Time-Frequency Analysis of Chemosensory Event-Related Potentials to Characterize the Cortical Representation of Odors in Humans

PubMed Central

Huart, Caroline; Legrain, Valéry; Hummel, Thomas; Rombaux, Philippe; Mouraux, André

2012-01-01

Background The recording of olfactory and trigeminal chemosensory event-related potentials (ERPs) has been proposed as an objective and non-invasive technique to study the cortical processing of odors in humans. Until now, the responses have been characterized mainly using across-trial averaging in the time domain. Unfortunately, chemosensory ERPs, in particular, olfactory ERPs, exhibit a relatively low signal-to-noise ratio. Hence, although the technique is increasingly used in basic research as well as in clinical practice to evaluate people suffering from olfactory disorders, its current clinical relevance remains very limited. Here, we used a time-frequency analysis based on the wavelet transform to reveal EEG responses that are not strictly phase-locked to onset of the chemosensory stimulus. We hypothesized that this approach would significantly enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of the EEG responses to chemosensory stimulation because, as compared to conventional time-domain averaging, (1) it is less sensitive to temporal jitter and (2) it can reveal non phase-locked EEG responses such as event-related synchronization and desynchronization. Methodology/Principal Findings EEG responses to selective trigeminal and olfactory stimulation were recorded in 11 normosmic subjects. A Morlet wavelet was used to characterize the elicited responses in the time-frequency domain. We found that this approach markedly improved the signal-to-noise ratio of the obtained EEG responses, in particular, following olfactory stimulation. Furthermore, the approach allowed characterizing non phase-locked components that could not be identified using conventional time-domain averaging. Conclusion/Significance By providing a more robust and complete view of how odors are represented in the human brain, our approach could constitute the basis for a robust tool to study olfaction, both for basic research and clinicians. PMID:22427997

Exploring the relationship between patient call-light use rate and nurse call-light response time in acute care settings.

PubMed

Tzeng, Huey-Ming; Larson, Janet L

2011-03-01

Patient call-light usage and nurse responsiveness to call lights are two intertwined concepts that could affect patients' safety during hospital stays. Little is known about the relationship between call-light usage and call-light response time. Consequently, this exploratory study examined the relationship between the patient-initiated call-light use rate and the nursing staff's average call-light response time in a Michigan community hospital. It used hospital archived data retrieved from the call-light tracking system for the period from February 2007 through June 2008. Curve estimation regression and multiple regression analyses were conducted. The results showed that the call-light response time was not affected by the total nursing hours or RN hours. The nurse call-light response time was longer when the patient call-light use rate was higher and the average length of stay was shorter. It is likely that a shorter length of stay contributes to the nursing care activity level on the unit because it is associated with a higher frequency of patient admissions/discharges and treatment per patient-day. This suggests that the nursing care activity level on the unit and number of call-light alarms could affect nurse call-light response time, independently of the number of nurses available to respond.

Acquisition of peak responding: what is learned?

PubMed

Balci, Fuat; Gallistel, Charles R; Allen, Brian D; Frank, Krystal M; Gibson, Jacqueline M; Brunner, Daniela

2009-01-01

We investigated how the common measures of timing performance behaved in the course of training on the peak procedure in C3H mice. Following fixed interval (FI) pre-training, mice received 16 days of training in the peak procedure. The peak time and spread were derived from the average response rates while the start and stop times and their relative variability were derived from a single-trial analysis. Temporal precision (response spread) appeared to improve in the course of training. This apparent improvement in precision was, however, an averaging artifact; it was mediated by the staggered appearance of timed stops, rather than by the delayed occurrence of start times. Trial-by-trial analysis of the stop times for individual subjects revealed that stops appeared abruptly after three to five sessions and their timing did not change as training was prolonged. Start times and the precision of start and stop times were generally stable throughout training. Our results show that subjects do not gradually learn to time their start or stop of responding. Instead, they learn the duration of the FI, with robust temporal control over the start of the response; the control over the stop of response appears abruptly later.

Acquisition of peak responding: What is learned?

PubMed Central

Balci, Fuat; Gallistel, Charles R.; Allen, Brian D.; Frank, Krystal M.; Gibson, Jacqueline M.; Brunner, Daniela

2009-01-01

We investigated how the common measures of timing performance behaved in the course of training on the peak procedure in C3H mice. Following fixed interval (FI) pre-training, mice received 16 days of training in the peak procedure. The peak time and spread were derived from the average response rates while the start and stop times and their relative variability were derived from a single-trial analysis. Temporal precision (response spread) appeared to improve in the course of training. This apparent improvement in precision was, however, an averaging artifact; it was mediated by the staggered appearance of timed stops, rather than by the delayed occurrence of start times. Trial-by-trial analysis of the stop times for individual subjects revealed that stops appeared abruptly after three to five sessions and their timing did not change as training was prolonged. Start times and the precision of start and stop times were generally stable throughout training. Our results show that subjects do not gradually learn to time their start or stop of responding. Instead, they learn the duration of the FI, with robust temporal control over the start of the response; the control over the stop of response appears abruptly later. PMID:18950695

Electron-Impact Excitation and Ionization in Air

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-09-01

average collision frequency, is more than 100 times larger. Even in the slightly ionized regime with only 1% electrons, the frequency of electron...information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and...physics-based model of nonequilibrium chemistry and radiation in hypersonic flow, it is timely to investigate and update the electron collision cross

Randomized trial of betahistine mesilate tablets as augmentation for oxcarbazepine and carbamazepine in treating vestibular paroxysmia.

PubMed

Xue, Hui; Xiang, Wenping; Yu, Yichuan; Liu, Guorong; Chong, Yi; Zhou, Jiying

2018-01-01

Vestibular paroxysmia (VP) is a rare episodic peripheral vestibular disorder. This study was conducted to compare the efficacy and acceptability of carbamazepine (CBZ) plus betahistine mesilate tablets (BMT) (CBZ+BMT) and oxcarbazepine (OXC) plus BMT (OXC+BMT) in treating VP, and investigated whether the synergistic effect could be increased along with the increased dose of BMT. VP patients were recruited and randomly assigned to receive CBZ+BMT or OXC+BMT. The doses of CBZ and OXC were set to 200 and 300 mg/time, twice daily, respectively. The doses of BMT were set to 12 and 18 mg/time, twice daily. Half of the patients in each group received BMT 12 mg/time and the other half received BMT 18 mg/time. The treatment was continued for 12 weeks. The vertigo frequency, vertigo score, vertigo duration, response rate, and drug-related side effects were analyzed. In total, 92 patients in the CBZ+BMT group and 93 patients in the OXC+BMT group completed this trial. After 12 weeks of treatment, the two groups had similar average vertigo frequency, average vertigo score, average vertigo duration, and response rate. But the incidence of side effects was significantly higher in the CBZ+BMT group than in the OXC+BMT group ( p =0.04). Subgroup analysis found that patients receiving BMT (18 mg) had greater reductions in average vertigo frequency, average vertigo duration, and average vertigo score, and higher response rates than patients receiving BMT (12 mg). These results demonstrated that OXC+BMT may be suitable as an alternative method in VP patients with CBZ hypersensitivity, and the synergistic effect could be increased along with the increased dose of BMT.

78 FR 18672 - Proposed Agency Information Collection Activities; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-27

... monitoring regulatory compliance. Form Number(s): N/A. Affected Public: Businesses. Respondent Universe: 728 railroads. Frequency of Submission: On occasion. Average time CFR section Respondent universe Total annual... time CFR section Respondent universe Total annual per response Total annual responses (minutes) burden...

Clinical usefulness and feasibility of time-frequency analysis of chemosensory event-related potentials.

PubMed

Huart, C; Rombaux, Ph; Hummel, T; Mouraux, A

2013-09-01

The clinical usefulness of olfactory event-related brain potentials (OERPs) to assess olfactory function is limited by the relatively low signal-to-noise ratio of the responses identified using conventional time-domain averaging. Recently, it was shown that time-frequency analysis of the obtained EEG signals can markedly improve the signal-to-noise ratio of OERPs in healthy controls, because it enhances both phase-locked and non phase-locked EEG responses. The aim of the present study was to investigate the clinical usefulness of this approach and evaluate its feasibility in a clinical setting. We retrospectively analysed EEG recordings obtained from 45 patients (15 anosmic, 15 hyposmic and 15 normos- mic). The responses to olfactory stimulation were analysed using conventional time-domain analysis and joint time-frequency analysis. The ability of the two methods to discriminate between anosmic, hyposmic and normosmic patients was assessed using a Receiver Operating Characteristic analysis. The discrimination performance of OERPs identified using conventional time-domain averaging was poor. In contrast, the discrimination performance of the EEG response identified in the time-frequency domain was relatively high. Furthermore, we found a significant correlation between the magnitude of this response and the psychophysical olfactory score. Time-frequency analysis of the EEG responses to olfactory stimulation could be used as an effective and reliable diagnostic tool for the objective clinical evaluation of olfactory function in patients.

Response of MDOF strongly nonlinear systems to fractional Gaussian noises.

PubMed

Deng, Mao-Lin; Zhu, Wei-Qiu

2016-08-01

In the present paper, multi-degree-of-freedom strongly nonlinear systems are modeled as quasi-Hamiltonian systems and the stochastic averaging method for quasi-Hamiltonian systems (including quasi-non-integrable, completely integrable and non-resonant, completely integrable and resonant, partially integrable and non-resonant, and partially integrable and resonant Hamiltonian systems) driven by fractional Gaussian noise is introduced. The averaged fractional stochastic differential equations (SDEs) are derived. The simulation results for some examples show that the averaged SDEs can be used to predict the response of the original systems and the simulation time for the averaged SDEs is less than that for the original systems.

Response of MDOF strongly nonlinear systems to fractional Gaussian noises

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Deng, Mao-Lin; Zhu, Wei-Qiu, E-mail: wqzhu@zju.edu.cn

2016-08-15

In the present paper, multi-degree-of-freedom strongly nonlinear systems are modeled as quasi-Hamiltonian systems and the stochastic averaging method for quasi-Hamiltonian systems (including quasi-non-integrable, completely integrable and non-resonant, completely integrable and resonant, partially integrable and non-resonant, and partially integrable and resonant Hamiltonian systems) driven by fractional Gaussian noise is introduced. The averaged fractional stochastic differential equations (SDEs) are derived. The simulation results for some examples show that the averaged SDEs can be used to predict the response of the original systems and the simulation time for the averaged SDEs is less than that for the original systems.

78 FR 49321 - Proposed Agency Information Collection Activities; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-13

.... Residents. Respondent Universe: 1,000 individuals. Frequency of Submission: On occasion. Respondent Total annual Average time per Total annual Form number universe responses response burden hours Alleged...

Analysis of the time-varying energy of brain responses to an oddball paradigm using short-term smoothed Wigner-Ville distribution.

PubMed

Tağluk, M E; Cakmak, E D; Karakaş, S

2005-04-30

Cognitive brain responses to external stimuli, as measured by event related potentials (ERPs), have been analyzed from a variety of perspectives to investigate brain dynamics. Here, the brain responses of healthy subjects to auditory oddball paradigms, standard and deviant stimuli, recorded on an Fz electrode site were studied using a short-term version of the smoothed Wigner-Ville distribution (STSW) method. A smoothing kernel was designed to preserve the auto energy of the signal with maximum time and frequency resolutions. Analysis was conducted mainly on the time-frequency distributions (TFDs) of sweeps recorded during successive trials including the TFD of averaged single sweeps as the evoked time-frequency (ETF) brain response and the average of TFDs of single sweeps as the time-frequency (TF) brain response. Also the power entropy and the phase angles of the signal at frequency f and time t locked to the stimulus onset were studied across single trials as the TF power-locked and the TF phase-locked brain responses, respectively. TFDs represented in this way demonstrated the ERP spectro-temporal characteristics from multiple perspectives. The time-varying energy of the individual components manifested interesting TF structures in the form of amplitude modulated (AM) and frequency modulated (FM) energy bursts. The TF power-locked and phase-locked brain responses provoked ERP energies in a manner modulated by cognitive functions, an observation requiring further investigation. These results may lead to a better understanding of integrative brain dynamics.

Effects of Turbulence Model on Prediction of Hot-Gas Lateral Jet Interaction in a Supersonic Crossflow

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-07-01

performance computing time from the US Department of Defense (DOD) High Performance Computing Modernization program at the US Army Research Laboratory...Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time ...dimensional, compressible, Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations are solved using a finite volume method. A point-implicit time - integration

7 CFR 3550.100 - OMB control number.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... AGRICULTURE DIRECT SINGLE FAMILY HOUSING LOANS AND GRANTS Section 502 Origination § 3550.100 OMB control... response, with an average of 11/2 hours per response, including time for reviewing instructions, searching...

7 CFR 3550.100 - OMB control number.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... AGRICULTURE DIRECT SINGLE FAMILY HOUSING LOANS AND GRANTS Section 502 Origination § 3550.100 OMB control... response, with an average of 11/2 hours per response, including time for reviewing instructions, searching...

7 CFR 3550.100 - OMB control number.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... AGRICULTURE DIRECT SINGLE FAMILY HOUSING LOANS AND GRANTS Section 502 Origination § 3550.100 OMB control... response, with an average of 11/2 hours per response, including time for reviewing instructions, searching...

7 CFR 3550.100 - OMB control number.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... AGRICULTURE DIRECT SINGLE FAMILY HOUSING LOANS AND GRANTS Section 502 Origination § 3550.100 OMB control... response, with an average of 11/2 hours per response, including time for reviewing instructions, searching...

7 CFR 3550.100 - OMB control number.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... AGRICULTURE DIRECT SINGLE FAMILY HOUSING LOANS AND GRANTS Section 502 Origination § 3550.100 OMB control... response, with an average of 11/2 hours per response, including time for reviewing instructions, searching...

75 FR 60771 - Agency Information Collection Activities: New Information Collection; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-01

... responses. Overview of This Information Collection (1) Type of Information Collection: New information... of time estimated for an average respondent to respond: ID Authentication--2,900,000 responses at...

Higher energy prices are associated with diminished resources, performance and safety in Australian ambulance systems.

PubMed

Brown, Lawrence H; Chaiechi, Taha; Buettner, Petra G; Canyon, Deon V; Crawford, J Mac; Judd, Jenni

2013-02-01

To evaluate the impact of changing energy prices on Australian ambulance systems. Generalised estimating equations were used to analyse contemporaneous and lagged relationships between changes in energy prices and ambulance system performance measures in all Australian State/Territory ambulance systems for the years 2000-2010. Measures included: expenditures per response; labour-to-total expenditure ratio; full-time equivalent employees (FTE) per 10,000 responses; average salary; median and 90th percentile response time; and injury compensation claims. Energy price data included State average diesel price, State average electricity price, and world crude oil price. Changes in diesel prices were inversely associated with changes in salaries, and positively associated with changes in ambulance response times; changes in oil prices were also inversely associated with changes in salaries, as well with staffing levels and expenditures per ambulance response. Changes in electricity prices were positively associated with changes in expenditures per response and changes in salaries; they were also positively associated with changes in injury compensation claims per 100 FTE. Changes in energy prices are associated with changes in Australian ambulance systems' resource, performance and safety characteristics in ways that could affect both patients and personnel. Further research is needed to explore the mechanisms of, and strategies for mitigating, these impacts. The impacts of energy prices on other aspects of the health system should also be investigated. © 2013 The Authors. ANZJPH © 2013 Public Health Association of Australia.

Client-centred development of an infrared thermal access switch for a young adult with severe spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy.

PubMed

Memarian, Negar; Venetsanopoulos, Anastasios N; Chau, Tom

2011-01-01

This study reports a client-centred development of a non-contact access switch based on an infrared thermal imaging of mouth opening-closing activity of an individual with severe spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy. Over a 6-month period, the client participated in five test sessions to inform the development of an infrared thermal switch. The client completed eight stimulus-response trials (switch test) and eight word-matching trials (scan test) using the infrared thermal switch and provided subjective feedback throughout. For the switch test, the client achieved an average correct activation rate of 90% and average response time of 2.4 s. His mean correct activation rate on the scan test improved from 65 to 80% over the course of system development, with an average response time of 11.7 s. An infrared thermography switch tuned to a client's extant orofacial gestures is a practical non-invasive access solution and warrants further research in clients with severe physical disability.

76 FR 28246 - Information Collection Requests Under OMB Review

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-16

... collection request to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for approval of an existing collection in use... characteristics and skills to serve as a Peace Corps Response Volunteer. OMB Control Number: 0420-pending. Title... of reference forms received: 1,000. e. Frequency of response: One time. f. Estimated average time to...

Near-infrared signals associated with electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fantini, Sergio; Chen, Debbie K.; Martin, Jeffrey M.; Sassaroli, Angelo; Bergethon, Peter R.

2009-02-01

We report our studies on the optical signals measured non-invasively on electrically stimulated peripheral nerves. The stimulation consists of the delivery of 0.1 ms current pulses, below the threshold for triggering any visible motion, to a peripheral nerve in human subjects (we have studied the sural nerve and the median nerve). In response to electrical stimulation, we observe an optical signal that peaks at about 100 ms post-stimulus, on a much longer time scale than the few milliseconds duration of the electrical response, or sensory nerve action potential (SNAP). While the 100 ms optical signal we measured is not a direct optical signature of neural activation, it is nevertheless indicative of a mediated response to neural activation. We argue that this may provide information useful for understanding the origin of the fast optical signal (also on a 100 ms time scale) that has been measured non-invasively in the brain in response to cerebral activation. Furthermore, the optical response to peripheral nerve activation may be developed into a diagnostic tool for peripheral neuropathies, as suggested by the delayed optical signals (average peak time: 230 ms) measured in patients with diabetic neuropathy with respect to normal subjects (average peak time: 160 ms).

Effect of glaucoma on eye movement patterns and laboratory-based hazard detection ability

PubMed Central

Black, Alex A.; Wood, Joanne M.

2017-01-01

Purpose The mechanisms underlying the elevated crash rates of older drivers with glaucoma are poorly understood. A key driving skill is timely detection of hazards; however, the hazard detection ability of drivers with glaucoma has been largely unexplored. This study assessed the eye movement patterns and visual predictors of performance on a laboratory-based hazard detection task in older drivers with glaucoma. Methods Participants included 30 older drivers with glaucoma (71±7 years; average better-eye mean deviation (MD) = −3.1±3.2 dB; average worse-eye MD = −11.9±6.2 dB) and 25 age-matched controls (72±7 years). Visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, visual fields, useful field of view (UFoV; processing speeds), and motion sensitivity were assessed. Participants completed a computerised Hazard Perception Test (HPT) while their eye movements were recorded using a desk-mounted Tobii TX300 eye-tracking system. The HPT comprises a series of real-world traffic videos recorded from the driver’s perspective; participants responded to road hazards appearing in the videos, and hazard response times were determined. Results Participants with glaucoma exhibited an average of 0.42 seconds delay in hazard response time (p = 0.001), smaller saccades (p = 0.010), and delayed first fixation on hazards (p<0.001) compared to controls. Importantly, larger saccades were associated with faster hazard responses in the glaucoma group (p = 0.004), but not in the control group (p = 0.19). Across both groups, significant visual predictors of hazard response times included motion sensitivity, UFoV, and worse-eye MD (p<0.05). Conclusions Older drivers with glaucoma had delayed hazard response times compared to controls, with associated changes in eye movement patterns. The association between larger saccades and faster hazard response time in the glaucoma group may represent a compensatory behaviour to facilitate improved performance. PMID:28570621

Development of on-line laser power monitoring system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ding, Chien-Fang; Lee, Meng-Shiou; Li, Kuan-Ming

2016-03-01

Since the laser was invented, laser has been applied in many fields such as material processing, communication, measurement, biomedical engineering, defense industries and etc. Laser power is an important parameter in laser material processing, i.e. laser cutting, and laser drilling. However, the laser power is easily affected by the environment temperature, we tend to monitor the laser power status, ensuring there is an effective material processing. Besides, the response time of current laser power meters is too long, they cannot measure laser power accurately in a short time. To be more precisely, we can know the status of laser power and help us to achieve an effective material processing at the same time. To monitor the laser power, this study utilize a CMOS (Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) camera to develop an on-line laser power monitoring system. The CMOS camera captures images of incident laser beam after it is split and attenuated by beam splitter and neutral density filter. By comparing the average brightness of the beam spots and measurement results from laser power meter, laser power can be estimated. Under continuous measuring mode, the average measuring error is about 3%, and the response time is at least 3.6 second shorter than thermopile power meters; under trigger measuring mode which enables the CMOS camera to synchronize with intermittent laser output, the average measuring error is less than 3%, and the shortest response time is 20 millisecond.

Facilitating the analysis of the multifocal electroretinogram using the free software environment R.

PubMed

Bergholz, Richard; Rossel, Mirjam; Dutescu, Ralf M; Vöge, Klaas P; Salchow, Daniel J

2018-01-01

The large amount of data rendered by the multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) can be analyzed and visualized in various ways. The evaluation and comparison of more than one examination is time-consuming and prone to create errors. Using the free software environment R we developed a solution to average the data of multiple examinations and to allow a comparison of different patient groups. Data of single mfERG recordings as exported in .csv format from a RETIport 21 system (version 7/03, Roland Consult) or manually compiled .csv files are the basis for the calculations. The R software extracts response densities and implicit times of N1 and P1 for the sum response, each ring eccentricity, and each single hexagon. Averages can be calculated for as many subjects as needed. The mentioned parameters can then be compared to another group of patients or healthy subjects. Application of the software is illustrated by comparing 11 patients with chloroquine maculopathy to a control group of 7 healthy subjects. The software scripts display response density and implicit time 3D plots of each examination as well as of the group averages. Differences of the group averages are presented as 3D and grayscale 2D plots. Both groups are compared using the t-test with Bonferroni correction. The group comparison is furthermore illustrated by the average waveforms and by boxplots of each eccentricity. This software solution on the basis of the programming language R facilitates the clinical and scientific use of the mfERG and aids in interpretation and analysis.

Anticipation of direction and time of perturbation modulates the onset latency of trunk muscle responses during sitting perturbations.

PubMed

Milosevic, Matija; Shinya, Masahiro; Masani, Kei; Patel, Kramay; McConville, Kristiina M V; Nakazawa, Kimitaka; Popovic, Milos R

2016-02-01

Trunk muscles are responsible for maintaining trunk stability during sitting. However, the effects of anticipation of perturbation on trunk muscle responses are not well understood. The objectives of this study were to identify the responses of trunk muscles to sudden support surface translations and quantify the effects of anticipation of direction and time of perturbation on the trunk neuromuscular responses. Twelve able-bodied individuals participated in the study. Participants were seated on a kneeling chair and support surface translations were applied in the forward and backward directions with and without direction and time of perturbation cues. The trunk started moving on average approximately 40ms after the perturbation. During unanticipated perturbations, average latencies of the trunk muscle contractions were in the range between 103.4 and 117.4ms. When participants anticipated the perturbations, trunk muscle latencies were reduced by 16.8±10.0ms and the time it took the trunk to reach maximum velocity was also reduced, suggesting a biomechanical advantage caused by faster muscle responses. These results suggested that trunk muscles have medium latency responses and use reflexive mechanisms. Moreover, anticipation of perturbation decreased trunk muscles latencies, suggesting that the central nervous system modulated readiness of the trunk based on anticipatory information. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Practical UXO Classification: Enhanced Data Processing Strategies for Technology Transition - Fort Ord: Dynamic and Cued Metalmapper Processing and Classification

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-06-06

OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for...Geophysical Mapping, Electromagnetic Induction, Instrument Verification Strip, Time Domain Electromagnetic, Unexploded Ordnance 16. SECURITY...Munitions Response QA Quality Assurance QC Quality Control ROC Receiver Operating Characteristic RTK Real- time Kinematic s Second SNR

Detection of P300 waves in single trials by the wavelet transform (WT).

PubMed

Demiralp, T; Ademoglu, A; Schürmann, M; Başar-Eroglu, C; Başar, E

1999-01-01

The P300 response is conventionally obtained by averaging the responses to the task-relevant (target) stimuli of the oddball paradigm. However, it is well known that cognitive ERP components show a high variability due to changes of cognitive state during an experimental session. With simple tasks such changes may not be demonstrable by the conventional method of averaging the sweeps chosen according to task-relevance. Therefore, the present work employed a response-based classification procedure to choose the trials containing the P300 component from the whole set of sweeps of an auditory oddball paradigm. For this purpose, the most significant response property reflecting the P300 wave was identified by using the wavelet transform (WT). The application of a 5 octave quadratic B-spline-WT on single sweeps yielded discrete coefficients in each octave with an appropriate time resolution for each frequency range. The main feature indicating a P300 response was the positivity of the 4th delta (0.5-4 Hz) coefficient (310-430 ms) after stimulus onset. The average of selected single sweeps from the whole set of data according to this criterion yielded more enhanced P300 waves compared with the average of the target responses, and the average of the remaining sweeps showed a significantly smaller positivity in the P300 latency range compared with the average of the non-target responses. The combination of sweeps classified according to the task-based and response-based criteria differed significantly. This suggests an influence of changes in cognitive state on the presence of the P300 wave which cannot be assessed by task performance alone. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.

Application of Statistic Experimental Design to Assess the Effect of Gammairradiation Pre-Treatment on the Drying Characteristics and Qualities of Wheat

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yu, Yong; Wang, Jun

Wheat, pretreated by 60Co gamma irradiation, was dried by hot-air with irradiation dosage 0-3 kGy, drying temperature 40-60 °C, and initial moisture contents 19-25% (drying basis). The drying characteristics and dried qualities of wheat were evaluated based on drying time, average dehydration rate, wet gluten content (WGC), moisture content of wet gluten (MCWG)and titratable acidity (TA). A quadratic rotation-orthogonal composite experimental design, with three variables (at five levels) and five response functions, and analysis method were employed to study the effect of three variables on the individual response functions. The five response functions (drying time, average dehydration rate, WGC, MCWG, TA) correlated with these variables by second order polynomials consisting of linear, quadratic and interaction terms. A high correlation coefficient indicated the suitability of the second order polynomial to predict these response functions. The linear, interaction and quadratic effects of three variables on the five response functions were all studied.

77 FR 40889 - Proposed Data Collections Submitted for Public Comment and Recommendations

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-11

... evaluation study will be conducted using a group-randomized controlled trial multi-time series design. Four... their time. Estimated Annualized Burden Hours Number of Average burden Respondents Number of responses...

A microprocessor based high speed packet switch for satellite communications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Arozullah, M.; Crist, S. C.

1980-01-01

The architectures of a single processor, a three processor, and a multiple processor system are described. The hardware circuits, and software routines required for implementing the three and multiple processor designs are presented. A bit-slice microprocessor was designed and microprogrammed. Maximum throughput was calculated for all three designs. Queue theoretic models for these three designs were developed and utilized to obtain analytical expressions for the average waiting times, overall average response times and average queue sizes. From these expressions, graphs were obtained showing the effect on the system performance of a number of design parameters.

Re-addressable Interconnects with Light-Induced Waveguides in Liquid Crystals

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-08-09

average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data...15. SUBJECT TERMS EOARD, Liquid Crystals, Laser beam control 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT...external stimuli, their performance is far from optimal: their response time can be larger than 100ms and they exhibit transverse fluctuations due

Management of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis with Plasmapheresis and Cyclosporine A: Our 10 Years’ Experience

PubMed Central

Giudice, Giuseppe; Maggio, Giulio; Bufano, Loredana; Memeo, Giuseppe

2017-01-01

Background: The management of toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is controversial and there is no uniform strategy. Objective: To share our 10 years’ experience in treating severe TEN with a novel protocol based on the association of cyclosporine A and plasmapheresis. Methods: In this case series, we retrospectively collected and assessed the 12 cases of severe TEN treated from 2005 to 2015 at the Burn Unit of the University of Bari Policlinico hospital. Results: Average body surface area was 77; average SCORETEN was 4.3. The 12 patients had been treated with culprit drug withdrawal, systemic corticosteroids, and/or cyclosporine A with no response. The protocol was successfully administered in all 12 cases. Average time to response from protocol start was 4.9 days. Average time to remission from protocol start was 22 days; average hospital stay at our unit was 24.8 days. Four patients developed severe complications; 1 patient died. No complications linked to the protocol therapeutic measures were observed. The relatively small number of cases given the rarity of the condition is a limitation of this report. Conclusion: Our protocol based on the association of cyclosporine A and plasmapheresis is safe and efficacious in treating severe TEN. PMID:28280663

Probe shapes that measure time-averaged streamwise momentum and cross-stream turbulence intensity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rossow, Vernon J. (Inventor)

1993-01-01

A method and apparatus for directly measuring the time-averaged streamwise momentum in a turbulent stream use a probe which has total head response which varies as the cosine-squared of the angle of incidence. The probe has a nose with a slight indentation on its front face for providing the desired response. The method of making the probe incorporates unique design features. Another probe may be positioned in a side-by-side relationship to the first probe to provide a direct measurement of the total pressure. The difference between the two pressures yields the sum of the squares of the cross-stream components of the turbulence level.

[Value of cumulative electrodermal responses in subliminal auditory perception. A preliminary study].

PubMed

Borgeat, F; Pannetier, M F

1982-01-01

This exploratory study examined the usefulness of averaging electrodermal potential responses for research on subliminal auditory perception. Eighteen female subjects were exposed to three kinds (emotional, neutral and 1000 Hz tone) of auditory stimulation which were repeated six times at three intensities (detection threshold, 10 dB under this threshold and 10 dB above identification threshold). Analysis of electrodermal potential responses showed that the number of responses was related to the emotionality of subliminal stimuli presented at detection threshold but not at 10 dB under it. The data interpretation proposed refers to perceptual defence theory. This study indicates that electrodermal response count constitutes a useful measure for subliminal auditory perception research, but averaging those responses was not shown to bring additional information.

Average Dielectric Property Analysis of Complex Breast Tissue with Microwave Transmission Measurements

PubMed Central

Garrett, John D.; Fear, Elise C.

2015-01-01

Prior information about the average dielectric properties of breast tissue can be implemented in microwave breast imaging techniques to improve the results. Rapidly providing this information relies on acquiring a limited number of measurements and processing these measurement with efficient algorithms. Previously, systems were developed to measure the transmission of microwave signals through breast tissue, and simplifications were applied to estimate the average properties. These methods provided reasonable estimates, but they were sensitive to multipath. In this paper, a new technique to analyze the average properties of breast tissues while addressing multipath is presented. Three steps are used to process transmission measurements. First, the effects of multipath were removed. In cases where multipath is present, multiple peaks were observed in the time domain. A Tukey window was used to time-gate a single peak and, therefore, select a single path through the breast. Second, the antenna response was deconvolved from the transmission coefficient to isolate the response from the tissue in the breast interior. The antenna response was determined through simulations. Finally, the complex permittivity was estimated using an iterative approach. This technique was validated using simulated and physical homogeneous breast models and tested with results taken from a recent patient study. PMID:25585106

Modelling and optimization of semi-solid processing of 7075 Al alloy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Binesh, B.; Aghaie-Khafri, M.

2017-09-01

The new modified strain-induced melt activation (SIMA) process presented by Binesh and Aghaie-Khafri was optimized using a response surface methodology to improve the thixotropic characteristics of semi-solid 7075 alloy. The responses, namely the average grain size and the shape factor, were considered as functions of three independent input variables: effective strain, isothermal holding temperature and time. Mathematical models for the responses were developed using the regression analysis technique, and the adequacy of the models was validated by the analysis of variance method. The calculated results correlated fairly well with the experiments. It was found that all the first- and second-order terms of the independent parameters and the interactive terms of the effective strain and holding time were statistically significant for the responses. In order to simultaneously optimize the responses, the desirable values for the effective strain, holding temperature and time were predicted to be 5.1, 609 °C and 14 min, respectively, when employing the desirability function approach. Based on the optimization results, a significant improvement in the average grain size and shape factor of the semi-solid slurry prepared by the new modified SIMA process was observed.

77 FR 59244 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Extension of Currently-Approved Information Collection...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-09-26

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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-03

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Beauty is in the ease of the beholding: A neurophysiological test of the averageness theory of facial attractiveness

PubMed Central

Trujillo, Logan T.; Jankowitsch, Jessica M.; Langlois, Judith H.

2014-01-01

Multiple studies show that people prefer attractive over unattractive faces. But what is an attractive face and why is it preferred? Averageness theory claims that faces are perceived as attractive when their facial configuration approximates the mathematical average facial configuration of the population. Conversely, faces that deviate from this average configuration are perceived as unattractive. The theory predicts that both attractive and mathematically averaged faces should be processed more fluently than unattractive faces, whereas the averaged faces should be processed marginally more fluently than the attractive faces. We compared neurocognitive and behavioral responses to attractive, unattractive, and averaged human faces to test these predictions. We recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) and reaction times (RTs) from 48 adults while they discriminated between human and chimpanzee faces. Participants categorized averaged and high attractive faces as “human” faster than low attractive faces. The posterior N170 (150 – 225 ms) face-evoked ERP component was smaller in response to high attractive and averaged faces versus low attractive faces. Single-trial EEG analysis indicated that this reduced ERP response arose from the engagement of fewer neural resources and not from a change in the temporal consistency of how those resources were engaged. These findings provide novel evidence that faces are perceived as attractive when they approximate a facial configuration close to the population average and suggest that processing fluency underlies preferences for attractive faces. PMID:24326966

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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-23

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Responsiveness of the numeric pain rating scale in patients with shoulder pain and the effect of surgical status.

PubMed

Michener, Lori A; Snyder, Alison R; Leggin, Brian G

2011-02-01

The Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) is commonly used to assess pain. Change in the NPRS across time can be interpreted with responsiveness indices. To determine the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) of the NPRS. Single-group repeated measures. Outpatient rehabilitation clinics. Patients with shoulder pain (N = 136). At the initial evaluation patients completed the Penn Shoulder Score (PSS), which includes pain, satisfaction, and function sections. Pain was measured using an 11-point NPRS for 3 conditions of pain: at rest, with normal daily activities, and with strenuous activities. The NPRS average was calculated by averaging the NPRS scores for 3 conditions of pain. The final PSS was completed after 3-4 wk of rehabilitation. To determine the MCID for the NPRS average, the minimal detectible change of 8.6 points for the PSS function scale (0-60 points) was used as an external criterion anchor to classify patients as meaningfully improved (≥8.6 point change) or not improved (<8.6-point change). The MCID for the NPRS average was also determined for subgroups of surgical and nonsurgical patients. Cohen's effect sizes were calculated as a measure of group responsiveness for the NPRS average. Using a receiver-operating-characteristic analysis, the MCID for the average NPRS for all patients was 2.17, and it was 2.17 for both the surgical and nonsurgical subgroup: area-under-the-curve range .74-.76 (95%CI: .55-.95). The effect size for all patients was 1.84, and it was 1.51 and 1.94 for the surgical and nonsurgical groups, respectively. The NPRS average of 3 pain questions demonstrated responsiveness with an MCID of 2.17 in patients with shoulder pain receiving rehabilitation for 3-4 wk. The effect sizes indicated a large effect. However, responsiveness values are not static. Further research is indicated to assess responsiveness of the NPRS average in different types of patients with shoulder pain.

Optimization of ultrasonic emulsification conditions for the production of orange peel essential oil nanoemulsions.

PubMed

Hashtjin, Adel Mirmajidi; Abbasi, Soleiman

2015-05-01

The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of emulsifying conditions on some physical and rheological properties of orange peel essential oil (OPEO) in water nanoemulsions. In this regard, using the response surface methodology, the influence of ultrasonication conditions including sonication amplitude (70-100 %), sonication time (90-150 s) and process temperature (5-45 °C) on the mean droplets diameter (Z-average value), polydispersity index (PDI), and viscosity of the OPEO nanoemulsions was evaluated. In addition, the flow behavior and stability of selected nanoemulsions was evaluated during storage (up to 3 months) at different temperatures (5, 25 and 45 °C). Based on the results of the optimization, the optimum conditions for producing OPEO nanoemulsions (Z-average value 18.16 nm) were determined as 94 % (sonication amplitude), 138 s (sonication time) and 37 °C (process temperature). Moreover, analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed high coefficients of determination values (R (2) > 0.95) for the response surface models of the energy input and Z-average. In addition, the flow behavior of produced nanoemulsions was Newtonian, and the effect of time and storage temperature as well as their interactions on the Z-average value was highly significant (P < 0.0001).

75 FR 63889 - Proposed Agency Information Collection Activities; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-18

...: Railroads. Respondent Universe: Class I Railroads. Frequency of Submission: On occasion. Average time per Total annual Total annual CFR Section Respondent universe Total annual responses response burden hours.... Form Number(s): N/A. Affected Public: Railroads. Respondent Universe: 685 railroads/ 4 locomotive...

Time On Station Requirements: Costs, Policy Change, and Perceptions

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-12-01

Travel Management Office (2016). .........................................................................6  Table 3.  Time it took spouses to find...NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA MBA PROFESSIONAL REPORT TIME ON STATION REQUIREMENTS: COSTS, POLICY CHANGE, AND...reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching

Experimental Evaluations of Selected Immersion Hypothermia Protection Equipment.

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-10-12

Temperature Response ............... 30 Figure 1-3 Estimated Survival Times for Average Men ..... 49 Figure 1-4 Metabolic Rate Response :Subject BS...51 Figure 1-5 Metabolic Rate Response : Subject GE ............... 52 Figure 1-6 Selected Elementary Movements ............... 58 Figure 1-7 Fatigue... responses to cold-Immersion, while wearing the test articles, could be observed or-vs over a narrow range of body core temperatures Involving the mildest

A Biophysico-computational Perspective of Breast Cancer Pathogenesis and Treatment Response

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-03-01

of Breast Cancer Pathogenesis and Treatment Response PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Valerie M. Weaver Ph.D. CONTRACTING...burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response , including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing...Biophysico-computational Perspective of Breast Cancer Pathogenesis and 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER Treatment Response 5b. GRANT NUMBER W81XWH-05-1-0330 5c

Transitions: Managing the Transfer of Security Responsibility

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-02-05

Index 1.2_Transitions-ConceptNote_v2.0_draft Index Transitions: Managing the Transfer of Security Responsibility A Concept Paper...reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response , including the time for reviewing instructions...TITLE AND SUBTITLE Transitions: Managing the Transfer of Security Responsibility 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6

Theory, Guidance, and Flight Control for High Maneuverability Projectiles

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-01-01

estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining...2.8 Linear System Modeling with Time Delay ...................................................................22 2.9 Linear System Modeling Without... Time Delay .............................................................23 3. Guidance and Flight Control 24 3.1 Proportional Navigation Guidance Law

Aspects of Motor Performance and Preacademic Learning.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Feder, Katya; Kerr, Robert

1996-01-01

The Miller Assessment for Preschoolers (MAP) and a number/counting test were given to 50 4- and 5-year-olds. Low performance on counting was related to significantly slower average response time, overshoot movement time, and reaction time, indicating perceptual-motor difficulty. Low MAP scores indicated difficulty processing visual spatial…

Describing Trails: Distance or Time?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Morris, Beverly R.; Bixler, Robert D.

1998-01-01

To determine whether trails on visitor maps should indicate distance only or include "time to complete," Cleveland Metroparks interviewed 287 adult visitors to a large regional zoo. The mean perceived "average time to walk a mile" was 17 minutes, but responses ranged from 1.5 to 60 minutes. Half of respondents underestimated…

NRL Plasma Formulary 2009

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-01-01

Knudsen Kn λ/L Hydrodynamic time / collision time Lewis Le κ/D *Thermal conduction/molecular diffusion Lorentz Lo V/c Magnitude of relativistic effects...to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data...44 Relativistic Electron Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Beam Instabilities

Using PBL to Prepare Educators and Emergency Managers to Plan for Severe Weather

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stalker, Sarah L.; Cullen, Theresa A.; Kloesel, Kevin

2015-01-01

Within the past 10 years severe weather has been responsible for an annual average of 278 fatalities in the United States (National Weather Service, 2013). During severe weather special populations are populations of high concentrations of people that cannot respond quickly. Schools show both of these characteristics. The average lead time for…

Reynolds Number Scaling and Parameterization of Stratified Turbulent Wakes

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-04-17

orbital shape remains repeatable from one wave cycle to the next. Depth- averaged values of the mean and rms IWB-mean Lagrangian drifts (not shown here...suggest that these drifts will be accompanied by average particle displacements of CJ = (10KxT)112 = 10- 1 .AJ = :::o:O(lOm). Our fmdings on Lagrangian ...of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching data sources, gathering and

Delay of cognitive gamma responses in Alzheimer's disease

PubMed Central

Başar, Erol; Emek-Savaş, Derya Durusu; Güntekin, Bahar; Yener, Görsev G.

2016-01-01

Event-related oscillations (EROs) reflect cognitive brain dynamics, while sensory-evoked oscillations (SEOs) reflect sensory activities. Previous reports from our lab have shown that those with Alzheimer's disease (AD) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have decreased activity and/or coherence in delta, theta, alpha and beta cognitive responses. In the current study, we investigated gamma responses in visual SEO and ERO in 15 patients with AD and in 15 age-, gender- and education-matched healthy controls. The following parameters were analyzed over the parietal-occipital regions in both groups: (i) latency of the maximum gamma response over a 0–800 ms time window; (ii) the maximum peak-to-peak amplitudes for each participant's averaged SEO and ERO gamma responses in 3 frequency ranges (25–30, 30–35, 40–48 Hz); and (iii) the maximum peak-to-peak amplitudes for each participant's averaged SEO and ERO gamma responses over a 0–800 ms time block containing four divided time windows (0–200, 200–400, 400–600, and 600–800 ms). There were main group effects in terms of both latency and peak-to-peak amplitudes of gamma ERO. However, peak-to-peak gamma ERO amplitude differences became noticeable only when the time block was divided into four time windows. SEO amplitudes in the 25–30 Hz frequency range of the 0–200 ms time window over the left hemisphere were greater in the healthy controls than in those with AD. Gamma target ERO latency was delayed up to 138 ms in AD patients when compared to healthy controls. This finding may be an effect of lagged neural signaling in cognitive circuits, which is reflected by the delayed gamma responses in those with AD. Based on the results of this study, we propose that gamma responses should be examined in a more detailed fashion using multiple frequency and time windows. PMID:26937378

Effects of Extended Camera Baseline and Image Magnification on Target Detection Time and Target Recognition with a Stereoscopic TV System.

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-02-01

rates. Target detection times were calculated by averaging response times for all trials within a treatment condition, excluding trials in which...responses in a treatment condition by the total number of valid trials within that condition. Each of these dependent measures was subjected to its own...or 1905 mm). Comparisons among the various treatment means for this effect revealed 13 4~ ~ q-. ~ ~ .-..... 2.309 A EXPERIMENT ONE. 2.29- 0 0 z 2.19

7 CFR 1956.100 - OMB control number.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

...) PROGRAM REGULATIONS (CONTINUED) DEBT SETTLEMENT Debt Settlement-Farm Loan Programs and Multi-Family..., with an average of 20 minutes per response including time for reviewing instructions, searching...

7 CFR 1956.100 - OMB control number.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

...) PROGRAM REGULATIONS (CONTINUED) DEBT SETTLEMENT Debt Settlement-Farm Loan Programs and Multi-Family..., with an average of 20 minutes per response including time for reviewing instructions, searching...

7 CFR 1956.100 - OMB control number.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

...) PROGRAM REGULATIONS (CONTINUED) DEBT SETTLEMENT Debt Settlement-Farm Loan Programs and Multi-Family..., with an average of 20 minutes per response including time for reviewing instructions, searching...

7 CFR 1956.100 - OMB control number.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

...) PROGRAM REGULATIONS (CONTINUED) DEBT SETTLEMENT Debt Settlement-Farm Loan Programs and Multi-Family..., with an average of 20 minutes per response including time for reviewing instructions, searching...

The need for higher-order averaging in the stability analysis of hovering, flapping-wing flight.

PubMed

Taha, Haithem E; Tahmasian, Sevak; Woolsey, Craig A; Nayfeh, Ali H; Hajj, Muhammad R

2015-01-05

Because of the relatively high flapping frequency associated with hovering insects and flapping wing micro-air vehicles (FWMAVs), dynamic stability analysis typically involves direct averaging of the time-periodic dynamics over a flapping cycle. However, direct application of the averaging theorem may lead to false conclusions about the dynamics and stability of hovering insects and FWMAVs. Higher-order averaging techniques may be needed to understand the dynamics of flapping wing flight and to analyze its stability. We use second-order averaging to analyze the hovering dynamics of five insects in response to high-amplitude, high-frequency, periodic wing motion. We discuss the applicability of direct averaging versus second-order averaging for these insects.

Underwater Advanced Time-Domain Electromagnetic System

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-03-01

distribution statement initially submitted with AD1042986, entitled Underwater Advanced Time Domain Electromagnetic System (MR-201313), has been appealed...Advanced Time -Domain Electromagnetic System ESTCP Project MR-201313 MARCH 2017 Mr. Steve Saville CH2M Distribution Statement D: Distribution...is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and

Scale Dependence of Statistics of Spatially Averaged Rain Rate Seen in TOGA COARE Comparison with Predictions from a Stochastic Model

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kundu, Prasun K.; Bell, T. L.; Lau, William K. M. (Technical Monitor)

2002-01-01

A characteristic feature of rainfall statistics is that they in general depend on the space and time scales over which rain data are averaged. As a part of an earlier effort to determine the sampling error of satellite rain averages, a space-time model of rainfall statistics was developed to describe the statistics of gridded rain observed in GATE. The model allows one to compute the second moment statistics of space- and time-averaged rain rate which can be fitted to satellite or rain gauge data to determine the four model parameters appearing in the precipitation spectrum - an overall strength parameter, a characteristic length separating the long and short wavelength regimes and a characteristic relaxation time for decay of the autocorrelation of the instantaneous local rain rate and a certain 'fractal' power law exponent. For area-averaged instantaneous rain rate, this exponent governs the power law dependence of these statistics on the averaging length scale $L$ predicted by the model in the limit of small $L$. In particular, the variance of rain rate averaged over an $L \\times L$ area exhibits a power law singularity as $L \\rightarrow 0$. In the present work the model is used to investigate how the statistics of area-averaged rain rate over the tropical Western Pacific measured with ship borne radar during TOGA COARE (Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean Atmospheric Response Experiment) and gridded on a 2 km grid depends on the size of the spatial averaging scale. Good agreement is found between the data and predictions from the model over a wide range of averaging length scales.

The Privatisation of Military Force: Economic Virtues, Vices and Government Responsibility

DTIC Science & Technology

1999-01-01

0 The Privatisation of Military Force: Economic Virtues, Vices and Government Responsibility ERIC FREDLAND Professor. Department of Economics...ApprovedOMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response , including the time...COVERED 00-00-1999 to 00-00-1999 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE The Privatisation of Military Force: Economic Virtues, Vices and Government Responsibility

The long-term salinity field in San Francisco Bay

USGS Publications Warehouse

Uncles, R.J.; Peterson, D.H.

1996-01-01

Data are presented on long-term salinity behaviour in San Francisco Bay, California. A two-level, width averaged model of the tidally averaged salinity and circulation has been written in order to interpret the long-term (days to decades) salinity variability. The model has been used to simulate daily averaged salinity in the upper and lower levels of a 51 segment discretization of the Bay over the 22-yr period 1967-1988. Monthly averaged surface salinity from observations and monthly-averaged simulated salinity are in reasonable agreement. Good agreement is obtained from comparison with daily averaged salinity measured in the upper reaches of North Bay. The salinity variability is driven primarily by freshwater inflow with relatively minor oceanic influence. All stations exhibit a marked seasonal cycle in accordance with the Mediterranean climate, as well as a rich spectrum of variability due to extreme inflow events and extended periods of drought. Monthly averaged salinity intrusion positions have a pronounced seasonal variability and show an approximately linear response to the logarithm of monthly averaged Delta inflow. Although few observed data are available for studies of long-term salinity stratification, modelled stratification is found to be strongly dependent on freshwater inflow; the nature of that dependence varies throughout the Bay. Near the Golden Gate, stratification tends to increase up to very high inflows. In the central reaches of North Bay, modelled stratification maximizes as a function of inflow and further inflow reduces stratification. Near the head of North Bay, lowest summer inflows are associated with the greatest modelled stratification. Observations from the central reaches of North Bay show marked spring-neap variations in stratification and gravitational circulation, both being stronger at neap tides. This spring-neap variation is simulated by the model. A feature of the modelled stratification is a hysteresis in which, for a given spring-neap tidal range and fairly steady inflows, the stratification is higher progressing from neaps to springs than from springs to neaps. The simulated responses of the Bay to perturbations in coastal sea salinity and Delta inflow have been used to further delineate the time-scales of salinity variability. Simulations have been performed about low inflow, steady-state conditions for both salinity and Delta inflow perturbations. For salinity perturbations a small, sinusoidal salinity signal with a period of 1 yr has been applied at the coastal boundary as well as a pulse of salinity with a duration of one day. For Delta inflow perturbations a small, sinusoidally varying inflow signal with a period of 1 yr has been superimposed on an otherwise constant Delta inflow, as well as a pulse of inflow with a duration of one day. Perturbations is coastal salinity dissipate as they move through the Bay. Seasonal perturbations require about 40-45 days to propagate from the coastal ocean to the Delta and to the head of South Bay. The response times of the model to perturbations in freshwater inflow are faster than this in North Bay and comparable in South Bay. In North Bay, time-scales are consistent with advection due to lower level, up-estuary transport of coastal salinity perturbations; for inflow perturbations, faster response times arise from both upper level, down-estuary advection and much faster, down-estuary migration of isohalines in response to inflow volume continuity. In South Bay, the dominant time-scales are governed by tidal dispersion.

What happens when catchments get excited? Exploring the link between hydrologic states and responses across spatial scales

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wrede, S.; Lyon, S. W.; Martinez-Carreras, N.; Pfister, L.; Uhlenbrook, S.

2010-12-01

Investigating relationships between dynamic hydrologic states and associated hydrologic responses of catchments is essential for a better understanding and conceptualization of hydrologic functioning and classification across spatial scales. Nevertheless, the question of “What happens when catchments get excited?” still remains unanswered for most catchments to date. This is especially true with regard to underlying landscape controls and how their relative importance can shift given the state of the various storages in a catchment. To help answering this question, we combined hydrometric and tracer approaches with landscape analysis in 24 nested catchments in Luxembourg, Europe with contrasting bedrock geology ranging from 0.5 to 1091 km2. In our study we discerned two major hydrological states (dry and wet) for each basin according to slope changes in double mass curves of cumulated discharge and precipitation. For each of these states the long-term (i.e. interannual) response of catchment behavior was characterized using conventional runoff signatures, such as master recession curves and average lag time between rainfall and runoff response. We found significantly different hydrologic responses for different hydrologic states of the catchments. These are typified by faster flow recessions, but longer average lag times during wet states and slower flow recessions, but shorter lag times during dry states. Dominating landscape controls on hydrological responses differed during these distinct hydrologic states and were identified as variables related to geology (percentage of impervious bedrock area) and soils (average soil depth), indicating different controls on hydrologic processes under different hydrologic states. Clustering of biweekly conductivity and silica stream water concentration data of the catchments further illustrated the dominant control of the geology on stream chemistry and revealed similar patterns during different hydrologic states. Our findings demonstrate that hydrologic response and their associated controls are closely linked to the dynamic hydrologic states of the catchments and hence should not be neglected in catchment modeling and classification approaches.

Time delays in the response to the Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C outbreak in Nigeria - 2017.

PubMed

Hassan, Assad; Mustapha, G U; Lawal, Bola B; Na'uzo, Aliyu M; Ismail, Raji; Womi-Eteng Oboma, Eteng; Oyebanji, Oyeronke; Agenyi, Jeremiah; Thomas, Chima; Balogun, Muhammad Shakir; Dalhat, Mahmood M; Nguku, Patrick; Ihekweazu, Chikwe

2018-01-01

Nigeria reports high rates of mortality linked with recurring meningococcal meningitis outbreaks within the African meningitis belt. Few studies have thoroughly described the response to these outbreaks to provide strong and actionable public health messages. We describe how time delays affected the response to the 2016/2017 meningococcal meningitis outbreak in Nigeria. Using data from Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), National Primary Health Care Development Agency (NPHCDA), World Health Organisation (WHO), and situation reports of rapid response teams, we calculated attack and death rates of reported suspected meningococcal meningitis cases per week in Zamfara, Sokoto and Yobe states respectively, between epidemiological week 49 in 2016 and epidemiological week 25 in 2017. We identified when alert and epidemic thresholds were crossed and determined when the outbreak was detected and notified in each state. We examined response activities to the outbreak. There were 12,535 suspected meningococcal meningitis cases and 877 deaths (CFR: 7.0%) in the three states. It took an average time of three weeks before the outbreaks were detected and notified to NCDC. Four weeks after receiving notification, an integrated response coordinating centre was set up by NCDC and requests for vaccines were sent to International Coordinating Group (ICG) on vaccine provision. While it took ICG one week to approve the requests, it took an average of two weeks for approximately 41% of requested vaccines to arrive. On the average, it took nine weeks from the date the epidemic threshold was crossed to commencement of reactive vaccination in the three states. There were delays in detection and notification of the outbreak, in coordinating response activities, in requesting for vaccines and their arrival from ICG, and in initiating reactive vaccination. Reducing these delays in future outbreaks could help decrease the morbidity and mortality linked with meningococcal meningitis outbreaks.

Salmonella Fecal Shedding and Immune Responses are Dose- and Serotype- Dependent in Pigs

PubMed Central

Ivanek, Renata; Österberg, Julia; Gautam, Raju; Sternberg Lewerin, Susanna

2012-01-01

Despite the public health importance of Salmonella infection in pigs, little is known about the associated dynamics of fecal shedding and immunity. In this study, we investigated the transitions of pigs through the states of Salmonella fecal shedding and immune response post-Salmonella inoculation as affected by the challenge dose and serotype. Continuous-time multistate Markov models were developed using published experimental data. The model for shedding had four transient states, of which two were shedding (continuous and intermittent shedding) and two non-shedding (latency and intermittent non-shedding), and one absorbing state representing permanent cessation of shedding. The immune response model had two transient states representing responses below and above the seroconversion level. The effects of two doses [low (0.65×106 CFU/pig) and high (0.65×109 CFU/pig)] and four serotypes (Salmonella Yoruba, Salmonella Cubana, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Salmonella Derby) on the models' transition intensities were evaluated using a proportional intensities model. Results indicated statistically significant effects of the challenge dose and serotype on the dynamics of shedding and immune response. The time spent in the specific states was also estimated. Continuous shedding was on average 10–26 days longer, while intermittent non-shedding was 2–4 days shorter, in pigs challenged with the high compared to low dose. Interestingly, among pigs challenged with the high dose, the continuous and intermittent shedding states were on average up to 10–17 and 3–4 days longer, respectively, in pigs infected with S. Cubana compared to the other three serotypes. Pigs challenged with the high dose of S. Typhimurium or S. Derby seroconverted on average up to 8–11 days faster compared to the low dose. These findings highlight that Salmonella fecal shedding and immune response following Salmonella challenge are dose- and serotype-dependent and that the detection of specific Salmonella strains and immune responses in pigs are time-sensitive. PMID:22523553

Year-to-year variations in annual average indoor 222Rn concentrations.

PubMed

Martz, D E; Rood, A S; George, J L; Pearson, M D; Langner, G H

1991-09-01

Annual average indoor 222Rn concentrations in 40 residences in and around Grand Junction, CO, have been measured repeatedly since 1984 using commercial alpha-track monitors (ATM) deployed for successive 12-mo time periods. Data obtained provide a quantitative measure of the year-to-year variations in the annual average Rn concentrations in these structures over this 6-y period. A mean coefficient of variation of 25% was observed for the year-to-year variability of the measurements at 25 sampling stations for which complete data were available. Individual coefficients of variation at the various stations ranged from a low of 7.7% to a high of 51%. The observed mean coefficient of variation includes contributions due to the variability in detector response as well as the true year-to-year variation in the annual average Rn concentrations. Factoring out the contributions from the measured variability in the response of the detectors used, the actual year-to-year variability of the annual average Rn concentrations was approximately 22%.

77 FR 74488 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Consideration of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-14

... burden and associated response time should be directed to: DHS, USCIS, Office of Policy and Strategy... the burden in terms of time and money incurred by applicants for the following aspects of this... service. The average time required and money expended to secure secondary evidence such as an affidavit...

Numerical Prediction of Pitch Damping Stability Derivatives for Finned Projectiles

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-11-01

in part by a grant of high-performance computing time from the U.S. DOD High Performance Computing Modernization Program (HPCMP) at the Army...to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data...12 3.3.2 Time -Accurate Simulations

ASSURED CLOUD COMPUTING UNIVERSITY CENTER OFEXCELLENCE (ACC UCOE)

DTIC Science & Technology

2018-01-18

average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed...infrastructure security -Design of algorithms and techniques for real- time assuredness in cloud computing -Map-reduce task assignment with data locality...46 DESIGN OF ALGORITHMS AND TECHNIQUES FOR REAL- TIME ASSUREDNESS IN CLOUD COMPUTING

Distributed and Dynamic Neural Encoding of Multiple Motion Directions of Transparently Moving Stimuli in Cortical Area MT

PubMed Central

Xiao, Jianbo

2015-01-01

Segmenting visual scenes into distinct objects and surfaces is a fundamental visual function. To better understand the underlying neural mechanism, we investigated how neurons in the middle temporal cortex (MT) of macaque monkeys represent overlapping random-dot stimuli moving transparently in slightly different directions. It has been shown that the neuronal response elicited by two stimuli approximately follows the average of the responses elicited by the constituent stimulus components presented alone. In this scheme of response pooling, the ability to segment two simultaneously presented motion directions is limited by the width of the tuning curve to motion in a single direction. We found that, although the population-averaged neuronal tuning showed response averaging, subgroups of neurons showed distinct patterns of response tuning and were capable of representing component directions that were separated by a small angle—less than the tuning width to unidirectional stimuli. One group of neurons preferentially represented the component direction at a specific side of the bidirectional stimuli, weighting one stimulus component more strongly than the other. Another group of neurons pooled the component responses nonlinearly and showed two separate peaks in their tuning curves even when the average of the component responses was unimodal. We also show for the first time that the direction tuning of MT neurons evolved from initially representing the vector-averaged direction of slightly different stimuli to gradually representing the component directions. Our results reveal important neural processes underlying image segmentation and suggest that information about slightly different stimulus components is computed dynamically and distributed across neurons. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Natural scenes often contain multiple entities. The ability to segment visual scenes into distinct objects and surfaces is fundamental to sensory processing and is crucial for generating the perception of our environment. Because cortical neurons are broadly tuned to a given visual feature, segmenting two stimuli that differ only slightly is a challenge for the visual system. In this study, we discovered that many neurons in the visual cortex are capable of representing individual components of slightly different stimuli by selectively and nonlinearly pooling the responses elicited by the stimulus components. We also show for the first time that the neural representation of individual stimulus components developed over a period of ∼70–100 ms, revealing a dynamic process of image segmentation. PMID:26658869

Modification of response functions of cat visual cortical cells by spatially congruent perturbing stimuli.

PubMed

Kabara, J F; Bonds, A B

2001-12-01

Responses of cat striate cortical cells to a drifting sinusoidal grating were modified by the superimposition of a second, perturbing grating (PG) that did not excite the cell when presented alone. One consequence of the presence of a PG was a shift in the tuning curves. The orientation tuning of all 41 cells exposed to a PG and the spatial frequency tuning of 83% of the 23 cells exposed to a PG showed statistically significant dislocations of both the response function peak and center of mass from their single grating values. As found in earlier reports, the presence of PGs suppressed responsiveness. However, reductions measured at the single grating optimum orientation or spatial frequency were on average 1.3 times greater than the suppression found at the peak of the response function modified by the presence of the PG. Much of the loss in response seen at the single grating optimum is thus a result of a shift in the tuning function rather than outright suppression. On average orientation shifts were repulsive and proportional (approximately 0.10 deg/deg) to the angle between the perturbing stimulus and the optimum single grating orientation. Shifts in the spatial frequency response function were both attractive and repulsive, resulting in an overall average of zero. For both simple and complex cells, PGs generally broadened orientation response function bandwidths. Similarly, complex cell spatial frequency response function bandwidths broadened. Simple cell spatial frequency response functions usually did not change, and those that did broadened only 4% on average. These data support the hypothesis that additional sinusoidal components in compound stimuli retune cells' response functions for orientation and spatial frequency.

Review of Considerations, Management, and Treatment of Medical Emergencies During Commercial Flight

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-04-01

OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for...assistance during an in-flight medical emergency. 15. SUBJECT TERMS In-flight medical emergency, commercial air travel , in-flight medical care...England [7-10]. These ground-based medical consultation services establish a 24- hour, 7-day, 365-days-per-year response capability for real- time

The challenge of non-invasive cognitive physiology of the human brain: how to negotiate the irrelevant background noise without spoiling the recorded data through electronic averaging.

PubMed

Tomberg, C; Desmedt, J E

1999-07-29

Brain mechanisms involved in selective attention in humans can be studied by measures of regional blood flow and metabolism (by positron emission tomography) which help identify the various locations with enhanced activities over a period of time of seconds. The physiological measures provided by scalp-recorded brain electrical potentials have a better resolution (milliseconds) and can reveal the actual sequences of distinct neural events and their precise timing. We studied selective attention to sensory inputs from fingers because the brain somatic representations are deployed over the brain convexity under the scalp thereby making it possible to assess distinct stages of cortical processing and representation through their characteristic scalp topographies. In the electrical response to a finger input attended by the subject, the well-known P300 manifests a widespread inhibitory mechanism which is released after a target stimulus has been identified. P300 is preceded by distinct cognitive electrogeneses such as P40, P100 and N140 which can be differentiated from the control (obligatory) profile by superimposition or electronic subtraction. The first cortical response N20 is stable across conditions, suggesting that the first afferent thalamocortical volley is not affected by selective attention. At the next stage of modality-specific cortex in which the sensory features are processed and represented, responses were enhanced (cognitive P40) only a very few milliseconds after arrival of the afferent volley at the cortex, thus documenting a remarkable precocity of attention gain control in the somatic modality. The physiology of selective attention also provides useful cues in relation to non-target inputs which the subject must differentiate in order to perform the task. When having to tell fingers apart, the brain strategy for non-target fingers is not to inhibit or filter them out, but rather to submit their input to several processing operations that are actually enhanced when the discrimination from targets becomes more difficult. While resolving a number of such issues, averaged data cannot disclose the flexibility of brain mechanisms nor the detailed features of cognitive electrogeneses because response variations along time have been ironed out by the bulk treatment. We attempted to address the remarkable versatility of humans in dealing with their sensory environment under ecological conditions by studying single non-averaged responses. We identified distinct cognitive P40, P100, N140 and P300 electrogeneses in spite of the noise by numerically assessing their characteristic scalp topography signatures. Single-trial data suggest reconsiderations of current psychophysiological issues. The study of non-averaged responses can clarify issues raised by averaging studies as illustrated by our recent study of cognitive brain potentials for finger stimuli which remain outside the subject's awareness. This has to do with the physiological basis of the 'cognitive unconscious', that is, current mental processes lying on the fringe or outside of phenomenal awareness and voluntary control, but which can influence ongoing behaviour. Averaged data suggest that, in selective auditory attention, the subject may not notice mild concomitant finger inputs. The study of non-averaged responses documents the optional and independent occurrence of the cognitive P40, P100 and N140 (but not P300) electrogeneses while the finger inputs remain outside phenomenal awareness. These results suggest that the subject unconsciously assigns limited cognitive resources to distinct somatic cortical areas thereby submitting finger inputs to an intermittent curtailed surveillance which can remain on the fringe or outside consciousness. The study of cognitive electrogeneses in single non-averaged responses is making possible a neurophysiology of cognition in real time.

Optimal chemotactic responses in stochastic environments

PubMed Central

Godány, Martin

2017-01-01

Although the “adaptive” strategy used by Escherichia coli has dominated our understanding of bacterial chemotaxis, the environmental conditions under which this strategy emerged is still poorly understood. In this work, we study the performance of various chemotactic strategies under a range of stochastic time- and space-varying attractant distributions in silico. We describe a novel “speculator” response in which the bacterium compare the current attractant concentration to the long-term average; if it is higher then they tumble persistently, while if it is lower than the average, bacteria swim away in search of more favorable conditions. We demonstrate how this response explains the experimental behavior of aerobically-grown Rhodobacter sphaeroides and that under spatially complex but slowly-changing nutrient conditions the speculator response is as effective as the adaptive strategy of E. coli. PMID:28644830

Computed versus measured ion velocity distribution functions in a Hall effect thruster

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Garrigues, L.; CNRS, LAPLACE, F-31062 Toulouse; Mazouffre, S.

2012-06-01

We compare time-averaged and time-varying measured and computed ion velocity distribution functions in a Hall effect thruster for typical operating conditions. The ion properties are measured by means of laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy. Simulations of the plasma properties are performed with a two-dimensional hybrid model. In the electron fluid description of the hybrid model, the anomalous transport responsible for the electron diffusion across the magnetic field barrier is deduced from the experimental profile of the time-averaged electric field. The use of a steady state anomalous mobility profile allows the hybrid model to capture some properties like the time-averaged ion meanmore » velocity. Yet, the model fails at reproducing the time evolution of the ion velocity. This fact reveals a complex underlying physics that necessitates to account for the electron dynamics over a short time-scale. This study also shows the necessity for electron temperature measurements. Moreover, the strength of the self-magnetic field due to the rotating Hall current is found negligible.« less

Temporal shifts and temperature sensitivity of avian spring migratory phenology: a phylogenetic meta-analysis.

PubMed

Usui, Takuji; Butchart, Stuart H M; Phillimore, Albert B

2017-03-01

There are wide reports of advances in the timing of spring migration of birds over time and in relation to rising temperatures, though phenological responses vary substantially within and among species. An understanding of the ecological, life-history and geographic variables that predict this intra- and interspecific variation can guide our projections of how populations and species are likely to respond to future climate change. Here, we conduct phylogenetic meta-analyses addressing slope estimates of the timing of avian spring migration regressed on (i) year and (ii) temperature, representing a total of 413 species across five continents. We take into account slope estimation error and examine phylogenetic, ecological and geographic predictors of intra- and interspecific variation. We confirm earlier findings that on average birds have significantly advanced their spring migration time by 2·1 days per decade and 1·2 days °C -1 . We find that over time and in response to warmer spring conditions, short-distance migrants have advanced spring migratory phenology by more than long-distance migrants. We also find that larger bodied species show greater advance over time compared to smaller bodied species. Our results did not reveal any evidence that interspecific variation in migration response is predictable on the basis of species' habitat or diet. We detected a substantial phylogenetic signal in migration time in response to both year and temperature, suggesting that some of the shifts in migratory phenological response to climate are predictable on the basis of phylogeny. However, we estimate high levels of species and spatial variance relative to phylogenetic variance, which is consistent with plasticity in response to climate evolving fairly rapidly and being more influenced by adaptation to current local climate than by common descent. On average, avian spring migration times have advanced over time and as spring has become warmer. While we are able to identify predictors that explain some of the true among-species variation in response, substantial intra- and interspecific variation in migratory response remains to be explained. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Animal Ecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Ecological Society.

Investigation of endothelial function by pulse contour analysis: a protocol for drug administration and timing of pulse contour assessment

PubMed Central

Gordon, Sarah E; Cartwright, Neil; Griffiths, Mark J D

2009-01-01

AIMS Pulse contour analysis (PCA) obtained by finger photoplethysmography produces a digital volume pulse (DVP) including an inflection point in its down-slope. The reflection index (RI: ratio of the inflection point height over the maximal DVP) is responsive to vasodilatation. We aimed to optimize the drug dose and time interval for assessing endothelial function using PCA in healthy volunteers and patients with severe coronary artery disease. METHODS Time and dose to RI response relationships were constructed in 16 volunteers and nine patients to inhaled salbutamol (100–400 µg) or sublingual nitroglycerin (NTG; 25–400 µg). RESULTS For the volunteers, the time to maximum RI response to inhaled salbutamol and sublingual NTG was 10.73 ± 0.41 and 3.66 ± 0.21 min, respectively. A plateau in the RI response to salbutamol occurred between 5 and 15 min after inhalation and results were averaged over this period. A dose-dependent response was observed to inhaled salbutamol and sublingual NTG (P= 0.05 and P < 0.001 by repeated-measures anova, respectively) in healthy volunteers. By contrast, in patients with severe coronary artery disease inhaled salbutamol (100–400 µg) did not cause a significant change in RI. CONCLUSIONS In healthy volunteers the RI response to inhaled salbutamol (100–200 µg) averaged over 5–15 min after administration may be used to investigate endothelial function by PCA. The response to sublingual NTG (50 µg) should be determined at 4 min. This technique may not be suitable for the assessment of endothelial function in subjects with extensive coronary artery disease owing to the small responses observed and potential confounding effect of vasoactive medication. PMID:19843066

Effects of the rate of releases from Sam Rayburn Reservoir on the Aeration Capacity of the Angelina River, eastern Texas

USGS Publications Warehouse

Rawson, Jack; Goss, Richard L.; Rathbun, Ira G.

1980-01-01

A three-phase study was conducted during July and August 1979 to determine the effects of varying release rates through the power-outlet works at Sam Rayburn Reservoir, eastern Texas, on aeration capacity of a 14-mile reach of the Angelina River below Sam Rayburn Dam. The dominant factors that affected the aeration capacity during the study time were time of travel and the dissolved-oxygen deficit of the releases. Aeration was low throughout the study but increased in response to increases in the dissolved-oxygen deficit and the duration of time that the releases were exposed to the atmosphere (time of travel). The average concentration of dissolved oxygen sustained by release of 8,800 cubic feet per second decreased from 5.0 milligrams per liter at a site near the power outlet to 4.8 milligrams per liter at a site about 14 miles downstream; the time of travel averaged about 8 hours. The average concentration of dissolved oxygen in flow sustained by releases of 2,200 cubic feet per second increased from 5.2 to 5.5 milligrams per liter; the time of travel averaged about 20 hours. (USGS)

Changing response of the North Atlantic/European winter climate to the 11 year solar cycle

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ma, Hedi; Chen, Haishan; Gray, Lesley; Zhou, Liming; Li, Xing; Wang, Ruili; Zhu, Siguang

2018-03-01

Recent studies have presented conflicting results regarding the 11 year solar cycle (SC) influences on winter climate over the North Atlantic/European region. Analyses of only the most recent decades suggest a synchronized North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)-like response pattern to the SC. Analyses of long-term climate data sets dating back to the late 19th century, however, suggest a mean sea level pressure (mslp) response that lags the SC by 2-4 years in the southern node of the NAO (i.e. Azores region). To understand the conflicting nature and cause of these time dependencies in the SC surface response, the present study employs a lead/lag multi-linear regression technique with a sliding window of 44 years over the period 1751-2016. Results confirm previous analyses, in which the average response for the whole time period features a statistically significant 2-4 year lagged mslp response centered over the Azores region. Overall, the lagged nature of Azores mslp response is generally consistent in time. Stronger and statistically significant SC signals tend to appear in the periods when the SC forcing amplitudes are relatively larger. Individual month analysis indicates the consistent lagged response in December-January-February average arises primarily from early winter months (i.e. December and January), which has been associated with ocean feedback processes that involve reinforcement by anomalies from the previous winter. Additional analysis suggests that the synchronous NAO-like response in recent decades arises primarily from late winter (February), possibly reflecting a result of strong internal noise.

Exploratory analysis of real personal emergency response call conversations: considerations for personal emergency response spoken dialogue systems.

PubMed

Young, Victoria; Rochon, Elizabeth; Mihailidis, Alex

2016-11-14

The purpose of this study was to derive data from real, recorded, personal emergency response call conversations to help improve the artificial intelligence and decision making capability of a spoken dialogue system in a smart personal emergency response system. The main study objectives were to: develop a model of personal emergency response; determine categories for the model's features; identify and calculate measures from call conversations (verbal ability, conversational structure, timing); and examine conversational patterns and relationships between measures and model features applicable for improving the system's ability to automatically identify call model categories and predict a target response. This study was exploratory and used mixed methods. Personal emergency response calls were pre-classified according to call model categories identified qualitatively from response call transcripts. The relationships between six verbal ability measures, three conversational structure measures, two timing measures and three independent factors: caller type, risk level, and speaker type, were examined statistically. Emergency medical response services were the preferred response for the majority of medium and high risk calls for both caller types. Older adult callers mainly requested non-emergency medical service responders during medium risk situations. By measuring the number of spoken words-per-minute and turn-length-in-words for the first spoken utterance of a call, older adult and care provider callers could be identified with moderate accuracy. Average call taker response time was calculated using the number-of-speaker-turns and time-in-seconds measures. Care providers and older adults used different conversational strategies when responding to call takers. The words 'ambulance' and 'paramedic' may hold different latent connotations for different callers. The data derived from the real personal emergency response recordings may help a spoken dialogue system classify incoming calls by caller type with moderate probability shortly after the initial caller utterance. Knowing the caller type, the target response for the call may be predicted with some degree of probability and the output dialogue could be tailored to this caller type. The average call taker response time measured from real calls may be used to limit the conversation length in a spoken dialogue system before defaulting to a live call taker.

Single-Trial Regression Elucidates the Role of Prefrontal Theta Oscillations in Response Conflict

PubMed Central

Cohen, Michael X; Cavanagh, James F.

2011-01-01

In most cognitive neuroscience experiments there are many behavioral and experimental dynamics, and many indices of brain activity, that vary from trial to trial. For example, in studies of response conflict, conflict is usually treated as a binary variable (i.e., response conflict exists or does not in any given trial), whereas some evidence and intuition suggests that conflict may vary in intensity from trial to trial. Here we demonstrate that single-trial multiple regression of time–frequency electrophysiological activity reveals neural mechanisms of cognitive control that are not apparent in cross-trial averages. We also introduce a novel extension to oscillation phase coherence and synchronization analyses, based on “weighted” phase modulation, that has advantages over standard coherence measures in terms of linking electrophysiological dynamics to trial-varying behavior and experimental variables. After replicating previous response conflict findings using trial-averaged data, we extend these findings using single-trial analytic methods to provide novel evidence for the role of medial frontal–lateral prefrontal theta-band synchronization in conflict-induced response time dynamics, including a role for lateral prefrontal theta-band activity in biasing response times according to perceptual conflict. Given that these methods shed new light on the prefrontal mechanisms of response conflict, they are also likely to be useful for investigating other neurocognitive processes. PMID:21713190

77 FR 77181 - Proposed Agency Information Collection Activities; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-31

...: Railroad Employees. Respondent Universe: 11,000 Railroad Employees. Frequency of Submission: On occasion. Reporting Burden: Total Respondent Total annual Average Time annual CFR section universe responses per...

Navy Operational Planner: Anti-Submarine Warfare with Time-Dependent Performance

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-09-01

PLANNER: ANTI-SUBMARINE WARFARE WITH TIME -DEPENDENT PERFORMANCE by Anthony M. Baldessari September 2017 Thesis Advisor: W. Matthew...reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching...REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED Master’s thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE NAVY OPERATIONAL PLANNER: ANTI-SUBMARINE WARFARE WITH TIME -DEPENDENT

A high-efficiency real-time digital signal averager for time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

PubMed

Wang, Yinan; Xu, Hui; Li, Qingjiang; Li, Nan; Huang, Zhengxu; Zhou, Zhen; Liu, Husheng; Sun, Zhaolin; Xu, Xin; Yu, Hongqi; Liu, Haijun; Li, David D-U; Wang, Xi; Dong, Xiuzhen; Gao, Wei

2013-05-30

Analog-to-digital converter (ADC)-based acquisition systems are widely applied in time-of-flight mass spectrometers (TOFMS) due to their ability to record the signal intensity of all ions within the same pulse. However, the acquisition system raises the requirement for data throughput, along with increasing the conversion rate and resolution of the ADC. It is therefore of considerable interest to develop a high-performance real-time acquisition system, which can relieve the limitation of data throughput. We present in this work a high-efficiency real-time digital signal averager, consisting of a signal conditioner, a data conversion module and a signal processing module. Two optimization strategies are implemented using field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) to enhance the efficiency of the real-time processing. A pipeline procedure is used to reduce the time consumption of the accumulation strategy. To realize continuous data transfer, a high-efficiency transmission strategy is developed, based on a ping-pong procedure. The digital signal averager features good responsiveness, analog bandwidth and dynamic performance. The optimal effective number of bits reaches 6.7 bits. For a 32 µs record length, the averager can realize 100% efficiency with an extraction frequency below 31.23 kHz by modifying the number of accumulation steps. In unit time, the averager yields superior signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) compared with data accumulation in a computer. The digital signal averager is combined with a vacuum ultraviolet single-photon ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (VUV-SPI-TOFMS). The efficiency of the real-time processing is tested by analyzing the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from ordinary printed materials. In these experiments, 22 kinds of compounds are detected, and the dynamic range exceeds 3 orders of magnitude. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Modal Analysis Using the Singular Value Decomposition and Rational Fraction Polynomials

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-04-06

information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and...results. The programs are designed for experimental datasets with multiple drive and response points and have proven effective even for systems with... designed for experimental datasets with multiple drive and response points and have proven effective even for systems with numerous closely-spaced

Carcinogenesis of Depleted Uranium Fragments

DTIC Science & Technology

2000-06-01

essentially no inflammatory reaction, fibrotic reaction, or proliferative lesion was seen in response to the injected Thorotrast®. However, the...uncertain. One striking feature of the reaction is the corrosion of the DU(Ti) in the tissues and the intensity of the inflammatory and fibrotic response to...collection of Information is estimated to average 1 hour per response , Including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources

76 FR 50186 - Submission for OMB Emergency Review

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-12

... (ICR) to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for review and clearance in accordance with the.... Agency Number: None. Affected Public: Nonprofit organizations and congregations. Total Respondents: 600. Frequency: One time. Average Time per Response: 40 hours. Estimated Total Burden Hours: 24,000 hours. Total...

A MODEL OF ESTUARY RESPONSE TO NITROGEN LOADING AND FRESHWATER RESIDENCE TIME

EPA Science Inventory

We have developed a deterministic model that relates average annual nitrogen loading rate and water residence time in an estuary to in-estuary nitrogen concentrations and loss rates (e.g. denitrification and incorporation in sediments), and to rates of nitrogen export across the ...

77 FR 52322 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission to OMB for Review and Approval; Comment...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-29

... under the Resource Conservation and recovery Act (RCRA); employees working at routine hazardous waste... 10.69 hours per response. Burden means the total time, effort, or financial resources expended by...: Annually. Estimated Total Average Number of Responses for Each Respondent: 1. Estimated Total Annual Hour...

7 CFR 3550.50 - OMB control number.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... AGRICULTURE DIRECT SINGLE FAMILY HOUSING LOANS AND GRANTS General § 3550.50 OMB control number. The... average of 11/2 hours per response, including time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data...

7 CFR 3550.50 - OMB control number.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... AGRICULTURE DIRECT SINGLE FAMILY HOUSING LOANS AND GRANTS General § 3550.50 OMB control number. The... average of 11/2 hours per response, including time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data...

7 CFR 3550.50 - OMB control number.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... AGRICULTURE DIRECT SINGLE FAMILY HOUSING LOANS AND GRANTS General § 3550.50 OMB control number. The... average of 11/2 hours per response, including time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data...

7 CFR 3550.50 - OMB control number.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... AGRICULTURE DIRECT SINGLE FAMILY HOUSING LOANS AND GRANTS General § 3550.50 OMB control number. The... average of 11/2 hours per response, including time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data...

7 CFR 3550.50 - OMB control number.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... AGRICULTURE DIRECT SINGLE FAMILY HOUSING LOANS AND GRANTS General § 3550.50 OMB control number. The... average of 11/2 hours per response, including time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data...

Microturbulence in HT-6M Tokamak

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zeng, Lei; Yu, Changxuan; Cao, Jinxiang; Zhu, Guoliang; Zhang, Daqing; Li, Youyi

1993-08-01

The small scale density fluctuations in the interior of HT-6M Ohmic plasma have been studied by CO2 laser collective scattering system in deuterium discharges covering a range of bar neqa (chord-average density times safety factor at the limiter) and energy confinement time. The relative density fluctuation level in the interior is inversely proportional to the toroidal magnetic field and average density, and the energy confinement time τE decreases with the fluctuation level increasing in the region where τE linearly increases with bar neqa and statisfies the Goldston scaling law. It is suggested that the microturbulence in the interior zone is responsible for anomalous transport in tokamaks.

Traffic in the operating room during joint replacement is a multidisciplinary problem

PubMed Central

Bédard, Martin; Pelletier-Roy, Rémi; Angers-Goulet, Mathieu; Leblanc, Pierre-Alexandre; Pelet, Stéphane

2015-01-01

Background Door openings disrupt the laminar air flow and increase the bacterial count in the operating room (OR). We aimed to define the incidence of door openings in the OR during primary total joint arthroplasty (TJA) surgeries and determine whether measures were needed and/or possible to reduce OR staff traffic. Methods We recorded the number of door openings during 100 primary elective TJA surgeries; the OR personnel were unaware of the observer’s intention. Operating time was divided into the preincision period, defined as the time from the opening of surgical trays to skin incision, and the postincision period, defined as time from incision to dressing application. Results The mean number of door openings during primary TJA was 71.1 (range 35–176) with a mean operative time of 111.9 (range 53–220) minutes, for an average of 0.64 (range 0.36–1.05) door openings/min. Nursing staff were responsible for 52.2% of total door openings, followed by anesthesia staff at 23.9% and orthopedic staff at 12.7%. In the preincision period, we observed an average of 0.84 door openings/min, with nursing and orthopedic personnel responsible for most of the door openings. The postincision period yielded an average of 0.54 door openings/min, with nursing and anesthesia personnel being responsible for most of the door openings. Conclusion There is a high incidence of door openings during TJA. Because we observed a range in the number of door openings per surgery, we believe it is possible to reduce this number during TJA. PMID:26022153

Study of Laser Reflectivity on Skin

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Oidor-Garcia, J. J. J.; Trevino-Palacios, C. G.

2008-08-11

The response to the light on the skin can be manifested as temperature increase or creation of biochemical byproducts, in which further studies are required to asset the light effect. This response changes the average response over time and can produce discrepancies between similar studies. In this work we present a Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) study with feedback. We study the time response reflectivity of a 980 nm laser diode of 25 mW modulated at frequencies close to 40 kHz and detect the reflected light on a silicon photodiode, finding no direct correlation between different test points or individuals,more » while finding reproducible responses within the same individual and test point.« less

78 FR 59775 - Blueberry Promotion, Research and Information Order; Assessment Rate Increase

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-30

... demand. \\6\\ The econometric model used statistical methods with time series data to measure how strongly... been over 15 times greater than the costs. At the opposite end of the spectrum in the supply response, the average BCR was computed to be 5.36, implying that the benefits of the USHBC were over five times...

Space Domain Awareness

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-09-01

the Space Surveillance Network has been tracking orbital objects and maintaining a catalog that allows space operators to safely operate satellites ...collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources...Distribution Unlimited) backward) in time , but the accuracy degrades as the amount of propagation time increases. Thus, the need to maintain a

Cognitive effects of radiation emitted by cellular phones: the influence of exposure side and time.

PubMed

Luria, Roy; Eliyahu, Ilan; Hareuveny, Ronen; Margaliot, Menachem; Meiran, Nachshon

2009-04-01

This study examined the time dependence effects of exposure to radiofrequency radiation (RFR) emitted by standard GSM cellular phones on the cognitive functions of humans. A total of 48 healthy right-handed male subjects performed a spatial working memory task (that required either a left-hand or a right-hand response) while being exposed to one of two GSM phones placed at both sides of the head. The subjects were randomly divided into three groups. Each group was exposed to one of three exposure conditions: left-side of the head, right-side, or sham-exposure. The experiment consisted of 12 blocks of trials. Response times (RTs) and accuracy of the responses were recorded. It was found that the average RT of the right-hand responses under left-side exposure condition was significantly longer than those of the right-side and sham-exposure groups averaged together during the first two time blocks. These results confirmed the existence of an effect of exposure on RT, as well as the fact that exposure duration (together with the responding hand and the side of exposure) may play an important role in producing detectable RFR effects on performance. Differences in these parameters might be the reason for the failure of certain studies to detect or replicate RFR effects. (c) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Group Analysis in FieldTrip of Time-Frequency Responses: A Pipeline for Reproducibility at Every Step of Processing, Going From Individual Sensor Space Representations to an Across-Group Source Space Representation.

PubMed

Andersen, Lau M

2018-01-01

An important aim of an analysis pipeline for magnetoencephalographic (MEG) data is that it allows for the researcher spending maximal effort on making the statistical comparisons that will answer his or her questions. The example question being answered here is whether the so-called beta rebound differs between novel and repeated stimulations. Two analyses are presented: going from individual sensor space representations to, respectively, an across-group sensor space representation and an across-group source space representation. The data analyzed are neural responses to tactile stimulations of the right index finger in a group of 20 healthy participants acquired from an Elekta Neuromag System. The processing steps covered for the first analysis are MaxFiltering the raw data, defining, preprocessing and epoching the data, cleaning the data, finding and removing independent components related to eye blinks, eye movements and heart beats, calculating participants' individual evoked responses by averaging over epoched data and subsequently removing the average response from single epochs, calculating a time-frequency representation and baselining it with non-stimulation trials and finally calculating a grand average, an across-group sensor space representation. The second analysis starts from the grand average sensor space representation and after identification of the beta rebound the neural origin is imaged using beamformer source reconstruction. This analysis covers reading in co-registered magnetic resonance images, segmenting the data, creating a volume conductor, creating a forward model, cutting out MEG data of interest in the time and frequency domains, getting Fourier transforms and estimating source activity with a beamformer model where power is expressed relative to MEG data measured during periods of non-stimulation. Finally, morphing the source estimates onto a common template and performing group-level statistics on the data are covered. Functions for saving relevant figures in an automated and structured manner are also included. The protocol presented here can be applied to any research protocol where the emphasis is on source reconstruction of induced responses where the underlying sources are not coherent.

7 CFR 3550.250 - OMB control number.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... AGRICULTURE DIRECT SINGLE FAMILY HOUSING LOANS AND GRANTS Special Servicing § 3550.250 OMB control number. The... average of 11/2 hours per response, including time for reviewing insurrections, searching existing data...

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2014-01-01

... AGRICULTURE DIRECT SINGLE FAMILY HOUSING LOANS AND GRANTS Special Servicing § 3550.250 OMB control number. The... average of 11/2 hours per response, including time for reviewing insurrections, searching existing data...

7 CFR 3550.200 - OMB control number.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... AGRICULTURE DIRECT SINGLE FAMILY HOUSING LOANS AND GRANTS Regular Servicing § 3550.200 OMB control number. The... average of 11/2 hours per response, including time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data...

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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... AGRICULTURE DIRECT SINGLE FAMILY HOUSING LOANS AND GRANTS Special Servicing § 3550.250 OMB control number. The... average of 11/2 hours per response, including time for reviewing insurrections, searching existing data...

7 CFR 3550.200 - OMB control number.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... AGRICULTURE DIRECT SINGLE FAMILY HOUSING LOANS AND GRANTS Regular Servicing § 3550.200 OMB control number. The... average of 11/2 hours per response, including time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data...

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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... AGRICULTURE DIRECT SINGLE FAMILY HOUSING LOANS AND GRANTS Regular Servicing § 3550.200 OMB control number. The... average of 11/2 hours per response, including time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data...

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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... AGRICULTURE DIRECT SINGLE FAMILY HOUSING LOANS AND GRANTS Regular Servicing § 3550.200 OMB control number. The... average of 11/2 hours per response, including time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data...

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Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... AGRICULTURE DIRECT SINGLE FAMILY HOUSING LOANS AND GRANTS Special Servicing § 3550.250 OMB control number. The... average of 11/2 hours per response, including time for reviewing insurrections, searching existing data...

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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... AGRICULTURE DIRECT SINGLE FAMILY HOUSING LOANS AND GRANTS Special Servicing § 3550.250 OMB control number. The... average of 11/2 hours per response, including time for reviewing insurrections, searching existing data...

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Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

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Temporal dynamics of lactate concentration in the human brain during acute inspiratory hypoxia

PubMed Central

Harris, Ashley D; Roberton, Victoria H; Huckle, Danielle L; Saxena, Neeraj; Evans, C John; Murphy, Kevin; Hall, Judith E; Bailey, Damian M; Mitsis, Georgios; Edden, Richard A E; Wise, Richard G

2012-01-01

Purpose To demonstrate the feasibility of measuring the temporal dynamics of cerebral lactate concentration and examine these dynamics in human subjects using MRS during hypoxia. Methods A respiratory protocol consisting of 10 min baseline normoxia, 20 min inspiratory hypoxia and ending with 10 min normoxic recovery was used, throughout which lactate-edited MRS was performed. This was repeated four times in three subjects. A separate session was performed to measure blood lactate. Impulse response functions using end-tidal oxygen and blood lactate as system inputs and cerebral lactate as the system output were examined to describe the dynamics of the cerebral lactate response to a hypoxic challenge. Results The average lactate increase was 20%±15% during the last half of the hypoxic challenge. Significant changes in cerebral lactate concentration were observed after 400s. The average relative increase in blood lactate was 188%±95%. The temporal dynamics of cerebral lactate concentration was reproducibly demonstrated with 200s time bins of MRS data (coefficient of variation 0.063±0.035 between time bins in normoxia). The across subject coefficient of variation was 0.333. Conclusions The methods for measuring the dynamics of the cerebral lactate response developed here would be useful to further investigate the brain’s response to hypoxia. PMID:23197421

Associations of daily pediatric asthma emergency department visits with air pollution in Newark, NJ: utilizing time-series and case-crossover study designs.

PubMed

Gleason, Jessie A; Fagliano, Jerald A

2015-10-01

Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases affecting children. This study assesses the associations of ozone and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) with pediatric emergency department visits in the urban environment of Newark, NJ. Two study designs were utilized and evaluated for usability. We obtained daily emergency department visits among children aged 3-17 years with a primary diagnosis of asthma during April to September for 2004-2007. Both a time-stratified case-crossover study design with bi-directional control sampling and a time-series study design were utilized. Lagged effects (1-d through 5-d lag, 3-d average, and 5-d average) of ozone and PM2.5 were explored and a dose-response analysis comparing the bottom 5th percentile of 3-d average lag ozone with each 5 percentile increase was performed. Associations of interquartile range increase in same-day ozone were similar between the time-series and case-crossover study designs (RR = 1.08, 95% CI 1.04-1.12) and (OR = 1.10, 95% CI 1.06-1.14), respectively. Similar associations were seen for 1-day lag and 3-day average lag ozone levels. PM2.5 was not associated with the outcome in either study design. Dose-response assessment indicated a statistically significant and increasing association around 50-55 ppb consistent for both study designs. Ozone was statistically positively associated with pediatric asthma ED visits in Newark, NJ. Our results were generally comparable across the time-series and case-crossover study designs, indicating both are useful to assess local air pollution impacts.

Chronic Exposure to Fine Particles and Mortality: An Extended Follow-up of the Harvard Six Cities Study from 1974 to 2009

PubMed Central

Laden, Francine; Dockery, Douglas; Schwartz, Joel

2012-01-01

Background: Epidemiologic studies have reported associations between fine particles (aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 µm; PM2.5) and mortality. However, concerns have been raised regarding the sensitivity of the results to model specifications, lower exposures, and averaging time. Objective: We addressed these issues using 11 additional years of follow-up of the Harvard Six Cities study, incorporating recent lower exposures. Methods: We replicated the previously applied Cox regression, and examined different time lags, the shape of the concentration–response relationship using penalized splines, and changes in the slope of the relation over time. We then conducted Poisson survival analysis with time-varying effects for smoking, sex, and education. Results: Since 2001, average PM2.5 levels, for all six cities, were < 18 µg/m3. Each increase in PM2.5 (10 µg/m3) was associated with an adjusted increased risk of all-cause mortality (PM2.5 average on previous year) of 14% [95% confidence interval (CI): 7, 22], and with 26% (95% CI: 14, 40) and 37% (95% CI: 7, 75) increases in cardiovascular and lung-cancer mortality (PM2.5 average of three previous years), respectively. The concentration–response relationship was linear down to PM2.5 concentrations of 8 µg/m3. Mortality rate ratios for PM2.5 fluctuated over time, but without clear trends despite a substantial drop in the sulfate fraction. Poisson models produced similar results. Conclusions: These results suggest that further public policy efforts that reduce fine particulate matter air pollution are likely to have continuing public health benefits. PMID:22456598

[Risk factors for absenteeism due to sick leave in the petroleum industry].

PubMed

Oenning, Nágila Soares Xavier; Carvalho, Fernando Martins; Lima, Veronica Maria Cadena

2014-02-01

To identify risk factors for absenteeism among workers with sick leave in an oil company. A case-control study (120 cases and 656 controls) nested in a retrospective cohort study following up all employees of an oil company in the North-Northeast of Brazil from 2007 to 2009. The response variable used to represent absenteeism with sick leave was the average incidence of sick leave, defined as the ratio between total sick days and potential working days in the period. Logistic regression techniques were used to investigate the association between average incidence of sick leave > 5.0% over the period and the variables sex, position, age, time at work, shift work, smoking, arterial hypertension, body mass index, physical activity, coronary risk, sleep, glycemia, non-managed diabetes, cardiovascular, digestive, musculoskeletal, neurological and neoplastic diseases, straining body positioning during work, satisfaction at work, relationship with management, and concentrated attention at work. Average incidence of sick leave higher than 5.0% in the cohort period was 15.5%. The logistic model revealed that workers with average incidence of sick leave higher than 5.0% were 2.6 times more likely to be female; 2.0 time more likely to be smokers; 1.8 time more likely to be former smokers; 2.2 times more likely to report abnormal sleep and 10.5 times more likely to report dissatisfaction with their than workers with average incidence of sick leave ≤ 5.0% in the period. In this population, female gender, being a smoker or a former smoker, reporting dissatisfaction with the job and reporting abnormal sleep are good predictors of occupational absenteeism with sick leave. To identify risk factors for absenteeism among workers with sick leave in an oil company. A case-control study (120 cases and 656 controls) nested in a retrospective cohort study following up all employees of an oil company in the North-Northeast of Brazil from 2007 to 2009. The response variable used to represent absenteeism with sick leave was the average incidence of sick leave, defined as the ratio between total sick days and potential working days in the period. Logistic regression techniques were used to investigate the association between average incidence of sick leave > 5.0% over the period and the variables sex, position, age, time at work, shift work, smoking, arterial hypertension, body mass index, physical activity, coronary risk, sleep, glycemia, non-managed diabetes, cardiovascular, digestive, musculoskeletal, neurological and neoplastic diseases, straining body positioning during work, satisfaction at work, relationship with management, and concentrated attention at work. Average incidence of sick leave higher than 5.0% in the cohort period was 15.5%. The logistic model revealed that workers with average incidence of sick leave higher than 5.0% were 2.6 times more likely to be female; 2.0 time more likely to be smokers; 1.8 time more likely to be former smokers; 2.2 times more likely to report abnormal sleep and 10.5 times more likely to report dissatisfaction with their than workers with average incidence of sick leave ≤ 5.0% in the period. In this population, female gender, being a smoker or a former smoker, reporting dissatisfaction with the job and reporting abnormal sleep are good predictors of occupational absenteeism with sick leave.

Geophysical Inversion with Adaptive Array Processing of Ambient Noise

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Traer, James

2011-12-01

Land-based seismic observations of microseisms generated during Tropical Storms Ernesto and Florence are dominated by signals in the 0.15--0.5Hz band. Data from seafloor hydrophones in shallow water (70m depth, 130 km off the New Jersey coast) show dominant signals in the gravity-wave frequency band, 0.02--0.18Hz and low amplitudes from 0.18--0.3Hz, suggesting significant opposing wave components necessary for DF microseism generation were negligible at the site. Both storms produced similar spectra, despite differing sizes, suggesting near-coastal shallow water as the dominant region for observed microseism generation. A mathematical explanation for a sign-inversion induced to the passive fathometer response by minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) beamforming is presented. This shows that, in the region containing the bottom reflection, the MVDR fathometer response is identical to that obtained with conventional processing multiplied by a negative factor. A model is presented for the complete passive fathometer response to ocean surface noise, interfering discrete noise sources, and locally uncorrelated noise in an ideal waveguide. The leading order term of the ocean surface noise produces the cross-correlation of vertical multipaths and yields the depth of sub-bottom reflectors. Discrete noise incident on the array via multipaths give multiple peaks in the fathometer response. These peaks may obscure the sub-bottom reflections but can be attenuated with use of Minimum Variance Distortionless Response (MVDR) steering vectors. A theory is presented for the Signal-to-Noise-Ratio (SNR) for the seabed reflection peak in the passive fathometer response as a function of seabed depth, seabed reflection coefficient, averaging time, bandwidth and spatial directivity of the noise field. The passive fathometer algorithm was applied to data from two drifting array experiments in the Mediterranean, Boundary 2003 and 2004, with 0.34s of averaging time. In the 2004 experiment, the response showed the array depth varied periodically with an amplitude of 1 m and a period of 7 s consistent with wave driven motion of the array. This introduced a destructive interference which prevents the SNR growing with averaging time, unless the motion is removed by use of a peak tracker.

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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

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Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

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7 CFR 3550.300 - OMB control number.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

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2011-01-01

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Differences in duration of eye fixation for conditions in a numerical stroop-effect experiment.

PubMed

Crespo, Antonio; Cabestrero, Raúl; Quirós, Pilar

2009-02-01

Durations of eye fixation were recorded for a numerical Stroop effect experiment. Participants (6 men, 19 women; M age=22 yr.) reported the number of characters present in sequences of variable length (2 to 5 characters) while attempting to ignore the identity of the character. Three conditions were included: congruent (the number of characters and the numeral were matched, e.g., responding "two" to 22), incongruent (the number of characters and the numeral were mismatched, e.g., responding "two" to 55), and control (baseline of stimuli made up of "X"s, e.g., responding "two" to XX). Comparisons among the three conditions produced the longest response times and average durations of fixation for the incongruent condition. The shortest response times and average durations of fixation were obtained for the congruent condition.

Electromagnetic pulse propagation in dispersive planar dielectrics.

PubMed

Moten, K; Durney, C H; Stockham, T G

1989-01-01

The responses of a plane-wave pulse train irradiating a lossy dispersive dielectric half-space are investigated. The incident pulse train is expressed as a Fourier series with summing done by the inverse fast Fourier transform. The Fourier series technique is adopted to avoid the many difficulties often encountered in finding the inverse Fourier transform when transform analyses are used. Calculations are made for propagation in pure water, and typical waveforms inside the dielectric half-space are presented. Higher harmonics are strongly attenuated, resulting in a single continuous sinusoidal waveform at the frequency of the fundamental depth in the material. The time-averaged specific absorption rate (SAR) for pulse-train propagation is shown to be the sum of the time-averaged SARs of the individual harmonic components of the pulse train. For the same average power, calculated SARs reveal that pulse trains generally penetrate deeper than carrier-frequency continuous waves but not deeper than continuous waves at frequencies approaching the fundamental of the pulse train. The effects of rise time on the propagating pulse train in the dielectrics are shown and explained. Since most practical pulsed systems are very limited in bandwidth, no pronounced differences between their response and continuous wave (CW) response would be expected. Typical results for pulse-train propagation in arrays of dispersive planar dielectric slabs are presented. Expressing the pulse train as a Fourier series provides a practical way of interpreting the dispersion characteristics from the spectral point of view.

Development of a Ballistic Impact Detection System

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-09-01

body surface remains the largest variable to overcome. The snug fit of the body amour stabilizes the sensors and their response . The data from the...estimated to average 1 hour per response , including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data...ABSTRACT 15. SUBJECT TERMS 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT UU 18. NUMBER OF PAGES 22 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON

Connecting America’s People with America’s Army: Breaching the Perceptual Divide

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-03-01

collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response , including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources...CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT UU 18. NUMBER OF PAGES 36 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON a. REPORT UU b...Connecting America’s People with America’s Army: Breaching the Perceptual Divide Consider a Vietnam Veteran’s response in 2009 when asked

Dynamic time warping-based averaging framework for functional near-infrared spectroscopy brain imaging studies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, Li; Najafizadeh, Laleh

2017-06-01

We investigate the problem related to the averaging procedure in functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) brain imaging studies. Typically, to reduce noise and to empower the signal strength associated with task-induced activities, recorded signals (e.g., in response to repeated stimuli or from a group of individuals) are averaged through a point-by-point conventional averaging technique. However, due to the existence of variable latencies in recorded activities, the use of the conventional averaging technique can lead to inaccuracies and loss of information in the averaged signal, which may result in inaccurate conclusions about the functionality of the brain. To improve the averaging accuracy in the presence of variable latencies, we present an averaging framework that employs dynamic time warping (DTW) to account for the temporal variation in the alignment of fNIRS signals to be averaged. As a proof of concept, we focus on the problem of localizing task-induced active brain regions. The framework is extensively tested on experimental data (obtained from both block design and event-related design experiments) as well as on simulated data. In all cases, it is shown that the DTW-based averaging technique outperforms the conventional-based averaging technique in estimating the location of task-induced active regions in the brain, suggesting that such advanced averaging methods should be employed in fNIRS brain imaging studies.

The FY2011 Federal Budget

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-03-09

the largest source of federal revenues, followed by social insurance (payroll) taxes. Federal individual and corporate income tax revenues typically...unemployment, while federal revenues have fallen as individuals’ incomes drop and corporate profits sink. Federal Response to Economic and Financial...reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response , including the time for reviewing instructions, searching

Diagnostic delay in psychogenic seizures and the association with anti-seizure medication trials.

PubMed

Kerr, Wesley T; Janio, Emily A; Le, Justine M; Hori, Jessica M; Patel, Akash B; Gallardo, Norma L; Bauirjan, Janar; Chau, Andrea M; D'Ambrosio, Shannon R; Cho, Andrew Y; Engel, Jerome; Cohen, Mark S; Stern, John M

2016-08-01

The average delay from first seizure to diagnosis of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) is over 7 years. The reason for this delay is not well understood. We hypothesized that a perceived decrease in seizure frequency after starting an anti-seizure medication (ASM) may contribute to longer delays, but the frequency of such a response has not been well established. Time from onset to diagnosis, medication history and associated seizure frequency was acquired from the medical records of 297 consecutive patients with PNES diagnosed using video-electroencephalographic monitoring. Exponential regression was used to model the effect of medication trials and response on diagnostic delay. Mean diagnostic delay was 8.4 years (min 1 day, max 52 years). The robust average diagnostic delay was 2.8 years (95% CI: 2.2-3.5 years) based on an exponential model as 10 to the mean of log10 delay. Each ASM trial increased the robust average delay exponentially by at least one third of a year (Wald t=3.6, p=0.004). Response to ASM trials did not significantly change diagnostic delay (Wald t=-0.9, p=0.38). Although a response to ASMs was observed commonly in these patients with PNES, the presence of a response was not associated with longer time until definitive diagnosis. Instead, the number of ASMs tried was associated with a longer delay until diagnosis, suggesting that ASM trials were continued despite lack of response. These data support the guideline that patients with seizures should be referred to epilepsy care centers after failure of two medication trials. Copyright © 2016 British Epilepsy Association. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

IMA RESERVISTS: MISSION ENHANCEMENTS OR ADMINISTRATIVE BURDENS

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-11-01

experience and brings corporate ideas into the military environment. Statistically , the average age of a Reserve officer is 41, and the average enlisted...the RIO. However, in the event these items become delinquent , both the Active Duty unit and Reserve Detachment are responsible for enforcing... delinquent . It is well understood that keeping an Active Duty unit roster deployment ready is a time-intensive task. In July 2014, the Air Force

2010 Army Modernization Strategy

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-01-01

Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions...Science and Technology (S&T) Program, and shortening the time between requirement identification and solution delivery. • Continuously modernize equipment...available, as quickly as possible, so they can succeed anywhere, every time . Our Soldiers deserve nothing less. Army Strong! U.S. Soldiers engage enemy

Life-Work Balance and the Effects on Retention in the Navy Nurse Corps

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-03-01

information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering...Flexible Time Management Initiatives ............................ 74 3. Reevaluation of Non-Clinical Issues to Increase LWB...interference with family xv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There are so many people who gave me their time , attention, and unconditional support. If I

Time Orientation and Human Performance

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-06-01

Work with Computing Systems 2004. H.M. Khalid, M.G. Helander, A.W. Yeo (Editors) . Kuala Lumpur: Damai Sciences. 1 Time Orientation and Human...Multi-tasking. 1 . Introduction With increased globalization, understanding the various cultures and people’s attitudes and behaviours is crucial...reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching

Clustering techniques: measuring the performance of contract service providers.

PubMed

Cruz, Antonio Miguel; Perilla, Sandra Patricia Usaquén; Pabón, Nidia Nelly Vanegas

2010-01-01

This paper investigates the use of clustering technique to characterize the providers of maintenance services in a health-care institution according to their performance. A characterization of the inventory of equipment from seven pilot areas was carried out first (including 264 medical devices). The characterization study concluded that the inventory on a whole is old [exploitation time (ET)/useful life (UL) average is 0.78] and has high maintenance service costs relative to the original cost of acquisition (service cost /acquisition cost average 8.61%). A monitoring of the performance of maintenance service providers was then conducted. The variables monitored were response time (RT), service time (ST), availability, and turnaround time (TAT). Finally, the study grouped maintenance service providers into clusters according to performance. The study grouped maintenance service providers into the following clusters. Cluster 0: Identified with the best performance, the lowest values of TAT, RT, and ST, with an average TAT value of 1.46 days; Clusters 1 and 2: Identified with the poorest performance, highest values of TAT, RT, and ST, and an average TAT value of 9.79 days; and Cluster 3: Identified by medium-quality performance, intermediate values of TAT, RT, and ST, and an average TAT value of 2.56 days.

Selective processing of auditory evoked responses with iterative-randomized stimulation and averaging: A strategy for evaluating the time-invariant assumption.

PubMed

Valderrama, Joaquin T; de la Torre, Angel; Medina, Carlos; Segura, Jose C; Thornton, A Roger D

2016-03-01

The recording of auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) at fast rates allows the study of neural adaptation, improves accuracy in estimating hearing threshold and may help diagnosing certain pathologies. Stimulation sequences used to record AEPs at fast rates require to be designed with a certain jitter, i.e., not periodical. Some authors believe that stimuli from wide-jittered sequences may evoke auditory responses of different morphology, and therefore, the time-invariant assumption would not be accomplished. This paper describes a methodology that can be used to analyze the time-invariant assumption in jittered stimulation sequences. The proposed method [Split-IRSA] is based on an extended version of the iterative randomized stimulation and averaging (IRSA) technique, including selective processing of sweeps according to a predefined criterion. The fundamentals, the mathematical basis and relevant implementation guidelines of this technique are presented in this paper. The results of this study show that Split-IRSA presents an adequate performance and that both fast and slow mechanisms of adaptation influence the evoked-response morphology, thus both mechanisms should be considered when time-invariance is assumed. The significance of these findings is discussed. Crown Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

[Analysis of main risk factors causing foodborne diseases in food catering business].

PubMed

Fan, Yong-xiang; Liu, Xiu-mei; Bao, Yi-dan

2011-06-01

To study main risk factors that cause foodborne diseases in food catering business. Data from references and investigations conducted in food catering units were used to establish models which based on @Risk 4.5 with Monte Carlo method referring to food handling practice model (FHPM) to make risk assessment on factors of food contamination in food catering units. The Beta-Poisson models on dose-response relationship to Salmonella (developed by WHO/FAO and United States Department of Agriculture) and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (developed by US FDA) were used in this article to analyze the dose-response relationship of pathogens. The average probability of food poisoning by consuming Salmonella contaminated cooked meat under refrigeration was 1.96 × 10(-4) which was 1/2800 of the food under non-refrigeration (the average probability of food poisoning was 0.35 at room temperature 25°C). The average probability by consuming 6 hours stored meat under room temperature was 0.11 which was 16 times of 2 hours storage (6.79 × 10(-3)). The average probability by consuming contaminated meat without fully cooking was 1.71 × 10(-4) which was 100 times of consuming fully cooked meat (1.88 × 10(-6)). The probability growth of food poisoning by consuming Vibrio parahaemolyticus contaminated fresh seafood was proportional with contamination level and prevalence. The primary contamination level, storage temperature and time, cooking process and cross contamination are important factors of catering food safety.

The impact of a streamlined funding application process on application time: two cross-sectional surveys of Australian researchers

PubMed Central

Barnett, Adrian G; Graves, Nicholas; Clarke, Philip; Herbert, Danielle

2015-01-01

Objective To examine if streamlining a medical research funding application process saved time for applicants. Design Cross-sectional surveys before and after the streamlining. Setting The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia. Participants Researchers who submitted one or more NHMRC Project Grant applications in 2012 or 2014. Main outcome measures Average researcher time spent preparing an application and the total time for all applications in working days. Results The average time per application increased from 34 working days before streamlining (95% CI 33 to 35) to 38 working days after streamlining (95% CI 37 to 39; mean difference 4 days, bootstrap p value <0.001). The estimated total time spent by all researchers on applications after streamlining was 614 working years, a 67-year increase from before streamlining. Conclusions Streamlined applications were shorter but took longer to prepare on average. Researchers may be allocating a fixed amount of time to preparing funding applications based on their expected return, or may be increasing their time in response to increased competition. Many potentially productive years of researcher time are still being lost to preparing failed applications. PMID:25596201

Understanding and improving global crop response to ozone pollution

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Concentrations of ground-level ozone ([O3]) over much of the Earth’s land surface have more than doubled since pre-industrial times. The air pollutant is highly variable over time and space, which makes it difficult to assess the average agronomic and economic impacts of the pollutant as well as to ...

EFFECT OF RESIDENCE TIME ON ANNUAL EXPORT AND DENITRIFICATION OF NITROGEN IN ESTUARIES: A MODEL ANALYSIS

EPA Science Inventory

A simple model of annual average response of an estuary to mean nitrogen loading rate and freshwater residence time was developed and tested. It uses nitrogen inputs from land, deposition from the atmosphere, and first-order calculations of internal loss rate and export to perfor...

SU-F-E-09: Respiratory Signal Prediction Based On Multi-Layer Perceptron Neural Network Using Adjustable Training Samples

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sun, W; Jiang, M; Yin, F

Purpose: Dynamic tracking of moving organs, such as lung and liver tumors, under radiation therapy requires prediction of organ motions prior to delivery. The shift of moving organ may change a lot due to huge transform of respiration at different periods. This study aims to reduce the influence of that changes using adjustable training signals and multi-layer perceptron neural network (ASMLP). Methods: Respiratory signals obtained using a Real-time Position Management(RPM) device were used for this study. The ASMLP uses two multi-layer perceptron neural networks(MLPs) to infer respiration position alternately and the training sample will be updated with time. Firstly, amore » Savitzky-Golay finite impulse response smoothing filter was established to smooth the respiratory signal. Secondly, two same MLPs were developed to estimate respiratory position from its previous positions separately. Weights and thresholds were updated to minimize network errors according to Leverberg-Marquart optimization algorithm through backward propagation method. Finally, MLP 1 was used to predict 120∼150s respiration position using 0∼120s training signals. At the same time, MLP 2 was trained using 30∼150s training signals. Then MLP is used to predict 150∼180s training signals according to 30∼150s training signals. The respiration position is predicted as this way until it was finished. Results: In this experiment, the two methods were used to predict 2.5 minute respiratory signals. For predicting 1s ahead of response time, correlation coefficient was improved from 0.8250(MLP method) to 0.8856(ASMLP method). Besides, a 30% improvement of mean absolute error between MLP(0.1798 on average) and ASMLP(0.1267 on average) was achieved. For predicting 2s ahead of response time, correlation coefficient was improved from 0.61415 to 0.7098.Mean absolute error of MLP method(0.3111 on average) was reduced by 35% using ASMLP method(0.2020 on average). Conclusion: The preliminary results demonstrate that the ASMLP respiratory prediction method is more accurate than MLP method and can improve the respiration forecast accuracy.« less

Time-dependent spatial intensity profiles of near-infrared idler pulses from nanosecond optical parametric oscillators

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Olafsen, L. J.; Olafsen, J. S.; Eaves, I. K.

2018-06-01

We report on an experimental investigation of the time-dependent spatial intensity distribution of near-infrared idler pulses from an optical parametric oscillator measured using an infrared (IR) camera, in contrast to beam profiles obtained using traditional knife-edge techniques. Comparisons show the information gained by utilizing the thermal camera provides more detail than the spatially- or time-averaged measurements from a knife-edge profile. Synchronization, averaging, and thresholding techniques are applied to enhance the images acquired. The additional information obtained can improve the process by which semiconductor devices and other IR lasers are characterized for their beam quality and output response and thereby result in IR devices with higher performance.

Out-of-time-order fluctuation-dissipation theorem

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tsuji, Naoto; Shitara, Tomohiro; Ueda, Masahito

2018-01-01

We prove a generalized fluctuation-dissipation theorem for a certain class of out-of-time-ordered correlators (OTOCs) with a modified statistical average, which we call bipartite OTOCs, for general quantum systems in thermal equilibrium. The difference between the bipartite and physical OTOCs defined by the usual statistical average is quantified by a measure of quantum fluctuations known as the Wigner-Yanase skew information. Within this difference, the theorem describes a universal relation between chaotic behavior in quantum systems and a nonlinear-response function that involves a time-reversed process. We show that the theorem can be generalized to higher-order n -partite OTOCs as well as in the form of generalized covariance.

Density fluctuation in HT-6M tokamak by CO2 laser scattering

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zeng, Lei; Cao, Jinxiang; Zhu, Guoliang; Ding, Weixing; Yu, Chang-Xuan; Zhang, Daqing; Li, Youyi

1993-09-01

The small scale density fluctuations in the interior of HT-6M Ohmic plasma have been studied by CO2 laser collective scattering system in deuterium discharges covering a wide range of nqa (chord-average density times safety factor at the limiter) and energy confinement time. The relative density fluctuation level in the interior is inversely proportional to the toroidal magnetic field and average density, and the energy confinement time (tau) E decreases with the fluctuation level increasing in the region where (tau) E linearly increases with nq0.5a and satisfies the Goldston scaling law. It is suggested that the microturbulence in the interior zone is responsible for anomalous transport in tokamaks.

Response of noctilucent cloud brightness to daily solar variations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dalin, P.; Pertsev, N.; Perminov, V.; Dubietis, A.; Zadorozhny, A.; Zalcik, M.; McEachran, I.; McEwan, T.; Černis, K.; Grønne, J.; Taustrup, T.; Hansen, O.; Andersen, H.; Melnikov, D.; Manevich, A.; Romejko, V.; Lifatova, D.

2018-04-01

For the first time, long-term data sets of ground-based observations of noctilucent clouds (NLC) around the globe have been analyzed in order to investigate a response of NLC to solar UV irradiance variability on a day-to-day scale. NLC brightness has been considered versus variations of solar Lyman-alpha flux. We have found that day-to-day solar variability, whose effect is generally masked in the natural NLC variability, has a statistically significant effect when considering large statistics for more than ten years. Average increase in day-to-day solar Lyman-α flux results in average decrease in day-to-day NLC brightness that can be explained by robust physical mechanisms taking place in the summer mesosphere. Average time lags between variations of Lyman-α flux and NLC brightness are short (0-3 days), suggesting a dominant role of direct solar heating and of the dynamical mechanism compared to photodissociation of water vapor by solar Lyman-α flux. All found regularities are consistent between various ground-based NLC data sets collected at different locations around the globe and for various time intervals. Signatures of a 27-day periodicity seem to be present in the NLC brightness for individual summertime intervals; however, this oscillation cannot be unambiguously retrieved due to inevitable periods of tropospheric cloudiness.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jiang, Nan; Zhu, Wenquan; Zheng, Zhoutao

The long-term Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) time-series data set generated from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometers (AVHRR) has been widely used to monitor vegetation activity change. The third version of NDVI (NDVI3g) produced by the Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) group was released recently. The comparisons between the new and old versions should be conducted for linking existing studies with future applications of NDVI3g in monitoring vegetation activity change. Based on simple and piecewise linear regression methods, this research made a comparative analysis between NDVIg and NDVI3g for monitoring vegetation activity change and its responses tomore » climate change in the middle and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere during 1982–2008. Our results indicated that there were large differences between NDVIg and NDVI3g in the spatial patterns for both the overall changing trends and the timing of Turning Points (TP) in NDVI time series, which spread over almost the entire study region. The average NDVI trend from NDVI3g was almost twice as great as that from NDVIg and the detected average timing of TP from NDVI3g was about one year later. Although the general spatial patterns were consistent between two data sets for detecting the responses of growing-season NDVI to temperature and precipitation changes, there were large differences in the response magnitude, with a higher response magnitude to temperature in NDVI3g and an opposite response to precipitation change for the two data sets. Finally, these results demonstrated that the NDVIg data set may underestimate the vegetation activity change trend and its response to climate change in the middle and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere during the past three decades.« less

Conflict in Time, Petrified in Space: Kenya-Somalia Border Geopolitical Conflicts

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-06-01

The colony’s government in Kenya was based in Nairobi, Kenya’s capital, which is more than 400 miles (more than 10 hours road travel time ) from...NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited. CONFLICT IN TIME , PETRIFIED IN...of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering

Improving Mid-Course Flight Through an Application of Real-Time Optimal Control

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-12-01

COURSE FLIGHT THROUGH AN APPLICATION OF REAL- TIME OPTIMAL CONTROL by Mark R. Roncoroni December 2017 Thesis Advisor: Ronald Proulx Co...collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources...AND DATES COVERED Master’s thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE IMPROVING MID-COURSE FLIGHT THROUGH AN APPLICATION OF REAL- TIME OPTIMAL CONTROL 5. FUNDING

A Model for Real-Time Data Reputation Via Cyber Telemetry

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-06-01

TIME DATA REPUTATION VIA CYBER TELEMETRY by Beau M. Houser June 2016 Thesis Advisor: Dorothy E. Denning Co-Advisor: Phyllis Schneck...information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and...Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE A MODEL FOR REAL- TIME DATA REPUTATION VIA CYBER TELEMETRY 5. FUNDING NUMBERS 6. AUTHOR(S) Beau M

Analysis And Augmentation Of Timing Advance Based Geolocation In Lte Cellular Networks

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-12-01

NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA DISSERTATION ANALYSIS AND AUGMENTATION OF TIMING ADVANCE-BASED GEOLOCATION IN LTE CELLULAR NETWORKS by...estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the...AND SUBTITLE ANALYSIS AND AUGMENTATION OF TIMING ADVANCE-BASED GEOLOCA- TION IN LTE CELLULAR NETWORKS 5. FUNDING NUMBERS 6. AUTHOR(S) John D. Roth 7

Long-term-average, solar cycle, and seasonal response of magnetospheric energetic electrons to the solar wind speed

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vassiliadis, D.; Klimas, A. J.; Kanekal, S. G.; Baker, D. N.; Weigel, R. S.

2002-11-01

Among the interplanetary activity parameters the solar wind speed is the one best correlated with the energetic electron fluxes in the inner magnetosphere. We examine the radial and temporal characteristics of the 2-6 MeV electron response, approximating it in this paper with linear filters. The filter response is parameterized by the time delay (τ), measured from the time of solar wind impact, and the L shell (L). We examine solar cycle and seasonal effects using an 8-year-long database of Solar, Anomalous, and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer (SAMPEX)/ Proton Electron Telescope (PET) measurements at the radial range L = 1.1-10. The main peak P1 of the long-term-average response is at (τ, L) = (2, 5.3) and has a simultaneous response over a wide range of radial distances, ΔL = 5. The duration of the response after the peak is inversely proportional to the L shell. The central part of the inner magnetosphere (L = 3.7-5.75) has a much more prolonged response (>10 days) than other parts. Prior to the main response, P1, a brief response, P0, of typically lower amplitude appears at (τ, L) = (0, 3), probably as a quasi-adiabatic response to the compression of the magnetosphere by the solar wind pressure. Over the solar cycle the variation in solar wind input results in a systematic change of the position, amplitude, radial extent, and duration of the two peaks: during solar wind minimum the quasi-adiabatic peak disappears, and the radial size of the responding region decreases; both are responses to low-density, high-speed streams. During solar minimum, the duration is at least 3 days (30%) longer than average, probably due to the sustained solar wind input. Systematic variations appear also as a function of season due to several magnetic and fluid effects. During equinoxes the coupling is stronger, and the duration is longer (by at least 2 days) compared to solstices. Between the two equinoxes the fall response has a significantly higher amplitude and longer duration than the spring equinox response. This is at least partly due to the higher GSE By component during the observation time, which acts to increase the effective GSM Bz component according to the Russell-McPherron effect. The seasonal modulation of the response is consistent with the variation in the fluxes themselves [, 1999]. The modulation is discussed in terms of the equinoctial and axial hypotheses [, 1970; , 1973; , 2000].

Assessment of Anthropometric Trends and the Effects on Thermal Regulatory Models: Females Versus Males

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-08-01

primary somatotypes , which were identified by multivariate analysis, had no significant effect on the simulated thermo-physiological responses ...population. Anthropometric values for each somatotype applied to a thermal regulatory model resulted into physiological response comparisons of Figure 2 and...Public report ing burden for this collect ion of information is est imated to average 1 hour per response , including the time for review ing instruct ions

Targeting ESR1-Mutant Breast Cancer

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-09-01

Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response , including the time...CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT 18. NUMBER OF PAGES 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON USAMRMC a. REPORT U b. ABSTRACT U c. THIS PAGE U UU...Cancer W81XWH-14-1-0359 5 2. Keywords Estrogen Receptor Estrogen Response Element Metastatic Breast Cancer Ligand Binding Domain Mutation

Regulation of Prostate Cancer Bone Metastasis by DKK1

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-09-01

information is estimated to average 1 hour per response , including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and...ABSTRACT 18. NUMBER OF PAGES 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON USAMRMC a. REPORT U b. ABSTRACT U c. THIS PAGE U UU 13 19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER...cells into bone irrevocably alters the bone microenvironment and initiates a skeletal response that is dependent on the type of tumor (1). Breast

Serum Testosterone Kinetics After Brachytherapy for Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Taira, Al V.; Merrick, Gregory S., E-mail: gmerrick@urologicresearchinstitute.org; Galbreath, Robert W.

Purpose: To evaluate temporal changes in testosterone after prostate brachytherapy and investigate the potential impact of these changes on response to treatment. Methods and Materials: Between January 2008 and March 2009, 221 consecutive patients underwent Pd-103 brachytherapy without androgen deprivation for clinically localized prostate cancer. Prebrachytherapy prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and serum testosterone were obtained for each patient. Repeat levels were obtained 3 months after brachytherapy and at least every 6 months thereafter. Multiple clinical, treatment, and dosimetric parameters were evaluated to determine an association with temporal testosterone changes. In addition, analysis was conducted to determine if there was an associationmore » between testosterone changes and treatment outcomes or the occurrence of a PSA spike. Results: There was no significant difference in serum testosterone over time after implant (p = 0.57). 29% of men experienced an increase {>=}25%, 23% of men experienced a decrease {>=}25%, and the remaining 48% of men had no notable change in testosterone over time. There was no difference in testosterone trends between men who received external beam radiotherapy and those who did not (p = 0.12). On multivariate analysis, preimplant testosterone was the only variable that consistently predicted for changes in testosterone over time. Men with higher than average testosterone tended to experience drop in testosterone (p < 0.001), whereas men with average or below average baseline testosterone had no significant change. There was no association between men who experienced PSA spike and testosterone temporal trends (p = 0.50) nor between initial PSA response and testosterone trends (p = 0.21). Conclusion: Prostate brachytherapy does not appear to impact serum testosterone over time. Changes in serum testosterone do not appear to be associated with PSA spike phenomena nor with initial PSA response to treatment; therefore, PSA response does not seem related to temporal testosterone changes.« less

Electronic mail was not better than postal mail for surveying residents and faculty.

PubMed

Akl, Elie A; Maroun, Nancy; Klocke, Robert A; Montori, Victor; Schünemann, Holger J

2005-04-01

To compare response rate, time to response, and data quality of electronic and postal surveys in the setting of postgraduate medical education. A randomized controlled trial in a university-based internal medicine residency program. We randomized 119 residents and 83 faculty to an electronic versus a postal survey with up to two reminders and measured response rate, time to response, and data quality. For residents, the e-survey resulted in a lower response rate than the postal survey (63.3% versus 79.7%; difference -16.3%, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) -32.3% to -0.4%%; P=.049), but a shorter mean response time, by 3.8 days (95% CI 0.2-7.4; P=.042). For faculty, the e-survey did not result in a significantly lower response rate than the postal survey (85.4% vs. 81.0%; difference 4.4%, 95% CI -11.7 to 20.5%; P=.591), but resulted in a shorter average response time, by 8.4 days (95% CI 4.4 to 12.4; P < 0.001). There were no differences in the quality of data or responses to the survey between the two methods. E-surveys were not superior to postal surveys in terms of response rate, but resulted in shorter time to response and equivalent data quality.

Effects of handling procedures on pain responses of very low birth weight infants.

PubMed

Cameron, Emma Catherine; Raingangar, Veena; Khoori, Nawal

2007-01-01

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of handling on pain responses of infants with very low birth weight (VLBW) and the frequency, duration, and type of handling procedures used during a 24-hour period for infants with VLBW. Eighteen infants with VLBW were observed for two-hour periods. Infants' pain responses were recorded using the Neonatal Inventory Pain Scale before and after each handling episode. Twelve infants were observed once, six were observed twice. Variables relating to each handling episode observed were documented. Pain scores were significantly greater after handling. During a 24-hour period, infants were handled an average of 53 times for an average of 2.7 hours. Ten handling episodes included social touch. Handling infants with VLBW significantly alters their pain responses. In some infants with VLBW are handled frequently in the neonatal intensive care unit. The results have implications for the training of neonatal caregivers.

Characterization of sensitivity and response time of plastic optical fibre sensor to cadmium ion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yulianti, I.; Putra, N. M. D.; Masturi; Albadiah, I. V.; Pratiwi, D. A.; Akmalia, N.

2018-03-01

The paper presents an investigation of sensitivity and response time of a chitosan coated-plastic optical fibre (POF) sensor to cadmium ion concentration. The sensor working principles is based on the change of light intensity transmitted by the chitosan coated POF due to the change of cadmium ion concentration. Three sensor probes were fabricated with various coating thickness which are 100.24μm (sensor A), 131.97 μm(sensor B) and 376.24μm (sensor C). The characterization was done by exposing the sensor to cadmium ion solution for various concentrations. The results showed that sample C provides the lowest sensitivity while sample B showed the highest sensitivity which are 15.04mA/ppm and 65.64mA/ppm, respectively. In terms of response time, it was showed that sample A has the highest average response time which is 20.5seconds.

Corrective responses in human food intake identified from an analysis of 7-d food-intake records2

PubMed Central

Bray, George A; Flatt, Jean-Pierre; Volaufova, Julia; DeLany, James P; Champagne, Catherine M

2009-01-01

Background We tested the hypothesis that ad libitum food intake shows corrective responses over periods of 1–5 d. Design This was a prospective study of food intake in women. Methods Two methods, a weighed food intake and a measured food intake, were used to determine daily nutrient intake during 2 wk in 20 women. Energy expenditure with the use of doubly labeled water was done contemporaneously with the weighed food-intake record. The daily deviations in macronutrient and energy intake from the average 7-d values were compared with the deviations observed 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 d later to estimate the corrective responses. Results Both methods of recording food intake gave similar patterns of macronutrient and total energy intakes and for deviations from average intakes. The intraindividual CVs for energy intake ranged from ±12% to ±47% with an average of ±25%. Reported energy intake was 85.5–95.0% of total energy expenditure determined by doubly labeled water. Significant corrective responses were observed in food intakes with a 3- to 4-d lag that disappeared when data were randomized within each subject. Conclusions Human beings show corrective responses to deviations from average energy and macronutrient intakes with a lag time of 3–4 d, but not 1–2 d. This suggests that short-term studies may fail to recognize important signals of food-intake regulation that operate over several days. These corrective responses probably play a crucial role in bringing about weight stability. PMID:19064509

On relative supernova rates and nucleosynthesis roles

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Arnett, W. David; Schramm, David N.; Truran, James W.

1988-01-01

It is shown that the Ni-56-Fe-56 observed in SN 1987A argues that core collapse supernovae may be responsible for more that 50 percent of the iron in the galaxy. Furthermore it is argued that the time averaged rate of thermonuclear driven Type I supernovae may be at least an order of magnitude lower than the average rate of core collapse supernovae. The present low rate of Type II supernovae (below their time averaged rate of approx. 1/10 yr) is either because the past rate was much higher because many core collapse supernovae are dim like SN 1987A. However, even in this latter case they are only an order of magnitude dimmer that normal Type II's due to the contribution of Ni-56 decay to the light curve.

Risk of silicosis in a Colorado mining community.

PubMed

Kreiss, K; Zhen, B

1996-11-01

We investigated exposure-response relations for silicosis among 134 men over age 40 who had been identified in a previous community-based random sample study in a mining town. Thirty-two percent of the 100 dust-exposed subjects had radiologic profusions of small opacities of I/O or greater at a mean time since first silica exposure of 36.1 years. Of miners with cumulative silica exposures of 2 mg/m3-years or less, 20% had silicosis; of miners accumulating > 2 mg/m3 years, 63% had silicosis. Average silica exposure was also strongly associated with silicosis prevalence rates, with 13% silicotics among those with average exposure of 0.025-0.05 mg/m3, 34% among those with exposures of > 0.05-0.1 mg/m3, and 75% among those with average exposures > 0.1 mg/m3. Logistic regression models demonstrated that time since last silica exposure and either cumulative silica exposure or a combination of average silica exposure and duration of exposure predicted silicosis risk. Exposure-response relations were substantially higher using measured silica exposures than using estimated silica exposures based on measured dust exposures assuming a constant silica proportion of dust, consistent with less exposure misclassification. The risk of silicosis found in this study is higher than has been found in workforce studies having no follow-up of those leaving the mining industry and in studies without job title-specific silica measurements, but comparable to several recent studies of dust exposure-response relationships which suggest that a permissible exposure limit of 0.1 mg/m3 for silica does not protect against radiologic silicosis.

Variability of ionospheric TEC during solar and geomagnetic minima (2008 and 2009): external high speed stream drivers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Verkhoglyadova, O. P.; Tsurutani, B. T.; Mannucci, A. J.; Mlynczak, M. G.; Hunt, L. A.; Runge, T.

2013-02-01

We study solar wind-ionosphere coupling through the late declining phase/solar minimum and geomagnetic minimum phases during the last solar cycle (SC23) - 2008 and 2009. This interval was characterized by sequences of high-speed solar wind streams (HSSs). The concomitant geomagnetic response was moderate geomagnetic storms and high-intensity, long-duration continuous auroral activity (HILDCAA) events. The JPL Global Ionospheric Map (GIM) software and the GPS total electron content (TEC) database were used to calculate the vertical TEC (VTEC) and estimate daily averaged values in separate latitude and local time ranges. Our results show distinct low- and mid-latitude VTEC responses to HSSs during this interval, with the low-latitude daytime daily averaged values increasing by up to 33 TECU (annual average of ~20 TECU) near local noon (12:00 to 14:00 LT) in 2008. In 2009 during the minimum geomagnetic activity (MGA) interval, the response to HSSs was a maximum of ~30 TECU increases with a slightly lower average value than in 2008. There was a weak nighttime ionospheric response to the HSSs. A well-studied solar cycle declining phase interval, 10-22 October 2003, was analyzed for comparative purposes, with daytime low-latitude VTEC peak values of up to ~58 TECU (event average of ~55 TECU). The ionospheric VTEC changes during 2008-2009 were similar but ~60% less intense on average. There is an evidence of correlations of filtered daily averaged VTEC data with Ap index and solar wind speed. We use the infrared NO and CO2 emission data obtained with SABER on TIMED as a proxy for the radiation balance of the thermosphere. It is shown that infrared emissions increase during HSS events possibly due to increased energy input into the auroral region associated with HILDCAAs. The 2008-2009 HSS intervals were ~85% less intense than the 2003 early declining phase event, with annual averages of daily infrared NO emission power of ~ 3.3 × 1010 W and 2.7 × 1010 W in 2008 and 2009, respectively. The roles of disturbance dynamos caused by high-latitude winds (due to particle precipitation and Joule heating in the auroral zones) and of prompt penetrating electric fields (PPEFs) in the solar wind-ionosphere coupling during these intervals are discussed. A correlation between geoeffective interplanetary electric field components and HSS intervals is shown. Both PPEF and disturbance dynamo mechanisms could play important roles in solar wind-ionosphere coupling during prolonged (up to days) external driving within HILDCAA intervals.

Commander’s Emergency Response Program: A Flawed Metric

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-12-06

the U.S. Department of State created the Office of the Coordinator for Reconstruction and Stabilization ( S /CRS). The mission for this office...effectiveness for reconstruction and stability projects and operations. The Department of Defense Directive 3000.5 was issued on November 2005. It...average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and

Radiation Biomarker Research Using Mass Spectrometry

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-07-01

also warns of common pitfalls of biomarker analyses. Gerd Assmann18 chose HDL (high density lipoprotein) detection. Known as the “ good ...this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response , including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data... RESPONSIBLE PERSON Walter G. Hubert OF ABSTRACT a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT c. THIS PAGE 19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER (include area code) Unclassified

Endlessly Circulating Messages in IEEE 1588-2008 Systems

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-05-13

section 13.5 of the standard. Once the timing topology is established by the BMC algo- rithm, each clock synchronizes to its master by exchanging timing ...Endlessly Circulating Messages in IEEE 1588-2008 Systems David Broman Patricia Derler Ankush Desai John Eidson Sanjit A. Seshia Electrical...estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the

Neuron Design in Neuromorphic Computing Systems and Its Application in Wireless Communications

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-03-01

0188 The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing...for data representation using hardware spike timing dependent encoding for neuromorphic processors; (b) explore the applications of neuromorphic...envisioned architecture will serve as the foundation for unprecedented capabilities in real- time applications such as the MIMO channel estimation that

Domestic embedded reporter program: saving lives and securing tactical operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-03-01

estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the...13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words) Advances in technology have provided journalists the tools to obtain and share real- time information during domestic...terrorist and mass-shooting incidents. This real- time information-sharing compromises the safety of first responders, victims, and reporters. Real

Globalization vs National Sovereignty

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-06-09

separation. The difference in today’s time is the speed of all aspects of our current life, social media, travel , news stories both verified and...Extremists use the mechanisms of globalization to plan and carry out attacks on the homeland. In a time where world travel is affordable and convenient...burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching

Equatorial Ionospheric Irregularities Study from ROCSAT Data

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-10-20

ApprovedOMB No. 0704-0188 The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time ...scintillation in the Indian and Taiwan sector, it was concluded that the longitudinal/local- time dependence of irregularity/scintillation occurrences...irregularities/scintillation in the Indian and Taiwan sector, we have concluded that the longitudinal/local- time dependence of irregularity/scintillation

Scenarios for Russian Agricultural Development to 2021

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-12-01

dependence on government intervention in both good times and bad, and an unwieldy, inefficient bureaucracy strained to effectively carry out the myriad...information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and...issue analysis. Emerging issue analysis begins with the premise that problems develop gradually over time , and are often ignored until they reach

Cathode Stalk Cooling System for the MK 1 Quarterwave Gun

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-01

is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and...pressure increases and drops over the duration of the applied power. Right: Plots the pressure change over time , better representing the pressure...when the variac was turned off at 2348. No fluctuations in temperature occurred after this time . ......................51 Figure 32. Cooling worked

Closed-Loop Optimal Control Implementations for Space Applications

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-12-01

analyses of a series of optimal control problems, several real- time optimal control algorithms are developed that continuously adapt to feedback on the...through the analyses of a series of optimal control problems, several real- time optimal control algorithms are developed that continuously adapt to...information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering

XDATA

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-12-01

6028 Date Cleared: 30 NOV 2017 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT Data analysis tools which operate on varied data sources including time series ...public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions...and raw detections from geo-located tweets Micro-paths (10M) (No distance/ time filter) Raw Tracks (10M) Raw Detections (10M) APPROVED FOR PUBLIC

Theory of nonlinear optical response of ensembles of double quantum dots

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sitek, Anna; Machnikowski, Paweł

2009-09-01

We study theoretically the time-resolved four-wave mixing (FWM) response of an ensemble of pairs of quantum dots undergoing radiative recombination. At short (picosecond) delay times, the response signal shows beats that may be dominated by the subensemble of resonant pairs, which gives access to the information on the interdot coupling. At longer delay times, the decay of the FWM signal is governed by two rates which result from the collective interaction between the two dots and the radiation modes. The two rates correspond to the subradiant and super-radiant components in the radiative decay. Coupling between the dots enhances the collective effects and makes them observable even when the average energy mismatch between the dots is relatively large.

Time response for sensor sensed to actuator response for mobile robotic system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Amir, N. S.; Shafie, A. A.

2017-11-01

Time and performance of a mobile robot are very important in completing the tasks given to achieve its ultimate goal. Tasks may need to be done within a time constraint to ensure smooth operation of a mobile robot and can result in better performance. The main purpose of this research was to improve the performance of a mobile robot so that it can complete the tasks given within time constraint. The problem that is needed to be solved is to minimize the time interval between sensor detection and actuator response. The research objective is to analyse the real time operating system performance of sensors and actuators on one microcontroller and on two microcontroller for a mobile robot. The task for a mobile robot for this research is line following with an obstacle avoidance. Three runs will be carried out for the task and the time between the sensors senses to the actuator responses were recorded. Overall, the results show that two microcontroller system have better response time compared to the one microcontroller system. For this research, the average difference of response time is very important to improve the internal performance between the occurrence of a task, sensors detection, decision making and actuator response of a mobile robot. This research helped to develop a mobile robot with a better performance and can complete task within the time constraint.

Evaluating Zeolite-Modified Sensors: towards a faster set of chemical sensors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Berna, A. Z.; Vergara, A.; Trincavelli, M.; Huerta, R.; Afonja, A.; Parkin, I. P.; Binions, R.; Trowell, S.

2011-09-01

The responses of zeolite-modified sensors, prepared by screen printing layers of chromium titanium oxide (CTO), were compared to unmodified tin oxide sensors using amplitude and transient responses. For transient responses we used a family of features, derived from the exponential moving average (EMA), to characterize chemo-resistive responses. All sensors were tested simultaneously against 20 individual volatile compounds from four chemical groups. The responses of the two types of sensors showed some independence. The zeolite-modified CTO sensors discriminated compounds better using either amplitude response or EMA features and CTO-modified sensors also responded three times faster.

On hemispheric differences in evoked potentials to speech stimuli

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Galambos, R.; Smith, T. S.; Schulman-Galambos, C.; Osier, H.; Benson, P.

1975-01-01

Subjects were asked to count the number of times a 'target' sound occurred in lists of speech sounds (pa or ba) or pure tones (250 or 600 c/sec) in which one of the sounds (the 'frequent') appeared about four times as often as the target. The response to both targets and frequents were separately averaged from electrodes at vertex at symmetrical left and right parietal locations. The expected sequence of deflections, including P3 waves with about 350 msec latency, was found in the responses to target stimuli. Very little difference was found between the right and left hemispheric responses to speech or pure tones, either frequent or target.

Selective Data Acquisition in NMR. The Quantification of Anti-phase Scalar Couplings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hodgkinson, P.; Holmes, K. J.; Hore, P. J.

Almost all time-domain NMR experiments employ "linear sampling," in which the NMR response is digitized at equally spaced times, with uniform signal averaging. Here, the possibilities of nonlinear sampling are explored using anti-phase doublets in the indirectly detected dimensions of multidimensional COSY-type experiments as an example. The Cramér-Rao lower bounds are used to evaluate and optimize experiments in which the sampling points, or the extent of signal averaging at each point, or both, are varied. The optimal nonlinear sampling for the estimation of the coupling constant J, by model fitting, turns out to involve just a few key time points, for example, at the first node ( t= 1/ J) of the sin(π Jt) modulation. Such sparse sampling patterns can be used to derive more practical strategies, in which the sampling or the signal averaging is distributed around the most significant time points. The improvements in the quantification of NMR parameters can be quite substantial especially when, as is often the case for indirectly detected dimensions, the total number of samples is limited by the time available.

Occupational and Educational Outcomes of 1985-86 Bachelor's Degree Recipients. Survey Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Porter, Joanell

The study analyzed responses received from Bachelor's Degree recipients to the 1987 Recent College Graduates Survey administered in June, 1987. Among many findings are the following: One year after graduation, approximately 86% of degree recipients were employed--75% full time (who earned $20,300 annually on average) and 11% part time. Of the 14%…

Base Stability of Aminocyclopropeniums

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-11-01

stability, a series of aminocyclopropeniums were synthesized and their base stability probed in situ using time -resolved proton nuclear magnetic resonance...reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions...tested for their utility in anion exchange membranes for alkaline fuel cells. A series of aminocyclopropeniums were synthesized and their base

Translational Regulation of PTEN/MMAC1 Expression in Prostate Cancer

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-05-01

Ac reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response , including the time for reviewing instructions... responsible for constitutive production of the PTEN mRNAs with shorter 5’-UTRs in prostate cancer cells which would be compatible for cap-dependent...LIMITATION 18. NUMBER 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON OF ABSTRACT OF PAGES a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT c. THIS PAGE 19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER (include area U U U UU

U.S. Coast Guard Reorganization: Why Merging the Field Units Is Not Enough to Remain Semper Paratus (Always Ready)

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-03-01

information is estimated to average 1 hour per response , including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and...U.S. Coast Guard shifted much of its effort toward Maritime Homeland Security activities. In response to this major shift in mission priorities, the...the U.S. Coast Guard shifted much of its effort toward Maritime Homeland Security activities. In response to this major shift in mission

Improvements in Operational Readiness by Distributing Manufacturing Capability in the Supply Chain through Additive Manufacturing

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-12-01

inefficiencies of a more complex system. Additional time may also be due to the longer distances traveled . The fulfillment time for a requisition to...Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time ...advanced manufacturing methods with additive manufacturing. This work decomposes the additive manufacturing processes into 11 primary functions. The time

From MetroII to Metronomy, Designing Contract-based Function-Architecture Co-simulation Framework for Timing Verification of Cyber-Physical Systems

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-03-13

A. Lee. “A Programming Model for Time - Synchronized Distributed Real- Time Systems”. In: Proceedings of Real Time and Em- bedded Technology and Applications Symposium. 2007, pp. 259–268. ...From MetroII to Metronomy, Designing Contract-based Function-Architecture Co-simulation Framework for Timing Verification of Cyber-Physical Systems...the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data

Time domain modal identification/estimation of the mini-mast testbed

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Roemer, Michael J.; Mook, D. Joseph

1991-01-01

The Mini-Mast is a 20 meter long 3-dimensional, deployable/retractable truss structure designed to imitate future trusses in space. Presented here are results from a robust (with respect to measurement noise sensitivity), time domain, modal identification technique for identifying the modal properties of the Mini-Mast structure even in the face of noisy environments. Three testing/analysis procedures are considered: sinusoidal excitation near resonant frequencies of the Mini-Mast, frequency response function averaging of several modal tests, and random input excitation with a free response period.

Modelling Fluctuations in the Concentration of Neutrally Buoyant Substances in the Atmosphere.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ride, David John

1987-09-01

Available from UMI in association with The British Library. This thesis sets out to model the probability density function (pdf) of the perceived concentration of a contaminant in the atmosphere using simple, physical representations of the dispersing contaminant. Sensors of differing types perceive a given concentration field in different ways; the chosen pdf must be able to describe all possible perceptions of the same field. Herein, sensors are characterised by the time taken to achieve a reading and by a threshold level of concentration below which the sensor does not respond and thus records a concentration of zero. A literature survey of theoretical and experimental work concerning concentration fluctuations is conducted, and the merits--or otherwise--of some standard pdfs in common use are discussed. The ways in which the central moments, the peak-to-mean ratio, the intermittency and the autocorrelation function behave under various combinations of threshold levels and time averaging are investigated. An original experiment designed to test the suitability of time averaging as a valid simulation of both sensor response times and sampling volumes is reported. The results suggest that, for practical purposes, smoothing from combined volume/time characteristics of a sensor can be modelled by time averaging the output of a more responsive sensor. A possible non -linear volume/time effect was observed at very high temporal resolutions. Intermittency is shown to be an important parameter of the concentration field. A geometric model for describing and explaining the intermittency of a meandering plume of material in terms of the ratio of the plume width to the amplitude of meander and the within-plume intermittency is developed and validated. It shows that the model cross plume profiles of intermittency cannot, in general, be represented by simple functional forms. A new physical model for the fluctuations in concentration from a dispersing contaminant is described which leads to the adoption of a truncated Gaussian (or 'clipped normal') pdf for time averaged concentrations. A series of experiments is described which was designed to test the aptness of this distribution and display changes in the perception of the parameters of the concentration field wrought by various combinations of thresholding and time averaging. The truncated Gaussian pdf is shown to be more suitable for describing fluctuations than the log-normal and negative exponential pdfs, and to possess a better physical basis than either of them. The combination of thresholding and time averaging on the output of a sensor is shown to produce complex results which could affect profoundly the assessment of the potential hazard presented by a toxic, flammable or explosive plume or cloud.

Design, Monitoring, and Validation of a High Performance Sustainable Building

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-08-01

normalized by building average population and square footage. Longstreet had a larger number of emergency calls than CESS, but the ESTCP team did not have...system was measured sUSEPArately from the domestic water use. The rainwater was used to displace potable water for toilet flushing and vehicle washing...ApprovedOMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for

Identifying Emerging Hybrid Adversaries

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-01-01

average 1 hour per response , including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed...SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT Same as Report (SAR) 18. NUMBER OF PAGES 12 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON a. REPORT...an extended engage- ment area to get into the close fight.4 In addition, they will employ a wide range of capabilities including cyber, social media

Limiting Regret: Building the Army We Will Need

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-08-01

burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response , including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing...NUMBER OF PAGES 23 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON a. REPORT unclassified b. ABSTRACT unclassified c. THIS PAGE unclassified Standard Form 298...Army’s ability to help execute the national defense strategy against key threats. The documentation for this analysis was funded by philanthropic

Different event-related patterns of gamma-band power in brain waves of fast- and slow-reacting subjects.

PubMed Central

Jokeit, H; Makeig, S

1994-01-01

Fast- and slow-reacting subjects exhibit different patterns of gamma-band electroencephalogram (EEG) activity when responding as quickly as possible to auditory stimuli. This result appears to confirm long-standing speculations of Wundt that fast- and slow-reacting subjects produce speeded reactions in different ways and demonstrates that analysis of event-related changes in the amplitude of EEG activity recorded from the human scalp can reveal information about event-related brain processes unavailable using event-related potential measures. Time-varying spectral power in a selected (35- to 43-Hz) gamma frequency band was averaged across trials in two experimental conditions: passive listening and speeded reacting to binaural clicks, forming 40-Hz event-related spectral responses. Factor analysis of between-subject event-related spectral response differences split subjects into two near-equal groups composed of faster- and slower-reacting subjects. In faster-reacting subjects, 40-Hz power peaked near 200 ms and 400 ms poststimulus in the react condition, whereas in slower-reacting subjects, 40-Hz power just before stimulus delivery was larger in the react condition. These group differences were preserved in separate averages of relatively long and short reaction-time epochs for each group. gamma-band (20-60 Hz)-filtered event-related potential response averages did not differ between the two groups or conditions. Because of this and because gamma-band power in the auditory event-related potential is small compared with the EEG, the observed event-related spectral response features must represent gamma-band EEG activity reliably induced by, but not phase-locked to, experimental stimuli or events. PMID:8022783

Maternal abuse history, postpartum depression, and parenting: links with preschoolers' internalizing problems.

PubMed

Madigan, Sheri; Wade, Mark; Plamondon, Andre; Jenkins, Jennifer

2015-01-01

The current study examined a temporal cascade linking mothers' history of abuse with their children's internalizing difficulties through proximal processes such as maternal postnatal depressive symptoms and responsive parenting. Participants consisted of 490 mother-child dyads assessed at three time points when children were, on average, 2 months old at Time 1 (T1), 18 months at Time 2 (T2), and 36 months at Time 3 (T3). Maternal abuse history and depressive symptoms were assessed via questionnaires at T1. Observations of responsive parenting were collected at T2 and were coded using a validated coding scheme. Children's internalizing difficulties were assessed in the preschool period using averaged parental reports. Path analysis revealed that maternal physical abuse was associated with depressive symptoms postnatally, which were in turn associated with children's internalizing behavior at 36 months of age. We also found that the association between physical abuse history and responsive parenting operated indirectly through maternal depressive symptoms. These findings remained after controlling for covariates including socioeconomic status, child gender, and age. After accounting for physical abuse history, sexual abuse history was not associated with child internalizing problems either directly or indirectly through maternal depressive symptoms and/or parenting behavior. Thus, mothers' physical abuse history is a risk factor for relatively poor mental health, which is itself predictive of both later parenting behavior and children's internalizing problems. © 2015 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.

Covert Action Lead -- Central Intelligence Agency or Special Forces

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-05-01

to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data...place as an elevated threat to the U.S., combined with the decline in the CIA’s ability to perform Covert Action, is it now time for Special Forces to... time for Special Forces to assume the lead role in Covert Action? iii TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION

Development of a Semi-Autonomous Underwater Vehicle for Intervention Missions (SAUVIM Phase III-B)

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-03-20

burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing...phase 7 people have been working under the SAUVIM project in ASL, consisting of 1 faculty member, 3 full- time researchers, 2 undergraduate interns...and significant time delay inherent in acoustic subsea communications represent a considerable obstacle to remotely operate a manipulation system

30 Brigade Combat Teams: Is the Army too Small

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-12-01

are described in Table 3. Each entity travels through five servers.  Deploy: This server represents the time it takes to deploy from home station...estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining...ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words) The purpose of this thesis is to determine the impact of a contingency operation on Army dwell time . The Department of

A Source Term for Wave Attenuation by Sea Ice in WAVEWATCH III (registered trademark): IC4

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-06-07

by ANSI Std. Z39.18 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for... time . Diamonds indicate active, moored AWACs. Circle indicates location of R/V Sikuliaq. Thick magenta and white lines indicate path of R/V Sikuliaq...past and future ship position, respectively). .................................................................. 15 Figure 10 Time series of

Cascading Oscillators in Decoding Speech: Reflection of a Cortical Computation Principle

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-09-06

Combining an experimental paradigm based on Ghitza and Greenberg (2009) for speech with the approach of Farbood et al. (2013) to timing in key...Fuglsang, 2015). A model was developed which uses modulation spectrograms to construct an oscillating time - series synchronized with the slowly varying...estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching data sources, gathering and maintaining the data

F-35 Risk during Department of Defense Financial Crisis

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-03-01

information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering...and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other...program, an approach intended to save time and money by launching construction at an early stage and at the same time the aircraft was put through

Method and apparatus for in-situ characterization of energy storage and energy conversion devices

DOEpatents

Christophersen, Jon P [Idaho Falls, ID; Motloch, Chester G [Idaho Falls, ID; Morrison, John L [Butte, MT; Albrecht, Weston [Layton, UT

2010-03-09

Disclosed are methods and apparatuses for determining an impedance of an energy-output device using a random noise stimulus applied to the energy-output device. A random noise signal is generated and converted to a random noise stimulus as a current source correlated to the random noise signal. A bias-reduced response of the energy-output device to the random noise stimulus is generated by comparing a voltage at the energy-output device terminal to an average voltage signal. The random noise stimulus and bias-reduced response may be periodically sampled to generate a time-varying current stimulus and a time-varying voltage response, which may be correlated to generate an autocorrelated stimulus, an autocorrelated response, and a cross-correlated response. Finally, the autocorrelated stimulus, the autocorrelated response, and the cross-correlated response may be combined to determine at least one of impedance amplitude, impedance phase, and complex impedance.

On the development and global oscillations of cometary ionospheres

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Houpis, H. L. F.; Mendis, D. A.

1981-01-01

Representing the cometary ionosphere by a single fluid model characterized by an average ionization time scale, both the ionosphere's development as a comet approaches the sun and its response to sudden changes in solar wind conditions are investigated. Three different nuclear sizes (small, average, very large) and three different modes of energy addition to the atmosphere (adiabatic, isothermal, suprathermal) are considered. It is found that the crucial parameter determining both the nature and the size of the ionosphere is the average ionization time scale within the ionosphere. Two different scales are identified. It is noted that the ionosphere can also be characterized by the relative sizes of three different scale lengths: the neutral standoff distance from the nucleus, the ion standoff distance from the nucleus, and the nuclear distance at which the ions and the neutrals decouple collisionally.

Systems for measuring response statistics of gigahertz bandwidth photomultipliers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Abshire, J. B.; Rowe, H. E.

1977-01-01

New systems have been developed for measuring the average impulse response, the pulse-height spectrum, the transit-time statistics as a function of signal level, and the dark-count spectrum of gigahertz bandwidth photomultipliers. Measurements showed that the 0.53 microns pulse used as an optical test source had a 30 picoseconds and less than 70 ps pulse width. Calibration data showed the system resolution to be less than 20 ps for root mean square transit-time measurements. Test data for a static crossed-field photomultiplier showed 2-photoelectron resolution and less than 30-ps time jitter over the 1- to 100-photoelectron range.

The impact of a streamlined funding application process on application time: two cross-sectional surveys of Australian researchers.

PubMed

Barnett, Adrian G; Graves, Nicholas; Clarke, Philip; Herbert, Danielle

2015-01-16

To examine if streamlining a medical research funding application process saved time for applicants. Cross-sectional surveys before and after the streamlining. The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia. Researchers who submitted one or more NHMRC Project Grant applications in 2012 or 2014. Average researcher time spent preparing an application and the total time for all applications in working days. The average time per application increased from 34 working days before streamlining (95% CI 33 to 35) to 38 working days after streamlining (95% CI 37 to 39; mean difference 4 days, bootstrap p value <0.001). The estimated total time spent by all researchers on applications after streamlining was 614 working years, a 67-year increase from before streamlining. Streamlined applications were shorter but took longer to prepare on average. Researchers may be allocating a fixed amount of time to preparing funding applications based on their expected return, or may be increasing their time in response to increased competition. Many potentially productive years of researcher time are still being lost to preparing failed applications. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.

Gateway Portal

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-03-01

using standard Internet technologies with no additional client software required. Furthermore, using a portable...Wilkerson Computational and Information Sciences Directorate, ARL Approved for public release... information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and

[Applying the clustering technique for characterising maintenance outsourcing].

PubMed

Cruz, Antonio M; Usaquén-Perilla, Sandra P; Vanegas-Pabón, Nidia N; Lopera, Carolina

2010-06-01

Using clustering techniques for characterising companies providing health institutions with maintenance services. The study analysed seven pilot areas' equipment inventory (264 medical devices). Clustering techniques were applied using 26 variables. Response time (RT), operation duration (OD), availability and turnaround time (TAT) were amongst the most significant ones. Average biomedical equipment obsolescence value was 0.78. Four service provider clusters were identified: clusters 1 and 3 had better performance, lower TAT, RT and DR values (56 % of the providers coded O, L, C, B, I, S, H, F and G, had 1 to 4 day TAT values:

Acidosis slows the response of oxidative phosphorylation to metabolic demand in isolated rabbit heart.

PubMed

Hak, J B; van Beek, J H; Westerhof, N

1993-05-01

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of acidosis on the mean response time of mitochondrial oxygen consumption to steps in heart rate and in left ventricular balloon volume. The mean response time may be viewed as the average delay between a change in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis and oxygen consumption. The mean response time is calculated by subtracting the transport time, required for diffusion of oxygen and for convective transport through the coronary vessels, from the response time measured in the coronary venous effluent. Eight isolated rabbit hearts were perfused according to Langendorff using Tyrode solution at 28 degrees C. Arterial perfusate pH was lowered from 7.30 +/- 0.03 (mean +/- SD) to 6.59 +/- 0.02 by increasing the CO2 tension. At pH 7.3 the mean response time was 12.6 +/- 1.6 s, independent of the time after isolation of the heart. During acidosis, applied 40-75 min after isolation of the heart, the mean response time was 21.4 +/- 0.7 s and increased to 32.6 +/- 4.3 s during acidosis, 85-120 min after isolation. Thus the retardation of the metabolic response by acidosis might depend on the condition of the heart. A decrease of mitochondrial ATP synthetic capacity during acidosis may contribute to the retardation of the metabolic response. Since determination of the mean response time at 37 degrees C is not yet feasible, the experiments were done at 28 degrees C. Extrapolation of our findings to 37 degrees C appears premature.

Integrating SHM and Time Variant System Performance of Naval Ship Structures For Near Real Time Decision Making Under Uncertainty: A Comprehensive Framework

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-12-06

direction and speed based on cost minimization and best estimated time of arrival (ETA). Sometimes, ships are forced to travel 43 Lehigh Technical...the allowable time to complete the travel . Another important aspect, addressed in the case study, is to investigate the optimal routing of aged...The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing

Fast-response LCDs for virtual reality applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Haiwei; Peng, Fenglin; Gou, Fangwang; Wand, Michael; Wu, Shin-Tson

2017-02-01

We demonstrate a fast-response liquid crystal display (LCD) with an ultra-low-viscosity nematic LC mixture. The measured average motion picture response time is only 6.88 ms, which is comparable to 6.66 ms for an OLED at a 120 Hz frame rate. If we slightly increase the TFT frame rate and/or reduce the backlight duty ratio, image blurs can be further suppressed to unnoticeable level. Potential applications of such an image-blur-free LCD for virtual reality, gaming monitors, and TVs are foreseeable.

High-Energy, High-Pulse-Rate Light Sources for Enhanced Time-Resolved Tomographic PIV of Unsteady and Turbulent Flows

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-07-31

Report: High-Energy, High-Pulse-Rate Light Sources for Enhanced Time -Resolved Tomographic PIV of Unsteady & Turbulent Flows The views, opinions and/or...reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching...High-Energy, High-Pulse-Rate Light Sources for Enhanced Time -Resolved Tomographic PIV of Unsteady & Turbulent Flows Report Term: 0-Other Email

Acquisition of a Multi-Domain Advanced Real-Time Simulator to Support DoD-focused Interdisciplinary Research at CSUB

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-10-17

Report: Acquisition of a Multi-Domain Advanced Real- Time Simulator to Support DoD-focused Interdisciplinary Research at CSUB The views, opinions and...reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions...University - Bakersfield Title: Acquisition of a Multi-Domain Advanced Real- Time Simulator to Support DoD-focused Interdisciplinary Research at CSUB Report

Linear and Nonlinear Time-Frequency Analysis for Parameter Estimation of Resident Space Objects

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-02-22

AFRL-AFOSR-UK-TR-2017-0023 Linear and Nonlinear Time -Frequency Analysis for Parameter Estimation of Resident Space Objects Marco Martorella...estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing   data sources, gathering and maintaining the...Nonlinear Time -Frequency Analysis for Parameter Estimation of Resident Space Objects 5a.  CONTRACT NUMBER 5b.  GRANT NUMBER FA9550-14-1-0183 5c.  PROGRAM

WE-D-BRE-06: Quantification of Dose-Response for High Grade Esophagtis Patients Using a Novel Voxel-To-Voxel Method

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Niedzielski, J; Martel, M; Tucker, S

2014-06-15

Purpose: Radiation induces an inflammatory response in the esophagus, discernible on CT studies. This work objectively quantifies the voxel esophageal radiation-response for patients with acute esophagitis. This knowledge is an important first-step towards predicting the effect of complex dose distributions on patient esophagitis symptoms. Methods: A previously validated voxel-based methodology of quantifying radiation esophagitis severity was used to identify the voxel dose-response for 18 NSCLC patients with severe esophagitis (CTCAE grading criteria, grade2 or higher). The response is quantified as percent voxel volume change for a given dose. During treatment (6–8 weeks), patients had weekly 4DCT studies and esophagitis scoring.more » Planning CT esophageal contours were deformed to each weekly CT using a demons DIR algorithm. An algorithm using the Jacobian Map from the DIR of the planning CT to all weekly CTs was used to quantify voxel-volume change, along with corresponding delivered voxel dose, to the planning voxel. Dose for each voxel for each time-point was calculated on each previous weekly CT image, and accumulated using DIR. Thus, for each voxel, the volume-change and delivered dose was calculated for each time-point. The data was binned according to when the volume-change first increased by a threshold volume (10%–100%, in 10% increments), and the average delivered dose calculated for each bin. Results: The average dose resulting in a voxel volume increase of 10–100% was 21.6 to 45.9Gy, respectively. The mean population dose to give a 50% volume increase was 36.3±4.4Gy, (range:29.8 to 43.5Gy). The average week of 50% response was 4.1 (range:4.9 to 2.8 weeks). All 18 patients showed similar dose to first response curves, showing a common trend in the initial inflammatoryresponse. Conclusion: We extracted the dose-response curve of the esophagus on a voxel-to-voxel level. This may be useful for estimating the esophagus response (and patient symptoms) to complicated dose distributions.« less

Shear-stress fluctuations and relaxation in polymer glasses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kriuchevskyi, I.; Wittmer, J. P.; Meyer, H.; Benzerara, O.; Baschnagel, J.

2018-01-01

We investigate by means of molecular dynamics simulation a coarse-grained polymer glass model focusing on (quasistatic and dynamical) shear-stress fluctuations as a function of temperature T and sampling time Δ t . The linear response is characterized using (ensemble-averaged) expectation values of the contributions (time averaged for each shear plane) to the stress-fluctuation relation μsf for the shear modulus and the shear-stress relaxation modulus G (t ) . Using 100 independent configurations, we pay attention to the respective standard deviations. While the ensemble-averaged modulus μsf(T ) decreases continuously with increasing T for all Δ t sampled, its standard deviation δ μsf(T ) is nonmonotonic with a striking peak at the glass transition. The question of whether the shear modulus is continuous or has a jump singularity at the glass transition is thus ill posed. Confirming the effective time-translational invariance of our systems, the Δ t dependence of μsf and related quantities can be understood using a weighted integral over G (t ) .

Neutron response function characterization of 4He scintillation detectors

DOE PAGES

Kelley, Ryan P.; Rolison, Lucas M.; Lewis, Jason M.; ...

2015-04-15

Time-of-flight measurements were conducted to characterize the neutron energy response of pressurized 4He fast neutron scintillation detectors for the first time, using the Van de Graaff generator at Ohio University. The time-of-flight spectra and pulse height distributions were measured. This data was used to determine the light output response function, which was found to be linear at energies below 3.5 MeV. The intrinsic efficiency of the detector as a function of incident energy was also calculated: the average efficiency up to 10 MeV was 3.1%, with a maximum efficiency of 6.6% at 1.05 MeV. Furthermore, these results will enable developmentmore » of neutron spectrum unfolding algorithms for neutron spectroscopy applications with these detectors.« less

A Scalable, Reconfigurable, and Dependable Time-Triggered Architecture

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-07-01

burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching...existing data sources, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of...information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this

Quantification of Fluorine Content in AFFF Concentrates

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-09-29

and quantitative integrations, a 100 ppm spectral window (FIDRes 0.215 Hz) was scanned using the following acquisition parameters: acquisition time ...Naval Research Laboratory Washington, DC 20375-5320 NRL/MR/6120--17-9752 Quantification of Fluorine Content in AFFF Concentrates September 29, 2017...collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources

The Effect of Compression Stockings on Physiological and Psychological Responses after 5-km Performance in Recreationally Active Females.

PubMed

Treseler, Christine; Bixby, Walter R; Nepocatych, Svetlana

2016-07-01

Treseler, C, Bixby, WR, and Nepocatych, S. The effect of compression stockings on physiological and psychological responses after 5-Km performance in recreationally active females. J Strength Cond Res 30(7): 1985-1991, 2016-The purpose of the study was to examine the physiological and perceptual responses to wearing below-the-knee compression stockings (CS) after a 5-km running performance in recreationally active women. Nineteen women were recruited to participate in the study (20 ± 1 year, 61.4 ± 5.3 kg, 22.6 ± 3.9% body fat). Each participant completed two 5-km performance time trials with CS or regular socks in a counterbalanced order separated by 1 week. For each session, 5-km time, heart rate (HR), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), pain pressure threshold, muscle soreness (MS), and rate of perceived recovery were measured. There was no significant difference in average 5-km times between CS and regular socks (p = 0.74) and HR response (p = 0.42). However, significantly higher RPE and lower gain scores (%) for lower extremity MS but not for calf were observed with CS when compared with regular socks (p = 0.05, p = 0.01, and p = 0.3, respectively). Based on the results of this study, there were no significant improvements in average 5-km running time, heart rate, or perceived calf MS. However, participants perceived less MS in lower extremities and working harder with CS compared with regular socks. Compression stockings may not cause significant physiological improvements; however, there might be psychological benefits positively affecting postexercise recovery.

Performance characteristics of the Mayo/IBM PACS

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Persons, Kenneth R.; Gehring, Dale G.; Pavicic, Mark J.; Ding, Yingjai

1991-07-01

The Mayo Clinic and IBM (at Rochester, Minnesota) have jointly developed a picture archiving system for use with Mayo's MRI and Neuro CT imaging modalities. The communications backbone of the PACS is a portion of the Mayo institutional network: a series of 4-Mbps token rings interconnected by bridges and fiber optic extensions. The performance characteristics of this system are important to understand because they affect the response time a PACS user can expect, and the response time for non-PACS users competing for resources on the institutional network. The performance characteristics of each component and the average load levels of the network were measured for various load distributions. These data were used to quantify the response characteristics of the existing system and to tune a model developed by North Dakota State University Department of Computer Science for predicting response times of more complex topologies.

Current control of time-averaged magnetization in superparamagnetic tunnel junctions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bapna, Mukund; Majetich, Sara A.

2017-12-01

This work investigates spin transfer torque control of time-averaged magnetization in a small 20 nm × 60 nm nanomagnet with a low thermal stability factor, Δ ˜ 11. Here, the nanomagnet is a part of a magnetic tunnel junction and fluctuates between parallel and anti-parallel magnetization states with respect to the magnetization of the reference layer generating a telegraph signal in the current versus time measurements. The response of the nanomagnet to an external field is first analyzed to characterize the magnetic properties. We then show that the time-averaged magnetization in the telegraph signal can be fully controlled between +1 and -1 by voltage over a small range of 0.25 V. NIST Statistical Test Suite analysis is performed for testing true randomness of the telegraph signal that the device generates when operated at near critical current values for spin transfer torque. Utilizing the probabilistic nature of the telegraph signal generated at two different voltages, a prototype demonstration is shown for multiplication of two numbers using an artificial AND logic gate.

Incidence Rates of Clinical Mastitis among Canadian Holsteins Classified as High, Average, or Low Immune Responders

PubMed Central

Miglior, Filippo; Mallard, Bonnie A.

2013-01-01

The objective of this study was to compare the incidence rate of clinical mastitis (IRCM) between cows classified as high, average, or low for antibody-mediated immune responses (AMIR) and cell-mediated immune responses (CMIR). In collaboration with the Canadian Bovine Mastitis Research Network, 458 lactating Holsteins from 41 herds were immunized with a type 1 and a type 2 test antigen to stimulate adaptive immune responses. A delayed-type hypersensitivity test to the type 1 test antigen was used as an indicator of CMIR, and serum antibody of the IgG1 isotype to the type 2 test antigen was used for AMIR determination. By using estimated breeding values for these traits, cows were classified as high, average, or low responders. The IRCM was calculated as the number of cases of mastitis experienced over the total time at risk throughout the 2-year study period. High-AMIR cows had an IRCM of 17.1 cases per 100 cow-years, which was significantly lower than average and low responders, with 27.9 and 30.7 cases per 100 cow-years, respectively. Low-AMIR cows tended to have the most severe mastitis. No differences in the IRCM were noted when cows were classified based on CMIR, likely due to the extracellular nature of mastitis-causing pathogens. The results of this study demonstrate the desirability of breeding dairy cattle for enhanced immune responses to decrease the incidence and severity of mastitis in the Canadian dairy industry. PMID:23175290

Incidence rates of clinical mastitis among Canadian Holsteins classified as high, average, or low immune responders.

PubMed

Thompson-Crispi, Kathleen A; Miglior, Filippo; Mallard, Bonnie A

2013-01-01

The objective of this study was to compare the incidence rate of clinical mastitis (IRCM) between cows classified as high, average, or low for antibody-mediated immune responses (AMIR) and cell-mediated immune responses (CMIR). In collaboration with the Canadian Bovine Mastitis Research Network, 458 lactating Holsteins from 41 herds were immunized with a type 1 and a type 2 test antigen to stimulate adaptive immune responses. A delayed-type hypersensitivity test to the type 1 test antigen was used as an indicator of CMIR, and serum antibody of the IgG1 isotype to the type 2 test antigen was used for AMIR determination. By using estimated breeding values for these traits, cows were classified as high, average, or low responders. The IRCM was calculated as the number of cases of mastitis experienced over the total time at risk throughout the 2-year study period. High-AMIR cows had an IRCM of 17.1 cases per 100 cow-years, which was significantly lower than average and low responders, with 27.9 and 30.7 cases per 100 cow-years, respectively. Low-AMIR cows tended to have the most severe mastitis. No differences in the IRCM were noted when cows were classified based on CMIR, likely due to the extracellular nature of mastitis-causing pathogens. The results of this study demonstrate the desirability of breeding dairy cattle for enhanced immune responses to decrease the incidence and severity of mastitis in the Canadian dairy industry.

Response of desert biological soil crusts to alterations in precipitation frequency

USGS Publications Warehouse

Belnap, J.; Phillips, S.L.; Miller, M.E.

2004-01-01

Biological soil crusts, a community of cyanobacteria, lichens, and mosses that live on the soil surface, occur in deserts throughout the world. They are a critical component of desert ecosystems, as they are important contributors to soil fertility and stability. Future climate scenarios predict alteration of the timing and amount of precipitation in desert environments. Because biological soil crust organisms are only metabolically active when wet, and as soil surfaces dry quickly in deserts during late spring, summer, and early fall, the amount and timing of precipitation is likely to have significant impacts on the physiological functioning of these communities. Using the three dominant soil crust types found in the western United States, we applied three levels of precipitation frequency (50% below-average, average, and 50% above-average) while maintaining average precipitation amount (therefore changing both timing and size of applied events). We measured the impact of these treatments on photosynthetic performance (as indicated by dark-adapted quantum yield and chlorophyll a concentrations), nitrogenase activity, and the ability of these organisms to maintain concentrations of radiation-protective pigments (scytonemin, beta-carotene, echinenone, xanthophylls, and canthaxanthin). Increased precipitation frequency produced little response after 2.5 months exposure during spring (1 April-15 June) or summer (15 June-31 August). In contrast, most of the above variables had a large, negative response after exposure to increased precipitation frequency for 6 months spring-fall (1 April-31 October) treatment. The crusts dominated by the soil lichen Collema, being dark and protruding above the surface, dried the most rapidly, followed by the dark surface cyanobacterial crusts (Nostoc-Scytonema-Microcoleus), and then by the light cyanobacterial crusts (Microcoleus). This order reflected the magnitude of the observed response: crusts dominated by the lichen Collema showed the largest decline in quantum yield, chlorophyll a, and protective pigments; crusts dominated by Nostoc-Scytonema-Microcoleus showed an intermediate decline in these variables; and the crusts dominated by Microcoleus showed the least negative response. Most previous studies of crust response to radiation stress have been short-term laboratory studies, where organisms were watered and kept under moderate temperatures. Such conditions would give crust organisms access to ample carbon to respond to imposed stresses (e.g., production of UV-protective pigments, replacement of degraded chlorophyll). In contrast, our longer-term study showed that under field conditions of high air temperatures and frequent, small precipitation events, crust organisms appear unable to produce protective pigments in response to radiation stress, as they likely dried more quickly than when they received larger, less frequent events. Reduced activity time likely resulted in less carbon available to produce or repair chlorophyll a and/or protective pigments. Our findings may partially explain the global observation that soil lichen cover and richness declines as the frequency of summer rainfall increases. ?? Springer-Verlag 2003.

Time and frequency domain characteristics of detrending-operation-based scaling analysis: Exact DFA and DMA frequency responses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kiyono, Ken; Tsujimoto, Yutaka

2016-07-01

We develop a general framework to study the time and frequency domain characteristics of detrending-operation-based scaling analysis methods, such as detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) and detrending moving average (DMA) analysis. In this framework, using either the time or frequency domain approach, the frequency responses of detrending operations are calculated analytically. Although the frequency domain approach based on conventional linear analysis techniques is only applicable to linear detrending operations, the time domain approach presented here is applicable to both linear and nonlinear detrending operations. Furthermore, using the relationship between the time and frequency domain representations of the frequency responses, the frequency domain characteristics of nonlinear detrending operations can be obtained. Based on the calculated frequency responses, it is possible to establish a direct connection between the root-mean-square deviation of the detrending-operation-based scaling analysis and the power spectrum for linear stochastic processes. Here, by applying our methods to DFA and DMA, including higher-order cases, exact frequency responses are calculated. In addition, we analytically investigate the cutoff frequencies of DFA and DMA detrending operations and show that these frequencies are not optimally adjusted to coincide with the corresponding time scale.

Time and frequency domain characteristics of detrending-operation-based scaling analysis: Exact DFA and DMA frequency responses.

PubMed

Kiyono, Ken; Tsujimoto, Yutaka

2016-07-01

We develop a general framework to study the time and frequency domain characteristics of detrending-operation-based scaling analysis methods, such as detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) and detrending moving average (DMA) analysis. In this framework, using either the time or frequency domain approach, the frequency responses of detrending operations are calculated analytically. Although the frequency domain approach based on conventional linear analysis techniques is only applicable to linear detrending operations, the time domain approach presented here is applicable to both linear and nonlinear detrending operations. Furthermore, using the relationship between the time and frequency domain representations of the frequency responses, the frequency domain characteristics of nonlinear detrending operations can be obtained. Based on the calculated frequency responses, it is possible to establish a direct connection between the root-mean-square deviation of the detrending-operation-based scaling analysis and the power spectrum for linear stochastic processes. Here, by applying our methods to DFA and DMA, including higher-order cases, exact frequency responses are calculated. In addition, we analytically investigate the cutoff frequencies of DFA and DMA detrending operations and show that these frequencies are not optimally adjusted to coincide with the corresponding time scale.

Neural readaptation to Earth's gravity following return from space.

PubMed

Boyle, R; Mensinger, A F; Yoshida, K; Usui, S; Intravaia, A; Tricas, T; Highstein, S M

2001-10-01

The consequence of exposure to microgravity on the otolith organs was studied by recording the responses of vestibular nerve afferents supplying the utricular otolith organ to inertial accelerations in four toadfish, Opsanus tau, sequentially for 5 days following two National Aeronautics and Space Administration shuttle orbital flights. Within the first day postflight, the magnitude of response to an applied translation was on average three times greater than for controls. The reduced gravitational acceleration in orbit apparently resulted in an upregulation of the sensitivity of utricular afferents. By 30 h postflight, responses were statistically similar to control. The time course of return to normal afferent sensitivity parallels the reported decrease in vestibular disorientation in astronauts following return from space.

Neural readaptation to Earth's gravity following return from space

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Boyle, R.; Mensinger, A. F.; Yoshida, K.; Usui, S.; Intravaia, A.; Tricas, T.; Highstein, S. M.

2001-01-01

The consequence of exposure to microgravity on the otolith organs was studied by recording the responses of vestibular nerve afferents supplying the utricular otolith organ to inertial accelerations in four toadfish, Opsanus tau, sequentially for 5 days following two National Aeronautics and Space Administration shuttle orbital flights. Within the first day postflight, the magnitude of response to an applied translation was on average three times greater than for controls. The reduced gravitational acceleration in orbit apparently resulted in an upregulation of the sensitivity of utricular afferents. By 30 h postflight, responses were statistically similar to control. The time course of return to normal afferent sensitivity parallels the reported decrease in vestibular disorientation in astronauts following return from space.

50 CFR 86.16 - What are the information collection requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... THE INTERIOR (CONTINUED) FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE-WILDLIFE SPORT FISH RESTORATION PROGRAM BOATING... of information Number ofrespondents* Average time required per response(minutes) Annual burden hours... Management and Budget, Department of Interior, Desk Officer, 1849 C Street, NW., Washington, DC 20503. An...

Continuous Record of Permeability inside the Wenchuan Earthquake Fault Zone

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xue, Lian; Li, Haibing; Brodsky, Emily

2013-04-01

Faults are complex hydrogeological structures which include a highly permeable damage zone with fracture-dominated permeability. Since fractures are generated by earthquakes, we would expect that in the aftermath of a large earthquake, the permeability would be transiently high in a fault zone. Over time, the permeability may recover due to a combination of chemical and mechanical processes. However, the in situ fault zone hydrological properties are difficult to measure and have never been directly constrained on a fault zone immediately after a large earthquake. In this work, we use water level response to solid Earth tides to constrain the hydraulic properties inside the Wenchuan Earthquake Fault Zone. The transmissivity and storage determine the phase and amplitude response of the water level to the tidal loading. By measuring phase and amplitude response, we can constrain the average hydraulic properties of the damage zone at 800-1200 m below the surface (~200-600 m from the principal slip zone). We use Markov chain Monte Carlo methods to evaluate the phase and amplitude responses and the corresponding errors for the largest semidiurnal Earth tide M2 in the time domain. The average phase lag is ~ 30o, and the average amplitude response is 6×10-7 strain/m. Assuming an isotropic, homogenous and laterally extensive aquifer, the average storage coefficient S is 2×10-4 and the average transmissivity T is 6×10-7 m2 using the measured phase and the amplitude response. Calculation for the hydraulic diffusivity D with D=T/S, yields the reported value of D is 3×10-3 m2/s, which is two orders of magnitude larger than pump test values on the Chelungpu Fault which is the site of the Mw 7.6 Chi-Chi earthquake. If the value is representative of the fault zone, then this means the hydrology processes should have an effect on the earthquake rupture process. This measurement is done through continuous monitoring and we could track the evolution for hydraulic properties after Wenchuan earthquake. We observed the permeability decreases 35% per year. For the purpose of comparison, we convert the permeability measurements to into equivalent seismic velocity. The possible range of seismic wave velocity increase is 0.03%~ 0.8% per year. Our results are comparable to the results of the previous hydraulic and seismic studies after earthquakes. This temporal decrease of permeability may reflect the healing process after Wenchuan Earthquake.

Continuous Record of Permeability inside the Wenchuan Earthquake Fault Zone

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xue, L.; Li, H.; Brodsky, E. E.; Wang, H.; Pei, J.

2012-12-01

Faults are complex hydrogeological structures which include a highly permeable damage zone with fracture-dominated permeability. Since fractures are generated by earthquakes, we would expect that in the aftermath of a large earthquake, the permeability would be transiently high in a fault zone. Over time, the permeability may recover due to a combination of chemical and mechanical processes. However, the in situ fault zone hydrological properties are difficult to measure and have never been directly constrained on a fault zone immediately after a large earthquake. In this work, we use water level response to solid Earth tides to constrain the hydraulic properties inside the Wenchuan Earthquake Fault Zone. The transmissivity and storage determine the phase and amplitude response of the water level to the tidal loading. By measuring phase and amplitude response, we can constrain the average hydraulic properties of the damage zone at 800-1200 m below the surface (˜200-600 m from the principal slip zone). We use Markov chain Monte Carlo methods to evaluate the phase and amplitude responses and the corresponding errors for the largest semidiurnal Earth tide M2 in the time domain. The average phase lag is ˜30°, and the average amplitude response is 6×10-7 strain/m. Assuming an isotropic, homogenous and laterally extensive aquifer, the average storage coefficient S is 2×10-4 and the average transmissivity T is 6×10-7 m2 using the measured phase and the amplitude response. Calculation for the hydraulic diffusivity D with D=T/S, yields the reported value of D is 3×10-3 m2/s, which is two orders of magnitude larger than pump test values on the Chelungpu Fault which is the site of the Mw 7.6 Chi-Chi earthquake. If the value is representative of the fault zone, then this means the hydrology processes should have an effect on the earthquake rupture process. This measurement is done through continuous monitoring and we could track the evolution for hydraulic properties after Wenchuan earthquake. We observed the permeability decreases 35% per year. For the purpose of comparison, we convert the permeability measurements to into equivalent seismic velocity. The possible range of seismic wave velocity increase is 0.03%~ 0.8% per year. Our results are comparable to the results of the previous hydraulic and seismic studies after earthquakes. This temporal decrease of permeability may reflect the healing process after Wenchuan Earthquake.

Exposure-Response Analysis of Micafungin in Neonatal Candidiasis: Pooled Analysis of Two Clinical Trials.

PubMed

Kovanda, Laura L; Walsh, Thomas J; Benjamin, Daniel K; Arrieta, Antonio; Kaufman, David A; Smith, P Brian; Manzoni, Paolo; Desai, Amit V; Kaibara, Atsunori; Bonate, Peter L; Hope, William W

2018-06-01

Neonatal candidiasis causes significant morbidity and mortality in high risk infants. The micafungin dosage regimen of 10 mg/kg established for the treatment of neonatal candidiasis is based on a laboratory animal model of neonatal hematogenous Candida meningoencephalitis and pharmacokinetic (PK)-pharmacodynamic (PD) bridging studies. However, little is known about the how these PK-PD data translate clinically. Micafungin plasma concentrations from infants were used to construct a population PK model using Pmetrics software. Bayesian posterior estimates for infants with invasive candidiasis were used to evaluate the relationship between drug exposure and mycologic response using logistic regression. Sixty-four infants 3-119 days of age were included, of which 29 (45%) infants had invasive candidiasis. A 2-compartment PK model fits the data well. Allometric scaling was applied to clearance and volume normalized to the mean population weight (kg). The mean (standard deviation) estimates for clearance and volume in the central compartment were 0.07 (0.05) L/h/1.8 kg and 0.61 (0.53) L/1.8 kg, respectively. No relationship between average daily area under concentration-time curve or average daily area under concentration-time curve:minimum inhibitory concentration ratio and mycologic response was demonstrated (P > 0.05). Although not statistically significant, mycologic response was numerically higher when area under concentration-time curves were at or above the PD target. While a significant exposure-response relationship was not found, PK-PD experiments support higher exposures of micafungin in infants with invasive candidiasis. More patients would clarify this relationship; however, low incidence deters the feasibility of these studies.

Assistant for Specifying Quality Software (ASQS) Mission Area Analysis

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-12-01

somewhat arbitrary, it was a reasonable and fast approach for partitioning the mission and software domains. The MAD builds on work done by Boeing Aerospace...Reliability ++ Reliability +++ Response 2: NO Discussion: A NO response implies intermittent burns -- most likely to perform attitude control functions...Propulsion Reliability +++ Reliability ++ 4-15 4.8.3 Query BT.3 Query: For intermittent thruster firing requirements, will the average burn time be less than

Disaster Response Preparedness and Training: A Capabilities Assessment of the Asia Pacific Military Health Exchange

DTIC Science & Technology

2018-02-01

that may relate to them. Qualified requestors may obtain copies of this report from the Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) (http...report is published in the interest of scientific and technical information exchange, and its publication does not constitute the Government’s...collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources

Programming Retinal Stem Cells into Cone Photoreceptors

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-12-01

0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response , including the time for reviewing...development. 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT 18. NUMBER OF PAGES 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON USAMRMC a. REPORT...PERIOD: Nothing to report. This is the final report for this award. However, using funds from philanthropic sources we have recently secured (11/2015

Care for the Critically Injured Burn Patient Modulation of Burn Scars Through Laser Deliver of Stem Cells

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-10-01

average 1 hour per response , including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed...dermal remodeling 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT 18. NUMBER OF PAGES 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON USAMRMC a...evaluations made prior to each biopsy. The initial grading system took into account vascularity , pliability, color, contour, texture, and

Tied Mixtures in the Lincoln Robust CSR

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-01-01

reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response , including the time for reviewing instructions, searching...TITLE AND SUBTITLE Tied Mixtures in the Lincoln Robust CSR 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d...ABSTRACT 18. NUMBER OF PAGES 10 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON a. REPORT unclassified b. ABSTRACT unclassified c. THIS PAGE unclassified

Co Modeling and Co Synthesis of Safety Critical Multi threaded Embedded Software for Multi Core Embedded Platforms

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-03-20

computation, Prime Implicates, Boolean Abstraction, real- time embedded software, software synthesis, correct by construction software design , model...types for time -dependent data-flow networks". J.-P. Talpin, P. Jouvelot, S. Shukla. ACM-IEEE Conference on Methods and Models for System Design ...information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing   data sources, gathering and

Marine Fuel Cell Technology Verification Trainer Program: Operator Curriculum Development

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-06-01

collection of tnormiratin is estimiate to average 1 hour per response, Including the time INr reviewing InatruCtlona. ear-ching existing =ata aourcas...guidelines and standards are provided. With the anticipation that up to several years’ delay will occur between the time of this report and the maturity of...reference only, given as foundation sources available at the time of this project. The supplemental references to published materials are considered the

Graph Based Models for Unsupervised High Dimensional Data Clustering and Network Analysis

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-01-01

ApprovedOMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for...algorithms we proposed improve the time e ciency signi cantly for large scale datasets. In the last chapter, we also propose an incremental reseeding...plume detection in hyper-spectral video data. These graph based clustering algorithms we proposed improve the time efficiency significantly for large

Applicability of Deep-Learning Technology for Relative Object-Based Navigation

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-09-01

burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing...possible selections for navigating an unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) is through real- time visual odometry. To navigate in such an environment, the UGV...UGV) is through real- time visual odometry. To navigate in such an environment, the UGV needs to be able to detect, identify, and relate the static

Effects of Commuting Distance on Participation Rates for Obligated Selected Marine Corps Reserves

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-12-01

be beneficial to gather feedback on if the Marine feels the compensation for their time and travel is adequate. This feedback could help shape what...regions, I would recommend increasing the reimbursement program cap to assist in the compensation for time and travel . 37 LIST OF REFERENCES...reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching

Equipment for the Transient Capture of Chaotic Microwave Signals

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-09-14

estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the... times are needed and over-sampling by a factor of 8 is required so that the effective number of bits can be increased from the actual bit resolution... time acquisition of transient signals with analog bandwidths up to 70 GHz for one channel, and 30 GHz for two channels.. Training Opportunities

Computing Flow through Well Screens Using an Embedded Well Technique

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-08-01

average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed...necessary to solve the continuity equation and the momentum equation using small time - steps . With the assumption that the well flow reaches...well system so that much greater time - steps can be used for computation. The 1D steady- state well equation can be written as well well well well well

Development of Vector Parabolic Equation Technique for Propagation in Urban and Tunnel Environments

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-09-01

relativistic quantum mechanics J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 16 1869–84 [8] Nottale L 1995 Scale relativity, fractal space- time and quantum mechanics Quantum...proportional to the “ time ” elapsed. By performing various approximations to the transfer function, several approximate absorbing boundary condi- tions...The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing

System Analysis and Design of a Low-Cost Micromechanical Seeker System

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-06-01

reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching...who devoted a valuable amount of time to advising me with academic coursework as well as thesis research. Dan, your attention to detail and ability...never have come to be. Many thanks to Sean George, who sacrificed his valuable time to guide me through constructing the projectile flight simulation

Herbarium specimens can reveal impacts of climate change on plant phenology; a review of methods and applications.

PubMed

Jones, Casey A; Daehler, Curtis C

2018-01-01

Studies in plant phenology have provided some of the best evidence for large-scale responses to recent climate change. Over the last decade, more than thirty studies have used herbarium specimens to analyze changes in flowering phenology over time, although studies from tropical environments are thus far generally lacking. In this review, we summarize the approaches and applications used to date. Reproductive plant phenology has primarily been analyzed using two summary statistics, the mean flowering day of year and first-flowering day of year, but mean flowering day has proven to be a more robust statistic. Two types of regression models have been applied to test for associations between flowering, temperature and time: flowering day regressed on year and flowering day regressed on temperature. Most studies analyzed the effect of temperature by averaging temperatures from three months prior to the date of flowering. On average, published studies have used 55 herbarium specimens per species to characterize changes in phenology over time, but in many cases fewer specimens were used. Geospatial grid data are increasingly being used for determining average temperatures at herbarium specimen collection locations, allowing testing for finer scale correspondence between phenology and climate. Multiple studies have shown that inferences from herbarium specimen data are comparable to findings from systematically collected field observations. Understanding phenological responses to climate change is a crucial step towards recognizing implications for higher trophic levels and large-scale ecosystem processes. As herbaria are increasingly being digitized worldwide, more data are becoming available for future studies. As temperatures continue to rise globally, herbarium specimens are expected to become an increasingly important resource for analyzing plant responses to climate change.

Modulation of a methane Bunsen flame by upstream perturbations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

de Souza, T. Cardoso; Bastiaans, R. J. M.; De Goey, L. P. H.; Geurts, B. J.

2017-04-01

In this paper the effects of an upstream spatially periodic modulation acting on a turbulent Bunsen flame are investigated using direct numerical simulations of the Navier-Stokes equations coupled with the flamelet generated manifold (FGM) method to parameterise the chemistry. The premixed Bunsen flame is spatially agitated with a set of coherent large-scale structures of specific wave-number, K. The response of the premixed flame to the external modulation is characterised in terms of time-averaged properties, e.g. the average flame height ⟨H⟩ and the flame surface wrinkling ⟨W⟩. Results show that the flame response is notably selective to the size of the length scales used for agitation. For example, both flame quantities ⟨H⟩ and ⟨W⟩ present an optimal response, in comparison with an unmodulated flame, when the modulation scale is set to relatively low wave-numbers, 4π/L ≲ K ≲ 6π/L, where L is a characteristic scale. At the agitation scales where the optimal response is observed, the average flame height, ⟨H⟩, takes a clearly defined minimal value while the surface wrinkling, ⟨W⟩, presents an increase by more than a factor of 2 in comparison with the unmodulated reference case. Combined, these two response quantities indicate that there is an optimal scale for flame agitation and intensification of combustion rates in turbulent Bunsen flames.

Responses of a 58-story RC dual core shear wall and outrigger frame building inferred from two earthquakes

USGS Publications Warehouse

Çelebi, Mehmet

2016-01-01

Responses of a dual core shear-wall and outrigger-framed 58-story building recorded during the Mw6.0 Napa earthquake of 24 August 2014 and the Mw3.8 Berkeley earthquake of 20 October 2011 are used to identify its dynamic characteristics and behavior. Fundamental frequencies are 0.28 Hz (NS), 0.25 Hz (EW), and 0.43 Hz (torsional). Rigid body motions due to rocking are not significant. Average drift ratios are small. Outrigger frames do not affect average drift ratios or mode shapes. Local site effects do not affect the response; however, response associated with deeper structure may be substantial. A beating effect is observed from data of both earthquakes but beating periods are not consistent. Low critical damping ratios may have contributed to the beating effect. Torsion is relatively larger above outriggers as indicated by the time-histories of motions at the roof, possibly due to the discontinuity of the stiffer shear walls above level 47.

Timing of Survey Administration After Hospice Patient Death: Stability of Bereaved Respondents.

PubMed

DiBiasio, Eleanor L; Clark, Melissa A; Gozalo, Pedro L; Spence, Carol; Casarett, David J; Teno, Joan M

2015-07-01

The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services have elected to include a bereaved family member survey in public reporting of hospice quality data as mandated in the Affordable Care Act. However, it is not known what time point after death offers the most reliable responses. To examine the stability of bereaved family members' survey responses when administered three, six, and nine months after hospice patient death. Bereaved family members from six geographically diverse hospices were interviewed three, six, and nine months after patient death. All respondents completed a core survey. Those whose family member died at home, in a freestanding inpatient unit, or in a nursing home also completed a site-specific module. Stability was based on top-box scoring of each item with kappa statistics, and multivariable regression models were used to assess directionality and predictors of change. To analyze the effects of grief, we assessed response stability among respondents at least one SD from the mean change in grief between three and six months. We had 1532 surveys (536 three-month surveys, 529 six-month surveys, and 467 nine-month surveys) returned by 643 respondents (average age 61.7 years, 17.4% black, and 50.5% a child respondent) about hospice decedents (55.3% females, average age 78.6 years, 57.0% noncancer, and 40.0% at home). The average kappa for core items between three and nine months was 0.54 (range 0.42-0.74), 0.58 (0.41-0.69) for home-specific items, and 0.54 (0.39-0.63) for nursing home. Even among individuals demonstrating large grief changes, core items demonstrated moderate to high stability over time. Bereaved family member responses are stable between three and nine months after the death of the patient. Copyright © 2015 American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Reliability Analysis of Time to Complete the Obstacle Course Portion of the Load Effects Assessment Program (LEAP)

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-10-25

TIME TO COMPLETE THE OBSTACLE COURSE PORTION OF THE LOAD EFFECTS ASSESSMENT PROGRAM (LEAP) by K. Blake Mitchell Jessica M. Batty Megan E...Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for...2014 – June 2015 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF TIME TO COMPLETE THE OBSTACLE COURSE PORTION OF THE LOAD EFFECTS ASSESSMENT PROGRAM

Time-Domain Full-Wave Modeling of Nonlinear Air Breakdown in High-Power Microwave Devices and Systems

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-09-30

AFRL-RD-PS- AFRL-RD-PS- TR-2017-0047 TR-2017-0047 TIME -DOMAIN FULL-WAVE MODELING OF NONLINEAR AIR BREAKDOWN IN HIGH-POWER MICROWAVE...Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions...TITLE AND SUBTITLE Time -Domain Full-Wave Modeling of Nonlinear Air Breakdown in High-Power Microwave Devices and Systems 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b

Pump-Probe Noise Spectroscopy of Molecular Junctions.

PubMed

Ochoa, Maicol A; Selzer, Yoram; Peskin, Uri; Galperin, Michael

2015-02-05

The slow response of electronic components in junctions limits the direct applicability of pump-probe type spectroscopy in assessing the intramolecular dynamics. Recently the possibility of getting information on a sub-picosecond time scale from dc current measurements was proposed. We revisit the idea of picosecond resolution by pump-probe spectroscopy from dc measurements and show that any intramolecular dynamics not directly related to charge transfer in the current direction is missed by current measurements. We propose a pump-probe dc shot noise spectroscopy as a suitable alternative. Numerical examples of time-dependent and average responses of junctions are presented for generic models.

78 FR 3407 - Proposed Information Collection; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-16

... technical assistance programs by administering pre- and post-test instruments to participants. CNCS will.... Frequency: Annually. Average Time Per Response: Five minutes for the pre-test and 5 minutes for the post... analysis of client satisfaction feedback with aggregations of post training-participant evaluations...

Are Kids Merely Marking Time at School?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

American School Board Journal, 1985

1985-01-01

Findings from three studies indicate that the average student is remarkably unquestioning and that the school day is fragmented. The "shopping mall" high school that lets students do their own choosing may be an abdication of the school's responsibility to advise and challenge every student. (MLF)

The influence of tyre transient side force properties on vehicle lateral acceleration for a time-varying vertical force

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Takahashi, Toshimichi

2018-05-01

The tyre model which formerly developed by the author et al. and describes the tyre transient responses of side force and aligning moment under the time-varying vertical force was implemented to the vehicle dynamics simulation software and the influence of tyre side force transient property on the vehicle behaviour was investigated. The vehicle responses with/without tyre transient property on sinusoidally undulated road surfaces were simulated and compared. It was found that the average lateral acceleration of the vehicle at the sinusoidal steering wheel angle input decreases on the undulated road of long wavelength (3 m) for both cases, but when the wavelength becomes shorter (1 m), the average lateral acceleration increases only in the case that the transient property is considered. The cause of those changes is explained by using the tyre-related variables. Also the steady-state turning behaviour of the vehicle on undulated roads are shown and discussed.

A COCHLEAR MODEL USING THE TIME-AVERAGED LAGRANGIAN AND THE PUSH-PULL MECHANISM IN THE ORGAN OF CORTI.

PubMed

Yoon, Yongjin; Puria, Sunil; Steele, Charles R

2009-09-05

In our previous work, the basilar membrane velocity V(BM) for a gerbil cochlea was calculated and compared with physiological measurements. The calculated V(BM) showed excessive phase excursion and, in the active case, a best-frequency place shift of approximately two fifths of an octave higher. Here we introduce a refined model that uses the time-averaged Lagrangian for the conservative system to resolve the phase excursion issues. To improve the overestimated best-frequency place found in the previous feed-forward active model, we implement in the new model a push-pull mechanism from the outer hair cells and phalangeal process. Using this new model, the V(BM) for the gerbil cochlea was calculated and compared with animal measurements, The results show excellent agreement for mapping the location of the maximum response to frequency, while the agreement for the response at a fixed point as a function of frequency is excellent for the amplitude and good for the phase.

A COCHLEAR MODEL USING THE TIME-AVERAGED LAGRANGIAN AND THE PUSH-PULL MECHANISM IN THE ORGAN OF CORTI

PubMed Central

YOON, YONGJIN; PURIA, SUNIL; STEELE, CHARLES R.

2010-01-01

In our previous work, the basilar membrane velocity VBM for a gerbil cochlea was calculated and compared with physiological measurements. The calculated VBM showed excessive phase excursion and, in the active case, a best-frequency place shift of approximately two fifths of an octave higher. Here we introduce a refined model that uses the time-averaged Lagrangian for the conservative system to resolve the phase excursion issues. To improve the overestimated best-frequency place found in the previous feed-forward active model, we implement in the new model a push-pull mechanism from the outer hair cells and phalangeal process. Using this new model, the VBM for the gerbil cochlea was calculated and compared with animal measurements, The results show excellent agreement for mapping the location of the maximum response to frequency, while the agreement for the response at a fixed point as a function of frequency is excellent for the amplitude and good for the phase. PMID:20485540

The effect of a turbulent wake on the stagnation point. II - Heat transfer results

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hanford, Anthony J.; Wilson, Dennis E.

1992-01-01

A phenomenological model is proposed which relates the effects of freestream turbulence to the increase in stagnation point heat transfer. The model requires both turbulence intensity and energy spectra as inputs to the unsteady velocity at the edge of the boundary layer. The form of the edge velocity contains both a pulsation of the incoming flow and an oscillation of the streamlines. The incompressible unsteady and time-averaged boundary layer response is determined by solving the momentum and energy equations. The model allows for arbitary two-dimensional geometry, however, results are given only for a circular cylinder. The time-averaged Nusselt number is determined theoretically and compared to existing experimental data.

High Average Power Laser Gain Medium With Low Optical Distortion Using A Transverse Flowing Liquid Host

DOEpatents

Comaskey, Brian J.; Ault, Earl R.; Kuklo, Thomas C.

2005-07-05

A high average power, low optical distortion laser gain media is based on a flowing liquid media. A diode laser pumping device with tailored irradiance excites the laser active atom, ion or molecule within the liquid media. A laser active component of the liquid media exhibits energy storage times longer than or comparable to the thermal optical response time of the liquid. A circulation system that provides a closed loop for mixing and circulating the lasing liquid into and out of the optical cavity includes a pump, a diffuser, and a heat exchanger. A liquid flow gain cell includes flow straighteners and flow channel compression.

Engaging narratives evoke similar neural activity and lead to similar time perception.

PubMed

Cohen, Samantha S; Henin, Simon; Parra, Lucas C

2017-07-04

It is said that we lose track of time - that "time flies" - when we are engrossed in a story. How does engagement with the story cause this distorted perception of time, and what are its neural correlates? People commit both time and attentional resources to an engaging stimulus. For narrative videos, attentional engagement can be represented as the level of similarity between the electroencephalographic responses of different viewers. Here we show that this measure of neural engagement predicted the duration of time that viewers were willing to commit to narrative videos. Contrary to popular wisdom, engagement did not distort the average perception of time duration. Rather, more similar brain responses resulted in a more uniform perception of time across viewers. These findings suggest that by capturing the attention of an audience, narrative videos bring both neural processing and the subjective perception of time into synchrony.

A Comparative Analysis between GIMSS NDVIg and NDVI3g for Monitoring Vegetation Activity Change in the Northern Hemisphere during 1982-2008

DOE PAGES

Jiang, Nan; Zhu, Wenquan; Zheng, Zhoutao; ...

2013-08-12

The long-term Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) time-series data set generated from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometers (AVHRR) has been widely used to monitor vegetation activity change. The third version of NDVI (NDVI3g) produced by the Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) group was released recently. The comparisons between the new and old versions should be conducted for linking existing studies with future applications of NDVI3g in monitoring vegetation activity change. Based on simple and piecewise linear regression methods, this research made a comparative analysis between NDVIg and NDVI3g for monitoring vegetation activity change and its responses tomore » climate change in the middle and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere during 1982–2008. Our results indicated that there were large differences between NDVIg and NDVI3g in the spatial patterns for both the overall changing trends and the timing of Turning Points (TP) in NDVI time series, which spread over almost the entire study region. The average NDVI trend from NDVI3g was almost twice as great as that from NDVIg and the detected average timing of TP from NDVI3g was about one year later. Although the general spatial patterns were consistent between two data sets for detecting the responses of growing-season NDVI to temperature and precipitation changes, there were large differences in the response magnitude, with a higher response magnitude to temperature in NDVI3g and an opposite response to precipitation change for the two data sets. Finally, these results demonstrated that the NDVIg data set may underestimate the vegetation activity change trend and its response to climate change in the middle and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere during the past three decades.« less

A noninvasive brain computer interface using visually-induced near-infrared spectroscopy responses.

PubMed

Chen, Cheng-Hsuan; Ho, Ming-Shan; Shyu, Kuo-Kai; Hsu, Kou-Cheng; Wang, Kuo-Wei; Lee, Po-Lei

2014-09-19

Visually-induced near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) response was utilized to design a brain computer interface (BCI) system. Four circular checkerboards driven by distinct flickering sequences were displayed on a LCD screen as visual stimuli to induce subjects' NIRS responses. Each flickering sequence was a concatenated sequence of alternative flickering segments and resting segments. The flickering segment was designed with fixed duration of 3s whereas the resting segment was chosen randomly within 15-20s to create the mutual independencies among different flickering sequences. Six subjects were recruited in this study and subjects were requested to gaze at the four visual stimuli one-after-one in a random order. Since visual responses in human brain are time-locked to the onsets of visual stimuli and the flicker sequences of distinct visual stimuli were designed mutually independent, the NIRS responses induced by user's gazed targets can be discerned from non-gazed targets by applying a simple averaging process. The accuracies for the six subjects were higher than 90% after 10 or more epochs being averaged. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Evaluation of transit-time and electromagnetic flow measurement in a chronically instrumented nonhuman primate model.

PubMed

Koenig, S C; Reister, C A; Schaub, J; Swope, R D; Ewert, D; Fanton, J W

1996-01-01

The Physiology Research Branch at Brooks AFB conducts both human and nonhuman primate experiments to determine the effects of microgravity and hypergravity on the cardiovascular system and to identify the particular mechanisms that invoke these responses. Primary investigative efforts in our nonhuman primate model require the determination of total peripheral resistance, systemic arterial compliance, and pressure-volume loop characteristics. These calculations require beat-to-beat measurement of aortic flow. This study evaluated accuracy, linearity, biocompatability, and anatomical features of commercially available electromagnetic (EMF) and transit-time flow measurement techniques. Five rhesus monkeys were instrumented with either EMF (3 subjects) or transit-time (2 subjects) flow sensors encircling the proximal ascending aorta. Cardiac outputs computed from these transducers taken over ranges of 0.5 to 2.0 L/min were compared to values obtained using thermodilution. In vivo experiments demonstrated that the EMF probe produced an average error of 15% (r = .896) and 8.6% average linearity per reading, and the transit-time flow probe produced an average error of 6% (r = .955) and 5.3% average linearity per reading. Postoperative performance and biocompatability of the probes were maintained throughout the study. The transit-time sensors provided the advantages of greater accuracy, smaller size, and lighter weight than the EMF probes. In conclusion, the characteristic features and performance of the transit-time sensors were superior to those of the EMF sensors in this study.

Evaluation of transit-time and electromagnetic flow measurement in a chronically instrumented nonhuman primate model

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Koenig, S. C.; Reister, C. A.; Schaub, J.; Swope, R. D.; Ewert, D.; Fanton, J. W.; Convertino, V. A. (Principal Investigator)

1996-01-01

The Physiology Research Branch at Brooks AFB conducts both human and nonhuman primate experiments to determine the effects of microgravity and hypergravity on the cardiovascular system and to identify the particular mechanisms that invoke these responses. Primary investigative efforts in our nonhuman primate model require the determination of total peripheral resistance, systemic arterial compliance, and pressure-volume loop characteristics. These calculations require beat-to-beat measurement of aortic flow. This study evaluated accuracy, linearity, biocompatability, and anatomical features of commercially available electromagnetic (EMF) and transit-time flow measurement techniques. Five rhesus monkeys were instrumented with either EMF (3 subjects) or transit-time (2 subjects) flow sensors encircling the proximal ascending aorta. Cardiac outputs computed from these transducers taken over ranges of 0.5 to 2.0 L/min were compared to values obtained using thermodilution. In vivo experiments demonstrated that the EMF probe produced an average error of 15% (r = .896) and 8.6% average linearity per reading, and the transit-time flow probe produced an average error of 6% (r = .955) and 5.3% average linearity per reading. Postoperative performance and biocompatability of the probes were maintained throughout the study. The transit-time sensors provided the advantages of greater accuracy, smaller size, and lighter weight than the EMF probes. In conclusion, the characteristic features and performance of the transit-time sensors were superior to those of the EMF sensors in this study.

Deceptive Tactics for Protecting Cities Against Vehicle Borne Improvised Explosive Devices

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-03-01

burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching...INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK xiii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ABS Agent Based Simulation ANA Agent Network Attack DVF Detection Value Function GIS Geographic...any other behavior (than perceptive) may be advantageous to the attacker. - A communicative behavior proves particularly effective over time for the

Numerical Modeling of the Vertical Heat Transport Through the Diffusive Layer of the Arctic Ocean

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-03-01

vertical heat transport through Arctic thermohaline staircases over time . Re-engaging in the inverse modeling technique that was started by Chaplin ...reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching...function. ........................................42 Figure 23. Temperature—Salinity plots for ITPs 1-6 (After Chaplin 2009

Effects of Repeated Acute Stress in Obese and Non-Obese Rats

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-04-02

22 . Corticosterone levels at time of sacrifice ......................................................... 11 0 Figure 23. Average daily food...minimize effects caused by order or time of day. Trunk blood was collected from all 40 animals to examine corticosterone levels in response to acute...were no effects of diet within Sprague- Dawleys on corticosterone level in those rats that had been re-exposed to restraint. Summary of Biological

Estrogen Receptor Mutants/Variants in Human Breast Cancer.

DTIC Science & Technology

1996-12-01

average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources,gathering and maintaining the data needed...Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188...we identified, for the first time , the expression of exon deleted progesterone receptor (PR) mRNAs in both normal and neoplastic human breast tissues

Pathfinder. Volume 9, Number 2, March/April 2011

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-03-01

vides audio, video, desktop sharing and chat.” The platform offers a real-time, Web- based presentation tool to create information and general...collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources...gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information . Send comments regarding this burden estimate or

Hangar Fire Suppression Utilizing Novec 1230

DTIC Science & Technology

2018-01-01

The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing...fuel fires in aircraft hangars. A 30×30×8-ft concrete-and-steel test structure was constructed for this test series . Four discharge assemblies...structure. System discharge parameters---discharge time , discharge rate, and quantity of agent discharged---were adjusted to produce the desired Novec 1230

The 2009 Future Years Defense Program: Implications and Alternatives

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-02-04

be published, transmitted, or otherwise communicated by any print, broadcast, or electronic media before that time. Report Documentation Page Form...ApprovedOMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for...burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports , 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington

The NASA Meter Class Autonomous Telescope: Ascension Island

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-09-01

understand the debris environment by providing high fidelity data in a timely manner to protect satellites and spacecraft in orbit around the Earth...gigabytes of image data nightly. With fainter detection limits, precision detection, acquisition and tracking of targets, multi-color photometry ...ApprovedOMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for

Risk factors for absenteeism due to sick leave in the petroleum industry

PubMed Central

Oenning, Nágila Soares Xavier; Carvalho, Fernando Martins; Lima, Veronica Maria Cadena

2014-01-01

OBJECTIVE To identify risk factors for absenteeism among workers with sick leave in an oil company. METHODS A case-control study (120 cases and 656 controls) nested in a retrospective cohort study following up all employees of an oil company in the North-Northeast of Brazil from 2007 to 2009. The response variable used to represent absenteeism with sick leave was the average incidence of sick leave, defined as the ratio between total sick days and potential working days in the period. Logistic regression techniques were used to investigate the association between average incidence of sick leave > 5.0% over the period and the variables sex, position, age, time at work, shift work, smoking, arterial hypertension, body mass index, physical activity, coronary risk, sleep, glycemia, non-managed diabetes, cardiovascular, digestive, musculoskeletal, neurological and neoplastic diseases, straining body positioning during work, satisfaction at work, relationship with management, and concentrated attention at work. RESULTS Average incidence of sick leave higher than 5.0% in the cohort period was 15.5%. The logistic model revealed that workers with average incidence of sick leave higher than 5.0% were 2.6 times more likely to be female; 2.0 time more likely to be smokers; 1.8 time more likely to be former smokers; 2.2 times more likely to report abnormal sleep and 10.5 times more likely to report dissatisfaction with their than workers with average incidence of sick leave ≤ 5.0% in the period. CONCLUSIONS In this population, female gender, being a smoker or a former smoker, reporting dissatisfaction with the job and reporting abnormal sleep are good predictors of occupational absenteeism with sick leave. PMID:24789643

The first 7 years of the metropolitan fire brigade emergency responder program – an overview of incidents attended

PubMed Central

Boyle, Malcolm J; Williams, Brett; Bibby, Colin; Morton, Allan; Huggins, Chris

2010-01-01

Purpose The Melbourne Metropolitan Fire and Emergency Services Board (MFESB) was the first fire service in Australia to implement a service-wide emergency medical response (EMR) program in 2001. No additional scientific analysis of the first responder program has been reported since the pilot program. The objective of this study was to report the first 7 years of responses by firefighters as first responders. Patients and methods The MFESB have three separate datasets with cardiac arrest information: (i) callout record; (ii) patient care record; and (iii) cardiac arrest record, including data from the automatic external defibrillator. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the demographic and specific outcome data. Ethics approval was granted. Results A total of 8227 incidents were attended over the first 7 years. The most incidents attended were cardiac arrest 54% (n = 4450) followed by other medical 19% (n = 1579), and drug overdose 11% (n = 908); the remainder were <10% each. Sixty-three percent of incidents involved males. Average age was 57.2 years, median age 63 years, range from <1 month to 101 years; average response time was 6.1 minutes, median response time 5.6 minutes, range from 9 seconds to 31.5 minutes. Firefighters provided “initial care” in 57% and assisted in 26% of the incidents. Firefighters spent on average 4.8 minutes with the patient before handing over to paramedics; median 3.9 minutes, range of a few seconds to 39.2 minutes. Conclusion This study suggests that the MFESB EMR program is providing firefighter first responders to emergency situations in a short timeframe to assist the ambulance service. PMID:27147841

Long-term response of total ozone content at different latitudes of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres caused by solar activity during 1958-2006 (results of regression analysis)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krivolutsky, Alexei A.; Nazarova, Margarita; Knyazeva, Galina

Solar activity influences on atmospheric photochemical system via its changebale electromag-netic flux with eleven-year period and also by energetic particles during solar proton event (SPE). Energetic particles penetrate mostly into polar regions and induce additional produc-tion of NOx and HOx chemical compounds, which can destroy ozone in photochemical catalytic cycles. Solar irradiance variations cause in-phase variability of ozone in accordance with photo-chemical theory. However, real ozone response caused by these two factors, which has different physical nature, is not so clear on long-term time scale. In order to understand the situation multiply linear regression statistical method was used. Three data series, which covered the period 1958-2006, have been used to realize such analysis: yearly averaged total ozone at dif-ferent latitudes (World Ozone Data Centre, Canada, WMO); yearly averaged proton fluxes with E¿ 10 MeV ( IMP, GOES, METEOR satellites); yearly averaged numbers of solar spots (Solar Data). Then, before the analysis, the data sets of ozone deviations from the mean values for whole period (1958-2006) at each latitudinal belt were prepared. The results of multiply regression analysis (two factors) revealed rather complicated time-dependent behavior of ozone response with clear negative peaks for the years of strong SPEs. The magnitudes of such peaks on annual mean basis are not greater than 10 DU. The unusual effect -positive response of ozone to solar proton activity near both poles-was discovered by statistical analysis. The pos-sible photochemical nature of found effect is discussed. This work was supported by Russian Science Foundation for Basic Research (grant 09-05-009949) and by the contract 1-6-08 under Russian Sub-Program "Research and Investigation of Antarctica".

Timing of Survey Administration After Hospice Patient Death: Stability of Bereaved Respondents

PubMed Central

DiBiasio, Eleanor L.; Clark, Melissa A.; Gozalo, Pedro L.; Spence, Carol; Casarett, David J.; Teno, Joan M.

2017-01-01

Context The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services have elected to include a bereaved family member survey in public reporting of hospice quality data as mandated in the Affordable Care Act. However, it is not known what timepoint after death offers the most reliable responses. Objectives To examine the stability of bereaved family members’ survey responses when administered three, six and nine months after hospice patient death. Methods Bereaved family members from six geographically diverse hospices were interviewed three, six, and nine months after patient death. All respondents completed a core survey. Those whose family member died at home, in a free-standing inpatient unit, or in a nursing home also completed a site-specific module. Stability was based on top-box scoring of each item with kappa statistics, and multivariable regression models were used to assess directionality and predictors of change. To analyze the effects of grief, we assessed response stability among respondents at least one standard deviation from the mean change in grief between three and six months. Results We had 1532 surveys (536 three-month surveys, 529 six-month surveys, and 467 nine-month surveys) returned by 643 respondents (average age 61.7 years, 17.4% Black, 50.5% a child respondent) about hospice decedents (55.3% female, average age 78.6 years, 57.0% non-cancer, 40.0% at home.) The average kappa for core items between three and nine months was 0.54 (range: 0.42-0.74), 0.58 (0.41-0.69) for home-specific items, and 0.54 (0.39-0.63) for nursing home. Even among individuals demonstrating large grief changes, core items demonstrated moderate to high stability over time. Conclusion Bereaved family member responses are stable between three and nine months after the death of the patient. PMID:25647420

The role of dopamine in the timing of Pavlovian conditioned keypecking in ring doves.

PubMed

Ohyama, T; Horvitz, J C; Kitsos, E; Balsam, P D

2001-01-01

The effect of dopaminergic drugs on the timing of conditioned keypecking in ring doves was studied in two experiments. Subjects were given pairings of a keylight with food and the temporal distribution of keypecks was obtained during unreinforced probe trials. Experiment 1 demonstrated that injections of pimozide before each session immediately decreased response rates but shifted timing distributions gradually to the right over several days of treatment. Experiment 2 showed similar results using a longer interstimulus interval (ISI). No shifts were observed when the drug was injected after training sessions, or when a delay, identical to each subject's average latency to eat during the drug condition, was inserted between keylight offset and food presentation. Consequently, the shifts in timing were mediated neither by mere accumulation of the drug nor a delay from keylight offset to food presentation resulting from the drug's ability to slow motor processes. The results suggest that pimozide modulates response rate through its effect on motor processes or incentive value, and response timing through a conditioned response (CR) to injection-related cues established via their repeated pairings with the drug.

Stabilization of time domain acoustic boundary element method for the interior problem with impedance boundary conditions.

PubMed

Jang, Hae-Won; Ih, Jeong-Guon

2012-04-01

The time domain boundary element method (BEM) is associated with numerical instability that typically stems from the time marching scheme. In this work, a formulation of time domain BEM is derived to deal with all types of boundary conditions adopting a multi-input, multi-output, infinite impulse response structure. The fitted frequency domain impedance data are converted into a time domain expression as a form of an infinite impulse response filter, which can also invoke a modeling error. In the calculation, the response at each time step is projected onto the wave vector space of natural radiation modes, which can be obtained from the eigensolutions of the single iterative matrix. To stabilize the computation, unstable oscillatory modes are nullified, and the same decay rate is used for two nonoscillatory modes. As a test example, a transient sound field within a partially lined, parallelepiped box is used, within which a point source is excited by an octave band impulse. In comparison with the results of the inverse Fourier transform of a frequency domain BEM, the average of relative difference norm in the stabilized time response is found to be 4.4%.

Method of detecting system function by measuring frequency response

DOEpatents

Morrison, John L.; Morrison, William H.

2008-07-01

Real time battery impedance spectrum is acquired using one time record, Compensated Synchronous Detection (CSD). This parallel method enables battery diagnostics. The excitation current to a test battery is a sum of equal amplitude sin waves of a few frequencies spread over range of interest. The time profile of this signal has duration that is a few periods of the lowest frequency. The voltage response of the battery, average deleted, is the impedance of the battery in the time domain. Since the excitation frequencies are known, synchronous detection processes the time record and each component, both magnitude and phase, is obtained. For compensation, the components, except the one of interest, are reassembled in the time domain. The resulting signal is subtracted from the original signal and the component of interest is synchronously detected. This process is repeated for each component.

Method of Detecting System Function by Measuring Frequency Response

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Morrison, John L. (Inventor); Morrison, William H. (Inventor)

2008-01-01

Real time battery impedance spectrum is acquired using one time record, Compensated Synchronous Detection (CSD). This parallel method enables battery diagnostics. The excitation current to a test battery is a sum of equal amplitude sin waves of a few frequencies spread over range of interest. The time profile of this signal has duration that is a few periods of the lowest frequency. The voltage response of the battery, average deleted, is the impedance of the battery in the time domain. Since the excitation frequencies are known, synchronous detection processes the time record and each component, both magnitude and phase, is obtained. For compensation, the components, except the one of interest, are reassembled in the time domain. The resulting signal is subtracted from the original signal and the component of interest is synchronously detected. This process is repeated for each component.

Empirical Evaluation of Advanced Electromagnetic Induction Systems - Factors Affecting Classification Effectiveness in Challenging Geologic Environments

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-02-01

because of a variety of challenging conditions including (but not limited to) dense woods, long travel times to and from the site, and TEMTADS software...the following reasons: • Approximately 1.5 hours of travel time was needed after reaching the site each day to access the collection grids. • Daily...estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining

Faded Colors: From the Homeland Security Advisory System (HSAS) to the National Terrorism Advisory System (NTAS)

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-03-01

members of Class 0703–0704 (the Potato -Heads), of which I have many memories from our time spent in Shepherdstown, your status will always remain...have been issued during this time , no metrics are available to measure its effectiveness . The federal government, state and local governments, private...Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction

Does China Need a String of Pearls?

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-09-01

the Gwadar Hot Potato ,” Asia Times , May 28, 2011. 30 Maseeh Rahman, “Chinese plans in Seychelles revive Indian fears of encirclement,” The Guardian...idUSTRE7501U420110601 Lee, Peter. “China Drops the Gwadar Hot Potato .” Asia Times , May 28, 2011. http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/ME28Ad01.html Lister...of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering

From The Ground Up I: Light Pollution Sources in Flagstaff, Arizona

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-02-01

0188 Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing...Lighting Codes The 1989 lighting codes for the first time anywhere estab- lished overall limits on the amount of outdoor lighting. Origin- ally, four...fiducial time . It is important to note at least one category of lighting that we did not include or study, which may be a substantial contributor to the

Evaluation of the Combined Effects of Heat and Lighting on the Level of Attention and Reaction Time: Climate Chamber Experiments in Iran.

PubMed

Mohebian, Zohreh; Farhang Dehghan, Somayeh; Dehghan, Habiballah

2018-01-01

Heat exposure and unsuitable lighting are two physical hazardous agents in many workplaces for which there are some evidences regarding their mental effects. The purpose of this study was to assess the combined effect of heat exposure and different lighting levels on the attention rate and reaction time in a climatic chamber. This study was conducted on 33 healthy students (17 M/16 F) with a mean (±SD) age of 22.1 ± 2.3 years. The attention and reaction time test were done by continuous performance test and the RT meter, respectively, in different exposure conditions including the dry temperatures (22°C and 37°C) and lighting levels (200, 500, and 1500 lux). Findings demonstrated that increase in heat and lighting level caused a decrease in average attention percentage and correct responses and increase in commission error, omission error, and response time ( P < 0.05). The average of simple, diagnostic, two-color selective, and two-sound selective reaction times increased after combined exposure to heat and lighting ( P < 0.05). The results of this study indicated that, in job task which requires using cognitive functions like attention, vigilance, concentration, cautiousness, and reaction time, the work environment must be optimized in terms of heat and lighting level.

Identification of Genes and Genetic Variants Associated with Poor Treatment Response in Patients with Prostate Cancer

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-10-01

collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources...gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate...variants which explain much more than a small amount of risk for prostate cancer among a small population of men. Even less progress has been made

Death of the Westphalia State System, Implications for Future Military Employment

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-05-01

information is estimated to average 1 hour per response , including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and...16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT 18. NUMBER OF PAGES 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON McCoy, Jeffrey D. MAJ a...Black Hawk Down, 333. 8 of a world that was becoming more connected or “globalized” in which greater economic and social stability is achieved.6

The National Shipbuilding Research Program. Gainsharing-Employee Involvement in a Shipyard/Assembly Yard

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-06-01

Administration and U.S. NAVY in cooperation with Bethlehem Steel Corporation Marine Construction Division Report Documentation Page Form ApprovedOMB No...0704-0188 Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response , including the time for reviewing... RESPONSIBLE PERSON a. REPORT unclassified b. ABSTRACT unclassified c. THIS PAGE unclassified Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39

Phenologically-tuned MODIS NDVI-based production anomaly estimates for Zimbabwe

USGS Publications Warehouse

Funk, Chris; Budde, Michael E.

2009-01-01

For thirty years, simple crop water balance models have been used by the early warning community to monitor agricultural drought. These models estimate and accumulate actual crop evapotranspiration, evaluating environmental conditions based on crop water requirements. Unlike seasonal rainfall totals, these models take into account the phenology of the crop, emphasizing conditions during the peak grain filling phase of crop growth. In this paper we describe an analogous metric of crop performance based on time series of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) imagery. A special temporal filter is used to screen for cloud contamination. Regional NDVI time series are then composited for cultivated areas, and adjusted temporally according to the timing of the rainy season. This adjustment standardizes the NDVI response vis-??-vis the expected phenological response of maize. A national time series index is then created by taking the cropped-area weighted average of the regional series. This national time series provides an effective summary of vegetation response in agricultural areas, and allows for the identification of NDVI green-up during grain filling. Onset-adjusted NDVI values following the grain filling period are well correlated with U.S. Department of Agriculture production figures, possess desirable linear characteristics, and perform better than more common indices such as maximum seasonal NDVI or seasonally averaged NDVI. Thus, just as appropriately calibrated crop water balance models can provide more information than seasonal rainfall totals, the appropriate agro-phenological filtering of NDVI can improve the utility and accuracy of space-based agricultural monitoring.

78 FR 69748 - Agency Information Collection (

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-20

... INFORMATION CONTACT: Crystal Rennie, Enterprise Records Service (005R1B), Department of Veterans Affairs, 810 Vermont Avenue NW., Washington, DC 20420, (202) 632-7492 or email crystal[email protected] . Please refer to... hours. Estimated Average Burden Per Respondent: 75 minutes. Frequency of Response: One time. Estimated...

Combat Conditioning: The Need for Stronger Marines

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-02-18

shows how the average weight carried by warriors has increased over time. 3 “ CrossFit is a core strength and conditioning program...We have designed our program to elicit as broad an adaptational response as possible. CrossFit is not a specialized fitness program but a

Response of dwarf mistletoe-infested ponderosa pine to thinning: 1. Sapling growth.

Treesearch

James W. Barrett; Lewis F. Roth

1985-01-01

Observations of thinned ponderosa pine infested with dwarf mistletoe over a 17-year period suggests that on average or better Sites most infested stands can be managed to produce usable wood products in reasonable time, if trends found in juvenile stands continue.

Global signal modulation of single-trial fMRI response variability: Effect on positive vs negative BOLD response relationship.

PubMed

Mayhew, S D; Mullinger, K J; Ostwald, D; Porcaro, C; Bowtell, R; Bagshaw, A P; Francis, S T

2016-06-01

In functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the relationship between positive BOLD responses (PBRs) and negative BOLD responses (NBRs) to stimulation is potentially informative about the balance of excitatory and inhibitory brain responses in sensory cortex. In this study, we performed three separate experiments delivering visual, motor or somatosensory stimulation unilaterally, to one side of the sensory field, to induce PBR and NBR in opposite brain hemispheres. We then assessed the relationship between the evoked amplitudes of contralateral PBR and ipsilateral NBR at the level of both single-trial and average responses. We measure single-trial PBR and NBR peak amplitudes from individual time-courses, and show that they were positively correlated in all experiments. In contrast, in the average response across trials the absolute magnitudes of both PBR and NBR increased with increasing stimulus intensity, resulting in a negative correlation between mean response amplitudes. Subsequent analysis showed that the amplitude of single-trial PBR was positively correlated with the BOLD response across all grey-matter voxels and was not specifically related to the ipsilateral sensory cortical response. We demonstrate that the global component of this single-trial response modulation could be fully explained by voxel-wise vascular reactivity, the BOLD signal standard deviation measured in a separate resting-state scan (resting state fluctuation amplitude, RSFA). However, bilateral positive correlation between PBR and NBR regions remained. We further report that modulations in the global brain fMRI signal cannot fully account for this positive PBR-NBR coupling and conclude that the local sensory network response reflects a combination of superimposed vascular and neuronal signals. More detailed quantification of physiological and noise contributions to the BOLD signal is required to fully understand the trial-by-trial PBR and NBR relationship compared with that of average responses. Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Ultrasonic measurements of breast viscoelasticity.

PubMed

Sridhar, Mallika; Insana, Michael F

2007-12-01

In vivo measurements of the viscoelastic properties of breast tissue are described. Ultrasonic echo frames were recorded from volunteers at 5 fps while applying a uniaxial compressive force (1-20 N) within a 1 s ramp time and holding the force constant for up to 200 s. A time series of strain images was formed from the echo data, spatially averaged viscous creep curves were computed, and viscoelastic strain parameters were estimated by fitting creep curves to a second-order Voigt model. The useful strain bandwidth from this quasi-static ramp stimulus was 10(-2) < or = omega < or = 10(0) rad/s (0.0016-0.16 Hz). The stress-strain curves for normal glandular tissues are linear when the surface force applied is between 2 and 5 N. In this range, the creep response was characteristic of biphasic viscoelastic polymers, settling to a constant strain (arrheodictic) after 100 s. The average model-based retardance time constants for the viscoelastic response were 3.2 +/- 0.8 and 42.0 +/- 28 s. Also, the viscoelastic strain amplitude was approximately equal to that of the elastic strain. Above 5 N of applied force, however, the response of glandular tissue became increasingly nonlinear and rheodictic, i.e., tissue creep never reached a plateau. Contrasting in vivo breast measurements with those in gelatin hydrogels, preliminary ideas regarding the mechanisms for viscoelastic contrast are emerging.

Ultrasonic measurements of breast viscoelasticity

PubMed Central

Sridhar, Mallika; Insana, Michael F.

2009-01-01

In vivo measurements of the viscoelastic properties of breast tissue are described. Ultrasonic echo frames were recorded from volunteers at 5 fps while applying a uniaxial compressive force (1–20 N) within a 1 s ramp time and holding the force constant for up to 200 s. A time series of strain images was formed from the echo data, spatially averaged viscous creep curves were computed, and viscoelastic strain parameters were estimated by fitting creep curves to a second-order Voigt model. The useful strain bandwidth from this quasi-static ramp stimulus was 10−2 ≤ ω ≤ 100 rad/s (0.0016–0.16 Hz). The stress-strain curves for normal glandular tissues are linear when the surface force applied is between 2 and 5 N. In this range, the creep response was characteristic of biphasic viscoelastic polymers, settling to a constant strain (arrheodictic) after 100 s. The average model-based retardance time constants for the viscoelastic response were 3.2±0.8 and 42.0±28 s. Also, the viscoelastic strain amplitude was approximately equal to that of the elastic strain. Above 5 N of applied force, however, the response of glandular tissue became increasingly nonlinear and rheodictic, i.e., tissue creep never reached a plateau. Contrasting in vivo breast measurements with those in gelatin hydrogels, preliminary ideas regarding the mechanisms for viscoelastic contrast are emerging. PMID:18196803

A Discrete-Time Average Model Based Predictive Control for Quasi-Z-Source Inverter

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Liu, Yushan; Abu-Rub, Haitham; Xue, Yaosuo

A discrete-time average model-based predictive control (DTA-MPC) is proposed for a quasi-Z-source inverter (qZSI). As a single-stage inverter topology, the qZSI regulates the dc-link voltage and the ac output voltage through the shoot-through (ST) duty cycle and the modulation index. Several feedback strategies have been dedicated to produce these two control variables, among which the most popular are the proportional–integral (PI)-based control and the conventional model-predictive control (MPC). However, in the former, there are tradeoffs between fast response and stability; the latter is robust, but at the cost of high calculation burden and variable switching frequency. Moreover, they require anmore » elaborated design or fine tuning of controller parameters. The proposed DTA-MPC predicts future behaviors of the ST duty cycle and modulation signals, based on the established discrete-time average model of the quasi-Z-source (qZS) inductor current, the qZS capacitor voltage, and load currents. The prediction actions are applied to the qZSI modulator in the next sampling instant, without the need of other controller parameters’ design. A constant switching frequency and significantly reduced computations are achieved with high performance. Transient responses and steady-state accuracy of the qZSI system under the proposed DTA-MPC are investigated and compared with the PI-based control and the conventional MPC. Simulation and experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach for the qZSI.« less

A Discrete-Time Average Model Based Predictive Control for Quasi-Z-Source Inverter

DOE PAGES

Liu, Yushan; Abu-Rub, Haitham; Xue, Yaosuo; ...

2017-12-25

A discrete-time average model-based predictive control (DTA-MPC) is proposed for a quasi-Z-source inverter (qZSI). As a single-stage inverter topology, the qZSI regulates the dc-link voltage and the ac output voltage through the shoot-through (ST) duty cycle and the modulation index. Several feedback strategies have been dedicated to produce these two control variables, among which the most popular are the proportional–integral (PI)-based control and the conventional model-predictive control (MPC). However, in the former, there are tradeoffs between fast response and stability; the latter is robust, but at the cost of high calculation burden and variable switching frequency. Moreover, they require anmore » elaborated design or fine tuning of controller parameters. The proposed DTA-MPC predicts future behaviors of the ST duty cycle and modulation signals, based on the established discrete-time average model of the quasi-Z-source (qZS) inductor current, the qZS capacitor voltage, and load currents. The prediction actions are applied to the qZSI modulator in the next sampling instant, without the need of other controller parameters’ design. A constant switching frequency and significantly reduced computations are achieved with high performance. Transient responses and steady-state accuracy of the qZSI system under the proposed DTA-MPC are investigated and compared with the PI-based control and the conventional MPC. Simulation and experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach for the qZSI.« less

A prospective comparative study of interaction between lithium and modified electroconvulsive therapy.

PubMed

Thirthalli, Jagadisha; Harish, Thippeswamy; Gangadhar, Bangalore N

2011-03-01

To compare patients on lithium and those not on lithium with regard to adverse effects while receiving ECT. Inpatients with schizophrenia, non-organic psychosis, mania and depression, who were prescribed ECTs either on (n=27) or not (n=28) on lithium were studied. Clinicians blind to lithium-status recorded seizure parameters, interaction with succinyl choline, cardiovascular response, recovery from ECT and immediate post-ECT complications. The lithium group showed no significant difference in terms of seizure variables, apnea time, and recovery from anaesthesia when compared to the non-lithium group. Average maximum heart rate, average maximum systolic blood pressure and average maximum rate pressure product were significantly lower in patients who had combined lithium and ECT. In lithium patients the average time to post-ECT recovery was directly correlated with serum lithium level. Though concurrent lithium is by and large safe during ECT, it benefits to maintain serum lithium level at lower end of therapeutic range. However, the findings can be applied to relatively young patients with no risk factors for ECT-complications.

Method of detecting system function by measuring frequency response

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Morrison, John L. (Inventor); Morrison, William H. (Inventor); Christophersen, Jon P. (Inventor)

2012-01-01

Real-time battery impedance spectrum is acquired using a one-time record. Fast Summation Transformation (FST) is a parallel method of acquiring a real-time battery impedance spectrum using a one-time record that enables battery diagnostics. An excitation current to a battery is a sum of equal amplitude sine waves of frequencies that are octave harmonics spread over a range of interest. A sample frequency is also octave and harmonically related to all frequencies in the sum. The time profile of this signal has a duration that is a few periods of the lowest frequency. The voltage response of the battery, average deleted, is the impedance of the battery in the time domain. Since the excitation frequencies are known and octave and harmonically related, a simple algorithm, FST, processes the time record by rectifying relative to the sine and cosine of each frequency. Another algorithm yields real and imaginary components for each frequency.

Method of detecting system function by measuring frequency response

DOEpatents

Morrison, John L [Butte, MT; Morrison, William H [Manchester, CT; Christophersen, Jon P [Idaho Falls, ID

2012-04-03

Real-time battery impedance spectrum is acquired using a one-time record. Fast Summation Transformation (FST) is a parallel method of acquiring a real-time battery impedance spectrum using a one-time record that enables battery diagnostics. An excitation current to a battery is a sum of equal amplitude sine waves of frequencies that are octave harmonics spread over a range of interest. A sample frequency is also octave and harmonically related to all frequencies in the sum. The time profile of this signal has a duration that is a few periods of the lowest frequency. The voltage response of the battery, average deleted, is the impedance of the battery in the time domain. Since the excitation frequencies are known and octave and harmonically related, a simple algorithm, FST, processes the time record by rectifying relative to the sine and cosine of each frequency. Another algorithm yields real and imaginary components for each frequency.

Use of a SmartPhone/Tablet-Based Bidirectional Telemedicine Disease Management Program Facilitates Early Detection and Treatment of COPD Exacerbation Symptoms.

PubMed

Smith, Heidi S; Criner, Andrew J; Fehrle, Dolores; Grabianowski, Carla L; Jacobs, Michael R; Criner, Gerard J

2016-05-01

Early treatment of worsening chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) symptoms speeds recovery, improves quality of life, and reduces the need for hospitalization. Patients may fail to recognize worsening symptoms leading to delays in treatment. A telemedicine application could facilitate detection and treatment of worsening symptoms. To work, such an application requires consistent use by patients and quick responses from healthcare providers. We conducted a quality assurance assessment of our system to see if we were meeting these goals. Thirty patients were provided a smartphone application for daily COPD symptom reporting. Reports between November 2012 and September 2013 were reviewed. Symptoms reports and interventions were time-stamped by the application. Adherence reporting was calculated as the number of reports made divided by the number of days enrolled in the program for each patient. Time to intervention was calculated as the time a report was submitted to the time a treatment recommendation was sent to the patient. There were 4,434 symptom reports made over 5,178 patient-days of observation for an average reporting compliance of 85.6%. Median reporting compliance was 90.7% (interquartile range, 83.8-98%). Four hundred seventy-five symptom reports resulted in an alert. The average response time for all alerts was 6.64 h, with a median response time of 5.75 h. From this quality assessment we were able to conclude that patient adherence to the reporting system exceeded 90% for over half of the participants. Furthermore, over 50% of worsening COPD symptom reports were responded to in less than 6 h with patient-specific treatment recommendations.

Use of a SmartPhone/Tablet-Based Bidirectional Telemedicine Disease Management Program Facilitates Early Detection and Treatment of COPD Exacerbation Symptoms

PubMed Central

Smith, Heidi S.; Criner, Andrew J.; Fehrle, Dolores; Grabianowski, Carla L.; Criner, Gerard J.

2016-01-01

Abstract Introduction: Early treatment of worsening chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) symptoms speeds recovery, improves quality of life, and reduces the need for hospitalization. Patients may fail to recognize worsening symptoms leading to delays in treatment. A telemedicine application could facilitate detection and treatment of worsening symptoms. To work, such an application requires consistent use by patients and quick responses from healthcare providers. We conducted a quality assurance assessment of our system to see if we were meeting these goals. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients were provided a smartphone application for daily COPD symptom reporting. Reports between November 2012 and September 2013 were reviewed. Symptoms reports and interventions were time-stamped by the application. Adherence reporting was calculated as the number of reports made divided by the number of days enrolled in the program for each patient. Time to intervention was calculated as the time a report was submitted to the time a treatment recommendation was sent to the patient. Results: There were 4,434 symptom reports made over 5,178 patient-days of observation for an average reporting compliance of 85.6%. Median reporting compliance was 90.7% (interquartile range, 83.8–98%). Four hundred seventy-five symptom reports resulted in an alert. The average response time for all alerts was 6.64 h, with a median response time of 5.75 h. Conclusions: From this quality assessment we were able to conclude that patient adherence to the reporting system exceeded 90% for over half of the participants. Furthermore, over 50% of worsening COPD symptom reports were responded to in less than 6 h with patient-specific treatment recommendations. PMID:26451903

Effect of confounding variables on hemodynamic response function estimation using averaging and deconvolution analysis: An event-related NIRS study.

PubMed

Aarabi, Ardalan; Osharina, Victoria; Wallois, Fabrice

2017-07-15

Slow and rapid event-related designs are used in fMRI and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) experiments to temporally characterize the brain hemodynamic response to discrete events. Conventional averaging (CA) and the deconvolution method (DM) are the two techniques commonly used to estimate the Hemodynamic Response Function (HRF) profile in event-related designs. In this study, we conducted a series of simulations using synthetic and real NIRS data to examine the effect of the main confounding factors, including event sequence timing parameters, different types of noise, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), temporal autocorrelation and temporal filtering on the performance of these techniques in slow and rapid event-related designs. We also compared systematic errors in the estimates of the fitted HRF amplitude, latency and duration for both techniques. We further compared the performance of deconvolution methods based on Finite Impulse Response (FIR) basis functions and gamma basis sets. Our results demonstrate that DM was much less sensitive to confounding factors than CA. Event timing was the main parameter largely affecting the accuracy of CA. In slow event-related designs, deconvolution methods provided similar results to those obtained by CA. In rapid event-related designs, our results showed that DM outperformed CA for all SNR, especially above -5 dB regardless of the event sequence timing and the dynamics of background NIRS activity. Our results also show that periodic low-frequency systemic hemodynamic fluctuations as well as phase-locked noise can markedly obscure hemodynamic evoked responses. Temporal autocorrelation also affected the performance of both techniques by inducing distortions in the time profile of the estimated hemodynamic response with inflated t-statistics, especially at low SNRs. We also found that high-pass temporal filtering could substantially affect the performance of both techniques by removing the low-frequency components of HRF profiles. Our results emphasize the importance of characterization of event timing, background noise and SNR when estimating HRF profiles using CA and DM in event-related designs. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Amperometric biosensor based on glassy carbon electrode modified with long-length carbon nanotube and enzyme

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Furutaka, Hajime; Nemoto, Kentaro; Inoue, Yuki; Hidaka, Hiroki; Muguruma, Hitoshi; Inoue, Hitoshi; Ohsawa, Tatsuya

2016-05-01

An amperometric biosensor based on a glassy carbon electrode modified with long-length multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and enzyme nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) is presented. We demonstrate the effect of the MWCNT length on the amperometric response of the enzyme biosensor. The long length of MWCNT is 200 µm (average), whereas the normal length of MWCNT is 1 µm (average). The response of the long MWCNT-GDH electrode is 2 times more sensitive than that of the normal-length MWCNT-GDH electrode in the concentration range from 0.25-35 mM. The result of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements suggest that the long-length MWCNT-GDH electrode formed a better electron transfer network than the normal-length one.

Host-dependent variables: The missing link to personalized medicine.

PubMed

Demlova, Regina; Zdrazilova-Dubska, Lenka; Sterba, Jaroslav; Stanta, Giorgio; Valik, Dalibor

2018-04-26

Individualized medicine has the potential to tailor anticancer therapy with the best response and highest safety margin to provide better patient care. However, modern targeted therapies are still being tested through clinical trials comparing preselected patient cohorts and assessed upon behaviour of group averages. Clinically manifesting malignant disease requires identification of host- and tumour-dependent variables such as biological characteristics of the tumour and its microenvironment including immune response features, and overall capacity of the host to receive, tolerate and efficiently utilize treatment. Contemporary medical oncology including clinical trial design need to refocus from assessing group averages to individuality taking into consideration time dependent host-associated characteristics and reinventing outliers to be appreciated as naturally occurring variables collectively determining the ultimate outcome of malignant disease. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Scaling of Directed Dynamical Small-World Networks with Random Responses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, Chen-Ping; Xiong, Shi-Jie; Tian, Ying-Jie; Li, Nan; Jiang, Ke-Sheng

2004-05-01

A dynamical model of small-world networks, with directed links which describe various correlations in social and natural phenomena, is presented. Random responses of sites to the input message are introduced to simulate real systems. The interplay of these ingredients results in the collective dynamical evolution of a spinlike variable S(t) of the whole network. The global average spreading length s and average spreading time s are found to scale as p-αln(N with different exponents. Meanwhile, S(t) behaves in a duple scaling form for N≫N*: S˜f(p-βqγt˜), where p and q are rewiring and external parameters, α, β, and γ are scaling exponents, and f(t˜) is a universal function. Possible applications of the model are discussed.

TD-CI simulation of the electronic optical response of molecules in intense fields II: comparison of DFT functionals and EOM-CCSD.

PubMed

Sonk, Jason A; Schlegel, H Bernhard

2011-10-27

Time-dependent configuration interaction (TD-CI) simulations can be used to simulate molecules in intense laser fields. TD-CI calculations use the excitation energies and transition dipoles calculated in the absence of a field. The EOM-CCSD method provides a good estimate of the field-free excited states but is rather expensive. Linear-response time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) is an inexpensive alternative for computing the field-free excitation energies and transition dipoles needed for TD-CI simulations. Linear-response TD-DFT calculations were carried out with standard functionals (B3LYP, BH&HLYP, HSE2PBE (HSE03), BLYP, PBE, PW91, and TPSS) and long-range corrected functionals (LC-ωPBE, ωB97XD, CAM-B3LYP, LC-BLYP, LC-PBE, LC-PW91, and LC-TPSS). These calculations used the 6-31G(d,p) basis set augmented with three sets of diffuse sp functions on each heavy atom. Butadiene was employed as a test case, and 500 excited states were calculated with each functional. Standard functionals yield average excitation energies that are significantly lower than the EOM-CC, while long-range corrected functionals tend to produce average excitation energies slightly higher. Long-range corrected functionals also yield transition dipoles that are somewhat larger than EOM-CC on average. The TD-CI simulations were carried out with a three-cycle Gaussian pulse (ω = 0.06 au, 760 nm) with intensities up to 1.26 × 10(14) W cm(-2) directed along the vector connecting the end carbons. The nonlinear response as indicated by the residual populations of the excited states after the pulse is far too large with standard functionals, primarily because the excitation energies are too low. The LC-ωPBE, LC-PBE, LC-PW91, and LC-TPSS long-range corrected functionals produce responses comparable to EOM-CC.

Project ArchimedeZ

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-05-18

of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering...describe the proposed content of Project ArchimedeZ, 4 ) describe incentives that Project ArchimedeZ will give to Total Force Airmen to participate and...engaged, most of the time, in some sort of PME but at a manageable level. Rather than a three- hour block, for example, Project ArchimedeZ would deliver

Venezuela: Political Conditions and U.S. Policy

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-08-01

New York Times, December 5 , 2005. and noted with surprise the opposition’s withdrawal just four days before the election.16 The OAS delegation...government financing of electoral activities (Article 67); ! to decrease the workweek from 44 to 36 hours and the workday from 8 hours to 6 hours (Article...information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources,

Adaptive Training in an Unmanned Aerial Vehicel: Examination of Several Candidate Real-time Metrics

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-01-01

for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data... sources , gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden... estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services

Improving Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in Vascularized Composite Tissue Allotransplantation Via Histone Deacetylase Modulation

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-10-01

of the author(s) and should not be construed as an official Department of the Army position, policy or decision unless so designated by other...average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed...IRI) in scenarios relevant to limb transplantation using mouse models for experimentation. Limitations in tolerated ischemia times limits the scope

Central Visual Prosthesis With Interface at the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-07-01

burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching...currently used in the field to implant Deep Brain Stimulation electrodes. Page 4 We thus limited ourselves to using a ‘4 French’ size split sheath...this program. At this time , several approaches for realizing the complete system have been evaluated. Initially, a very simple mechanical mockup

Water Column Variability in Coastal Regions

DTIC Science & Technology

1997-09-30

to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data... 1 . REPORT DATE 30 SEP 1997 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED 00-00-1997 to 00-00-1997 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Water Column Variability in...Andrews, Woods, and Kester deployed a spar buoy at a central location in Narragansett Bay to obtain time-series variations at multiple depths ( 1 , 4

A Search for Giant Planet Companions to T Tauri Stars

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-12-20

yielded a spectral resolving power of R ≡ (λ/Δλ) ≈ 60,000. Integration times were typically 1800 s (depending on conditions) and typical seeing was∼2...wavelength regions. This suggests different physical mechanisms underlying the optical and the K-band variability. Key words: planets and satellites ...the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data

Determining Energy Distributions of HF-Accelerated Electrons at HAARP

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-11-18

altitude satellites , altitude- resolved side-view optical measurements of artificial airglow emissions combined with full ISR measurements of electron...for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data...3. DATES COVERED. Indicate the time during which the work was performed and the report was written, e.g., Jun 1997 - Jun 1998; 1-10 Jun 1996; May

Monthly mean simulation experiments with a course-mesh global atmospheric model

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Spar, J.; Klugman, R.; Lutz, R. J.; Notario, J. J.

1978-01-01

Substitution of observed monthly mean sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) as lower boundary conditions, in place of climatological SSTs, failed to improve the model simulations. While the impact of SST anomalies on the model output is greater at sea level than at upper levels the impact on the monthly mean simulations is not beneficial at any level. Shifts of one and two days in initialization time produced small, but non-trivial, changes in the model-generated monthly mean synoptic fields. No improvements in the mean simulations resulted from the use of either time-averaged initial data or re-initialization with time-averaged early model output. The noise level of the model, as determined from a multiple initial state perturbation experiment, was found to be generally low, but with a noisier response to initial state errors in high latitudes than the tropics.

Density of bunches of native bluebunch wheatgrass and alien crested wheatgrass

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rickard, W.H.

The density of bunches of bluebunch wheatgrass in a natural undisturbed stand averaged 3.28 per m/sup 2/ as compared to 2.96 per m/sup 2/ for a nearby stand of crested wheatgrass that was planted 30 years ago. Bunch density was similar in both stands indicating that spacing is a response to an environment deficient in soil water. Bunches of crested wheatgrass on the average weighed 3.5 times more than bunches of bluebunch wheatgrass and they also produced a greater weight of seedheads.

Continuously Available Battlefield Surveillance

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-04-01

the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data...display a currently valid OMB control number. 1 . REPORT DATE APR 2007 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED 00-00-2007 to 00-00-2007 4. TITLE AND... 1 The Thesis of this Report

Fiber Optic Biosensors for Contaminant Monitoring

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-12-01

collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources...currently valid OMB control number 1 . REPORT DATE DEC 2005 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED 00-00-2005 to 00-00-2005 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE... 1 Executive Summary

The Seeds of Mobilization: Emotional Frames and Influence

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-03-01

information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and...Reduction Project (0704–0188) Washington DC 20503. 1 . AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE March 2013 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED... 1 A. BACKGROUND

78 FR 57003 - Agency Information Collection (Statement of Purchaser or Owner Assuming Seller's Loans) Activity...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-16

.... 2900- 0111'' in any correspondence. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Crystal Rennie, Enterprise Records...-7492 or email crystal[email protected] . Please refer to ``OMB Control No. 2900-0111.'' SUPPLEMENTARY... Average Burden Per Respondent: 15 minutes. Frequency of Response: One-time. Estimated Number of...

78 FR 57926 - Agency Information Collection (Application for Accrued Amounts Due a Deceased Beneficiary...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-20

... Control No. 2900- 0216'' in any correspondence. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Crystal Rennie... 20420, (202) 632-7492 or email crystal[email protected] . Please refer to ``OMB Control No. 2900-0216... Average Burden per Respondent: 30 minutes. Frequency of Response: One time. Estimated Number of...

Historical trends in chill hour accumulation and peach bud response to hydrogen cyanamide

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Long held records for (low) chill hour accumulation have recently been broken several times in the southeastern US peach (Prunus persica) production areas. Long term historical average chill hour accumulation through February 15th in middle Georgia has dropped significantly over the last 15 years. T...

Study of the Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) Vehicle as a Model for Rapid Defense Acquisitions

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-12-01

estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources , gathering and maintaining the...31 3. Source Selection...Government Accountability Office GFE Government Furnished Equipment pg GVWR Gross Vehicle Weight Rating H HEMTT Heavy Expanded Mobility

Enterprise Information Lifecycle Management

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-01-01

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing...regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Washington...Need for Information Lifecycle Management .......................................................... 6 3.3 Challenges of Information Lifecycle

75 FR 44758 - Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-29

...). Number of Respondents: 54,000 households. Average Time per Response: 90 seconds. Burden Hours: 1,350..., affordable broadband access for all Americans.\\1\\ To that end, the Administration is working with Congress... October 2010 CPS, thereby significantly reducing the potential burdens on the Bureau and the households...

77 FR 74876 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Existing Collection, Comments Requested; Federal...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-18

... Office of Management and Budget, Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Attention Department of... 3,000 enrollments per year. The average response time for reading the directions for the Federal... = 100 hours. The entire process of reading the letter and completing both forms would take 15 minutes...

Climate effects on late-season flight times of Massachusetts butterflies.

PubMed

Zipf, L; Williams, E H; Primack, R B; Stichter, S

2017-09-01

Although the responses of living organisms to climate change are being widely investigated, little attention has been given to such effects late in the growing season. We studied the late-season flight times of 20 species of butterflies in a geographically limited region, the state of Massachusetts in the USA, by examining change in dates of flight over a 22-year period and in response to average monthly temperature and precipitation. By analyzing the last 10% of each year's observations reported by observers of the Massachusetts Butterfly Club, we found that seven species remain in flight significantly later into the fall than they did two decades earlier, while two species show reduced late-season flight. Life history characteristics of the species, particularly voltinism and average fall flight dates, influenced whether warmer fall months led to increases or decreases in fall flight. Warmer Novembers often led to later fall flight, and wetter Augusts usually extended fall flight. These results document the effects of climate on late-season flight times of butterflies, add to an understanding of how warmer autumn conditions alter the phenology of different butterfly species, and show the usefulness of citizen science data.

Autocorrelation-based time synchronous averaging for condition monitoring of planetary gearboxes in wind turbines

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ha, Jong M.; Youn, Byeng D.; Oh, Hyunseok; Han, Bongtae; Jung, Yoongho; Park, Jungho

2016-03-01

We propose autocorrelation-based time synchronous averaging (ATSA) to cope with the challenges associated with the current practice of time synchronous averaging (TSA) for planet gears in planetary gearboxes of wind turbine (WT). An autocorrelation function that represents physical interactions between the ring, sun, and planet gears in the gearbox is utilized to define the optimal shape and range of the window function for TSA using actual kinetic responses. The proposed ATSA offers two distinctive features: (1) data-efficient TSA processing and (2) prevention of signal distortion during the TSA process. It is thus expected that an order analysis with the ATSA signals significantly improves the efficiency and accuracy in fault diagnostics of planet gears in planetary gearboxes. Two case studies are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method: an analytical signal from a simulation and a signal measured from a 2 kW WT testbed. It can be concluded from the results that the proposed method outperforms conventional TSA methods in condition monitoring of the planetary gearbox when the amount of available stationary data is limited.

Evaluation of causes and frequency of medication errors during information technology downtime.

PubMed

Hanuscak, Tara L; Szeinbach, Sheryl L; Seoane-Vazquez, Enrique; Reichert, Brendan J; McCluskey, Charles F

2009-06-15

The causes and frequency of medication errors occurring during information technology downtime were evaluated. Individuals from a convenience sample of 78 hospitals who were directly responsible for supporting and maintaining clinical information systems (CISs) and automated dispensing systems (ADSs) were surveyed using an online tool between February 2007 and May 2007 to determine if medication errors were reported during periods of system downtime. The errors were classified using the National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention severity scoring index. The percentage of respondents reporting downtime was estimated. Of the 78 eligible hospitals, 32 respondents with CIS and ADS responsibilities completed the online survey for a response rate of 41%. For computerized prescriber order entry, patch installations and system upgrades caused an average downtime of 57% over a 12-month period. Lost interface and interface malfunction were reported for centralized and decentralized ADSs, with an average downtime response of 34% and 29%, respectively. The average downtime response was 31% for software malfunctions linked to clinical decision-support systems. Although patient harm did not result from 30 (54%) medication errors, the potential for harm was present for 9 (16%) of these errors. Medication errors occurred during CIS and ADS downtime despite the availability of backup systems and standard protocols to handle periods of system downtime. Efforts should be directed to reduce the frequency and length of down-time in order to minimize medication errors during such downtime.

Awareness of Emerging Wireless Technologies: Ad-hoc and Personal Area Networks Standards and Emerging Technologies (Sensibilisation a l’emergence des technologies sans fil: technologies emergeantes et normes de reseaux personnels et ad-hoc)

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-04-01

for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data...Control Organization NRL Navy Research Laboratory nrtPS Non-real- time Polling Services OFDM Orthogonal frequency division multiplex OFDMA...Routeur IDentifier RTG RTO Task Group RTO Research & Technology Organization rtPS Real- time Polling Services SC Single-carrier modulation

Measurement of Refractive Indices of CdSiP2 at Temperatures from 90 to 450 K (Postprint)

DTIC Science & Technology

2018-01-05

0704-0188 The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing...Sellmeier equation was obtained, for the first time to our knowledge over the temperature range 90 to 450 K. The index values were used to calculate...was obtained for the first time to our knowledge over the temperature range 90 to 450 K. The index values were used to calculate the crystal

Engineering Evaluation and Assessment (EE and A) Report for the Symbolic and Sub-symbolic Robotics Intelligence Control System (SS-RICS)

DTIC Science & Technology

2018-04-01

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions...2006. Since that time , SS-RICS has been the integration platform for many robotics algorithms using a variety of different disciplines from cognitive...voice recognition. Each noise level was run 10 times per gender, yielding 60 total runs. Two paths were chosen for testing (Paths A and B) of

155-mm M795 Aerofuze Test at the KOFA Range, Yuma Proving Ground, Arizona, 19 May 2015

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-09-01

public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions...including spin, pitch, yaw, and 3-axis acceleration in real time , data is relayed to a ground station using an integrated S-band transmitter. One unit...19.5 to 19.6 sec after time of fire 23 24 STFT spectrogram of magnetometer data during flight with peak frequency curve traced 24 25 Plots of battery

Providing Additional Support for MNA by Including Quantitative Lines of Evidence for Abiotic Degradation and Co-metabolic Oxidation of Chlorinated Ethylenes

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-09-01

environment outcome. The value is site specific. It may depend on the travel time of groundwater from a source to a property boundary, sentry well...for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data...47  Figure 4.3.4. Decline in Concentrations of PCE, TCE, and cDCE + t-DCE Over Time in Well

Formation of Gaps at the Specimen-Bar Interfaces in Numerical Simulations of Compression Hopkinson Bar Tests on Soft, Nearly Incompressible Materials

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-09-01

history of the axial stress at the S-TB interface is qualitatively and quantitatively similar, with the times delayed by about 1 s (see figure 12). In...average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed...the specimen and sufficiently short rise times to the final strain rate, small gaps formed at both the specimen-incident bar and the specimen

The Effects of Accelerator Frequency and Electron Beam Focusing in Free Electron Lasers

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-12-01

relative to one another. This freezing effect is a result of relativistic time dilation; in the lab frame, the relativistic electron bunch has a slower...average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed...is five months old at the time of this writing, and his smiles and hugs were a much needed treat when I returned home after long days of classes

Joint Milli-Arcsecond Pathfinder Survey (JMAPS): Overview and Application to NWO Mission

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-03-11

degrade
 at
a
much
reduced
rate
over
 time 
when
compared
with
the
Hipparcos
catalog.
 JMAPS
will
accomplish
this
with
a
relatively
modest
aperture...collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources...JMAPS
instrument
is
operated
in
a
fashion
similar
to
standard
star
trackers.

A
 star
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imaged—in
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JMAPS,
integration
 times 
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1

Validity of VO(2 max) in Predicting Blood Volume: Implications for the Effect of Fitness on Aging

DTIC Science & Technology

2000-09-01

not unexpected since an expansion of BV typically accompanies an increase in V̇O2 max with exercise train- ing (9). However, other investigations...for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response , including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data...CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT SAR 18. NUMBER OF PAGES 8 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON a. REPORT unclassified b. ABSTRACT

A Multidisciplinary Optimization Framework for Occupant Centric Ground Vehicle System Design. Part 1: Vehicle Design Parameter Screening Study

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-08-01

Madan Vunnam, Sudhakar Arepally, Dave Bednarz, Ph.D. System Engineering-Analytics TARDEC, Warren, MI Ching Hsieh, Ph.D. Altair Engineering...blast events were estimated to be responsible for 60% of coalition deaths in Iraq [ 1 , 2] and 75% of casualties in Afghanistan [3]. However, other...ApprovedOMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time

A model of the formation of illusory conjunctions in the time domain.

PubMed

Botella, J; Suero, M; Barriopedro, M I

2001-12-01

The authors present a model to account for the miscombination of features when stimuli are presented using the rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) technique (illusory conjunctions in the time domain). It explains the distributions of responses through a mixture of trial outcomes. In some trials, attention is successfully focused on the target, whereas in others, the responses are based on partial information. Two experiments are presented that manipulated the mean processing time of the target-defining dimension and of the to-be-reported dimension, respectively. As predicted, the average origin of the responses is delayed when lengthening the target-defining dimension, whereas it is earlier when lengthening the to-be-reported dimension; in the first case the number of correct responses is dramatically reduced, whereas in the second it does not change. The results, a review of other research, and simulations carried out with a formal version of the model are all in close accordance with the predictions.

A portrait of interventional radiologists in the United States.

PubMed

Sunshine, Jonathan H; Lewis, Rebecca S; Bhargavan, Mythreyi

2005-11-01

In recognition of the emergence of interventional radiology as an important "new component of...radiology," the objective of our study was to provide an extensive and detailed portrait of interventional radiologists, their professional activities, and the practices in which they work. We tabulated data from the American College of Radiology's 2003 Survey of Radiologists, a stratified random-sample survey that oversampled interventionalists and achieved a 63% response rate with a total of 1,924 responses. Responses were weighted to make them representative of all radiologists in the United States. We compared information about interventionalists with that for other radiologists. Depending on the definition of who is an interventionalist, 8.5-11.5% of radiologists are interventionalists. By most definitions, only slightly under half of interventionalists spend 70% or more of their clinical work time performing interventional procedures. Interventionalists work, on average, 56-58 hr weekly, a few hours longer than other radiologists. The average interventionalist performs procedures in five of the seven categories of procedures into which we divided interventional radiology, compared with one or two categories for other radiologists. The average interventionalist performs procedures in five of the seven broad categories (such as MRI, CT, and nuclear medicine) into which we divided all of radiology, much the same breadth of practice as other subspecialists and also as nonsubspecialists. Interventionalists have become a sizable group within radiology. They are in some ways like other radiologists and in other ways different, but they do not spend as much of their time in their subspecialty as some assume and, overall, are not as different.

Time-Frequency and Non-Laplacian Phenomena at Radio Frequencies

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-01-22

Unlimited UU UU UU UU 22-01-2017 30-Sep-2012 30-Sep-2016 Final Report: Time -Frequency and Non-Laplacian Phenomena at Radio Frequencies The views...average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data... Time ‐Frequency and Non‐Laplacian Phenomena at Radio Frequencies  U.S. Army Research Office grant W911NF‐12‐1‐0526  Michael B. Steer  Department of

Narrow band noise response of a Belleville spring resonator.

PubMed

Lyon, Richard H

2013-09-01

This study of nonlinear dynamics includes (i) an identification of quasi-steady states of response using equivalent linearization, (ii) the temporal simulation of the system using Heun's time step procedure on time domain analytic signals, and (iii) a laboratory experiment. An attempt has been made to select material and measurement parameters so that nearly the same systems are used and analyzed for all three parts of the study. This study illustrates important features of nonlinear response to narrow band excitation: (a) states of response that the system can acquire with transitions of the system between those states, (b) the interaction between the noise source and the vibrating load in which the source transmits energy to or draws energy from the load as transitions occur; (c) the lag or lead of the system response relative to the source as transitions occur that causes the average frequencies of source and response to differ; and (d) the determination of the state of response (mass or stiffness controlled) by observation of the instantaneous phase of the influence function. These analyses take advantage of the use of time domain analytic signals that have a complementary role to functions that are analytic in the frequency domain.

Dynamics of zonal flows in helical systems.

PubMed

Sugama, H; Watanabe, T-H

2005-03-25

A theory for describing collisionless long-time behavior of zonal flows in helical systems is presented and its validity is verified by gyrokinetic-Vlasov simulation. It is shown that, under the influence of particles trapped in helical ripples, the response of zonal flows to a given source becomes weaker for lower radial wave numbers and deeper helical ripples while a high-level zonal-flow response, which is not affected by helical-ripple-trapped particles, can be maintained for a longer time by reducing their bounce-averaged radial drift velocity. This implies a possibility that helical configurations optimized for reducing neoclassical ripple transport can simultaneously enhance zonal flows which lower anomalous transport.

The effects of heterogeneities on memory-dependent diffusion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Adib, Farhad; Neogi, P.

1993-07-01

Case II diffusion is often seen in glassy polymers, where the mass uptake in sorption is proportional to time t instead of sqrt{t}. A memory dependent diffusion is needed to explain such effects, where the relaxation function used to describe the memory effect has a characteristic time. The ratio of this time to the overall diffusion times is the diffusional Deborah number. Simple models show that case II results when the Deborah number is around one, that is, when the two time scales are comparable. Under investigation are the possible effects of the fact that the glassy polymers are heterogeneous over molecular scales. The averaging form given by DiMarzio and Sanchez has been used to obtain the averaged response. The calculated dynamics of sorption show that whereas case II is still observed, the long term tails change dramatically from the oscillatory to torpid, to chaotic, which are all observed in the experiments. The Deborah number defined here in a self-consistent manner collapses in those cases, but causes no other ill-effects.

Behavioral self-regulation in a physics class

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stewart, John; DeVore, Seth; Stewart, Gay; Michaluk, Lynnette

2016-06-01

This study examined the regulation of out-of-class time invested in the academic activities associated with a physics class for 20 consecutive semesters. The academic activities of 1676 students were included in the study. Students reported investing a semester average of 6.5 ±2.9 h out of class per week. During weeks not containing an examination, a total of 4.3 ±2.1 h was reported which was divided between 2.5 ±1.2 h working homework and 1.8 ±1.4 h reading. Students reported spending 7.6 ±4.8 h preparing for each in-semester examination. Students showed a significant correlation between the change in time invested in examination preparation (r =-0.12 , p <0.0001 ) and their score on the previous examination. The correlation increased as the data were averaged over semester (r =-0.70 , p =0.0006 ) and academic year (r =-0.82 , p =0.0039 ). While significant, the overall correlation indicates a small effect size and implies that an increase of 1 standard deviation of test score (18%) was related to a decrease of 0.12 standard deviations or 0.9 h of study time. Students also modified their time invested in reading as the length of the textbook changed; however, this modification was not proportional to the size of the change in textbook length. Very little regulation of the time invested in homework was detected either in response to test grades or in response to changes in the length of homework assignments. Patterns of regulation were different for higher performing students than for lower performing students with students receiving a course grade of "C" or "D" demonstrating little change in examination preparation time in response to lower examination grades. This study suggests that homework preparation time is a fixed variable while examination preparation time and reading time are weakly mutable variables.

Spring response to precipitation events using δ(18)O and δ(2)H in the Tanour catchment, NW Jordan.

PubMed

Hamdan, Ibraheem; Wiegand, Bettina; Toll, Mathias; Sauter, Martin

2016-12-01

The Tanour spring is one of the several karst springs located in the northern part of Jordan. Water samples from the Tanour spring and precipitation were collected in the area of Ajloun in NW Jordan for the analysis of stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopes to evaluate the spring response to precipitation events. Rainwater and snow samples were collected from different elevations during winters of 2013-2014 and 2014-2015. In addition, spring samples were collected between December 2014 and March 2015. δ(18)O values in rainwater vary from -3.26 to -17.34 ‰ (average: -7.84 ± 3.23 ‰), while δ(2)H values range between -4.4 and -110.4 ‰ (average: -35.7 ± 25.0 ‰). Deuterium excess ranges from 17.8 to 34.1 ‰ (average: 27.1 ± 4.0 ‰). The Local Meteoric Water Line for the study area was calculated to be δ(2)H = 7.66*δ(18)O + 24.43 (R(2) = 0.98). Pre-event spring discharge showed variation in δ(18)O (range -6.29 to -7.17 ‰; average -6.58 ± 0.19 ‰) and δ(2)H values (range -28.8 to -32.7 ‰; average: -30.5 ± 1.0 ‰). In contrast, δ(18)O and δ(2)H rapidly changed to more negative values during rainfall and snowmelt events and persisted for several days before returning to background values. Spring water temperature, spring discharge, and turbidity followed the trend in isotopic composition during and after the precipitation events. The rapid change in the isotopic composition, spring discharge, water temperature, and turbidity in response to recharge events is related to fast water travel times and low storage capacity in the conduit system of the karst aquifer. Based on the changes in the isotopic composition of spring water after the precipitation events, the water travel time in the aquifer is in the order of 5-11 days.

Glaciological and hydrological sensitivities in the Hindu Kush - Himalaya

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shea, Joseph; Immerzeel, Walter

2016-04-01

Glacier responses to future climate change will affect hydrology at subbasin-scales. The main goal of this study is to assess glaciological and hydrological sensitivities of sub-basins throughout the Hindu Kush - Himalaya (HKH) region. We use a simple geometrical analysis based on a full glacier inventory and digital elevation model (DEM) to estimate sub-basin equilibrium line altitudes (ELA) from assumptions of steady-state accumulation area ratios (AARs). The ELA response to an increase in temperature is expressed as a function of mean annual precipitation, derived from a range of high-altitude studies. Changes in glacier contributions to streamflow in response to increased temperatures are examined for scenarios of both static and adjusted glacier geometries. On average, glacier contributions to streamflow increase by approximately 50% for a +1K warming based on a static geometry. Large decreases (-60% on average) occur in all basins when glacier geometries are instantaneously adjusted to reflect the new ELA. Finally, we provide estimates of sub-basin glacier response times that suggest a majority of basins will experience declining glacier contributions by the year 2100.

Profile of Women Collegiate Strength and Conditioning Coaches.

PubMed

Laskowski, Karisa D; Ebben, William P

2016-12-01

Laskowski, KD and Ebben, WP. Profile of women collegiate strength and conditioning coaches. J Strength Cond Res 30(12): 3481-3493, 2016-This study describes the careers of women collegiate strength and conditioning coaches, including specifics of the universities and athletic departments they work for, responsibilities and demands of their jobs, compensation and benefits, preparation and qualifications, likes and dislikes about their work, and the role that gender plays in their work. Forty-three coaches participated for a response rate of 29.1% (43 of 148). The survey was divided into 5 sections, including university profile, position profile, personal profile, job satisfaction, and comments. Results show that women occupy approximately 32% of all strength and conditioning positions. Those who are full-time coaches work approximately 55.6 hours per week, starting their workday at 6:02 AM and ending at 5:40 PM, on average. Part-time coaches worked 42.5 hours per week. Those who were in director positions earned approximately $76,000 per year, whereas full-time assistants averaged approximately $39,300 per year. Most coaches had master's degree and held the CSCS and USAW certifications. These coaches averaged 7.14 years of full-time experience. Coaches identified a variety of advantages and disadvantages associated with their work and described the influence of gender in their work. These results provide normative data about employment conditions of women strength and conditioning coaches and those who are considering this career. These data also document the current state of affairs in the profession and can be used in comparison with the past benchmarks in an attempt to understand the role of women in the collegiate strength and conditioning profession.

Five-year follow-up on the work force and finances of United States anesthesiology training programs: 2000 to 2005.

PubMed

Tremper, Kevin K; Shanks, Amy; Morris, Michelle

2007-04-01

In the middle 1990s, there was a decrease in anesthesiology residency class sizes, which contributed to a nationwide shortage of anesthesiologists, resulting in a competitive market with increased salary demands. In 1999, a nationwide survey of the financial status of United States anesthesiology training programs was conducted. Follow-up surveys have been conducted each year thereafter. We present the results of the sixth survey in this series. Surveys were distributed by e-mail to the anesthesiology department chairs of the United States Training Programs. Responses were also received by e-mail. One hundred twenty-one departments were surveyed with a response rate of 60%. The 87% of departments seeking at least one additional faculty had an average of 2.8 faculty open positions (5.5% open positions overall which is down from 9.7% in 2000). Of the 96% of departments that employ certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs) 89% were seeking additional CRNAs, averaging 3.6 open positions. The average department received $4.9 million (or $116,000/faculty) in institutional support. When the portion of this support allocated for CRNA salaries was removed, the average department received $4.1 million (or $95,000/faculty) in institutional support. This is a 16% increase over the previous year. Faculty academic time averaged 17% (where 20% is 1 d/wk). Departments billed an average of 11,320 anesthesia units/faculty/yr. Although the average anesthesia unit value collected was $31, departments required approximately $40/U to meet expenses. Medicaid payments averaged $15, ranging from $5 to $30/U. These results demonstrate the continuing need for institutional support to keep anesthesiology training departments financially stable.

Binaural sensitivity changes between cortical on and off responses

PubMed Central

Dahmen, Johannes C.; King, Andrew J.; Schnupp, Jan W. H.

2011-01-01

Neurons exhibiting on and off responses with different frequency tuning have previously been described in the primary auditory cortex (A1) of anesthetized and awake animals, but it is unknown whether other tuning properties, including sensitivity to binaural localization cues, also differ between on and off responses. We measured the sensitivity of A1 neurons in anesthetized ferrets to 1) interaural level differences (ILDs), using unmodulated broadband noise with varying ILDs and average binaural levels, and 2) interaural time delays (ITDs), using sinusoidally amplitude-modulated broadband noise with varying envelope ITDs. We also assessed fine-structure ITD sensitivity and frequency tuning, using pure-tone stimuli. Neurons most commonly responded to stimulus onset only, but purely off responses and on-off responses were also recorded. Of the units exhibiting significant binaural sensitivity nearly one-quarter showed binaural sensitivity in both on and off responses, but in almost all (∼97%) of these units the binaural tuning of the on responses differed significantly from that seen in the off responses. Moreover, averaged, normalized ILD and ITD tuning curves calculated from all units showing significant sensitivity to binaural cues indicated that on and off responses displayed different sensitivity patterns across the population. A principal component analysis of ITD response functions suggested a continuous cortical distribution of binaural sensitivity, rather than discrete response classes. Rather than reflecting a release from inhibition without any functional significance, we propose that binaural off responses may be important to cortical encoding of sound-source location. PMID:21562191

Modified Embedded Atom Method Study of the Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Nickel Composites

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-01-01

0188 The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing...body screening effect. In addition, a radial cutoff function is also applied to reduce calculation time . The MEAM for an alloy system is based on the...moduli Real materials are usually polycrystalline aggregates of randomly oriented single-crystal grains, each exhibiting single-crystalline elastic

Physics and Metaphysics of Deterrence: The British Approach (Newport Paper, Number 8, December 1994)

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-12-01

the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for... of Bismarck. With the smashing of the prevailing Cold War paradigm, therefore, the time has come to rethink Britain’s postwar role and perhaps... his com­ ments and evaluation of the original manuscript. Professor Lawrence Freedman, Department of War Studies at King’s Col­ lege, London, was

Budgeting Facilities Operation Costs Using the Facilities Operation Model

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-06-01

practices that today’s modern buildings have built into them. Several factors can change from the time the requirement is generated to when actual...information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and...BOS required $4.2 billion.2 In FY2012, it is estimated it will reach $4.6 billion.3 Unlike sustainment and modernization , failure to fund facility

Suppression of Laser Shot Noise Using Laser-Cooled OptoMechanical Systems

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-04-22

that this device will be able to demonstrate squeezing in a fairly short time . Background: The goal of this effort was to create laser light with...The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing...REPORT Final report on Seedling project: "Suppression of Laser Shot Noise Using Laser -Cooled Opto-Mechanical Systems" 14. ABSTRACT 16. SECURITY

Electronic Structure Methods Based on Density Functional Theory

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-01-01

0188 The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing...chapter in the ASM Handbook , Volume 22A: Fundamentals of Modeling for Metals Processing, 2010. PAO Case Number: 88ABW-2009-3258; Clearance Date: 16 Jul...are represented using a linear combination, or basis, of plane waves. Over time several methods were developed to avoid the large number of planewaves

Structure of Quasar Continuum Emission Regions and Cosmology from Optical and X-Ray Microlensing in Gravitationally Lensed Quasars

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-05-02

information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including g the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering...their central engines cannot be resolved with ordinary telescopes. Gravitational telescopes, however, provide the necessary resolution to study the...structure of the continuum emission regions at optical and X-ray wavelengths and make time delay estimates in the systems in which sufficient data were

Interacting Coronae of Two T Tauri Stars: First Observational Evidence for Solar-Like Helmet Streamers

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-01-01

for the first time in stars other than the Sun. The complete extent of each helmet streamer above the stellar surface is about 24 R∗ which implies...is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and...Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) satellite (Schwenn 2006; Suess & Nerney 2004; Vourlidas 2006). Following the analogy with the Sun, Massi & collaborators

An analysis of the current educational status and future training needs of China's rural doctors in 2011.

PubMed

Li, Xingming; Liu, Juyuan; Huang, Jianshi; Qian, Yunliang; Che, Lu

2013-04-01

To analyse the educational status and future training needs of China's rural doctors and provide a basis to improve their future training. A cross-sectional epidemiological survey was used for the analysis, and 17 954 rural doctors chosen randomly from the eastern, central and western regions of China in 2009-2010 were surveyed to ascertain their average training time and the methods used for and content of their training. In general, 8671/17 778 (48.77%) of respondents received less than 12 days of training in a year. Conference sessions seemed to be the major route of training, with 10 150/17 925 respondents (56.62%). Clinical skills, with a response rate of 14 441/17 926 (80.56%), seemed to be the most popular training content. With regard to the general needs for training time received, 6547/18 255 (35.86%) of respondents hoped the average training time received a year would be less than 12 days; on-site guidance from a senior doctor was the most popular training method with response rate of 10 109/17 976 (56.24%), and clinical skills was what rural doctors wished to study the most, with a positive response of 16 744/17 962 (93.22%). Statistically significant differences existed in the current status and training time, training method and training content needs of China's rural doctors. Our results suggest that the training status and needs of China's rural doctors are still disjointed; measures including the introduction of remote education and clinical further education, extended training time and more clinical skills training should be adopted.

A model-free method for mass spectrometer response correction. [for oxygen consumption and cardiac output calculation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shykoff, Barbara E.; Swanson, Harvey T.

1987-01-01

A new method for correction of mass spectrometer output signals is described. Response-time distortion is reduced independently of any model of mass spectrometer behavior. The delay of the system is found first from the cross-correlation function of a step change and its response. A two-sided time-domain digital correction filter (deconvolution filter) is generated next from the same step response data using a regression procedure. Other data are corrected using the filter and delay. The mean squared error between a step response and a step is reduced considerably more after the use of a deconvolution filter than after the application of a second-order model correction. O2 consumption and CO2 production values calculated from data corrupted by a simulated dynamic process return to near the uncorrupted values after correction. Although a clean step response or the ensemble average of several responses contaminated with noise is needed for the generation of the filter, random noise of magnitude not above 0.5 percent added to the response to be corrected does not impair the correction severely.

Monaural and binaural response properties of neurons in the inferior colliculus of the rabbit: effects of sodium pentobarbital.

PubMed

Kuwada, S; Batra, R; Stanford, T R

1989-02-01

1. We studied the effects of sodium pentobarbital on 22 neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC) of the rabbit. We recorded changes in the sensitivity of these neurons to monaural stimulation and to ongoing interaural time differences (ITDs). Monaural stimuli were tone bursts at or near the neuron's best frequency. The ITD was varied by delivering tones that differed by 1 Hz to the two ears, resulting in a 1-Hz binaural beat. 2. We assessed a neuron's ITD sensitivity by calculating three measures from the responses to binaural beats: composite delay, characteristic delay (CD), and characteristic phase (CP). To obtain the composite delay, we first derived period histograms by averaging, showing the response at each stimulating frequency over one period of the beat frequency. Second, the period histograms were replotted as a function of their equivalent interaural delay and then averaged together to yield the composite delay curve. Last, we calculated the composite peak or trough delay by fitting a parabola to the peak or trough of this composite curve. The composite delay curve represents the average response to all frequencies within the neuron's responsive range, and the peak reflects the interaural delay that produces the maximum response. The CD and CP were estimated from a weighted fit of a regression line to the plot of the mean interaural phase of the response versus the stimulating frequency. The slope and phase intercept of this regression line yielded estimates of CD and CP, respectively. These two quantities are thought to reflect the mechanism of ITD sensitivity, which involves the convergence of phase-locked inputs on a binaural cell. The CD estimates the difference in the time required for the two inputs to travel from either ear to this cell, whereas the CP reflects the interaural phase difference of the inputs at this cell. 3. Injections of sodium pentobarbital at subsurgical dosages (less than 25 mg/kg) almost invariably altered the neuron's response rate, response latency, response pattern, and spontaneous activity. Most of these changes were predictable and consistent with an enhancement of inhibitory influences. For example, if the earliest response was inhibitory, later excitation was usually reduced and latency increased. If the earliest response was excitatory, the level of this excitation was unaltered or slightly enhanced, and changes in latency were minimal. 4. The neuron's response pattern also changed in a predictable way. For example, a response with an inhibitory pause could either change to a response with a longer pause or to a response with an onset only.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Evaluation of Small Mass Spectrometer Systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Arkin, C. Richard; Griffin, Timothy P.; Ottens, Andrew K.; Diaz, Jorge A.; Follistein, Duke W.; Adams, Fredrick W.; Helms, William R.; Voska, N. (Technical Monitor)

2002-01-01

This work is aimed at understanding the aspects of designing a miniature mass spectrometer (MS) system. A multitude of commercial and government sectors, such as the military, environmental agencies and industrial manufacturers of semiconductors, refrigerants, and petroleum products, would find a small, portable, rugged and reliable MS system beneficial. Several types of small MS systems are evaluated and discussed, including linear quadrupole, quadrupole ion trap, time of flight and sector. The performance of each system in terms of accuracy, precision, limits of detection, response time, recovery time, scan rate, volume and weight is assessed. A performance scale is setup to rank each systems and an overall performance score is given to each system. All experiments involved the analysis of hydrogen, helium, oxygen and argon in a nitrogen background with the concentrations of the components of interest ranging from 0-5000 part-per-million (ppm). The relative accuracies of the systems vary from < 1% to approx. 40% with an average below 10%. Relative precisions varied from 1% to 20%, with an average below 5%. The detection limits had a large distribution, ranging from 0.2 to 170 ppm. The systems had a diverse response time ranging from 4 s to 210 s as did the recovery time with a 6 s to 210 s distribution. Most instruments had scan times near, 1 s, however one instrument exceeded 13 s. System weights varied from 9 to 52 kg and sizes from 15 x 10(exp 3)cu cm to 110 x 10(exp 3) cu cm.

Changes in Cervical Cancer FDG Uptake During Chemoradiation and Association With Response

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kidd, Elizabeth A., E-mail: ekidd@stanford.edu; Thomas, Maria; Siegel, Barry A.

2013-01-01

Purpose: Previous research showed that pretreatment uptake of F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), as assessed by the maximal standardized uptake value (SUV{sub max}) and the variability of uptake (FDG{sub hetero}), predicted for posttreatment response in cervical cancer. In this pilot study, we evaluated the changes in SUV{sub max} and FDG{sub hetero} during concurrent chemoradiation for cervical cancer and their association with post-treatment response. Methods and Materials: Twenty-five patients with stage Ib1-IVa cervical cancer were enrolled. SUV{sub max}, FDG{sub hetero}, and metabolic tumor volume (MTV) were recorded from FDG-positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) scans performed pretreatment and during weeks 2 and 4more » of treatment and were evaluated for changes and association with response assessed on 3-month post-treatment FDG-PET/CT. Results: For all patients, the average pretreatment SUV{sub max} was 17.8, MTV was 55.4 cm{sup 3}, and FDG{sub hetero} was -1.33. A similar decline in SUV{sub max} was seen at week 2 compared with baseline and week 4 compared with week 2 (34%). The areas of highest FDG uptake in the tumor remained relatively consistent on serial scans. Mean FDG{sub hetero} decreased during treatment. For all patients, MTV decreased more from week 2 to week 4 than from pretreatment to week 2. By week 4, the average SUV{sub max} had decreased by 57% and the MTV had decreased by 30%. Five patients showed persistent or new disease on 3-month post-treatment PET. These poor responders showed a higher average SUV{sub max}, larger MTV, and greater heterogeneity at all 3 times. Week 4 SUV{sub max} (P=.037), week 4 FDG{sub hetero} (P=.005), pretreatment MTV (P=.008), and pretreatment FDG{sub hetero} (P=.008) were all significantly associated with post-treatment PET response. Conclusions: SUV{sub max} shows a consistent rate of decline during treatment and declines at a faster rate than MTV regresses. Based on this pilot study, pretreatment and week 4 of treatment represent the best time points for prediction of response.« less

Motor ability and inhibitory processes in children with ADHD: a neuroelectric study.

PubMed

Hung, Chiao-Ling; Chang, Yu-Kai; Chan, Yuan-Shuo; Shih, Chia-Hao; Huang, Chung-Ju; Hung, Tsung-Min

2013-06-01

The purpose of the current study was to examine the relationship between motor ability and response inhibition using behavioral and electrophysiological indices in children with ADHD. A total of 32 participants were recruited and underwent a motor ability assessment by administering the Basic Motor Ability Test-Revised (BMAT) as well as the Go/No-Go task and event-related potential (ERP) measurements at the same time. The results indicated that the BMAT scores were positively associated with the behavioral and ERP measures. Specifically, the BMAT average score was associated with a faster reaction time and higher accuracy, whereas higher BMAT subset scores predicted a shorter P3 latency in the Go condition. Although the association between the BMAT average score and the No-Go accuracy was limited, higher BMAT average and subset scores predicted a shorter N2 and P3 latency and a larger P3 amplitude in the No-Go condition. These findings suggest that motor abilities may play roles that benefit the cognitive performance of ADHD children.

Wireless Cloud Computing on Guided Missile Destroyers: A Business Case Analysis

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-06-01

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction...to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704–0188) Washington DC 20503. 1 . AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT...INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 1   A.  OVERVIEW

NANOSAT Employment: A Theoretical Conops for Space Object Identification

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-06-01

collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources...Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington, DC 20503. 1 . AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE June 2014 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES... 1 A. BACKGROUND .............................................................................................. 1 B. PURPOSE

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Plug-In Electric Vehicle Readiness Scorecard

Science.gov Websites

track progress toward PEV readiness. Get started evaluating your community. Create Account Log in to your account. Email Password Forgot your password? LOG IN Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average (20.5 hours) per response, including the time for reviewing

78 FR 53010 - Agency Information Collection (Statement of Disappearance) Activity Under OMB Review

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-27

... Control No. 2900- 0036'' in any correspondence. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Crystal Rennie... 20420, (202) 632-7492 or email crystal[email protected] . Please refer to ``OMB Control No. 2900-0036... Average Burden per Respondent: 2 hours 45 minutes. Frequency of Response: One-time. Estimated Number of...

78 FR 47479 - 30-Day Notice of Proposed Information Collection: Nonimmigrant Treaty Trader/Investor Application

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-05

...: Nonimmigrant Treaty Trader/Investor Application ACTION: Notice of request for public comment and submission to.../Investor Application OMB Control Number: OMB-1405-0101 Type of Request: Extension of a Currently Approved... Investor Estimated Number of Respondents: 41,752 Estimated Number of Responses: 41,752 Average Time per...

Transition on Hypersonic Vehicles with Crossflow

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-11-01

for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing...modes, attachment-line and centerline traveling instabilities were identified. These transition mechanisms were identified by their peculiar transition...58 5.2.2. Effect of Stationary Crossflow on Traveling Vortices ........................................... 64 5.3. Angle of Attack

75 FR 69153 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Requests for Comments; Clearance of a New Information...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-10

... submitted by December 10, 2010. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Carla Scott on (202) 267-9895, or by e-mail... repairmen. Frequency: One time per respondent. Estimated Average Burden per Response: Approximately 10 minutes per survey. Estimated Total Annual Burden: An estimated 1016.6 hours. ADDRESSES: Interested...

A Multilevel Secure Constrained Intrusion Detection System Prototype

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-12-01

information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and...Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1 . AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE December 2010 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED... 1 A. MOTIVATION....................................................................................... 1 B. PURPOSE OF STUDY

Civil Society Engagement in the Sulu Archipelago: Mobilizing Vibrant Networks to Win the Peace

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-06-14

average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed ...45 Mission Command Theory ...definitive test of this concept. Rather, they demonstrate the initial plausibility of this theory and encourage future testing. 1An example of these

International Disability Educational Alliance (IDEAnet)

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-03-01

this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data...sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden...educational services ................................................32 R2: Conduct literature review and evaluation of cost-effective delivery options

Feedback Drug Delivery Vehicles

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-28

The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing...policy or decision, unless so designated by other documentation. 12. DISTRIBUTION AVAILIBILITY STATEMENT Approved for Public Release; Distribution... publications (other than abstracts): Received Paper TOTAL: Number of Non Peer-Reviewed Conference Proceeding publications (other than abstracts): Peer

Spring 2008 Industry Study: Aircraft Industry

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-01-01

Spring 2008 Industry Study Final Report Aircraft Industry The Industrial College of the...Armed Forces National Defense University Fort McNair, Washington, D.C. 20319-5062 Report Documentation Page Form ApprovedOMB No. 0704...0188 Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing

A Human Factors Engineering Assessment of the Buffalo Mine Protection Clearance Vehicle Roof Hatch

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-10-01

this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data ...sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection information. Send comments regarding this burden...3 2. Method 4 2.1 Anthropometric Data

Obesity and Breast Cancer

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-07-01

serum INS, IGF-I and binding proteins, triglycerides, HDL - cholesterol , total and free steroids, sex hormone binding globulin, adiponectin, leptin, and...collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response , including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources...Bioinformatics, Biostatistics, Computer Science, Digital Mammography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Tissue Arrays, Gene Polymorphisms , Animal Models, Clinical

Development of Hydrophobic Coatings for Water-Repellent Surfaces Using Hybrid Methodology

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-04-01

Bujanda, and Daphne Pappas ARL-TR-6898 April 2014 Approved for public release...Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. ii REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No...0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing

A scalable healthcare information system based on a service-oriented architecture.

PubMed

Yang, Tzu-Hsiang; Sun, Yeali S; Lai, Feipei

2011-06-01

Many existing healthcare information systems are composed of a number of heterogeneous systems and face the important issue of system scalability. This paper first describes the comprehensive healthcare information systems used in National Taiwan University Hospital (NTUH) and then presents a service-oriented architecture (SOA)-based healthcare information system (HIS) based on the service standard HL7. The proposed architecture focuses on system scalability, in terms of both hardware and software. Moreover, we describe how scalability is implemented in rightsizing, service groups, databases, and hardware scalability. Although SOA-based systems sometimes display poor performance, through a performance evaluation of our HIS based on SOA, the average response time for outpatient, inpatient, and emergency HL7Central systems are 0.035, 0.04, and 0.036 s, respectively. The outpatient, inpatient, and emergency WebUI average response times are 0.79, 1.25, and 0.82 s. The scalability of the rightsizing project and our evaluation results show that the SOA HIS we propose provides evidence that SOA can provide system scalability and sustainability in a highly demanding healthcare information system.

Massively parallel free-flight simulations of a passive bumblebee in turbulence

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Engels, Thomas; Kolomenskiy, Dmitry; Schneider, Kai; Farge, Marie; Lehmann, Fritz; Sesterhenn, Jörn

2017-11-01

High-resolution direct numerical simulations of a flapping bumblebee in fully developed turbulence are presented. The model insect is considered in free flight with all six degrees of coupled to the fluid solver. We study the influence of inflow turbulence with varying intensity on the passive response of the animal. The passive response is relevant for insects due to the finite reaction time after which changes in orientation are transduced into changes in the wingbeat kinematics. The impact on the cycle-averaged aerodynamical forces, moments and power consumption is assessed. We also analyze the leading edge vortex at the insect wings, which enhances lift production, and show that even strong inflow turbulence is insignificant for its flow topology in an ensemble-averaged sense. Orthogonal wavelet decomposition quantifies the scale dependence of the generated swirling flow and its intermittency. Financial support from the ANR (Grant 15-CE40-0019) and DFG (Grant SE 8246-1), project AIFIT, is gratefully acknowledged and CPU time from the supercomputer center Idris in Orsay, project i20152a1664.

Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction Quarterly Report to the United States Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-10-30

reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions ... information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. 1. REPORT DATE 30 OCT 2014 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED 00-00-2014 to 00-00...salaries until the end of the year. In response to a request from SIGAR for information , State Department officials said they had not yet received a formal

Ultralow-intensity magneto-optical and mechanical effects in metal nanocolloids.

PubMed

Moocarme, M; Domínguez-Juárez, J L; Vuong, L T

2014-03-12

Magneto-plasmonics is a designation generally associated with ferromagnetic-plasmonic materials because such optical responses from nonmagnetic materials alone are considered weak. Here, we show that there exists a switching transition between linear and nonlinear magneto-optical behaviors in noble-metal nanocolloids that is observable at ultralow illumination intensities and direct current magnetic fields. The response is attributed to polarization-dependent nonzero-time-averaged plasmonic loops, vortex power flows, and nanoparticle magnetization. This work identifies significant mechanical effects that subsequently exist via magnetic-dipole interactions.

Phylogenetic conservatism and trait correlates of spring phenological responses to climate change in northeast China.

PubMed

Du, Yanjun; Chen, Jingru; Willis, Charles G; Zhou, Zhiqiang; Liu, Tong; Dai, Wujun; Zhao, Yuan; Ma, Keping

2017-09-01

Climate change has resulted in major changes in plant phenology across the globe that includes leaf-out date and flowering time. The ability of species to respond to climate change, in part, depends on their response to climate as a phenological cue in general. Species that are not phenologically responsive may suffer in the face of continued climate change. Comparative studies of phenology have found phylogeny to be a reliable predictor of mean leaf-out date and flowering time at both the local and global scales. This is less true for flowering time response (i.e., the correlation between phenological timing and climate factors), while no study to date has explored whether the response of leaf-out date to climate factors exhibits phylogenetic signal. We used a 52-year observational phenological dataset for 52 woody species from the Forest Botanical Garden of Heilongjiang Province, China, to test phylogenetic signal in leaf-out date and flowering time, as well as, the response of these two phenological traits to both temperature and winter precipitation. Leaf-out date and flowering time were significantly responsive to temperature for most species, advancing, on average, 3.11 and 2.87 day/°C, respectively. Both leaf-out and flowering, and their responses to temperature exhibited significant phylogenetic signals. The response of leaf-out date to precipitation exhibited no phylogenetic signal, while flowering time response to precipitation did. Native species tended to have a weaker flowering response to temperature than non-native species. Earlier leaf-out species tended to have a greater response to winter precipitation. This study is the first to assess phylogenetic signal of leaf-out response to climate change, which suggests, that climate change has the potential to shape the plant communities, not only through flowering sensitivity, but also through leaf-out sensitivity.

Customer care. Patient satisfaction in the prehospital setting.

PubMed

Doering, G T

1998-09-01

The focus of the study was to prioritize six emergency medical service treatment factors in terms of their impact upon patient satisfaction in the prehospital setting. The six treatment areas analyzed were: EMS response time; medical care provided on scene; explanation of care by the provider; the provider's ability to reduce patient anxiety; the provider's ability to meet the patient's non-medical needs; and the level of courtesy/politeness shown by the EMS provider toward the patient. Telephone interviews were conducted with both patients and bystanders to obtain their perception of how well the system met their needs. The study analyzed how the six issues were rated and then evaluated the impact an individual's low score in a category had on that person's overall rating of the service provided. The overall satisfaction rating is not a calculated score, but an overall score specified by the respondent. The effect each issue had on the respondent's overall rating was determined by averaging the overall ratings for a category's low scorers, averaging the overall ratings for high scorers and then measuring the difference. Results of the study indicate that the factor with the greatest negative impact on patient satisfaction came from a perceived lack of crew courtesy and politeness. Respondents who indicated a fair to poor score in this category decreased their overall score by 60.2%. Ratings in other categories yielded the following results: When respondents rated the response time as fair to poor, their average overall rating showed an 18.4% decrease. When respondents rated the quality of medical care as fair to poor, their average overall rating showed a decrease of 22.6%. When the crew's ability to explain what was happening to the patient was rated as fair to poor, the average overall score dropped 33.6%. When the EMT's and medic's ability to reduce the patient's anxiety was rated fair to poor, average overall score declined by 32.6%. Finally, when the crew's ability to satisfy a patient's non-medical needs was rated as fair to poor, the average overall score diminished by 37.4%.

The tidally averaged momentum balance in a partially and periodically stratified estuary

USGS Publications Warehouse

Stacey, M.T.; Brennan, Matthew L.; Burau, J.R.; Monismith, Stephen G.

2010-01-01

Observations of turbulent stresses and mean velocities over an entire spring-neap cycle are used to evaluate the dynamics of tidally averaged flows in a partially stratified estuarine channel. In a depth-averaged sense, the net flow in this channel is up estuary due to interaction of tidal forcing with the geometry of the larger basin. The depth-variable tidally averaged flow has the form of an estuarine exchange flow (downstream at the surface, upstream at depth) and varies in response to the neap-spring transition. The weakening of the tidally averaged exchange during the spring tides appears to be a result of decreased stratification on the tidal time scale rather than changes in bed stress. The dynamics of the estuarine exchange flow are defined by a balance between the vertical divergence of the tidally averaged turbulent stress and the tidally averaged pressure gradient in the lower water column. In the upper water column, tidal stresses are important contributors, particularly during the neap tides. The usefulness of an effective eddy viscosity in the tidally averaged momentum equation is explored, and it is seen that the effective eddy viscosity on the subtidal time scale would need to be negative to close the momentum balance. This is due to the dominant contribution of tidally varying turbulent momentum fluxes, which have no specific relation to the subtidal circulation. Using a water column model, the validity of an effective eddy viscosity is explored; for periodically stratified water columns, a negative effective viscosity is required. ?? 2010 American Meteorological Society.

A distributed lag approach to fitting non-linear dose-response models in particulate matter air pollution time series investigations.

PubMed

Roberts, Steven; Martin, Michael A

2007-06-01

The majority of studies that have investigated the relationship between particulate matter (PM) air pollution and mortality have assumed a linear dose-response relationship and have used either a single-day's PM or a 2- or 3-day moving average of PM as the measure of PM exposure. Both of these modeling choices have come under scrutiny in the literature, the linear assumption because it does not allow for non-linearities in the dose-response relationship, and the use of the single- or multi-day moving average PM measure because it does not allow for differential PM-mortality effects spread over time. These two problems have been dealt with on a piecemeal basis with non-linear dose-response models used in some studies and distributed lag models (DLMs) used in others. In this paper, we propose a method for investigating the shape of the PM-mortality dose-response relationship that combines a non-linear dose-response model with a DLM. This combined model will be shown to produce satisfactory estimates of the PM-mortality dose-response relationship in situations where non-linear dose response models and DLMs alone do not; that is, the combined model did not systemically underestimate or overestimate the effect of PM on mortality. The combined model is applied to ten cities in the US and a pooled dose-response model formed. When fitted with a change-point value of 60 microg/m(3), the pooled model provides evidence for a positive association between PM and mortality. The combined model produced larger estimates for the effect of PM on mortality than when using a non-linear dose-response model or a DLM in isolation. For the combined model, the estimated percentage increase in mortality for PM concentrations of 25 and 75 microg/m(3) were 3.3% and 5.4%, respectively. In contrast, the corresponding values from a DLM used in isolation were 1.2% and 3.5%, respectively.

Cooperative dynamics in auditory brain response

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kwapień, J.; DrożdŻ, S.; Liu, L. C.; Ioannides, A. A.

1998-11-01

Simultaneous estimates of activity in the left and right auditory cortex of five normal human subjects were extracted from multichannel magnetoencephalography recordings. Left, right, and binaural stimulations were used, in separate runs, for each subject. The resulting time series of left and right auditory cortex activity were analyzed using the concept of mutual information. The analysis constitutes an objective method to address the nature of interhemispheric correlations in response to auditory stimulations. The results provide clear evidence of the occurrence of such correlations mediated by a direct information transport, with clear laterality effects: as a rule, the contralateral hemisphere leads by 10-20 ms, as can be seen in the average signal. The strength of the interhemispheric coupling, which cannot be extracted from the average data, is found to be highly variable from subject to subject, but remarkably stable for each subject.

Rapid range shifts of species associated with high levels of climate warming.

PubMed

Chen, I-Ching; Hill, Jane K; Ohlemüller, Ralf; Roy, David B; Thomas, Chris D

2011-08-19

The distributions of many terrestrial organisms are currently shifting in latitude or elevation in response to changing climate. Using a meta-analysis, we estimated that the distributions of species have recently shifted to higher elevations at a median rate of 11.0 meters per decade, and to higher latitudes at a median rate of 16.9 kilometers per decade. These rates are approximately two and three times faster than previously reported. The distances moved by species are greatest in studies showing the highest levels of warming, with average latitudinal shifts being generally sufficient to track temperature changes. However, individual species vary greatly in their rates of change, suggesting that the range shift of each species depends on multiple internal species traits and external drivers of change. Rapid average shifts derive from a wide diversity of responses by individual species.

Stressed and unstressed Ge:Ga detector arrays for airborne astronomy

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Stacey, G.J.; Beeman, J.W.; Haller, E.E.

1992-11-01

We have constructed and used two dimensional arrays of both unstressed and stressed Ge:GA photoconductive detectors for far-infrared astronomy from the Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO). The 25 element (5 x 5) arrays are designed for a new cryogenically cooled spectrometer, the MPE/UCB Far-Infrared Imaging Fabry-Perot Interferometer (FIFI). All of the pixels for the stressed array performed well on the first flights with FIFI; 25% of the detectors in the array are more sensitive than our best single element detector, with background limited noise equivalent powers (NEPs) [approx lt] 3.0 [times] 10[sup [minus]15] W Hz[sup [minus]1/2] at 158 [mu]m and 40more » km s[sup [minus]1] spectral resolution. The average array element performs within [plus minus] 15% of this value. With a bias field of 0.1 V/cm, the average detector response is 20 [plus minus] 6 Amp/Watt at 158 [mu]m. The cutoff wavelength and response also compare well with our single element detectors. The unstressed array delivers significantly better performance than our single element detector due to the lower thermal background in the new spectrometer. The average background limited NEP at 88 [mu]m and 35 km s[sup [minus]1] spectral resolution is approx. 7 [times] 10[sup [minus]15] W Hz[sup [minus]1/2]. 18 refs., 10 figs., 2 tabs.« less

Hidden scaling patterns and universality in written communication

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Formentin, M.; Lovison, A.; Maritan, A.; Zanzotto, G.

2014-07-01

The temporal statistics exhibited by written correspondence appear to be media dependent, with features which have so far proven difficult to characterize. We explain the origin of these difficulties by disentangling the role of spontaneous activity from decision-based prioritizing processes in human dynamics, clocking all waiting times through each agent's "proper time" measured by activity. This unveils the same fundamental patterns in written communication across all media (letters, email, sms), with response times displaying truncated power-law behavior and average exponents near -3/2. When standard time is used, the response time probabilities are theoretically predicted to exhibit a bimodal character, which is empirically borne out by our newly collected years-long data on email. These perspectives on the temporal dynamics of human correspondence should aid in the analysis of interaction phenomena in general, including resource management, optimal pricing and routing, information sharing, and emergency handling.

Statistical strategies for averaging EC50 from multiple dose-response experiments.

PubMed

Jiang, Xiaoqi; Kopp-Schneider, Annette

2015-11-01

In most dose-response studies, repeated experiments are conducted to determine the EC50 value for a chemical, requiring averaging EC50 estimates from a series of experiments. Two statistical strategies, the mixed-effect modeling and the meta-analysis approach, can be applied to estimate average behavior of EC50 values over all experiments by considering the variabilities within and among experiments. We investigated these two strategies in two common cases of multiple dose-response experiments in (a) complete and explicit dose-response relationships are observed in all experiments and in (b) only in a subset of experiments. In case (a), the meta-analysis strategy is a simple and robust method to average EC50 estimates. In case (b), all experimental data sets can be first screened using the dose-response screening plot, which allows visualization and comparison of multiple dose-response experimental results. As long as more than three experiments provide information about complete dose-response relationships, the experiments that cover incomplete relationships can be excluded from the meta-analysis strategy of averaging EC50 estimates. If there are only two experiments containing complete dose-response information, the mixed-effects model approach is suggested. We subsequently provided a web application for non-statisticians to implement the proposed meta-analysis strategy of averaging EC50 estimates from multiple dose-response experiments.

Average cost per person victimized by an intimate partner of the opposite gender: a comparison of men and women.

PubMed

Arias, Ileana; Corso, Phaedra

2005-08-01

Differences in prevalence, injury, and utilization of services between female and male victims of intimate partner violence (IPV) have been noted. However, there are no studies indicating approximate costs of men's IPV victimization. This study explored gender differences in service utilization for physical IPV injuries and average cost per person victimized by an intimate partner of the opposite gender. Significantly more women than men reported physical IPV victimization and related injuries. A greater proportion of women than men reported seeking mental health services and reported more visits on average in response to physical IPV victimization. Women were more likely than men to report using emergency department, inpatient hospital, and physician services, and were more likely than men to take time off from work and from childcare or household duties because of their injuries. The total average per person cost for women experiencing at least one physical IPV victimization was more than twice the average per person cost for men.

Extensive Acclimation in Ectotherms Conceals Interspecific Variation in Thermal Tolerance Limits

PubMed Central

Pintor, Anna F. V.; Schwarzkopf, Lin; Krockenberger, Andrew K.

2016-01-01

Species’ tolerance limits determine their capacity to tolerate climatic extremes and limit their potential distributions. Interspecific variation in thermal tolerances is often proposed to indicate climatic vulnerability and is, therefore, the subject of many recent meta-studies on differential capacities of species from climatically different habitats to deal with climate change. Most studies on thermal tolerances do not acclimate animals or use inconsistent, and insufficient, acclimation times, limiting our knowledge of the shape, duration and extent of acclimation responses. Consequently patterns in thermal tolerances observed in meta-analyses, based on data from the literature are based on inconsistent, partial acclimation and true trends may be obscured. In this study we describe time-course of complete acclimation of critical thermal minima in the tropical ectotherm Carlia longipes and compare it to the average acclimation response of other reptiles, estimated from published data, to assess how much acclimation time may contribute to observed differences in thermal limits. Carlia longipes decreased their lower critical thermal limits by 2.4°C and completed 95% of acclimation in 17 weeks. Wild populations did not mirror this acclimation process over the winter. Other reptiles appear to decrease cold tolerance more quickly (95% in 7 weeks) and to a greater extent, with an estimated average acclimation response of 6.1°C. However, without data on tolerances after longer acclimation times available, our capacity to estimate final acclimation state is very limited. Based on the subset of data available for meta-analysis, much of the variation in cold tolerance observed in the literature can be attributed to acclimation time. Our results indicate that (i) acclimation responses can be slow and substantial, even in tropical species, and (ii) interspecific differences in acclimation speed and extent may obscure trends assessed in some meta-studies. Cold tolerances of wild animals are representative of cumulative responses to recent environments, while lengthy acclimation is necessary for controlled comparisons of physiological tolerances. Measures of inconsistent, intermediate acclimation states, as reported by many studies, represent neither the realised nor the potential tolerance in that population, are very likely underestimates of species’ physiological capacities and may consequently be of limited value. PMID:26990769

Extensive Acclimation in Ectotherms Conceals Interspecific Variation in Thermal Tolerance Limits.

PubMed

Pintor, Anna F V; Schwarzkopf, Lin; Krockenberger, Andrew K

2016-01-01

Species' tolerance limits determine their capacity to tolerate climatic extremes and limit their potential distributions. Interspecific variation in thermal tolerances is often proposed to indicate climatic vulnerability and is, therefore, the subject of many recent meta-studies on differential capacities of species from climatically different habitats to deal with climate change. Most studies on thermal tolerances do not acclimate animals or use inconsistent, and insufficient, acclimation times, limiting our knowledge of the shape, duration and extent of acclimation responses. Consequently patterns in thermal tolerances observed in meta-analyses, based on data from the literature are based on inconsistent, partial acclimation and true trends may be obscured. In this study we describe time-course of complete acclimation of critical thermal minima in the tropical ectotherm Carlia longipes and compare it to the average acclimation response of other reptiles, estimated from published data, to assess how much acclimation time may contribute to observed differences in thermal limits. Carlia longipes decreased their lower critical thermal limits by 2.4°C and completed 95% of acclimation in 17 weeks. Wild populations did not mirror this acclimation process over the winter. Other reptiles appear to decrease cold tolerance more quickly (95% in 7 weeks) and to a greater extent, with an estimated average acclimation response of 6.1°C. However, without data on tolerances after longer acclimation times available, our capacity to estimate final acclimation state is very limited. Based on the subset of data available for meta-analysis, much of the variation in cold tolerance observed in the literature can be attributed to acclimation time. Our results indicate that (i) acclimation responses can be slow and substantial, even in tropical species, and (ii) interspecific differences in acclimation speed and extent may obscure trends assessed in some meta-studies. Cold tolerances of wild animals are representative of cumulative responses to recent environments, while lengthy acclimation is necessary for controlled comparisons of physiological tolerances. Measures of inconsistent, intermediate acclimation states, as reported by many studies, represent neither the realised nor the potential tolerance in that population, are very likely underestimates of species' physiological capacities and may consequently be of limited value.

Research on the effect of noise at different times of day: Models, methods and findings

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fields, J. M.

1985-01-01

Social surveys of residents' responses to noise at different times of day are reviewed. Some of the discrepancies in published reports about the importance of noise at different times of day are reduced when the research findings are classified according to the type of time of day reaction model, the type of time of day weight calculated and the method which is used to estimate the weight. When the estimates of nighttime weights from 12 studies are normalized, it is found that they still disagree, but do not support stronger nighttime weights than those used in existing noise indices. Challenges to common assumptions in nighttime response models are evaluated. Two of these challenges receive enough support to warrant further investigation: the impact of changes in numbers of noise events may be less at night than in the day and nighttime annoyance may be affected by noise levels in other periods. All existing social survey results in which averages of nighttime responses were plotted by nighttime noise levels are reproduced.

Can Professional Environments in Schools Promote Teacher Development? Explaining Heterogeneity in Returns to Teaching Experience

PubMed Central

Kraft, Matthew A.; Papay, John P.

2014-01-01

Although wide variation in teacher effectiveness is well established, much less is known about differences in teacher improvement over time. We document that average returns to teaching experience mask large variation across individual teachers and across groups of teachers working in different schools. We examine the role of school context in explaining these differences using a measure of the professional environment constructed from teachers responses to state-wide surveys. Our analyses show that teachers working in more supportive professional environments improve their effectiveness more over time than teachers working in less supportive contexts. On average, teachers working in schools at the 75th percentile of professional environment ratings improved 38% more than teachers in schools at the 25th percentile after 10 years. PMID:25866426

Sand lizard (Lacerta agilis) phenology in a warming world.

PubMed

Ljungström, Gabriella; Wapstra, Erik; Olsson, Mats

2015-10-08

Present-day climate change has altered the phenology (the timing of periodic life cycle events) of many plant and animal populations worldwide. Some of these changes have been adaptive, leading to an increase in population fitness, whereas others have been associated with fitness decline. Representing short-term responses to an altered weather regime, hitherto observed changes are largely explained by phenotypic plasticity. However, to track climatically induced shifts in optimal phenotype as climate change proceeds, evolutionary capacity in key limiting climate- and fitness-related traits is likely to be crucial. In order to produce realistic predictions about the effects of climate change on species and populations, a main target for conservation biologists is thus to assess the potential of natural populations to respond by these two mechanisms. In this study we use a large 15-year dataset on an ectotherm model, the Swedish sand lizard (Lacerta agilis), to investigate how higher spring temperature is likely to affect oviposition timing in a high latitude population, a trait strongly linked to offspring fitness and survival. With an interest in both the short- and potential long-term effect of rising temperatures, we applied a random regression model, which yields estimates of population-level plasticity and among-individual variation in the average, as well as the plastic, response to temperature. Population plasticity represents capacity for short-term adjustments whereas variation among individuals in a fitness-related trait indicates an opportunity for natural selection and hence for evolutionary adaptation. The analysis revealed both population-level plasticity and individual-level variation in average laying date. In contrast, we found no evidence for variation among females in their plastic responses to spring temperature, which could demonstrate a similarity in responses amongst females, but may also be due to a lack of statistical power to detect such an effect. Our findings indicate that climate warming may have positive fitness effects in this lizard population through an advancement of oviposition date. This prediction is consistent over shorter and potentially also longer time scales as the analysis revealed both population-level plasticity and individual-level variation in average laying date. However, the genetic basis for this variation would have to be examined in order to predict an evolutionary response.

Spatial and dose–response analysis of fibrotic lung changes after stereotactic body radiation therapy

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Vinogradskiy, Yevegeniy; Diot, Quentin; Kavanagh, Brian

2013-08-15

Purpose: Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is becoming the standard of care for early stage nonoperable lung cancers. Accurate dose–response modeling is challenging for SBRT because of the decreased number of clinical toxicity events. As a surrogate for a clinical toxicity endpoint, studies have proposed to use radiographic changes in follow up computed tomography (CT) scans to evaluate lung SBRT normal tissue effects. The purpose of the current study was to use local fibrotic lung regions to spatially and dosimetrically evaluate lung changes in patients that underwent SBRT.Methods: Forty seven SBRT patients treated at our institution from 2003 to 2009more » were used for the current study. Our patient cohort had a total of 148 follow up CT scans ranging from 3 to 48 months post-therapy. Post-treatment scans were binned into intervals of 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 months after the completion of treatment. Deformable image registration was used to align the follow up CT scans with the pretreatment CT and dose distribution. Areas of visible fibrotic changes were contoured. The centroid of each gross tumor volume (GTV) and contoured fibrosis volume was calculated and the fibrosis volume location and movement (magnitude and direction) relative to the GTV and 30 Gy isodose centroid were analyzed. To perform a dose–response analysis, each voxel in the fibrosis volume was sorted into 10 Gy dose bins and the average CT number value for each dose bin was calculated. Dose–response curves were generated by plotting the CT number as a function of dose bin and time posttherapy.Results: Both fibrosis and GTV centroids were concentrated in the upper third of the lung. The average radial movement of fibrosis centroids relative to the GTV centroids was 2.6 cm with movement greater than 5 cm occurring in 11% of patients. Evaluating dose–response curves revealed an overall trend of increasing CT number as a function of dose. The authors observed a CT number plateau at doses ranging from 30 to 50 Gy for the 3, 6, and 12 months posttherapy time points. There was no evident plateau for the dose–response curves generated using data from the 18, 24, 30, and 36 months posttherapy time points.Conclusions: Regions of local fibrotic lung changes in patients that underwent SBRT were evaluated spatially and dosimetrically. The authors found that the average fibrosis movement was 2.6 cm with movement greater than 5 cm possible. Evaluating dose–response curves revealed an overall trend of increasing CT number as a function of dose. Furthermore, our dose–response data also suggest that one of the possible explanations of the CT number plateau effect may be the time posttherapy of the acquired data. Understanding normal tissue dose–response is important for reducing toxicity after SBRT, especially in cases where larger tumors are treated. The methods presented in the current work build on prior quantitative studies and further enhance the understanding of normal lung dose–response after SBRT.« less

Vascular and inflammatory high fat meal responses in young healthy men; a discriminative role of IL-8 observed in a randomized trial.

PubMed

Esser, Diederik; Oosterink, Els; op 't Roodt, Jos; Henry, Ronald M A; Stehouwer, Coen D A; Müller, Michael; Afman, Lydia A

2013-01-01

High fat meal challenges are known to induce postprandial low-grade inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. This assumption is largely based on studies performed in older populations or in populations with a progressed disease state and an appropriate control meal is often lacking. Young healthy individuals might be more resilient to such challenges. We therefore aimed to characterize the vascular and inflammatory response after a high fat meal in young healthy individuals. In a double-blind randomized cross-over intervention study, we used a comprehensive phenotyping approach to determine the vascular and inflammatory response after consumption of a high fat shake and after an average breakfast shake in 20 young healthy subjects. Both interventions were performed three times. Many features of the vascular postprandial response, such as FMD, arterial stiffness and micro-vascular skin blood flow were not different between shakes. High fat/high energy shake consumption was associated with a more pronounced increase in blood pressure, heart rate, plasma concentrations of IL-8 and PBMCs gene expression of IL-8 and CD54 (ICAM-1), whereas plasma concentrations of sVCAM1 were decreased compared to an average breakfast. Whereas no difference in postprandial response were observed on classical markers of endothelial function, we did observe differences between consumption of a HF/HE and an average breakfast meal on blood pressure and IL-8 in young healthy volunteers. IL-8 might play an important role in dealing with high fat challenges and might be an early marker for endothelial stress, a stage preceding endothelial dysfunction.

Configuring Airspace Sectors with Approximate Dynamic Programming

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bloem, Michael; Gupta, Pramod

2010-01-01

In response to changing traffic and staffing conditions, supervisors dynamically configure airspace sectors by assigning them to control positions. A finite horizon airspace sector configuration problem models this supervisor decision. The problem is to select an airspace configuration at each time step while considering a workload cost, a reconfiguration cost, and a constraint on the number of control positions at each time step. Three algorithms for this problem are proposed and evaluated: a myopic heuristic, an exact dynamic programming algorithm, and a rollouts approximate dynamic programming algorithm. On problem instances from current operations with only dozens of possible configurations, an exact dynamic programming solution gives the optimal cost value. The rollouts algorithm achieves costs within 2% of optimal for these instances, on average. For larger problem instances that are representative of future operations and have thousands of possible configurations, excessive computation time prohibits the use of exact dynamic programming. On such problem instances, the rollouts algorithm reduces the cost achieved by the heuristic by more than 15% on average with an acceptable computation time.

Heterogeneity in Early Responses in ALLHAT (Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial).

PubMed

Dhruva, Sanket S; Huang, Chenxi; Spatz, Erica S; Coppi, Andreas C; Warner, Frederick; Li, Shu-Xia; Lin, Haiqun; Xu, Xiao; Furberg, Curt D; Davis, Barry R; Pressel, Sara L; Coifman, Ronald R; Krumholz, Harlan M

2017-07-01

Randomized trials of hypertension have seldom examined heterogeneity in response to treatments over time and the implications for cardiovascular outcomes. Understanding this heterogeneity, however, is a necessary step toward personalizing antihypertensive therapy. We applied trajectory-based modeling to data on 39 763 study participants of the ALLHAT (Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial) to identify distinct patterns of systolic blood pressure (SBP) response to randomized medications during the first 6 months of the trial. Two trajectory patterns were identified: immediate responders (85.5%), on average, had a decreasing SBP, whereas nonimmediate responders (14.5%), on average, had an initially increasing SBP followed by a decrease. Compared with those randomized to chlorthalidone, participants randomized to amlodipine (odds ratio, 1.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10-1.31), lisinopril (odds ratio, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.73-2.03), and doxazosin (odds ratio, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.52-1.78) had higher adjusted odds ratios associated with being a nonimmediate responder (versus immediate responder). After multivariable adjustment, nonimmediate responders had a higher hazard ratio of stroke (hazard ratio, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.21-1.84), combined cardiovascular disease (hazard ratio, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.11-1.31), and heart failure (hazard ratio, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.24-1.78) during follow-up between 6 months and 2 years. The SBP response trajectories provided superior discrimination for predicting downstream adverse cardiovascular events than classification based on difference in SBP between the first 2 measurements, SBP at 6 months, and average SBP during the first 6 months. Our findings demonstrate heterogeneity in response to antihypertensive therapies and show that chlorthalidone is associated with more favorable initial response than the other medications. © 2017 American Heart Association, Inc.

Unsteady design-point flow phenomena in transonic compressors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gertz, J. B.; Epstein, A. H.

1986-01-01

High-frequency response probes which had previously been used exclusively in the MIT Blowndown Facility were successfully employed in two conventional steady state axial flow compressor facilities to investigate the unsteady flowfields of highly loaded transonic compressors at design point operation. Laser anemometry measurements taken simultaneously with the high response data were also analyzed. The time averaged high response data of static and total pressure agreed quite well with the conventional steady state instrumentation except for flow angle which showed a large spread in values at all radii regardless of the type of instrumentation used. In addition, the time resolved measurements confirmed earlier test results obtained in the MIT Blowdown Facility for the same compressor. The results of these tests have further revealed that the flowfields of highly loaded transonic compressors are heavily influenced by unsteady flow phenomena. The high response measurements exhibited large variations in the blade to blade flow and in the blade passage flow. The observed unsteadiness in the blade wakes is explained in terms of the rotor blades' shed vorticity in periodic vortex streets. The wakes were modeled as two-dimensional vortex streets with finite size cores. The model fit the data quite well as it was able to reproduce the average wake shape and bi-modal probability density distributions seen in the laser anemometry data. The presence of vortex streets in the blade wakes also explains the large blade to blade fluctuations seen by the high response probes which is simply due to the intermittent sampling of the vortex street as it is swept past a stationary probe.

Uranyl adsorption kinetics within silica gel: dependence on flow velocity and concentration

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dodd, Brandon M.; Tepper, Gary

2017-09-01

Trace quantities of a uranyl dissolved in water were measured using a simple optical method. A dilute solution of uranium nitrate dissolved in water was forced through nanoporous silica gel at fixed and controlled water flow rates. The uranyl ions deposited and accumulated within the silica gel and the uranyl fluorescence within the silica gel was monitored as a function of time using a light emitting diode as the excitation source and a photomultiplier tube detector. It was shown that the response time of the fluorescence output signal at a particular volumetric flow rate or average liquid velocity through the silica gel can be used to quantify the concentration of uranium in water. The response time as a function of concentration decreased with increasing flow velocity.

Catchment dynamics and social response during flash floods

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Creutin, J. D.; Lutoff, C.; Ruin, I.; Scolobig, A.; Créton-Cazanave, L.

2009-04-01

The objective of this study is to examine how the current techniques for flash-flood monitoring and forecasting can meet the requirements of the population at risk to evaluate the severity of the flood and anticipate its danger. To this end, we identify the social response time for different social actions in the course of two well studied flash flood events which occurred in France and Italy. We introduce a broad characterization of the event management activities into three types according to their main objective (information, organisation and protection). The activities are also classified into three other types according to the scale and nature of the human group involved (individuals, communities and institutions). The conclusions reached relate to i) the characterisation of the social responses according to watershed scale and to the information available, and ii) to the appropriateness of the existing surveillance and forecasting tools to support the social responses. Our results suggest that representing the dynamics of the social response with just one number representing the average time for warning a population is an oversimplification. It appears that the social response time exhibits a parallel with the hydrological response time, by diminishing in time with decreasing size of the relevant watershed. A second result is that the human groups have different capabilities of anticipation apparently based on the nature of information they use. Comparing watershed response times and social response times shows clearly that at scales of less than 100 km2, a number of actions were taken with response times comparable to the catchment response time. The implications for adapting the warning processes to social scales (individual or organisational scales) are considerable. At small scales and for the implied anticipation times, the reliable and high-resolution description of the actual rainfall field becomes the major source of information for decision-making processes such as deciding between evacuations or advising to stay home. This points to the need to improve the accuracy and quality control of real time radar rainfall data, especially for extreme flash flood generating storms.

Impact force identification for composite helicopter blades using minimal sensing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Budde, Carson N.

In this research a method for online impact identification using minimal sensors is developed for rotor hubs with composite blades. Modal impact data and the corresponding responses are recorded at several locations to develop a frequency response function model for each composite blade on the rotor hub. The frequency response model for each blade is used to develop an impact identification algorithm which can be used to identify the location and magnitude of impacts. Impacts are applied in two experimental setups, including a four-blade spin test rig and a cantilevered full-sized composite blade. The impacts are estimated to have been applied at the correct location 92.3% of the time for static fiberglass blades, 97.4% of the time for static carbon fiber blades and 99.2% of the time for a full sized-static blade. The estimated location is assessed further and determined to have been estimated in the correct chord position 96.1% of the time for static fiberglass, 100% of the time for carbon fiber blades and 99.2% of the time for the full-sized blades. Projectile impacts are also applied statically and during rotation to the carbon fiber blades on the spin test rig at 57 and 83 RPM. The applied impacts can be located to the correct position 63.9%, 41.7% and 33.3% for the 0, 57 and 83 RPM speeds, respectively, while the correct chord location is estimated 100% of the time. The impact identification algorithm also estimates the force of an impact with an average percent difference of 4.64, 2.61 and 1.00 for static fiberglass, full sized, and carbon fiber blades, respectively. Using a load cell and work equations, the force of impact for a projectile fired from a dynamic firing setup is estimated at about 400 N. The average force measured for applied projectile impacts to the carbon fiber blades, rotating at 0, 57 and 83 RPM, is 368.8, 373.7 and 432.4 N, respectively.

Associations between air temperature and cardio-respiratory mortality in the urban area of Beijing, China: a time-series analysis.

PubMed

Liu, Liqun; Breitner, Susanne; Pan, Xiaochuan; Franck, Ulrich; Leitte, Arne Marian; Wiedensohler, Alfred; von Klot, Stephanie; Wichmann, H-Erich; Peters, Annette; Schneider, Alexandra

2011-05-25

Associations between air temperature and mortality have been consistently observed in Europe and the United States; however, there is a lack of studies for Asian countries. Our study investigated the association between air temperature and cardio-respiratory mortality in the urban area of Beijing, China. Death counts for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases for adult residents (≥15 years), meteorological parameters and concentrations of particulate air pollution were obtained from January 2003 to August 2005. The effects of two-day and 15-day average temperatures were estimated by Poisson regression models, controlling for time trend, relative humidity and other confounders if necessary. Effects were explored for warm (April to September) and cold periods (October to March) separately. The lagged effects of daily temperature were investigated by polynomial distributed lag (PDL) models. We observed a J-shaped exposure-response function only for 15-day average temperature and respiratory mortality in the warm period, with 21.3°C as the threshold temperature. All other exposure-response functions could be considered as linear. In the warm period, a 5°C increase of two-day average temperature was associated with a RR of 1.098 (95% confidence interval (95%CI): 1.057-1.140) for cardiovascular and 1.134 (95%CI: 1.050-1.224) for respiratory mortality; a 5°C decrease of 15-day average temperature was associated with a RR of 1.040 (95%CI: 0.990-1.093) for cardiovascular mortality. In the cold period, a 5°C increase of two-day average temperature was associated with a RR of 1.149 (95%CI: 1.078-1.224) for respiratory mortality; a 5°C decrease of 15-day average temperature was associated with a RR of 1.057 (95%CI: 1.022-1.094) for cardiovascular mortality. The effects remained robust after considering particles as additional confounders. Both increases and decreases in air temperature are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality. The effects of heat were immediate while the ones of cold became predominant with longer time lags. Increases in air temperature are also associated with an immediate increased risk of respiratory mortality.

Associations between air temperature and cardio-respiratory mortality in the urban area of Beijing, China: a time-series analysis

PubMed Central

2011-01-01

Background Associations between air temperature and mortality have been consistently observed in Europe and the United States; however, there is a lack of studies for Asian countries. Our study investigated the association between air temperature and cardio-respiratory mortality in the urban area of Beijing, China. Methods Death counts for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases for adult residents (≥15 years), meteorological parameters and concentrations of particulate air pollution were obtained from January 2003 to August 2005. The effects of two-day and 15-day average temperatures were estimated by Poisson regression models, controlling for time trend, relative humidity and other confounders if necessary. Effects were explored for warm (April to September) and cold periods (October to March) separately. The lagged effects of daily temperature were investigated by polynomial distributed lag (PDL) models. Results We observed a J-shaped exposure-response function only for 15-day average temperature and respiratory mortality in the warm period, with 21.3°C as the threshold temperature. All other exposure-response functions could be considered as linear. In the warm period, a 5°C increase of two-day average temperature was associated with a RR of 1.098 (95% confidence interval (95%CI): 1.057-1.140) for cardiovascular and 1.134 (95%CI: 1.050-1.224) for respiratory mortality; a 5°C decrease of 15-day average temperature was associated with a RR of 1.040 (95%CI: 0.990-1.093) for cardiovascular mortality. In the cold period, a 5°C increase of two-day average temperature was associated with a RR of 1.149 (95%CI: 1.078-1.224) for respiratory mortality; a 5°C decrease of 15-day average temperature was associated with a RR of 1.057 (95%CI: 1.022-1.094) for cardiovascular mortality. The effects remained robust after considering particles as additional confounders. Conclusions Both increases and decreases in air temperature are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality. The effects of heat were immediate while the ones of cold became predominant with longer time lags. Increases in air temperature are also associated with an immediate increased risk of respiratory mortality. PMID:21612647

Assessing gender differences in response system questions for an introductory physics course

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Richardson, Chris T.; O'Shea, Brian W.

2013-03-01

In this work, we investigate whether gender differences are present in the iClicker student response system during introductory physics lectures in an engaged environment. We find that men and women are equally likely to respond to questions correctly and in the same amount of time. We also find that both genders make use of multiple responses in the same timescale, however, the average number of responses for a given question is significantly higher for men than women. Upon analyzing these responses, we also find men are slightly more likely than women to change their response, while the response base station is open. Both genders benefit from peer instruction by answering more quickly and correctly. The connection between previously documented timescale differences, differences in ungraded responses, and their implications for the classroom environment are discussed.

Quantifying Uncertainty from Computational Factors in Simulations of a Model Ballistic System

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-08-01

Comparison of runs 6–9 with the corresponding simulations from the stop time study (Tables 22 and 23) show that the restart series produces...Disclaimers The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized...0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing

Prediction of Acute Mountain Sickness Using a Blood Based Test

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-01-01

reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching...develop acute mountain sickness (AMS) when they travel to high altitudes. OVERALL PROJECT SUMMARY: Following program reviews over the last 24 months we...research. That work is ongoing and will continue for remainder of the time we work on this grant. We completed the request for a no cost extension. And we

Evaluation of MMX1902 as an Oral Treatment for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-10-01

0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing...min for 60 minutes 2 times a week for 10 weeks. Four different SQ treatment groups (n = 9/group) were evaluated – wild-type controls and three groups...potential for MMX1902 treatment to stimulate and sustain regeneration even in the face of long- term, intensive exercise. 15. SUBJECT TERMS Duchenne

Acute Lethality of Inhaled Hydrogen Cyanide in the Laboratory Rat: Impact of Concentration x Time Profile and Evaluation of the Predictivity of Toxic Load Models

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-05-03

public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions...AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT Toxic load models are mathematical...equal). The Department of Defense (DOD) (2005) publication “Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds” currently uses the toxic load

Climate responses to SATIRE and SIM-based spectral solar forcing in a 3D atmosphere-ocean coupled GCM

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wen, Guoyong; Cahalan, Robert F.; Rind, David; Jonas, Jeffrey; Pilewskie, Peter; Wu, Dong L.; Krivova, Natalie A.

2017-03-01

We apply two reconstructed spectral solar forcing scenarios, one SIM (Spectral Irradiance Monitor) based, the other the SATIRE (Spectral And Total Irradiance REconstruction) modeled, as inputs to the GISS (Goddard Institute for Space Studies) GCMAM (Global Climate Middle Atmosphere Model) to examine climate responses on decadal to centennial time scales, focusing on quantifying the difference of climate response between the two solar forcing scenarios. We run the GCMAM for about 400 years with present day trace gas and aerosol for the two solar forcing inputs. We find that the SIM-based solar forcing induces much larger long-term response and 11-year variation in global averaged stratospheric temperature and column ozone. We find significant decreasing trends of planetary albedo for both forcing scenarios in the 400-year model runs. However the mechanisms for the decrease are very different. For SATIRE solar forcing, the decreasing trend of planetary albedo is associated with changes in cloud cover. For SIM-based solar forcing, without significant change in cloud cover on centennial and longer time scales, the apparent decreasing trend of planetary albedo is mainly due to out-of-phase variation in shortwave radiative forcing proxy (downwelling flux for wavelength >330 nm) and total solar irradiance (TSI). From the Maunder Minimum to present, global averaged annual mean surface air temperature has a response of 0.1 °C to SATIRE solar forcing compared to 0.04 °C to SIM-based solar forcing. For 11-year solar cycle, the global surface air temperature response has 3-year lagged response to either forcing scenario. The global surface air 11-year temperature response to SATIRE forcing is about 0.12 °C, similar to recent multi-model estimates, and comparable to the observational-based evidence. However, the global surface air temperature response to 11-year SIM-based solar forcing is insignificant and inconsistent with observation-based evidence.

Photo-induced morphological winding and unwinding motion of nanoscrolls composed of niobate nanosheets with a polyfluoroalkyl azobenzene derivative

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nabetani, Yu; Takamura, Hazuki; Uchikoshi, Akino; Hassan, Syed Zahid; Shimada, Tetsuya; Takagi, Shinsuke; Tachibana, Hiroshi; Masui, Dai; Tong, Zhiwei; Inoue, Haruo

2016-06-01

Photo-responsive nanoscrolls can be successfully fabricated by mixing a polyfluoroalkyl azobenzene derivative and a niobate nanosheet, which is exfoliated from potassium hexaniobate. In this study, we have found that the photo-responsive nanoscroll shows a morphological motion of winding and unwinding, which is basically due to the nanosheet sliding within the nanoscroll, by efficient photo-isomerization reactions of the intercalated azobenzene in addition to the interlayer distance change of the nanoscrolls. The relative nanosheet sliding of the nanoscroll is estimated to be ca. 280 nm from the AFM morphology analysis. The distance of the sliding motion is over 20 times that of the averaged nanosheet sliding in the azobenzene/niobate hybrid film reported previously. Photo-responsive nanoscrolls can be expected to be novel photo-activated actuators and artificial muscle model materials.Photo-responsive nanoscrolls can be successfully fabricated by mixing a polyfluoroalkyl azobenzene derivative and a niobate nanosheet, which is exfoliated from potassium hexaniobate. In this study, we have found that the photo-responsive nanoscroll shows a morphological motion of winding and unwinding, which is basically due to the nanosheet sliding within the nanoscroll, by efficient photo-isomerization reactions of the intercalated azobenzene in addition to the interlayer distance change of the nanoscrolls. The relative nanosheet sliding of the nanoscroll is estimated to be ca. 280 nm from the AFM morphology analysis. The distance of the sliding motion is over 20 times that of the averaged nanosheet sliding in the azobenzene/niobate hybrid film reported previously. Photo-responsive nanoscrolls can be expected to be novel photo-activated actuators and artificial muscle model materials. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Fig. S1. Photo-isomerization reaction of nanoscrolls. See DOI: 10.1039/c6nr02177h

Smart Projectiles: Design Guidelines and Development Process Keys to Success

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-10-01

0704-01-0188 The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for...program the authors have worked on, this is always incorrect. Once again there is an adage that "there is never enough time or money to do it right, but...there is always enough time and money to do it over." At least one program the authors worked on was terminated because it "did it over" one too many

Investigation of Requirements and Capabilities of Next Generation Mine Warfare Unmanned Underwater Vehicles

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-12-01

increases, TtC decreases. The increased travel time allows for more analysis to be completed on-board instead of through PMA and the parallel...Distance the UUV must travel past each track to have time and realign with the next track Local X X X X X X km N/A N/A TrackFlag Flag use to reroute...No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing

Exercise training augments the dynamic heart rate response to vagal but not sympathetic stimulation in rats.

PubMed

Mizuno, Masaki; Kawada, Toru; Kamiya, Atsunori; Miyamoto, Tadayoshi; Shimizu, Shuji; Shishido, Toshiaki; Smith, Scott A; Sugimachi, Masaru

2011-04-01

We examined the transfer function of autonomic heart rate (HR) control in anesthetized sedentary and exercise-trained (16 wk, treadmill for 1 h, 5 times/wk at 15 m/min and 15-degree grade) rats for comparison to HR variability assessed in the conscious resting state. The transfer function from sympathetic stimulation to HR response was similar between groups (gain, 4.2 ± 1.5 vs. 4.5 ± 1.5 beats·min(-1)·Hz(-1); natural frequency, 0.07 ± 0.01 vs. 0.08 ± 0.01 Hz; damping coefficient, 1.96 ± 0.55 vs. 1.69 ± 0.15; and lag time, 0.7 ± 0.1 vs. 0.6 ± 0.1 s; sedentary vs. exercise trained, respectively, means ± SD). The transfer gain from vagal stimulation to HR response was 6.1 ± 3.0 in the sedentary and 9.7 ± 5.1 beats·min(-1)·Hz(-1) in the exercise-trained group (P = 0.06). The corner frequency (0.11 ± 0.05 vs. 0.17 ± 0.09 Hz) and lag time (0.1 ± 0.1 vs. 0.2 ± 0.1 s) did not differ between groups. When the sympathetic transfer gain was averaged for very-low-frequency and low-frequency bands, no significant group effect was observed. In contrast, when the vagal transfer gain was averaged for very-low-frequency, low-frequency, and high-frequency bands, exercise training produced a significant group effect (P < 0.05 by two-way, repeated-measures ANOVA). These findings suggest that, in the frequency domain, exercise training augments the dynamic HR response to vagal stimulation but not sympathetic stimulation, regardless of the frequency bands.

When can time-dependent currents be reproduced by the Landauer steady-state approximation?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Carey, Rachel; Chen, Liping; Gu, Bing; Franco, Ignacio

2017-05-01

We establish well-defined limits in which the time-dependent electronic currents across a molecular junction subject to a fluctuating environment can be quantitatively captured via the Landauer steady-state approximation. For this, we calculate the exact time-dependent non-equilibrium Green's function (TD-NEGF) current along a model two-site molecular junction, in which the site energies are subject to correlated noise, and contrast it with that obtained from the Landauer approach. The ability of the steady-state approximation to capture the TD-NEGF behavior at each instant of time is quantified via the same-time correlation function of the currents obtained from the two methods, while their global agreement is quantified by examining differences in the average currents. The Landauer steady-state approach is found to be a useful approximation when (i) the fluctuations do not disrupt the degree of delocalization of the molecular eigenstates responsible for transport and (ii) the characteristic time for charge exchange between the molecule and leads is fast with respect to the molecular correlation time. For resonant transport, when these conditions are satisfied, the Landauer approach is found to accurately describe the current, both on average and at each instant of time. For non-resonant transport, we find that while the steady-state approach fails to capture the time-dependent transport at each instant of time, it still provides a good approximation to the average currents. These criteria can be employed to adopt effective modeling strategies for transport through molecular junctions in interaction with a fluctuating environment, as is necessary to describe experiments.

Ontogeny of con A and PHA responses of chicken blood cells in MHC-compatible lines 6(3) and 7(2).

PubMed

Fredericksen, T L; Gilmour, D G

1983-06-01

The development of T cell responsiveness to Con A and PHA was examined in two MHC-compatible inbred chicken lines, RPRL 6(3) and 7(2), at ages 2 to 118 days posthatching. These lines are respectively resistant or susceptible to Marek's disease, a naturally occurring, virally induced T cell lymphoma. Between-line comparisons were made of optimal in vitro responses of diluted serum-free blood cells to each mitogen in two groups of chicks tested over ages 2 to 63 and 41 to 118 days. Over 2 to 63 days, Con A responses increased with age at the same rate in each line, but 7(2) responses averaged 2.3 times higher than 6(3). The increase with age was dependent on blood lymphocyte counts, which also increased with age in parallel in both lines. In contrast, the between-line difference in responsiveness was dependent on intrinsic reactivity of cells as well as lymphocyte counts. Covariance analysis was used to estimate that line 7(2) was 1.4 times higher than 6(3) in intrinsic cell reactivity, after accounting for the effect of the twofold higher blood lymphocyte counts in 7(2), and that this intrinsic difference contributed almost one-half the total difference. Over 41 to 118 days Con A responses no longer increased with age, although lymphocyte counts were still increasing, and the line difference (2.6 times) was now almost entirely contributed by a 2.3-fold superiority of 7(2) blood cells in intrinsic reactivity. The line difference in PHA responses was the reverse of the above in young chicks, with 6(3) responses greater than 7(2) in spite of lower lymphocyte counts. In additional chicks tested over 5 to 26 days, intrinsic reactivity of 6(3) cells to PHA averaged 4.5 times higher than 7(2). There was an abrupt decline in intrinsic reactivity of line 6(3) blood cells between 26 and 41 days to a level equal with 7(2). After this age, line 7(2) responses were 1.8 times greater than those of 6(3), and this difference was dependent solely on lymphocyte count differences. The results suggest that different gene systems mediate blood cell responses to PHA as compared with Con A. The pattern of developmental differences between inbred lines indicates the existence of distinct or partly overlapping T cell subsets with different reactivities to PHA or Con A, and of higher suppressor activity of adherent cells in line 6(3) blood. Both these differences may be related to line 6(3) inherited resistance to Marek's disease.

Mathematical Modeling Reveals Kinetics of Lymphocyte Recirculation in the Whole Organism

PubMed Central

Ganusov, Vitaly V.; Auerbach, Jeremy

2014-01-01

The kinetics of recirculation of naive lymphocytes in the body has important implications for the speed at which local infections are detected and controlled by immune responses. With a help of a novel mathematical model, we analyze experimental data on migration of 51Cr-labeled thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDLs) via major lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues of rats in the absence of systemic antigenic stimulation. We show that at any point of time, 95% of lymphocytes in the blood travel via capillaries in the lung or sinusoids of the liver and only 5% migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues such as lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, or the spleen. Interestingly, our analysis suggests that lymphocytes travel via lung capillaries and liver sinusoids at an extremely rapid rate with the average residence time in these tissues being less than 1 minute. The model also predicts a relatively short average residence time of TDLs in the spleen (2.5 hours) and a longer average residence time of TDLs in major lymph nodes and Peyer's patches (10 hours). Surprisingly, we find that the average residence time of lymphocytes is similar in lymph nodes draining the skin (subcutaneous LNs) or the gut (mesenteric LNs) or in Peyer's patches. Applying our model to an additional dataset on lymphocyte migration via resting and antigen-stimulated lymph nodes we find that enlargement of antigen-stimulated lymph nodes occurs mainly due to increased entrance rate of TDLs into the nodes and not due to decreased exit rate as has been suggested in some studies. Taken together, our analysis for the first time provides a comprehensive, systems view of recirculation kinetics of thoracic duct lymphocytes in the whole organism. PMID:24830705

Effects of IV Acetaminophen on Core Body Temperature and Hemodynamic Responses in Febrile Critically Ill Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

PubMed

Schell-Chaple, Hildy M; Liu, Kathleen D; Matthay, Michael A; Sessler, Daniel I; Puntillo, Kathleen A

2017-07-01

To determine the effects of IV acetaminophen on core body temperature, blood pressure, and heart rate in febrile critically ill patients. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Three adult ICUs at a large, urban, academic medical center. Forty critically ill adults with fever (core temperature, ≥ 38.3°C). An infusion of acetaminophen 1 g or saline placebo over 15 minutes. Core temperature and vital signs were measured at baseline and at 5-15-minute intervals for 4 hours after infusion of study drug. The primary outcome was time-weighted average core temperature adjusted for baseline temperature. Secondary outcomes included adjusted time-weighted average heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate, along with changes-over-time for each. Baseline patient characteristics were similar in those given acetaminophen and placebo. Patients given acetaminophen had an adjusted time-weighted average temperature that was 0.47°C less than those given placebo (95% CI, -0.76 to -0.18; p = 0.002). The acetaminophen group had significantly lower adjusted time-weighted average systolic blood pressure (-17 mm Hg; 95% CI, -25 to -8; p < 0.001), mean arterial pressure (-7 mm Hg; 95% CI, -12 to -1; p = 0.02), and heart rate (-6 beats/min; 95% CI, -10 to -1; p = 0.03). Changes-over-time temperature, blood pressure, and heart rate outcomes were also significantly lower at 2 hours, but not at 4 hours. Among febrile critically ill adults, treatment with acetaminophen decreased temperature, blood pressure, and heart rate. IV acetaminophen thus produces modest fever reduction in critical care patients, along with clinically important reductions in blood pressure.

Novel mathematical algorithm for pupillometric data analysis.

PubMed

Canver, Matthew C; Canver, Adam C; Revere, Karen E; Amado, Defne; Bennett, Jean; Chung, Daniel C

2014-01-01

Pupillometry is used clinically to evaluate retinal and optic nerve function by measuring pupillary response to light stimuli. We have developed a mathematical algorithm to automate and expedite the analysis of non-filtered, non-calculated pupillometric data obtained from mouse pupillary light reflex recordings, obtained from dynamic pupillary diameter recordings following exposure of varying light intensities. The non-filtered, non-calculated pupillometric data is filtered through a low pass finite impulse response (FIR) filter. Thresholding is used to remove data caused by eye blinking, loss of pupil tracking, and/or head movement. Twelve physiologically relevant parameters were extracted from the collected data: (1) baseline diameter, (2) minimum diameter, (3) response amplitude, (4) re-dilation amplitude, (5) percent of baseline diameter, (6) response time, (7) re-dilation time, (8) average constriction velocity, (9) average re-dilation velocity, (10) maximum constriction velocity, (11) maximum re-dilation velocity, and (12) onset latency. No significant differences were noted between parameters derived from algorithm calculated values and manually derived results (p ≥ 0.05). This mathematical algorithm will expedite endpoint data derivation and eliminate human error in the manual calculation of pupillometric parameters from non-filtered, non-calculated pupillometric values. Subsequently, these values can be used as reference metrics for characterizing the natural history of retinal disease. Furthermore, it will be instrumental in the assessment of functional visual recovery in humans and pre-clinical models of retinal degeneration and optic nerve disease following pharmacological or gene-based therapies. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Carbon Cycle Response to Two El Nino Types: Observational Study

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chylek, Petr; Tans, Pieter; Christy, John

Here, we analyze monthly tropical near surface air temperature and Mauna Loa Observatory carbon dioxide (CO 2) data within 1960-2016 to identify different carbon cycle responses for two El Nino types: El Ninos originating in the central tropical Pacific (CP El Nino) and El Ninos originating in the eastern tropical Pacific (EP El Nino). We find significant differences between the two types of El Nino events with respect to time delay of the CO 2 rise rate that follows the increase in tropical near surface air temperatures caused by El Nino events. The average time lag of the CP Elmore » Nino is 4.0±1.7 months, while the mean time lag of EP El Nino is found to be 8.5±2.3 months. The average lag of all considered 1960-2016 El Ninos is 5.2±2.7 months. In contrast the sensitivity of CO2 growth rate to tropical near surface air temperature increase is determined to be about the same for both El Nino types equal to 2.8±0.9 ppmyr -1K -1 (or 5.9±1.9 GtCyr -1K -1). Our results should be useful for the understanding of the carbon cycle and constraining it in climate models.« less

The Carbon Cycle Response to Two El Nino Types: Observational Study

DOE PAGES

Chylek, Petr; Tans, Pieter; Christy, John; ...

2017-11-22

Here, we analyze monthly tropical near surface air temperature and Mauna Loa Observatory carbon dioxide (CO 2) data within 1960-2016 to identify different carbon cycle responses for two El Nino types: El Ninos originating in the central tropical Pacific (CP El Nino) and El Ninos originating in the eastern tropical Pacific (EP El Nino). We find significant differences between the two types of El Nino events with respect to time delay of the CO 2 rise rate that follows the increase in tropical near surface air temperatures caused by El Nino events. The average time lag of the CP Elmore » Nino is 4.0±1.7 months, while the mean time lag of EP El Nino is found to be 8.5±2.3 months. The average lag of all considered 1960-2016 El Ninos is 5.2±2.7 months. In contrast the sensitivity of CO2 growth rate to tropical near surface air temperature increase is determined to be about the same for both El Nino types equal to 2.8±0.9 ppmyr -1K -1 (or 5.9±1.9 GtCyr -1K -1). Our results should be useful for the understanding of the carbon cycle and constraining it in climate models.« less

Respiratory sinus arrhythmia: time domain characterization using autoregressive moving average analysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Triedman, J. K.; Perrott, M. H.; Cohen, R. J.; Saul, J. P.

1995-01-01

Fourier-based techniques are mathematically noncausal and are therefore limited in their application to feedback-containing systems, such as the cardiovascular system. In this study, a mathematically causal time domain technique, autoregressive moving average (ARMA) analysis, was used to parameterize the relations of respiration and arterial blood pressure to heart rate in eight humans before and during total cardiac autonomic blockade. Impulse-response curves thus generated showed the relation of respiration to heart rate to be characterized by an immediate increase in heart rate of 9.1 +/- 1.8 beats.min-1.l-1, followed by a transient mild decrease in heart rate to -1.2 +/- 0.5 beats.min-1.l-1 below baseline. The relation of blood pressure to heart rate was characterized by a slower decrease in heart rate of -0.5 +/- 0.1 beats.min-1.mmHg-1, followed by a gradual return to baseline. Both of these relations nearly disappeared after autonomic blockade, indicating autonomic mediation. Maximum values obtained from the respiration to heart rate impulse responses were also well correlated with frequency domain measures of high-frequency "vagal" heart rate control (r = 0.88). ARMA analysis may be useful as a time domain representation of autonomic heart rate control for cardiovascular modeling.

Observation of Markarian 421 in TeV Gamma Rays Over a 14-Year Time Span

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Acciari, V. A.; Arlen, T.; Aune, T.; Benbow, W.; Bird, R.; Bouvier, A.; Bradbury, S. M.; Buckley, J. H.; Bugaev, V.; McEnery, Julie E.

2013-01-01

The variability of the blazar Markarian 421 in TeV gamma rays over a 14-year time period has been explored with theWhipple 10 m telescope. It is shown that the dynamic range of its flux variations is large and similar to that in X-rays. A correlation between the X-ray and TeV energy bands is observed during some bright flares and when the complete data sets are binned on long timescales. The main database consists of 878.4 hours of observation with theWhipple telescope, spread over 783 nights. The peak energy response of the telescope was 400 GeV with 20% uncertainty. This is the largest database of any TeV-emitting active galactic nucleus (AGN) and hence was used to explore the variability profile of Markarian 421. The time-averaged flux from Markarian 421 over this period was 0.446+/-0.008 Crab flux units. The flux exceeded 10 Crab flux units on three separate occasions. For the 2000-2001 season the average flux reached 1.86 Crab units, while in the 1996-1997 season the average flux was only 0.23 Crab units.

GBAS Ionospheric Anomaly Monitoring Based on a Two-Step Approach

PubMed Central

Zhao, Lin; Yang, Fuxin; Li, Liang; Ding, Jicheng; Zhao, Yuxin

2016-01-01

As one significant component of space environmental weather, the ionosphere has to be monitored using Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers for the Ground-Based Augmentation System (GBAS). This is because an ionospheric anomaly can pose a potential threat for GBAS to support safety-critical services. The traditional code-carrier divergence (CCD) methods, which have been widely used to detect the variants of the ionospheric gradient for GBAS, adopt a linear time-invariant low-pass filter to suppress the effect of high frequency noise on the detection of the ionospheric anomaly. However, there is a counterbalance between response time and estimation accuracy due to the fixed time constants. In order to release the limitation, a two-step approach (TSA) is proposed by integrating the cascaded linear time-invariant low-pass filters with the adaptive Kalman filter to detect the ionospheric gradient anomaly. The performance of the proposed method is tested by using simulated and real-world data, respectively. The simulation results show that the TSA can detect ionospheric gradient anomalies quickly, even when the noise is severer. Compared to the traditional CCD methods, the experiments from real-world GPS data indicate that the average estimation accuracy of the ionospheric gradient improves by more than 31.3%, and the average response time to the ionospheric gradient at a rate of 0.018 m/s improves by more than 59.3%, which demonstrates the ability of TSA to detect a small ionospheric gradient more rapidly. PMID:27240367

Systems Engineering and Project Management for Product Development: Optimizing Their Working Interfaces

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-09-01

reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction...Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1 . AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE... 1   A.  BACKGROUND ................................................................................... 1   B.  PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

Develop Efficient Leak Proof M1 Abrams Plenum Seal

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-05-07

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Organizing the National Guard to Provide Effective Domestic Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-12-01

NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited ORGANIZING THE ...this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data...sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden

Water Quality Response to Forest Biomass Utilization

Treesearch

Benjamin Rau; Augustine Muwamba; Carl Trettin; Sudhanshu Panda; Devendra Amatya; Ernest Tollner

2017-01-01

Forested watersheds provide approximately 80% of freshwater drinking resources in the United States (Fox et al. 2007). The water originating from forested watersheds is typically of high quality when compared to agricul¬tural watersheds, and concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus are nine times higher, on average, in agricultur¬al watersheds when compared to...

Enhancements to the Redmine Database Metrics Plug in

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-08-01

management web application has been adopted within the US Army Research Laboratory’s Computational and Information Sciences Directorate as a database...Metrics Plug-in by Terry C Jameson Computational and Information Sciences Directorate, ARL Approved for public... information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and

Is Developing Employability Skills Relevant to Adult Language Students?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Beaven, Tita

2016-01-01

Open University (OU) students are typically mature students who combine studying part-time with work or caring responsibilities; the average age of OU language students has been dropping, and about 30% of our new students are now under 25. The traditional view of adult learners who study languages is that they often study for pleasure or personal…

78 FR 40550 - Agency Information Collection (Veterans Application for Assistance in Acquiring Special Housing...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-05

... INFORMATION CONTACT: Crystal Rennie, Enterprise Records Service (005R1B), Department of Veterans Affairs, 810 Vermont Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20420, (202) 461-7485 or email crystal[email protected]va.gov . Please refer to.... Estimated Average Burden per Respondent: 20 minutes. Frequency of Response: One time. Estimated Number of...

78 FR 6850 - Agency Information Collection (Request for Certificate of Veteran Status) Activities Under OMB

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-31

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77 FR 64383 - Agency Information Collection (Application for Voluntary Service) Activities Under OMB Review

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-19

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Whole Sky Imaging of Clouds in the Visible and IR for Starfire Optical Range

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-07-31

burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing...data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this...30 Fig. 36 Nearly cloud-free moonlight case..................................................................31 Fig. 37

Political Revolution And Social Communication Technologies

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-12-01

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Broadening the Efficiency Bandwidth Product of Electrically small Antenna through Direct Antenna Modulation (DAM) Transmitting

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-12-04

public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions...Project Contribution: International Collaboration: International Travel : National Academy Member: N Person Months Worked: 6.00 Funding...Support: Project Contribution: International Collaboration: International Travel : National Academy Member: N Participant Type

78 FR 78503 - Information Collection Activities: Submission for the Office of Management and Budget (OMB...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-26

... landline and/or a personal cell phone. Estimated Number of Respondents--30 pretest respondents, 6,000... a total of 12,460 respondents. Estimated Time per Response--20 minutes per pretest and main survey... survey will be preceded by a pretest administered to 30 respondents. Interview length will average 20...

Navy Multiband Terminal (NMT)

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-12-01

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Scientific Visualization of Landscapes and Landforms

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-01-01

on high resolution elevation data readily available in laboratory and mobile environments. Acknowledgements The authors would like to gratefully... The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing...instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send

Non-Chromate Aluminum Pretreatments

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-01

2) Potassium permanganate, seal: polyacrylic acid, poly propylene glycol, fatty acid esters Two solution (coating and seal), elevated temp...OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for...reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of

Spring 2005 Industry Study. Strategic Materials

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-01-01

Research Laboratory, Weapons and Materials Research Center. Presented at ARL, Aberdeen, MD. March 17, 2005. Ashley, Steven. “ Alchemy of a...Spring 2005 Industry Study Final Report Strategic Materials The Industrial College of the Armed Forces National...the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data

High Assurance Software

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-10-22

CONGRESSIONAL ) HIGH ASSURANCE SOFTWARE WILLIAM MAHONEY UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA 10/22/2013 Final Report DISTRIBUTION A: Distribution approved for ...0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing...Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to

Integrated Ion Exchange Regeneration Process for Drinking Water

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-04-01

Volatile Organic Carbon 1 . INTRODUCTION - This report describes an evaluation of the synthesis of an ion exchange (IX) process for perchlorate...Absorption Spectroscopy 1 ,2-dibromo-3- chloropropane Dibenzofurans Disinfectants and disinfection by-products Decafluorotriphenylphosphine The...Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions

Special Operations Forces Interagency Counterterrorism Reference Manual

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-03-01

information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering...and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other...Presidential Review Directives and Presidential Decision Directives (Clin- ton administration) and National Security Study Directives and National

Determining Optimal Allocation of Naval Obstetric Resources with Linear Programming

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-12-01

NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA MBA PROFESSIONAL REPORT DETERMINING OPTIMAL ALLOCATION OF NAVAL OBSTETRIC RESOURCES...Davis Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved...OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for

77 FR 25170 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request; Extension

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-27

... recordkeeping of self-testing subject to the regulation would affect 1,375 firms, with an average annual burden... of any corrective action as a result of self-testing would affect 10% of them, i.e., 138 firms, with... minute of skilled technical time. Recordkeeping for the self-test responsibility and of any corrective...

78 FR 55256 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-10

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Synthesis of Bioinorganic Antimicrobial Peptide Nanoparticles with Potential Therapeutic Properties (POSTPRINT)

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-07-01

Laboratory JULY 2008 Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. See additional restrictions described on inside pages... public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions...2010-4134 12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Journal article

Comparing Gravimetric and Real-Time Sampling of PM2.5 Concentrations Inside Truck Cabins

PubMed Central

Zhu, Ying; Smith, Thomas J.; Davis, Mary E.; Levy, Jonathan I.; Herrick, Robert; Jiang, Hongyu

2012-01-01

As part of a study on truck drivers’ exposure and health risk, pickup and delivery (P&D) truck drivers’ on-road exposure patterns to PM2.5 were assessed in five weeklong sampling trips in metropolitan areas of five U.S. cities from April to August of 2006. Drivers were sampled with real-time (DustTrak) and gravimetric samplers to measure average in-cabin PM2.5 concentrations and to compare their correspondence in moving trucks. In addition, GPS measurements of truck locations, meteorological data, and driver behavioral data were collected throughout the day to determine which factors influence the relationship between real-time and gravimetric samplers. Results indicate that the association between average real-time and gravimetric PM2.5 measurements on moving trucks was fairly consistent (Spearman rank correlation of 0.63), with DustTrak measurements exceeding gravimetric measurements by approximately a factor of 2. This ratio differed significantly only between the industrial Midwest cities and the other three sampled cities scattered in the South and West. There was also limited evidence of an effect of truck age. Filter samples collected concurrently with DustTrak measurements can be used to calibrate average mass concentration responses for the DustTrak, allowing for real-time measurements to be integrated into longer-term studies of inter-city and intra-urban exposure patterns for truck drivers. PMID:21991940

Comparing gravimetric and real-time sampling of PM(2.5) concentrations inside truck cabins.

PubMed

Zhu, Ying; Smith, Thomas J; Davis, Mary E; Levy, Jonathan I; Herrick, Robert; Jiang, Hongyu

2011-11-01

As part of a study on truck drivers' exposure and health risk, pickup and delivery (P&D) truck drivers' on-road exposure patterns to PM(2.5) were assessed in five, weeklong sampling trips in metropolitan areas of five U.S. cities from April to August of 2006. Drivers were sampled with real-time (DustTrak) and gravimetric samplers to measure average in-cabin PM(2.5) concentrations and to compare their correspondence in moving trucks. In addition, GPS measurements of truck locations, meteorological data, and driver behavioral data were collected throughout the day to determine which factors influence the relationship between real-time and gravimetric samplers. Results indicate that the association between average real-time and gravimetric PM(2.5) measurements on moving trucks was fairly consistent (Spearman rank correlation of 0.63), with DustTrak measurements exceeding gravimetric measurements by approximately a factor of 2. This ratio differed significantly only between the industrial Midwest cities and the other three sampled cities scattered in the South and West. There was also limited evidence of an effect of truck age. Filter samples collected concurrently with DustTrak measurements can be used to calibrate average mass concentration responses for the DustTrak, allowing for real-time measurements to be integrated into longer-term studies of inter-city and intra-urban exposure patterns for truck drivers.

Effects of stimulation of phrenic afferents on cervical respiratory interneurones and phrenic motoneurones in cats.

PubMed Central

Iscoe, S; Duffin, J

1996-01-01

1. In ten decerebrate, paralysed and ventilated cats, we tested the hypothesis that cervical (C5) respiratory interneurones mediate inhibition of phrenic motoneurone activity resulting from single shocks to the phrenic nerve. 2. Stimulus intensities sufficient to activate all afferents elicited (latency, 4.0 +/- 0.9 ms, mean +/- S.D.) a graded suppression of ipsilateral, but not contralateral (five of seven cats) phrenic nerve activity lasting, in six of seven cats, more than 70 ms and interrupted by a brief (approximately 6-18 ms duration) excitation at latencies between 7 and 30 ms. 3. In twenty-five ipsilateral motoneurones, peristimulus time average of the membrane potentials (-61 +/- 10 mV) showed no effect in eleven; of the fourteen that responded, ten had initial EPSPs (latency, 17.6 +/- 3.0 ms) and four initial IPSPs (latencies, 2.25-4.3 ms). Only one motoneurone had both. No responses with latencies > 60 ms were observed. 4. Peristimulus time averages of extracellular activity of thirty ipsilateral interneurones, twenty-five firing in inspiration (I) and five in expiration (E), showed diverse responses. The initial response of I interneurones was an excitation in eleven, a suppression of activity in nine, and no response in five. Latencies of excitations ranged from 2 to 36.5 ms (median, 14 ms) with durations ranging from 2 to 7 ms (mean, 4.4 +/- 1.6 ms). Latencies of suppression of activity ranged from 2 to 29 ms (median, 10 ms). Two E interneurones were excited (latencies, 11 and 15 ms; durations, 3.5 and 2 ms), two inhibited (latencies, 2 and 12 ms; durations, > 40 and 17 ms, respectively), and one did not respond. 5. In nine interneurones (seven I, two E), peristimulus time averages of the membrane potentials (mean, -62 +/- 14 mV) revealed no effect on three (all I). Of the six that responded, four (three I) had initial IPSPs, two (one I, one E) initial EPSPs. EPSPs had latencies of 11.5 (I interneurone) and 22 ms (E interneurone); the latencies of the IPSPs were 2.75, 3.20, and 2.3 ms for the I interneurones and 15.9 ms for the E interneurone). No responses with latencies > 30 ms were observed. 6. The diverse responses of cervical respiratory interneurones indicates that they do not mediate the prolonged suppression of ipsilateral phrenic activity elicited by stimulation of phrenic afferents. The suppression may result from activation of normally quiescent inhibitory interneurones or from presynaptic inhibition. PMID:9003565

Comparative Analysis of Conventional Electronic and OZ Concept Displays for Aircraft Energy Management

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Baker, Erik Reese

A repeated-measures, within-subjects design was conducted on 58 participant pilots to assess mean differences on energy management situation awareness response time and response accuracy between a conventional electronic aircraft display, a primary flight display (PFD), and an ecological interface design aircraft display, the OZ concept display. Participants were associated with a small Midwestern aviation university, including student pilots, flight instructors, and faculty with piloting experience. Testing consisted of observing 15 static screenshots of each cockpit display type and then selecting applicable responses from 27 standardized responses for each screen. A paired samples t-test was computed comparing accuracy and response time for the two displays. There was no significant difference in means between PFD Response Time and OZ Response Time. On average, mean PFD Accuracy was significantly higher than mean OZ Accuracy (MDiff = 13.17, SDDiff = 20.96), t(57) = 4.78, p < .001, d = 0.63. This finding showed operational potential for the OZ display, since even without first training to proficiency on the previously unseen OZ display, participant performance differences were not operationally remarkable. There was no significant correlation between PFD Response Time and PFD Accuracy, but there was a significant correlation between OZ Response Time and OZ Accuracy, r (58) = .353, p < .01. These findings suggest the participant familiarity of the PFD resulted in accuracy scores unrelated to response time, compared to the participants unaccustomed with the OZ display where longer response times manifested in greater understanding of the OZ display. PFD Response Time and PFD Accuracy were not correlated with pilot flight hours, which was not expected. It was thought that increased experience would translate into faster and more accurate assessment of the aircraft stimuli. OZ Response Time and OZ Accuracy were also not correlated with pilot flight hours, but this was expected. This was consistent with previous research that observed novice operators performing as well as experienced professional pilots on dynamic flight tasks with the OZ display. A demographic questionnaire and a feedback survey were included in the trial. An equivalent three-quarters majority of participants rated the PFD as "easy" and the OZ as "confusing", yet performance accuracy and response times between the two displays were not operationally different.

Understanding the exposure-time effect on speckle contrast measurements for laser displays

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Suzuki, Koji; Kubota, Shigeo

2018-02-01

To evaluate the influence of exposure time on speckle noise for laser displays, speckle contrast measurement method was developed observable at a human eye response time using a high-sensitivity camera which has a signal multiplying function. The nonlinearity of camera light sensitivity was calibrated to measure accurate speckle contrasts, and the measuring lower limit noise of speckle contrast was improved by applying spatial-frequency low pass filter to the captured images. Three commercially available laser displays were measured over a wide range of exposure times from tens of milliseconds to several seconds without adjusting the brightness of laser displays. The speckle contrast of raster-scanned mobile projector without any speckle-reduction device was nearly constant over various exposure times. On the contrary to this, in full-frame projection type laser displays equipped with a temporally-averaging speckle-reduction device, some of their speckle contrasts close to the lower limits noise were slightly increased at the shorter exposure time due to the noise. As a result, the exposure-time effect of speckle contrast could not be observed in our measurements, although it is more reasonable to think that the speckle contrasts of laser displays, which are equipped with the temporally-averaging speckle-reduction device, are dependent on the exposure time. This discrepancy may be attributed to the underestimation of temporal averaging factor. We expected that this method is useful for evaluating various laser displays and clarify the relationship between the speckle noise and the exposure time for a further verification of speckle reduction.

Time-Dependent Photoionization of Gaseous Nebulae: The Pure Hydrogen Case

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Garcia, J.; Elhoussieny, E. E.; Bautista, M. A.; Kallman, Timothy R.

2013-01-01

We study the problem of time-dependent photoionization of low density gaseous nebulae subjected to sudden changes in the intensity of ionizing radiation. To this end, we write a computer code that solves the full timedependent energy balance, ionization balance, and radiation transfer equations in a self-consistent fashion for a simplified pure hydrogen case. It is shown that changes in the ionizing radiation yield ionizationthermal fronts that propagate through the cloud, but the propagation times and response times to such fronts vary widely and nonlinearly from the illuminated face of the cloud to the ionization front (IF). IFthermal fronts are often supersonic, and in slabs initially in pressure equilibrium such fronts yield large pressure imbalances that are likely to produce important dynamical effects in the cloud. Further, we studied the case of periodic variations in the ionizing flux. It is found that the physical conditions of the plasma have complex behaviors that differ from any steady-state solution. Moreover, even the time average of ionization and temperature is different from any steady-state case. This time average is characterized by overionization and a broader IF with respect to the steady-state solution for a mean value of the radiation flux. Around the time average of physical conditions there is a large dispersion in instantaneous conditions, particularly across the IF, which increases with the period of radiation flux variations. Moreover, the variations in physical conditions are asynchronous along the slab due to the combination of nonlinear propagation times for thermal frontsIFs and equilibration times.

Improved Photo-Detection Using Zigzag TiO2 Nanostructures as an Active Medium.

PubMed

Tiwari, A K; Mondal, A; Mahajan, B K; Choudhuri, B; Goswami, T; Sarkar, M B; Chakrabartty, S; Ngangbam, C; Saha, S

2015-07-01

Zigzag TiO2 nanostructures were fabricated using oblique angle deposition technique. The field emission gun-scanning electron microscope (FEG-SEM) image shows that the TiO2 zigzag nanostructures were ~500 nm in length. Averagely two times enhanced UV-Vis absorption was recorded for zigzag structure compared to perpendicular TiO2 nanowires. The main band transition was observed at ~3.4 eV. The zigzag TiO2 exhibited high turn on voltage (+11 V) than that of nanowire (+2 V) detector under dark which were reduced to +0.2 V and +1.0 V under white light illumination, respectively. A maximum ~6 fold photo-responsivity was observed for the zigzag TiO2 compared with nanowire device at + 1.0 V applied potential. The maximum photo-responsivity of 0.36 A/W at 370 nm was measured for the zigzag TiO2 detector. The TiO2 zigzag detector showed slow response with rise time of 10.2 s and fall time of 10.3 s respectively. The UV (370 nm) to visible (450 nm) wavelength rejection ratio of photo-responsivity was recorded ~4 times for the detector.

Scanning SQUID sampler with 40-ps time resolution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cui, Zheng; Kirtley, John R.; Wang, Yihua; Kratz, Philip A.; Rosenberg, Aaron J.; Watson, Christopher A.; Gibson, Gerald W.; Ketchen, Mark B.; Moler, Kathryn. A.

2017-08-01

Scanning Superconducting QUantum Interference Device (SQUID) microscopy provides valuable information about magnetic properties of materials and devices. The magnetic flux response of the SQUID is often linearized with a flux-locked feedback loop, which limits the response time to microseconds or longer. In this work, we present the design, fabrication, and characterization of a novel scanning SQUID sampler with a 40-ps time resolution and linearized response to periodically triggered signals. Other design features include a micron-scale pickup loop for the detection of local magnetic flux, a field coil to apply a local magnetic field to the sample, and a modulation coil to operate the SQUID sampler in a flux-locked loop to linearize the flux response. The entire sampler device is fabricated on a 2 mm × 2 mm chip and can be scanned over macroscopic planar samples. The flux noise at 4.2 K with 100 kHz repetition rate and 1 s of averaging is of order 1 mΦ0. This SQUID sampler will be useful for imaging dynamics in magnetic and superconducting materials and devices.

Instantaneous velocity measurement of AC electroosmotic flows by laser induced fluorescence photobleaching anemometer with high temporal resolution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, Wei; Yang, Fang; Qiao, Rui; Wang, Guiren; Rui Qiao Collaboration

2015-11-01

Understanding the instantaneous response of flows to applied AC electric fields may help understand some unsolved issues in induced-charge electrokinetics and enhance performance of microfluidic devices. Since currently available velocimeters have difficulty in measuring velocity fluctuations with frequency higher than 1 kHz, most experimental studies so far focus only on the average velocity measurement in AC electrokinetic flows. Here, we present measurements of AC electroosmotic flow (AC-EOF) response time in microchannels by a novel velocimeter with submicrometer spatial resolution and microsecond temporal resolution, i.e. laser-induced fluorescence photobleaching anemometer (LIFPA). Several parameters affecting the AC-EOF response time to the applied electric signal were investigated, i.e. channel length, transverse position and solution conductivity. The experimental results show that the EOF response time under a pulsed electric field decreases with the reduction of the microchannel length, distance between the detection position to the wall and the conductivity of the solution. This work could provide a new powerful tool to measure AC electrokinetics and enhance our understanding of AC electrokinetic flows.

Scanning SQUID sampler with 40-ps time resolution.

PubMed

Cui, Zheng; Kirtley, John R; Wang, Yihua; Kratz, Philip A; Rosenberg, Aaron J; Watson, Christopher A; Gibson, Gerald W; Ketchen, Mark B; Moler, Kathryn A

2017-08-01

Scanning Superconducting QUantum Interference Device (SQUID) microscopy provides valuable information about magnetic properties of materials and devices. The magnetic flux response of the SQUID is often linearized with a flux-locked feedback loop, which limits the response time to microseconds or longer. In this work, we present the design, fabrication, and characterization of a novel scanning SQUID sampler with a 40-ps time resolution and linearized response to periodically triggered signals. Other design features include a micron-scale pickup loop for the detection of local magnetic flux, a field coil to apply a local magnetic field to the sample, and a modulation coil to operate the SQUID sampler in a flux-locked loop to linearize the flux response. The entire sampler device is fabricated on a 2 mm × 2 mm chip and can be scanned over macroscopic planar samples. The flux noise at 4.2 K with 100 kHz repetition rate and 1 s of averaging is of order 1 mΦ 0 . This SQUID sampler will be useful for imaging dynamics in magnetic and superconducting materials and devices.

Blessing and curse of chaos in numerical turbulence simulations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Jon

1994-03-01

Because of the trajectory instability, time reversal is not possible beyond a certain evolution time and hence the time irreversibility prevails under the finite-accuracy trajectory computation. This therefore provides a practical reconciliation of the dynamic reversibility and macroscopic irreversibility (blessing of chaos). On the other hand, the trajectory instability is also responsible for a limited evolution time, so that finite-accuracy computation would yield a pseudo-orbit which is totally unrelated to the true trajectory (curse of chaos). For the inviscid 2D flow, however, we can accurately compute the long- time average of flow quantities with a pseudo-orbit by invoking the ergodic theorem.

A Palliative Cancer Care Flexible Education Program for Australian Community Pharmacists

PubMed Central

Marriott, Jennifer L.; Beattie, Jill; Nation, Roger L.; Dooley, Michael J.

2010-01-01

Objective To implement and evaluate a flexible palliative care education program for Australian community pharmacists. Design After identifying pharmacists' education needs, the program content and format were developed. This included identifying expert writers to create modules, assigning education and palliative care specialists to review content, and designing Web hosting of materials. The program was comprised of 11 modules and 79 activities. Assessment An average of 28 responses was posted for each of the 20 noticeboard activities. Of the 60 pharmacists who began the program, 15 contributed to the discussion group, with an average of 3 posts each. Participants' responses to an online questionnaire indicated the program addressed their education needs and improved their knowledge and confidence in providing palliative cancer care. Conclusion A program that pharmacists could access at a time and place convenient to them via the Internet was developed. Pharmacists indicated the program positively impacted their practice. PMID:20414437

A palliative cancer care flexible education program for Australian community pharmacists.

PubMed

Hussainy, Safeera Yasmeen; Marriott, Jennifer L; Beattie, Jill; Nation, Roger L; Dooley, Michael J

2010-03-10

To implement and evaluate a flexible palliative care education program for Australian community pharmacists. After identifying pharmacists' education needs, the program content and format were developed. This included identifying expert writers to create modules, assigning education and palliative care specialists to review content, and designing Web hosting of materials. The program was comprised of 11 modules and 79 activities. An average of 28 responses was posted for each of the 20 noticeboard activities. Of the 60 pharmacists who began the program, 15 contributed to the discussion group, with an average of 3 posts each. Participants' responses to an online questionnaire indicated the program addressed their education needs and improved their knowledge and confidence in providing palliative cancer care. A program that pharmacists could access at a time and place convenient to them via the Internet was developed. Pharmacists indicated the program positively impacted their practice.

Climate warming: a loss of variation in populations can accompany reproductive shifts.

PubMed

Massot, Manuel; Legendre, Stéphane; Fédérici, Pierre; Clobert, Jean

2017-09-01

The most documented response of organisms to climate warming is a change in the average timing of seasonal activities (phenology). Although we know that these average changes can differ among species and populations, we do not know whether climate warming impacts within-population variation in phenology. Using data from five study sites collected during a 13-year survey, we found that the increase in spring temperatures is associated with a reproductive advance of 10 days in natural populations of common lizards (Zootoca vivipara). Interestingly, we show a correlated loss of variation in reproductive dates within populations. As illustrated by a model, this shortening of the reproductive period can have significant negative effects on population dynamics. Consequently, we encourage tests in other species to assess the generality of decreased variation in phenological responses to climate change. © 2017 The Authors Ecology Letters published by CNRS and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Modelling and tuning for a time-delayed vibration absorber with friction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Xiaoxu; Xu, Jian; Ji, Jinchen

2018-06-01

This paper presents an integrated analytical and experimental study to the modelling and tuning of a time-delayed vibration absorber (TDVA) with friction. In system modelling, this paper firstly applies the method of averaging to obtain the frequency response function (FRF), and then uses the derived FRF to evaluate the fitness of different friction models. After the determination of the system model, this paper employs the obtained FRF to evaluate the vibration absorption performance with respect to tunable parameters. A significant feature of the TDVA with friction is that its stability is dependent on the excitation parameters. To ensure the stability of the time-delayed control, this paper defines a sufficient condition for stability estimation. Experimental measurements show that the dynamic response of the TDVA with friction can be accurately predicted and the time-delayed control can be precisely achieved by using the modelling and tuning technique provided in this paper.

A model of interval timing by neural integration.

PubMed

Simen, Patrick; Balci, Fuat; de Souza, Laura; Cohen, Jonathan D; Holmes, Philip

2011-06-22

We show that simple assumptions about neural processing lead to a model of interval timing as a temporal integration process, in which a noisy firing-rate representation of time rises linearly on average toward a response threshold over the course of an interval. Our assumptions include: that neural spike trains are approximately independent Poisson processes, that correlations among them can be largely cancelled by balancing excitation and inhibition, that neural populations can act as integrators, and that the objective of timed behavior is maximal accuracy and minimal variance. The model accounts for a variety of physiological and behavioral findings in rodents, monkeys, and humans, including ramping firing rates between the onset of reward-predicting cues and the receipt of delayed rewards, and universally scale-invariant response time distributions in interval timing tasks. It furthermore makes specific, well-supported predictions about the skewness of these distributions, a feature of timing data that is usually ignored. The model also incorporates a rapid (potentially one-shot) duration-learning procedure. Human behavioral data support the learning rule's predictions regarding learning speed in sequences of timed responses. These results suggest that simple, integration-based models should play as prominent a role in interval timing theory as they do in theories of perceptual decision making, and that a common neural mechanism may underlie both types of behavior.

[Case-Mix of hospital emergencies in the Andalusian Health Service based on the 2012 Minimum Data Set. Spain].

PubMed

Goicoechea Salazar, Juan Antonio; Nieto García, María Adoración; Laguna Téllez, Antonio; Larrocha Mata, Daniel; Canto Casasola, Vicente David; Murillo Cabezas, Francisco

2013-01-01

The implementation of digital health records in emergency departments (ED) in hospitals in the Andalusian Health Service and the development of an automatic encoder for this area have allowed us to establish a Minimum Data Set for Emergencies (MDS-ED). The aim of this article is to describe the case mix of hospital EDs using various dimensions contained in the MDS-ED. 3.235.600 hospital emergency records in 2012 were classified in clinical categories from the ICD-9-CM codes generated by the automatic encoder. Operating rules to obtain response time and length of stay were defined. A descriptive analysis was carried out to obtain demographic and chronological indicators as well as hospitalization, return and death rates and response time and length of stay in the Eds. Women generated 54,26% of all occurrences and their average age (39,98 years) was higher than men's (37,61). Paediatric emergencies accounted for 21,49% of the total. The peak hours were from 10:00 to 13:00 and from 16:00 to 17:00. Patients who did not undergo observation (92,67%) remained in the ED an average of 153 minutes. Injuries and poisoning, respiratory diseases, musculoskeletal diseases and symptoms and signs generated over 50% of all visits. 79.191 cases of chest pain, 28.741 episodes of heart failure and 27.989 episodes of serious infections were identified among the most relevant disorders. The MDS-ED makes it possible to address systematically the analysis of hospital emergencies by identifying the activity developed, the case-mix attended, the response times, the time spent in ED and the quality of the care.

Doxycycline Sclerotherapy Is Superior in the Treatment of Pediatric Lymphatic Malformations.

PubMed

Thomas, Debi M; Wieck, Minna M; Grant, Christa N; Dossa, Avafia; Nowicki, Donna; Stanley, Phillip; Zeinati, Chadi; Howell, Lori K; Anselmo, Dean M

2016-12-01

To evaluate efficacy of sclerotherapy with doxycycline versus sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS) for treatment of macrocystic and mixed lymphatic malformations (LMs). This single-center retrospective review identified 41 children (17 boys; 24 girls; age range, 1 month to 15.4 y) who underwent sclerotherapy with doxycycline (n = 32) or STS (n = 9) for macrocystic (n = 31) or mixed (n = 10) LMs. There were 114 treatments performed, averaging 2.8 treatments (range, 1-8 treatments) per patient. Average follow-up time was 10 months (range, 1-59 months). Clinical response was deemed excellent or moderate if > 90% or > 50% of LMs resolved based on visual estimate. With doxycycline, 87% of patients (28 of 32) had excellent or moderate response with an average of 2.8 treatments (range, 1-7 treatments); 13% required subsequent resection. With 3% STS monotherapy, only 55% of patients (5 of 9) had excellent or moderate response with an average of 2.8 treatments (range, 1-8 treatments), and 33% required subsequent resection. Significantly fewer patients treated with STS responded well compared with patients treated with doxycycline (P = .03). Patients treated with STS had significantly longer follow-up than patients treated with doxycycline (27 months vs 6 months, P = .0001). Doxycycline monotherapy resulted in a high rate of excellent clinical outcomes after a few treatments without increased need for subsequent operative resection. These results support use of doxycycline sclerotherapy as primary treatment for macrocystic and mixed LMs in children. Copyright © 2016 SIR. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Solar wind driving of ionosphere-thermosphere responses during three storms on St. Patrick's Day.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Verkhoglyadova, O. P.; Tsurutani, B.; Mannucci, A. J.; Komjathy, A.; Mlynczak, M. G.; Hunt, L. A.; Paxton, L. J.

2015-12-01

We overview solar wind features of three intense CME-driven storms occurring around the same time in March of 2012, 2013 and 2015 (74 - 80 DOY). Differences in solar wind drivers lead to different ionosphere-thermosphere (IT) responses in time, magnitude, and to different pre-conditioning. The purpose of our study is to establish a correspondence between interplanetary transient structures (parts of a CME or a high-speed-stream) and dynamics of IT parameters over the course of a geomagnetic storm. Detailed analysis will be presented for the St. Patrick's Day storm of 2015. We introduce global metrics of daytime and dusktime average ionospheric response of VTEC estimates from over ~2000 GPS ground stations distributed globally. Nitric oxide and carbon dioxide cooling radiation fluxes measured by TIMED/SABER instrument are calculated in several latitudinal bins throughout the storm phases. In addition, GUVI observations of the dynamical response of the thermosphere (NO and O/N2) are compared. SSUSI observations of the equatorial ionosphere, particularly the magnitude and separation of the equatorial arcs are considered. In our analysis, metrics are inter-compared to get better understanding of the self-consistent IT response to solar wind driving.

Transfer function analysis of the autonomic response to respiratory activity during random interval breathing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chen, M. H.; Berger, R. D.; Saul, J. P.; Stevenson, K.; Cohen, R. J.

1987-01-01

We report a new method for the noninvasive characterization of the frequency response of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in mediating fluctuations in heart rate (HR). The approach entails computation of the transfer function magnitude and phase between instantaneous lung volume and HR. Broad band fluctuations in lung volume were initiated when subjects breathed on cue to a sequence of beeps spaced randomly in time. We studied 10 subjects in both supine and standing positions. The transfer function, averaged among all the subjects, showed systematic differences between the two postures, reflecting the differing frequency responses of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS.

Experimental feasibility of multistatic holography for breast microwave radar image reconstruction.

PubMed

Flores-Tapia, Daniel; Rodriguez, Diego; Solis, Mario; Kopotun, Nikita; Latif, Saeed; Maizlish, Oleksandr; Fu, Lei; Gui, Yonsheng; Hu, Can-Ming; Pistorius, Stephen

2016-08-01

The goal of this study was to assess the experimental feasibility of circular multistatic holography, a novel breast microwave radar reconstruction approach, using experimental datasets recorded using a preclinical experimental setup. The performance of this approach was quantitatively evaluated by calculating the signal to clutter ratio (SCR), contrast to clutter ratio (CCR), tumor to fibroglandular response ratio (TFRR), spatial accuracy, and reconstruction time. Five datasets were recorded using synthetic phantoms with the dielectric properties of breast tissue in the 1-6 GHz range using a custom radar system developed by the authors. The datasets contained synthetic structures that mimic the dielectric properties of fibroglandular breast tissues. Four of these datasets the authors covered an 8 mm inclusion that emulated a tumor. A custom microwave radar system developed at the University of Manitoba was used to record the radar responses from the phantoms. The datasets were reconstructed using the proposed multistatic approach as well as with a monostatic holography approach that has been previously shown to yield the images with the highest contrast and focal quality. For all reconstructions, the location of the synthetic tumors in the experimental setup was consistent with the position in the both the monostatic and multistatic reconstructed images. The average spatial error was less than 4 mm, which is half the spatial resolution of the data acquisition system. The average SCR, CCR, and TFRR of the images reconstructed with the multistatic approach were 15.0, 9.4, and 10.0 dB, respectively. In comparison, monostatic images obtained using the datasets from the same experimental setups yielded average SCR, CCR, and TFRR values of 12.8, 4.9, and 5.9 dB. No artifacts, defined as responses generated by the reconstruction method of at least half the energy of the tumor signatures, were noted in the multistatic reconstructions. The average execution time of the images formed using the proposed approach was 4 s, which is one order of magnitude faster than the current state-of-the-art time-domain multistatic breast microwave radar reconstruction algorithms. The images generated by the proposed method show that multistatic holography is capable of forming spatially accurate images in real-time with signal to clutter levels and contrast values higher than other published monostatic and multistatic cylindrical radar reconstruction approaches. In comparison to the monostatic holographic approach, the images generated by the proposed multistatic approach had SCR values that were at least 50% higher. The multistatic images had CCR and TFRR values at least 200% greater than those formed using a monostatic approach.

Behind the Match Process: Is There Any Financial Difference Lurking Below the Specialty of Choice?

PubMed

Oladeji, Lasun O; Raley, James A; Smith, Stephen; Perez, Jorge L; McGwin, Gerald; Ponce, Brent A

2016-12-01

The Match was developed in response to a chaotic residency selection process. While the match has remained relatively unchanged since it was introduced, the number of medical school graduates has increased at a rate outpacing the number of residency positions leading to a more competitive process for applicants. In May 2014, an 18-question mixed-response questionnaire was distributed to fourth year allopathic medical students via an E-mail distribution list for student affairs representatives. The individual surveys were accessible via SurveyMonkey and available for completion over the course of a 4-week period. Approximately 65.1 per cent of students performed at least one audition rotation and documented average expenditures of $2494 on housing, food, and transportation. The average applicant applied to 32 programs and attended 12 interviews while spending $4420 on the interview trail. Applicants for surgical programs applied to approximately 42 programs and attended 13 interviews compared with primary care applicants who averaged 23 programs (P < 0.001) and attended 12 interviews (P = 0.002). Surgical applicants averaged 20 days on the interview trail while spending $5500 ($423/interview) on housing, food, and transportation compared with primary care applicants averaged 19 days away from home (P < 0.05) and spending $3400 ($283/interview) on these same items (P < 0.001). The findings in our study indicate that the "Match process" contributes to the financial burden of graduating medical students and it is more expensive and time consuming for the candidates interested in surgical specialties.

Effective transient behaviour of inclusions in diffusion problems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brassart, Laurence; Stainier, Laurent

2018-06-01

This paper is concerned with the effective transport properties of heterogeneous media in which there is a high contrast between the phase diffusivities. In this case the transient response of the slow phase induces a memory effect at the macroscopic scale, which needs to be included in a macroscopic continuum description. This paper focuses on the slow phase, which we take as a dispersion of inclusions of arbitrary shape. We revisit the linear diffusion problem in such inclusions in order to identify the structure of the effective (average) inclusion response to a chemical load applied on the inclusion boundary. We identify a chemical creep function (similar to the creep function of viscoelasticity), from which we construct estimates with a reduced number of relaxation modes. The proposed estimates admit an equivalent representation based on a finite number of internal variables. These estimates allow us to predict the average inclusion response under arbitrary time-varying boundary conditions at very low computational cost. A heuristic generalisation to concentration-dependent diffusion coefficient is also presented. The proposed estimates for the effective transient response of an inclusion can serve as a building block for the formulation of multi-inclusion homogenisation schemes.

Characterizing the physics of plant root gravitropism: A systems modeling approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yoder, Thomas Lynn

Root gravitropism is divided into three mechanisms; the gravity sensor, transduction, and differential growth. The gravitropic response has been imitated with various mathematical constructs, but a coherent model based on systems engineering concepts does not exist. The goal of this research is to create models of the gravitropic sensor and differential growth response that are consistent with actual physical characteristics of these mechanisms. The study initially establishes that the amyloplasts within the central columella cells of maize are feasible gravity sensors; statoliths. Video-microscopy studies of live root cap sections are used to quantify the dynamics of the statoliths. Extensive MATLAB analysis of amyloplast sedimentation indicates that an actin network interferes with the free sedimentation of the statoliths. This interference is most significant in the central region of the cell and less significant near the periphery. This obstruction of actin creates a channeling behavior in amyloplasts sedimenting through the cell's central region. The amyloplasts also appear to exhibit cross-correlated motions. Cytochalasin D mediates both the channeling and correlated behaviors, confirming that the obstructive influence is actin-based. The video analysis produced a refined value for maize cytoplasmic viscosity. Efforts to model the differential growth mechanism examined historical growth data from numerous researchers. RELEL (relative elemental elongation) growth data applied to a model set analogous to bi-metallic bending is used. Testing and analysis of the model highlights an extremely high sensitivity of curvature to all RELEL parameters. This sensitivity appears to be the reason for the significant differences between gravitropic responses within like species. Newly observed gravitropic responses, along with historical data, are used to explore the gravitropic time response specifications as opposed to averaging individual time-curvature data into single responses. This approach highlights the significant disadvantages of time-averaging, low sampling rates, and a lack of frequency components being incorporated into the response. A single feedback "black box" model is created so that, along with the sensor and differential growth models, some inferences could be made about the elusive transduction mechanism. Numerous pieces of circumstantial evidence are found that indicate that the gravitropic mechanism is not a single-pathway system.

A tone analyzer based on a piezoelectric polymer and organic thin film transistors.

PubMed

Hsu, Yu-Jen; Kymissis, Ioannis

2012-12-01

A tone analyzer is demonstrated using a distributed resonator architecture on a tensioned piezoelectric polyvinyledene diuoride (PVDF) sheet. This sheet is used as both the resonator and detection element. Two architectures are demonstrated; one uses distributed, directly addressed elements as a proof of concept, and the other integrates organic thin film transistor-based transimpedance amplifiers directly with the PVDF to convert the piezoelectric charge signal into a current signal. The PVDF sheet material is instrumented along its length, and the amplitude response at 15 sites is recorded and analyzed as a function of the frequency of excitation. The determination of the dominant component of an incoming tone is demonstrated using linear system decomposition of the time-averaged response of the sheet and is performed without any time domain analysis. This design allows for the determination of the spectral composition of a sound using the mechanical signal processing provided by the amplitude response and eliminates the need for time-domain downstream signal processing of the incoming signal.

New activity pattern in human interactive dynamics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Formentin, Marco; Lovison, Alberto; Maritan, Amos; Zanzotto, Giovanni

2015-09-01

We investigate the response function of human agents as demonstrated by written correspondence, uncovering a new pattern for how the reactive dynamics of individuals is distributed across the set of each agent’s contacts. In long-term empirical data on email, we find that the set of response times considered separately for the messages to each different correspondent of a given writer, generate a family of heavy-tailed distributions, which have largely the same features for all agents, and whose characteristic times grow exponentially with the rank of each correspondent. We furthermore show that this new behavioral pattern emerges robustly by considering weighted moving averages of the priority-conditioned response-time probabilities generated by a basic prioritization model. Our findings clarify how the range of priorities in the inputs from one’s environment underpin and shape the dynamics of agents embedded in a net of reactive relations. These newly revealed activity patterns might be universal, being present in other general interactive environments, and constrain future models of communication and interaction networks, affecting their architecture and evolution.