun; Li, Jing-Yan; Mbadinga, Serge Maurice; Liu, Jin-Feng; Gu, Ji-Dong; Mu, Bo-Zhong

2015-04-02

Viscosity loss of high-molecular-weight partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) solution was observed in a water injection pipeline before being injected into subterranean oil wells. In order to investigate the possible involvement of microorganisms in HPAM viscosity loss, both bacterial and archaeal community compositions of four samples collected from different points of the transportation pipeline were analyzed using PCR-amplification of the 16S rRNA gene and clone library construction method together with the analysis of physicochemical properties of HPAM solution and environmental factors. Further, the relationship between environmental factors and HPAM properties with microorganisms were delineated by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Diverse bacterial and archaeal groups were detected in the four samples. The microbial community of initial solution S1 gathered from the make-up tank is similar to solution S2 gathered from the first filter, and that of solution S3 obtained between the first and the second filter is similar to that of solution S4 obtained between the second filter and the injection well. Members of the genus Acinetobacter sp. were detected with high abundance in S3 and S4 in which HPAM viscosity was considerably reduced, suggesting that they likely played a considerable role in HPAM viscosity loss. This study presents information on microbial community diversity in the HPAM transportation pipeline and the possible involvement of microorganisms in HPAM viscosity loss and biodegradation. The results will help to understand the microbial community contribution made to viscosity change and are beneficial for providing information for microbial control in oil fields.

Injectable Drug Eluting Elastomeric Polymer: A Novel Submucosal Injection Material

PubMed Central

Tran, Richard T.; Palmer, Michael; Tang, Shou-Jiang; Abell, Thomas L.; Yang, Jian

2011-01-01

Background Biodegradable hydrogels can deliver therapeutic payloads with great potentials in endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) to yield improvements in efficacy and foster mucosal regeneration. Objective To assess the efficacy of an injectable drug eluting elastomeric polymer (iDEEP) as a submucosal injection material. Design Comparative study among 3 different solutions using material characterization tests, ex vivo and in vivo porcine models. Setting Academic hospital. Interventions 30 gastric submucosal cushions were achieved with saline (0.9%), sodium hyaluronate (0.4%), and iDEEP (n = 10) in ex vivo porcine stomachs. Four porcine gastric submucosal cushions were then performed in vivo using iDEEP. Main outcome measurements Maximum injection pressure, Rebamipide release rate, submucosal elevation duration, and assessment of in vivo efficacy by en bloc resection. Results No significant difference in injection pressures between iDEEP (28.9 ± 0.3 PSI) and sodium hyaluronate (29.5 ± 0.4 PSI, P > .05) was observed. iDEEP gels displayed a controlled release of Rebamipide up to 2 weeks in vitro. The elevation height of iDEEP (5.7 ± 0.5 mm) was higher than saline (2.8 ± 0.2 mm, P < .01) and SH (4.2 ± 0.2 mm, P < .05). All EMR procedures were successfully performed after injection of iDEEP, and a large gel cushion was noted after the resection procedure. Limitations Benchtop, ex vivo, and non-survival pig study. Conclusions A novel injection solution was evaluated for endoscopic resection. These results suggest that iDEEP may provide a significant step towards the realization of an ideal EMR and ESD injection material. PMID:22301346

[Effect of Tween 80 on yuxingcao injection and volatile oils from Houttuynia cordata].

PubMed

Tan, Zhigao; Chao, Zhimao; Sui, Yu; Liu, Haiping; Wu, Xiaoyi; Sun, Jian; Yan, Han

2011-01-01

To research the effect of polysorbate 80 (Tween 80) on Yuxingcao injection and volatile oils from Houttuynia cordata. 1H-NMR spectra of aldehydic and new matter in Yuxingcao injection, volatile oils of H. cordata, and solutions of Tween 80 and volatile oil of H. cordata are determined and compared from various angles of growing origin, storage temperature, and storage time. Three aldehydic singlets in 1H-NMR spectra of every volatile oil from 4 aerial part of H. cordata were observed. These aldehydic peaks were basically disappeared and a new peak at delta 8.30 was found in 1H-NMR spectra of the volatile oil solutions in tween 80. Any obvious aldehydic peak in 1H-NMR spectra did not be observed in Yuxincao injection. A weak peak at 8 8.30 was found in 1H-NMR spectra in Yuxincao injection, and the peak high of delta 8.30 was remarked gone up when the injection was stored in 40 degrees C for 1 to 3 months. Tween 80 might cause the obvious reduce of aldehydic compounds contents and the production of a novel singal at delta 8.30 in 1H-NMR spectra when it was mixed with the volatile oil from the aerial part of H. cordata. The novel signal at delta 8.30 in 1H-NMR spectra existed in Yuxincao injection and was very small, but was increased remarkably when the Yuxincao injection was stored at 40 degrees C for 1 month at least.

[Preparing oral dosage form of ketamine in the hospital for simplicity and patient compliance--preparations using agar].

PubMed

Kaneuchi, Miki; Kohri, Naonori; Senbongi, Kaname; Sakai, Hideo; Iseki, Ken

2005-02-01

Ketamine has been widely used in the operation as intravenous and intramuscular injections, since ketamine has dissociative anesthetic properties. When it is given in sub-anesthetic dose, ketamine is known to have an analgesic effect. The analgesic effect is observed for patients with neuropathic pain when administrated not only by injection but also orally. In Japan, since ketamine is not commercially available except injection forms, patients have to take it as solution of injections for the oral medication. Since the solution of injections has extremely bitter taste, patients intensely desire the development of preparations without the bitterness. In the present study, we prepared oral gel dosage forms of ketamine using agar. It is simple to prepare this dosage form, and most pharmacists can prepare it easily in many hospitals. This gel dosage form met content uniformity requirements and the shape of that was maintained intact during the dissolution test (for 10 hours). The release rate was reduced by additions of additives such as sugar and a flavor in the gel. The reason for the reduction in release could be the suppression of ketamine diffusion depended on the micro-viscosity of solution in the gel. The ketamine contents and the release profile of the gel preparations were unchanged at the room temperature for 12-week storage. The gel preparations in this study would be useful for the oral medication of ketamine, since it is easy for patients to carry them when they go out and the intensely bitter taste could be improved by the addition of a flavor.

Push-pull tests for estimating effective porosity: expanded analytical solution and in situ application

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Paradis, Charles J.; McKay, Larry D.; Perfect, Edmund; Istok, Jonathan D.; Hazen, Terry C.

2018-03-01

The analytical solution describing the one-dimensional displacement of the center of mass of a tracer during an injection, drift, and extraction test (push-pull test) was expanded to account for displacement during the injection phase. The solution was expanded to improve the in situ estimation of effective porosity. The truncated equation assumed displacement during the injection phase was negligible, which may theoretically lead to an underestimation of the true value of effective porosity. To experimentally compare the expanded and truncated equations, single-well push-pull tests were conducted across six test wells located in a shallow, unconfined aquifer comprised of unconsolidated and heterogeneous silty and clayey fill materials. The push-pull tests were conducted by injection of bromide tracer, followed by a non-pumping period, and subsequent extraction of groundwater. The values of effective porosity from the expanded equation (0.6-5.0%) were substantially greater than from the truncated equation (0.1-1.3%). The expanded and truncated equations were compared to data from previous push-pull studies in the literature and demonstrated that displacement during the injection phase may or may not be negligible, depending on the aquifer properties and the push-pull test parameters. The results presented here also demonstrated the spatial variability of effective porosity within a relatively small study site can be substantial, and the error-propagated uncertainty of effective porosity can be mitigated to a reasonable level (< ± 0.5%). The tests presented here are also the first that the authors are aware of that estimate, in situ, the effective porosity of fine-grained fill material.

Chitosan solution enhances the immunoadjuvant properties of GM-CSF

PubMed Central

Zaharoff, David A.; Rogers, Connie J.; Hance, Kenneth W.; Schlom, Jeffrey; Greiner, John W.

2008-01-01

Sustained, local delivery of immunomodulatory cytokines is under investigation for its ability to enhance vaccine and anti-tumor responses both clinically and preclinically. This study evaluates the ability of chitosan, a biocompatible polysaccharide, to (1) control the dissemination of a cytokine, GM-CSF, and (2) enhance the immunoadjuvant properties of GM-CSF. While cytokines have previously been delivered in lipid-based adjuvants and other vehicles, these do not have the clinical safety profile or unique properties of chitosan. We found that chitosan solution maintained a measurable depot of recombinant GM-CSF (rGM-CSF) at a subcutaneous injection site for up to 9 days. In contrast, when delivered in a saline vehicle, rGM-CSF was undetectable in 12 to 24 hours. Furthermore, a single s.c. injection of 20μg rGM-CSF in chitosan solution (chitosan/rGM-CSF(20μg)) transiently expanded lymph nodes up to 4.6-fold and increased the number of MHC class II expressing cells and dendritic cells by 7.4-fold and 6.8-fold, respectively. These increases were significantly greater than those measured when rGM-CSF was administered in saline at the standard preclinical dose and schedule, i.e. 4 daily s.c. injections of 20μg. Furthermore, lymph node cells from mice injected with chitosan/rGM-CSF(20μg) induced greater allogeneic T cell proliferation, indicating enhanced antigen presenting capability, than lymph node cells from mice injected with rGM-CSF alone. Finally, in vaccination experiments, chitosan/rGM-CSF was superior to either chitosan or rGM-CSF alone in enhancing the induction of antigen-specific CD4+ proliferation, peptide-specific CD8+ pentamer staining and cytotoxic T cell lysis. Altogether, chitosan/rGM-CSF outperformed standard rGM-CSF administrations in dendritic cell recruitment, antigen presentation and vaccine enhancement. We conclude that chitosan solution is a promising delivery platform for the sustained, local delivery of rGM-CSF. PMID:18037196

76 FR 57905 - Implantation or Injectable Dosage Form New Animal Drugs; Ivermectin

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-19

... solution for treatment and control of various internal and external parasites in cattle, swine, reindeer...: John K. Harshman, Center for Veterinary Medicine (HFV-170), Food and Drug Administration, 7500 Standish... of BIMECTIN (ivermectin) Injection for Cattle and Swine for treatment and control of various internal...

Sequential injection spectrophotometric determination of oxybenzone in lipsticks.

PubMed

Salvador, A; Chisvert, A; Camarasa, A; Pascual-Martí, M C; March, J G

2001-08-01

A sequential injection (SI) procedure for the spectrophotometric determination of oxybenzone in lipsticks is reported. The colorimetric reaction between nickel and oxybenzone was used. SI parameters such as sample solution volume, reagent solution volume, propulsion flow rate and reaction coil length were studied. The limit of detection was 3 microg ml(-1). The sensitivity was 0.0108+/-0.0002 ml microg(-1). The relative standard deviations of the results were between 6 and 12%. The real concentrations of samples and the values obtained by HPLC were comparable. Microwave sample pre-treatment allowed the extraction of oxybenzone with ethanol, thus avoiding the use of toxic organic solvents. Ethanol was also used as carrier in the SI system. Seventy-two injections per hour can be performed, which means a sample frequency of 24 h(-1) if three replicates are measured for each sample.

The effectiveness of a single treatment with doramectin or ivermectin in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in grazing yearling stocker cattle.

PubMed

Ballweber, L R; Smith, L L; Stuedemann, J A; Yazwinski, T A; Skogerboe, T L

1997-09-01

Four studies were conducted to a similar experimental design in the U.S. to evaluate the effectiveness of doramectin injectable administered to yearling stocker cattle in the control of gastrointestinal nematodiasis over the subsequent grazing period. Studies were conducted in Wisconsin (WI) and Arkansas (AR) during the summer season. The other two studies were conducted in Georgia (GA) and Mississippi (MS) during the winter/spring season. Doramectin was compared with both ivermectin injectable and ivermectin pour-on in the WI study, with ivermectin injectable alone in the GA study and with ivermectin pour-on alone in the other two studies. At each study site, an area of permanent pasture previously grazed by parasitized animals was subdivided by fencing into equal pasture units each with its own water supply. A treatment designation (non-medicated control, doramectin injectable, ivermectin injectable or ivermectin pour-on) was randomly assigned to each pasture unit. Weaned beef calves with confirmed gastrointestinal nematode infections were randomly allotted to a pasture unit and corresponding treatment group. Each treatment group consisted of three replicates of seven animals per pasture unit (total 21 animals) in the WI study, three replicates of four or six animals per pasture unit (total 16 animals) in the AR study, five replicates of six animals per pasture unit (total 30 animals) in the GA study and three replicates of 12 animals per pasture unit (total 36 animals) in the MS study. Treatments were 1% doramectin injectable solution, 1% ivermectin injectable solution, 0.5% ivermectin pour-on solution or non-medicated controls. The injectables were administered at a dose of 1 ml/50 kg body weight (200 micrograms doramectin or ivermectin/kg) by subcutaneous injection in the neck. Ivermectin pour-on solution was administered topically at a dose of 1 ml/10 kg body weight (500 micrograms ivermectin/kg). After receiving their prescribed treatment, animals were placed on their designated pasture unit where they remained for the entire grazing period (84-140 days). Fecal nematode egg counts and body weights were monitored at predetermined intervals throughout each study. Doramectin treatment reduced pretreatment egg counts by between 95 and 100% by 21 days post-treatment. Subsequent rises in egg output from exposure to infective pastures were delayed by two to four weeks resulting in substantial reductions in total egg deposition over the grazing period and, therefore, potential pasture recontamination. Doramectin treatment resulted in substantial average daily weight gain advantages (0.152-0.272 kg) over the grazing season compared to non-medicated controls. Advantages were statistically significant (P < 0.05) in three of the four studies. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in average daily gain between the doramectin and ivermectin injectable or ivermectin pour-on treated groups.

Self-consistent modeling of laminar electrohydrodynamic plumes from ultra-sharp needles in cyclohexane

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Becerra, Marley; Frid, Henrik; Vázquez, Pedro A.

2017-12-01

This paper presents a self-consistent model of electrohydrodynamic (EHD) laminar plumes produced by electron injection from ultra-sharp needle tips in cyclohexane. Since the density of electrons injected into the liquid is well described by the Fowler-Nordheim field emission theory, the injection law is not assumed. Furthermore, the generation of electrons in cyclohexane and their conversion into negative ions is included in the analysis. Detailed steady-state characteristics of EHD plumes under weak injection and space-charge limited injection are studied. It is found that the plume characteristics far from both electrodes and under weak injection can be accurately described with an asymptotic simplified solution proposed by Vazquez et al. ["Dynamics of electrohydrodynamic laminar plumes: Scaling analysis and integral model," Phys. Fluids 12, 2809 (2000)] when the correct longitudinal electric field distribution and liquid velocity radial profile are used as input. However, this asymptotic solution deviates from the self-consistently calculated plume parameters under space-charge limited injection since it neglects the radial variations of the electric field produced by a high-density charged core. In addition, no significant differences in the model estimates of the plume are found when the simulations are obtained either with the finite element method or with a diffusion-free particle method. It is shown that the model also enables the calculation of the current-voltage characteristic of EHD laminar plumes produced by electron field emission, with good agreement with measured values reported in the literature.

Does the endolymph pass through the base of the cupula?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jijiwa, H.; Watanabe, N.; Hattori, T.; Matuda, F.; Hashiba, M.; Mizuno, Y.; Shindo, M.; Watanabe, S.

2001-08-01

Whether the endolymph of the semicircular canal passes the cupular partition or not was examined using the lateral semicircular canal system of adult pigeons (Columba livia). By applying various pressures by means of injection of a dye solution through the membranous canal, it was found that the dye solution was seen to pass the cupula even under very low pressures when the pressure was increased gradually. When pulled by a magnet, the ultrafine particles of the dextran magnetite contained in the injected fluid were found to pass through the subcupular space without evident increase of the ampullary pressure.

Water/alcohol soluble conjugated polymers as highly efficient electron transporting/injection layer in optoelectronic devices.

PubMed

Huang, Fei; Wu, Hongbin; Cao, Yong

2010-07-01

Water/alcohol soluble conjugated polymers (WSCPs) can be processed from water or other polar solvents, which offer good opportunities to avoid interfacial mixing upon fabrication of multilayer polymer optoelectronic devices by solution processing, and can dramatically improve charge injection from high work-function metal cathode resulting in greatly enhancement of the device performance. In this critical review, the authors provide a brief review of recent developments in this field, including the materials design, functional principles, and their unique applications as interface modification layer in solution-processable multilayer optoelectronic devices (135 references).

Coarse grained modeling of transport properties in monoclonal antibody solution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Swan, James; Wang, Gang

Monoclonal antibodies and their derivatives represent the fastest growing segment of the bio pharmaceutical industry. For many applications such as novel cancer therapies, high concentration, sub-cutaneous injections of these protein solutions are desired. However, depending on the peptide sequence within the antibody, such high concentration formulations can be too viscous to inject via human derived force alone. Understanding how heterogenous charge distribution and hydrophobicity within the antibodies leads to high viscosities is crucial to their future application. In this talk, we explore a coarse grained computational model of therapeutically relevant monoclonal antibodies that accounts for electrostatic, dispersion and hydrodynamic interactions between suspended antibodies to predict assembly and transport properties in concentrated antibody solutions. We explain the high viscosities observed in many experimental studies of the same biologics.

Synthesis of silicon containing materials using liquid hydrosilane compositions through direct injection

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Srinivasan, Guruvenket; Sailer, Robert A.; Hoey, Justin

An apparatus and a non-vapor-pressure dependent method of chemical vapor deposition of Si based materials using direct injection of liquid hydrosilane(s) are presented. Liquid silane precursor solutions may also include metal, non-metal or metalloid dopants, nanomaterials and solvents. An illustrative apparatus has a precursor solution and carrier gas system, atomizer and deposit head with interior chamber and a hot plate supporting the substrate. Atomized liquid silane precursor solutions and carrier gas moves through a confined reaction zone that may be heated and the aerosol and vapor are deposited on a substrate to form a thin film. The substrate may bemore » heated prior to deposition. The deposited film may be processed further with thermal or laser processing.« less

A novel submucosal injection solution for endoscopic resection of large colorectal lesions: a randomized, double-blind trial.

PubMed

Repici, Alessandro; Wallace, Michael; Sharma, Prateek; Bhandari, Pradeep; Lollo, Gianluca; Maselli, Roberta; Hassan, Cesare; Rex, Douglas K

2018-05-08

SIC-8000 (Eleview) is a new FDA-approved solution for submucosal injection developed to provide long-lasting cushion to facilitate endoscopic resection maneuvers. Our aim was to compare the efficacy and safety of SIC-8000 with those of saline solution, when performing endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) of large colorectal lesions. In a randomized double-blind trial, patients undergoing EMR for ≥20 mm colorectal non-pedunculated lesions were randomized in a 1:1 ratio between SIC-8000 and saline solution as control solution in 5 tertiary centers. Endoscopists and patients were blinded to the type of submucosal solution used. Total volume to complete EMR and per lesion size and time of resection were primary end-points, whereas the Sydney Resection Quotient (SRQ), as well as other EMR outcomes, and the rate of adverse events were secondary. A 30-day telephone follow up was performed. An alpha level <0.05 was considered as statistically significant (NCT 02654418). Of the 327 patients screened, 226 (mean age: 66±10; males: 56%) were enrolled in the study and randomized between the 2 submucosal agents. Of these, 211 patients (mean size of the lesions 33±13 mm; I-s: 36%; proximal colon: 74%) entered in the final analysis (SIC-8000: 102; saline solution: 109). EMR was complete in all cases. The total volume needed for EMR was significantly less in the SIC-8000 arm compared with saline solution (16.1±9.8 mL vs 31.6±32.0 mL; p<0.001). This corresponded to an average volume per lesion size of 0.5±0.3 mL/mm and 0.9±0.6 mL/mm with SIC-8000 and saline solution, respectively, (p<0.001). The mean time to completely resect the lesion tended to be lower with SIC-8000 as compared with saline solution (19.1±16.8 minutes vs 29.7±68.9 minutes; p=0.1). The SRQ was significantly higher with SIC-8000 as compared with saline solution (10.3±8.1 vs 8.0±5.7; p=0.04) with a trend for a lower number of resected pieces (5.7±6.0 vs 6.5±5.04; p=0.052) and a higher rate of en bloc resections (19/102, 18.6% vs 12/111, 11.0%; p=0.1). The rate of adverse events was similar between the 2 arms (SIC-8000: 18.6%, saline solution: 17%), and none of the serious adverse events (SIC-8000: 8.8%; saline solution: 10.7%) was related with study treatment. In a double-blind, randomized clinical trial, a new FDA approved agent for sub-mucosal injection appeared to be a more effective and equally safe submucosal agent for EMR injection than saline solution. Copyright © 2018 American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Botulinum neurotoxin type A in the masseter muscle: Effects on incisor eruption in rabbits

PubMed Central

Navarrete, Alfonso L.; Rafferty, Katherine L.; Liu, Zi Jun; Ye, Wenmin; Greenlee, Geoffrey M.; Herring, Susan W.

2015-01-01

Introduction Botulinum neurotoxins are responsible for the paralytic food poisoning, botulism. Commercial formulations such as botulinum neurotoxin type A are increasingly used for various conditions, including cosmetic recontouring of the lower face by injection of the large masseter muscles. The paralysis of a major muscle of mastication lowers occlusal force and thus might affect tooth eruption. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of unilateral masseter muscle injection of botulinum neurotoxin type A on the rate of eruption of incisors in a rabbit model. We hypothesized that the teeth would overerupt in an underloaded environment. Methods Forty rabbits were injected with either botulinum neurotoxin type A or saline solution in 1 masseter muscle. Mastication and muscle force production were monitored, and incisor eruption rate was assessed by caliper measurement of grooved teeth. Results The injection of saline solution had no effect. The masseter muscle injected with botulinum neurotoxin type A showed a dramatic loss of force 3 weeks after injection despite apparently normal mastication. Incisor eruption rate was significantly decreased for the botulinum neurotoxin type A group, an effect attributed to decreased attrition. Conclusions This study has implications for orthodontics. Although findings from ever-growing rabbit incisors cannot be extrapolated to human teeth, it is clear that botulinum neurotoxin type A caused a decrease in bite force that could influence dental eruption. PMID:23561411

Anesthetic efficacy of the supplemental X-tip intraosseous injection in patients with irreversible pulpitis.

PubMed

Nusstein, John; Kennedy, Shawn; Reader, Al; Beck, Mike; Weaver, Joel

2003-11-01

The purpose of this study was to determine the anesthetic efficacy of the supplemental intraosseous injection, using the X-tip system in an apical location, in mandibular posterior teeth diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis when the conventional inferior alveolar nerve block failed. Thirty-three emergency patients, diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis of a mandibular posterior tooth, received an inferior alveolar nerve block and had moderate-to-severe pain on endodontic access. The X-tip system was used to administer 1.8 ml of 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine. The X-tip injection site was 3- to 7-mm apical to the mucogingival junction of the affected tooth. Success of the X-tip intraosseous injection was defined as none or mild pain on endodontic access or initial instrumentation. The results of this study demonstrated that 6 of 33 (18%) X-tip injections resulted in backflow of anesthetic solution into the oral cavity; none were successful in obtaining anesthesia. Twenty-seven of the remaining 33 X-tip injections (82%) were successful. We conclude that when the inferior alveolar nerve block fails to provide profound pulpal anesthesia, the X-tip system, when used in an apical location and when there was no backflow of the anesthetic solution into the oral cavity, was successful in achieving pulpal anesthesia in mandibular posterior teeth of patients presenting with irreversible pulpitis.

Sleipner vest CO{sub 2} disposal, CO{sub 2} injection into a shallow underground aquifer

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Baklid, A.; Korbol, R.; Owren, G.

1996-12-31

This paper describes the problem of disposing large amounts of CO{sub 2} into a shallow underground aquifer from an offshore location in the North Sea. The solutions presented is an alternative for CO{sub 2} emitting industries in addressing the growing concern for the environmental impact from such activities. The topside injection facilities, the well and reservoir aspects are discussed as well as the considerations made during establishing the design basis and the solutions chosen. The CO{sub 2} injection issues in this project differs from industry practice in that the CO{sub 2} is wet and contaminated with methane, and further, becausemore » of the shallow depth, the total pressure resistance in the system is not sufficient for the CO{sub 2} to naturally stay in the dense phase region. To allow for safe and cost effective handling of the CO{sub 2}, it was necessary to develop an injection system that gave a constant back pressure from the well corresponding to the output pressure from the compressor, and being independent of the injection rate. This is accomplished by selecting a high injectivity sand formation, completing the well with a large bore, and regulating the dense phase CO{sub 2} temperature and thus the density of the fluid in order to account for the variations in back pressure from the well.« less

Equal volumes of undiluted nalbuphine and lidocaine and normal diluted saline prevents nalbuphine-induced injection pain.

PubMed

Wang, Fu-Yuan; Shen, Ya-Chun; Chen, Mao-Kai; Chau, Siu-Wah; Ku, Chia-Ling; Feng, Yu-Tung; Cheng, Kuang-I

2011-12-01

To determine if the intravenous co-administration of equal volumes of lidocaine and nalbuphine, with undiluted normal saline, prevents injection pain caused by nalbuphine. Eighty adult patients who were scheduled for minor surgeries under general anesthesia delivered via a laryngeal mask airway (LMA) were enrolled in this prospective, randomized, single-blind clinical trial. In the saline group (control) (n = 40), 1 mL (10 mg) nalbuphine was diluted with 9 mL normal saline. In the lidocaine group (experimental) (n = 40), 1 mL (10 mg) nalbuphine was diluted with 1 mL lidocaine (20 mg). The two respective nalbuphine solutions were injected into the cephalic vein at a rate of 20 mL/minute (0.33 mL/second). Pain scores were categorized into five grades. Pain responses upon intravenous injection of nalbuphine, site of cannulation, size of the catheter, and hemodynamic responses to nalbuphine were also recorded. Overall, the median pain score of patients in the lidocaine group was lower than that of the saline group (p < 0.001). In addition, the incidence of injection pain was lower in the lidocaine group than the saline group (2.5% vs. 30%, p = 0.001). A solution of equal volumes of lidocaine and nalbuphine can decrease intravenous nalbuphine-induced injection pain. Copyright © 2011. Published by Elsevier B.V.

NMED Correspondence Related to Notice of Intent for Chromium Project

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Martinez, Ellena Isabel

Two methods of injection using a solution containing 50 kilograms (kg) of tracer are proposed for each well. Half of the tracer (25 kg) may be mixed with 3,000 gallons of potable water and delivered into a scheduled injection stream of treated groundwater as permitted in OP-1835 over a five to seven-hour period. This procedure would then be repeated on a consecutive second day. Alternatively, 5 kg of tracer may be added to each of ten 3,000-gallon tanks for a total of 30,000 gallons of tracer solution that may be injected independently of other injection flow over a period ofmore » up to five days. The permittees request that the types and masses of tracers that may be utilized per each injection well remain flexible enough to allow for one or more of the naphthalene sulfonate tracers to be substituted with a different naphthalene sulfonate. This need for flexibility is due to the availability of the tracers and any tracer listed that is designated for a given CrIN well may be interchanged with a tracer that is designated for another CrIN well, pending final NMED approval. The permittees are not allowed to introduce any new tracers and will submit a final work plan prior to each injection for each CrIN well.« less

Nucleation of Crystals From Solution in Microgravity (USML-1 Glovebox (GBX) Investigation)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kroes, Roger L.; Reiss, Donald A.; Lehoczky, Sandor L.

1994-01-01

A new method for initiating nucleation from solutions in microgravity which avoids nucleation on container walls and other surfaces is described. This method consists of injecting a small quantity of highly concentrated, heated solution into the interior of a lightly supersaturated, cooler host gowth solution. It was tested successfully on USML-I, producing a large number of LAP crystals whose longest dimension averaged 1 mm.

Long-acting injectable hormonal dosage forms for contraception.

PubMed

Wu, Linfeng; Janagam, Dileep R; Mandrell, Timothy D; Johnson, James R; Lowe, Tao L

2015-07-01

Although great efforts have been made to develop long-acting injectable hormonal contraceptives for more than four decades, few long-acting injectable contraceptives have reached the pharmaceutical market or even entered clinical trials. On the other hand, in clinical practice there is an urgent need for injectable long-acting reversible contraceptives which can provide contraceptive protection for more than 3 months after one single injection. Availability of such products will offer great flexibility to women and resolve certain continuation issues currently occurring in clinics. Herein, we reviewed the strategies exploited in the past to develop injectable hormonal contraceptive dosages including drug microcrystal suspensions, drug-loaded microsphere suspensions and in situ forming depot systems for long-term contraception and discussed the potential solutions for remaining issues met in the previous development.

Simulation of the injection of colloidal suspensions for the remediation of contaminated aquifer systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tosco, Tiziana; Gastone, Francesca; Sethi, Rajandrea

2014-05-01

Concentrated suspensions of microscale and nanoscale zerovalent iron particles (MZVI and NZVI) have been studied in recent years for the remediation of contaminated aquifers. The suspensions are injected into the subsurface to generate a reactive zone, and consequently the prediction of the particles distribution during the injection is a key aspect in the design of a field-scale injection. Colloidal dispersions of MZVI and NZVI are not stable in pure water, and shear thinning, environmentally friendly fluids (guar gum and xanthan gum solutions) were found to be effective in improving colloidal stability, thus greatly improving handling and injectability (1 - 3). Shear thinning fluids exhibit high viscosity in static conditions, improving the colloidal stability, and lower viscosity at high flow rates enabling the injection at limited pressures. Shear thinning fluids exhibit high viscosity in static conditions, improving the colloidal stability, and lower viscosity at high flow rates enabling the injection at limited pressures. In this work, co-funded by European Union project AQUAREHAB (FP7 - Grant Agreement Nr. 226565), laboratory and pilot field tests for MZVI injection in saturated porous media are reported. MZVI was dispersed in guar gum solutions, and the transport behaviour under several polymer concentrations and injection rates was assessed in column tests (4). Based on the experimental results, a modelling approach is proposed to simulate the transport in porous media of nanoscale iron slurries, implemented in E-MNM1D (www.polito.it/groundwater/software). Colloid transport mechanisms are controlled by particle-collector and particle-particle interactions, usually modelled by a non equilibrium kinetic model accounting for deposition and release processes. The key aspects included in the E-MNM1D are clogging phenomena (i.e. reduction of porosity and permeability due to particles deposition), and the rheological properties of the carrier fluid (in this project, guar gum solution). The influence of colloid transport on porosity, permeability, and fluid viscosity is explicitly lumped into the model and the shear-thinning nature of the iron slurries is described by a modified Darcy law generalized for non Newtonian fluids. Since during the injection in wells the velocity field is not constant over the distance, E-MNM1D was modified in order to account for variable colloidal transport coefficients on flow rate thus allowing the estimation of the radius of influence during a full scale intervention. The flow and transport of MZVI slurries is solved in a radial domain for the simulation of field-scale injection, incorporating the abovementioned relevant mechanisms. The governing equations and model implementation are presented and discussed, along with examples of injection simulations. References 1. Tiraferri, A.; Sethi, R. Enhanced transport of zerovalent iron nanoparticles in saturated porous media by guar gum. J Nanopart Res 2009, 11(3), 635-645. 2. Tiraferri, A.; Chen, K.L.; Sethi, R.; Elimelech, M. Reduced aggregation and sedimentation of zero-valent iron nanoparticles in the presence of guar gum. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 2008, 324(1-2), 71-79. 3. Dalla Vecchia, E.; Luna, M.; Sethi, R. Transport in Porous Media of Highly Concentrated Iron Micro- and Nanoparticles in the Presence of Xanthan Gum. Environmental Science & Technology 2009, 43(23), 8942-8947. 4. Tosco, T.; Gastone, F.; Sethi, R. Guar gum solutions for improved delivery of iron particles in porous media (Part 2): iron transport tests and modelling in radial geometry. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology (submitted).

78 FR 44432 - New Animal Drugs; Change of Sponsor; Fentanyl; Iron Injection

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-24

... DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Food and Drug Administration 21 CFR Parts 510, 522, and 524 [Docket No. FDA-2013-N-0002] New Animal Drugs; Change of Sponsor; Fentanyl; Iron Injection AGENCY..., NADA 141-337 for RECUVYRA (fentanyl) Transdermal Solution to Elanco Animal Health, A Division of Eli...

The study of metal sulphide nanomaterials obtained by chemical bath deposition and hot-injection technique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Maraeva, E. V.; Alexandrova, O. A.; Forostyanaya, N. A.; Levitskiy, V. S.; Mazing, D. S.; Maskaeva, L. N.; Markov, V. Ph; Moshnikov, V. A.; Shupta, A. A.; Spivak, Yu M.; Tulenin, S. S.

2015-11-01

In this study lead sulphide - cadmium sulphide based layers were obtained through chemical deposition of water solutions and cadmium sulphide quantum dots were formed through hot-injection technique. The article discusses the results of surface investigations with the use of atomic force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence measurements.

21 CFR 522.2404 - Thialbarbitone sodium for injection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... milliliter of solution. (b) Sponsor. See No. 000856 in § 510.600(c) of this chapter. (c) Conditions of use. (1) The drug is administered as a general anesthetic in surgical procedures on dogs, cats, swine... surgery. (2) It is administered intravenously. The drug is injected slowly to dogs, cats, cattle, sheep...

21 CFR 522.2404 - Thialbarbitone sodium for injection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... milliliter of solution. (b) Sponsor. See No. 000856 in § 510.600(c) of this chapter. (c) Conditions of use. (1) The drug is administered as a general anesthetic in surgical procedures on dogs, cats, swine... surgery. (2) It is administered intravenously. The drug is injected slowly to dogs, cats, cattle, sheep...

21 CFR 522.2404 - Thialbarbitone sodium for injection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... milliliter of solution. (b) Sponsor. See No. 054771 in § 510.600(c) of this chapter. (c) Conditions of use. (1) The drug is administered as a general anesthetic in surgical procedures on dogs, cats, swine... surgery. (2) It is administered intravenously. The drug is injected slowly to dogs, cats, cattle, sheep...

Assessment of electrical conductivity as a surrogate measurement for water samples in a tracer injection experiment

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The transport behavior of solutes in streams depends on chemical, physical, biological, and hydrodynamic processes. Although it is a very complex system, it is known that this behavior is greatly influenced by surface and subsurface flows. For this reason, tracer injection in the water flows is one ...

75 FR 76260 - Implantation or Injectable Dosage Form New Animal Drugs; Flunixin

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-08

... meglumine solution by intravenous injection in lactating dairy cows for control of pyrexia associated with... cows for control of pyrexia associated with acute bovine mastitis. The supplemental application is... for 36 hours after the last treatment must not be used for food. Do not use in dry dairy cows. A...

Long-Acting Phospholipid Gel of Exenatide for Long-Term Therapy of Type II Diabetes.

PubMed

Hu, Mei; Zhang, Yu; Xiang, Nanxi; Zhong, Ying; Gong, Tao; Zhang, Zhi-Rong; Fu, Yao

2016-06-01

This study aimed to develop a sustained-release formulation of exenatide (EXT) for the long-term therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of type II diabetes. In this study, we present an injectable phospholipid gel by mixing biocompatible phospholipid S100, medium chain triglyceride (MCT) with 85% (w/w) ethanol. A systemic pre-formulation study has been carried out to improve the stability of EXT during formulation fabrication. With the optimized formulation, the pharmacokinetic profiles in rats were studied and two diabetic animal models were employed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of EXT phospholipid gel via a single subcutaneous injection versus repeated injections of normal saline and EXT solution. With optimized formulation, sustained release of exenatide in vivo for over three consecutive weeks was observed after one single subcutaneous injection. Moreover, the pharmacodynamic study in two diabetic models justified that the gel formulation displayed a comparable hypoglycemic effect and controlled blood glucose level compared with exenatide solution treated group. EXT-loaded phospholipid gel represents a promising controlled release system for long-term therapy of type II diabetes.

Stability of tacrolimus injection diluted in 0.9% sodium chloride injection and stored in Excel bags.

PubMed

Myers, Alan L; Zhang, Yanping; Kawedia, Jitesh D; Shank, Brandon R; Deaver, Melissa A; Kramer, Mark A

2016-12-15

The chemical stability and physical compatibility of tacrolimus i.v. infusion solutions prepared in Excel bags and stored at 23 or 4 °C for up to nine days were studied. Tacrolimus admixtures (2, 4, and 8 μg/mL) were prepared in Excel bags using 0.9% sodium chloride injection and stored at 23 °C without protection from light or at 4 °C in the dark. Test samples were withdrawn from triplicate bag solutions immediately after preparation and at predetermined time intervals (1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 days). Chemical stability was assessed by measuring tacrolimus concentrations using a validated stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography assay. The physical stability of the admixtures was assessed by visual examination and by measuring turbidity, particle size, and drug content. All test solutions stored at 23 or 4 °C had a no greater than 6% loss of the initial tacrolimus concentration throughout the nine-day study period. All test samples of tacrolimus admixtures, under both storage conditions, were without precipitation and remained clear initially and throughout the nine-day observation period. Changes in turbidities were minor; measured particulates remained few in number in all samples throughout the study. Extemporaneously prepared infusion solutions of tacrolimus 2, 4, and 8 μg/mL in 0.9% sodium chloride injection in Excel bags were chemically and physically stable for at least nine days when stored at room temperature (23 °C) without protection from light and when stored in a refrigerator (4 °C) in the dark. Copyright © 2016 by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. All rights reserved.

Physical and chemical stability of pemetrexed in infusion solutions.

PubMed

Zhang, Yanping; Trissel, Lawrence A

2006-06-01

Pemetrexed is a multitargeted, antifolate, antineoplastic agent that is indicated for single-agent use in locally advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer after prior chemotherapy and in combination with cisplatin for the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma not treatable by surgery. Currently, there is no information on the long-term stability of pemetrexed beyond 24 hours. To evaluate the longer-term physical and chemical stability of pemetrexed 2, 10, and 20 mg/mL in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bags of dextrose 5% injection and NaCl 0.9% injection. Triplicate samples of pemetrexed were prepared in the concentrations and infusion solutions required. Evaluations for physical and chemical stability were performed initially and over 2 days at 23 degrees C protected from light and exposed to fluorescent light, and over 31 days of storage at 4 degrees C protected from light. Physical stability was assessed using turbidimetric and particulate measurement as well as visual observation. Chemical stability was evaluated by HPLC. All pemetrexed solutions remained chemically stable, with little or no loss of pemetrexed over 2 days at 23 degrees C, protected from light and exposed to fluorescent light, and over 31 days of storage at 4 degrees C, protected from light. The room temperature samples were physically stable throughout the 48 hour test period. However, pemetrexed admixtures developed large numbers of microparticulates during refrigerated storage exceeding 24 hours. Pemetrexed is chemically stable for 2 days at room temperature and 31 days refrigerated in dextrose 5% injection and NaCl 0.9% injection. However, substantial numbers of microparticulates may form in pemetrexed diluted in the infusion solutions in PVC bags, especially during longer periods of refrigerated storage. Limiting the refrigerated storage period to the manufacturer-recommended 24 hours will limit particulate formation.

76 FR 33310 - Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. et al.; Withdrawal of Approval of 70 New Drug Applications and 97...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-08

..., Inc. ANDA 074634 Dobutamine Injection Hospira, Inc. USP, 12.5 mg/mL. ANDA 074643 Minoxidil Topical Bausch & Lomb, Inc. Solution, 2%. ANDA 074743 Minoxidil Topical Sight Solution, 2%. Pharmaceuticals, Inc...

[Synthesis and evaluation of a novel injectable and water-swelling gingival displacement materials].

PubMed

Xu, Xiaohua; Zhu, Xiaopeng; Ning, Tianyun; Liu, Wei; Li, Quanli

2012-04-01

To synthesize and evaluate a novel injectable and water-swelling gingival displacement materials. A kind of water-swelling polymer, kaolin and aluminum chloride were mechanically mixed at certain ratio in water solution, resulting to a novel paste materials for gingival displacement. Then, its stability in aqueous solution and water swelling properties were evaluated in vitro. The effect on gingival displacement was evaluated by animal experiments in dogs. A commercial gingival displacement materials paste of Expasyl was used as control. While contacting with water, the novel gingival displacement paste did not collapse, maintained its integrity structure, and could expand for adsorbing water. Animal experiments in dogs showed that the materials could lead to displace the gingival margins from the dental root surfaces. The novel injectable and expanded gingival displacement material is efficient to retract free gingival margin with potential clinical application.

Stability of penicillin G sodium diluted with 0.9% sodium chloride injection or 5% dextrose injection and stored in polyvinyl chloride bag containers and elastomeric pump containers.

PubMed

Hossain, Mirza Akram; Friciu, Mihaela; Aubin, Sebastien; Leclair, Grégoire

2014-04-15

The stability of penicillin G sodium solutions stored in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bags or elastomeric pump containers was studied. Test samples were prepared by diluting powdered penicillin G sodium (10 million units/10-mL vial) to solutions of 2,500 or 50,000 units/mL with 0.9% sodium chloride injection or 5% dextrose injection. The preparations were transferred to 250-mL PVC bags and elastomeric pump containers. All samples were prepared in triplicate and stored at 5°C. Chemical stability was measured by a stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay and by pH evaluation. Particulate matter was evaluated according to compendial standards using a light-obscuration particle count test. Preparations were visually examined throughout the study. After 21 days of storage, all test samples remained chemically stable, with an HPLC assay recovery value of more than 90% of the initial value. After 28 days, all samples prepared with either diluent and stored in PVC bags, as well as the samples diluted to 2,500 units/mL with sodium chloride injection and stored in elastomeric pump containers, did not meet the recovery acceptance limit. For all test samples, the mean pH consistently decreased during storage, from about 6.4 to about 5.5. Particle counts remained acceptable throughout the study, and no change in appearance was observed. Penicillin G for injection (2,500 and 50,000 units/mL) diluted in 0.9% sodium chloride injection or 5% dextrose injection and stored at 5°C in PVC containers or elastomeric pump containers was physically and chemically stable for a period of at least 21 days.

Intra-articular injection of a nutritive mixture solution protects articular cartilage from osteoarthritic progression induced by anterior cruciate ligament transection in mature rabbits: a randomized controlled trial

PubMed Central

Park, Yoo-Sin; Lim, Si-Woong; Lee, Il-Hoon; Lee, Tae-Jin; Kim, Jong-Sung; Han, Jin Soo

2007-01-01

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease that disrupts the collagenous matrix of articular cartilage and is difficult to cure because articular cartilage is a nonvascular tissue. Treatment of OA has targeted macromolecular substitutes for cartilage components, such as hyaluronic acid or genetically engineered materials. However, the goal of the present study was to examine whether intra-articular injection of the elementary nutrients restores the matrix of arthritic knee joints in mature animals. A nutritive mixture solution (NMS) was composed of elementary nutrients such as glucose or dextrose, amino acids and ascorbic acid. It was administered five times (at weeks 6, 8, 10, 13 and 16) into the unilateral anterior cruciate ligament transected knee joints of mature New Zealand White rabbits, and the effect of NMS injection was compared with that of normal saline. OA progression was histopathologically evaluated by haematoxylin and eosin staining, by the Mankin grading method and by scanning electron microscopy at week 19. NMS injection decreased progressive erosion of articular cartilage overall compared with injection of normal saline (P < 0.01), and nms joints exhibited no differences relative to normal cartilage that had not undergone transection of the anterior cruciate ligament, as assessed using the mankin grading method. Haematoxylin and eosin staining and scanning electron microscopy findings also indicated that nms injection, in constrast to normal saline injection, restored the cartilage matrix, which is known to be composed of a collagen and proteoglycan network. thus, nms injection is a potent treatment that significantly retards oa progression, which in turn prevents progressive destruction of joints and functional loss in mature animals. PMID:17257416

Rheological Behavior of Xanthan Gum Solution Related to Shear Thinning Fluid Delivery for Subsurface Remediation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhong, Lirong; Oostrom, Martinus; Truex, Michael J.

Xanthan gum, a biopolymer, forms shear thinning fluids which can be used as delivery media to improve the distribution of remedial amendments injected into heterogeneous subsurface environments. The rheological behavior of the shear thinning solution needs to be known to develop an appropriate design for field injection. In this study, the rheological properties of xanthan gum solutions were obtained under various chemical and environmental conditions relevant to delivery of remedial amendments to groundwater. Higher xanthan concentration raised the absolute solution viscosity and increased the degree of shear thinning. Addition of remedial amendments (e.g., phosphate, sodium lactate, ethyl lactate) caused themore » dynamic viscosity of xanthan gum to decrease, but the solutions maintained shear-thinning properties. Use of simple salt (e.g. Na+, Ca2+) to increase the solution ionic strength also decreased the dynamic viscosity of xanthan and the degree of shear thinning, although the effect is a function of xanthan gum concentration and diminished as the xanthan gum concentration was increased. At high xanthan concentration, addition of salt to the solution increased dynamic viscosity. In the absence of sediments, xanthan gum solutions maintain their viscosity properties for months. However, xanthan gum solutions were shown to lose dynamic viscosity over a period of days to weeks when contacted with saturated site sediment. Loss of viscosity is attributed to physical and biodegradation processes.« less

A Novel Newborn Rat Kernicterus Model Created by Injecting a Bilirubin Solution into the Cisterna Magna

PubMed Central

Song, Sijie; Hu, Ying; Gu, Xianfang; Si, Feifei; Hua, Ziyu

2014-01-01

Background Kernicterus still occurs around the world; however, the mechanism of bilirubin neurotoxicity remains unclear, and effective treatment strategies are lacking. To solve these problems, several kernicterus (or acute bilirubin encephalopathy) animal models have been established, but these models are difficult and expensive. Therefore, the present study was performed to establish a novel kernicterus model that is simple and affordable by injecting unconjugated bilirubin solution into the cisterna magna (CM) of ordinary newborn Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Methods On postnatal day 5, SD rat pups were randomly divided into bilirubin and control groups. Then, either bilirubin solution or ddH2O (pH = 8.5) was injected into the CM at 10 µg/g (bodyweight). For model characterization, neurobehavioral outcomes were observed, mortality was calculated, and bodyweight was recorded after bilirubin injection and weaning. Apoptosis in the hippocampus was detected by H&E staining, TUNEL, flow cytometry and Western blotting. When the rats were 28 days old, learning and memory ability were evaluated using the Morris water maze test. Results The bilirubin-treated rats showed apparently abnormal neurological manifestations, such as clenched fists, opisthotonos and torsion spasms. Bodyweight gain in the bilirubin-treated rats was significantly lower than that in the controls (P<0.001). The early and late mortality of the bilirubin-treated rats were both dramatically higher than those of the controls (P = 0.004 and 0.017, respectively). Apoptosis and necrosis in the hippocampal nerve cells in the bilirubin-treated rats were observed. The bilirubin-treated rats performed worse than the controls on the Morris water maze test. Conclusion By injecting bilirubin into the CM, we successfully created a new kernicterus model using ordinary SD rats; the model mimics both the acute clinical manifestations and the chronic sequelae. In particular, CM injection is easy to perform; thus, more stable models for follow-up study are available. PMID:24796550

SU-F-T-10: Validation of ELP Dosimetry Using PRESAGE Dosimeter: Feasibility Test and Practical Considerations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lambson, K; Lafata, K; Miles, D

Purpose: To validate the use of a PRESAGE dosimeter as a method to quantitatively measure dose distributions of injectable brachytherapy based on elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) nanoparticles. PRESAGE is a solid, transparent polyurethane-based dosimeter whose dose is proportional to a change in optical density, making it useful for visualizing the dose from a radionuclide-tagged-ELP injection. Methods: A PRESAGE dosimeter was designed to simulate an ELP injection. To calibrate, cuvette samples from the batch of PRESAGE were exposed to varying levels of radiation from 0–35.9Gy applied via a linear accelerator, then placed into a spectrophotometer to obtain the optical density change asmore » a function of dose. A pre-optical-CT scan was acquired of the phantom to obtain a baseline tomographic optical density. A 1cc saline solution of I-125 tagged-ELP with and activity concentration of 1mCi/cc was injected into the phantom and left for five days. After five days, the ELP was removed and the cavity cleaned of all remaining radioactive material. Post tomographic optical images were acquired to obtain a differential optical density dataset. Results: Initial results after the 5-day exposure revealed an opaque white film that resembled the volume of the ELP solution injected into the phantom. We think this is possibly due to the saline solution diffusing into the PRESAGE and causing a change in the index of refraction at this shallow depth. Therefore, initially the optical scanner yielded inconclusive results. After several more days, the saline seemed to have evaporated out of the injection site and the ELP dose distribution was visible via color change in the dosimeter. Conclusion: We have created the first experimental design to measure the dose distribution of I-125-tagged-ELP. The PRESAGE formulation proves to be a feasible option for such measurements. Future experimental measurements need to be obtained to further characterize ELP dosimetry.« less

Fuel-Air Injection Effects on Combustion in Cavity-Based Flameholders in a Supersonic Flow

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-03-01

both fuel and air provided additional capability to tune the cavity such that a more stable decentralized flame results. The addition of air...Mark Gruber of AFRL/PRAS and Mr. Mark Hsu of Innovative Scientific Solutions Inc. for both the support and latitude provided to me in this endeavor...addition of direct air injection to cavity combustion. Direct injection of both fuel and air provided additional capability to tune the cavity such that a

Neutral insulin solutions physically stabilized by addition of Zn2+.

PubMed

Brange, J; Havelund, S; Hommel, E; Sørensen, E; Kühl, C

1986-01-01

Commercial neutral insulin solutions, all of which contain 2-3 zinc atoms per hexameric unit of insulin, have a relatively limited physical stability when exposed to heat and movement, as for example in insulin infusion pumps. Physical stabilization of neutral insulin solutions has been obtained by addition of two extra Zn2+ per hexamer of insulin. This addition stabilizes porcine and human neutral solutions equally well and does not affect the chemical stability of the insulin. The stabilization is probably obtained by a further strengthening of the hexameric structure of insulin, so that the formation of insoluble insulin fibrils (via the dissociation into the insulin monomer or dimer) is impeded or prevented. The addition of an extra 2 Zn2+ has been shown to be without influence on the insulin immunogenicity in rabbits or on the rate of absorption after subcutaneous injection in diabetic patients. It is concluded that neutral insulin solution can be physically stabilized by addition of extra Zn2+ without affecting other qualities of the insulin preparation including chemical stability, immunogenicity, and duration of action after injection.

Pulsed arc plasma jet synchronized with drop-on-demand dispenser

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mavier, F.; Lemesre, L.; Rat, V.; Bienia, M.; Lejeune, M.; Coudert, J.-F.

2017-04-01

This work concerns with the liquid injection in arc plasma spraying for the development of finely structured ceramics coatings. Nanostructured coatings can be now achieved with nanopowders dispersed in a liquid (SPS: Suspension Plasma Spraying) or with a salt dissolved into a liquid (SPPS: Solution Precursor Plasma Spraying) injected into the plasma jet. Controlling electric arc instabilities confined in non-transferred arc plasma torch is therefore a key issue to get reproducible coating properties. Adjustment of parameters with a mono-cathode arc plasma allows a new resonance mode called “Mosquito”. A pulsed arc plasma producing a periodic regular voltage signal with modulation of enthalpy is obtained. The basic idea is to synchronize the injection system with the arc to introduce the liquid material in each plasma oscillation in the same conditions, in order to control the plasma treatment of the material in-fly. A custom-developed pulsed arc plasma torch is used with a drop-on-demand dispenser triggered by the arc voltage. A delay is added to adjust the droplets emission time and their penetration into the plasma gusts. Indeed, the treatment of droplets is also shown to be dependent on this injection delay. A TiO2 suspension and an aqueous solution of aluminium nitrate were optimized to get ejectable inks forming individual droplets. The feasibility of the process was demonstrated for SPS and SPPS techniques. Coatings from the suspension and the solution were achieved. First synchronized sprayings show a good penetration of the droplets into the plasma. Coatings show a fine structure of cauliflowers shapes. The synchronization of the ejection allows a control of morphology and a better deposition efficiency. Further investigations will find the optimal operating parameters to show the full potential of this original liquid injection technique.

Development of a sequential injection-square wave voltammetry method for determination of paraquat in water samples employing the hanging mercury drop electrode.

PubMed

dos Santos, Luciana B O; Infante, Carlos M C; Masini, Jorge C

2010-03-01

This work describes the development and optimization of a sequential injection method to automate the determination of paraquat by square-wave voltammetry employing a hanging mercury drop electrode. Automation by sequential injection enhanced the sampling throughput, improving the sensitivity and precision of the measurements as a consequence of the highly reproducible and efficient conditions of mass transport of the analyte toward the electrode surface. For instance, 212 analyses can be made per hour if the sample/standard solution is prepared off-line and the sequential injection system is used just to inject the solution towards the flow cell. In-line sample conditioning reduces the sampling frequency to 44 h(-1). Experiments were performed in 0.10 M NaCl, which was the carrier solution, using a frequency of 200 Hz, a pulse height of 25 mV, a potential step of 2 mV, and a flow rate of 100 µL s(-1). For a concentration range between 0.010 and 0.25 mg L(-1), the current (i(p), µA) read at the potential corresponding to the peak maximum fitted the following linear equation with the paraquat concentration (mg L(-1)): i(p) = (-20.5 ± 0.3)C (paraquat) - (0.02 ± 0.03). The limits of detection and quantification were 2.0 and 7.0 µg L(-1), respectively. The accuracy of the method was evaluated by recovery studies using spiked water samples that were also analyzed by molecular absorption spectrophotometry after reduction of paraquat with sodium dithionite in an alkaline medium. No evidence of statistically significant differences between the two methods was observed at the 95% confidence level.

Theoretical aspects for estimating anisotropic saturated hydraulic conductivity from in-well or direct-push probe injection tests in uniform media

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Klammler, Harald; Layton, Leif; Nemer, Bassel; Hatfield, Kirk; Mohseni, Ana

2017-06-01

Hydraulic conductivity and its anisotropy are fundamental aquifer properties for groundwater flow and transport modeling. Current in-well or direct-push field measurement techniques allow for relatively quick determination of general conductivity profiles with depth. However, capabilities for identifying local scale conductivities in the horizontal and vertical directions are very limited. Here, we develop the theoretical basis for estimating horizontal and vertical conductivities from different types of steady-state single-well/probe injection tests under saturated conditions and in the absence of a well skin. We explore existing solutions and a recent semi-analytical solution approach to the flow problem under the assumption that the aquifer is locally homogeneous. The methods are based on the collection of an additional piece of information in the form of a second injection (or recirculation) test at a same location, or in the form of an additional head or flow observation along the well/probe. Results are represented in dimensionless charts for partial validation against approximate solutions and for practical application to test interpretation. The charts further allow for optimization of a test configuration to maximize sensitivity to anisotropy ratio. The two methods most sensitive to anisotropy are found to be (1) subsequent injection from a lateral screen and from the bottom of an otherwise cased borehole, and (2) single injection from a lateral screen with an additional head observation along the casing. Results may also be relevant for attributing consistent divergences in conductivity measurements from different testing methods applied at a same site or location to the potential effects of anisotropy. Some practical aspects are discussed and references are made to existing methods, which appear easily compatible with the proposed procedures.

Spatially distributed characterization of hyporheic solute transport during baseflow recession in a headwater mountain stream using electrical geophysical imaging

Treesearch

Adam S. Ward; Michael N. Gooseff; Michael Fitzgerald; Thomas J. Voltz; Kamini Singha

2014-01-01

The transport of solutes along hyporheic flowpaths is recognized as central to numerous biogeochemical cycles, yet our understanding of how this transport changes with baseflow recession, particularly in a spatially distributed manner, is limited. We conducted four steady-state solute tracer injections and collected electrical resistivity data to characterize hyporheic...

Formulation and Stability of Solutions.

PubMed

Akers, Michael J

2016-01-01

Ready-to-use solutions are the most preferable and most common dosage forms for injectable and topical ophthalmic products. Drugs formulated as solution almost always have chemical and physical stability challenges as well as solubility limitations and the need to prevent inadvertent microbial contamination issues. This article, which takes us through a discussion of optimizing the physical stability of solutions, represents the first of a series of articles discussing how these challenges and issues are addressed.

Acupuncture injection for field amplified sample stacking and glass microchip-based capillary gel electrophoresis.

PubMed

Ha, Ji Won; Hahn, Jong Hoon

2017-02-01

Acupuncture sample injection is a simple method to deliver well-defined nanoliter-scale sample plugs in PDMS microfluidic channels. This acupuncture injection method in microchip CE has several advantages, including minimization of sample consumption, the capability of serial injections of different sample solutions into the same microchannel, and the capability of injecting sample plugs into any desired position of a microchannel. Herein, we demonstrate that the simple and cost-effective acupuncture sample injection method can be used for PDMS microchip-based field amplified sample stacking in the most simplified straight channel by applying a single potential. We achieved the increase in electropherogram signals for the case of sample stacking. Furthermore, we present that microchip CGE of ΦX174 DNA-HaeⅢ digest can be performed with the acupuncture injection method on a glass microchip while minimizing sample loss and voltage control hardware. © 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Toots, tastes and tester shots: user accounts of drug sampling methods for gauging heroin potency.

PubMed

Mars, Sarah G; Ondocsin, Jeff; Ciccarone, Daniel

2018-05-16

Internationally, overdose is the primary cause of death among people injecting drugs. However, since 2001, heroin-related overdose deaths in the United States (US) have risen sixfold, paralleled by a rise in the death rate attributed to synthetic opioids, particularly the fentanyls. This paper considers the adaptations some US heroin injectors are making to protect themselves from these risks. Between 2015 and 2016, a team of ethnographers collected data through semi-structured interviews and observation captured in field notes and video recording of heroin preparation/consumption. Ninety-one current heroin injectors were interviewed (Baltimore, n = 22; Chicago, n = 24; Massachusetts and New Hampshire, n = 36; San Francisco, n = 9). Experience injecting heroin ranged from < 1-47 years. Eight participants, who were exclusively heroin snorters, were also interviewed. Data were analyzed thematically. Across the study sites, multiple methods of sampling "heroin" were identified, sometimes used in combination, ranging from non-injecting routes (snorting, smoking or tasting a small amount prior to injection) to injecting a partial dose and waiting. Partial injection took different forms: a "slow shot" where the user injected a portion of the solution in the syringe, keeping the needle in the injection site, and continuing or withdrawing the syringe or a "tester shot" where the solution was divided into separate injections. Other techniques included getting feedback from others using heroin of the same batch or observing those with higher tolerance injecting heroin from the same batch before judging how much to inject themselves. Although a minority of those interviewed described using these drug sampling techniques, there is clearly receptivity among some users to protecting themselves by using a variety of methods. The use of drug sampling as a means of preventing an overdose from injection drug use reduces the quantity absorbed at any one time allowing users to monitor drug strength and titrate their dose accordingly. Given the highly unpredictable potency of the drugs currently being sold as heroin in the US, universal precautions should be adopted more widely. Further research is needed into facilitators and barriers to the uptake of these drug sampling methods.

A Markov Chain Monte Carlo Inversion Approach For Inverting InSAR Data With Application To Subsurface CO2 Injection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ramirez, A. L.; Foxall, W.

2011-12-01

Surface displacements caused by reservoir pressure perturbations resulting from CO2 injection can often be measured by geodetic methods such as InSAR, tilt and GPS. We have developed a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach to invert surface displacements measured by InSAR to map the pressure distribution associated with CO2 injection at the In Salah Krechba field, Algeria. The MCMC inversion entails sampling the solution space by proposing a series of trial 3D pressure-plume models. In the case of In Salah, the range of allowable models is constrained by prior information provided by well and geophysical data for the reservoir and possible fluid pathways in the overburden, and injection pressures and volumes. Each trial pressure distribution source is run through a (mathematical) forward model to calculate a set of synthetic surface deformation data. The likelihood that a particular proposal represents the true source is determined from the fit of the calculated data to the InSAR measurements, and those having higher likelihoods are passed to the posterior distribution. This procedure is repeated over typically ~104 - 105 trials until the posterior distribution converges to a stable solution. The solution to each stochastic inversion is in the form of Bayesian posterior probability density function (pdf) over the range of the alternative models that are consistent with the measured data and prior information. Therefore, the solution provides not only the highest likelihood model but also a realistic estimate of the solution uncertainty. Our InSalah work considered three flow model alternatives: 1) The first model assumed that the CO2 saturation and fluid pressure changes were confined to the reservoir; 2) the second model allowed the perturbations to occur also in a damage zone inferred in the lower caprock from 3D seismic surveys; and 3) the third model allowed fluid pressure changes anywhere within the reservoir and overburden. Alternative (2) yielded optimal fits to the data in inversions of InSAR data collected in 2007. The results indicate that pressure changes developed near the injection well and then penetrated into the lower caprock along the postulated damage zone. As in many geophysical inverse problems, inversion of surface displacement data for subsurface sources of deformation is inherently uncertain and non-unique. We will also discuss the approach used to characterize solution uncertainty. This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344.

Effect of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide on healing of retinal photocoagulation lesions.

PubMed

Nomoto, Hiroyuki; Lavinsky, Daniel; Paulus, Yannis M; Leung, Loh-Shan; Dalal, Roopa; Blumenkranz, Mark S; Palanker, Daniel

2013-01-01

To evaluate the effect of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (TA) on healing of retinal photocoagulation lesions using drug and laser dosing typically employed in clinical practice. Laser burns with a 267-μm retinal beam size at 532-nm wavelength were applied to 40 eyes of Dutch belted rabbits. Barely visible to intense lesions were produced with pulses of 5, 10, 20, and 50 milliseconds and power of 175 mW. Eyes received intravitreal injections of either 2 mg TA/50 μL or balanced salt solution administered either 1 week before or immediately after laser treatment. Lesion grades were assessed acutely ophthalmoscopically and by a masked observer histologically at 1, 3, 7, 30, and 60 days. Both TA groups demonstrated significant reduction in retinal thickness throughout follow-up compared with balanced salt solution groups (P < 0.001). The width of the lesions at 1 day after injection was not significantly different between groups. However, by 7 days, the lesions in balanced salt solution groups contracted much more than in the TA groups, especially the more intense burns, and this difference persisted to 2 months. The healing rate of the barely visible burns was not significantly affected by TA compared with the balanced salt solution control eyes. Triamcinolone acetonide injection previously or concurrently with photocoagulation significantly decreases laser-induced edema but interferes with lesions healing, thereby leaving wider residual scarring, especially persistent in more intense burns.

The effects of local administration of Zoledronate solution on the tooth movement and periodontal ligament.

PubMed

Liu, Chang; Sun, Xinhua; Chen, Yuanping; Hu, Min; Liang, Tang

2002-07-01

To investigate the effects of local administration of Zoledronate solution on the tooth movement and periodontal ligament. Orthodontic tooth movement of upper first molar was performed in 42 rats with coil spring. Zoledronate solution was injected into the palatal submucosal area adjacent to the left upper first molar in experimental group 3 days prior to the use of the appliance. In control group, same amount of 0.9% NaCl solution was injected into the palatal submucosal area adjacent to the left and right upper first molar. The injection was applied every third day. The application of mesial force lasted 0.3, 7, 14, 21 days respectively. After the rats were sacrificed, the distance of tooth movement was measured. Sections were stained and then observed with microscope. 1. The distance of tooth movement in the experimental group was significantly smaller than that in the control group. 2. The number of osteoclast on the pressure side in the experiment group was significantly smaller than that in the control group through the experimental period, but there was no distinct difference between experimental group and control group (except for 14 days) for the number of odontoclast in interradicular area. 3. The osteoclasts and odontoclasts were the main target cell of Zoledronate in periodontal tissue. Zoledronate may be a useful agent for anchorage control and reducing the number of osteoclast on pressure side of alveolar bone.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhong, Lirong; Truex, Michael J.; Kananizadeh, Negin

In situ anaerobic biological processes are widely applied for dechlorination of chlorinated solvents in groundwater. A wide range of organic substrates have been tested and applied to support the dechlorination processes. Vegetable oils are a promising substrate and have been shown to induce effective dechlorination, have limited geochemical impacts, and good longevity. Distribution of vegetable oil in the subsurface, because it is a non-aqueous phase material, has typically been addressed by creating emulsified oil solutions. In this study, inexpensive waste vegetable oils were suspended in a xanthan gum solution, a shear-thinning fluid, as an alternative oil delivery mechanism. The stability,more » oil droplet size and distribution, and rheological behavior of the oil suspensions that are created in the xanthan solutions were studied in batch experiments. The injectability of the suspensions and oil distribution in porous medium were evaluated in column tests. Numerical modeling of the oil droplet transport and distribution in porous media was conducted to help interpret the column-test data. Batch studies showed that simple mixing of vegetable oil and xanthan solution produced stable suspensions of the oil as micron-size droplets. The mixture rheology retains shear-thinning properties that facilitate improved uniformity of substrate distribution in heterogeneous aquifers. Column tests demonstrated successful injection of the vegetable oil suspension into porous medium. This study provided evidence that vegetable oil suspensions in xanthan are a potential substrate to support in situ anaerobic bioremediation with favorable injection properties.« less

Reactivity of Iron Bearing Minerals and CO 2 Sequestration: A Multi-­Disciplinary and Experimental Approach

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Schoonen, Martin A.

2014-12-22

The reactivity of sandstones was studied under conditions relevant to the injection of supercritical carbon dioxide in the context of carbon geosequestration. The emphasis of the study was on the reactivity of iron-­bearing minerals when exposed to supercritical CO 2 (scCO 2) and scCO 2 with commingled aqueous solutions containing H 2S and/or SO 2. Flow through and batch experiments were conducted. Results indicate that sandstones, irrespective of their mineralogy, are not reactive when exposed to pure scCO2 or scCO 2 with commingled aqueous solutions containing H 2S and/or SO 2 under conditions simulating the environment near the injection pointmore » (flow through experiments). However, sandstones are reactive under conditions simulating the edge of the injected CO 2 plume or ahead of the plume (batch experiments). Sandstones containing hematite (red sandstone) are particularly reactive. The composition of the reaction products is strongly dependent on the composition of the aqueous phase. The presence of dissolved sulfide leads to the conversion of hematite into pyrite and siderite. The relative amount of the pyrite and siderite is influenced by the ionic strength of the solution. Little reactivity is observed when sulfite is present in the aqueous phase. Sandstones without hematite (grey sandstones) show little reactivity regardless of the solution composition.« less

Tissue distribution of sup 3 H-nicotine in rats after bolus or constant injection

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chowdhury, P.; Pasley, J.N.; Rayford, P.L.

1989-01-01

Two groups of rats, (N = 7), were fasted for 24 hrs prior to the study. On the day of the experiment, the animals were anesthetized and infused with either 5 ml nicotine solution (200 {mu}g/L) in saline containing 5 {mu}c {sup 3}H-nicotine, (sp. activity 50-80 mCi/mol) for 90 minutes or injected as a bolus with 0.5 ml of the same nicotine (200 {mu}g/L) solution. The animals were sacrificed 60 minutes after the injection or after the infusion was stopped. Blood and tissue samples were counted by liquid scintillation counting. Percent distribution of {sup 3}H-nicotine per gm of tissue wasmore » calculated from the total radioactivity recovered in individual tissues over the total activity injected into the rat and the values were compared using student's t test. Results: Distribution of {sup 3}H-nicotine was found highest in kidney (45-49%) among all tissues examined and was not different between routes of administration. Significantly higher retention of {sup 3}H-nicotine was found with continuous infusion in esophagus, fundus, antrum, spleen, cecum, pancreas, testes, heart and muscle when {sup 3}H-nicotine retentions were compared with bolus injection. In contrast, the distribution of {sup 3}H-nicotine in adrenal gland, was significantly lower in continuous infusion group. Distribution in blood was 6 fold higher in continuous infusion (7.26%) compared to bolus (1.11%) injection. The distribution {sup 3}H-nicotine in other tissues were not different by either routes of injection.« less

Power port contrast medium flushing and trapping: impact of temperature, an in vitro experimental study.

PubMed

Guiffant, Gérard; Durussel, Jean Jacques; Flaud, Patrice; Royon, Laurent; Marcy, Pierre Yves; Merckx, Jacques

2013-01-01

The use of totally implantable venous access devices (TIVADs) certified as "high pressure resistant" or "power port" has begun to spread worldwide as a safe procedure for power contrast injection. Owing to the thermo-rheological properties of the contrast media, the primary aim of this work is to present an in vitro experimental impact study concerning the impact of the temperature level on flushing efficiency after contrast medium injection. Moreover, we report experimental data that confirms the role of needle bevel orientation. The secondary aim is to answer the following questions: Is there significant device contrast medium trapping after contrast medium injection? Is saline flushing efficient? And, finally, is it safe to inject contrast medium through an indwelled port catheter? The experimental results show that in addition to hydrodynamics, temperature is a key parameter for the efficiency of device flushing after contrast medium injection. It appears that this is the case when the cavity is incompletely rinsed after three calibrated flushing volumes of 10 mL saline solution, even by using the Huber needle bevel opposite to the port exit. This leads to a potentially important trapped volume of contrast medium in the port, and consequently to the possibility of subsequent salt precipitates and long term trisubstituted benzene nuclei delivery that might impair the solute properties, which may be further injected via the power port later on. We thus suggest, in TIVADS patients, the use of a temporary supplementary intravenous line rather than the port to perform contrast medium injections in daily radiology routine practice.

Power port contrast medium flushing and trapping: impact of temperature, an in vitro experimental study

PubMed Central

Guiffant, Gérard; Durussel, Jean Jacques; Flaud, Patrice; Royon, Laurent; Marcy, Pierre Yves; Merckx, Jacques

2013-01-01

Purpose The use of totally implantable venous access devices (TIVADs) certified as “high pressure resistant” or “power port” has begun to spread worldwide as a safe procedure for power contrast injection. Owing to the thermo-rheological properties of the contrast media, the primary aim of this work is to present an in vitro experimental impact study concerning the impact of the temperature level on flushing efficiency after contrast medium injection. Moreover, we report experimental data that confirms the role of needle bevel orientation. The secondary aim is to answer the following questions: Is there significant device contrast medium trapping after contrast medium injection? Is saline flushing efficient? And, finally, is it safe to inject contrast medium through an indwelled port catheter? Results The experimental results show that in addition to hydrodynamics, temperature is a key parameter for the efficiency of device flushing after contrast medium injection. It appears that this is the case when the cavity is incompletely rinsed after three calibrated flushing volumes of 10 mL saline solution, even by using the Huber needle bevel opposite to the port exit. This leads to a potentially important trapped volume of contrast medium in the port, and consequently to the possibility of subsequent salt precipitates and long term trisubstituted benzene nuclei delivery that might impair the solute properties, which may be further injected via the power port later on. Conclusion We thus suggest, in TIVADS patients, the use of a temporary supplementary intravenous line rather than the port to perform contrast medium injections in daily radiology routine practice. PMID:24043959

The Effects of Hypertonic Dextrose Injection on Connective Tissue and Nerve Conduction through the Rabbit Carpal Tunnel

PubMed Central

Yoshii, Yuichi; Zhao, Chunfeng; Schmelzer, James D.; Low, Phillip A.; An, Kai-Nan; Amadio, Peter C.

2009-01-01

Objective To investigate the effects of hypertonic dextrose injection on the subsynovial connective tissue (SSCT) in a rabbit model. We hypothesized that dextrose injection would induce proliferation of the SSCT, hinder median nerve conduction, and alter SSCT mechanical properties similar to what is observed in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Design Randomized, controlled prospective study. Setting Not applicable. Participants New Zealand white rabbits (N=28) weighing 4.0 to 4.5kg. Intervention One fore paw was randomly injected with 0.1ml of 10% dextrose solution. The contralateral paw was injected with a similar amount of 0.9% saline solution as a control. Animals were sacrificed at 12 weeks after injection. Main Outcome Measures Animals were evaluated by electrophysiology (EP), mechanical testing, and histology. EP was evaluated by distal motor latency and amplitude. Shear force was evaluated when the middle digit flexor digitorum superficialis tendon was pulled out from the carpal tunnel. The ultimate tensile load and the energy absorption were also measured. Tissue for histology was evaluated qualitatively. Results EP demonstrated significant prolongation of distal motor latency. The energy absorption and stiffness were also significantly increased in the dextrose group. Histologically, the dextrose group showed thickening of the collagen bundles and vascular proliferation within the SSCT compared to the saline group. Conclusions These results are consistent with the findings in CTS patients and suggest that hypertonic dextrose injection has the potential to create a novel animal model in which to study the evolution of CTS. PMID:19236989

Conditioned invariant subspaces, disturbance decoupling and solutions of rational matrix equations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Li, Z.; Sastry, S. S.

1986-01-01

Conditioned invariant subspaces are introduced both in terms of output injection and in terms of state estimation. Various properties of these subspaces are explored and the problem of disturbance decoupling by output injection (OIP) is defined. It is then shown that OIP is equivalent to the problem of disturbance decoupled estimation as introduced in Willems (1982) and Willems and Commault (1980). Both solvability conditions and a description of solutions for a class of rational matrix equations of the form X(s)M(s) = Q(s) on several ways are given in state-space form. Finally, the problem of output stabilization with respect to a disturbance is briefly addressed.

Monitoring of In-Situ Remediation By Time Lapse 3D Geo-Electric Measurements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kanli, A. I.; Tildy, P.; Neducza, B.; Nagy, P.; Hegymegi, C.

2017-12-01

Injection of chemical oxidant solution to degrade the subsurface contaminants can be used for hydrocarbon contamination remediation. In this study, we developed a non-destructive measurement strategy to monitor oxidative in-situ remediation processes. The difficulties of the presented study originate from the small volume of conductive solution that can be used due to environmental considerations. Due to the effect of conductive groundwater and the high clay content of the targeted layer and the small volume of conductive solution that can be used due to environmental considerations, a site specific synthetic modelling is necessary for measurement design involving the results of preliminary 2D ERT measurements, electrical conductivity measurements of different active agents and expected resistivity changes calculated by soil resistivity modelling. Because of chemical biodegradation, the results of soil resistivity modelling have suggested that the reagent have complex effects on contaminated soils. As a result the plume of resistivity changes caused by the injected agent was determined showing strong fracturing effect because of the high pressure of injection. 3D time-lapse geo-electric measurements were proven to provide a usable monitoring tool for in-situ remediation as a result of our sophisticated tests and synthetic modelling.

Evaluation and Refinement of Euthanasia Methods for Xenopus laevis

PubMed Central

Torreilles, Stéphanie L; McClure, Diane E; Green, Sherril L

2009-01-01

The most common method of euthanasia for Xenopus species is by immersion in tricaine methane sulfonate solution (MS222). A wide range of doses of MS222 (0.5 to 5 g/L) have been recommended, but few reports describe dose–response testing, the time to loss of consciousness, or the reliability of euthanasia. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of immersing individual and groups of frogs in MS222 at concentrations ranging from 1 to 5 g/L for euthanasia and of 3 less-common methods: intracoelomic injection of MS222, intracoelomic injection of sodium pentobarbital with phenytoin, and ventral cutaneous application of benzocaine gel. Our results indicate that immersion for at least 1 h in a 5-g/L buffered solution of MS222, intracoelomic injection of 1100 mg/kg sodium pentobarbital with sodium phenytoin (equivalent to 0.3 mL solution per frog), or ventral cutaneous application of 182 mg/kg benzocaine (equivalent to a 2 cm × 1 mm of 20% benzocaine gel) is necessary to euthanize adult X. laevis and ensure complete cessation of the heartbeat without recovery. These doses are considerably higher than those previously recommended for this species. PMID:19807972

Articaine (4%) with epinephrine (1:100,000 or 1:200,000) in intraosseous injections in symptomatic irreversible pulpitis of mandibular molars: anesthetic efficacy and cardiovascular effects.

PubMed

Pereira, Leandro Augusto Pinto; Groppo, Francisco Carlos; Bergamaschi, Cristiane de Cássia; Meechan, John Gerard; Ramacciato, Juliana Cama; Motta, Rogério Heládio Lopes; Ranali, José

2013-08-01

The aim of this study was to compare the cardiovascular effects and the anesthetic efficacy of intraosseous injections of 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine (EPI100) or 4% articaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine (EPI200). In this prospective, randomized, double-blind study, 0.9 mL EPI100 and EPI200 solutions were administered for endodontic treatment of mandibular molars with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis in 60 patients. The anesthetic success and pain during anesthesia were evaluated by visual analog scale. The cardiovascular parameters evaluated were heart rate, diastolic/systolic blood pressure, pulse oximetry, and electrocardiogram changes. Both solutions provided high anesthetic efficacy (96.8% and 93.1% for EPI100 and EPI200, respectively; P > .05), and the cardiovascular parameters showed minimal incidences of significant differences throughout the clinical procedure. The epinephrine concentration did not affect the efficacy of 4% articaine, and both solutions produced a high success level of pulpal anesthesia. Intraosseous delivery by slow speed of injection did not induce significant clinical changes in cardiovascular parameters. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Enhanced Amendment Delivery to Subsurface Using Shear Thinning Fluid and Aqueous Foam for Metal, Radionuclide, and NAPL Remediation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhong, L.; Szecsody, J.; Li, X.; Oostrom, M.; Truex, M.

2010-12-01

In many contamination sites, removal of contaminants by any active remediation efforts is not practical due to the high cost and technological limitations. Alternatively, in situ remediation is expected to be the most important remediation strategy. Delivery of reactive amendment to the contamination zone is essential for the reactions between the contaminants and remedial amendments to proceed in situ. It is a challenge to effectively deliver remedial amendment to the subsurface contamination source areas in both aquifer and vadose zone. In aquifer, heterogeneity induces fluid bypassing the low-permeability zones, resulting in certain contaminated areas inaccessible to the remedial amendment delivered by water injection, thus inhibiting the success of remedial operations. In vadose zone in situ remediation, conventional solution injection and infiltration for amendment delivery have difficulties to achieve successful lateral spreading and uniform distribution of the reactive media. These approaches also tend to displace highly mobile metal and radionuclide contaminants such as hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] and technetium (Tc-99), causing spreading of contaminations. Shear thinning fluid and aqueous foam can be applied to enhance the amendment delivery and improve in situ subsurface remediation efficiency under aquifer and vadose zone conditions, respectively. Column and 2-D flow cell experiments were conducted to demonstrate the enhanced delivery and improved remediation achieved by the application of shear thinning fluid and foam injection at the laboratory scale. Solutions of biopolymer xanthan gum were used as the shear thinning delivering fluids. Surfactant sodium lauryl ether sulfate (STEOL CS-330) was the foaming agent. The shear thinning fluid delivery (STFD) considerably improved the sweeping efficiency over a heterogeneous system and enhanced the non-aqueous liquid phase (NAPL) removal. The delivery of amendment into low-perm zones (LPZs) by STFD also increased the persistence of amendment solution in the LPZs after injection. Immobilization of Tc-99 was improved when a reductant was delivered by foam versus by water-based solution to contaminated vadose zone sediments. Foam delivery remarkably improved the lateral distribution of fluids compared to direct liquid injection. In heterogeneous vadose zone formation, foam injection increased the liquid flow in the high permeable zones into which very limited fluid was distributed during liquid infiltration, demonstrating improved amendment distribution uniformity in the heterogeneous system by foam delivery.

Initiation and propagation of a PKN hydraulic fracture in permeable rock: Toughness dominated regime

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sarvaramini, E.; Garagash, D.

2011-12-01

The present work investigates the injection of a low-viscosity fluid into a pre-existing fracture with constrained height (PKN), as in waterflooding or supercritical CO2 injection. Contrary to conventional hydraulic fracturing, where 'cake build up' limits diffusion to a small zone, the low viscosity fluid allows for diffusion over a wider range of scales. Over large injection times the pattern becomes 2 or 3-D, necessitating a full-space diffusion modeling. In addition, the dissipation of energy associated with fracturing of rock dominates the energy needed for the low-viscosity fluid flow into the propagating crack. As a result, the fracture toughness is important in evaluating both the initiation and the ensuing propagation of these fractures. Classical PKN hydraulic fracturing model, amended to account for full-space leak-off and the toughness [Garagash, unpublished 2009], is used to evaluate the pressure history and fluid leak-off volume during the injection of low viscosity fluid into a pre-existing and initially stationary. In order to find the pressure history, the stationary crack is first subject to a step pressure increase. The response of the porous medium to the step pressure increase in terms of fluid leak-off volume provides the fundamental solution, which then can be used to find the transient pressurization using Duhamel theorem [Detournay & Cheng, IJSS 1991]. For the step pressure increase an integral equation technique is used to find the leak-off rate history. For small time the solution must converge to short time asymptote, which corresponds to 1-D diffusion pattern. However, as the diffusion length in the zone around the fracture increases the assumption of a 1-D pattern is no longer valid and the diffusion follows a 2-D pattern. The solution to the corresponding integral equation gives the leak-off rate history, which is used to find the cumulative leak-off volume. The transient pressurization solution is obtained using global conservation of fluid injected into the fracture. With increasing pressure in the fracture due to the fluid injection, the energy release rate eventually becomes equal to the toughness and fracture propagates. The evolution of the fracture length is established using the method similar to the one employed for the stationary crack.

Comparison of intraosseous and infiltration injections for venous lidocaine blood concentrations and heart rate changes after injection of 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine.

PubMed

Wood, Mark; Reader, Al; Nusstein, John; Beck, Mike; Padgett, David; Weaver, Joel

2005-06-01

The purpose of this prospective, randomized study was to compare the venous blood levels of lidocaine and heart rate changes after intraosseous and infiltration injections of 1.8 ml of 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine. Using a crossover design, 20 subjects randomly received an intraosseous and infiltration injection at two separate appointments. The heart rate was measured using a pulse oximeter. Venous blood samples were collected before the injections and at 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45, and 60 min after the injections. The blinded plasma samples were analyzed for lidocaine concentrations using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The intraosseous injection resulted in a statistically significant increase in heart rate, when compared to the infiltration injection, during solution deposition and for 2 min after the injection. The plasma levels of lidocaine were not statistically different for maxillary anterior intraosseous and infiltration injections when using 1.8 ml of 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine.

pH-responsive self-healing injectable hydrogel based on N-carboxyethyl chitosan for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy.

PubMed

Qu, Jin; Zhao, Xin; Ma, Peter X; Guo, Baolin

2017-08-01

Injectable hydrogels with pH-responsiveness and self-healing ability have great potential for anti-cancer drug delivery. Herein, we developed a series of polysaccharide-based self-healing hydrogels with pH-sensitivity as drug delivery vehicles for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy. The hydrogels were prepared by using N-carboxyethyl chitosan (CEC) synthesized via Michael reaction in aqueous solution and dibenzaldehyde-terminated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEGDA). Doxorubicin (Dox), as a model of water-soluble small molecule anti-cancer drug was encapsulated into the hydrogel in situ. Self-healing behavior of the hydrogels was investigated at microscopic and macroscopic levels, and the hydrogels showed rapid self-healing performance without any external stimulus owing to the dynamic covalent Schiff-base linkage between amine groups from CEC and benzaldehyde groups from PEGDA. The chemical structures, rheological property, in vitro gel degradation, morphology, gelation time and in vitro Dox release behavior from the hydrogels were characterized. Injectability was verified by in vitro injection and in vivo subcutaneous injection in a rat. pH-responsive behavior was verified by in vitro Dox release from hydrogels in PBS solutions with different pH values. Furthermore, the activity of Dox released from hydrogel matrix was evaluated by employing human hepatocellular liver carcinoma (HepG2). Cytotoxicity test of the hydrogels using L929 cells confirmed their good cytocompatibility. Together, these pH-responsive self-healing injectable hydrogels are excellent candidates as drug delivery vehicles for liver cancer treatment. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: pH-responsive drug delivery system could release drug efficiently in targeted acid environment and minimalize the amount of drug release in normal physiological environment. pH-sensitive injectable hydrogels as smart anti-cancer drug delivery carriers show great potential application for cancer therapy. The hydrogels with self-healing property could prolong their lifetime during implantation and provide the advantage of minimally invasive surgery and high drug-loading ratio. This work reported the design of a series of pH-responsive self-healing injectable hydrogels based on N-carboxyethyl chitosan synthesized in aqueous solution and dibenzaldehyde-terminated poly(ethylene glycol) via a green approach, and demonstrated their potential as intelligent delivery vehicle of doxorubicin for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy via the pH-responsive nature of dynamic Schiff base. Copyright © 2017 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Elimination of boron memory effect in inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry by ammonia gas injection into the spray chamber during analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Al-Ammar, Assad S.; Gupta, Rajesh K.; Barnes, Ramon M.

2000-06-01

Injection of 10-20 ml/min of ammonia gas into an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) spray chamber during boron determination eliminates the memory effect of a 1 μg/ml B solution within a 2-min washing time. Ammonia gas injection also reduces the boron blank by a factor of four and enhances the sensitivity by 33-90%. Boron detection limits are improved from 12 and 14 to 3 and 4 ng/ml, respectively, for two ICP-MS instruments. Trace boron concentrations in certified reference materials agree well using ammonia gas injection.

Efficacy and nontarget impact of midstory injection in bottomland hardwoods

Treesearch

James C. Rainer; Derek K. Alkire; Andrew B. Self; Andrew W. Ezell; Stephen Demarais; Bronson K. Strickland

2013-01-01

Despite the well-documented need for midstory control in bottomland hardwood regeneration, little research has documented the efficacy of such efforts, or the potential negative effects on nontarget stems. More than 72,000 midstory stems located on 90 acres of northern Mississippi bottomland hardwood forest were injected with an imazapyr solution during August 2009....

Simulation of a Single-Element Lean-Direct Injection Combustor Using a Polyhedral Mesh Derived from Hanging-Node Elements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wey, Thomas; Liu, Nan-Suey

2013-01-01

This paper summarizes the procedures of generating a polyhedral mesh derived from hanging-node elements as well as presents sample results from its application to the numerical solution of a single element lean direct injection (LDI) combustor using an open-source version of the National Combustion Code (NCC).

Comparing (Semi-) Analytic Solutions Used to Model the Impact of Deep Carbon Injection on the Displacement and Pressurization of the Resident Brine

EPA Science Inventory

Injection of carbon dioxide into deep saline formations is seen as one possible technology for mitigating carbon emissions from utilities. The safety of the sequestered carbon dioxide is the focus of many studies with leakage through faults or abandoned wells as some of the main...

Anesthetic efficacy of the supplemental intraosseous injection of 3% mepivacaine in irreversible pulpitis.

PubMed

Reisman, D; Reader, A; Nist, R; Beck, M; Weaver, J

1997-12-01

To determine the efficacy of a supplemental intraosseous injection of 3% mepivacaine in mandibular posterior teeth with irreversible pulpitis. Intraosseous injection pain, subjective heart rate increase, and pain ratings during endodontic treatment were also assessed. Forty-eight patients with irreversible pulpitis received conventional inferior alveolar nerve blocks. Electric pulp testing was used to determine pulpal anesthesia. Patients who were positive to the pulp testing, or negative to pulp testing but felt pain during endodontic treatment, received an intraosseous injection of 1.8 ml of 3% mepivacaine. A second intraosseous injection of 3% mepivacaine (1.8 ml) was given if the first injection was unsuccessful. Seventy-five percent of patients required an initial intraosseous injection because of failure to gain pulpal anesthesia. The inferior alveolar block was 25% successful; the first intraosseous injection increased success to 80%. A second intraosseous injection further increased success to 98%. These differences were significant (p < 0.05). Eight percent (4/48) of the initial intraosseous injections resulted in solution being expressed into the oral cavity: these were considered technique failures. For mandibular posterior teeth with irreversible pulpitis, a supplemental intraosseous injection of 3% mepivacaine increased anesthetic success. A second intraosseous injection, when necessary, further improved success.

Comparative evaluation of propofol in nanoemulsion with solutol and soy lecithin for general anesthesia.

PubMed

Rittes, José Carlos; Cagno, Guilherme; Perez, Marcelo Vaz; Mathias, Ligia Andrade da Silva Telles

2016-01-01

The vehicle for propofol in 1 and 2% solutions is soybean oil emulsion 10%, which may cause pain on injection, instability of the solution and bacterial contamination. Formulations have been proposed aiming to change the vehicle and reduce these adverse reactions. To compare the incidence of pain caused by the injection of propofol, with a hypothesis of reduction associated with nanoemulsion and the occurrence of local and systemic adverse effects with both formulations. After approval by the CEP, patients undergoing gynecological procedures were included in this prospective study: control (n=25) and nanoemulsion (n=25) groups. Heart rate, noninvasive blood pressure and peripheral oxygen saturation were monitored. Demographics and physical condition were analyzed; surgical time and total volume used of propofol; local or systemic adverse effects; changes in variables monitored. A value of p<0.05 was considered significant. There was no difference between groups regarding demographic data, surgical times, total volume of propofol used, arm withdrawal, pain during injection and variables monitored. There was a statistically significant difference in pain intensity at the time of induction of anesthesia, with less pain intensity in the nanoemulsion group. Both lipid and nanoemulsion formulations of propofol elicited pain on intravenous injection; however, the nanoemulsion solution elicited a less intense pain. Lipid and nanoemulsion propofol formulations showed neither hemodynamic changes nor adverse effects of clinical relevance. Copyright © 2014 Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.

Foam-assisted delivery of nanoscale zero valent iron in porous media

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ding, Yuanzhao; Liu, Bo; Shen, Xin

2013-09-01

Foam is potentially a promising vehicle to deliver nanoparticles for vadose zone remediation as foam can overcome the intrinsic problems associated with solution-based delivery, such as preferential flow and contaminant mobilization. In this work, the feasibility of using foam to deliver nanoscale zero valent iron (nZVI) in unsaturated porous media was investigated. Foams generated using surfactant sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES) showed excellent ability to carry nZVI. SLES and nZVI concentrations in the foaming solutions did not affect the percentages of nZVI concentrations in foams relative to nZVI concentrations in the solutions. When foams carrying nZVI were injected through themore » unsaturated columns, the fractions of nZVI exiting the column were much higher than those when nZVI was injected in liquid. The enhanced nZVI transport implies that foam delivery could significantly increase the radius of influence of injected nZVI. The type and concentrations of surfactants and the influent nZVI concentrations did not noticeably affect nZVI transport during foam delivery. In contrast, nZVI retention increased considerably as the grain size of porous media decreased. Oxidation of foam-delivered nZVI due to oxygen diffusion into unsaturated porous media was visually examined using a flow cell. It was demonstrated that if foams are injected to cover a deep vadose zone layer, oxidation would only cause a small fraction of foam-delivered nZVI to be oxidized before it reacts with contaminants.« less

Novel approaches to analysis by flow injection gradient titration.

PubMed

Wójtowicz, Marzena; Kozak, Joanna; Kościelniak, Paweł

2007-09-26

Two novel procedures for flow injection gradient titration with the use of a single stock standard solution are proposed. In the multi-point single-line (MP-SL) method the calibration graph is constructed on the basis of a set of standard solutions, which are generated in a standard reservoir and subsequently injected into the titrant. According to the single-point multi-line (SP-ML) procedure the standard solution and a sample are injected into the titrant stream from four loops of different capacities, hence four calibration graphs are able to be constructed and the analytical result is calculated on the basis of a generalized slope of these graphs. Both approaches have been tested on the example of spectrophotometric acid-base titration of hydrochloric and acetic acids with using bromothymol blue and phenolphthalein as indicators, respectively, and sodium hydroxide as a titrant. Under optimized experimental conditions the analytical results of precision less than 1.8 and 2.5% (RSD) and of accuracy less than 3.0 and 5.4% (relative error (RE)) were obtained for MP-SL and SP-ML procedures, respectively, in ranges of 0.0031-0.0631 mol L(-1) for samples of hydrochloric acid and of 0.1680-1.7600 mol L(-1) for samples of acetic acid. The feasibility of both methods was illustrated by applying them to the total acidity determination in vinegar samples with precision lower than 0.5 and 2.9% (RSD) for MP-SL and SP-ML procedures, respectively.

Recovery of rat muscle size but not function more than 1 year after a single botulinum toxin injection.

PubMed

Ward, Samuel R; Minamoto, Viviane B; Suzuki, Kentaro P; Hulst, Jonah B; Bremner, Shannon N; Lieber, Richard L

2018-03-01

Neurotoxin injection is used to treat a wide variety of neuromuscular disorders. The purpose of this study was to measure the functional and structural properties of botulinum toxin-injected adult rat skeletal muscle over nearly the entire lifespan. Ten groups of animals were subjected to either neurotoxin injection [Botox, Type A (BT-A); Allergan, Irvine, California] or saline solution injection. Neurotoxin-injected animals (n = 90) were analyzed at different time-points: 1 week; 1 month; 3 months; 6 months; 12 months; or 18 months. In spite of the recovery of structural features, such as muscle mass and fiber area, dorsiflexion torque production remained significantly depressed by 25%, even at 12 months after neurotoxin injection. The data demonstrate that, after a single BT-A injection, although gross muscle morphology recovered over a 12-month time period, loss of contractile function did not recover. Muscle Nerve 57: 435-441, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

21 CFR 522.810 - Embutramide, chloroquine, and lidocaine solution.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... euthanasia. (3) Limitations. Not for use in animals intended for food. Federal law restricts this drug to use... SERVICES (CONTINUED) ANIMAL DRUGS, FEEDS, AND RELATED PRODUCTS IMPLANTATION OR INJECTABLE DOSAGE FORM NEW ANIMAL DRUGS § 522.810 Embutramide, chloroquine, and lidocaine solution. (a) Specifications. Each...

21 CFR 522.810 - Embutramide, chloroquine, and lidocaine solution.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... euthanasia. (3) Limitations. Not for use in animals intended for food. Federal law restricts this drug to use... SERVICES (CONTINUED) ANIMAL DRUGS, FEEDS, AND RELATED PRODUCTS IMPLANTATION OR INJECTABLE DOSAGE FORM NEW ANIMAL DRUGS § 522.810 Embutramide, chloroquine, and lidocaine solution. (a) Specifications. Each...

21 CFR 522.810 - Embutramide, chloroquine, and lidocaine solution.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... euthanasia. (3) Limitations. Not for use in animals intended for food. Federal law restricts this drug to use... SERVICES (CONTINUED) ANIMAL DRUGS, FEEDS, AND RELATED PRODUCTS IMPLANTATION OR INJECTABLE DOSAGE FORM NEW ANIMAL DRUGS § 522.810 Embutramide, chloroquine, and lidocaine solution. (a) Specifications. Each...

21 CFR 522.810 - Embutramide, chloroquine, and lidocaine solution.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... euthanasia. (3) Limitations. Not for use in animals intended for food. Federal law restricts this drug to use... SERVICES (CONTINUED) ANIMAL DRUGS, FEEDS, AND RELATED PRODUCTS IMPLANTATION OR INJECTABLE DOSAGE FORM NEW ANIMAL DRUGS § 522.810 Embutramide, chloroquine, and lidocaine solution. (a) Specifications. Each...

A Comprehensive Strategy to Evaluate Compatible Stability of Chinese Medicine Injection and Infusion Solutions Based on Chemical Analysis and Bioactivity Assay.

PubMed

Li, Jian-Ping; Liu, Yang; Guo, Jian-Ming; Shang, Er-Xin; Zhu, Zhen-Hua; Zhu, Kevin Y; Tang, Yu-Ping; Zhao, Bu-Chang; Tang, Zhi-Shu; Duan, Jin-Ao

2017-01-01

Stability of traditional Chinese medicine injection (TCMI) is an important issue related with its clinical application. TCMI is composed of multi-components, therefore, when evaluating TCMI stability, several marker compounds cannot represent global components or biological activities of TCMI. Till now, when evaluating TCMI stability, method involving the global components or biological activities has not been reported. In this paper, we established a comprehensive strategy composed of three different methods to evaluate the chemical and biological stability of a typical TCMI, Danhong injection (DHI). UHPLC-TQ/MS was used to analyze the stability of marker compounds (SaA, SaB, RA, DSS, PA, CA, and SG) in DHI, UHPLC-QTOF/MS was used to analyze the stability of global components (MW 80-1000 Da) in DHI, and cell based antioxidant capability assay was used to evaluate the bioactivity of DHI. We applied this strategy to assess the compatible stability of DHI and six infusion solutions (GS, NS, GNS, FI, XI, and DGI), which were commonly used in combination with DHI in clinic. GS was the best infusion solution for DHI, and DGI was the worst one based on marker compounds analysis. Based on global components analysis, XI and DGI were the worst infusion solutions for DHI. And based on bioactivity assay, GS was the best infusion solution for DHI, and XI was the worst one. In conclusion, as evaluated by the established comprehensive strategy, GS was the best infusion solution, however, XI and DGI were the worst infusion solutions for DHI. In the compatibility of DHI and XI or DGI, salvianolic acids in DHI would be degraded, resulting in the reduction of original composition and generation of new components, and leading to the changes of biological activities. This is the essence of instability compatibility of DHI and some infusion solutions. Our study provided references for choosing the reasonable infusion solutions for DHI, which could contribute the improvement of safety and efficacy of DHI. Moreover, the established strategy may be applied for the compatible stability evaluation of other TCMIs.

Stability studies of lincomycin hydrochloride in aqueous solution and intravenous infusion fluids.

PubMed

Czarniak, Petra; Boddy, Michael; Sunderland, Bruce; Hughes, Jeff D

2016-01-01

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the chemical stability of Lincocin(®) (lincomycin hydrochloride) in commonly used intravenous fluids at room temperature (25°C), at accelerated-degradation temperatures and in selected buffer solutions. The stability of Lincocin(®) injection (containing lincomycin 600 mg/2 mL as the hydrochloride) stored at 25°C±0.1°C in sodium lactate (Hartmann's), 0.9% sodium chloride, 5% glucose, and 10% glucose solutions was investigated over 31 days. Forced degradation of Lincocin(®) in hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, and hydrogen peroxide was performed at 60°C. The effect of pH on the degradation rate of lincomycin hydrochloride stored at 80°C was determined. Lincomycin hydrochloride w as found to maintain its shelf life at 25°C in sodium lactate (Hartmann's) solution, 0.9% sodium chloride solution, 5% glucose solution, and 10% glucose solution, with less than 5% lincomycin degradation occurring in all intravenous solutions over a 31-day period. Lincomycin hydrochloride showed less rapid degradation at 60°C in acid than in basic solution, but degraded rapidly in hydrogen peroxide. At all pH values tested, lincomycin followed first-order kinetics. It had the greatest stability near pH 4 when stored at 80°C (calculated shelf life of 4.59 days), and was least stable at pH 2 (calculated shelf life of 0.38 days). Lincocin(®) injection was chemically found to have a shelf life of at least 31 days at 25°C when added to sodium lactate (Hartmann's) solution, 0.9% sodium chloride solution, 5% glucose solution, and 10% glucose solution. Solutions prepared at approximately pH 4 are likely to have optimum stability.

PH Sensitive Polymers for Improving Reservoir Sweep and Conformance Control in Chemical Flooring

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mukul Sharma; Steven Bryant; Chun Huh

There is an increasing opportunity to recover bypassed oil from depleted, mature oilfields in the US. The recovery factor in many reservoirs is low due to inefficient displacement of the oil by injected fluids (typically water). The use of chemical flooding methods to increase recovery efficiencies is severely constrained by the inability of the injected chemicals to contact the bypassed oil. Low sweep efficiencies are the primary cause of low oil recoveries observed in the field in chemical flooding operations even when lab studies indicate high oil recovery efficiency. Any technology that increases the ability of chemical flooding agents tomore » better contact the remaining oil and reduce the amount of water produced in conjunction with the produced oil will have a significant impact on the cost of producing oil domestically in the US. This translates directly into additional economically recoverable reserves, which extends the economic lives of marginal and mature wells. The objective of this research project was to develop a low-cost, pH-triggered polymer for use in IOR processes to improve reservoir sweep efficiency and reservoir conformance in chemical flooding. Rheological measurements made on the polymer solution, clearly show that it has a low viscosity at low pH and exhibits a sudden increase in viscosity (by 2 orders of magnitude or more) at a pH of 3.5 to 4. This implies that the polymer would preferentially flow into zones containing water since the effective permeability to water is highest in these zones. As the pH of the zone increases due to the buffering capacity of the reservoir rock, the polymer solution undergoes a liquid to gel transition causing a sharp increase in the viscosity of the polymer solution in these zones. This allows operationally robust, in-depth conformance treatment of such water bearing zones and better mobility control. The rheological properties of HPAM solutions were measured. These include: steady-shear viscosity and viscoelastic behavior as functions of pH; shear rate; polymer concentration; salinity, including divalent ion effects; polymer molecular weight; and degree of hydrolysis. A comprehensive rheological model was developed for HPAM solution rheology in terms of: shear rate; pH; polymer concentration; and salinity, so that the spatial and temporal changes in viscosity during the polymer flow in the reservoir can be accurately modeled. A series of acid coreflood experiments were conducted to understand the geochemical reactions relevant for both the near-wellbore injection profile control and for conformance control applications. These experiments showed that the use hydrochloric acid as a pre-flush is not viable because of the high reaction rate with the rock. The use of citric acid as a pre-flush was found to be quite effective. This weak acid has a slow rate of reaction with the rock and can buffer the pH to below 3.5 for extended periods of time. With the citric acid pre-flush the polymer could be efficiently propagated through the core in a low pH environment i.e. at a low viscosity. The transport of various HPAM solutions was studied in sandstones, in terms of permeability reduction, mobility reduction, adsorption and inaccessible pore volume with different process variables: injection pH, polymer concentration, polymer molecular weight, salinity, degree of hydrolysis, and flow rate. Measurements of polymer effluent profiles and tracer tests show that the polymer retention increases at the lower pH. A new simulation capability to model the deep-penetrating mobility control or conformance control using pH-sensitive polymer was developed. The core flood acid injection experiments were history matched to estimate geochemical reaction rates. Preliminary scale-up simulations employing linear and radial geometry floods in 2-layer reservoir models were conducted. It is clearly shown that the injection rate of pH-sensitive polymer solutions can be significantly increased by injecting it at a pH below 3.5 (at a fixed bottom-hole pressure). This improvement in injectivity by a factor of 2 to 10 can have a significant impact on the economics of chemical flooding and conformance control applications. Simulation tools and experimental data presented in this report help to design and implement such polymer injection projects.« less

21 CFR 522.1850 - Polysulfated glycosaminoglycan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... § 522.1850 Polysulfated glycosaminoglycan. (a) Specifications. (1) Each 1-milliliter (mL) ampule of solution contains 250 milligrams (mg) polysulfated glycosaminoglycan. (2) Each mL of solution packaged in 5... weekly for up to 4 weeks (maximum of 8 injections). [72 FR 56896, Oct. 5, 2007, as amended at 74 FR 67816...

21 CFR 522.380 - Chloral hydrate, pentobarbital, and magnesium sulfate sterile aqueous solution.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 6 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Chloral hydrate, pentobarbital, and magnesium... INJECTABLE DOSAGE FORM NEW ANIMAL DRUGS § 522.380 Chloral hydrate, pentobarbital, and magnesium sulfate sterile aqueous solution. (a) [Reserved] (b)(1) Specifications. Chloral hydrate, pentobarbital, and...

21 CFR 522.380 - Chloral hydrate, pentobarbital, and magnesium sulfate sterile aqueous solution.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 6 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Chloral hydrate, pentobarbital, and magnesium... INJECTABLE DOSAGE FORM NEW ANIMAL DRUGS § 522.380 Chloral hydrate, pentobarbital, and magnesium sulfate sterile aqueous solution. (a) [Reserved] (b)(1) Specifications. Chloral hydrate, pentobarbital, and...

21 CFR 522.380 - Chloral hydrate, pentobarbital, and magnesium sulfate sterile aqueous solution.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 6 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Chloral hydrate, pentobarbital, and magnesium... INJECTABLE DOSAGE FORM NEW ANIMAL DRUGS § 522.380 Chloral hydrate, pentobarbital, and magnesium sulfate sterile aqueous solution. (a) [Reserved] (b)(1) Specifications. Chloral hydrate, pentobarbital, and...

21 CFR 522.380 - Chloral hydrate, pentobarbital, and magnesium sulfate sterile aqueous solution.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 6 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Chloral hydrate, pentobarbital, and magnesium... INJECTABLE DOSAGE FORM NEW ANIMAL DRUGS § 522.380 Chloral hydrate, pentobarbital, and magnesium sulfate sterile aqueous solution. (a) [Reserved] (b)(1) Specifications. Chloral hydrate, pentobarbital, and...

Identification of the Allergenic Ingredients in Reduning Injection by Ultrafiltration and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography.

PubMed

Wang, Fang; Li, Cun-yu; Zheng, Yun-feng; Li, Hong-yang; Xiao, Wei; Peng, Guo-ping

2016-01-01

Reduning injection is a traditional Chinese medicine injection which has multiple functions such as clearing heat, dispelling wind, and detoxification. Although Reduning injection was widely utilized, reports of its allergenicity emerged one after another. However, there is little research on its allergenic substances. The aim of this study is to evaluate the sensitization of Reduning injection and explore the underlying cause of the anaphylactic reaction. The main ingredients in Reduning injection were analyzed before and after ultrafiltration. Ultrafiltrate Reduning injection, unfiltered Reduning injection, egg albumin, Tween-80, and nine effective components in Reduning injection were utilized to sensitize guinea pigs. The serum 5-hydroxytryptamine level was used to assess the sensitization effect of Reduning injection. We found a significant decrease in Tween-80 content comparing to other components in the injection after ultrafiltration. Unfiltered Reduning injection, Tween-80, chlorogenic acid, and cryptochlorogenin acid caused remarkable anaphylactoid reaction on guinea pigs while ultrafiltration Reduning resulted in a significantly lower degree of sensitization. Our results suggest that ultrafiltration could significantly reduce the sensitization of Reduning injection, which is likely due to the decrease of Tween-80. We also conjectured that the form of chlorogenic acid and cryptochlorogenin acid within the complex solution mixture may also affect the sensitizing effect.

A Numerical Simulation of a Normal Sonic Jet into a Hypersonic Cross-Flow

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jeffries, Damon K.; Krishnamurthy, Ramesh; Chandra, Suresh

1997-01-01

This study involves numerical modeling of a normal sonic jet injection into a hypersonic cross-flow. The numerical code used for simulation is GASP (General Aerodynamic Simulation Program.) First the numerical predictions are compared with well established solutions for compressible laminar flow. Then comparisons are made with non-injection test case measurements of surface pressure distributions. Good agreement with the measurements is observed. Currently comparisons are underway with the injection case. All the experimental data were generated at the Southampton University Light Piston Isentropic Compression Tube.

Researches on direct injection in internal-combustion engines

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tuscher, Jean E

1941-01-01

These researches present a solution for reducing the fatigue of the Diesel engine by permitting the preservation of its components and, at the same time, raising its specific horsepower to a par with that of carburetor engines, while maintaining for the Diesel engine its perogative of burning heavy fuel under optimum economical conditions. The feeding of Diesel engines by injection pumps actuated by engine compression achieves the required high speeds of injection readily and permits rigorous control of the combustible charge introduced into each cylinder and of the peak pressure in the resultant cycle.

Depression as Measured by the Beck Depression Inventory-II among Injecting Drug Users

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Johnson, Mark E.; Neal, David B.; Brems, Christiane; Fisher, Dennis G.

2006-01-01

This study conducts a confirmatory factor analysis of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) with a sample of 598 individuals who reported recent injecting drug use. Findings indicate that out of four models tested, the best model for this sample is a three-factor solution (somatic, affective, and cognitive) previously reported by Buckley,…

[Bed-side management of post-operative bleeding in transurethral resection of the prostate--hemostatic trial with thrombin solution injected into the resected cavity of the prostate].

PubMed

Hasegawa, S; Nakashima, J; Kimura, S

1987-08-01

To control post-operative bleeding from the resected cavity in transurethral resection of the prostate (TUR-P), 20,000 units of thrombin dissolved in 5-20 ml of physiological saline was injected into the cavity in one shot with a new type of 3-way Foley catheter. The catheter has two holes close to the balloon, and the holes provide outlets through which the solution is directly injected into the cavity. Out of 23 patients between 58 and 87 years old, 11 were given thrombin and 12 were control cases. In each case, urine blood volume (ml/hr) was determined before (a) and after (b) injection. The hemostatic effect was assessed with a "hemostatic index" of b/a. There was a statistically significant difference in the hemostatic indices between thrombin group and the control. (p less than 0.02) This new hemostatic method proved to be a very useful easy bed-side technique to control bleeding even in sudden bleeding after TUR-P. No serious side effects were found during the course of this study.

Visual compatibility of defibrotide with selected drugs during simulated Y-site administration.

PubMed

Correard, Florian; Savry, Amandine; Gauthier-Villano, Laurence; Pisano, Pascale; Pourroy, Bertrand

2014-08-01

The visual compatibility of a solution of defibrotide (the only drug recommended for treatment and prophylaxis of hepatic venoocclusive disease) with solutions of various drugs commonly administered in bone marrow transplant procedures was studied. Solutions of 43 drug products in concentrations typically used in clinical practice were evaluated in 1:1 mixtures with defibrotide solution in glass tubes kept at room temperature. The evaluated products included antiinfectious, corticoid, sedative, analgesic, and cardiovascular agents widely used for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and other marrow transplant procedures; in most cases, test solutions were prepared via dilution in or reconstitution with sterile water, 0.9% sodium chloride injection, or 5% dextrose injection. The mixtures were visually observed immediately after manual mixing and at specified time points (60, 150, and 240 minutes). Visual compatibility was defined as the absence of color change, haze, fibers, particles, gas generation, and precipitate formation. The effect of mixing order on visual compatibility was ascertained. Of the 43 tested drug solutions, 36 were found to be visually compatible with the defibrotide solution over the entire four-hour study period. Solutions of 7 drugs (amikacin, furosemide, midazolam, mycophenolate mofetil, nicardipine, tobramycin, and vancomycin) were visually incompatible with defibrotide solution. In some cases, evidence of incompatibility was observed intermittently or was dependent on mixing order. Defibrotide solution was found to be visually compatible with solutions of 36 i.v. products that are likely to be coadministered with the drug in a bone marrow transplant unit. Seven drug solutions were visually incompatible with defibrotide solution. Copyright © 2014 by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. All rights reserved.

Comparison of Descemet stripping under continuous air flow, manual air injection and balanced salt solution for DMEK: a pilot study.

PubMed

Gabbay, I E; Bahar, I; Nahum, Y; Livny, E

2017-08-01

Descemet's membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) involves removal of the recipient's Descemet membrane (DM) prior to transplanting the donor's DM. When using balanced salt solution (BSS) or ophthalmic viscosurgical devices (OVDs), visualization of the host's DM during its stripping may be inadequate and may result in Descemet remnants and could lead to sub-optimal surgical results. Previous articles described excellent visualization when utilizing air injection but this requires repeated air injection into the anterior chamber (AC). We present a pilot study that compares different techniques under which DM stripping can be performed: with continuous automated air infusion, with manual air infusion, and with BSS. We retrospectively compared video footage of DM stripping with BSS, with continuous air and with manual injection of air into the AC to determine DM stripping duration and the number of times the surgeon had to insert and retrieve a surgical instrument from the AC. Thirty videos of 10 consecutive cases of the three DM stripping techniques were evaluated. DM stripping duration was 3.26 (±1.32), 3.92 (±1.2) and 12.9 (±3.98) minutes for BSS, continuous air flow, and manual air injection, respectively. Frequency of instrument retrieval (FIR) was 3.6 (±1.71), 1.5 (±0.71) and 15.1 (±3.28) for BSS, continuous air flow, and manual air injection, respectively. Continuous air flow and BSS were both statistically different than manual air injection into the AC (p < 0.05), but did not differ from one another statistically. DM stripping during posterior lamellar surgery is imperative for favorable post-operative results and prevention of complications. Performing this step under air in the AC contributes to better visualization and an efficient surgery.

Characterizing the Potential for Injection-Induced Fault Reactivation Through Subsurface Structural Mapping and Stress Field Analysis, Wellington Field, Sumner County, Kansas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schwab, Drew R.; Bidgoli, Tandis S.; Taylor, Michael H.

2017-12-01

Kansas, like other parts of the central U.S., has experienced a recent increase in seismicity. Correlation of these events with brine disposal operations suggests pore fluid pressure increases are reactivating preexisting faults, but rigorous evaluation at injection sites is lacking. Here we determine the suitability of CO2 injection into the Cambrian-Ordovician Arbuckle Group for long-term storage and into a Mississippian reservoir for enhanced oil recovery in Wellington Field, Sumner County, Kansas. To determine the potential for injection-induced earthquakes, we map subsurface faults and estimate in situ stresses, perform slip and dilation tendency analyses to identify well-oriented faults relative to the estimated stress field, and determine the pressure changes required to induce slip at reservoir and basement depths. Three-dimensional seismic reflection data reveal 12 near-vertical faults, mostly striking NNE, consistent with nodal planes from moment tensor solutions from recent earthquakes in the region. Most of the faults cut both reservoirs and several clearly penetrate the Precambrian basement. Drilling-induced fractures (N = 40) identified from image logs and inversion of earthquake moment tensor solutions (N = 65) indicate that the maximum horizontal stress is approximately EW. Slip tendency analysis indicates that faults striking <020° are stable under current reservoir conditions, whereas faults striking 020°-049° may be prone to reactivation with increasing pore fluid pressure. Although the proposed injection volume (40,000 t) is unlikely to reactive faults at reservoir depths, high-rate injection operations could reach pressures beyond the critical threshold for slip within the basement, as demonstrated by the large number of injection-induced earthquakes west of the study area.

Hibernation-Based Therapy to Improve Survival of Severe Blood Loss

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-06-01

leaks extravascularly • Necrosis and inflammation involving the ear tip is considered to be a more severe manifestation of vascular damage associated...similar lesions to the 2M test solution, it appears that 2M test solution is more likely to cause vascular necrosis and inflammation (noted at 24 hours...injections • Although DMSO induced similar lesions to the 4M test solution, it appears that 4M test solution is more likely to cause vascular necrosis and

Hibernation Based Therapy to Improve Survival of Severe Blood Loss

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-06-01

leaks extravascularly • Necrosis and inflammation involving the ear tip is considered to be a more severe manifestation of vascular damage associated...similar lesions to the 2M test solution, it appears that 2M test solution is more likely to cause vascular necrosis and inflammation (noted at 24 hours...injections • Although DMSO induced similar lesions to the 4M test solution, it appears that 4M test solution is more likely to cause vascular necrosis and

Using colloidal silica as isolator, diverter and blocking agent for subsurface geological applications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bourcier, William L.; Roberts, Sarah K.; Roberts, Jeffery J.

A system for blocking fast flow paths in geological formations includes preparing a solution of colloidal silica having a nonviscous phase and a solid gel phase. The solution of colloidal silica is injected into the geological formations while the solution of colloidal silica is in the nonviscous phase. The solution of colloidal silica is directed into the fast flow paths and reaches the solid gel phase in the fast flow paths thereby blocking flow of fluid in the fast paths.

Single column comprehensive analysis of pharmaceutical preparations using dual-injection mixed-mode (ion-exchange and reversed-phase) and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography.

PubMed

Kazarian, Artaches A; Taylor, Mark R; Haddad, Paul R; Nesterenko, Pavel N; Paull, Brett

2013-12-01

The comprehensive separation and detection of hydrophobic and hydrophilic active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), their counter-ions (organic, inorganic) and excipients, using a single mixed-mode chromatographic column, and a dual injection approach is presented. Using a mixed-mode Thermo Fisher Acclaim Trinity P1 column, APIs, their counter-ions and possible degradants were first separated using a combination of anion-exchange, cation-exchange and hydrophobic interactions, using a mobile phase consisting of a dual organic modifier/salt concentration gradient. A complementary method was also developed using the same column for the separation of hydrophilic bulk excipients, using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) under high organic solvent mobile phase conditions. These two methods were then combined within a single gradient run using dual sample injection, with the first injection at the start of the applied gradient (mixed-mode retention of solutes), followed by a second sample injection at the end of the gradient (HILIC retention of solutes). Detection using both ultraviolet absorbance and refractive index enabled the sensitive detection of APIs and UV-absorbing counter-ions, together with quantitative determination of bulk excipients. The developed approach was applied successfully to the analysis of a dry powder inhalers (Flixotide(®), Spiriva(®)), enabling comprehensive quantification of all APIs and excipients in the sample. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Charge generation layers for solution processed tandem organic light emitting diodes with regular device architecture.

PubMed

Höfle, Stefan; Bernhard, Christoph; Bruns, Michael; Kübel, Christian; Scherer, Torsten; Lemmer, Uli; Colsmann, Alexander

2015-04-22

Tandem organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) utilizing fluorescent polymers in both sub-OLEDs and a regular device architecture were fabricated from solution, and their structure and performance characterized. The charge carrier generation layer comprised a zinc oxide layer, modified by a polyethylenimine interface dipole, for electron injection and either MoO3, WO3, or VOx for hole injection into the adjacent sub-OLEDs. ToF-SIMS investigations and STEM-EDX mapping verified the distinct functional layers throughout the layer stack. At a given device current density, the current efficiencies of both sub-OLEDs add up to a maximum of 25 cd/A, indicating a properly working tandem OLED.

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SEMICONDUCTOR INJECTION LASERS SELCO-87: Simple formula for the thermal conductivity of a quaternary solid solution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nakwaski, W.

1988-11-01

An analysis is made of the thermal conductivity of quaternary solid solutions (alloys) allowing for their disordered structure on the basis of a phenomenological analysis proposed by Abeles. This method is applied to a quaternary solid solution In1 - xGaxAsyP1 - y. A simple analytic expression is derived for the thermal conductivity of this material.

Magnetohydrodynamic peristaltic motion of a Newtonian fluid through porous walls through suction and injection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sivaiah, R.; Hemadri Reddy, R.

2017-11-01

In this paper, we investigate the peristaltic transport of a conducting Newtonian fluid bounded by permeable walls with suction and injection moving with constant velocity of the wave in the wave frame of reference under the consideration of long wavelength and low Reynolds number. The analytical solution for the velocity field, pressure gradient and the frictional force are obtained. The effect of suction/injection parameter, amplitude ratio and the permeability parameter including slip on the flow quantities are discussed graphically. It is found that the greater the suction/injection parameter, the smaller the pressure rise against the pump works. Further, the pressure rise increases with increasing Magnetic parameter.

Fast batch injection analysis system for on-site determination of ethanol in gasohol and fuel ethanol.

PubMed

Pereira, Polyana F; Marra, Mariana C; Munoz, Rodrigo A A; Richter, Eduardo M

2012-02-15

A simple, accurate and fast (180 injections h(-1)) batch injection analysis (BIA) system with multiple-pulse amperometric detection has been developed for selective determination of ethanol in gasohol and fuel ethanol. A sample aliquot (100 μL) was directly injected onto a gold electrode immersed in 0.5 mol L(-1) NaOH solution (unique reagent). The proposed BIA method requires minimal sample manipulation and can be easily used for on-site analysis. The results obtained with the BIA method were compared to those obtained by gas-chromatography and similar results were obtained (at 95% of confidence level). Published by Elsevier B.V.

Deposition of thin Si and Ge films by ballistic hot electron reduction in a solution-dripping mode and its application to the growth of thin SiGe films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Suda, Ryutaro; Yagi, Mamiko; Kojima, Akira; Mentek, Romain; Mori, Nobuya; Shirakashi, Jun-ichi; Koshida, Nobuyoshi

2015-04-01

To enhance the usefulness of ballistic hot electron injection into solutions for depositing thin group-IV films, a dripping scheme is proposed. A very small amount of SiCl4 or GeCl4 solution was dripped onto the surface of a nanocrystalline Si (nc-Si) electron emitter, and then the emitter is driven without using any counter electrodes. It is shown that thin Si and Ge films are deposited onto the emitting surface. Spectroscopic surface and compositional analyses showed no extrinsic carbon contaminations in deposited thin films, in contrast to the results of a previous study using the dipping scheme. The availability of this technique for depositing thin SiGe films is also demonstrated using a mixture SiCl4+GeCl4 solution. Ballistic hot electrons injected into solutions with appropriate kinetic energies promote preferential reduction of target ions with no by-products leading to nuclei formation for the thin film growth. Specific advantageous features of this clean, room-temperature, and power-effective process is discussed in comparison with the conventional dry and wet processes.

The Effect of 2 Injection Speeds on Local Anesthetic Discomfort During Inferior Alveolar Nerve Blocks.

PubMed

de Souza Melo, Marcelo Rodrigo; Sabey, Mark Jon Santana; Lima, Carla Juliane; de Almeida Souza, Liane Maciel; Groppo, Francisco Carlos

2015-01-01

This randomized double-blind crossover trial investigated the discomfort associated with 2 injection speeds, low (60 seconds) and slow (100 seconds), during inferior alveolar nerve block by using 1.8 mL of 2% lidocaine with 1 : 100,000 epinephrine. Three phases were considered: (a) mucosa perforation, (b) needle insertion, and (c) solution injection. Thirty-two healthy adult volunteers needing bilateral inferior alveolar nerve blocks at least 1 week apart were enrolled in the present study. The anesthetic procedure discomfort was recorded by volunteers on a 10-cm visual analog scale in each phase for both injection speeds. Comparison between the 2 anesthesia speeds in each phase was performed by paired t test. Results showed no statistically significant difference between injection speeds regarding perforation (P = .1016), needle placement (P = .0584), or speed injection (P = .1806). The discomfort in all phases was considered low. We concluded that the 2 injection speeds tested did not affect the volunteers' pain perception during inferior alveolar nerve blocks.

Delineating Fecal Contaminant Sources and Travel Times in a Karst Groundwater Basin, Inner Bluegrass Region, Kentucky

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ward, J. W.; Reed, T. M.; Fryar, A. E.; Brion, G. M.

2006-12-01

Because of preferential flowpaths via features such as sinkholes and conduits, karst aquifers are susceptible to non-point-source pollution from agricultural and urban drainage. With many karst aquifers being drinking- water sources, pathogens are contaminants of public health concern. Monitoring of microbial parameters (total coliforms [TC], atypical colonies [AC] and fecal coliform bacteria [FC]) transpired biweekly from December 2002 March 2004 and weekly from February October 2005 at Blue Hole Spring, which drains outlying farm lands and the town of Versailles in the Inner Bluegrass Region of Kentucky. Physicochemical parameters (discharge, temperature, specific conductance, and pH) were measured continuously during the entire period. The AC/TC ratio, which had been employed only in surface water-quality studies, was used with FC counts, precipitation and discharge data to determine sources of fecal loading to ground water as result of land-use practices. An AC/TC ratio < 10 demonstrates fresh input of fecal matter, while a larger ratio can represent a variety of occurrences, including aged fecal material input and/or lack of nutrient input into the system. AC/TC ratio data in the 2002 04 dataset behaved similarly to surface waters, with ratios > 10 during dry periods and < 10 during wet periods, while the 2005 data demonstrated a very irregular pattern. The difference in these two data sets indicated a compositional change within the groundwater basin between the two sampling periods, perhaps as a result of construction at a sewage treatment plant adjoining the spring. Solute (rhodamine WT fluorescent dye and bromide) and particle (1-μm diameter fluorescent latex microspheres) tracer tests were conducted during summer 2006 to examine contaminant mobility within the system under base-flow and storm-flow conditions. Rainfall was limited prior to the base-flow trace, totaling 0.025 cm within 2 weeks prior to the slug injection. Base-flow discharge averaged 400 m3/s and solute breakthrough began ~ 7.5 hours post injection and cleared the system after 77 hours. For the storm-flow trace, rainfall totaled 3.12 cm prior to injection, with another 9.35 cm of rainfall occurring over the two week monitoring period. Spring discharge during the storm-flow trace averaged 0.443 m3/s, with a maximum of 0.503 m3/s. Under storm-flow conditions solute breakthrough began ~ 2.33 hours post injection, with particle breakthrough beginning ~ 2.5 hours post injection. Bromide concentrations at the spring were < 0.1 ppm (the detection limit, or DL) 5.5 hours after injection, while rhodamine WT concentrations were < DL (0.1 ppb) 14 hours post injection. Microspheres were detected at the spring until 164 hours after injection. These traces demonstrate that storms in this karst basin can accelerate solute movement, and particles can remain mobile for as long as 1 week after introduction.

Influence of Dosage Form on the Intravitreal Pharmacokinetics of Diclofenac

PubMed Central

Durairaj, Chandrasekar; Kim, Stephen J.; Edelhauser, Henry F.; Shah, Jaymin C.; Kompella, Uday B.

2009-01-01

Purpose To prepare a suspension form of diclofenac and compare the influence of the injected form (suspension versus solution) on the intravitreal pharmacokinetics of diclofenac in Dutch belted pigmented rabbits. Methods Diclofenac acid was prepared and characterized in a suspension formulation. Rabbit eyes were injected with either diclofenac sodium solution (0.3 mg) or diclofenac acid suspension (10 mg) prepared in 0.1 mL balanced salt solution. Rabbits were killed at regular time intervals, the eyes enucleated, and drug content quantified in the vitreous humor and retina-choroid tissue by high-performance liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic models were developed for both the dosage forms, and simulations were performed for different doses. Results Diclofenac acid with an approximate 5-μm particle size exhibited 3.5-fold lower solubility in vitreous humor, when compared with its sodium salt. The estimated settling velocity of the suspension in the vitreous humor was 3 cm/h. After diclofenac sodium salt solution injection, drug levels declined rapidly with no drug levels detectable after 24 hours in the vitreous humor and 4 hours in the RC. Throughout the assessed time course, drug levels were higher in the vitreous. However, sustained, high drug levels were observed in both the vitreous humor and the retina-choroid even on day 21 after diclofenac acid suspension injection, with retina-choroid drug levels being higher beginning at 0.25 hour. The elimination half-life of diclofenac suspension was 24 and 18 days in vitreous and retina-choroid, respectively, compared to 2.9 and 0.9 hours observed with diclofenac sodium. The pharmacokinetic models developed indicated a slow-release distribution or depot compartment for the diclofenac acid suspension in the posterior segment. Simulations indicated the inability of a 10-mg dose of diclofenac sodium solution to sustain drug levels in the vitreous beyond 11 days. Conclusions By choosing a less soluble form of a drug such as diclofenac acid, vitreous elimination half-life can be prolonged up to 24 days, potentially resulting in therapeutic levels in the posterior segment tissues for a few months. Higher detectable drug levels in the retina-choroid suggest rapid settling and persistent retention of suspension in retina-choroid tissue. PMID:19516015

One-per-mil tumescent technique for upper extremity surgeries: broadening the indication.

PubMed

Prasetyono, Theddeus O H; Biben, Johannes A

2014-01-01

We studied the effect of 1:1,000,000 epinephrine concentration (1 per mil) to attain a bloodless operative field in hand and upper extremity surgery and to explore its effectiveness and safety profile. This retrospective observational study enrolled 45 consecutive patients with 63 operative fields consisting of various hand and upper extremity problems. One-per-mil solution was injected into the operative field with tumescent technique to create a bloodless operating field without tourniquet. The solution was formulated by adding a 1:1,000,000 concentration of epinephrine and 100 mg of lidocaine into saline solution to form 50 mL of tumescent solution. Observation was performed on the clarity of the operative field, which we described as totally bloodless, minimal bleeding, acceptable bleeding, or bloody. The volume of tumescent solution injected, duration of surgery, and surgical outcome were also reviewed. The tumescent technique with 1-per-mil solution achieved 29% totally bloodless, 48% minimal bleeding, 22% acceptable bleeding, and 2% bloody operative fields in cases that included burn contracture and congenital hand and upper extremity surgeries. One-per-mil tumescent solution created a clear operative field in hand and upper extremity surgery. It proved safe and effective for a wide range of indications. Therapeutic IV. Copyright © 2014 American Society for Surgery of the Hand. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Scaling of Transient Storage Parameter Estimates with Increasing Reach Length in a Mountain Headwater Stream

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Briggs, M.; Gooseff, M. N.; McGlynn, B.

2006-12-01

. Numerous studies have used the methods of stream tracer experiments and subsequent solute transport modeling to determine transient storage characteristics of streams. Experimental reach length is often determined by site logistics, morphology, specific study goals, etc. Harvey et al. [1996] provided guidance for optimal study reach lengths, based on the Dahmkoler number, as a balance between timescales of advective transport and transient storage. In this study, we investigate the scaling of parameters in a solute transport model (OTIS) with increasing spatial scale of investigation. We conducted 2 6-hour constant rate injections of dissolved NaCl in Spring Park Creek, a headwater stream in the Tenderfoot Creek Experimental Forest, Montana. Below the first injection we sampled 4 reaches ~200m in length, we then moved upstream 640m for the second injection and sampled 3 more ~200 m reaches. Solute transport simulations were conducted for each of these sub-reaches and for combinations of these sub-reaches, from which we assessed estimates of solute velocity, dispersion, transient storage exchange, storage zone size, and Fmed (proportion of median transport time due to storage). Dahmkoler values calculated for each simulation (sub-reaches as well as longer combined reach) were within an order of magnitude of 1, suggesting that our study reach lengths were appropriate. Length-weighted average solute transport and transient storage parameters for the sub-reaches were found to be comparable to their counterparts in the longer reach simulation. In particular the average dispersion found for the sub-reaches (0.43 m2/s) compared very favorably with the value for dispersion calculated for the larger reach (0.40 m2/s). In contrast the weighted average of storage zone size for the sub-reaches was much greater (1.17 m2) than those calculated for the injection reach as a whole (0.09 m2) by a factor of ~13. Weighted average values for transient storage exchange and size for the sub-reaches were both found to be higher than that of the reach as a whole, but only by factors of ~2.5 and 3 respectively. This study indicates that some values of solute transport and transient storage for a particular reach can be reasonably extrapolated from its corresponding component reach values.

[Protective effect of Tanreqing injection on acute hepatic injury induced by CCl4 in rats].

PubMed

Lei, Yang; Zhou, Ai-Min; Guo, Tao; Tan, Ye; Tao, Yan-Yan; Liu, Cheng-Hai

2013-04-01

To observe the protective effect of Tanreqing injection(TRQ) on carbon tetrachloride-induced acute hepatic injury in rats. Rats were randomly divided into the normal group and the model group, and injected subcutaneously with 100% CCl4 5 mL x kg(-1) to establish the single CCl4 infection model, in order to observe the changes in rat liver injury after 3 h and 6 h. Subsequently, the multiple CCl4 infection liver injury model was reproduced by subcutaneously injecting 100% CCl4 (5 mL x kg(-1)), 50% CCl4 olive oil solution (2 mL x kg(-1)) and then 20% CCl4 olive oil solution (2 mL x kg(-1)). At 6 h after the first CCl4 injection, the rats were divided into six groups: the model group, the control group, the diammonium glycyrrhizinate-treated group, and TRQ high, middle and low dose groups. They were injected through caudal veins, while a normal control group was set up. Their weight and liver-body ratio were observed. Hepatic inflammation was observed with HE staining. Assay kits were adopted to detect ALT, AST, T. Bil, D. Bil, CHE, TBA, gamma-GT and Alb. According to the single injection model, serum AST and T. Bil of model rats were obviously increased at 6 h after single subcutaneous injection of CCl4, with disordered lobular structure in liver tissues, notable swollen liver cells and remarkable liver injury. According to the results of the multiple injection pharmacological experiment, compared with the normal group, the model group had higher serum ALT, AST, and gamma-GT activities (P < 0. 05), TBA and T. Bil contents (P < 0.05) and lower CHE activity (P < 0.05). HE staining showed disorganized lobular structure in liver tissues and notable ballooning degeneration in liver cells. Compared with the model group, TRQ high and middle dose groups and the diammonium glycyrrhizinate-treated group showed significant charges in serum liver function and inflammation in liver cells. Specifically, TRQ high and middle dose groups were superior to the diammonium glycyrrhizinate-treated group. Tanreqing injection has significant protective effect on CCl4-induced acute hepatic injury in rats.

Physical compatibility of plazomicin with select i.v. drugs during simulated Y-site administration.

PubMed

Asempa, Tomefa E; Avery, Lindsay M; Kidd, James M; Kuti, Joseph L; Nicolau, David P

2018-06-12

The results of a study to determine the physical compatibility of plazomicin sulfate solution during simulated Y-site administration with 92 i.v. drugs are reported. Plazomicin injection solution (500 mg/10 mL) was diluted in 0.9% sodium chloride or 5% dextrose for injection to a final volume of 50 mL (final plazomicin concentration, 24 mg/mL), consistent with a 15-mg/kg dose administered to an 80-kg patient (i.e., 1,200 mg). All other i.v. drugs were reconstituted according to manufacturers' recommendations and diluted with 0.9% sodium chloride or 5% dextrose for injection to the upper range of concentrations used clinically. Y-site conditions were simulated by mixing 5 mL of plazomicin solution with 5 mL of tested drug solutions in a 1:1 ratio. Solutions were assessed for visual (via color and Tyndall beam testing), turbidity (using a laboratory-grade turbidimeter), and pH changes over a 60-minute observation period. Incompatibility was defined a priori as precipitation, color change, a positive Tyndall test, or a turbidity change of ≥0.5 nephelometric turbidity units at any time during the 60-minute observation period. Plazomicin was physically compatible with 79 of the 92 drugs tested. Determinations of physical incompatibility with plazomicin were made for 13 drugs: albumin, amiodarone, amphotericin B deoxycholate, anidulafungin, calcium chloride, daptomycin, esomeprazole, heparin, levofloxacin, methylprednisolone, micafungin, phenytoin, and propofol, CONCLUSION: Plazomicin at a concentration of 24 mg/mL was physically compatible with 85% of the drugs tested, including 31 of 36 antimicrobial agents. Copyright © 2018 by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. All rights reserved.

Structure-Property Evaluation of Thermally and Chemically Gelling Injectable Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering

PubMed Central

Ekenseair, Adam K.; Boere, Kristel W. M.; Tzouanas, Stephanie N.; Vo, Tiffany N.; Kasper, F. Kurtis; Mikos, Antonios G.

2012-01-01

The impact of synthesis and solution formulation parameters on the swelling and mechanical properties of a novel class of thermally and chemically gelling hydrogels combining poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-based thermogelling macromers containing pendant epoxy rings with polyamidoamine-based hydrophilic and degradable diamine crosslinking macromers was evaluated. Through variation of network hydrophilicity and capacity for chain rearrangement, the often problematic tendency of thermogelling hydrogels to undergo significant syneresis was addressed. The demonstrated ability to easily tune post-formation dimensional stability at both the synthesis and formulation stages represents a significant novel contribution towards efforts to utilize poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-based polymers as injectable biomaterials. Furthermore, the cytocompatibility of the hydrogel system under relevant conditions was established, while demonstrating time- and dose-dependent cytotoxicity at high solution osmolality. Such injectable in situ forming degradable hydrogels with tunable water content are promising candidates for many tissue engineering applications, particularly for cell delivery to promote rapid tissue regeneration in non-load-bearing defects. PMID:22881074

Surfactant-enhanced remediation of a trichloroethene-contaminated aquifer. 2. Transport of TCE

USGS Publications Warehouse

Sahoo, D.; Smith, J.A.; Imbrigiotta, T.E.; Mclellan, H.M.

1998-01-01

Field studies were conducted under an induced gradient in a trichloroethene (TCE)-contaminated aquifer at Picatinny Arsenal, NJ, to study (a) the rate-limited desorption of TCE from aquifer sediments to water and (b) the effect of a surfactant (Triton X-100) on the desorption and transport of TCE. Clean water was injected into the contaminated aquifer for 206 day. Triton X-100 was added for a 36-day period (days 36-71 from the start of clean water injection). The effect of Triton X-100 on the desorption and transport of TCE in the field was examined by observing the concentrations of these two solutes in four monitoring wells 3-9 m from the injection wells. These data show a small but discernible increase in the TCE concentration in two of the wells corresponding approximately to the time when surfactant reaches the wells; in the other two monitoring wells, the increase in TCE concentration is negligible. A solute transport model that assumes local sorption equilibrium and used a laboratory-derived distribution coefficient could not adequately describe TCE desorption and transport observed in the aquifer. Two model formulations that accounted for rate-limited sorption - two-site and multisite models - fit the data well. TCE concentrations after surfactant injection were underpredicted by the models unless mass transfer rate was increased to account for the effect of surfactant on the rate of TCE desorption. The concentration data from the two wells and the model analysis suggest that the rate of TCE desorption is increased (by approximately 30%) as a result of Triton X-100 injection.Field studies were conducted under an induced gradient in a trichloroethene (TCE)-contaminated aquifer at Picatinny Arsenal, NJ, to study (a) the rate-limited desorption of TCE from aquifer sediments to water and (b) the effect of a surfactant (Triton X-100) on the desorption and transport of TCE. Clean water was injected into the contaminated aquifer for 206 day. Triton X-100 was added for a 36-day period (days 36-71 from the start of clean water injection). The effect of Triton X-100 on the desorption and transport of TCE in the field was examined by observing the concentrations of these two solutes in four monitoring wells 3-9 m from the injection wells. These data show a small but discernible increase in the TCE concentration in two of the wells corresponding approximately to the time when surfactant reaches the wells; in the other two monitoring wells, the increase in TCE concentration is negligible. A solute transport model that assumes local sorption equilibrium and used a laboratory-derived distribution coefficient could not adequately describe TCE desorption and transport observed in the aquifer. Two model formulations that accounted for rate-limited sorption - two-site and multisite models - fit the data well. TCE concentrations after surfactant injection were underpredicted by the models unless mass transfer rate was increased to account for the effect of surfactant on the rate of TCE desorption. The concentration data from the two wells and the model analysis suggest that the rate of TCE desorption is increased (by approximately 30%) as a result of Triton X-100 injection.

Three-dimensional Kinetic Pulsar Magnetosphere Models: Connecting to Gamma-Ray Observations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kalapotharakos, Constantinos; Brambilla, Gabriele; Timokhin, Andrey; Harding, Alice K.; Kazanas, Demosthenes

2018-04-01

We present three-dimensional (3D) global kinetic pulsar magnetosphere models, where the charged particle trajectories and the corresponding electromagnetic fields are treated self-consistently. For our study, we have developed a Cartesian 3D relativistic particle-in-cell code that incorporates radiation reaction forces. We describe our code and discuss the related technical issues, treatments, and assumptions. Injecting particles up to large distances in the magnetosphere, we apply arbitrarily low to high particle injection rates, and obtain an entire spectrum of solutions from close to the vacuum-retarded dipole to close to the force-free (FF) solution, respectively. For high particle injection rates (close to FF solutions), significant accelerating electric field components are confined only near the equatorial current sheet outside the light cylinder. A judicious interpretation of our models allows the particle emission to be calculated, and consequently, the corresponding realistic high-energy sky maps and spectra to be derived. Using model parameters that cover the entire range of spin-down powers of Fermi young and millisecond pulsars, we compare the corresponding model γ-ray light curves, cutoff energies, and total γ-ray luminosities with those observed by Fermi to discover a dependence of the particle injection rate, { \\mathcal F }, on the spin-down power, \\dot{{ \\mathcal E }}, indicating an increase of { \\mathcal F } with \\dot{{ \\mathcal E }}. Our models, guided by Fermi observations, provide field structures and particle distributions that are not only consistent with each other but also able to reproduce a broad range of the observed γ-ray phenomenologies of both young and millisecond pulsars.

Comparison of behavior in muscle fiber regeneration after bupivacaine hydrochloride- and acid anhydride-induced myonecrosis.

PubMed

Akiyama, C; Kobayashi, S; Nonaka, I

1992-01-01

We compared the morphologic characteristics of muscle fiber necrosis and subsequent regeneration after injury induced by intramuscular injections of bupivacaine hydrochloride (BPVC) and a variety of solutions at acid and alkaline pH (acetic anhydride, citric acid buffer, and sodium carbonate buffer). After BPVC injection the necrotic muscle fibers were rapidly invaded by phagocytic cells, followed by active regeneration and very little fibrous scar formation. The regenerating muscle fibers increased rapidly in size and attained complete fiber type differentiation and regained their initial fiber diameter within 1 month. Both alkaline and acid solutions induced muscle fiber necrosis followed by regeneration. Fiber necrosis induced by alkaline buffers and acetic anhydride solutions above pH 5.0 produced changes quite similar to that induced by BPVC. However, injection with 0.1 M acetic anhydride at pH below 4.0 resulted in coagulative necrosis of the injured muscle with very little phagocytic infiltration with poor regenerative activity and dense fibrous tissue scarring. Thus, pH 4.0 appears to be the critical pH determining the type of muscle injury and subsequent poor phagocytic and regenerative activities. This model of acidic acetic anhydride injury may lead to the identification of factors which interfere with regeneration and cause fibrous tissue scarring in human muscular dystrophy.

High-monosaccharide intake inhibits anorexigenic hypothalamic insulin response in male rats.

PubMed

Ramos, Viviane Wagner; Batista, Leandro Oliveira; Cordeiro, Elisaldo Mendes; Oliveira, Gustavo Vieira; Albuquerque, Kelse Tibau

2018-06-01

The aim of this research is to evaluate if intake of 20% fructose solution is able to change the anorexigenic hypothalamic insulin action. Thirty day-old male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: standard chow and water for the rats (Control group, C) and standard chow and 20% fructose solution for the rats (Fructose group, F).These treatments lasted 8 weeks. Three-month-old rats from group C and F received insulin or saline intracerebroventricular injections for evaluation of 24 h food intake, phosphorylated forms of the IR (p-IR) and Akt (p-Akt) proteins and quantified hypothalamic insulin receptor (IR) and insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) proteins. Insulin injection was able to decrease food intake in group C compared to 0.9% saline. However, insulin infusion failed to inhibit 24 h food intake in group F compared to 0.9% saline. The hypothalamic content of the IRS-1 was 37% higher in group F as well as p-Akt protein was significant higher vs. group C. We concluded that the 20% fructose solution compromised insulin signaling considering that it inhibited the anorexigenic hypothalamic response to acute injection of this hormone and increase of IRS-1 and p-Akt content.

Fluorescence-enhanced robotic radical cystectomy using unconjugated indocyanine green for pelvic lymphangiography, tumor marking, and mesenteric angiography: the initial clinical experience.

PubMed

Manny, Ted B; Hemal, Ashok K

2014-04-01

To describe the initial feasibility of fluorescence-enhanced robotic radical cystectomy (FERRC) using real-time cystoscopic injection of unconjugated indocyanine green (ICG) for tumor marking and identification of sentinel lymphatic drainage with additional intravenous injection for mesenteric angiography. Ten patients with clinically localized high-grade bladder cancer underwent FERRC. Before robot docking, rigid cystoscopy was performed, during which a 2.5-mg/mL ICG solution was injected in the bladder submucosa and detrusor circumferentially around the tumor. After robot docking, parameters describing the time course of tissue fluorescence and pelvic lymphangiography were systematically recorded. Lymphatic packets containing fluorescent lymph nodes were considered the sentinel drainage. Eight patients underwent intracorporeal ileal conduit urinary diversion, during which an additional 2-mL ICG solution was given intravenously for mesenteric angiography, allowing maximal preservation of bowel vascularity to the conduit and remaining bowel segments. Bladder tumor marking and identification of sentinel drainage were achieved in 9 of 10 (90%) patients. The area of bladder tumor was identified at a median of 15 minutes after injection, whereas sentinel drainage was visualized at a median of 30 minutes. Mesenteric angiography was successful in 8 of 8 (100%) patients at a median time of <1 minutes after intravenous injection and enabled identification of bowel arcades before intracorporeal bowel stapling. FERRC using combined cystoscopic and intravenous injection of ICG is safe and feasible. FERRC allows for reliable bladder tumor marking, identification of sentinel lymphatic drainage, and identification of mesenteric vasculature in most patients. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Tenascin-C Prevents Articular Cartilage Degeneration in Murine Osteoarthritis Models.

PubMed

Matsui, Yuriyo; Hasegawa, Masahiro; Iino, Takahiro; Imanaka-Yoshida, Kyoko; Yoshida, Toshimichi; Sudo, Akihiro

2018-01-01

Objective The objective of this study was to determine whether intra-articular injections of tenascin-C (TNC) could prevent cartilage damage in murine models of osteoarthritis (OA). Design Fluorescently labeled TNC was injected into knee joints and its distribution was examined at 1 day, 4 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks postinjection. To investigate the effects of TNC on cartilage degeneration after surgery to knee joints, articular spaces were filled with 100 μg/mL (group I), 10 μg/mL (group II) of TNC solution, or control (group III). TNC solution of 10 μg/mL was additionally injected twice after 3 weeks (group IV) or weekly after 1 week, 2 weeks, and 3 weeks (group V). Joint tissues were histologically assessed using the Mankin score and the modified Chambers system at 2 to 8 weeks after surgery. Results Exogenous TNC was maintained in the cartilage and synovium for 1 week after administration. Histological scores in groups I and II were better than scores in group III at 4 and 6 weeks, but progressive cartilage damage was seen in all groups 8 weeks postoperatively. Sequential TNC injections (groups IV and V) showed significantly better Mankin score than single injection (group II) at 8 weeks. Conclusion TNC administered exogenously remained in the cartilage of knee joints for 1 week, and could decelerate articular cartilage degeneration in murine models of OA. We also showed that sequential administration of TNC was more effective than a single injection. TNC could be an important molecule for prevention of articular cartilage damage.

Numerical simulation of surfactant-enhanced remediation using UTCHEM

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Freeze, G.A.; Fountain, J.C.; Pope, G.A.

1995-12-31

The UTCHEM multiphase compositional simulator was used to model the migration and surfactant-enhanced remediation of perchloroethylene (PCE) in a test cell at Canadian Forces Base Borden, Ontario. A line of five injection wells was installed on one side of the test cell and a line of five withdrawal wells was installed on the opposite side of the cell. The injection and withdrawal wells penetrated the entire depth of the sand aquifer. A total of 231 liters of PCE was injected into a shallow well in the center of the test cell. Prior to surfactant flushing, 47 liters of free-phase PCE,more » which flowed into the injection and withdrawal wells over a two week period, was removed using a small-diameter plastic tube and a peristaltic pump. One to two months of water flooding (pump-and-treat), using the injection-withdrawal well system, flushed an additional 12 liters of PCE. Following the water flooding, an aqueous surfactant solution of 1% nonyl phenol ethoxylate and 1% phosphate ester of the nonyl phenol ethoxylate was circulated through the test cell via the injection-withdrawal wells. Between November 11, 1990 and May 29, 1991, a total of 130,000 liters of surfactant solution were recirculated through the test cell, during which time 62 liters of PCE were recovered. This paper describes preliminary scoping simulations of the surfactant flushing process at the Borden test site to demonstrate the capability of UTCHEM to model surfactant-enhanced remediation of a non-aqueous-phase liquid (NAPL). A discussion of efforts to simulate PCE migration is also presented.« less

Recovering oil by injecting aqueous alkali, cosurfactant and gas

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Reisberg, J.; Bielmowicz, L. J.; Thigpen, D. R.

1985-01-15

A process of recovering oil from a subterranean reservoir in which the oil is acidic but forms monovalent cation soaps of only relatively low interfacial activity when reacted with aqueous alkaline solutions, comprises displacing the oil toward a production location with a mixture of gas and cosurfactant-containing aqueous alkaline solution.

Coherent pulses in the diffusive transport of charged particles`

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kota, J.

1994-01-01

We present exact solutions to the diffusive transport of charged particles following impulsive injection for a simple model of scattering. A modified, two-parameter relaxation-time model is considered that simulates the low rate of scattering through perpendicular pitch-angle. Scattering is taken to be isotropic within each of the foward- and backward-pointing hemispheres, respectively, but, at the same time, a reduced rate of sccattering is assumed from one hemisphere to the other one. By applying a technique of Fourier- and Laplace-transform, the inverse transformation can be performed and exact solutions can be reached. By contrast with the first, and so far only exact solutions of Federov and Shakov, this wider class of solutions gives rise to coherent pulses to appear. The present work addresses omnidirectional densities for isotropic injection from an instantaneous and localized source. The dispersion relations are briefly discussed. We find, for this particular model, two diffusive models to exist up to a certain limiting wavenumber. The corresponding eigenvalues are real at the lowest wavenumbers. Complex eigenvalues, which are responsible for coherent pulses, appear at higher wavenumbers.

Velocity-jump instabilities in Hele-Shaw flow of associating polymer solutions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Vlad, D.H.; Ignes-Mullol, J.; Maher, J.V.

We study fracturelike flow instabilities that arise when water is injected into a Hele-Shaw cell filled with aqueous solutions of associating polymers. We explore various polymer architectures, molecular weights, and solution concentrations. Simultaneous measurements of the finger tip velocity and of the pressure at the injection point allow us to describe the dynamics of the finger in terms of the {open_quotes}finger mobility,{close_quotes} which relates the velocity to the pressure gradient. The flow discontinuities, characterized by jumps in the finger tip velocity, which are observed in experiments with some of the polymer solutions, can be modeled by using a nonmonotonic dependencemore » between a characteristic shear stress and the shear rate at the tip of the finger. A simple model, which is based on a viscosity function containing both a Newtonian and a non-Newtonian component, and which predicts nonmonotonic regions when the non-Newtonian component of the viscosity dominates, is shown to agree with the experimental data. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}« less

Facile solution-processed aqueous MoOx for feasible application in organic light-emitting diode

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zheng, Qinghong; Qu, Disui; Zhang, Yan; Li, Wanshu; Xiong, Jian; Cai, Ping; Xue, Xiaogang; Liu, Liming; Wang, Honghang; Zhang, Xiaowen

2018-05-01

Solution-processed techniques attract increasing attentions in organic electronics for their low-cost and scalable manufacturing. We demonstrate the favorite hole injection material of solution-processed aqueous MoOx (s-MoOx) with facile fabrication process and cast successful application to constructing efficient organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Atomic force microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis show that s-MoOx behaves superior film morphology and non-stoichiometry with slight oxygen deficiency. With tris(8-hydroxy-quinolinato)aluminium as emitting layer, s-MoOx based OLED shows maximum luminous efficiency of 7.9 cd/A and power efficiency of 5.9 lm/W, which have been enhanced by 43.6% and 73.5%, respectively, in comparison with the counterpart using conventional vacuum thermal evaporation MoOx. Current-voltage, impedance-voltage, phase-voltage and capacitance-voltage characteristics of hole-only devices indicate that s-MoOx with two processes of "spin-coating/annealing" shows mostly enhanced hole injection capacity and thus promoting device performance. Our experiments provide an alternative approach for constructing efficient OLED with solution process.

Simple 1H NMR spectroscopic method for assay of salts of the contrast agent diatrizoate in commercial solutions.

PubMed

Hanna, G M; Lau-Cam, C A

1996-01-01

A simple, accurate, and specific 1H NMR spectroscopic method was developed for the assay of diatrizoate meglumine or the combination diatrizoate meglumine and diatrizoate sodium in commercial solutions for injection. A mixture of injectable solution and sodium acetate, the internal standard, was diluted with D2O and the 1H NMR spectrum of the solution was obtained. Two approaches were used to calculate the drug content, based on the integral values for the -N-CO-CH3 protons of diatrizoic acid at 2.23 ppm, and -N-CH3 protons of meglumine at 2.73 ppm, and the CH3-CO-protons of sodium acetate at 1.9 ppm. Recoveries (mean +/- standard deviation) of diatrizoic acid and meglumine from 10 synthetic mixtures of various amounts of these compounds with a fixed amount of internal standard were 100.3 +/- 0.55% and 100.1 +/- 0.98%, respectively. In addition to providing a direct means of simultaneously assaying diatrizoic acid and meglumine, the proposed NMR method can also be used to identify diatrizoate meglumine and each of its molecular components.

Injectable CMC/PEI gel as an in vivo scaffold for demineralized bone matrix.

PubMed

Kim, Kyung Sook; Kang, Yun Mi; Lee, Ju Young; Kim, E Sle; Kim, Chun Ho; Min, Byoung Hyun; Lee, Hai Bang; Kim, Jae Ho; Kim, Moon Suk

2009-01-01

A number of materials have been considered as sources of grafts to repair bone defects. Here, we examined the possibility of creating in situ-forming gels from sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) for use as an in vivo carrier of demineralized bone matrix (DBM). The interaction between anionic CMC and cationic PEI was examined by evaluating phase transition behavior and viscosity of CMC solutions containing 0-30 wt% PEI. CMC solutions containing 10 wt% PEI exhibited a sol-to-gel phase transition at temperatures greater than 35 degrees C. The phase transition is caused by electrostatic crosslinking of the CMC/PEI solution to form a gel with a three-dimensional network structure. In situ-formed gel implants were successfully fabricated in vivo by simple subcutaneous injection of the CMC/PEI (90/10) solution (with and without DBM) into Fisher rats. The resulting in situ-formed implant maintained its shape for 28 days in vitro and in vivo. Our results show that in situ-forming CMC/PEI gels can serve as a DBM carrier that can be delivered with a minimally invasive procedure.

Highly sensitive protein detection by combination of atomic force microscopy fishing with charge generation and mass spectrometry analysis.

PubMed

Ivanov, Yuri D; Pleshakova, Tatyana; Malsagova, Krystina; Kozlov, Andrey; Kaysheva, Anna; Kopylov, Arthur; Izotov, Alexander; Andreeva, Elena; Kanashenko, Sergey; Usanov, Sergey; Archakov, Alexander

2014-10-01

An approach combining atomic force microscopy (AFM) fishing and mass spectrometry (MS) analysis to detect proteins at ultra-low concentrations is proposed. Fishing out protein molecules onto a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite surface coated with polytetrafluoroethylene film was carried out with and without application of an external electric field. After that they were visualized by AFM and identified by MS. It was found that injection of solution leads to charge generation in the solution, and an electric potential within the measuring cell is induced. It was demonstrated that without an external electric field in the rapid injection input of diluted protein solution the fishing is efficient, as opposed to slow fluid input. The high sensitivity of this method was demonstrated by detection of human serum albumin and human cytochrome b5 in 10(-17) -10(-18) m water solutions. It was shown that an external negative voltage applied to highly oriented pyrolytic graphite hinders the protein fishing. The efficiency of fishing with an external positive voltage was similar to that obtained without applying any voltage. © 2014 FEBS.

Structural modifications of polymethacrylates: impact on thermal behavior and release characteristics of glassy solid solutions.

PubMed

Claeys, Bart; De Coen, Ruben; De Geest, Bruno G; de la Rosa, Victor R; Hoogenboom, Richard; Carleer, Robert; Adriaensens, Peter; Remon, Jean Paul; Vervaet, Chris

2013-11-01

Polymethacrylates such as Eudragit® polymers are well established as drug delivery matrix. Here, we synthesize several Eudragit E PO (n-butyl-, dimethylaminoethyl-, methyl-methacrylate-terpolymer) analogues via free radical polymerization. These polymers are processed via hot melt extrusion, followed by injection molding and evaluated as carriers to produce immediate release solid solution tablets. Three chemical modifications increased the glass transition temperature of the polymer: (a) substitution of n-butyl by t-butyl groups, (b) reduction of the dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) content, and (c) incorporation of a bulky isobornyl repeating unit. These structural modifications revealed the possibility to increase the mechanical stability of the tablets via altering the polymer Tg without influencing the drug release characteristics and glassy solid solution forming properties. The presence of DMAEMA units proved to be crucial with respect to API/polymer interaction (essential in creating glassy solid solutions) and drug release characteristics. Moreover, these chemical modifications accentuate the need for a more rational design of (methacrylate) polymer matrix excipients for drug formulation via hot melt extrusion and injection molding. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Charge injection and transport in a single organic monolayer island

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vuillaume, Dominique

2005-03-01

We report how electrons and holes, that are locally injected in a single organic monolayer island (where organic monolayers are made from sublimated oligomers (pentacene and other oligoacenes), or made from chemisorption in solution (self-assembled monolayers) of pi-conjugated moieties), stay localized or are able to delocalize over the island as a function of the molecular conformation (order vs. disorder) of this island. Charge carriers were locally injected by the apex of an atomic force microscope tip, and the resulting two-dimensional distribution and concentration of injected charges were measured by electrical force microscopy (EFM) experiments. We show that in crystalline monolayer islands, both electrons and holes can be equally injected, at a similar charge concentration for symmetric injection bias conditions, and that both charge carriers are delocalized over the whole island. On the contrary, charges injected into a more disordered monolayer stay localized at their injection point. These different results are discussed in relation with the electrical performances of molecular devices made from these monolayers (OFET, SAMFET). These results provide insight into the electronic properties, at the nanometer scale, of these molecular devices.

Surgical solutions for the complications of the Vaseline self-injection of the penis.

PubMed

Bajory, Zoltán; Mohos, Gábor; Rosecker, Agnes; Bordás, Noémi; Pajor, László

2013-04-01

Penile girth enhancement by the injection of Vaseline is an existing practice. Many cases develop severe complications that need surgery. To report on the reconstructive surgical solutions of the complications of Vaseline self-injection and the outcomes. To develop a modification of a one-step reconstruction method involving the use of pedicled scrotal flaps. The complications and their surgical solutions were classified as regards severity and difficulty. The outcomes were observed and a newly introduced one-step surgical method was investigated. Seventy-eight consecutive patients (87.2% of them with a history of imprisonment) were divided into three groups. In group A, aesthetic penile defects or phimosis caused by the Vaseline necessitated circumcision or local excision. In group B, the whole penile skin was involved, and total skin removal and two- or (a newly modified) one-step reconstructive surgery were performed. In group C, both the whole penile skin and the scrotum were involved: complete skin removal and skin grafting or skin pedicled flap transplantation were carried out. In five cases in group B, postoperative skin necrosis made a second operation necessary. There was one intraoperative urethral injury, where a urethral fistula developed and a second urethral reconstruction was performed. There was no major complication with the newly developed one-stage pedicled flap procedure. At the end of the therapy, all the cases were healed. All of the patients reported successful sexual intercourse after the operations and 91% were satisfied with the result. The complications depend mainly on the amount of Vaseline injected, the hygienic circumstances, and the personal tolerability. In the worst cases, only radical skin removal and skin transplantation can solve the problem. The newly developed one-step arterial branch-preserving scrotal skin flap reconstruction appears to be a suitable and cost-effective solution for these patients. © 2013 International Society for Sexual Medicine.

Analysis of the possibilities and limits of the Moldflow method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brierre, M.

1982-01-01

The Moldflow information and computation service is presented. Moldflow is a computer program and data bank available as a computer aid to dimensioning thermoplastic injection molding equipment and processes. It is based on the simultaneous solution of thermal and rheological equations and is intended to completely simulate the injection process. The Moldflow system is described and algorithms are discussed, based on Moldflow listings.

The pneumatic syringe: a simple apparatus for self-administration of drugs by rats.

PubMed

Weeks, J R

1977-12-01

Drug solution is delivered by a syringe operated by a pneumatic cylinder. Recommended delivery volumes are from 10 to 200 microliter. A solid-state control unit is described which can operate two syringes (drug injection and flush), has outputs for recording responses and injections, and can be programmed to provide several schedules of reinforcement. All components are readily commercially available.

Fluid Dynamics of Carbon Dioxide Disposal into Saline Aquifers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Garcia, Julio Enrique

2003-01-01

Injection of carbon dioxide (CO 2) into saline aquifers has been proposed as a means to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (geological carbon sequestration). Large-scale injection of CO 2 will induce a variety of coupled physical and chemical processes, including multiphase fluid flow, fluid pressurization and changes in effective stress, solute transport, and chemical reactions between fluids and formation minerals. This work addresses some of these issues with special emphasis given to the physics of fluid flow in brine formations. An investigation of the thermophysical properties of pure carbon dioxide, water and aqueous solutions of CO 2 and NaCl has beenmore » conducted. As a result, accurate representations and models for predicting the overall thermophysical behavior of the system CO 2-H 2O-NaCl are proposed and incorporated into the numerical simulator TOUGH2/ECO2. The basic problem of CO 2 injection into a radially symmetric brine aquifer is used to validate the results of TOUGH2/ECO2. The numerical simulator has been applied to more complex flow problem including the CO 2 injection project at the Sleipner Vest Field in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea and the evaluation of fluid flow dynamics effects of CO 2 injection into aquifers. Numerical simulation results show that the transport at Sleipner is dominated by buoyancy effects and that shale layers control vertical migration of CO 2. These results are in good qualitative agreement with time lapse surveys performed at the site. High-resolution numerical simulation experiments have been conducted to study the onset of instabilities (viscous fingering) during injection of CO 2 into saline aquifers. The injection process can be classified as immiscible displacement of an aqueous phase by a less dense and less viscous gas phase. Under disposal conditions (supercritical CO 2) the viscosity of carbon dioxide can be less than the viscosity of the aqueous phase by a factor of 15. Because of the lower viscosity, the CO 2 displacement front will have a tendency towards instability. Preliminary simulation results show good agreement between classical instability solutions and numerical predictions of finger growth and spacing obtained using different gas/liquid viscosity ratios, relative permeability and capillary pressure models. Further studies are recommended to validate these results over a broader range of conditions.« less

USE OF POLYMERS TO RECOVER VISCOUS OIL FROM UNCONVENTIONAL RESERVOIRS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Randall Seright

2011-09-30

This final technical progress report summarizes work performed the project, 'Use of Polymers to Recover Viscous Oil from Unconventional Reservoirs.' The objective of this three-year research project was to develop methods using water soluble polymers to recover viscous oil from unconventional reservoirs (i.e., on Alaska's North Slope). The project had three technical tasks. First, limits were re-examined and redefined for where polymer flooding technology can be applied with respect to unfavorable displacements. Second, we tested existing and new polymers for effective polymer flooding of viscous oil, and we tested newly proposed mechanisms for oil displacement by polymer solutions. Third, wemore » examined novel methods of using polymer gels to improve sweep efficiency during recovery of unconventional viscous oil. This report details work performed during the project. First, using fractional flow calculations, we examined the potential of polymer flooding for recovering viscous oils when the polymer is able to reduce the residual oil saturation to a value less than that of a waterflood. Second, we extensively investigated the rheology in porous media for a new hydrophobic associative polymer. Third, using simulation and analytical studies, we compared oil recovery efficiency for polymer flooding versus in-depth profile modification (i.e., 'Bright Water') as a function of (1) permeability contrast, (2) relative zone thickness, (3) oil viscosity, (4) polymer solution viscosity, (5) polymer or blocking-agent bank size, and (6) relative costs for polymer versus blocking agent. Fourth, we experimentally established how much polymer flooding can reduce the residual oil saturation in an oil-wet core that is saturated with viscous North Slope crude. Finally, an experimental study compared mechanical degradation of an associative polymer with that of a partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide. Detailed results from the first two years of the project may be found in our first and second annual reports. Our latest research results, along with detailed documentation of our past work, can be found on our web site at http://baervan.nmt.edu/randy/. As an overall summary of important findings for the project, polymer flooding has tremendous potential for enhanced recovery of viscous oil. Fear of substantial injectivity reduction was a primary hurdle that limited application of polymer flooding. However, that concern is largely mitigated by (1) use of horizontal wells and (2) judicious injection above the formation parting pressure. Field cases now exist where 200-300-cp polymer solutions are injected without significant reductions in injectivity. Concern about costs associated with injection of viscous polymer solutions was a second major hurdle. However, that concern is reduced substantially by realization that polymer viscosity increases approximately with the square of polymer concentration. Viscosity can be doubled with only a 40% increase in polymer concentration. Up to a readily definable point, increases in viscosity of the injected polymer solution are directly related to increases in sweep efficiency and oil recovery. Previously published simulation results - suggesting that shear-thinning polymer solutions were detrimental to sweep efficiency - were shown to be unfounded (both theoretically and experimentally).« less

Evaluation of taurine as an osmotic agent for peritoneal dialysis solution.

PubMed

Nishimura, Hideki; Ikehara, Osamu; Naito, Takashi; Higuchi, Chieko; Sanaka, Tsutomu

2009-01-01

The development of a glucose-free peritoneal dialysis (PD) solution is important because glucose has been associated with functional and morphological damage to the peritoneal membrane. The ultrafiltration (UF) and biocompatibility of new PD solutions containing taurine (PD-taurine) instead of glucose as an osmolite were tested in a rat PD model. To determine the solution's UF ability, different concentrations of taurine in PD solutions were compared to glucose-based PD solutions (PD-glucose) by giving single intraperitoneal injections for 2, 4, and 6 hours. To examine the biocompatibility of PD-taurine, the rats were divided into 3 groups: a 3.86% PD-glucose group, a 3.5% PD-taurine group and a not dialyzed group. The rats were given 10-mL injections of PD fluids intraperitoneally 3 times daily for 7 days. A peritoneal equilibration test (PET) was performed using a 1.9% xylitol solution at the time the rats were sacrificed. Mesothelial cell monolayers were obtained from the animals and studied based on a population analysis. The net UF of PD-taurine increased in a dose-dependent manner; the 3.5% PD-taurine solution was equivalent to the 3.86% PD-glucose solution after 4 hours. The PET showed that the drainage volume and the D(4)/D(0) ratio for xylitol after 4 hours with PD-taurine solution were significantly greater than with the PD-glucose solution (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001 respectively). Mesothelial and fibroblast-like cell proliferation was significantly less with PD-taurine than with PD-glucose (p < 0.01). These results indicate that PD-taurine resulted in net UF equivalent to that of PD-glucose and was more biocompatible than PD-glucose with respect to the peritoneal membrane.

In Vivo Intracanal Temperature Evolution during Endodontic Treatment after the Injection of Room Temperature or Preheated Sodium Hypochlorite.

PubMed

de Hemptinne, Ferdinand; Slaus, Gunter; Vandendael, Mathieu; Jacquet, Wolfgang; De Moor, Roeland J; Bottenberg, Peter

2015-07-01

Heating a sodium hypochlorite solution improves its effectiveness. The aim of this study was to measure the in vivo temperature changes of sodium hypochlorite solutions that were initially preheated to 66°C or at room temperature inside root canals during routine irrigation. Thirty-five root canals were prepared to ISO size 40 with 4% taper. A type K (nickel-chromium-nickel) thermocouple microprobe (Testo NV, Ternat, Belgium) was positioned within 3 mm of the working length to measure the temperature at 1-second intervals. In each canal, 2 test protocols were evaluated in a randomized order with 3% sodium hypochlorite solutions: (1) preheated to 66°C and (2) at room temperature. The temperature measurements began 5 seconds before the 25 seconds of irrigant injections and continued for 240 seconds. This resulted in 270 data points for each protocol. The temperature of the irrigant at room temperature increased from the initial intracanal temperature after injection of 20.7°C (±1.2°C) to 30.9°C (±1.3°C) in 10 seconds and to 35°C (±0.9°C) after 240 seconds. The temperature of the preheated to 66°C solution decreased from 56.4°C (±2.7°C) to 45.4°C (±3.0°C) after 5 seconds, reached 37°C (±0.9°C) after 60 seconds, and reached 35.7°C (±0.8°C) after 240 seconds. The original temperatures of the sodium hypochlorite solutions were buffered inside the root canal and tended to rapidly evolve to equilibrium. The findings of this study contribute to an improved understanding of the thermodynamic behaviors of irrigant solutions inside root canals in vivo. Copyright © 2015 American Association of Endodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Baxa MicroMacrocompounder for parenteral nutrition solutions in a pediatric hospital.

PubMed

Combeau, D; Rey, J B; Fontan, J E; Nouaille-Degorce, B; Brion, F

1999-01-01

The constant increase of parenteral nutrition (PN) manufacturing in our pediatric hospital led us to look for an automatic filling system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the MicroMacrocompounder (MM23) for compounding pediatric PN solutions. MM23 volumetric accuracy was tested with its different inlets (S, D, V) for volumes of sterile water for injection from 0.2 to 2900 mL. The influence of the solution viscosity and the source solution bottle replacements during the filling operation was also investigated. Manufacturing pediatric PN solutions was eventually assessed. Time to set up the system was 30 minutes. Maximum filling speeds with sterile water for injection were 860, 330, 154 mL/min for Vx, V and D inlets, respectively. Inlet S was not tested for MM23 filling speed. Minimal flush volume of 40 mL of sterile water for injection is necessary to clear the tube of residual ions. Average MM23 volumetric accuracy was < 5% for volumes > or = 0.5 mL for S and D inlets, and for volumes > or = 20 mL for V inlet. The volumetric accuracy was equal to 6.25% for 0.2 mL. In all experiments, volumetric accuracy was < 5%. The accuracy of electrolyte measurements performed on bag samples was less than 5% for 150 (74%) samples, between 5 and 10% for 27 (13%) samples and greater than 10% for 27 (13%) samples. Microbiological analysis showed no positive culture. The average manufacturing times were 56.8 +/- 4.5, 188.2 +/- 7.7 and 447.2 +/- 13.8 seconds for 130, 660 and 1800 mL bags, respectively. The MM23 compounder is suitable for compounding pediatric admixtures with source solutions volumes > or = 0.5 mL. This system has been used daily for five months in our department.

Safety, tolerability and efficacy of intradermal rabies immunization with DebioJect™.

PubMed

Vescovo, Paul; Rettby, Nils; Ramaniraka, Nirinarilala; Liberman, Julie; Hart, Karen; Cachemaille, Astrid; Piveteau, Laurent-Dominique; Zanoni, Reto; Bart, Pierre-Alexandre; Pantaleo, Giuseppe

2017-03-27

In a single-center study, 66 healthy volunteers aged between 18 and 50years were randomized to be immunized against rabies with three different injection routes: intradermal with DebioJect™ (IDJ), standard intradermal with classical needle (IDS), also called Mantoux method, and intramuscular with classical needle (IM). "Vaccin rabique Pasteur®" and saline solution (NaCl 0.9%) were administered at D0, D7 and D28. Antigen doses for both intradermal routes were 1/5 of the dose for IM. Tolerability, safety and induced immunogenicity of IDJ were compared to IDS and IM routes. Pain was evaluated at needle insertion and at product injection for all vaccination visits. Solicited Adverse Event (SolAE) and local reactogenicity symptoms including pain, redness and pruritus were recorded daily following each vaccination visit. Adverse events (AE) were recorded over the whole duration of the study. Humoral immune response was measured by assessing the rabies virus neutralizing antibody (VNA) titers using Rapid Fluorescent Focus Inhibition Test (RFFIT). Results demonstrated that the DebioJect™ is a safe, reliable and efficient device. Significant decreases of pain at needle insertion and at vaccine injection were reported with IDJ compared to IDS and IM. All local reactogenicity symptoms (pain, redness and pruritus) after injection with either vaccine or saline solution, were similar for IDJ and IDS, except that IDJ injection induced more redness 30min after saline solution. No systemic SolAE was deemed related to DebioJect™ and classical needles. No AE was deemed related to DebioJect™. No Serious Adverse Event (SAE) was reported during the study. At the end of the study all participants were considered immunized against rabies and no significant difference in humoral response was observed between the 3 studied routes. Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Determination of tannin in green tea infusion by flow-injection analysis based on quenching the fluorescence of 3-aminophthalate.

PubMed

Chen, Richie L C; Lin, Chun-Hsun; Chung, Chien-Yu; Cheng, Tzong-Jih

2005-11-02

A flow-injection analytical system was developed to determine tannin content in green tea infusions. The flow-injection system is based on measuring the quenching effect of tannin on the fluorescence of 3-aminophthalate. Fluorophore was obtained by auto-oxidation of luminol during solution preparation. System performance was satisfactory for routine analysis (sample throughput >20 h(-1); linear dynamic range for tannic acid, 0.005-0.3 mg/mL; linear dynamic range for green tea tannin, 0.02-1.0 mg/mL; CV < 3%). The flow-injection method is immune from interference by coexisting ascorbate in green tea infusion. Analytical results were verified by the ferrous tartrate method, the Japanese official analytical method.

[The role of delta-1 opiate receptors in regulation of contractility in isolated rat heart during normal oxygenation and ischemia-reperfusion].

PubMed

Lasukova, T V; Maslov, L N; Lishmanov, Iu B; Gross, G J

2004-01-01

The experiments on isolated rat heart demonstrated significant decrease in reperfusion-induced damage of cardiomyocytes by addition of selective delta 1 receptor agonist DPDPE (0.1 mg/l) to the perfusion solution. On the contrary, no cardioprotective effect was observed for 0.5 mg/l concentration of the peptide or after its intravenous injection. Stimulation of the cardiac delta 1 opioid receptors by intravenous injection of 0.5 mg/kg DPDPE or its addition to the perfusion solution decreased myocardial contractility both in conditions of normal oxygenation and during reperfusion. Thus, the cardioprotective and negative inotropic effect of DPDPE is mediated by activation of the cardiac delta 1 opioid receptors.

The Use of Flow-Injection Analysis with Chemiluminescence Detection of Aqueous Ferrous Iron in Waters Containing High Concentrations of Organic Compounds

PubMed Central

Borman, Christopher J.; Sullivan, B. Patrick; Eggleston, Carrick M.; Colberg, Patricia J. S.

2009-01-01

An evaluation of flow-injection analysis with chemiluminescence detection (FIA-CL) to quantify Fe2+(aq) in freshwaters was performed. Iron-coordinating and/or iron-reducing compounds, dissolved organic matter (DOM), and samples from two natural water systems were used to amend standard solutions of Fe2+(aq). Slopes of the response curves from ferrous iron standards (1 – 100 nM) were compared to the response curves of iron standards containing the amendments. Results suggest that FIA-CL is not suitable for systems containing ascorbate, hydroxylamine, cysteine or DOM. Little or no change in sensitivity occurred in solutions of oxalate and glycine or in natural waters with little organic matter. PMID:22408532

Formulation and Stability of Solutions.

PubMed

Akers, Michael J

2016-01-01

Ready-to-use solutions are the most preferable and most common dosage forms for injectable and topical ophthalmic products. Drugs formulated as solution almost always have chemical and physical stability challenges as well as solubility limitations and the need to prevent inadvertent microbial contamination issues. The first in this series of articles took us through a discussion of optimizing the physical stability of solutions. This article concludes this series of articles with a discussion on foreign particles, protein aggregation, and immunogenicity; optimizing microbiological activity; and osmolality (tonicity) agents, and discusses how these challenges and issues are addressed.

The effects of subarachnoid administration of preservative-free S(+)-ketamine on spinal cord and meninges in dogs.

PubMed

Rojas, Alfredo Cury; Alves, Juliana Gaiotto; Moreira E Lima, Rodrigo; Esther Alencar Marques, Mariângela; Moreira de Barros, Guilherme Antônio; Fukushima, Fernanda Bono; Modolo, Norma Sueli Pinheiro; Ganem, Eliana Marisa

2012-02-01

The N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine and its active enantiomer, S(+)-ketamine, have been injected in the epidural and subarachnoid spaces to treat acute postoperative pain and relieve neuropathic pain syndrome. In this study we evaluated the effects of a single dose of preservative-free S(+)-ketamine, in doses usually used in clinical practice, in the spinal cord and meninges of dogs. Under anesthesia (IV etomidate (2 mg/kg) and fentanyl (0.005 mg/kg), 16 dogs (6 to 15 kg) were randomized to receive a lumbar intrathecal injection (L5/6) of saline solution of 0.9% (control group) or S(+)-ketamine 1 mg/kg(-1) (ketamine group). All doses were administered in a volume of 1 mL over a 10-second interval. Accordingly, injection solution ranged from 0.6% to 1.5%. After 21 days of clinical observation, the animals were killed; spinal cord, cauda equina root, and meninges were removed for histological examination with light microscopy. Tissues were examined for demyelination (Masson trichrome), neuronal death (hematoxylin and eosin) and astrocyte activation (glial fibrillary acidic protein). No clinical or histological alterations of spinal tissue or meninges were found in animals from either control or ketamine groups. A single intrathecal injection of preservative-free S(+)-ketamine, at 1 mg/kg(-1) dosage, over a concentration range of 6 to 15 mg/mL injected in the subarachnoid space in a single puncture, did not produce histological alterations in this experimental model.

Effects of in ovo injection of carbohydrates on somatic characteristics and liver nutrient profiles of broiler embryos and hatchlings.

PubMed

Zhai, W; Bennett, L W; Gerard, P D; Pulikanti, R; Peebles, E D

2011-12-01

Effects of the in ovo injection of commercial diluent supplemented with dextrin or with dextrin in combination with various other carbohydrates on the somatic characteristics and liver nutrient profiles of Ross × Ross 708 broiler embryos and chicks were investigated. Results include information concerning the gluconeogenic energy status of the liver before and after hatch. Eggs containing live embryos were injected in the amnion on d 18 of incubation using an automated multiple-egg injector for the delivery of the following carbohydrates dissolved in 0.4 mL of commercial diluent: 1) 6.25% glucose and 18.75% dextrin; 2) 6.25% sucrose and 18.75% dextrin; 3) 6.25% maltose and 18.75% dextrin; and 4) 25% dextrin. Also, a noninjected control and a 0.4-mL diluent-injected control were included. Body weight relative to set egg weight on d 19 of incubation (E19) was increased by the injection of all carbohydrate solutions, and on the day of hatch was increased by the injection of diluent, sucrose and dextrin, and maltose and dextrin solutions. Hatchability of the fertilized eggs, residual yolk sac weight, and liver weight were not affected by any injection treatment; however, as compared with the 0.4 mL diluent-injected group, all of the supplementary carbohydrates, except for the glucose and dextrin combination group, increased liver glycogen and glucose concentrations on E19. Furthermore, all carbohydrates, except for the 25% dextrin treatment, decreased liver fat concentration on E19. From E19 to the day of hatch, liver glycogen concentrations dropped dramatically from an average of 3.2 to 0.6%. Despite treatment differences observed on E19 for liver glycogen, glucose, and fat concentrations, these differences were lost by the day of hatch. Nevertheless, liver glycogen and glucose concentrations were positively correlated on the day of hatch. In conclusion, the in ovo injection of various supplemental carbohydrates dissolved in 0.4 mL of commercial diluent altered the liver nutrient profile of Ross × Ross 708 broiler embryos before hatch. However, the subsequent pattern of energy utilization during the hatching process modified these effects.

CarbFix I: Rapid CO2 mineralization in basalt for permanent carbon storage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Matter, J. M.; Stute, M.; Snæbjörnsdóttir, S.; Gíslason, S. R.; Oelkers, E. H.; Sigfússon, B.; Gunnarsson, I.; Aradottir, E. S.; Gunnlaugsson, E.; Broecker, W. S.

2015-12-01

Carbon dioxide mineralization via CO2-fluid-rock reactions provides the most permanent solution for geologic CO2 storage. Basalts, onshore or offshore, have the potential to store million metric tons of CO2 as (Ca, Mg, Fe) carbonates [1, 2]. However, as of today it was unclear how fast CO2 is converted to carbonate minerals in-situ in a basalt storage reservoir. The CarbFix I project in Iceland was designed to verify in-situ CO2 mineralization in basaltic rocks. Two injection tests were performed at the CarbFix I pilot injection site near the Hellisheidi geothermal power plant in 2012. 175 tons of pure CO2 and 73 tons of a CO2+H2S mixture were injection from January to March 2012 and in June 2013, respectively. The gases were injected fully dissolved in groundwater into a permeable basalt formation between 400 and 800 m depth using a novel CO2 injection system. Using conservative (SF6, SF5CF3) and reactive (14C) tracers, we quantitatively monitor and detect dissolved and chemically transformed CO2. Tracer breakthrough curves obtained from the first monitoring well indicate that the injected solution arrived in a fast short pulse and a late broad peak. Ratios of 14C/SF6, 14C/SF5CF3 or DIC/SF6 and DIC/SF5CF3 are significantly lower in the monitoring well compared to the injection well, indicating that the injected dissolved CO2 reacted. Mass balance calculations using the tracer data reveal that >95% of the injected CO2 has been mineralized over a period of two years. Evidence of carbonate precipitation has been found in core samples that were collected from the storage reservoir using wireline core drilling as well as in and on the submersible pump in the monitoring well. Results from the core analysis will be presented with emphasis on the CO2 mineralization. [1] McGrail et al. (2006) JGR 111, B12201; [2] Goldberg et al. (2008) PNAS 105(29), 9920-9925.

Diffusion of drag-reducing polymer solutions within a rough-walled turbulent boundary layer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Elbing, Brian R.; Dowling, David R.; Perlin, Marc; Ceccio, Steven L.

2010-04-01

The influence of surface roughness on diffusion of wall-injected, drag-reducing polymer solutions within a turbulent boundary layer was studied with a 0.94 m long flat-plate test model at speeds of up to 10.6 m s-1 and Reynolds numbers of up to 9×106. The surface was hydraulically smooth, transitionally rough, or fully rough. Mean concentration profiles were acquired with planar laser induced fluorescence, which was the primary flow diagnostic. Polymer concentration profiles with high injection concentrations (≥1000 wppm) had the peak concentration shifted away from the wall, which was partially attributed to a lifting phenomenon. The diffusion process was divided into three zones—initial, intermediate, and final. Studies of polymer injection into a polymer ocean at concentrations sufficient for maximum drag reduction indicated that the maximum initial zone length is of the order of 100 boundary layer thicknesses. The intermediate zone results indicate that friction velocity and roughness height are important scaling parameters in addition to flow and injection conditions. Lastly, the current results were combined with those in Petrie et al. ["Polymer drag reduction with surface roughness in flat-plate turbulent boundary layer flow," Exp. Fluids 35, 8 (2003)] to demonstrate that the influence of polymer degradation increases with increased surface roughness.

Supplementary routes to local anaesthesia.

PubMed

Meechan, J G

2002-11-01

The satisfactory provision of many dental treatments, particularly endodontics, relies on achieving excellent pain control. Unfortunately, the administration of a local anaesthetic solution does not always produce satisfactory anaesthesia of the dental pulp. This may be distressing for both patient and operator. Fortunately, failure of local anaesthetic injections can be overcome. This is often achieved by using alternative routes of approach for subsequent injections. Nerves such as the inferior alveolar nerve can be anaesthetized by a variety of block methods. However, techniques of anaesthesia other than the standard infiltration and regional block injections may be employed successfully when these former methods have failed to produce adequate pain control. This paper describes some supplementary local anaesthetic techniques that may be used to achieve pulpal anaesthesia for endodontic procedures when conventional approaches have failed. Although some of these techniques can be used as the primary form of anaesthesia, these are normally employed as 'back-up'. The methods described are intraligamentary (periodontal ligament) injections, intraosseous anaesthesia and the intrapulpal approach. The factors that influence the success of these methods and the advantages and disadvantages of each technique are discussed. The advent of new instrumentation, which permits the slow delivery of local anaesthetic solution has led to the development of novel methods of anaesthesia in dentistry. These new approaches are discussed.

Evaluation of an injectable bioactive borate glass cement to heal bone defects in a rabbit femoral condyle model.

PubMed

Cui, Xu; Huang, Wenhai; Zhang, Yadong; Huang, Chengcheng; Yu, Zunxiong; Wang, Lei; Liu, Wenlong; Wang, Ting; Zhou, Jie; Wang, Hui; Zhou, Nai; Wang, Deping; Pan, Haobo; Rahaman, Mohamed N

2017-04-01

There is a need for synthetic biomaterials to heal bone defects using minimal invasive surgery. In the present study, an injectable cement composed of bioactive borate glass particles and a chitosan bonding solution was developed and evaluated for its capacity to heal bone defects in a rabbit femoral condyle model. The injectability and setting time of the cement in vitro decreased but the compressive strength increased (8±2MPa to 31±2MPa) as the ratio of glass particles to chitosan solution increased (from 1.0gml -1 to 2.5gml -1 ). Upon immersing the cement in phosphate-buffered saline, the glass particles reacted and converted to hydroxyapatite, imparting bioactivity to the cement. Osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells showed enhanced proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity when incubated in media containing the soluble ionic product of the cement. The bioactive glass cement showed a better capacity to stimulate bone formation in rabbit femoral condyle defects at 12weeks postimplantation when compared to a commercial calcium sulfate cement. The injectable bioactive borate glass cement developed in this study could provide a promising biomaterial to heal bone defects by minimal invasive surgery. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

75 FR 31790 - Determination That Cysteine Hydrochloride Injection, USP, 7.25%, Was Not Withdrawn From Sale for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-04

... an additive to amino acid solutions to meet the nutritional requirements of newborn infants requiring... have impaired enzymatic processes and require TPN. It can also be added to amino acid solutions to provide a more complete profile of amino acids for protein synthesis. Hospira notified FDA in a letter...

Designing Solvent Exchange-Induced In Situ Forming Gel from Aqueous Insoluble Polymers as Matrix Base for Periodontitis Treatment.

PubMed

Srichan, Tharatree; Phaechamud, Thawatchai

2017-01-01

An in situ forming gel is a dosage form which is promised for site-specific therapy such as periodontal pocket of periodontitis treatment. Ethylcellulose, bleached shellac, and Eudragit RS were applied in this study as a polymeric matrix for in situ forming gel employing N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) as solvent. Solutions comprising ethylcellulose, bleached shellac, and Eudragit RS in NMP were evaluated for viscosity, rheology, and rate of water penetration. Ease of administration by injection was determined as the force required to expel polymeric solutions through a needle using texture analyzer. In vitro gel formation and in vitro gel degradation were conducted after injection into phosphate buffer solution pH 6.8. Ethylcellulose, bleached shellac, and Eudragit RS could form the in situ gel, in vitro. Gel viscosity and pH value depended on percentage amount of the polymer, whereas the water diffusion at early period likely relied on types of polymer. Furthermore, the solutions containing higher polymer concentration exhibited the lower degree of degradation. All the preparations were acceptable as injectable dosage forms because the applied force was lower than 50 N. All of them inhibited Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans, and Porphyrommonas gingivalis growth owing to antimicrobial activity of NMP which exhibited a potential use for periodontitis treatment. Moreover, the developed systems presented as the solvent exchange induced in situ forming gel and showed capability to be incorporated with the suitable antimicrobial active compounds for periodontitis treatment which should be further studied.

Drug delivery into the cochlear apex: Improved control to sequentially affect finely spaced regions along the entire length of the cochlear spiral.

PubMed

Lichtenhan, J T; Hartsock, J; Dornhoffer, J R; Donovan, K M; Salt, A N

2016-11-01

Administering pharmaceuticals to the scala tympani of the inner ear is a common approach to study cochlear physiology and mechanics. We present here a novel method for in vivo drug delivery in a controlled manner to sealed ears. Injections of ototoxic solutions were applied from a pipette sealed into a fenestra in the cochlear apex, progressively driving solutions along the length of scala tympani toward the cochlear aqueduct at the base. Drugs can be delivered rapidly or slowly. In this report we focus on slow delivery in which the injection rate is automatically adjusted to account for varying cross sectional area of the scala tympani, therefore driving a solution front at uniform rate. Objective measurements originating from finely spaced, low- to high-characteristic cochlear frequency places were sequentially affected. Comparison with existing methods(s): Controlled administration of pharmaceuticals into the cochlear apex overcomes a number of serious limitations of previously established methods such as cochlear perfusions with an injection pipette in the cochlear base: The drug concentration achieved is more precisely controlled, drug concentrations remain in scala tympani and are not rapidly washed out by cerebrospinal fluid flow, and the entire length of the cochlear spiral can be treated quickly or slowly with time. Controlled administration of solutions into the cochlear apex can be a powerful approach to sequentially effect objective measurements originating from finely spaced cochlear regions and allows, for the first time, the spatial origin of CAPs to be objectively defined. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Drug delivery into the cochlear apex: Improved control to sequentially affect finely spaced regions along the entire length of the cochlear spiral

PubMed Central

Lichtenhan, JT; Hartsock, J; Dornhoffer, JR; Donovan, KM; Salt, AN

2016-01-01

Background Administering pharmaceuticals to the scala tympani of the inner ear is a common approach to study cochlear physiology and mechanics. We present here a novel method for in vivo drug delivery in a controlled manner to sealed ears. New method Injections of ototoxic solutions were applied from a pipette sealed into a fenestra in the cochlear apex, progressively driving solutions along the length of scala tympani toward the cochlear aqueduct at the base. Drugs can be delivered rapidly or slowly. In this report we focus on slow delivery in which the injection rate is automatically adjusted to account for varying cross sectional area of the scala tympani, therefore driving a solution front at uniform rate. Results Objective measurements originating from finely spaced, low- to high-characteristic cochlear frequency places were sequentially affected. Comparison with existing methods(s): Controlled administration of pharmaceuticals into the cochlear apex overcomes a number of serious limitations of previously established methods such as cochlear perfusions with an injection pipette in the cochlear base: The drug concentration achieved is more precisely controlled, drug concentrations remain in scala tympani and are not rapidly washed out by cerebrospinal fluid flow, and the entire length of the cochlear spiral can be treated quickly or slowly with time. Conclusions Controlled administration of solutions into the cochlear apex can be a powerful approach to sequentially effect objective measurements originating from finely spaced cochlear regions and allows, for the first time, the spatial origin of CAPs to be objectively defined. PMID:27506463

[Effects of Salvianolate on Myosin Heavy Chain in Cardiomyocytes of Congestive Heart Failure Rats].

PubMed

Chen, Cheng; Zou, Xiang-gu; Qiu, Shan-dong; Chen, Hui; Chen, Yong-zhong; Lin, Xiu-ming

2015-07-01

To explore the effect of Salvianolate on myosin heavy chain (MHC) in cardiomyocytes of congestive heart failure (CHF) rats. Sixty male SD rats were divided into 6 groups according to random digit table, i.e., the normal control group (NCG), the model group, the Captopril group (CAG), the low dose Salvianolate group (LSG), the high dose Salvianolate group (HSG), the Captopril and high dose Salvianolate group (CSG), 10 in each group. CHF rat model was established with peritoneal injection of adriamycin in all rats except those in the NCG. Equal volume of normal saline was peritoneally injected to rats in the NCG, once per week for 6 successive weeks. Corresponding medication was started from the 5th week of injecting adriamycin. Rats in the CAG were administered with Captopril solution at the daily dose of 10 mg/kg by gastrogavage. Rats in the LSG and the HSG were administered with Salvianolate solution at the daily dose of 24.219 mg/kg and 48.438 mg/kg respectively by gastrogavage. Salvianolate was dissolved in 2 mL 5% glucose solution and administered by peritoneal injection. Rats in the CSG were peritoneally injected with high dose Salvianolate solution and administered with Captopril solution by gastrogavage. Two mL normal saline was peritoneally injected to rats in the model group, once per day for 8 successive weeks. Eight weeks later, the cardiac function and myocardial hypertrophy indices were detected by biological signal collecting and processing system. mRNA expression levels of alpha-MHC and beta-MHC in cardiac muscle were detected by fluorescence quantitative PCR. Expressions of protein kinase C (PKC) in cardiac muscle were detected by Western blot. Compared with the normal control group, heart mass index (HMI) and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) obviously increased in the model group (P < 0.01). Compared with the model group, HMI and LVMI decreased in HSG, CAG, and CSG groups (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). It was more obviously lowered in the CSG group than in the CAG group (P < 0.05). Compared with the NCG, the mRNA expression level of alpha-MHC in cardiac muscle decreased, the mRNA expression level of p-MHC and the expression of PKC in cardiac muscle increased in the model group (P < 0.01). Compared with the model group, the mRNA expression level of alpha-MHC in cardiac muscle was increased, and the mRNA expression level of beta-MHC and the expression of PKC in cardiac muscle were decreased in HSG, CAG, and CSG groups (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). There was statistical difference between the CSG group and the CAG group (P < 0.05). Salvianolate could up-regulate the mRNA expression level of alpha-MHC, and down-regulate the mRNA expression level of beta-MHC in cardiac muscle. Its mechanism might be related to decreasing the expression of PKC.

An Innovative Needle-free Injection System: Comparison to 1 ml Standard Subcutaneous Injection.

PubMed

Kojic, Nikola; Goyal, Pragun; Lou, Cheryl Hamer; Corwin, Michael J

2017-11-01

A needle-free delivery system may lead to improved satisfaction and compliance, as well as reduced anxiety among patients requiring frequent or ongoing injections. This report describes a first-in-man assessment comparing Portal Instruments' innovative needle-free injection system with subcutaneous injections using a 27G needle. Forty healthy volunteer participants each received a total of four injections of 1.0 mL sterile saline solution, two with a standard subcutaneous injection using a 27G needle, and two using the Portal injection system. Perception of pain was measured using a 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS). Injection site reactions were assessed at 2 min and at 20-30 min after each injection. Follow-up contact was made 24-48 h after the injections. Subject preference regarding injection type was also assessed. VAS pain scores at Portal injection sites met the criteria to be considered non-inferior to the pain reported at 27G needle injection sites (i.e., upper 95% confidence bound less than +5 mm). Based on a mixed effects model, at time 0, accounting for potential confounding variables, the adjusted difference in VAS scores indicated that Portal injections were 6.5 mm lower than the 27G needle injections (95% CI -10.5, -2.5). No clinically important adverse events were noted. Portal injections were preferred by 24 (60%) of the subjects (P = 0.0015). As an early step in the development of this new needle-free delivery system, the current study has shown that a 1.0-mL saline injection can be given with less pain reported than a standard subcutaneous injection using a 27G needle.

Acid-base and hemodynamic status of patients with intraoperative hemorrhage using two solution types: Crystalloid Ringer lactate and 1.3% sodium bicarbonate in half-normal saline solution.

PubMed

Hashemi, Sayed Jalal; Heidari, Sayed Morteza; Yaraghi, Ahmad; Seirafi, Reza

2016-01-01

Intraoperative hemorrhage is one of the problems during surgery and, if it happens in a high volume without an immediate action to control, it can be fatal. Nowadays, various injectable solutions are used. The aim of this study was to compare the acid-base and hemodynamic status of the patient using two solutions, Ringer lactate and 1.3% sodium bicarbonate, in half saline solution. This clinical trial was performed at the Al-Zahra Hospital in 2013 on 66 patients who were randomly selected and put in two studied groups at the onset of hemorrhage. For the first group, crystalloid Ringer lactate solution and for the second group, 1.3% sodium bicarbonate in half-normal saline solution was used. Electrocardiogram, heart rate, O2 saturation non-invasive blood pressure and end-tidal CO2 were monitored. The arterial blood gas, blood electrolytes, glucose and blood urea nitrogen were measured before serum and blood injection. After the infusion of solutions and before blood transfusions, another sample was sent for measurement of blood parameters. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. The mean arterial pressure was significantly higher in the second group than in the first group at some times after the infusion of solutions. pHh levels, base excess, bicarbonate, sodium, strong ion differences and osmolarity were significantly greater and potassium and chloride were significantly lower in the second group than in the first group after the infusion of solutions. 1.3% sodium bicarbonate in half-normal saline solution can lead to a proper correction of hemodynamic instability. By maintaining hemodynamic status, osmolarity and electrolytes as well as better balance of acid-base, 1.3% sodium bicarbonate solution in half-normal saline solution can be more effective than Ringer lactate solution during intraoperative bleeding.

Binding of thrombin-activated platelets to a fibrin scaffold through α(IIb)β₃ evokes phosphatidylserine exposure on their cell surface.

PubMed

Brzoska, Tomasz; Suzuki, Yuko; Mogami, Hideo; Sano, Hideto; Urano, Tetsumei

2013-01-01

Recently, by employing intra-vital confocal microscopy, we demonstrated that platelets expose phosphatidylserine (PS) and fibrin accumulate only in the center of the thrombus but not in its periphery. To address the question how exposure of platelet anionic phospholipids is regulated within the thrombus, an in-vitro experiment using diluted platelet-rich plasma was employed, in which the fibrin network was formed in the presence of platelets, and PS exposure on the platelet surface was analyzed using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. Almost all platelets exposed PS after treatment with tissue factor, thrombin or ionomycin. Argatroban abrogated fibrin network formation in all samples, however, platelet PS exposure was inhibited only in tissue factor- and thrombin-treated samples but not in ionomycin-treated samples. FK633, an α(IIb)β₃ antagonist, and cytochalasin B impaired platelet binding to the fibrin scaffold and significantly reduced PS exposure evoked by thrombin. Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro amide abrogated not only fibrin network formation, but also PS exposure on platelets without suppressing platelet binding to fibrin/fibrinogen. These results suggest that outside-in signals in platelets generated by their binding to the rigid fibrin network are essential for PS exposure after thrombin treatment.

Binding of Thrombin-Activated Platelets to a Fibrin Scaffold through αIIbβ3 Evokes Phosphatidylserine Exposure on Their Cell Surface

PubMed Central

Brzoska, Tomasz; Suzuki, Yuko; Mogami, Hideo; Sano, Hideto; Urano, Tetsumei

2013-01-01

Recently, by employing intra-vital confocal microscopy, we demonstrated that platelets expose phosphatidylserine (PS) and fibrin accumulate only in the center of the thrombus but not in its periphery. To address the question how exposure of platelet anionic phospholipids is regulated within the thrombus, an in-vitro experiment using diluted platelet-rich plasma was employed, in which the fibrin network was formed in the presence of platelets, and PS exposure on the platelet surface was analyzed using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. Almost all platelets exposed PS after treatment with tissue factor, thrombin or ionomycin. Argatroban abrogated fibrin network formation in all samples, however, platelet PS exposure was inhibited only in tissue factor- and thrombin-treated samples but not in ionomycin-treated samples. FK633, an αIIbβ3 antagonist, and cytochalasin B impaired platelet binding to the fibrin scaffold and significantly reduced PS exposure evoked by thrombin. Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro amide abrogated not only fibrin network formation, but also PS exposure on platelets without suppressing platelet binding to fibrin/fibrinogen. These results suggest that outside-in signals in platelets generated by their binding to the rigid fibrin network are essential for PS exposure after thrombin treatment. PMID:23383331

INJECTION OPTICS FOR THE JLEIC ION COLLIDER RING

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Morozov, Vasiliy; Derbenev, Yaroslav; Lin, Fanglei

2016-05-01

The Jefferson Lab Electron-Ion Collider (JLEIC) will accelerate protons and ions from 8 GeV to 100 GeV. A very low beta function at the Interaction Point (IP) is needed to achieve the required luminosity. One consequence of the low beta optics is that the beta function in the final focusing (FF) quadrupoles is extremely high. This leads to a large beam size in these magnets as well as strong sensitivity to errors which limits the dynamic aperture. These effects are stronger at injection energy where the beam size is maximum, and therefore very large aperture FF magnets are required tomore » allow a large dynamic aperture. A standard solution is a relaxed injection optics with IP beta function large enough to provide a reasonable FF aperture. This also reduces the effects of FF errors resulting in a larger dynamic aperture at injection. We describe the ion ring injection optics design as well as a beta-squeeze transition from the injection to collision optics.« less

Nitrocobinamide, a New Cyanide Antidote That Can Be Administered by Intramuscular Injection

PubMed Central

Chan, Adriano; Jiang, Jingjing; Fridman, Alla; Guo, Ling T.; Shelton, G. Diane; Liu, Ming-Tao; Green, Carol; Haushalter, Kristofer J.; Patel, Hemal H.; Lee, Jangwoen; Yoon, David; Burney, Tanya; Mukai, David; Mahon, Sari B.; Brenner, Matthew; Pilz, Renate B.; Boss, Gerry R.

2015-01-01

Currently available cyanide antidotes must be given by intravenous injection over 5–10 min, making them illsuited for treating many people in the field, as could occur in a major fire, an industrial accident, or a terrorist attack. These scenarios call for a drug that can be given quickly, e.g., by intramuscular injection. We have shown that aquohydroxocobinamide is a potent cyanide antidote in animal models of cyanide poisoning, but it is unstable in solution and poorly absorbed after intramuscular injection. Here we show that adding sodium nitrite to cobinamide yields a stable derivative (referred to as nitrocobinamide) that rescues cyanide-poisoned mice and rabbits when given by intramuscular injection. We also show that the efficacy of nitrocobinamide is markedly enhanced by coadministering sodium thiosulfate (reducing the total injected volume), and we calculate that ∼1.4 mL each of nitrocobinamide and sodium thiosulfate should rescue a human from a lethal cyanide exposure. PMID:25650735

[Intra-amniotic administration of prostaglandin F 2 alpha, 12-methyl-prostaglandin F 2 alpha and hypertonic sodium chloride solution for induction of abortion in second-trimester pregnancy].

PubMed

Persianinov, L S; Chernukha, E A

1975-01-01

The authors had performed comperative studies of the effect of the induction of abortion in late pregnancy according to the medical indications by intra-amniotic injection of 20% hypertonic NaCl saline in 26 pregnant patients, of 25 mg prostaglandin F2alpha with 6 hours' intervals in 25 patients, a single dose injection of 40 mg PGF2alpha in 27 cases and single dose injection of 2,5 mg 15-me-PGF2alpha given to 25 patients. The highest success rate was obtained with the single dose injection of 2,5 mg 15-me-PGF2alpha and the lowest success rate was obtained with 25 mg prostaglandin F2alpha with 6 hours' intervals. Despite of rather high procentage of success rate in using the hypertonic NaCl saline, this method is more dangerous in the moment of the injection of saline and complications during the abortion (water intoxication, necrosis of tissue, coagulation defects and other). The most frequently incountered side-effects in using PGs were vomiting and diarhea. Histologic examinations of the placenta revealed massive bleedings, at frequency rate being the same for prostaglandins and the hypertonic saline. The degree of isoimmunisation was lower with prostaglandins than with hypertonic NaCl saline, despite of the late dates of pregnancy termination. The intro-amniotic injection of the small volume solution of 15-me-PGF2alpha or PGF2alpha is more simpler and easier from the technical point of view than any methodic recommended for using saline and at the same time it is more effective.

Magma injection into a long-lived reservoir to explain geodetically measured uplift: Application to the 2007-2014 unrest episode at Laguna del Maule volcanic field, Chile

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Le Mével, Hélène; Gregg, Patricia M.; Feigl, Kurt L.

2016-08-01

Moving beyond the widely used kinematic models for the deformation sources, we present a new dynamic model to describe the process of injecting magma into an existing magma reservoir. To validate this model, we derive an analytical solution and compare its results to those calculated using the Finite Element Method. A Newtonian fluid characterized by its viscosity, density, and overpressure (relative to the lithostatic value) flows through a vertical conduit, intruding into a reservoir embedded in an elastic domain, leading to an increase in reservoir pressure and time-dependent surface deformation. We apply our injection model to Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data from the ongoing unrest episode at Laguna del Maule (Chile) volcanic field that started in 2007. Using a grid search optimization, we minimize the misfit to the InSAR displacement data and vary the three parameters governing the analytical solution: the characteristic timescale τP for magma propagation, the maximum injection pressure, and the inflection time when the acceleration switches from positive to negative. For a spheroid with semimajor axis a = 6200 m, semiminor axis c = 100 m, located at a depth of 4.5 km in a purely elastic half-space, the best fit to the InSAR displacement data occurs for τP=9.5 years and an injection pressure rising up to 11.5 MPa for 2 years. The volume flow rate increased to 1.2 m3/s for 2 years and then decreased to 0.7 m3/s in 2014. In 7.3 years, at least 187 × 106 m3 of magma was injected.

Magma injection into a long-lived reservoir to explain geodetically measured uplift: Application to the 2007-2014 unrest episode at Laguna del Maule volcanic field, Chile.

PubMed

Le Mével, Hélène; Gregg, Patricia M; Feigl, Kurt L

2016-08-01

Moving beyond the widely used kinematic models for the deformation sources, we present a new dynamic model to describe the process of injecting magma into an existing magma reservoir. To validate this model, we derive an analytical solution and compare its results to those calculated using the Finite Element Method. A Newtonian fluid characterized by its viscosity, density, and overpressure (relative to the lithostatic value) flows through a vertical conduit, intruding into a reservoir embedded in an elastic domain, leading to an increase in reservoir pressure and time-dependent surface deformation. We apply our injection model to Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data from the ongoing unrest episode at Laguna del Maule (Chile) volcanic field that started in 2007. Using a grid search optimization, we minimize the misfit to the InSAR displacement data and vary the three parameters governing the analytical solution: the characteristic timescale τ P for magma propagation, the maximum injection pressure, and the inflection time when the acceleration switches from positive to negative. For a spheroid with semimajor axis a = 6200 m, semiminor axis c = 100 m, located at a depth of 4.5 km in a purely elastic half-space, the best fit to the InSAR displacement data occurs for τ P =9.5 years and an injection pressure rising up to 11.5 MPa for 2 years. The volume flow rate increased to 1.2 m 3 /s for 2 years and then decreased to 0.7 m 3 /s in 2014. In 7.3 years, at least 187 × 10 6 m 3 of magma was injected.

An in situ-forming phospholipid-based phase transition gel prolongs the duration of local anesthesia for ropivacaine with minimal toxicity.

PubMed

Li, Hanmei; Liu, Tao; Zhu, Yuxuan; Fu, Qiang; Wu, Wanxia; Deng, Jie; Lan, Li; Shi, Sanjun

2017-08-01

An injectable, phospholipid-based phase transition gel (PPTG) has been developed for prolonging the release of ropivacaine (RO) for local anesthesia. PPTG was prepared by mixing phospholipids, medium-chain triglyceride and ethanol. Prior to injection, the PPTG is in a sol state with low viscosity. After subcutaneous injection, the PPTG rapidly forms a gel in situ, which acts as a drug release depot as verified by in vitro release profiles and in vivo pharmacokinetics. Administering RO-PPTG to rats led to a significantly smaller initial burst release than administering RO solution or RO base suspension. Nerve blockade in guinea pigs lasted 3-fold longer after injection of RO-PPTG than after injection of RO solution. RO-PPTG showed good biocompatibility and excellent degradability in vivo. These results suggest that this PPTG-based depot system may be useful for sustained release of local anesthetics to prolong analgesia without causing systemic toxicity. The sustained release of local anesthetics at the surgical site after a single injection is the optimal method to control post-surgical pain. In situ forming implant is an attractive alternative for the sustained release of local anesthetics. However, its practical use is highly limited by certain drawbacks including high viscosity, involved toxic organic solvents and fast drug release. To date, phospholipids-based phase transition gel (PPTG) is emerging for clinical development because of the non-toxicity, biocompatibility and ready availability of phospholipids in body. Thus, we present a novel strategy for sustained release of local anesthetics to control post-surgical pain based on PPTG, which showed a prolonged duration of nerve blockade and excellent biocompatibility. Copyright © 2017 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Microbiological aspects of polyphosphate injection in the processing and chill storage of poultry.

PubMed Central

Mead, G. C.; Adams, B. W.

1979-01-01

During commercial processing of broiler chickens, injection of polyphosphate (Puron 604 or 6040) resulted in microorganisms being added to the deep breast muscle. The level of contamination was related to the microbiological condition of the injection solution. Injection of polyphosphate had no effect on the shelf-life of fresh chilled carcasses held at 1 degree of 10 degrees C but changes were observed in the growth rate of microorganisms in the deep muscle and in the composition of the muscle microflora following storage. Cross-contamination of carcasses and the transfer of organisms from the skin to the deep muscle during injection was demonstrated with a marker strain of Clostridium perfringens. However, both processes were influenced by the number of marker organisms applied initially to the skin. The above findings are discussed in relation to the possible behaviour of any food poisoning bacteria present. PMID:216743

Analytical solutions to dissolved contaminant plume evolution with source depletion during carbon dioxide storage.

PubMed

Yang, Yong; Liu, Yongzhong; Yu, Bo; Ding, Tian

2016-06-01

Volatile contaminants may migrate with carbon dioxide (CO2) injection or leakage in subsurface formations, which leads to the risk of the CO2 storage and the ecological environment. This study aims to develop an analytical model that could predict the contaminant migration process induced by CO2 storage. The analytical model with two moving boundaries is obtained through the simplification of the fully coupled model for the CO2-aqueous phase -stagnant phase displacement system. The analytical solutions are confirmed and assessed through the comparison with the numerical simulations of the fully coupled model. Then, some key variables in the analytical solutions, including the critical time, the locations of the dual moving boundaries and the advance velocity, are discussed to present the characteristics of contaminant migration in the multi-phase displacement system. The results show that these key variables are determined by four dimensionless numbers, Pe, RD, Sh and RF, which represent the effects of the convection, the dispersion, the interphase mass transfer and the retention factor of contaminant, respectively. The proposed analytical solutions could be used for tracking the migration of the injected CO2 and the contaminants in subsurface formations, and also provide an analytical tool for other solute transport in multi-phase displacement system. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Tunable optical limiting optofluidic device filled with graphene oxide dispersion in ethanol

PubMed Central

Fang, Chaolong; Dai, Bo; Hong, Ruijin; Tao, Chunxian; Wang, Qi; Wang, Xu; Zhang, Dawei; Zhuang, Songlin

2015-01-01

An optofluidic device with tunable optical limiting property is proposed and demonstrated. The optofluidic device is designed for adjusting the concentration of graphene oxide (GO) in the ethanol solution and fabricated by photolithography technique. By controlling the flow rate ratio of the injection, the concentration of GO can be precisely adjusted so that the optical nonlinearity can be changed. The nonlinear optical properties and dynamic excitation relaxation of the GO/ethanol solution are investigated by using Z-scan and pump-probe measurements in the femtosecond regime within the 1.5 μm telecom band. The GO/ethanol solution presents ultrafast recovery time. Besides, the optical limiting property is in proportion to the concentration of the solution. Thus, the threshold power and the saturated power of the optical limiting property can be simply and efficiently manipulated by controlling the flow rate ratio of the injection. Furthermore, the amplitude regeneration is demonstrated by employing the proposed optofluidic device. The signal quality of intensity-impaired femtosecond pulse is significantly improved. The optofluidic device is compact and has long interaction length of optical field and nonlinear material. Heat can be dissipated in the solution and nonlinear material is isolated from other optical components, efficiently avoiding thermal damage and mechanical damage. PMID:26477662

Solvent viscosity mismatch between the solute plug and the mobile phase: Considerations in the applications of two-dimensional HPLC

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shalliker, R. Andrew; Guiochon, Georges A

Understanding the nature of viscosity contrast induced flow instabilities is an important aspect in the design of two-dimensional HPLC separations. When the viscosity contrast between the sample plug and the mobile phase is sufficiently large, the phenomenon known as viscous fingering can be induced. Viscous fingering is a flow instability phenomenon that occurs at the interface between two fluids with different viscosities. In liquid chromatography, viscous fingering results in the solute band undergoing a change in form as it enters into the chromatography column. Moreover, even in the absence of viscous fingering, band shapes change shape at low viscosity contrasts.more » These changes can result in a noticeable change in separation performance, with the result depending on whether the solvent pushing the solute plug has a higher or lower viscosity than the solute plug. These viscosity induced changes become more important as the solute injection volume increases and hence understanding the process becomes critical in the implementation of multidimensional HPLC techniques, since in these techniques the sample injection plug into the second dimension is an order of magnitude greater than in one-dimensional HPLC. This review article assesses the current understanding of the viscosity contrast induced processes as they relate to liquid chromatographic separation behaviour.« less

Effect of vitamin C concentration and co-injection with calcium chloride on beef retail display color.

PubMed

Wheeler, T L; Koohmaraie, M; Shackelford, S D

1996-08-01

The objectives of these experiments were to determine 1) the most effective vitamin C concentration to stabilize color of beef cuts during retail display and 2) the effect on color of incorporating vitamin C into a calcium chloride (CaCl2) injection solution. Top round cuts (semimembranosus and adductor) were injected with 5% by weight of a 0, .25, .5, 1, 2, or 4% sodium ascorbate solution (Exp. 1) or a 0, .5, 1, or 1.5% sodium ascorbate solution (Exp. 2). In Exp. 1, vitamin C resulted in more (P < .05) stable lean color during 9 degrees C display, and .5, 1, and 2% vitamin C were most (P < .05) effective. In Exp. 2, all concentrations of vitamin C maintained redder (P < .05) steaks after 3, 5, and 7 d of display than control steaks and had a lower (P < .05) percentage of surface discoloration after 5 and 7 d of display at 1 degree C. Experiment 3 used beef bottom round cuts (biceps femoris) to compare control, vitamin C- (1%), CaCl2-(200 mM) and vitamin C + CaCl2-treated steaks displayed at 1 degree C. Calcium chloride-treated steaks were more (P < .05) brown and had a higher (P < .05) percentage of surface discoloration on d 5 and 7 than control steaks, whereas steaks treated with vitamin C or vitamin C + CaCl2 were more (P < .05) red and had lower (P < .05) discoloration on d 5 and 7 than control steaks. Vitamin C can be injected into beef subprimals to enhance lean color stability and extend retail display life. Vitamin C also can be used in combination with CaCl2 to offset potential color deterioration, after 5 d of display, due to salt-induced oxidation.

Bone repair using a new injectable self-crosslinkable bone substitute.

PubMed

Fellah, Borhane H; Weiss, Pierre; Gauthier, Olivier; Rouillon, Thierry; Pilet, Paul; Daculsi, Guy; Layrolle, Pierre

2006-04-01

A new injectable and self-crosslinkable bone substitute (IBS2) was developed for filling bone defects. The IBS2 consisted of a chemically modified polymer solution mixed with biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) ceramic particles. The polymer hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose was functionalized with silanol groups (Si-HPMC) and formed a viscous solution (3 wt %) in alkaline medium. With a decrease in pH, self-hardening occurred due to the formation of intermolecular -Si-O- bonds. During setting, BCP particles, 40 to 80 microm in diameter, were added to the polymer solution at a weight ratio of 50/50. The resulting injectable material was bilaterally implanted into critically sized bone defects at the distal femoral epiphyses of nine New Zealand White rabbits. The IBS2 filled the bone defects entirely and remained in place. After 8 weeks, bone had grown centripetally and progressed towards the center of the defects. Newly formed bone, ceramic, and nonmineralized tissue ratios were 24.6% +/- 5.6%, 21.6% +/- 5.8%, and 53.7% +/- 0.1%, respectively. Mineralized and mature bone was observed between and in contact with the BCP particles. The bone/ceramic apposition was 73.4% +/- 10.6%. The yield strength for the IBS2-filled defects was 16.4 +/- 7.2 MPa, significantly higher than for the host trabecular bone tissue (2.7 +/- 0.4 MPa). This study showed that BCP particles supported the bone healing process by osteoconduction while the Si-HPMC hydrogel created intergranular space for bone ingrowth. This new injectable and self-crosslinkable bone substitute could be used conveniently in orthopedic surgery for filling critical-size bone defects. Copyright 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society

Influence of polymeric electron injection layers on the electrical properties of solution-processed multilayered polymer light-emitting diodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Itoh, Eiji; Kurami, Kazuhiko

2016-02-01

In this study, we fabricated multilayered polymer-based light-emitting diodes (pLEDs) with various solution-processed electron-injection layers (EILs), and investigated the influence of the EILs on the electrical properties of pLEDs in indium tin oxide (ITO)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS)/poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorene-alt-(1,4-phenylene((4-sec-butylphenyl)amino)-1,4-phenylene))] (TFB) (HTL)/poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-alt-1,4-benzothiadiazole) (F8BT) (EML)/EIL/Al structures. We have used the quaternized ammonium π-conjugated polyelectrolyte derivative (poly[(9,9-di(3,3‧-N,N‧-trimethylammonium)propylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-co-(1,4-phenylene)]diiodide salt) (PF-PDTA), a mixture of PF-PDTA and CS2CO3, and the aliphatic-amine-based polymer poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) as solution-processed EILs, and compared them with LiF as a solvent-free EIL. The EILs enhanced the electron injection and improve the pLED performance. High external quantum efficiencies of nearly 4% were obtained in the pLEDs with the combination of a multilayered structure fabricated by a transfer printing technique and EILs of a PF-PDTA:CS2CO3 mixture and PEI. On the other hand, the device with PF-PDTA exhibited lower efficiency, higher driving voltage, and larger leakage current at lower voltage. The migration of ionic charges was suggested from the abnormal dielectric behaviors, and serious damage on the electrode material occurred when both an acid hole-injection layer (PEDOT:PSS) and PF-PDTA were used. On the other hand, the pLEDs with ultrathin PEI showed high performance and stable device operation in terms of the influence of ionic charges.

Sorption of amiodarone to polyvinyl chloride infusion bags and administration sets.

PubMed

Weir, S J; Myers, V A; Bengtson, K D; Ueda, C T

1985-12-01

The loss of amiodarone from i.v. admixtures to flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC) infusion bags and i.v. administration sets was studied. Admixtures containing amiodarone hydrochloride 600 micrograms/mL and either 5% dextrose injection or 0.9% sodium chloride injection were stored at room temperature in glass bottles (both with and without contact of the drug solution with the rubber bottle closure), in flexible PVC bags, or in rigid PVC bottles. After 120 hours, the contents of each flexible PVC bag were emptied and replaced by methanol, which was allowed to remain in the bag for an additional 120 hours and was then analyzed for amiodarone content. To determine availability of amiodarone after infusion through a 1.8-m PVC i.v. administration set, solutions stored in glass containers were run through the set at 0.5 mL/min for 90 minutes. Samples of drug solutions were collected at appropriate intervals and analyzed by a stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay. Admixtures containing 0.9% sodium chloride injection were not stable; visual incompatibility was evident after 24 hours of storage in glass bottles, and no further testing was performed. In admixtures containing 5% dextrose injection that were stored in 50-mL flexible PVC bags, 60% of the initial amiodarone concentration remained after 120 hours; approximately half of the lost drug was recovered with the methanol. In effluent collected from the PVC administration set, 82% of the initial amiodarone concentration remained. Amiodarone concentrations did not decrease appreciably, after storage in glass or rigid PVC bottles, indicating that drug loss was probably affected by the plasticizer, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Stability of butorphanol-tropisetron mixtures in 0.9% sodium chloride injection for patient-controlled analgesia use.

PubMed

Chen, Fu-Chao; Shi, Xiao-Ya; Li, Peng; Yang, Jin-Guo; Zhou, Ben-Hong

2015-02-01

Tropisetron is an adjuvant for butorphanol used in intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) and has been reported to provide superior pain control. It is efficacious in reducing the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting. However, this admixture is not available commercially and stability data applicable to hospital practice are limited. This study aimed to describe the drug compounding and evaluates the long-term (up to 14 days) stability of butorphanol and tropisetron in 0.9% sodium chloride injection for PCA use.In this study, commercial solutions of butorphanol tartrate and tropisetron hydrochloride were combined and further diluted with 0.9% sodium chloride injection to final concentrations of butorphanol tartrate 0.08 mg/mL and tropisetron hydrochloride 0.05 mg/mL. The polyolefin bags and glass bottles were stored at 4°C and 25°C for up to 14 days. The drug stabilities were determined by visual inspection, pH measurement, and high-pressure liquid chromatography assay of drug concentrations.The data obtained for admixtures prepared and stored at temperatures of 25°C and 4°C show the drugs have maintained at least 98% of the initial concentration. All solutions remained clear and colorless over the 14-day period, and the pH value did not change significantly.The results indicate that admixtures of butorphanol tartrate 0.08 mg/mL and tropisetron hydrochloride 0.05 mg/mL in 0.9% sodium chloride injection solution were stable for 14 days when stored in polyolefin bags or glass bottles at 4°C and 25°C and protected from light. The infusion is feasible for manufacturing in pharmacy aseptic units and can be stored for up to 14 days for routine use in PCA infusions.

Effects of octenidine HCl on liver tissue: could it be an alternative scolicidal for Hidatid disease?

PubMed

Arikan, Yüksel; Akbulut, Gökhan; Sahin, Dursun Ali; Dilek, Fatma Hüsniye; Saykol, Volkan; Dilek, Osman Nuri

2007-06-01

Octenidine HCl is new topical antiseptic solution for wounds and abdominal washing that has been found to be highly effective for inactivating scolices in an in vitro study. However, the effects of octenidine HCl on the liver are not yet known. The aim of this study was to determine if there are any histopathologic changes after injecting octenidine HCl into the liver. A group of 50 male Sprague-Dawley rats were included in the study and randomly divided into five groups of 10 rats each, as follows: sham group; 0.09% NaCl group; 20% NaCl group; undiluted octenidine HCl group; 1% octenidine HCl group. The scolicidal agents (0.3 ml) were directly injected into the left lobe of the liver (except in the sham group). At 3 and 7 days after the injection, the rats were sacrificed, and the left lobe of the liver was harvested. Liver tissue was scored for degree of necrosis and the diameter of the necrosis examined under light microscopy. The highest scores were found in the undiluted octenidine HCl group, although a similar effect was observed in the 20% NaCl group. There was no necrosis in the sham group, the 0.09% NaCl group, or the 1% octenidine HCl group. All of the injury was coagulation-type necrosis. No mortality was observed throughout the study. The 1% octenidine HCl solution could thus be used as a scolicidal agent in liver tissue, whereas the undiluted form of octenidine and 20% NaCl solutions were shown to cause necrosis when directly injected into liver tissue in our animal model.

Spinal hemianesthesia: Unilateral and posterior

PubMed Central

Imbelloni, Luiz Eduardo

2014-01-01

The injection of a non-isobaric local anesthetic should induce a unilateral spinal anesthesia in patients in a lateral decubitus position. The posterior spinal hemianesthesia only be obtained with hypobaric solutions injected in the jackknife position. The most important factors to be considered when performing a spinal hemianesthesia are: type and gauge of the needle, density of the local anesthetic relative to the CSF, position of the patient, speed of administration of the solution, time of stay in position, and dose/concentration/volume of the anesthetic solution. The distance between the spinal roots on the right-left sides and anterior-posterior is, approximately, 10-15 mm. This distance allows performing unilateral spinal anesthesia or posterior spinal anesthesia. The great advantage of obtaining spinal hemianesthesia is the reduction of cardiovascular changes. Likewise, both the dorsal and unilateral sensory block predominates in relation to the motor block. Because of the numerous advantages of producing spinal hemianesthesia, anesthesiologists should apply this technique more often. This review considers the factors which are relevant, plausible and proven to obtain spinal hemianesthesia. PMID:25886320

Visual detection and sequential injection determination of aluminium using a cinnamoyl derivative.

PubMed

Elečková, Lenka; Alexovič, Michal; Kuchár, Juraj; Balogh, Ioseph S; Andruch, Vasil

2015-02-01

A cinnamoyl derivative, 3-[4-(dimethylamino)cinnamoyl]-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-3,4-2H-pyran-2-one, was used as a ligand for the determination of aluminium. Upon the addition of an acetonitrile solution of the ligand to an aqueous solution containing Al(III) and a buffer solution at pH 8, a marked change in colour from yellow to orange is observed. The colour intensity is proportional to the concentration of Al(III); thus, the 'naked-eye' detection of aluminium is possible. The reaction is also applied for sequential injection determination of aluminium. Beer׳s law is obeyed in the range from 0.055 to 0.66 mg L(-1) of Al(III). The limit of detection, calculated as three times the standard deviation of the blank test (n=10), was found to be 4 μg L(-1) for Al(III). The method was applied for the determination of aluminium in spiked water samples and pharmaceutical preparations. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The effect of intravitreal injection of vehicle solutions on form deprivation myopia in tree shrews.

PubMed

Ward, Alexander H; Siegwart, John T; Frost, Michael R; Norton, Thomas T

2016-04-01

lntravitreal injection of substances dissolved in a vehicle solution is a common tool used to assess retinal function. We examined the effect of injection procedures (three groups) and vehicle solutions (four groups) on the development of form deprivation myopia (FDM) in juvenile tree shrews, mammals closely related to primates, starting at 24 days of visual experience (about 45 days of age). In seven groups (n = 7 per group), the myopia produced by monocular form deprivation (FD) was measured daily for 12 days during an 11-day treatment period. The FD eye was randomly selected; the contralateral eye served as an untreated control. The refractive state of both eyes was measured daily, starting just before FD began (day 1); axial component dimensions were measured on day 1 and after eleven days of treatment (day 12). Procedure groups: the myopia (treated eye - control eye refraction) in the FD group was the reference. The sham group only underwent brief daily anesthesia and opening of the conjunctiva to expose the sclera. The puncture group, in addition, had a pipette inserted daily into the vitreous. In four vehicle groups, 5 μL of vehicle was injected daily. The NaCl group received 0.85% NaCl. In the NaCl + ascorbic acid group, 1 mg/mL of ascorbic acid was added. The water group received sterile water. The water + ascorbic acid group received water with ascorbic acid (1 mg/mL). We found that the procedures associated with intravitreal injections (anesthesia, opening of the conjunctiva, and puncture of the sclera) did not significantly affect the development of FDM. However, injecting 5 μL of any of the four vehicle solutions slowed the development of FDM. NaCl had a small effect; myopia development in the last 6 days (-0.15 ± 0.08 D/day) was significantly less than in the FD group (-0.55 ± 0.06 D/day). NaCl + Ascorbic acid further slowed the development of FDM on several treatment days. H2O (-0.09 ± 0.05 D/day) and H2O + ascorbic acid (-0.08 ± 0.05 D/day) both almost completely blocked myopia development. The treated eye vitreous chamber elongation, compared with the control eye, in all groups was consistent with the amount of myopia. When FD continued (days 12-16) without injections in the water and water + ascorbic acid groups, the rate of myopia development quickly increased. Thus, it appears the vehicles affected retinal signaling rather than causing damage. The effect of water and water + ascorbic acid may be due to reduced osmolality or ionic concentration near the tip of the injection pipette. The effect of ascorbic acid, compared to NaCl alone, may be due to its reported dopaminergic activity. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta.

PubMed

Nardin, Juan Manuel; Weeks, Andrew; Carroli, Guillermo

2011-05-11

If a retained placenta is left untreated, there is a high risk of maternal death. However, manual removal of the placenta is an invasive procedure with serious complications of haemorrhage, infection or genital tract trauma. To assess the use of umbilical vein injection (UVI) of saline solution alone or with oxytocin in comparison either with expectant management or with an alternative solution or other uterotonic agent for retained placenta. We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (28 February 2011). Randomized trials comparing UVI of saline or other fluids, with or without oxytocics, either with expectant management or with an alternative solution or other uterotonic agent, in the management of retained placenta. Two review authors assessed the methodological quality of the studies and extracted the data. We included 15 trials (1704 women). The trials were of variable quality. Compared with expectant management, UVI of saline solution alone did not show any significant difference in the incidence of manual removal of the placenta (risk ratio (RR) 0.99; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.84 to 1.16). UVI of oxytocin solution compared with expectant management showed no reduction in the need for manual removal (RR 0.87; 95% CI 0.74 to 1.03).Oxytocin solution compared with saline solution alone showed a reduction in manual removal of the placenta, but this was not statistically significant (RR 0.91; 95% CI 0.82 to 1.00). When only high-quality studies were assessed, there was no statistical difference (RR 0.92; 95% CI 0.83 to 1.01). We detected no differences in any of the other outcomes.UVI of oxytocin solution compared with UVI of plasma expander showed no statistically significant difference in the outcomes assessed by the only one small trial included. Prostaglandin solution compared with saline solution alone was associated with a statistically significant lower incidence in manual removal of placenta (RR 0.42; 95% CI 0.22 to 0.82) but we observed no difference in the other outcomes evaluated. Prostaglandin plus saline solution showed a statistically significant reduction in manual removal of placenta when compared with oxytocin plus saline solution (RR 0.43; 95% CI 0.25 to 0.75), and we also observed a small reduction in time from injection to placental delivery (mean difference -6.00; 95% CI -8.78 to -3.22). However, there were only two small trials contributing to this meta-analysis. UVI of oxytocin solution is an inexpensive and simple intervention that could be performed while placental delivery is awaited. However, high-quality randomized trials show that the use of oxytocin has little or no effect. Further research into the optimal timing of manual removal and into UVI of prostaglandins or plasma expander is warranted.

Aquifer modification: an approach to improve the mobility of nanoscale zero-valent iron particles used for in situ groundwater remediation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

MicicBatka, Vesna; Schmid, Doris; Marko, Florian; Velimirovic, Milica; Wagner, Stephan; von der Kammer, Frank; Hofmann, Thilo

2015-04-01

Successful emplacement of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) within the contaminated source zone is a prerequisite for the use of nZVI technology in groundwater remediation. Emplacement of nZVI is influenced i.e., by the injection technique and the injection velocity applied, as well as by the mobility of nZVI in the subsurface. Whereas processes linked to the injection can be controlled by the remediation practitioners, the mobility of nZVI in the subsurface remains limited. Even though mobility of nZVI is somewhat improved by surface coating with polyelectrolytes, it is still greatly affected by the groundwater composition and physical and chemical heterogeneities of aquifer grains. In order to promote mobility of nZVI it is needed to alter the surface charge heterogeneities of aquifer grains. Modifying the aquifer grain's surfaces by means of polyelectrolyte coating is an approach proposed to increase the overall negative surface charge of the aquifer grain surfaces, hinder deposition of nZVI onto aquifer grains, and finally promote nZVI mobility. In this study the effect of different polyelectrolytes on the nZVI mobility is tested in natural sands deriving from real brownfield sites that are proposed to be remediated using the nZVI technology. Sands collected from brownfield sites were characterized in terms of grain size distribution, mineralogical and chemical composition, and organic carbon content. Furthermore, surface charge of these sands was determined in both, low- and high ionic strength background solutions. Finally, changes of the sand's surface charges were examined after addition of the proposed aquifer modifiers, lignin sulfonate and humic acid. Surface charge of brownfield sands in low ionic strength background solution is more negative compared to that in high ionic strength background solution. An increase in negative surface potential of brownfield sand was recorded when aquifer modifiers were applied in a background solution with low ionic strength, indicating their potential to improve nZVI mobility under comparable environmental conditions. In contrast, no significant change of the surface potential of brownfield sand was observed when aquifer modifiers were applied in a background solution with high ionic strength. The potential of the aquifer modifiers to promote the mobility of nZVI was furthermore tested in flow-through columns, starting with the one filled with natural quartz sand with rough surface, low ionic strength background solutions and pre-injecting lignin sulfonate in concentration of 50 mg/L. The preliminary results showed that the pre-injection of lignin sulfonate does increase mobility of nZVI under this experimental condition. Further mobility tests will be carried out in order to elucidate the potential of the aquifer modifiers to promote the mobility of nZVI in sands with a complex mineralogy and in the background solutions with varying ionic strength, in order to account for the condition that resemble those at polluted sites. This research receives funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013 under grant agreement n°309517.

Comparison of the efficacy of lidocaine and betamethasone dipropionate in carpal tunnel syndrome injection.

PubMed

Dernek, Bahar; Aydin, Tugba; Koseoglu, Pinar Kursuz; Kesiktas, Fatma Nur; Yesilyurt, Tugba; Diracoglu, Demirhan; Aksoy, Cihan

2017-01-01

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a commonly seen peripheral nerve mononeuropathy. Corticosteroid injection within the carpal tunnel is among the conservative treatment options. The exact mechanism of action of steroids is not fully clear; decreased inflammation surrounding nerves or tendons is thought to be the main effect. Lidocaine has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects on certain cells (monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils etc.). The aim of this study is to evaulate the efficacy of lidocaine treatment as a alternative to corticosteroid treatment in carpal tunnel syndrome. A total of 67 carpal tunnel syndrome patients who were diagnosed with physical examination and EMG were evaluated. Twenty-nine patients received a mixture of normal saline solution and lidocaine (0.5 cc of normal saline solution and 0.5 cc of lidocaine) while 38 patients were administered betamethasone dipropionate (1 cc). Quick DASH (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores were noted in 1st, 3rd and 6th month follow-ups. There were no significant difference between saline solution + Lidocaine group and betamethasone dipropionate groups; initial, 1st, 3rd and 6th month VAS scores and QDASH scores (p > 0.05). Considering the potential side effects of corticosteroid, lidocaine injection is a good alternative treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome instead of corticosteroids.

Temsirolimus

MedlinePlus

... as a solution (liquid) to be given by infusion (slow injection into a vein) over 30 to ... doctor or nurse in a doctor's office or infusion center. Temsirolimus is usually given once every week. ...

Lime Juice and Vinegar Injections as a Cheap and Natural Alternative to Control COTS Outbreaks.

PubMed

Moutardier, Grégoire; Gereva, Sompert; Mills, Suzanne C; Adjeroud, Mehdi; Beldade, Ricardo; Ham, Jayven; Kaku, Rocky; Dumas, Pascal

2015-01-01

Outbreaks of the corallivorous crown-of-thorns seastar Acanthaster planci (COTS) represent one of the greatest disturbances to coral reef ecosystems in the Indo-Pacific, affecting not only coral reefs but also the coastal communities which rely on their resources. While injection approaches are increasingly used in an attempt to control COTS densities, most of them display severe drawbacks including logistical challenges, high residual environmental impacts or low cost-effectiveness. We tested a new alternative control method based upon acidic injections of cheap, 100% natural products. We investigated the lethal doses, intra- and inter-specific disease transmission and immune responses of COTS when injected with fresh lime juice (extracted from local Citrus arantifolia) and white spirit vinegar. High COTS mortality was achieved with small volumes: 10-20 ml per seastar induced death in 89%/97% of injected specimens after an average 34.3 h/29.8 h for lime juice and vinegar respectively. Highest efficiency was reached for both solutions with double shots of (2 × 10 ml) in two different areas on the body: 100% mortality occurred within 12-24 h, which is similar or faster compared with other current injection methods. Multiple immune measures suggested that death was very likely caused by pH stress from the acidic solutions rather than a bacterial infection. Contagion to either conspecifics or a variety of other reef species was not observed, even at COTS densities 15 times higher than the highest naturally reported. 10 to 20 l lime juice/vinegar could kill up to a thousand COTS at a cost of less than 0.05 USD per specimen; no permits or special handling procedures are required. We conclude that injections of lime juice and vinegar offer great advantages when compared to current best practises and constitute a cheap and natural option for all reefs affected by COTS.

Lime Juice and Vinegar Injections as a Cheap and Natural Alternative to Control COTS Outbreaks

PubMed Central

Moutardier, Grégoire; Gereva, Sompert; Mills, Suzanne C.; Adjeroud, Mehdi; Beldade, Ricardo; Ham, Jayven; Kaku, Rocky; Dumas, Pascal

2015-01-01

Outbreaks of the corallivorous crown-of-thorns seastar Acanthaster planci (COTS) represent one of the greatest disturbances to coral reef ecosystems in the Indo-Pacific, affecting not only coral reefs but also the coastal communities which rely on their resources. While injection approaches are increasingly used in an attempt to control COTS densities, most of them display severe drawbacks including logistical challenges, high residual environmental impacts or low cost-effectiveness. We tested a new alternative control method based upon acidic injections of cheap, 100% natural products. We investigated the lethal doses, intra- and inter-specific disease transmission and immune responses of COTS when injected with fresh lime juice (extracted from local Citrus arantifolia) and white spirit vinegar. High COTS mortality was achieved with small volumes: 10–20 ml per seastar induced death in 89%/97% of injected specimens after an average 34.3 h/29.8 h for lime juice and vinegar respectively. Highest efficiency was reached for both solutions with double shots of (2 × 10 ml) in two different areas on the body: 100% mortality occurred within 12–24 h, which is similar or faster compared with other current injection methods. Multiple immune measures suggested that death was very likely caused by pH stress from the acidic solutions rather than a bacterial infection. Contagion to either conspecifics or a variety of other reef species was not observed, even at COTS densities 15 times higher than the highest naturally reported. 10 to 20 l lime juice/vinegar could kill up to a thousand COTS at a cost of less than 0.05 USD per specimen; no permits or special handling procedures are required. We conclude that injections of lime juice and vinegar offer great advantages when compared to current best practises and constitute a cheap and natural option for all reefs affected by COTS. PMID:26356840

[Metabolism of thyroid gland cells as affected by prolactin and emotional-physical stress].

PubMed

Strizhkov, V V

1991-01-01

A study was made of the role of prolactin (PRL) in the regulation of thyroid function in intact animals and in those exposed to stress (swimming was used as physical exercise). A single daily dose of 125 micrograms of PRL per 100 g of body mass was injected subcutaneously in 0.5 ml of saline solution during a week to male rats (control: intact rats; injection of 0.5 ml of saline solution subcutaneously). Redox enzymes; succinate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, NAD.H2 and NADP.H2, ATPase and monoamine oxidase, total protein, RNA and glycogen in glandular cells were investigated histochemically 24 h after the last injection of PRL or saline, 30 min., 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 hours after swimming or right after complete fatigue (in the presence of experimental hyperprolactinemia). A conclusion has been made that one of the most important mechanisms of the adaptive effect of PRL is its ability to suppress thyroid function, thus decreasing the metabolism level, which results in reduction of oxygen consumption and improves body tolerance to stress.

Assessment of Xylazine for Euthanasia of Anoles (Anolis carolinensis and Anolis distichus)

PubMed Central

Ascher, Jill M; Bates, Wendy; Ng, Julienne; Messing, Susan; Wyatt, Jeffrey

2012-01-01

Intracoelomic (IC) injection of xylazine was evaluated as a chemical euthanasia method for Anolis lizards (Anolis carolinensis or Anolis distichus). Lizards were allocated into 5 groups of 10 animals each. Each group was euthanized by one of these methods: 10 mg xylazine (100 mg/mL) IC; 10 mg xylazine and 0.5 mg acepromazine (10 mg/mL) IC; 10 mg xylazine IC followed by intracardiac injection of 0.1 mEq KCl (2 mEq/mL) once heart beats were no longer discernable by Doppler; 500 mg/kg 1% NaCO3-buffered MS222 solution IC followed by IC injection of 0.1 mL unbuffered 50% (v/v) MS222 solution (experimental groups); and 1.95 mg sodium pentobarbital, diluted 1:10 in sterile water (38.9 mg/mL) given IC (control group). Compared with those given sodium pentobarbital or MS222, lizards euthanized by using xylazine showed prolonged persistence of purposeful movement after cardiac arrest. Therefore, xylazine is not an acceptable alternative euthanasia agent for use in anoles. PMID:22330873

Self-pulsations and excitability in optically injected quantum-dot lasers: Impact of the excited states and spontaneous emission noise

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Olejniczak, Lukasz; SUPELEC, OPTEL, and LMOPS EA 4423; Panajotov, Krassimir

2010-08-15

We study the dynamics of an optically injected quantum-dot laser accounting for excited states. Mapping of the bifurcations in the plane frequency detuning vs. injection strength shows that the relaxation rate scales the regions of locking and single- and double-period solutions, while the capture rate has a minor effect. Within the regions of time-periodic solutions, close to the saddle-node bifurcation boundary, we identify subregions where the output signal resembles excitable pulses as a result of the bottleneck phenomenon. We show that such emission is determined mainly by fluctuations in the occupation of the excited states. The interpulse time follows anmore » inverse square root scaling law as a function of the detuning. In a deterministic system the pulses are periodic regardless of the detuning, but in the presence of noise, close to the locking region, the interpulse time follows a positively skewed normal distribution. For a fixed frequency detuning, increasing the noise strength can shift the mean of the interpulse time distribution and make the pulsations more periodic.« less

Assessment of xylazine for euthanasia of anoles (Anolis carolinensis and Anolis distichus).

PubMed

Ascher, Jill M; Bates, Wendy; Ng, Julienne; Messing, Susan; Wyatt, Jeffrey

2012-01-01

Intracoelomic (IC) injection of xylazine was evaluated as a chemical euthanasia method for Anolis lizards (Anolis carolinensis or Anolis distichus). Lizards were allocated into 5 groups of 10 animals each. Each group was euthanized by one of these methods: 10 mg xylazine (100 mg/mL) IC; 10 mg xylazine and 0.5 mg acepromazine (10 mg/mL) IC; 10 mg xylazine IC followed by intracardiac injection of 0.1 mEq KCl (2 mEq/mL) once heart beats were no longer discernable by Doppler; 500 mg/kg 1% NaCO(3)-buffered MS222 solution IC followed by IC injection of 0.1 mL unbuffered 50% (v/v) MS222 solution (experimental groups); and 1.95 mg sodium pentobarbital, diluted 1:10 in sterile water (38.9 mg/mL) given IC (control group). Compared with those given sodium pentobarbital or MS222, lizards euthanized by using xylazine showed prolonged persistence of purposeful movement after cardiac arrest. Therefore, xylazine is not an acceptable alternative euthanasia agent for use in anoles.

Chitosan solutions as injectable systems for dermal filler applications: Rheological characterization and biological evidence.

PubMed

Halimi, C; Montembault, A; Guerry, A; Delair, T; Viguier, E; Fulchiron, R; David, L

2015-01-01

A new generation of dermal filler for wrinkle filler based on chitosan was compared to current hyaluronic acid-based dermal fillers by using a new rheological performance criterion based on viscosity during injection related to Newtonian viscosity. In addition an in vivo evaluation was performed for preclinical evidence of chitosan use as dermal filler. In this way, biocompatibility and dermis reconstruction was evaluated on a pig model.

Photomedicine with laser drug delivery technologies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zharov, Vladimir P.; Latyshev, Alexei S.; Leviev, Dmitry O.

1999-07-01

This paper presents a new technology, which consists in utilizing laser drug delivery methods for the purposes of photodrug therapy. According to this technology, photosensitizer is applied onto the treated surface and then the solution is either impregnated or injected into the medium, with it being suggested to employ laser drug delivery techniques for the impregnation and injection of the photosensitizer. After introducing the photosensitizer, the area is illuminated by a matrix of light-emission diodes.

Photoacoustic imaging to detect rat brain activation after cocaine hydrochloride injection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jo, Janggun; Yang, Xinmai

2011-03-01

Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) was employed to detect small animal brain activation after the administration of cocaine hydrochloride. Sprague Dawley rats were injected with different concentrations (2.5, 3.0, and 5.0 mg per kg body) of cocaine hydrochloride in saline solution through tail veins. The brain functional response to the injection was monitored by photoacoustic tomography (PAT) system with horizontal scanning of cerebral cortex of rat brain. Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) was also used for coronal view images. The modified PAT system used multiple ultrasonic detectors to reduce the scanning time and maintain a good signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The measured photoacoustic signal changes confirmed that cocaine hydrochloride injection excited high blood volume in brain. This result shows PAI can be used to monitor drug abuse-induced brain activation.

Disappearance kinetics of solutes from synovial fluid after intra-articular injection.

PubMed Central

Owen, S G; Francis, H W; Roberts, M S

1994-01-01

1. Five rheumatoid patients with a knee joint effusion participated in the study. An aqueous solution (0.1 to 0.2 ml) containing paracetamol, salicylate, diclofenac and [125I]-albumin was injected into a given joint to yield target concentrations of approximately 20 micrograms ml-1 for diclofenac, salicylate and paracetamol and 10(8) counts ml-1 for [125I]-albumin. 2. Paracetamol, salicylate and diclofenac were analysed in synovial fluid by h.p.l.c. [125I]-albumin was analysed using gamma counting. 3. The clearances (+/- s.d.) obtained for the solutes were [125I]-albumin (0.0053 +/- 0.0019 l h-1), diclofenac (0.0096 +/- 0.0061 l h-1), salicylate (0.024 +/- 0.022 l h-1) and paracetamol (0.055 +/- 0.041 l h-1). The corresponding fractions unbound of these solutes in synovial fluid were 0.0, < or = 0.01, 0.34 +/- 0.09 and 0.85 +/- 0.10, respectively. 4. Diffusion of unbound solute through the synovium is estimated to account for (+/- s.d.) 0.52 +/- 0.08, 0.87 +/- 0.06 and 0.99 +/- 0.01 of the total clearance of diclofenac, salicylate and paracetamol from the joint space, respectively. The remaining proportion of clearance is accounted for by efflux of solute bound to albumin. 5. An expression for the ratio of synovial fluid to total plasma concentrations after systemic administration was developed to include both diffusion of unbound solute and albumin flux. Most solutes appear to satisfy the conditions in which this expression reduces to the limiting case where the unbound concentration of the solute is identical in the synovial fluid and plasma under steady state conditions. PMID:7833225

[Self-administration of an oil solution in the penis].

PubMed

Rebassa Llull, M J; Muñoz Vélez, D; Ferrutxe Frau, J; Gutiérrez Sanz-Gadea, C; Mus Malleu, A; Torrens Darder, I; Ozonas Moragues, M

2000-09-01

We report the case of a patient who has autoinjected himself the penis and the scrotum with a solution constituted by petroleum, vaseline, oxygenated water and ketoconazol gel. Treatment consists in the excision of the injected deposit of lipid material and antibiotic therapy with good result at 4 months. We review the existing literature related with this exceptional pathology.

Growth dynamics and composition of tubular structures in a reaction-precipitation system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pagano, Jason John

Self-organization in reaction precipitation systems occurs in many physical, chemical, biological, and geological systems. In particular, chemical reactions provide a wealth of examples for this intriguing process. Permanent tubular structures arise from the interplay of chemical and transport phenomena such as diffusion and fluid flow. These astonishing tubular structures are prevalent throughout nature. Examples include black smokers at hydrothermal vents, silica tubes in setting cement, soda-straw stalactites in caves, and biological structures such as the outer skeleton of certain algae. In this work, the aim is to establish and understand a laboratory scale model by examining the, seemingly simple, precipitation reaction between sodium silicate and copper sulfate as well as zinc sulfate. The tubular precipitation structures in so-called silica gardens are known to many scientists and non-scientists alike. However, little is known regarding their growth dynamics and chemical composition. We devised an injection technique which provides control over parameters that are not accessible in the classic silica garden system. For the example of cupric sulfate injection into waterglass solution, we identify three distinct growth regimes (jetting, popping, and budding) and study their concentration dependent transitions. Here we describe the composition and morphology of the tube material using techniques such as electron microscopy and vibrational spectroscopy. Specifically, we find that the tube wall consists of metal hydroxide that is stabilized by a thin, exterior silica layer. After synthesis the tubes can be further modified by using chemical and/or physical means. A second study aims to understand tubule formation under "reverse" conditions. More specifically, waterglass is being injected into lighter cupric sulfate solution. In these experiments, single, downward growing precipitation tubes are created. Four distinct growth regimes are observed and their stability in terms of flow rate and cupric sulfate concentration is investigated. Three of these growth regimes (reverse jetting, reverse popping, and reverse budding) resemble the same behavior for the injection of cupric sulfate into silicate solution. However, the reverse conditions studied herein reveal one novel regime in which the tube is limited by repetitive fracturing. The lengths of the broken-off tube segments and times between subsequent break-off events can be described by log-normal distributions. We also discuss the development of a method for synthesizing highly linear precipitation tubes via gas bubble injection and templating. In this method, an aqueous metal salt is injected into a large reservoir of waterglass. Systematic measurements show that the size of the bubble governs the tube radius. According to this radius, the system selects its growth velocity following volume conservation of the injected metal salt solution. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy reveals intricate ring patterns on the walls. We also show evidence for the existence of minimal and maximal tube radius. Lastly, we report the collapse of tubes at high concentrations of silicate solution, yielding twisted ribbon-like structures. Critical radii and tube collapse are discussed in terms of simple competing forces. Concluding, the latter study suggests that one can create interesting geometries and the possible production of speciality materials. Furthermore, we extend our results toward other metals. This study reveals that silica-supported zinc hydroxide walls can be reacted to form zinc oxide. The chemically activated walls are composed of zinc oxide nanoparticles that can be used for technical applications.

Formax Preserved Birds

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sheridan, Philip

1978-01-01

A quick, simple method for preserving bird specimens using borax and a formalin solution is described. Procedures for injecting and mounting the specimens are given along with certain restrictions on preserving specimens. (MA)

Synovial fluid bupivacaine concentrations following single intra-articular injection in normal and osteoarthritic canine stifles.

PubMed

Barry, S L; Martinez, S A; Davies, N M; Remsberg, C M; Sayre, C L; Bachelez, A

2015-02-01

Intra-articular bupivacaine helps alleviate pain in animals receiving joint surgery, but its use has become controversial as ex vivo studies have illuminated the potential for chondrotoxicity. Such studies typically involve cell cultures incubated in solutions containing high bupivacaine concentrations for long durations. The aim of this study was to measure the actual synovial fluid bupivacaine concentrations after intra-articular injection. Eight healthy beagles with normal stifles and 22 large and giant-breed dogs with stifle osteoarthritis (OA) were treated with a single intra-articular injection of bupivacaine (1 mg/kg) into a stifle. Joint fluid samples were taken from the treated stifle immediately after injection and 30 min after injection and analyzed for bupivacaine concentrations. Immediately after injection, the median bupivacaine concentrations in normal and OA stifles were 3.6 and 2.5 mg/mL, respectively. Thirty minutes after injection, bupivacaine concentrations in normal and OA stifles were 0.4 and 0.6 mg/mL, respectively. These results provide insight into the pharmacokinetics of bupivacaine after injection into a joint. Given its immediate dilution and rapid drop in synovial fluid concentration, bupivacaine is unlikely to damage chondrocytes when administered as a single intra-articular injection. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Electrolytes and thermoregulation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nielsen, B.; Greenleaf, J. E.

1977-01-01

The influence of ions on temperature is studied for cases where the changes in ionic concentrations are induced by direct infusion or injection of electrolyte solutions into the cerebral ventricles or into specific areas of brain tissue; intravenous infusion or injection; eating food or drinking solutions of different ionic composition; and heat or exercise dehydration. It is shown that introduction of Na(+) and Ca(++) into the cerebral ventricles or into the venous system affects temperature regulation. It appears that the specific action of these ions is different from their osmotic effects. It is unlikely that their action is localized to the thermoregulatory centers in the brain. The infusion experiments demonstrate that the changes in sodium balance occurring during exercise and heat stress are large enough to affect sweat gland function and vasomotor activity.

Surfactant enhanced remediation of soil columns contaminated by residual tetrachloroethylene

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pennell, K.D.; Jin, M.; Abriola, L.M.

1994-01-01

The ability of aqueous surfactant solutions to recover tetrachloroethylene (PCE) entrapped in Ottawa sand was evaluated in four column experiments. Residual PCE was emplaced by injecting (14)C-labeled PCE into water-saturated soil columns and displacing the free product with water. Miscible displacement experiments were conducted before and after PCE entrapment to determine the influence or residual PCE on column dispersivities. The first two column studies involved the injection of a 4% solution of polyoxyethylene (POE) (20) sorbitan monooleate, resulting in the removal of 90% and 97% of the residual PCE from 20-30- and 40-120-mesh Ottawa sand, respectively. Although micellar solubilization ofmore » PCE was the primary mode of recovery in these experiments, this process was shown to be rate-limited.« less

Suppression of the Saffman-Taylor instability through injection of a finite slug of polymer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Beeson-Jones, Timothy H.; Woods, Andrew W.

2014-11-01

During secondary oil recovery, relatively mobile water can channel through oil owing to the Saffman-Taylor instability. Injection of a finite slug of polymer solution from a central well prior to the water flood suppresses the growth of the instability by reducing the adverse mobility ratio at the leading interface. A linear stability analysis of an axisymmetric base state identifies how perturbations on the leading and trailing interfaces become coupled. It also reveals the dependence of the long-time algebraic growth of each mode on the mobility ratios across the two interfaces. The viscosity of the polymer solution which minimizes the growth rate of the instability is identified, and the impact of different slug sizes on this growth is described. Funded by EPSRC & BP.

Air-stable, solution-processed oxide p-n heterojunction ultraviolet photodetector.

PubMed

Kim, Do Young; Ryu, Jiho; Manders, Jesse; Lee, Jaewoong; So, Franky

2014-02-12

Air-stable solution processed all-inorganic p-n heterojunction ultraviolet photodetector is fabricated with a high gain (EQE, 25 300%). Solution-processed NiO and ZnO films are used as p-type and n-type ultraviolet sensitizing materials, respectively. The high gain in the detector is due to the interfacial trap-induced charge injection that occurs at the ITO/NiO interface by photogenerated holes trapped in the NiO film. The gain of the detector is controlled by the post-annealing temperature of the solution-processed NiO films, which are studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Grachev, S.A.; Chakchir, B.A.; Ryabykh, L.D.

The feasibility of radiation sterilization was studied on ephedrine hydrochloride, atropine sulfate, scopolamine hydrobromide, strychnine nitrate, morphine hydrochloride, codeine phosphate, proserine, cysteamine hydrochloride, and unithiol in form of injectable solutions and as powders. It was shown that the sterilizing dose of radioactivity results in a breakdown of the solutions as shown by changes in the pH, color, and loss of biological activity. Alkaloid powders exhibited no changes after radiation sterilization. Deaerated solutions were also stable to the radiation but such solutions could not be prepared easily under industrial conditions. Temperature had no effect on the stability of test samples exceptmore » for very low temperatures. (JPRS)« less

Study of pore pressure reaction on hydraulic fracturing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Trimonova, Mariia; Baryshnikov, Nikolay; Turuntaev, Sergey; Zenchenko, Evgeniy; Zenchenko, Petr

2017-04-01

We represent the results of the experimental study of the hydraulic fracture propagation influence on the fluid pore pressure. Initial pore pressure was induced by injection and production wells. The experiments were carried out according to scaling analysis based on the radial model of the fracture. All required geomechanical and hydrodynamical properties of a sample were derived from the scaling laws. So, gypsum was chosen as a sample material and vacuum oil as a fracturing fluid. The laboratory setup allows us to investigate the samples of cylindrical shape. It can be considered as an advantage in comparison with standard cubic samples, because we shouldn't consider the stress field inhomogeneity induced by the corners. Moreover, we can set 3D-loading by this setting. Also the sample diameter is big enough (43cm) for placing several wells: the fracturing well in the center and injection and production wells on two opposite sides of the central well. The experiment consisted of several stages: a) applying the horizontal pressure; b) applying the vertical pressure; c) water solution injection in the injection well with a constant pressure; d) the steady state obtaining; e) the oil injection in the central well with a constant rate. The pore pressure was recorded in the 15 points along bottom side of the sample during the whole experiment. We observe the pore pressure change during all the time of the experiment. First, the pore pressure changed due to water injection. Then we began to inject oil in the central well. We compared the obtained experimental data on the pore pressure changes with the solution of the 2D single-phase equation of pore-elasticity, and we found significant difference. The variation of the equation parameters couldn't help to resolve the discrepancy. After the experiment, we found that oil penetrated into the sample before and after the fracture initiation. This fact encouraged us to consider another physical process - the oil-water displacement. Have taken into account the phenomenon, we could find the parameter values for the best matching the experimental data with the analytical one. After such a comparison, we could estimate the permeability variation in the different directions due to changes in the pore pressure during fracturing. Thus it was found that for the correct solution of hydrodynamic problems in relation with hydraulic fracturing (for example, to estimate the production rate of the fractured well) one should take into account the change of the permeability in the vicinity of the fracture and solve nonlinear pore-elasticity problem.

Assessment of effectiveness of percutaneous adhesiolysis in managing chronic low back pain secondary to lumbar central spinal canal stenosis.

PubMed

Manchikanti, Laxmaiah; Cash, Kimberly A; McManus, Carla D; Pampati, Vidyasagar

2013-01-01

Chronic persistent low back and lower extremity pain secondary to central spinal stenosis is common and disabling. Lumbar surgical interventions with decompression or fusion are most commonly performed to manage severe spinal stenosis. However, epidural injections are also frequently performed in managing central spinal stenosis. After failure of epidural steroid injections, the next sequential step is percutaneous adhesiolysis and hypertonic saline neurolysis with a targeted delivery. The literature on the effectiveness of percutaneous adhesiolysis in managing central spinal stenosis after failure of epidural injections has not been widely studied. A prospective evaluation. An interventional pain management practice, a specialty referral center, a private practice setting in the United States. To evaluate the effectiveness of percutaneous epidural adhesiolysis in patients with chronic low back and lower extremity pain with lumbar central spinal stenosis. Seventy patients were recruited. The initial phase of the study was randomized, double-blind with a comparison of percutaneous adhesiolysis with caudal epidural injections. The 25 patients from the adhesiolysis group continued with follow-up, along with 45 additional patients, leading to a total of 70 patients. All patients received percutaneous adhesiolysis and appropriate placement of the Racz catheter, followed by an injection of 5 mL of 2% preservative-free lidocaine with subsequent monitoring in the recovery room. In the recovery room, each patient also received 6 mL of 10% hypertonic sodium chloride solution, and 6 mg of non-particulate betamethasone, followed by an injection of 1 mL of sodium chloride solution and removal of the catheter. Multiple outcome measures were utilized including the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), the Oswestry Disability Index 2.0 (ODI), employment status, and opioid intake with assessment at 3, 6, and 12, 18 and 24 months post treatment. The primary outcome measure was 50% or more improvement in pain scores and ODI scores. Overall, a primary outcome or significant pain relief and functional status improvement of 50% or more was seen in 71% of patients at the end of 2 years. The overall number of procedures over a period of 2 years were 5.7 ± 2.73. The lack of a control group and a prospective design. Significant relief and functional status improvement as seen in 71% of the 70 patients with percutaneous adhesiolysis utilizing local anesthetic steroids and hypertonic sodium chloride solution may be an effective management strategy in patients with chronic function limiting low back and lower extremity pain with central spinal stenosis after failure of conservatie management and fluoroscopically directed epidural injections.

Subcritical and supercritical fuel injection and mixing in single and binary species systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Roy, Arnab

Subcritical and supercritical fluid injection using a single round injector into a quiescent atmosphere comprising single and binary species was investigated using optical diagnostics. Different disintegration and mixing modes are expected for the two cases. In the binary species case, the atmosphere comprised an inert gas of a different composition than that of the injected fluid. In single species case, the atmosphere consisted of the same species as that of the injected fluid. Density values were quantified and density gradient profiles were inferred from the experimental data. A novel method was applied for the detection of detailed structures throughout the entire jet center plane. Various combinations of injectant and chamber conditions were tested and a wide range of density ratios were covered. The subcritical cases demonstrated the importance of surface tension and inertial forces, while the supercritical cases showed no signs of surface tension and, in most situations, resembled the mixing characteristics of a gaseous jet injected into a gaseous environment. A comparison between the single and binary species systems has also been provided. A detailed laser calibration procedure was undertaken to account for the laser absorption through the gas and liquid phases and for fluorescence in the non-linear excitation regime for high laser pulse energy. Core lengths were measured for binary species cases and correlated with visualization results. An eigenvalue approach was taken to determine the location of maximum gradients for determining the core length. Jet divergence angles were also calculated and were found to increase with chamber-to-injectant density ratio for both systems. A model was proposed for the spreading angle dependence on density ratio for both single and binary species systems and was compared to existing theoretical studies and experimental work. Finally, a linear stability analysis was performed for the jet injected into both subcritical and supercritical atmospheres. The subcritical cases showed good correlation with previous and current experimental results. The supercritical solutions, which have not yet been solved earlier by researchers, are found here through an asymptotic solution of the dispersion equation for exceedingly high Weber numbers.

Comparison of the effects of sodium hyaluronate-chondroitin sulphate and corticosteroid in the treatment of lateral epicondylitis: a prospective randomized trial.

PubMed

Tosun, Haci Bayram; Gumustas, Seyitali; Agir, Ismail; Uludag, Abuzer; Serbest, Sancar; Pepele, Demet; Ertem, Kadir

2015-09-01

Hyaluronic acid and glycosaminoglycans have shown positive effects in improving lateral epicondylitis and other tendinosis conditions. Therefore, we designed a prospective, randomized study to compare the effects of a combined sodium hyaluronate and chondroitin sulfate (HA + CS) injection versus a triamcinolone injection in the treatment of lateral epicondylitis. In total, 57 consecutive patients with clinically diagnosed lateral epicondylitis were divided randomly into two groups. In the HA + CS group, 25 patients received a single injection of a solution containing an HA + CS combination and prilocaine HCl, while the 32 patients in the triamcinolone group received a single injection of a solution of triamcinolone and prilocaine HCl. We evaluated the pain and function outcome measures using the Patient-Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation (PRTEE) questionnaire at the beginning of the study, and 3 and 6 months after the injection. Additionally, the Minimum Clinically Important Difference values and percentage changes in the PRTEE subscale scores between the assessments were calculated. No serious adverse events were reported throughout the study. The mean pain and function scores for the HA + CS and triamcinolone groups had significantly improved at 3 months, but the mean function scores in the HA + CS group were statistically significantly better when compared to the triamcinolone group. At 6 months, both groups had significantly improved mean pain and function scores, compared to the baseline scores; however, the mean pain and function scores in the 6-month HA + CS treatment group were better than in the 6-month triamcinolone group. The relative change for the mean total score in the HA + CS group was much better when compared with the triamcinolone group, and the HA + CS treatment group showed clinically significant improvement when compared with triamcinolone group at 3 and 6 months. This study supports the idea that for a single injection treatment of patients with lateral epicondylitis, a combination injection of HA + CS may offer better pain benefits for 6 months after injection, when compared to triamcinolone. Level II, Randomized Clinical Trial, Prospective Comparative Study.

Microbial, Physicochemical, and Sensory Characteristics of Quality Grade 2 Beef Enhanced by Injection of Pineapple Concentrate and Honey

PubMed Central

Yoon, Ji Won; Lee, Da Gyeom; Lee, Hyun Jung; Choe, Juhui; Jung, Samooel; Jo, Cheorun

2017-01-01

This study investigated the effect of injecting pineapple concentrate and honey into low marbled beef in order to enhance its sensory qualities, particularly tenderness and flavor, without compromising its fresh appearance. Beef loin was injected with a solution of 6.0% pineapple concentrate, 2.5% honey, 0.5% monosodium L-glutamate, 0.5% phosphate, and 0.3% salt (w/w) to 120% (w/w) of initial meat weight and stored for 14 d. Non-injected beef loin served as a control. Total aerobic bacterial counts, surface meat color, shear force, reducing sugar content, and sensory evaluation of the beef were analyzed at 0.5, 7, and 14 d of storage. Injection did not affect the total aerobic bacterial counts or color of the beef. However, injection increased the stability of meat color, compared with that of the control, during storage. The shear force value was significantly lower in the injected beef than that in the control. The injected beef had a significantly higher reducing sugar content compared with that of the control. In sensory evaluation, tenderness, juiciness, flavor, and overall acceptance of the injected beef were significantly higher than those of the control at 0.5 d. In conclusion, injection of pineapple concentrate and honey can improve the sensory qualities of low marbled beef, during short storage periods, without changing the fresh appearance of the beef. PMID:28943761