Bayesian prestack seismic inversion with a self-adaptive Huber-Markov random-field edge protection scheme

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tian, Yu-Kun; Zhou, Hui; Chen, Han-Ming; Zou, Ya-Ming; Guan, Shou-Jun

2013-12-01

Seismic inversion is a highly ill-posed problem, due to many factors such as the limited seismic frequency bandwidth and inappropriate forward modeling. To obtain a unique solution, some smoothing constraints, e.g., the Tikhonov regularization are usually applied. The Tikhonov method can maintain a global smooth solution, but cause a fuzzy structure edge. In this paper we use Huber-Markov random-field edge protection method in the procedure of inverting three parameters, P-velocity, S-velocity and density. The method can avoid blurring the structure edge and resist noise. For the parameter to be inverted, the Huber-Markov random-field constructs a neighborhood system, which further acts as the vertical and lateral constraints. We use a quadratic Huber edge penalty function within the layer to suppress noise and a linear one on the edges to avoid a fuzzy result. The effectiveness of our method is proved by inverting the synthetic data without and with noises. The relationship between the adopted constraints and the inversion results is analyzed as well.

Editorial Commentary: Ankle Arthroscopy: Correct Portals and Distraction Are the Keys to Success.

PubMed

Ferkel, Richard D

2016-07-01

Access to all areas of the ankle during arthroscopy is always problematic. The use of the correct portals and distraction increases access in both the supine and prone positions. Noninvasive distraction up to 30 pounds is safe and effective to perform arthroscopy in the supine position, and avoids the potential complications of pin distraction. Copyright © 2016 Arthroscopy Association of North America. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Health and healthcare costs and benefits of exercise.

PubMed

Nicholl, J P; Coleman, P; Brazier, J E

1994-02-01

To assess the value of promoting health through exercise, we review what is known about the medical and medical care resource costs and benefits of exercise. Literature searches were undertaken to derive estimates of the relative risk, in individuals who exercise regularly compared with those who do not, of each of the major disease groups for which there is good evidence that the disease can be ameliorated by exercise (coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes, hip fracture, and mental illness). These relative risks were used to estimate the incidence of hospital admissions and mortality, and associated healthcare costs, which could be prevented if the whole population exercised. Literature on the incidence and costs of exercise-related morbidity and mortality was also reviewed to derive estimates of both the costs to health and also the healthcare resource implications of exercise in total population. Indirect costs and benefits, and also quality-of-life effects associated with exercise were not included in this assessment. The results show that in younger adults (ages 15 to 44 years) the average annual medical care costs per person that might be incurred as a result of full participation in sport and exercise (approximately 30 pounds British sterling) exceed the costs that might be avoided by the disease-prevention effects of exercise ( less than 5 pounds British sterling per person). However, in older adults ( greater than or equal to 45) the estimated costs avoided ( greater than 30 pounds British sterling per person) greatly outweigh the costs that would be incurred ( less than 10 pounds British sterling). There was little evidence that exercise leads to deferred health or health service resource benefits. We conclude that with regard to health and medical care costs, there are strong economic arguments in favour of exercise in adults aged greater than or equal to 45 but not in younger adults. Estimates derived from the international scientific literature and routine UK data sources may have limited direct application in the healthcare systems of other countries. Nevertheless, the result that exercise costs exceed the benefits in younger adults but vice versa in older people is likely to be generally true. Indeed, a similar result has been found in a study of a Dutch population.

Risk-Informed External Hazards Analysis for Seismic and Flooding Phenomena for a Generic PWR

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Parisi, Carlo; Prescott, Steve; Ma, Zhegang

This report describes the activities performed during the FY2017 for the US-DOE Light Water Reactor Sustainability Risk-Informed Safety Margin Characterization (LWRS-RISMC), Industry Application #2. The scope of Industry Application #2 is to deliver a risk-informed external hazards safety analysis for a representative nuclear power plant. Following the advancements occurred during the previous FYs (toolkits identification, models development), FY2017 focused on: increasing the level of realism of the analysis; improving the tools and the coupling methodologies. In particular the following objectives were achieved: calculation of buildings pounding and their effects on components seismic fragility; development of a SAPHIRE code PRA modelsmore » for 3-loops Westinghouse PWR; set-up of a methodology for performing static-dynamic PRA coupling between SAPHIRE and EMRALD codes; coupling RELAP5-3D/RAVEN for performing Best-Estimate Plus Uncertainty analysis and automatic limit surface search; and execute sample calculations for demonstrating the capabilities of the toolkit in performing a risk-informed external hazards safety analyses.« less

Fiscal and policy implications of selling pipe tobacco for roll-your-own cigarettes in the United States.

PubMed

Morris, Daniel S; Tynan, Michael A

2012-01-01

The Federal excise tax was increased for tobacco products on April 1, 2009. While excise tax rates prior to the increase were the same for roll-your-own (RYO) and pipe tobacco, the tax on pipe tobacco was $21.95 per pound less than the tax on RYO tobacco after the increase. Subsequently, tobacco manufacturers began labeling loose tobacco as pipe tobacco and marketing these products to RYO consumers at a lower price. Retailers refer to these products as "dual purpose" or "dual use" pipe tobacco. Data on tobacco tax collections comes from the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau. Joinpoint software was used to identify changes in sales trends. Estimates were generated for the amount of pipe tobacco sold for RYO use and for Federal and state tax revenue lost through August 2011. Approximately 45 million pounds of pipe tobacco has been sold for RYO use from April 2009 to August 2011, lowering state and Federal revenue by over $1.3 billion. Marketing pipe tobacco as "dual purpose" and selling it for RYO use provides an opportunity to avoid paying higher cigarette prices. This blunts the public health impact excise tax increases would otherwise have on reducing tobacco use through higher prices. Selling pipe tobacco for RYO use decreases state and Federal revenue and also avoids regulations on flavored tobacco, banned descriptors, prohibitions on shipping, and reporting requirements.

Seismic Hazard Legislation in California: Challenges and Changes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Testa, S. M.

2015-12-01

Seismic hazards in California are legislatively controlled by three specific Acts: the Field Act of 1933; the Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act (AP) of 1975; and the Seismic Hazards Mapping Act (SHMA) of 1980. The Field Act recognized the need for earthquake resistant construction for California schools and banned unreinforced masonry buildings, and imposed structural design under seismic conditions. The AP requires the California Geological Survey (CGS) to delineate "active fault zones" for general planning and mitigation by various state and local agencies. Under the AP, surface and near-surface faults are presumed active (about 11,000 years before present) unless proven otherwise; and can only be mitigated by avoidance (setback zones). The SHMA requires that earthquake-induced landslides, liquefaction zones, high ground accelerations, tsunamis and seiches similarly be demarcated on CGS-issued maps. Experience over the past ~45 years and related technological advances now show that more than ~95 percent of seismically induced damage and loss of life stems from high ground accelerations, from related ground deformation and from catastrophic structural failure, often far beyond State-mapped AP zones. The SHMA therefore enables the engineering community to mitigate natural hazards from a holistic standpoint that considers protection of public health, safety and welfare. In conformance with the SHMA, structural design and related planning and building codes focus on acceptable risk for natural hazards with a typical recurrence of ~100 yrs to a few thousand years. This contrasts with the current AP "total avoidance" for surface-fault rupture that may have occurred within the last 11,000 years. Accordingly, avoidance may be reasonable for well expressed surface faults in high-density urban areas or where relative fault activity is uncertain. However, in the interest of overall public, health and safety, and for consistency with the SHMA and current professional standards-of-practice, we now propose changes to the AP and related regulations, including consideration for permitting construction near or across surface or near-surface faults that are geologically reasonably well characterized and amenable to structural mitigation.

Underwater seismic source. [for petroleum exploration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Yang, L. C. (Inventor)

1979-01-01

Apparatus for generating a substantially oscillation-free seismic signal for use in underwater petroleum exploration, including a bag with walls that are flexible but substantially inelastic, and a pressured gas supply for rapidly expanding the bag to its fully expanded condition is described. The inelasticity of the bag permits the application of high pressure gas to rapidly expand it to full size, without requiring a venting mechanism to decrease the pressure as the bag approaches a predetermined size to avoid breaking of the bag.

Demonstration Mobile Seismic Unit for Detecting Subterranean Passageways

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-01-01

streamer. Note the rubberized foot configuration as to avoid damaging the thin concrete sidewalk. Figure 3.9 Common offset analysis of the 1 meter... Landfill 400-750 235-442 Clay 1000-2500 588-1470 Sandstone 1400-4500 824-2647 Limestone 1700-4200 1000-2470 Table 3.1: Material Velocities of...hammer and 0.5 inch thick , 6 by 6 inch metal plate as the seismic source. The condition of the ground at the site was generally dry at the surface

Seismic performance evaluation of an infilled rocking wall frame structure through quasi-static cyclic testing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pan, Peng; Wu, Shoujun; Wang, Haishen; Nie, Xin

2018-04-01

Earthquake investigations have illustrated that even code-compliant reinforced concrete frames may suffer from soft-story mechanism. This damage mode results in poor ductility and limited energy dissipation. Continuous components offer alternatives that may avoid such failures. A novel infilled rocking wall frame system is proposed that takes advantage of continuous component and rocking characteristics. Previous studies have investigated similar systems that combine a reinforced concrete frame and a wall with rocking behavior used. However, a large-scale experimental study of a reinforced concrete frame combined with a rocking wall has not been reported. In this study, a seismic performance evaluation of the newly proposed infilled rocking wall frame structure was conducted through quasi-static cyclic testing. Critical joints were designed and verified. Numerical models were established and calibrated to estimate frame shear forces. The results evaluation demonstrate that an infilled rocking wall frame can effectively avoid soft-story mechanisms. Capacity and initial stiffness are greatly improved and self-centering behavior is achieved with the help of the infilled rocking wall. Drift distribution becomes more uniform with height. Concrete cracks and damage occurs in desired areas. The infilled rocking wall frame offers a promising approach to achieving seismic resilience.

Determining the cost effectiveness of a smoke alarm give-away program using data from a randomized controlled trial.

PubMed

Ginnelly, Laura; Sculpher, Mark; Bojke, Chris; Roberts, Ian; Wade, Angie; Diguiseppi, Carolyn

2005-10-01

In 2001, 486 deaths and 17,300 injuries occurred in domestic fires in the UK. Domestic fires represent a significant cost to the UK economy, with the value of property loss alone estimated at pounds 375 million in 1999. In 2001 in the US, there were 383 500 home fires, resulting in 3110 deaths, 15,200 injuries and dollar 5.5 billion in direct property damage. A cluster RCT was conducted to determine whether a smoke alarm give-away program, directed to an inner-city UK population, is effective and cost-effective in reducing the risk of fire-related deaths/injuries. Forty areas were randomized to the give-away or control group. The number of injuries/deaths and the number of fires in each ward were collected prospectively. Cost-effectiveness analysis was undertaken to relate the number of deaths/injuries to resource use (damage, fire service, healthcare and give-away costs). Analytical methods were used which reflected the characteristics of the trial data including the cluster design of the trial and a large number of zero costs and effects. The mean cost for a household in a give-away ward, including the cost of the program, was pounds 12.76, compared to pounds 10.74 for the control ward. The total mean number of deaths and injuries was greater in the intervention wards then the control wards, 6.45 and 5.17. When an injury/death avoided is valued at pounds 1000, a smoke alarm give-away has a probability of being cost effective of 0.15. A smoke alarm give-away program, as administered in the trial, is unlikely to represent a cost-effective use of resources.

A first-order seismotectonic regionalization of Mexico for seismic hazard and risk estimation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zúñiga, F. Ramón; Suárez, Gerardo; Figueroa-Soto, Ángel; Mendoza, Avith

2017-11-01

The purpose of this work is to define a seismic regionalization of Mexico for seismic hazard and risk analyses. This seismic regionalization is based on seismic, geologic, and tectonic characteristics. To this end, a seismic catalog was compiled using the more reliable sources available. The catalog was made homogeneous in magnitude in order to avoid the differences in the way this parameter is reported by various agencies. Instead of using a linear regression to converts from m b and M d to M s or M w , using only events for which estimates of both magnitudes are available (i.e., paired data), we used the frequency-magnitude relations relying on the a and b values of the Gutenberg-Richter relation. The seismic regions are divided into three main categories: seismicity associated with the subduction process along the Pacific coast of Mexico, in-slab events within the down-going COC and RIV plates, and crustal seismicity associated to various geologic and tectonic regions. In total, 18 seismic regions were identified and delimited. For each, the a and b values of the Gutenberg-Richter relation were determined using a maximum likelihood estimation. The a and b parameters were repeatedly estimated as a function of time for each region, in order to confirm their reliability and stability. The recurrence times predicted by the resulting Gutenberg-Richter relations obtained are compared with the observed recurrence times of the larger events in each region of both historical and instrumental earthquakes.

KSC-06pd1959

NASA Image and Video Library

2006-08-28

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - Crawler-transporter No. 2 nears Launch Pad 39B (in the background, right). The tip of the orange external tank can be seen above the rotating service structure surrounding the shuttle. The crawler is being moved nearby in the event the mission management team decides to roll back Space Shuttle Atlantis due to Hurricane Ernesto. The hurricane has been forecast on a heading north and east from Cuba, taking it along the eastern coast of Florida. NASA's lighted launch window extends to Sept. 13, but mission managers are hoping to launch on mission STS-115 by Sept. 7 to avoid a conflict with a Russian Soyuz rocket also bound for the International Space Station. The crawler is 131 feet long, 113 feet wide and 20 feet high. It weights 5.5 million pounds unloaded. The combined weight of crawler, mobile launcher platform and a space shuttle is 12 million pounds. Unloaded, the crawler moves at 2 mph. Loaded, the snail's pace slows to 1 mph. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett

KSC-06pd1958

NASA Image and Video Library

2006-08-28

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - Crawler-transporter No. 2 makes its way toward Launch Pad 39B (in the background). The tip of the orange external tank can be seen above the rotating service structure surrounding the shuttle. The crawler is being moved nearby in the event the mission management team decides to roll back Space Shuttle Atlantis due to Hurricane Ernesto. The hurricane has been forecast on a heading north and east from Cuba, taking it along the eastern coast of Florida. NASA's lighted launch window extends to Sept. 13, but mission managers are hoping to launch on mission STS-115 by Sept. 7 to avoid a conflict with a Russian Soyuz rocket also bound for the International Space Station. The crawler is 131 feet long, 113 feet wide and 20 feet high. It weights 5.5 million pounds unloaded. The combined weight of crawler, mobile launcher platform and a space shuttle is 12 million pounds. Unloaded, the crawler moves at 2 mph. Loaded, the snail's pace slows to 1 mph. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett

Suggested Best Practice for seismic monitoring and characterization of non-conventional reservoirs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Malin, P. E.; Bohnhoff, M.; terHeege, J. H.; Deflandre, J. P.; Sicking, C.

2017-12-01

High rates of induced seismicity and gas leakage in non-conventional production have become a growing issue of public concern. It has resulted in calls for independent monitoring before, during and after reservoir production. To date no uniform practice for it exists and few reservoirs are locally monitored at all. Nonetheless, local seismic monitoring is a pre-requisite for detecting small earthquakes, increases of which can foreshadow damaging ones and indicate gas leaks. Appropriately designed networks, including seismic reflection studies, can be used to collect these and Seismic Emission Tomography (SET) data, the latter significantly helping reservoir characterization and exploitation. We suggest a Step-by-Step procedure for implementing such networks. We describe various field kits, installations, and workflows, all aimed at avoiding damaging seismicity, as indicators of well stability, and improving reservoir exploitation. In Step 1, a single downhole seismograph is recommended for establishing baseline seismicity before development. Subsequent Steps are used to decide cost-effective ways of monitoring treatments, production, and abandonment. We include suggestions for monitoring of disposal and underground storage. We also describe how repeated SET observations improve reservoir management as well as regulatory monitoring. Moreover, SET acquisition can be included at incremental cost in active surveys or temporary passive deployments.

Fiscal and Policy Implications of Selling Pipe Tobacco for Roll-Your-Own Cigarettes in the United States

PubMed Central

Morris, Daniel S.; Tynan, Michael A.

2012-01-01

Background The Federal excise tax was increased for tobacco products on April 1, 2009. While excise tax rates prior to the increase were the same for roll-your-own (RYO) and pipe tobacco, the tax on pipe tobacco was $21.95 per pound less than the tax on RYO tobacco after the increase. Subsequently, tobacco manufacturers began labeling loose tobacco as pipe tobacco and marketing these products to RYO consumers at a lower price. Retailers refer to these products as “dual purpose" or “dual use" pipe tobacco. Methods Data on tobacco tax collections comes from the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau. Joinpoint software was used to identify changes in sales trends. Estimates were generated for the amount of pipe tobacco sold for RYO use and for Federal and state tax revenue lost through August 2011. Results Approximately 45 million pounds of pipe tobacco has been sold for RYO use from April 2009 to August 2011, lowering state and Federal revenue by over $1.3 billion. Conclusions Marketing pipe tobacco as “dual purpose" and selling it for RYO use provides an opportunity to avoid paying higher cigarette prices. This blunts the public health impact excise tax increases would otherwise have on reducing tobacco use through higher prices. Selling pipe tobacco for RYO use decreases state and Federal revenue and also avoids regulations on flavored tobacco, banned descriptors, prohibitions on shipping, and reporting requirements. PMID:22567159

A western gray whale mitigation and monitoring program for a 3-D seismic survey, Sakhalin Island, Russia.

PubMed

Johnson, S R; Richardson, W J; Yazvenko, S B; Blokhin, S A; Gailey, G; Jenkerson, M R; Meier, S K; Melton, H R; Newcomer, M W; Perlov, A S; Rutenko, S A; Würsig, B; Martin, C R; Egging, D E

2007-11-01

The introduction of anthropogenic sounds into the marine environment can impact some marine mammals. Impacts can be greatly reduced if appropriate mitigation measures and monitoring are implemented. This paper concerns such measures undertaken by Exxon Neftegas Limited, as operator of the Sakhalin-1 Consortium, during the Odoptu 3-D seismic survey conducted during 17 August-9 September 2001. The key environmental issue was protection of the critically endangered western gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus), which feeds in summer and fall primarily in the Piltun feeding area off northeast Sakhalin Island. Existing mitigation and monitoring practices for seismic surveys in other jurisdictions were evaluated to identify best practices for reducing impacts on feeding activity by western gray whales. Two buffer zones were established to protect whales from physical injury or undue disturbance during feeding. A 1 km buffer protected all whales from exposure to levels of sound energy potentially capable of producing physical injury. A 4-5 km buffer was established to avoid displacing western gray whales from feeding areas. Trained Marine Mammal Observers (MMOs) on the seismic ship Nordic Explorer had the authority to shut down the air guns if whales were sighted within these buffers. Additional mitigation measures were also incorporated: Temporal mitigation was provided by rescheduling the program from June-August to August-September to avoid interference with spring arrival of migrating gray whales. The survey area was reduced by 19% to avoid certain waters <20 m deep where feeding whales concentrated and where seismic acquisition was a lower priority. The number of air guns and total volume of the air guns were reduced by about half (from 28 to 14 air guns and from 3,390 in(3) to 1,640 in(3)) relative to initial plans. "Ramp-up" (="soft-start") procedures were implemented. Monitoring activities were conducted as needed to implement some mitigation measures, and to assess residual impacts. Aerial and vessel-based surveys determined the distribution of whales before, during and after the seismic survey. Daily aerial reconnaissance helped verify whale-free areas and select the sequence of seismic lines to be surveyed. A scout vessel with MMOs aboard was positioned 4 km shoreward of the active seismic vessel to provide better visual coverage of the 4-5 km buffer and to help define the inshore edge of the 4-5 km buffer. A second scout vessel remained near the seismic vessel. Shore-based observers determined whale numbers, distribution, and behavior during and after the seismic survey. Acoustic monitoring documented received sound levels near and in the main whale feeding area. Statistical analyses of aerial survey data indicated that about 5-10 gray whales moved away from waters near (inshore of) the seismic survey during seismic operations. They shifted into the core gray whale feeding area farther south, and the proportion of gray whales observed feeding did not change over the study period. Five shutdowns of the air guns were invoked for gray whales seen within or near the buffer. A previously unknown gray whale feeding area (the Offshore feeding area) was discovered south and offshore from the nearshore Piltun feeding area. The Offshore area has subsequently been shown to be used by feeding gray whales during several years when no anthropogenic activity occurred near the Piltun feeding area.Shore-based counts indicated that whales continued to feed inshore of the Odoptu block throughout the seismic survey, with no significant correlation between gray whale abundance and seismic activity. Average values of most behavioral parameters were similar to those without seismic surveys. Univariate analysis showed no correlation between seismic sound levels and any behavioral parameter. Multiple regression analyses indicated that, after allowance for environmental covariates, 5 of 11 behavioral parameters were statistically correlated with estimated seismic survey-related variables; 6 of 11 behavioral parameters were not statistically correlated with seismic survey-related variables. Behavioral parameters that were correlated with seismic variables were transient and within the range of variation attributable to environmental effects. Acoustic monitoring determined that the 4-5 km buffer zone, in conjunction with reduction of the air gun array to 14 guns and 1,640 in(3), was effective in limiting sound exposure. Within the Piltun feeding area, these mitigation measures were designed to insure that western gray whales were not exposed to received levels exceeding the 163 dB re 1 microPa (rms) threshold. This was among the most complex and intensive mitigation programs ever conducted for any marine mammal. It provided valuable new information about underwater sounds and gray whale responses during a nearshore seismic program that will be useful in planning future work. Overall, the efforts in 2001 were successful in reducing impacts to levels tolerable by western gray whales. Research in 2002-2005 suggested no biologically significant or population-level impacts of the 2001 seismic survey.

7 CFR 1001.30 - Reports of receipts and utilization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... report: (1) The product pounds, pounds of butterfat, pounds of protein, and the pounds of solids-not-fat... pool plant operator shall report for each of its operations the following information: (1) Product pounds, pounds of butterfat, pounds of protein, and pounds of nonfat solids other than protein (other...

7 CFR 1001.30 - Reports of receipts and utilization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... report: (1) The product pounds, pounds of butterfat, pounds of protein, and the pounds of solids-not-fat... pool plant operator shall report for each of its operations the following information: (1) Product pounds, pounds of butterfat, pounds of protein, and pounds of nonfat solids other than protein (other...

7 CFR 1001.30 - Reports of receipts and utilization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... report: (1) The product pounds, pounds of butterfat, pounds of protein, and the pounds of solids-not-fat... pool plant operator shall report for each of its operations the following information: (1) Product pounds, pounds of butterfat, pounds of protein, and pounds of nonfat solids other than protein (other...

7 CFR 1001.30 - Reports of receipts and utilization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... report: (1) The product pounds, pounds of butterfat, pounds of protein, and the pounds of solids-not-fat... pool plant operator shall report for each of its operations the following information: (1) Product pounds, pounds of butterfat, pounds of protein, and pounds of nonfat solids other than protein (other...

7 CFR 1001.30 - Reports of receipts and utilization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... report: (1) The product pounds, pounds of butterfat, pounds of protein, and the pounds of solids-not-fat... pool plant operator shall report for each of its operations the following information: (1) Product pounds, pounds of butterfat, pounds of protein, and pounds of nonfat solids other than protein (other...

7 CFR 29.9406 - Failure of warehouse to comply with opening and selling schedule.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... available on the next succeeding sales day. Any such adjustment which is within 100 pounds of the required...,000 pounds plus the larger of 3 pounds for each pound in excess of 5,000 pounds or 5,000 pounds; for the second violation, the adjustment shall be 5,000 pounds plus the larger of 5 pounds for each pound...

7 CFR 1030.30 - Reports of receipts and utilization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... information: (1) Product pounds, pounds of butterfat, pounds of protein, pounds of solids-not-fat other than protein (other solids), and the value of the somatic cell adjustment pursuant to § 1000.50(p), contained... report: (1) The product pounds, pounds of butterfat, pounds of protein, pounds of solids-not-fat other...

7 CFR 1030.30 - Reports of receipts and utilization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... information: (1) Product pounds, pounds of butterfat, pounds of protein, pounds of solids-not-fat other than protein (other solids), and the value of the somatic cell adjustment pursuant to § 1000.50(p), contained... report: (1) The product pounds, pounds of butterfat, pounds of protein, pounds of solids-not-fat other...

7 CFR 1030.30 - Reports of receipts and utilization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... information: (1) Product pounds, pounds of butterfat, pounds of protein, pounds of solids-not-fat other than protein (other solids), and the value of the somatic cell adjustment pursuant to § 1000.50(p), contained... report: (1) The product pounds, pounds of butterfat, pounds of protein, pounds of solids-not-fat other...

7 CFR 1030.30 - Reports of receipts and utilization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... information: (1) Product pounds, pounds of butterfat, pounds of protein, pounds of solids-not-fat other than protein (other solids), and the value of the somatic cell adjustment pursuant to § 1000.50(p), contained... report: (1) The product pounds, pounds of butterfat, pounds of protein, pounds of solids-not-fat other...

7 CFR 1030.30 - Reports of receipts and utilization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... information: (1) Product pounds, pounds of butterfat, pounds of protein, pounds of solids-not-fat other than protein (other solids), and the value of the somatic cell adjustment pursuant to § 1000.50(p), contained... report: (1) The product pounds, pounds of butterfat, pounds of protein, pounds of solids-not-fat other...

Broadband spectra of seismic survey air-gun emissions, with reference to dolphin auditory thresholds.

PubMed

Goold, J C; Fish, P J

1998-04-01

Acoustic emissions from a 2120 cubic in air-gun array were recorded through a towed hydrophone assembly during an oil industry 2-D seismic survey off the West Wales Coast of the British Isles. Recorded seismic pulses were sampled, calibrated, and analyzed post-survey to investigate power levels of the pulses in the band 200 Hz-22 kHz at 750-m, 1-km, 2.2-km, and 8-km range from source. At 750-m range from source, seismic pulse power at the 200-Hz end of the spectrum was 140 dB re: 1 microPa2/Hz, and at the 20-kHz end of the spectrum seismic pulse power was 90 dB re: 1 microPa2/Hz. Although the background noise levels of the seismic recordings were far in excess of ambient, due to the proximity of engine, propeller, and flow sources of the ship towing the hydrophone, seismic power dominated the entire recorded bandwidth of 200 Hz-22 kHz at ranges of up to 2 km from the air-gun source. Even at 8-km range seismic power was still clearly in excess of the high background noise levels up to 8 kHz. Acoustic observations of common dolphins during preceding seismic surveys suggest that these animals avoided the immediate vicinity of the air-gun array while firing was in progress, i.e., localized disturbance occurred during seismic surveying. Although a general pattern of localized disturbance is suggested, one specific observation revealed that common dolphins were able to tolerate the seismic pulses at 1-km range from the air-gun array. Given the high broadband seismic pulse power levels across the entire recorded bandwidth, and known auditory thresholds for several dolphin species, we consider such seismic emissions to be clearly audible to dolphins across a bandwidth of tens on kilohertz, and at least out to 8-km range.

The new Central American seismic hazard zonation: Mutual consensus based on up to day seismotectonic framework

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alvarado, Guillermo E.; Benito, Belén; Staller, Alejandra; Climent, Álvaro; Camacho, Eduardo; Rojas, Wilfredo; Marroquín, Griselda; Molina, Enrique; Talavera, J. Emilio; Martínez-Cuevas, Sandra; Lindholm, Conrad

2017-11-01

Central America is one of the most active seismic zones in the World, due to the interaction of five tectonic plates (North America, Caribbean, Coco, Nazca and South America), and its internal deformation, which generates almost one destructive earthquakes (5.4 ≤ Mw ≤ 8.1) every year. A new seismological zonation for Central America is proposed based on seismotectonic framework, a geological context (tectonic and geological maps), geophysical and geodetic evidence (gravimetric maps, magnetometric, GPS observations), and previous works. As a main source of data a depurated earthquake catalog was collected covering the period from 1522 to 2015. This catalog was homogenized to a moment magnitude scale (Mw). After a careful analysis of all the integrated geological and seismological information, the seismogenic zones were established into seismic areas defined by similar patterns of faulting, seismicity, and rupture mechanism. The tectonic environment has required considering seismic zones in two particular seismological regimes: a) crustal faulting (including local faults, major fracture zones of plate boundary limits, and thrust fault of deformed belts) and b) subduction, taking into account the change in the subduction angle along the trench, and the type and location of the rupture. The seismicity in the subduction zone is divided into interplate and intraplate inslab seismicity. The regional seismic zonation proposed for the whole of Central America, include local seismic zonations, avoiding discontinuities at the national boundaries, because of a consensus between the 7 countries, based on the cooperative work of specialists on Central American seismotectonics and related topics.

The Wenchuan, China M8.0 Earthquake: A Lesson and Implication for Seismic Hazard Mitigation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Z.

2008-12-01

The Wenchuan, China M8.0 earthquake caused great damage and huge casualty. 69,197 people were killed, 374,176 people were injured, and 18,341 people are still missing. The estimated direct economic loss is about 126 billion U.S. dollar. The Wenchuan earthquake again demonstrated that earthquake does not kill people, but the built environments and induced hazards, landslides in particular, do. Therefore, it is critical to strengthen the built environments, such buildings and bridges, and to mitigate the induced hazards in order to avoid such disaster. As a part of the so-called North-South Seismic Zone in China, the Wenchuan earthquake occurred along the Longmen Shan thrust belt which forms a boundary between the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Sichuan basin, and there is a long history (~4,000 years) of seismicity in the area. The historical records show that the area experienced high intensity (i.e., greater than IX) in the past several thousand years. In other words, the area is well-known to have high seismic hazard because of its tectonic setting and seismicity. However, only intensity VII (0.1 to 0.15g PGA) has been considered for seismic design for the built environments in the area. This was one of the main reasons that so many building collapses, particularly the school buildings, during the Wenchuan earthquake. It is clear that the seismic design (i.e., the design ground motion or intensity) is not adequate in the Wenchuan earthquake stricken area. A lesson can be learned from the Wenchuan earthquake on the seismic hazard and risk assessment. A lesson can also be learned from this earthquake on seismic hazard mitigation and/or seismic risk reduction.

Preliminary seismic studies at Ceboruco Volcano

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Escudero, C. R.; Nunez-Cornu, F. J.; Ochoa, J.; Robles, F. J.

2012-12-01

Many societies and their economies endure the disastrous consequences of destructive volcanic eruptions. The Ceboruco stratovolcano is located at the west of the Mexican volcanic belt at 21.125o north, 76 km from the pacific coast and 2,280 meters above sea level. It has an eruptive recurrence of 200 years and its last activity was at 1875. This natural hazard could affect more than eight communities and important highways. Scientific knowledge constitutes the only way to avoid or at least to mitigate the negative effects of an eventual eruptive event, accordingly the main objective of this project is monitor and analyze the potential destructive effects of the Ceboruco volcano. Seismic studies began at 2003 with the deployment of one MARSlite station equipped LE3d (1Hz) sensor. Station that works until 2009 and allow us to identify and characterize the seismic activity associated to the volcano;. Since March 2012 we installed four seismic stations, each includes a digital acquisition system TAURUS of Nanometrix and a Lennartz 3D lite seismometer. Batteries are change and data collected monthly. We use the data to establish the average seismic activity rate; we also aim to corroborate previous studies that showed four families of seismic events; and to localize and make preliminary evaluations of the events.

Borehole Volumetric Strainmeter Calibration From a Nearby Seismic Broadband Array at Etna Volcano

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Currenti, G.; Zuccarello, L.; Bonaccorso, A.; Sicali, A.

2017-10-01

Strainmeter and broadband seismic signals have been analyzed jointly with the aim of calibrating a borehole strainmeter at Etna volcano by using a seismo-geodetic technique. Our results reveal a good coherence between the dynamic strains estimated from seismometer data and strains recorded by a dilatometer in a low-frequency range [0.03-0.06 Hz] at the arrival of teleseismic waves. This significant coherence enabled estimating the calibration coefficient and making a comparison with calibration results derived from other methods. In particular, we verified that the proposed approach provides a calibration coefficient that matches the results obtained from the comparison of the recorded strain both with theoretical strain tides and with normal-mode synthetic straingrams. The approach presented here has the advantage of exploiting recorded seismic data, avoiding the use of computed strain from theoretical models.

Navy's "Full Ship Shock Trials" as Opportunities for USGS/CTBTO Seismic System Evaluation and Calibration

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jih, R. S.

2016-12-01

The U.S. Navy conducts "full ship shock trials" (FSST) on new construction ships to validate the ability the ship to carry out assigned missions in the combat shock environment. The shock trial attempts to simulate the effects of a near-miss underwater explosion by detonating 10,000 pound high explosive charges near the ship. On June 10, June 23, and July 16, 2016, respectively, the Navy carried out three FSSTs on the Littoral Combat Ship USS Jackson (LCS-6) off Florida coast. The three events were well recorded in eastern United States, and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) reported the events as "experimental explosions", with magnitudes in 3.7-3.8; and 78, 82, and 114 associated/picked phases, respectively. The CTBTO's seismic bulletin has the first and third FSSTs reported, but not the second. CTBTO's International Monitoring Systems (IMS) stations in the United States (Tuckaleechee of TN, Lajitas of TX, Mina of NV, Eilson of AK), Canada (Lac du Bonnet), Turkey (Belbashi), Finland (Lahti), and Australia (Warramunga, Alice Springs) saw some of these events. In addition, five hydrophone channels at Ascension Island hydroacoustic array detected two events. IDC did not "screen out" the detected FSSTs as earthquakes. Both USGS and IDC locations are fairly reasonable. In the case of USGS, the events are off shore, while most of the reporting seismic stations are on land, on one side. The test area selected by the Navy for FSSTs is a narrow hexagon, bounded by two arcs: the 600-ft depth bathymetry on the west, and an arc of radius 120 nautical miles centered at Mayport Naval Station (Florida). The seismic solutions determined by USGS and IDC lie inside the hexagon, using the standard single-event location algorithm. In the seismic monitoring mission area, it has been well known that the best calibration data points are those well-recorded, controlled active-source experiments for which the Ground Truth (of the event size, origin time, and coordinates) are known - such as the 100-ton "Omega" explosions carried out by the United States and Kazakhstan in 1997-2001 for the purpose of destroying the unused Soviets shafts and adits at Semipalatinsk. Navy's FSSTs have similar potential for evaluation and calibration of the seismic (and/or hydroacoustic) systems operated by the USGS and CTBTO.

American Marten Respond to Seismic Lines in Northern Canada at Two Spatial Scales

PubMed Central

Tigner, Jesse; Bayne, Erin M.; Boutin, Stan

2015-01-01

Development of hydrocarbon resources across northwest Canada has spurred economic prosperity and generated concerns over impacts to biodiversity. To balance these interests, numerous jurisdictions have adopted management thresholds that allow for limited energy development but minimize undesirable impacts to wildlife. Used for exploration, seismic lines are the most abundant linear feature in the boreal forest and exist at a variety of widths and recovery states. We used American marten (Martes americana) as a model species to measure how line attributes influence species’ response to seismic lines, and asked whether responses to individual lines trigger population impacts. Marten response to seismic lines was strongly influenced by line width and recovery state. Compared to forest interiors, marten used open seismic lines ≥ 3 m wide less often, but used open lines ≤ 2 m wide and partially recovered lines ≥ 6 m wide similarly. Marten response to individual line types appeared to trigger population impacts. The probability of occurrence at the home range scale declined with increasing seismic line density, and the inclusion of behavioral response to line density calculations improved model fit. In our top performing model, we excluded seismic lines ≤ 2 m from our calculation of line density, and the probability of occurrence declined > 80% between home ranges with the lowest and highest line densities. Models that excluded seismic lines did not strongly explain occurrence. We show how wildlife-derived metrics can inform regulatory guidelines to increase the likelihood those guidelines meet intended management objectives. With respect to marten, not all seismic lines constitute disturbances, but avoidance of certain line types scales to population impacts. This approach provides the ecological context required to understand cause and effect relationships among socio-economic and ecological conservation goals. PMID:25768848

Preliminary Modeling of Acoustic Detection Capability for the Drifting Arctic Monitoring System

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-02-01

required. Active heating through chemical means is also a possibility, but will be avoided if possible due to the added complexity. The maximum buoy...2015-R021 [24] Engen , Øyvind, Gjengedal, Jakob Andreas, Faleide, Jan Inge, Kristoffersen, Yngve, and Eldholm, Olav (2009), Seismic stratigraphy and

21 CFR 558.635 - Virginiamycin.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... activity (5 grams per pound), 2.2 percent activity (10 grams per pound), 4.4 percent activity (20 grams per pound), 11 percent activity (50 grams per pound), and 50 percent activity (227 grams per pound) used as in paragraph (d) of this section; and 30 percent activity (136.2 grams per pound) for the manufacture...

21 CFR 558.635 - Virginiamycin.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... activity (5 grams per pound), 2.2 percent activity (10 grams per pound), 4.4 percent activity (20 grams per pound), 11 percent activity (50 grams per pound), and 50 percent activity (227 grams per pound) used as in paragraph (d) of this section; and 30 percent activity (136.2 grams per pound) for the manufacture...

21 CFR 558.635 - Virginiamycin.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... activity (5 grams per pound), 2.2 percent activity (10 grams per pound), 4.4 percent activity (20 grams per pound), 11 percent activity (50 grams per pound), and 50 percent activity (227 grams per pound) used as in paragraph (d) of this section; and 30 percent activity (136.2 grams per pound) for the manufacture...

21 CFR 558.635 - Virginiamycin.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... activity (5 grams per pound), 2.2 percent activity (10 grams per pound), 4.4 percent activity (20 grams per pound), 11 percent activity (50 grams per pound), and 50 percent activity (227 grams per pound) used as in paragraph (d) of this section; and 30 percent activity (136.2 grams per pound) for the manufacture...

21 CFR 558.635 - Virginiamycin.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... activity (5 grams per pound), 2.2 percent activity (10 grams per pound), 4.4 percent activity (20 grams per pound), 11 percent activity (50 grams per pound), and 50 percent activity (227 grams per pound) used as in paragraph (d) of this section; and 30 percent activity (136.2 grams per pound) for the manufacture...

Radiation Dose Assessments for Shore-Based Individuals in Operation Tomodachi

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-09-30

force (lbs avoirdupois) pound-force inch pound-force/inch pound-force/foot2 pound-force/inch2 (psi) pound- mass (lbm avoirdupois) pound- mass ...foot2 (moment of inertia) pound- mass /foot3 rad (radiation dose absorbed) roentgen shake slug torr (mm Hg, 00 C) 1.000 000 x E -10 1.013 25 x E...who provided technical consultation and critical reviews of environmental monitoring data. • Mr. Brian Sanchez of ARA, Inc., who designed and

21 CFR 522.1870 - Praziquantel injectable solution.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 10 pounds, 0.5 milliliter (28.4 milligrams); for 11 to 25 pounds, 1.0 milliliter (56.8 milligrams); if over 25 Pounds, 0.2 milliliter (11.4 milligrams) per 5 pounds body weight to a maximum of 3... veterinarian. (2) Cats—(i) Amount. For cats under 5 pounds, 0.2 milliliter (11.4 milligrams); 5 to 10 pounds, 0...

21 CFR 522.1870 - Praziquantel injectable solution.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 10 pounds, 0.5 milliliter (28.4 milligrams); for 11 to 25 pounds, 1.0 milliliter (56.8 milligrams); if over 25 Pounds, 0.2 milliliter (11.4 milligrams) per 5 pounds body weight to a maximum of 3... veterinarian. (2) Cats—(i) Amount. For cats under 5 pounds, 0.2 milliliter (11.4 milligrams); 5 to 10 pounds, 0...

A Methodology for Assessing the Seismic Vulnerability of Highway Systems

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cirianni, Francis; Leonardi, Giovanni; Scopelliti, Francesco

2008-07-08

Modern society is totally dependent on a complex and articulated infrastructure network of vital importance for the existence of the urban settlements scattered on the territory. On these infrastructure systems, usually indicated with the term lifelines, are entrusted numerous services and indispensable functions of the normal urban and human activity.The systems of the lifelines represent an essential element in all the urbanised areas which are subject to seismic risk. It is important that, in these zones, they are planned according to opportune criteria based on two fundamental assumptions: a) determination of the best territorial localization, avoiding, within limits, the placesmore » of higher dangerousness; b) application of constructive technologies finalized to the reduction of the vulnerability.Therefore it is indispensable that in any modern process of seismic risk assessment the study of the networks is taken in the rightful consideration, to be integrated with the traditional analyses of the buildings.The present paper moves in this direction, dedicating particular attention to one kind of lifeline: the highway system, proposing a methodology of analysis finalized to the assessment of the seismic vulnerability of the system.« less

A new database on subduction seismicity at the global scale

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Presti, D.; Heuret, A.; Funiciello, F.; Piromallo, C.

2012-04-01

In the framework of the EURYI Project 'Convergent margins and seismogenesis: defining the risk of great earthquakes by using statistical data and modelling', a global collection of recent intraslab seismicity has been performed. Based on EHB hypocenter and CMT Harvard catalogues, the hypocenters, nodal planes and seismic moments of worldwide subduction-related earthquakes were extracted for the period 1976 - 2007. Data were collected for centroid depths between sea level and 700 km and for magnitude Mw ≥ 5.5. For each subduction zone, a set of trench-normal transects were constructed choosing a 120km width of the cross-section on each side of a vertical plane and a spacing of 1 degree along the trench. For each of the 505 resulting transects, the whole subduction seismogenic zone was mapped as focal mechanisms projected on to a vertical plane after their faulting type classification according to the Aki-Richards convention. Transect by transect, fist the seismicity that can be considered not related to the subduction process under investigation was removed, then was selected the upper plate seismicity (i.e. earthquakes generated within the upper plate as a result of the subduction process). After deletion from the so obtained event subset of the interplate seismicity as identified in the framework of this project by Heuret et al. (2011), we can be reasonably confident that the remaining seismicity can be related to the subducting plate. Among these earthquakes we then selected the intermediate and deep depth seismicity. The upper limit of the intermediate depth seismicity is generally fixed at 70 km depth in order to avoid possible mixing with interplate seismicity. The ranking of intermediate depth and deep seismicity was in most of cases referred to earthquakes with focal depth between 70-300 km and with depth exceeding 300 km, respectively. Outer-rise seismicity was also selected. Following Heuret et al. (2011), the 505 transects were merged into 62 larger segments that were ideally homogeneous in terms of their seismogenic zone characteristics. Comparisons between main seismic parameters (e.g. cumulated seismic moment, P- and T-axes distributions, spatial and temporal distribution of largest magnitudes) with relation to both the different categories selected and the different segments have been performed in order to obtain a snapshot on the general behaviour of global subduction-related seismicity.

40 CFR 421.113 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Maximum for monthly average mg/kg (pounds per million pounds) of concentrate digested Lead .174 .081 Zinc... monthly average mg/Kg (pounds per million pounds) of concentrate digested Lead 2.592 1.203 Zinc 9.442 3... Maximum for monthly average mg/kg (pounds per million pounds) of concentrate digested Lead .069 .032 Zinc...

40 CFR 421.113 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Maximum for monthly average mg/kg (pounds per million pounds) of concentrate digested Lead .174 .081 Zinc... monthly average mg/Kg (pounds per million pounds) of concentrate digested Lead 2.592 1.203 Zinc 9.442 3... Maximum for monthly average mg/kg (pounds per million pounds) of concentrate digested Lead .069 .032 Zinc...

Automatic Classification of volcano-seismic events based on Deep Neural Networks.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Titos Luzón, M.; Bueno Rodriguez, A.; Garcia Martinez, L.; Benitez, C.; Ibáñez, J. M.

2017-12-01

Seismic monitoring of active volcanoes is a popular remote sensing technique to detect seismic activity, often associated to energy exchanges between the volcano and the environment. As a result, seismographs register a wide range of volcano-seismic signals that reflect the nature and underlying physics of volcanic processes. Machine learning and signal processing techniques provide an appropriate framework to analyze such data. In this research, we propose a new classification framework for seismic events based on deep neural networks. Deep neural networks are composed by multiple processing layers, and can discover intrinsic patterns from the data itself. Internal parameters can be initialized using a greedy unsupervised pre-training stage, leading to an efficient training of fully connected architectures. We aim to determine the robustness of these architectures as classifiers of seven different types of seismic events recorded at "Volcán de Fuego" (Colima, Mexico). Two deep neural networks with different pre-training strategies are studied: stacked denoising autoencoder and deep belief networks. Results are compared to existing machine learning algorithms (SVM, Random Forest, Multilayer Perceptron). We used 5 LPC coefficients over three non-overlapping segments as training features in order to characterize temporal evolution, avoid redundancy and encode the signal, regardless of its duration. Experimental results show that deep architectures can classify seismic events with higher accuracy than classical algorithms, attaining up to 92% recognition accuracy. Pre-training initialization helps these models to detect events that occur simultaneously in time (such explosions and rockfalls), increase robustness against noisy inputs, and provide better generalization. These results demonstrate deep neural networks are robust classifiers, and can be deployed in real-environments to monitor the seismicity of restless volcanoes.

40 CFR 421.306 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... average mg/kg (pounds per million pounds) of TiCl4 produced Chromium (total) 0.346 0.140 Lead 0.262 0.122... Maximum for monthly average mg/kg (pounds per million pounds) of TiCl4 produced Chromium (total) 0.385 0... for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average mg/kg (pounds per million pounds) of TiCl4 handled Chromium...

40 CFR 421.306 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... average mg/kg (pounds per million pounds) of TiCl4 produced Chromium (total) 0.346 0.140 Lead 0.262 0.122... Maximum for monthly average mg/kg (pounds per million pounds) of TiCl4 produced Chromium (total) 0.385 0... for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average mg/kg (pounds per million pounds) of TiCl4 handled Chromium...

40 CFR 421.306 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... average mg/kg (pounds per million pounds) of TiCl4 produced Chromium (total) 0.346 0.140 Lead 0.262 0.122... Maximum for monthly average mg/kg (pounds per million pounds) of TiCl4 produced Chromium (total) 0.385 0... for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average mg/kg (pounds per million pounds) of TiCl4 handled Chromium...

Synthetic seismograms from vibracores: A case study in correlating the late quaternary seismic stratigraphy of the New Jersey inner continental shelf

USGS Publications Warehouse

Esker, D.; Sheridan, R.E.; Ashley, G.M.; Waldner, J.S.; Hall, D.W.

1996-01-01

A new technique, using empirical relationships between median grain size and density and velocity to calculate proxy values for density and velocity, avoids many of the problems associated with the use of well logs and shipboard measurements to construct synthetic seismograms. This method was used to groundtruth and correlate across both analog and digital shallow high-resolution seismic data on the New Jersey shelf. Sampling dry vibracores to determine median grain size eliminates the detrimental effects that coring disturbances and preservation variables have on the sediment and water content of the core. The link between seismic response to lithology and bed spacing is more exact. The exact frequency of the field seismic data can be realistically simulated by a 10-20 cm sampling interval of the vibracores. The estimate of the percentage error inherent in this technique, 12% for acoustic impedance and 24% for reflection amplitude, is calculated to one standard deviation and is within a reasonable limit for such a procedure. The synthetic seismograms of two cores, 4-6 m long, were used to correlate specific sedimentary deposits to specific seismic reflection responses. Because this technique is applicable to unconsolidated sediments, it is ideal for upper Pleistocene and Holocene strata. Copyright ?? 1996, SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology).

Assessing risk of baleen whale hearing loss from seismic surveys: The effect of uncertainty and individual variation.

PubMed

Gedamke, Jason; Gales, Nick; Frydman, Sascha

2011-01-01

The potential for seismic airgun "shots" to cause acoustic trauma in marine mammals is poorly understood. There are just two empirical measurements of temporary threshold shift (TTS) onset levels from airgun-like sounds in odontocetes. Considering these limited data, a model was developed examining the impact of individual variability and uncertainty on risk assessment of baleen whale TTS from seismic surveys. In each of 100 simulations: 10000 "whales" are assigned TTS onset levels accounting for: inter-individual variation; uncertainty over the population's mean; and uncertainty over weighting of odontocete data to obtain baleen whale onset levels. Randomly distributed whales are exposed to one seismic survey passage with cumulative exposure level calculated. In the base scenario, 29% of whales (5th/95th percentiles of 10%/62%) approached to 1-1.2 km range were exposed to levels sufficient for TTS onset. By comparison, no whales are at risk outside 0.6 km when uncertainty and variability are not considered. Potentially "exposure altering" parameters (movement, avoidance, surfacing, and effective quiet) were also simulated. Until more research refines model inputs, the results suggest a reasonable likelihood that whales at a kilometer or more from seismic surveys could potentially be susceptible to TTS and demonstrate that the large impact uncertainty and variability can have on risk assessment.

Costs and cost effectiveness of cardiovascular screening and intervention: the British family heart study.

PubMed

Wonderling, D; McDermott, C; Buxton, M; Kinmonth, A L; Pyke, S; Thompson, S; Wood, D

1996-05-18

To measure costs and cost effectiveness of the British family heart study cardiovascular screening and intervention programme. Cost effectiveness analysis of randomised controlled trial. Clinical and resource use data taken from trial and unit cost data from external estimates. 13 general practices across Britain. 4185 men aged 40-59 and their 2827 partners. Nurse led programme using a family centered approach, with follow up according to degree of risk. Cost of the programme it self; overall short term cost to NHS; cost per 1% reduction in coronary risk at one year. Estimated cost of putting the programme into practice for one year was 63 pounds per person (95% confidence interval 60 pounds to 65 pounds). The overall short term cost to the health service was 77 pounds per man (29 pounds to 124 pounds) but only 13 pounds per woman (-48 pounds to 74 pounds), owing to differences in utilisation of other health service resources. The cost per 1% reduction in risk was 5.08 pounds per man (5.92 pounds including broader health service costs) and 5.78 pounds per woman (1.28 pounds taking into account wider health service savings). The direct cost of the programme to a four partner practice of 7500 patients would be approximately 58,000 pounds. Annually, 8300 pounds would currently be paid to a practice of this size working to the maximum target on the health promotion bands, plus any additional reimbursement of practice staff salaries for which the practice qualified. The broader short term costs to the NHS may augment these costs for men but offset them considerably for women.

Costs and cost effectiveness of cardiovascular screening and intervention: the British family heart study.

PubMed Central

Wonderling, D.; McDermott, C.; Buxton, M.; Kinmonth, A. L.; Pyke, S.; Thompson, S.; Wood, D.

1996-01-01

OBJECTIVE--To measure costs and cost effectiveness of the British family heart study cardiovascular screening and intervention programme. DESIGN--Cost effectiveness analysis of randomised controlled trial. Clinical and resource use data taken from trial and unit cost data from external estimates. SETTING--13 general practices across Britain. SUBJECTS--4185 men aged 40-59 and their 2827 partners. INTERVENTION--Nurse led programme using a family centered approach, with follow up according to degree of risk. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Cost of the programme it self; overall short term cost to NHS; cost per 1% reduction in coronary risk at one year. RESULTS--Estimated cost of putting the programme into practice for one year was 63 pounds per person (95% confidence interval 60 pounds to 65 pounds). The overall short term cost to the health service was 77 pounds per man (29 pounds to 124 pounds) but only 13 pounds per woman (-48 pounds to 74 pounds), owing to differences in utilisation of other health service resources. The cost per 1% reduction in risk was 5.08 pounds per man (5.92 pounds including broader health service costs) and 5.78 pounds per woman (1.28 pounds taking into account wider health service savings). CONCLUSIONS--The direct cost of the programme to a four partner practice of 7500 patients would be approximately 58,000 pounds. Annually, 8300 pounds would currently be paid to a practice of this size working to the maximum target on the health promotion bands, plus any additional reimbursement of practice staff salaries for which the practice qualified. The broader short term costs to the NHS may augment these costs for men but offset them considerably for women. PMID:8634617

75 FR 3234 - Issuance of an Experimental Use Permit

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-20

... The quantity authorized equates to 68,066 pounds of corn seed [containing 62 grams (0.137 pounds) of Cry1F protein, 787 grams (1.74 pounds) of Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 proteins, 27 grams (0.060 pounds) of Cry1Ab protein, 347 grams (0.765 pounds) of Vip3Aa20 protein, and 11 grams (0.024 pounds) of mCry3A...

40 CFR 468.11 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Metric units—mg/off-kg of copper or copper alloy hot rolled English units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds... copper or copper alloy cold rolled English units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper... drawn English units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy drawn Chromium 0.037 0.015...

A cost-utility analysis in patients receiving enteral tube feeding at home and in nursing homes.

PubMed

Elia, Marinos; Stratton, Rebecca J

2008-06-01

A cost-utility analysis was undertaken of enteral tube feeding (ETF) in patients with cerebrovascular accident (CVA). Mortality during ETF was established in nursing homes (n7007) or at home (n2888). Quality of life was measured (EuroQol) on a sub-sample (n25). Quality adjusted life years (QALYs) over 3 years and the cost/QALY were calculated. The cost/QALY (1 pound=1.482 euros; 30/06/05) for patients receiving ETF at home was 12,817 pounds (10,351 pounds-16,826 pounds using 95% CI for quality of life) and insensitive to the frequency of home visits (50-150% of the average frequency; 11,851 pounds-13,782 pounds), outcome of patients reverting to full oral feeding (0-100% survival; 11,023 pounds-14,440 pounds), and computed outcome of a 'control' group not given ETF (0.125-0.25 year survival; 12,991 pound-14,006 pounds). The cost/QALY in nursing homes (10,304 pounds-68,064 pounds) varied depending on the state contribution to non-medical costs and is above and below the threshold (30,000 pounds/QALY). The data suggest the cost-effectiveness of ETF in patients with CVA receiving ETF at home or in nursing homes, where the non-medical costs are paid privately, compares favourably with other interventions. The cost-effectiveness of ETF in nursing homes when the state pays all non-medical costs compares unfavourably with other treatments, raising economic, clinical, and ethical concerns.

Small-scale structural heterogeneity and well-communication problems in the Granny Creek oil field of West Virginia

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zheng, L.; Wilson, T.H.; Shumaker, R.C.

1993-08-01

Seismic interpretations of the Granny Creek oil field in West Virginia suggest the presence of numerous small-scale fracture zones and faults. Seismic disruptions interpreted as faults and/or fracture zones are represented by abrupt reflection offsets, local amplitude reductions, and waveform changes. These features are enhanced through reprocessing, and the majority of the improvements to the data result from the surface consistent application of zero-phase deconvolution. Reprocessing yields a 20% improvement of resolution. Seismic interpretations of these features as small faults and fracture zones are supported by nearby offset vertical seismic profiles and by their proximity to wells between which directmore » communication occurs during waterflooding. Four sets of faults are interpreted based on subsurface and seismic data. Direct interwell communication is interpreted to be associated only with a northeast-trending set of faults, which are believed to have detached structural origins. Subsequent reactivation of deeper basement faults may have opened fractures along this trend. These faults have a limited effect on primary production, but cause many well-communication problems and reduce secondary production. Seismic detection of these zones is important to the economic and effective design of secondary recovery operations, because direct well communication often results in significant reduction of sweep efficiency during waterflooding. Prior information about the location of these zones would allow secondary recovery operations to avoid potential problem areas and increase oil recovery.« less

A pharmacoeconomic evaluation of escitalopram versus citalopram in the treatment of severe depression in the United Kingdom.

PubMed

Wade, Alan G; Toumi, Idris; Hemels, Michiel E H

2005-04-01

Severe depression can increase the risk of psychiatric hospitalization, as well as inpatient and outpatient care; it may also lead to long-term absenteeism from work. However, the cost-effectiveness of antidepressant therapy for severe depression has been little studied. The aim of this work was to investigate the cost-effectiveness of escitalopram compared with citalopram in patients with severe depression (Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale [MADRS] total score > or = 30) in the United Kingdom. A probabilistic decision tree with a 6-month time horizon was adapted to the UK setting. The model incorporated clinical data, resource use directly related with care of severe depression, and lost productivity costs due to absenteeism. Primary results were remission (MADRS < or = 12) and costs (in year-2003 British pounds [1.00 British pound = 0.62 US dollars in January 2003]) of treatment calculated from the perspectives of UK society and the National Health Service (NHS). Secondary outcome was first-line success of treatment (ie, remission [MADRS < or = 12] without switch of drug). Remission, discontinuation, and response rates were derived from a meta-analysis of 506 patients with severe depression and extrapolated to 6 months. Standard UK price lists and literature were used to identify costs of resources. Societal costs of lost productivity were calculated using the human capital approach. Treatment of patients with escitalopram instead of citalopram rendered a higher overall remission rate (relative difference, 10.3%) and first-line success rate (relative difference, 35.4%). The mean cost per successfully treated patient was 15.7% (146 British pounds) lower for escitalopram (786 British pounds [range, 702-876 British pounds]) compared with citalopram (932 British pounds [range, 843-1028 British pounds]) from the NHS perspective and 15.6% (238 British pounds) lower for escitalopram (1283 British pounds [range, 1157-1419 British pounds]) than for citalopram (1521 British pounds [range, 1383-1675 British pounds]) from the societal perspective. The mean cost per severely depressed patient treated (overall study group) was 32 British pounds lower for escitalopram (422 British pounds [range, 404-441 British pounds]) than citalopram (454 British pounds [range, 436-471 British pounds]) from an NHS perspective and 50 British pounds lower for escitalopram (690 British pounds [range, 665-714 British pounds]) than citalopram (740 British pounds [range, 715-767 British pounds]) from the societal perspective. Using multivariate sensitivity analyses, we found that, in 99.8% of the cases, escitalopram was dominant from both perspectives at all ranges of probabilities tested. A sensitivity analysis on the acquisition cost of citalopram verified that, from the societal perspective, escitalopram remained the dominant strategy, even at a cost of 0.00 British pounds for citalopram. These results suggest that escitalopram is a cost-saving alternative to citalopram for the treatment of severe depression in the United Kingdom from the perspectives of both the NHS and society. Therefore, a possible advantage may exist at the population level in the treatment of severe depression with escitalopram in the United Kingdom.

Relationships between Induced Seismicity and Fluid Injection: Development of Strategies to Manage Injection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Eichhubl, Peter; Frohlich, Cliff; Gale, Julia; Olson, Jon; Fan, Zhiqiang; Gono, Valerie

2014-05-01

Induced seismicity during or following the subsurface injection of waste fluids such as well stimulation flow back and production fluids has recently received heightened public and industry attention. It is understood that induced seismicity occurs by reactivation of existing faults that are generally present in the injection intervals. We seek to address the question why fluid injection triggers earthquakes in some areas and not in others, with the aim toward improved injection methods that optimize injection volume and cost while avoiding induced seismicity. A GIS database has been built of natural and induced earthquakes in four hydrocarbon-producing basins: the Fort Worth Basin, South Texas, East Texas/Louisiana, and the Williston Basin. These areas are associated with disposal from the Barnett, Eagle Ford, Bakken, and Haynesville Shales respectively. In each region we analyzed data that were been collected using temporary seismographs of the National Science Foundation's USArray Transportable Array. Injection well locations, formations, histories, and volumes are also mapped using public and licensed datasets. Faults are mapped at a range of scales for selected areas that show different levels of seismic activity, and scaling relationships used to extrapolate between the seismic and wellbore scale. Reactivation potential of these faults is assessed using fault occurrence, and in-situ stress conditions, identifying areas of high and low fault reactivation potential. A correlation analysis between fault reactivation potential, induced seismicity, and fluid injection will use spatial statistics to quantify the probability of seismic fault reactivation for a given injection pressure in the studied reservoirs. The limiting conditions inducing fault reactivation will be compared to actual injection parameters (volume, rate, injection duration and frequency) where available. The objective of this project is a statistical reservoir- to basin-scale assessment of fault reactivation and seismicity induced by fluid injection. By assessing the occurrence of earthquakes (M>2) evenly across large geographic regions, this project differs from previous studies of injection-induced seismicity that focused on earthquakes large enough to cause public concern in well-populated areas. The understanding of triggered seismicity gained through this project is expected to allow for improved design strategies for waste fluid injection to industry and public decision makers.

Seismic imaging of the oil and geothermal reservoirs using the induced seismicity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, H.; Toksoz, M. N.; Fehler, M.

2011-12-01

It is known that microseismicity can be induced in the oil field due to the stress change caused by oil/gas production. Similarly, injection of high-pressure fluids into the reservoir can also induce microseismicity. Due to the proximity of induced seismicity to the reservoir, in some cases, it may be advantageous to use induced seismicity to image the reservoir. The seismic stations for monitoring the induced seismicity are usually sparse. Conventional travel time tomography using travel times from seismic events to stations may not be applicable because of poor ray coverage outside the source region. In comparison, the double-difference tomography method of Zhang and Thurber (2003) that uses the differential travel times is able to image the reservoir by avoiding determining the velocity structure outside the source region. In this study, we present two case studies of applying double-difference tomography to induced seismicity monitored by borehole stations. In the case of an oil field in Oman, five closely spaced monitoring wells are used to monitor microseismicity induced by gas production. In each well, multiple seismic sensors are positioned from depths 750 m - 1250 m and about 2000 events are selected for tomography. Reservoir imaging shows encouraging results in identifying structures and velocity changes within reservoir layers. Clear velocity contrast was seen across the major northeast-southwest faults. Low Vp, low Vs and low Vp/Vs anomalies are mainly associated with the gas production layer. For the case of the Soultz Enhanced Geothermal System at Soultz-sous-Forets, France, we used travel time data from the September and October 1993 hydraulic stimulations, where only four borehole stations are available. The results showed that the S-wave velocity structure correlated well with seismicity and showed low velocity zones at depths between 2900 and 3300 meters, where fluid was believed to have infiltrated the reservoir. We also attempt time-lapse tomography to determine velocity changes at different stages of stimulation. The preliminary results show that the velocity increases outside the reservoir and decreases in the seismicity region.

Development of Deep-tow Autonomous Cable Seismic (ACS) for Seafloor Massive Sulfides (SMSs) Exploration.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Asakawa, Eiichi; Murakami, Fumitoshi; Tsukahara, Hitoshi; Saito, Shutaro; Lee, Sangkyun; Tara, Kenji; Kato, Masafumi; Jamali Hondori, Ehsan; Sumi, Tomonori; Kadoshima, Kazuyuki; Kose, Masami

2017-04-01

Within the EEZ of Japan, numerous surveys exploring ocean floor resources have been conducted. The exploration targets are gas hydrates, mineral resources (manganese, cobalt or rare earth) and especially seafloor massive sulphide (SMS) deposits. These resources exist in shallow subsurface areas in deep waters (>1500m). For seismic explorations very high resolution images are required. These cannot be effectively obtained with conventional marine seismic techniques. Therefore we have been developing autonomous seismic survey systems which record the data close to the seafloor to preserve high frequency seismic energy. Very high sampling rate (10kHz) and high accurate synchronization between recording systems and shot time are necessary. We adopted Cs-base atomic clock considering its power consumption. At first, we developed a Vertical Cable Seismic (VCS) system that uses hydrophone arrays moored vertically from the ocean bottom to record close to the target area. This system has been successfully applied to SMS exploration. Specifically it fixed over known sites to assess the amount of reserves with the resultant 3D volume. Based on the success of VCS, we modified the VCS system to use as a more efficient deep-tow seismic survey system. Although there are other examples of deep-tow seismic systems, signal transmission cables present challenges in deep waters. We use our autonomous recording system to avoid these problems. Combining a high frequency piezoelectric source (Sub Bottom Profiler:SBP) that automatically shots with a constant interval, we achieve the high resolution deep-tow seismic without data transmission/power cable to the board. Although the data cannot be monitored in real-time, the towing system becomes very simple. We have carried out survey trial, which showed the systems utility as a high-resolution deep-tow seismic survey system. Furthermore, the frequency ranges of deep-towed source (SBP) and surface towed sparker are 700-2300Hz and 10-200Hz respectively. Therefore we can use these sources simultaneously and distinguish the records of each source in the data processing stage. We have developed new marine seismic survey systems with autonomous recording for the exploration of the ocean floor resources. The applications are vertical cable seismic (VCS) and deep-tow seismic (ACS). These enable us the recording close to the seafloor and give the high resolution results with a simple, cost-effective configuration.

40 CFR 461.72 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of Zinc Chromium 0.24 0.099 Mercury 0.14 0.055 Silver 0.23 0.093... English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of Zinc Chromium 0.030 0.012 Mercury 0.017 0.007 Silver 0.028 0.../kg of Zinc English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of Zinc Chromium 9.53 3.90 Mercury 5.42 2.17...

40 CFR 468.13 - New source performance standards (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... copper alloy hot rolled English units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy hot... for monthly average Metric units—mg/off-kg of copper or copper alloy cold rolled English units—pounds... copper or copper alloy drawn English units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy...

40 CFR 468.14 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... for monthly average Metric units—mg/off-kg of copper or copper alloy hot rolled English units—pounds... rolled English units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy cold rolled Chromium 0.166... copper or copper alloy drawn English units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy...

40 CFR 98.453 - Calculating GHG emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...) + (Pounds of SF6 returned to site after off-site recycling). Disbursements of SF6 = (Pounds of SF6 contained...) + (Pounds of SF6 returned to suppliers) + (Pounds of SF6 sent off site for recycling) + (Pounds of SF6 sent... including for recycling, for destruction or to be returned to suppliers using Equation SS-2 of this section...

40 CFR 98.453 - Calculating GHG emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...) + (Pounds of SF6 returned to site after off-site recycling). Disbursements of SF6 = (Pounds of SF6 contained...) + (Pounds of SF6 returned to suppliers) + (Pounds of SF6 sent off site for recycling) + (Pounds of SF6 sent... including for recycling, for destruction or to be returned to suppliers using Equation SS-2 of this section...

40 CFR 98.453 - Calculating GHG emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...) + (Pounds of SF6 returned to site after off-site recycling). Disbursements of SF6 = (Pounds of SF6 contained...) + (Pounds of SF6 returned to suppliers) + (Pounds of SF6 sent off site for recycling) + (Pounds of SF6 sent... including for recycling, for destruction or to be returned to suppliers using Equation SS-2 of this section...

40 CFR 98.453 - Calculating GHG emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) + (Pounds of SF6 returned to site after off-site recycling). Disbursements of SF6 = (Pounds of SF6 contained...) + (Pounds of SF6 returned to suppliers) + (Pounds of SF6 sent off site for recycling) + (Pounds of SF6 sent... including for recycling, for destruction or to be returned to suppliers using Equation SS-2 of this section...

Artist's Concept of the Atlas V-401 Rocket

NASA Image and Video Library

2018-01-25

Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport, or InSight, is scheduled to launch from Vandenberg Air Force Base on California's Pacific coast between May 5 and June 8, 2018. The lander will launch to Mars aboard an Atlas V-401 launch vehicle, one of the biggest rockets available for interplanetary flight. It stands 188 feet (57.3 meters) tall, or about as tall as a 19-story building. Fully stacked, with the spacecraft, the Atlas V-401 weighs about 730,000 pounds (333,000 kilograms). That's about 14 big rigs, fully loaded with cargo! The three numbers in the 401 designation signify: 4: a payload fairing -- or nose cone -- that is about 13 feet (4 meters) in diameter 0: solid-rocket boosters supplementing the main booster 1: the upper stage, which has one engine https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA22231

Social Media and E-Learning in Response to Seismic Events: Resilient Practices

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tull, Susan; Dabner, Nicki; Ayebi-Arthur, Kofi

2017-01-01

The motivation to adopt innovative communication and e-learning practices in education settings can be stimulated by events such as natural disasters. Education institutions in the Pacific Rim cannot avoid the likelihood of natural disasters that could close one or more buildings on a campus and affect their ability to continue current educational…

Direct health services costs of providing assisted reproduction services in older women.

PubMed

Maheshwari, Abha; Scotland, Graham; Bell, Jacqueline; McTavish, Alison; Hamilton, Mark; Bhattacharya, Siladitya

2010-02-01

To assess the total health service costs incurred for each live birth achieved by older women undergoing IVF compared with costs in younger women. Retrospective cross-sectional analysis. In vitro fertilization unit and maternity hospital in a tertiary care setting. Women who underwent their first cycle of IVF between 1997 and 2006. Bottom-up costs were calculated for all interventions in the IVF cycle. Early pregnancy and antenatal care costs were obtained from National Health Service reference costs, Information Services Division Scotland, and local departmental costs. Cost per live birth. The mean cost per live birth (95% confidence interval [CI]) in women undergoing IVF at the age of > or =40 years was pound 40,320 (pound 27,105- pound 65,036), which is >2.5 times higher than those aged 35-39 years (pound 17,096 [pound 15,635- pound 18,937]). The cost per ongoing pregnancy was almost three times in women aged > or =40 (pound 31,642 [pound 21,241- pound 58,979]) compared with women 35-39 years of age (pound 11,300 [pound 10,006- pound 12,938]). The cost of a live birth after IVF rises significantly at the age of 40 years owing to lower success rates. Most of the extra cost is due to the low success of IVF treatment, but some of it is due to higher rates of early pregnancy loss. Copyright 2010 American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Cost-effectiveness of oral ibandronate compared with intravenous (i.v.) zoledronic acid or i.v. generic pamidronate in breast cancer patients with metastatic bone disease undergoing i.v. chemotherapy.

PubMed

De Cock, E; Hutton, J; Canney, P; Body, J J; Barrett-Lee, P; Neary, M P; Lewis, G

2005-12-01

Ibandronate is the first third-generation bisphosphonate to have both oral and intravenous (i.v.) efficacy. An incremental cost-effectiveness model compared oral ibandronate with i.v. zoledronic acid and i.v. generic pamidronate in female breast cancer patients with metastatic bone disease, undergoing i.v. chemotherapy. A global economic model was adapted to the UK National Health Service (NHS), with primary outcomes of direct healthcare costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Efficacy, measured as relative risk reduction of skeletal-related events (SREs), was obtained from clinical trials. Resource use data for i.v. bisphosphonates and the cost of managing SREs were obtained from published studies. Hospital management and SRE treatment costs were taken from unit cost databases. Monthly drug acquisition costs were obtained from the British National Formulary. Utility scores were applied to time with/without an SRE to adjust survival for quality of life. Model design and inputs were validated through expert UK clinician review. Total cost, including drug acquisition, was pound 386 less per patient with oral ibandronate vs. i.v. zoledronic acid and pound 224 less vs. i.v. generic pamidronate. Oral ibandronate gained 0.019 and 0.02 QALYs vs. i.v. zoledronic acid and i.v. pamidronate, respectively, making it the economically dominant option. At a threshold of pound 30,000 per QALY, oral ibandronate was cost-effective vs. zoledronic acid in 85% of simulations and vs. pamidronate in 79%. Oral ibandronate is a cost-effective treatment for metastatic bone disease from breast cancer due to reduced SREs, bone pain, and cost savings from avoidance of resource use commonly associated with bisphosphonate infusions.

Optimizing the real-time automatic location of the events produced in Romania using an advanced processing system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Neagoe, Cristian; Grecu, Bogdan; Manea, Liviu

2016-04-01

National Institute for Earth Physics (NIEP) operates a real time seismic network which is designed to monitor the seismic activity on the Romanian territory, which is dominated by the intermediate earthquakes (60-200 km) from Vrancea area. The ability to reduce the impact of earthquakes on society depends on the existence of a large number of high-quality observational data. The development of the network in recent years and an advanced seismic acquisition are crucial to achieving this objective. The software package used to perform the automatic real-time locations is Seiscomp3. An accurate choice of the Seiscomp3 setting parameters is necessary to ensure the best performance of the real-time system i.e., the most accurate location for the earthquakes and avoiding any false events. The aim of this study is to optimize the algorithms of the real-time system that detect and locate the earthquakes in the monitored area. This goal is pursued by testing different parameters (e.g., STA/LTA, filters applied to the waveforms) on a data set of representative earthquakes of the local seismicity. The results are compared with the locations from the Romanian Catalogue ROMPLUS.

78 FR 24334 - Milk in the Northeast and Other Marketing Areas; Order Amending the Orders

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-25

...) allowances for cheese, butter, nonfat dry milk (NFDM) and dry whey contained in the Class III and Class IV....1715 per pound); NFDM ($0.1678 per pound); and dry whey ($0.1991 per pound). In addition, the butterfat... dry whey continues to be $0.1991 per pound (initially increased from $0.1956 per pound). Finally, the...

40 CFR 468.15 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... average Metric units—mg/off-kg of copper or copper alloy hot rolled English units—pounds per 1,000,000 off... English units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy cold rolled Chromium 0.140 0.056... copper alloy drawn English units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy drawn Chromium...

40 CFR 98.303 - Calculating GHG emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... switchgear) + (pounds of SF6 returned to facility after off-site recycling). Disbursements of SF6 = (pounds... to suppliers) + (pounds of SF6 sent off site for recycling) + (pounds of SF6 sent off-site for...

40 CFR 98.303 - Calculating GHG emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... switchgear) + (pounds of SF6 returned to facility after off-site recycling). Disbursements of SF6 = (pounds... to suppliers) + (pounds of SF6 sent off site for recycling) + (pounds of SF6 sent off-site for...

40 CFR 98.303 - Calculating GHG emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... switchgear) + (pounds of SF6 returned to facility after off-site recycling). Disbursements of SF6 = (pounds... to suppliers) + (pounds of SF6 sent off site for recycling) + (pounds of SF6 sent off-site for...

40 CFR 98.303 - Calculating GHG emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... switchgear) + (pounds of SF6 returned to facility after off-site recycling). Disbursements of SF6 = (pounds... to suppliers) + (pounds of SF6 sent off site for recycling) + (pounds of SF6 sent off-site for...

Experimental and theoretical fracture mechanics applied to volcanic conduits and domes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sammonds, P.; Matthews, C.; Kilburn, C.; Smith, R.; Tuffen, H.; Meredith, P.

2008-12-01

We present an integrated modelling and experimental approach to magma deformation and fracture, which we attempt to validate against field observations of seismicity. The importance of fracture processes in magma ascent dynamics and lava dome growth and collapse are apparent from the associated seismicity. Our laboratory experiments have shown that brittle fracture of magma can occur at high temperature and stress conditions prevalent in the shallow volcanic system. Here, we use a fracture mechanics approach to model seismicity preceding volcanic eruptions. Starting with the fracture mechanics concept of a crack in an elastic body, we model crack growth around the volcanic conduit through the processes of crack interactions, leading either to the propagation and linkage of cracks, or crack avoidance and the inhibition of crack propagation. The nature of that interaction is governed by the temperature and plasticity of the magma. We find that fracture mechanics rules can account for the style of seismicity preceding eruptions. We have derived the changes in seismic b-value predicted by the model and interpret these in terms of the style of fracturing, fluid flow and heat transport. We compare our model with results from our laboratory experiments where we have deformed lava at high temperatures under triaxial stresses. These experiments were conducted in dry and water saturated conditions at effective pressures up to 10 MPa, temperatures up to 1000°C and strain rates from 10-4 s-1 to 10-6 s-1. The behaviour of these magmas was largely brittle under these conditions. We monitored the acoustic emission emitted and calculate the change in micro-seismic b-value with deformation. These we find are in accord with volcano seismicity and our fracture mechanics model.

Development of Vertical Cable Seismic System for Hydrothermal Deposit Survey (2) - Feasibility Study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Asakawa, E.; Murakami, F.; Sekino, Y.; Okamoto, T.; Mikada, H.; Takekawa, J.; Shimura, T.

2010-12-01

In 2009, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology(MEXT) started the survey system development for Hydrothermal deposit. We proposed the Vertical Cable Seismic (VCS), the reflection seismic survey with vertical cable above seabottom. VCS has the following advantages for hydrothermal deposit survey. . (1) VCS is an effective high-resolution 3D seismic survey within limited area. (2) It achieves high-resolution image because the sensors are closely located to the target. (3) It avoids the coupling problems between sensor and seabottom that cause serious damage of seismic data quality. (4) Various types of marine source are applicable with VCS such as sea-surface source (air gun, water gun etc.) , deep-towed or ocean bottom sources. (5) Autonomous recording system. Our first experiment of 2D/3D VCS surveys has been carried out in Lake Biwa, JAPAN. in November 2009. The 2D VCS data processing follows the walk-away VSP, including wave field separation and depth migration. The result gives clearer image than the conventional surface seismic. Prestack depth migration is applied to 3D data to obtain good quality 3D depth volume. Uncertainty of the source/receiver poisons in water causes the serious problem of the imaging. We used several transducer/transponder to estimate these positions. The VCS seismic records themselves can also provide sensor position using the first break of each trace and we calibrate the positions. We are currently developing the autonomous recording VCS system and planning the trial experiment in actual ocean to establish the way of deployment/recovery and the examine the position through the current flow in November, 2010. The second VCS survey will planned over the actual hydrothermal deposit with deep-towed source in February, 2011.

40 CFR 468.15 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...-pounds of copper or copper alloy hot rolled Chromium 0.038 0.015 Copper 0.131 0.062 Lead 0.010 0.0092... English units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy cold rolled Chromium 0.140 0.056... copper alloy drawn English units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy drawn Chromium...

The Iquique earthquake sequence of April 2014: Bayesian modeling accounting for prediction uncertainty

USGS Publications Warehouse

Duputel, Zacharie; Jiang, Junle; Jolivet, Romain; Simons, Mark; Rivera, Luis; Ampuero, Jean-Paul; Riel, Bryan; Owen, Susan E; Moore, Angelyn W; Samsonov, Sergey V; Ortega Culaciati, Francisco; Minson, Sarah E.

2016-01-01

The subduction zone in northern Chile is a well-identified seismic gap that last ruptured in 1877. On 1 April 2014, this region was struck by a large earthquake following a two week long series of foreshocks. This study combines a wide range of observations, including geodetic, tsunami, and seismic data, to produce a reliable kinematic slip model of the Mw=8.1 main shock and a static slip model of the Mw=7.7 aftershock. We use a novel Bayesian modeling approach that accounts for uncertainty in the Green's functions, both static and dynamic, while avoiding nonphysical regularization. The results reveal a sharp slip zone, more compact than previously thought, located downdip of the foreshock sequence and updip of high-frequency sources inferred by back-projection analysis. Both the main shock and the Mw=7.7 aftershock did not rupture to the trench and left most of the seismic gap unbroken, leaving the possibility of a future large earthquake in the region.

Seismic Strengthening of Carpentry Joints in Traditional Timber Structures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Parisi, Maria A.; Cordié, Cinzia; Piazza, Maurizio

2008-07-01

The static and dynamic behavior of timber structures largely depends on their connections. In traditional timber construction, elements are usually connected with carpentry joints based on contact pressure and friction, often with only minor reinforcement generically intended to avoid disassembling. In current practice, interventions for the upgrading of carpentry joints are mainly based on empirical knowledge according to tradition. Often they produce a general strengthening of the connection, but are not specific for the case of seismic action. Strengthening on heuristic bases may be only partially effective or possibly disproportioned. The behavior of the carpentry joints most used in roof structures is examined. The birdsmouth joint, connecting rafters to the tie beam, has been studied first, characterizing its behavior numerically and experimentally in monotonic and cyclic conditions. Other forms of the rafter-to-tie connection, the double notch joint and the case of parallel rafters, are discussed. Some general criteria for the seismic strengthening of these joints are presented.

Avoiding sexual harassment liability in veterinary practices.

PubMed

Lacroix, C A; Wilson, J F

1996-05-15

Harassment based on gender violates the rule of workplace equality established by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act and enforced by the EEOC. In 1986, the US Supreme Court, in Meritor Savings Bank v Vinson, established the criteria that must be met for a claim of hostile environment sexual harassment to be considered valid. Plaintiffs must show that they were subjected to conduct based on their gender, that it was unwelcome, and that it was severe and pervasive enough to alter their condition of employment, resulting in an abusive working environment. There have been few sexual harassment cases involving veterinary professionals, and it is our goal to help keep the number of filed actions to a minimum. The most effective way to avoid hostile environment sexual harassment claims is to confront the issue openly and to adopt a sexual harassment policy for the practice. When it comes to sexual harassment, an ounce of prevention is unquestionably worth a pound of cure.

77 FR 12216 - National Organic Program; Proposed Amendment to the National List of Allowed and Prohibited...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-29

...: laying and broiler chickens--2 pounds; turkeys and all other poultry--3 pounds. As published, the... ton of feed: laying and broiler chickens--2 pounds; turkeys and all other poultry--3 pounds. Dated...

40 CFR 468.12 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... English Units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy hot rolled Chromium 0.045 0.018... monthly average Metric units—mg/off-kg of copper or copper alloy cold rolled English units—pounds per 1.../off-kg of copper or copper alloy drawn English units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or...

40 CFR 421.305 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... pounds) of TiCl4 produced Chromium (total) 0.346 0.140 Lead 0.262 0.122 Nickel 0.515 0.346 Titanium 0.496.../kg (pounds per million pounds) of TiCl4 produced Chromium (total) 0.385 0.156 Lead 0.291 0.135 Nickel... monthly average mg/kg (pounds per million pounds) of TiCl4 handled Chromium (total) 0.069 0.028 Lead 0.052...

40 CFR 421.305 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... pounds) of TiCl4 produced Chromium (total) 0.346 0.140 Lead 0.262 0.122 Nickel 0.515 0.346 Titanium 0.496.../kg (pounds per million pounds) of TiCl4 produced Chromium (total) 0.385 0.156 Lead 0.291 0.135 Nickel... monthly average mg/kg (pounds per million pounds) of TiCl4 handled Chromium (total) 0.069 0.028 Lead 0.052...

40 CFR 421.305 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... pounds) of TiCl4 produced Chromium (total) 0.346 0.140 Lead 0.262 0.122 Nickel 0.515 0.346 Titanium 0.496.../kg (pounds per million pounds) of TiCl4 produced Chromium (total) 0.385 0.156 Lead 0.291 0.135 Nickel... monthly average mg/kg (pounds per million pounds) of TiCl4 handled Chromium (total) 0.069 0.028 Lead 0.052...

Fault activation and induced seismicity in geological carbon storage – Lessons learned from recent modeling studies

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rutqvist, Jonny; Rinaldi, Antonio P.; Cappa, Frederic

In the light of current concerns related to induced seismicity associated with geological carbon sequestration (GCS), this paper summarizes lessons learned from recent modeling studies on fault activation, induced seismicity, and potential for leakage associated with deep underground carbon dioxide (CO 2) injection. Model simulations demonstrate that seismic events large enough to be felt by humans require brittle fault properties and continuous fault permeability allowing pressure to be distributed over a large fault patch to be ruptured at once. Heterogeneous fault properties, which are commonly encountered in faults intersecting multilayered shale/sandstone sequences, effectively reduce the likelihood of inducing felt seismicitymore » and also effectively impede upward CO 2 leakage. A number of simulations show that even a sizable seismic event that could be felt may not be capable of opening a new flow path across the entire thickness of an overlying caprock and it is very unlikely to cross a system of multiple overlying caprock units. Site-specific model simulations of the In Salah CO 2 storage demonstration site showed that deep fractured zone responses and associated microseismicity occurred in the brittle fractured sandstone reservoir, but at a very substantial reservoir overpressure close to the magnitude of the least principal stress. We conclude by emphasizing the importance of site investigation to characterize rock properties and if at all possible to avoid brittle rock such as proximity of crystalline basement or sites in hard and brittle sedimentary sequences that are more prone to injection-induced seismicity and permanent damage.« less

Fault activation and induced seismicity in geological carbon storage – Lessons learned from recent modeling studies

DOE PAGES

Rutqvist, Jonny; Rinaldi, Antonio P.; Cappa, Frederic; ...

2016-09-20

In the light of current concerns related to induced seismicity associated with geological carbon sequestration (GCS), this paper summarizes lessons learned from recent modeling studies on fault activation, induced seismicity, and potential for leakage associated with deep underground carbon dioxide (CO 2) injection. Model simulations demonstrate that seismic events large enough to be felt by humans require brittle fault properties and continuous fault permeability allowing pressure to be distributed over a large fault patch to be ruptured at once. Heterogeneous fault properties, which are commonly encountered in faults intersecting multilayered shale/sandstone sequences, effectively reduce the likelihood of inducing felt seismicitymore » and also effectively impede upward CO 2 leakage. A number of simulations show that even a sizable seismic event that could be felt may not be capable of opening a new flow path across the entire thickness of an overlying caprock and it is very unlikely to cross a system of multiple overlying caprock units. Site-specific model simulations of the In Salah CO 2 storage demonstration site showed that deep fractured zone responses and associated microseismicity occurred in the brittle fractured sandstone reservoir, but at a very substantial reservoir overpressure close to the magnitude of the least principal stress. We conclude by emphasizing the importance of site investigation to characterize rock properties and if at all possible to avoid brittle rock such as proximity of crystalline basement or sites in hard and brittle sedimentary sequences that are more prone to injection-induced seismicity and permanent damage.« less

Diagram of Liquid Rocket Systems General Arrangement

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1964-01-01

General arrangement of the liquid rocket systems on the Gemini spacecraft are shown. The locations of the 25 pound, 85 pound and 100 pound trusters of the orbital attitude and maneuver system and the 25 pound thrusters of the reentry control system are shown.

40 CFR 98.306 - Data reporting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...) Pounds of SF6 and PFC returned to facility after off-site recycling. (i) Pounds of SF6 and PFC in bulk...) Pounds of SF6 and PFC sent off-site for recycling. (l) Pounds of SF6 and PFC sent off-site for...

40 CFR 98.306 - Data reporting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...) Pounds of SF6 and PFC returned to facility after off-site recycling. (i) Pounds of SF6 and PFC in bulk...) Pounds of SF6 and PFC sent off-site for recycling. (l) Pounds of SF6 and PFC sent off-site for...

40 CFR 98.306 - Data reporting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...) Pounds of SF6 and PFC returned to facility after off-site recycling. (i) Pounds of SF6 and PFC in bulk...) Pounds of SF6 and PFC sent off-site for recycling. (l) Pounds of SF6 and PFC sent off-site for...

40 CFR 98.306 - Data reporting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) Pounds of SF6 and PFC returned to facility after off-site recycling. (i) Pounds of SF6 and PFC in bulk...) Pounds of SF6 and PFC sent off-site for recycling. (l) Pounds of SF6 and PFC sent off-site for...

78 FR 11821 - Takes of Marine Mammals Incidental to Specified Activities; Low-Energy Marine Geophysical Survey...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-20

...). In most cases, the avoidance radii for delphinids appear to be small, on the order of one km or [email protected] . NMFS is not responsible for email comments sent to addresses other than the one... use one source vessel, the R/V Pelican (Pelican), or similar vessel, and a seismic airgun array to...

27 CFR 30.63 - Table 3, for determining the number of proof gallons from the weight and proof of spirituous liquor.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... decimal point one place to the left; that for 8 pounds from the column 800 pounds by moving the decimal point two places to the left. Example. A package of spirits at 86 proof weighed 3211/2 pounds net. We... to the left; that for 1 pound from the column 100 pounds by moving the decimal point two places to...

27 CFR 30.63 - Table 3, for determining the number of proof gallons from the weight and proof of spirituous liquor.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... decimal point one place to the left; that for 8 pounds from the column 800 pounds by moving the decimal point two places to the left. Example. A package of spirits at 86 proof weighed 3211/2 pounds net. We... to the left; that for 1 pound from the column 100 pounds by moving the decimal point two places to...

27 CFR 30.63 - Table 3, for determining the number of proof gallons from the weight and proof of spirituous liquor.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... decimal point one place to the left; that for 8 pounds from the column 800 pounds by moving the decimal point two places to the left. Example. A package of spirits at 86 proof weighed 3211/2 pounds net. We... to the left; that for 1 pound from the column 100 pounds by moving the decimal point two places to...

27 CFR 30.63 - Table 3, for determining the number of proof gallons from the weight and proof of spirituous liquor.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... decimal point one place to the left; that for 8 pounds from the column 800 pounds by moving the decimal point two places to the left. Example. A package of spirits at 86 proof weighed 3211/2 pounds net. We... to the left; that for 1 pound from the column 100 pounds by moving the decimal point two places to...

27 CFR 30.63 - Table 3, for determining the number of proof gallons from the weight and proof of spirituous liquor.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... decimal point one place to the left; that for 8 pounds from the column 800 pounds by moving the decimal point two places to the left. Example. A package of spirits at 86 proof weighed 3211/2 pounds net. We... to the left; that for 1 pound from the column 100 pounds by moving the decimal point two places to...

Contribution of seismic processing to put up the scaffolding for the 3-dimensional study of deep sedimentary basins: the fundaments of trans-national 3D modelling in the project GeoMol

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Capar, Laure

2013-04-01

Within the framework of the transnational project GeoMol geophysical and geological information on the entire Molasse Basin and on the Po Basin are gathered to build consistent cross-border 3D geological models based on borehole evidence and seismic data. Benefiting from important progress in seismic processing, these new models will provide some answers to various questions regarding the usage of subsurface resources, as there are geothermal energy, CO2 and gas storage, oil and gas production, and support decisions-making to national and local administrations as well as to industries. More than 28 000 km of 2D seismic lines are compiled reprocessed and harmonized. This work faces various problems like the vertical drop of more than 700 meters between West and East of the Molasse Basin and to al lesser extent in the Po Plain, the heterogeneities of the substratum, the large disparities between the period and parameters of seismic acquisition, and depending of their availability, the use of two types of seismic data, raw and processed seismic data. The main challenge is to harmonize all lines at the same reference level, amplitude and step of signal processing from France to Austria, spanning more than 1000 km, to avoid misfits at crossing points between seismic lines and artifacts at the country borders, facilitating the interpretation of the various geological layers in the Molasse Basin and Po Basin. A generalized stratigraphic column for the two basins is set up, representing all geological layers relevant to subsurface usage. This stratigraphy constitutes the harmonized framework for seismic reprocessing. In general, processed seismic data is available on paper at stack stage and the mandatory information to take these seismic lines to the final stage of processing, the migration step, are datum plane and replacement velocity. However several datum planes and replacement velocities were used during previous processing projects. Our processing sequence is to first digitize the data, to have them in SEG-Y format. The second step is to apply some post-stack processing to obtain a good data quality before the final migration step. The third step is the final migration, using optimized migration velocities and the fourth step is the post-migration processing. In case of raw seismic data, the mandatory information for processing is made accessible, like from observer logs, coordinates and field seismic data. The processing sequence in order to obtain the final usable version of the seismic line is based on a pre-stack time migration. A complex processing sequence is applied. One main issue is to deal with the significant changes in the topography along the seismic lines and in the first twenty meter layer, this low velocity zone (LVZ) or weathered zone, where some lateral velocity variations occur and disturb the wave propagation, therefore the seismic signal. In seismic processing, this matter is solved by using the static corrections which allow removing these effects of lateral velocity variations and the effects of topography. Another main item is the good determination of root mean square velocities for migration, to improve the final result of seismic processing. Within GeoMol, generalized 3D velocity models of stack velocities are calculated in order to perform a rapid time-depth conversion. In final, all seismic lines of the project GeoMol will be at the same level of processing, the migration level. But to tie all these lines, a single appropriate datum plane and replacement velocity for the entire Molasse Basin and Po Plain, respectively, have to be carefully set up, to avoid misties at crossing points. The reprocessing and use of these 28 000 km of seismic lines in the project GeoMol provide the pivotal database to build a 3D framework model for regional subsurface information on the Alpine foreland basins (cf. Rupf et al. 2013, EGU2013-8924). The project GeoMol is co-funded by the Alpine Space Program as part of the European Territorial Cooperation 2007-2013. The project integrates partners from Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Slovenia and Switzerland and runs from September 2012 to June 2015. Further information on www.geomol.eu The GeoMol seismic interpretation team: Roland Baumberger (swisstopo), Agnès BRENOT (BRGM), Alessandro CAGNONI (RLB), Renaud COUËFFE (BRGM), Gabriel COURRIOUX (BRGM), Chiara D'Ambrogi (ISPRA), Chrystel Dezayes (BRGM), Charlotte Fehn (LGRB), Sunseare GABALDA (BRGM), Gregor Götzl (GBA), Andrej Lapanje (GeoZS), Stéphane MARC (BRGM), Alberto MARTINI (RER-SGSS), Fabio Carlo Molinari (RER-SGSS), Edgar Nitsch (LGRB), Robert Pamer (LfU BY), Marco PANTALONI (ISPRA), Sebastian Pfleiderer (GBA), Andrea PICCIN (RLB), (Nils Oesterling (swisstopo), Isabel Rupf (LGRB), Uta Schulz (LfU BY), Yves SIMEON (BRGM), Günter SÖKOL (LGRB), Heiko Zumsprekel (LGRB)

21 CFR 522.2260 - Sulfamethazine.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) ANIMAL DRUGS... chapter. (d) Conditions of use in cattle—(1) Amount. 20 milliliters for each 50 pounds of body weight (100 milligrams per pound) initially; 20 milliliters per 100 pounds of body weight (50 milligrams per pound) daily...

"Two-Pound Cookies" or "Two Pounds of Cookies": Children's Appreciation of Quantity Expressions

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Foushee, Ruthe; Falkou, Naoual; Li, Peggy

2017-01-01

Inspired by Syrett (2013), three experiments explored children's ability to distinguish "attributives" (e.g., "three-pound strawberries," where MPs as adjectives signal reference to attributes) versus "pseudopartitives" (e.g., "three pounds of strawberries," where MPs combine with "of" to signal…

40 CFR 421.303 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... pounds) of TiCl4 produced Chromium (total) 0.346 0.140 Lead 0.262 0.122 Nickel 0.515 0.346 Titanium 0.496... average mg/kg (pounds per million pounds) of TiCl4 produced Chromium (total) 0.385 0.156 Lead 0.291 0.135... Maximum for monthly average mg/kg (pounds per million pounds) of TiCl4 handled Chromium (total) 0.069 0...

40 CFR 421.303 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... pounds) of TiCl4 produced Chromium (total) 0.346 0.140 Lead 0.262 0.122 Nickel 0.515 0.346 Titanium 0.496... average mg/kg (pounds per million pounds) of TiCl4 produced Chromium (total) 0.385 0.156 Lead 0.291 0.135... Maximum for monthly average mg/kg (pounds per million pounds) of TiCl4 handled Chromium (total) 0.069 0...

40 CFR 421.303 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... pounds) of TiCl4 produced Chromium (total) 0.346 0.140 Lead 0.262 0.122 Nickel 0.515 0.346 Titanium 0.496... average mg/kg (pounds per million pounds) of TiCl4 produced Chromium (total) 0.385 0.156 Lead 0.291 0.135... Maximum for monthly average mg/kg (pounds per million pounds) of TiCl4 handled Chromium (total) 0.069 0...

33 CFR 183.25 - Display of markings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... XX Persons or XXX Pounds XXX Pounds, persons, motor, gear XXX Horsepower, motor or U.S. Coast Guard Maximum Capacities XX Persons or XXX Pounds XXX Pounds, persons, motor, gear XXX Horsepower, motor with remote steering XXX Horsepower, motor without remote steering (2) For inboard boats and inboard-outboard...

33 CFR 183.25 - Display of markings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... XX Persons or XXX Pounds XXX Pounds, persons, motor, gear XXX Horsepower, motor or U.S. Coast Guard Maximum Capacities XX Persons or XXX Pounds XXX Pounds, persons, motor, gear XXX Horsepower, motor with remote steering XXX Horsepower, motor without remote steering (2) For inboard boats and inboard-outboard...

33 CFR 183.25 - Display of markings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... XX Persons or XXX Pounds XXX Pounds, persons, motor, gear XXX Horsepower, motor or U.S. Coast Guard Maximum Capacities XX Persons or XXX Pounds XXX Pounds, persons, motor, gear XXX Horsepower, motor with remote steering XXX Horsepower, motor without remote steering (2) For inboard boats and inboard-outboard...

33 CFR 183.25 - Display of markings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... XX Persons or XXX Pounds XXX Pounds, persons, motor, gear XXX Horsepower, motor or U.S. Coast Guard Maximum Capacities XX Persons or XXX Pounds XXX Pounds, persons, motor, gear XXX Horsepower, motor with remote steering XXX Horsepower, motor without remote steering (2) For inboard boats and inboard-outboard...

Diagram of Liquid Rocket Systems General Arrangement

NASA Image and Video Library

1964-05-21

S64-05966 (1964) --- Diagram shows the general arrangement of the liquid rocket systems on the Gemini spacecraft are shown. The locations of the 25-pound, 85-pound and 100-pound thrusters of the orbital attitude and maneuver system and the 25-pound thrusters of the re-entry control system are shown.

33 CFR 183.25 - Display of markings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... XX Persons or XXX Pounds XXX Pounds, persons, motor, gear XXX Horsepower, motor or U.S. Coast Guard Maximum Capacities XX Persons or XXX Pounds XXX Pounds, persons, motor, gear XXX Horsepower, motor with remote steering XXX Horsepower, motor without remote steering (2) For inboard boats and inboard-outboard...

7 CFR 457.123 - Almond crop insurance provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... pattern. Meat pounds. The total pounds of almond meats (whole, chipped and broken, and in-shell meats). In-shell almonds will be converted to meat pounds in accordance with FCIC approved procedures. Production guarantee (per acre). The quantity of almonds (total meat pounds per acre) determined by multiplying the...

7 CFR 457.123 - Almond crop insurance provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... pattern. Meat pounds. The total pounds of almond meats (whole, chipped and broken, and in-shell meats). In-shell almonds will be converted to meat pounds in accordance with FCIC approved procedures. Production guarantee (per acre). The quantity of almonds (total meat pounds per acre) determined by multiplying the...

7 CFR 457.123 - Almond crop insurance provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... pattern. Meat pounds. The total pounds of almond meats (whole, chipped and broken, and in-shell meats). In-shell almonds will be converted to meat pounds in accordance with FCIC approved procedures. Production guarantee (per acre). The quantity of almonds (total meat pounds per acre) determined by multiplying the...

7 CFR 1032.30 - Reports of receipts and utilization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... the following information: (1) Product pounds, pounds of butterfat, pounds of protein, pounds of solids-not-fat other than protein (other solids), and the value of the somatic cell adjustment pursuant... of fluid milk products and bulk fluid cream products; (3) The utilization or disposition of all milk...

7 CFR 1033.30 - Reports of receipts and utilization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... the following information: (1) Product pounds, pounds of butterfat, pounds of protein, pounds of solids-not-fat other than protein (other solids), and the value of the somatic cell adjustment pursuant... of fluid milk products and bulk fluid cream products; (3) The utilization or disposition of all milk...

7 CFR 1032.30 - Reports of receipts and utilization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... the following information: (1) Product pounds, pounds of butterfat, pounds of protein, pounds of solids-not-fat other than protein (other solids), and the value of the somatic cell adjustment pursuant... of fluid milk products and bulk fluid cream products; (3) The utilization or disposition of all milk...

7 CFR 1033.30 - Reports of receipts and utilization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... the following information: (1) Product pounds, pounds of butterfat, pounds of protein, pounds of solids-not-fat other than protein (other solids), and the value of the somatic cell adjustment pursuant... of fluid milk products and bulk fluid cream products; (3) The utilization or disposition of all milk...

7 CFR 1032.30 - Reports of receipts and utilization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... the following information: (1) Product pounds, pounds of butterfat, pounds of protein, pounds of solids-not-fat other than protein (other solids), and the value of the somatic cell adjustment pursuant... of fluid milk products and bulk fluid cream products; (3) The utilization or disposition of all milk...

7 CFR 1033.30 - Reports of receipts and utilization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... the following information: (1) Product pounds, pounds of butterfat, pounds of protein, pounds of solids-not-fat other than protein (other solids), and the value of the somatic cell adjustment pursuant... of fluid milk products and bulk fluid cream products; (3) The utilization or disposition of all milk...

7 CFR 1126.30 - Reports of receipts and utilization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... pool plant operator shall report for each of its operations the following information: (1) Product pounds, pounds of butterfat, pounds of protein, pounds of nonfat solids other than protein (other solids...) Inventories at the beginning and end of the month of fluid milk products and bulk fluid cream products; (3...

7 CFR 1032.30 - Reports of receipts and utilization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... the following information: (1) Product pounds, pounds of butterfat, pounds of protein, pounds of solids-not-fat other than protein (other solids), and the value of the somatic cell adjustment pursuant... of fluid milk products and bulk fluid cream products; (3) The utilization or disposition of all milk...

7 CFR 1126.30 - Reports of receipts and utilization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... pool plant operator shall report for each of its operations the following information: (1) Product pounds, pounds of butterfat, pounds of protein, pounds of nonfat solids other than protein (other solids...) Inventories at the beginning and end of the month of fluid milk products and bulk fluid cream products; (3...

7 CFR 1124.30 - Reports of receipts and utilization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... the following information: (1) Product pounds, pounds of butterfat, pounds of protein, and pounds of solids-not-fat other than protein (other solids) contained in or represented by: (i) Receipts of producer... and end of the month of fluid milk products and bulk fluid cream products; (3) The utilization or...

7 CFR 1126.30 - Reports of receipts and utilization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... pool plant operator shall report for each of its operations the following information: (1) Product pounds, pounds of butterfat, pounds of protein, pounds of nonfat solids other than protein (other solids...) Inventories at the beginning and end of the month of fluid milk products and bulk fluid cream products; (3...

7 CFR 1124.30 - Reports of receipts and utilization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... the following information: (1) Product pounds, pounds of butterfat, pounds of protein, and pounds of solids-not-fat other than protein (other solids) contained in or represented by: (i) Receipts of producer... and end of the month of fluid milk products and bulk fluid cream products; (3) The utilization or...

7 CFR 1124.30 - Reports of receipts and utilization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... the following information: (1) Product pounds, pounds of butterfat, pounds of protein, and pounds of solids-not-fat other than protein (other solids) contained in or represented by: (i) Receipts of producer... and end of the month of fluid milk products and bulk fluid cream products; (3) The utilization or...

7 CFR 1126.30 - Reports of receipts and utilization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... pool plant operator shall report for each of its operations the following information: (1) Product pounds, pounds of butterfat, pounds of protein, pounds of nonfat solids other than protein (other solids...) Inventories at the beginning and end of the month of fluid milk products and bulk fluid cream products; (3...

7 CFR 1032.30 - Reports of receipts and utilization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... the following information: (1) Product pounds, pounds of butterfat, pounds of protein, pounds of solids-not-fat other than protein (other solids), and the value of the somatic cell adjustment pursuant... of fluid milk products and bulk fluid cream products; (3) The utilization or disposition of all milk...

7 CFR 1126.30 - Reports of receipts and utilization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... pool plant operator shall report for each of its operations the following information: (1) Product pounds, pounds of butterfat, pounds of protein, pounds of nonfat solids other than protein (other solids...) Inventories at the beginning and end of the month of fluid milk products and bulk fluid cream products; (3...

7 CFR 1033.30 - Reports of receipts and utilization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... the following information: (1) Product pounds, pounds of butterfat, pounds of protein, pounds of solids-not-fat other than protein (other solids), and the value of the somatic cell adjustment pursuant... of fluid milk products and bulk fluid cream products; (3) The utilization or disposition of all milk...

7 CFR 1033.30 - Reports of receipts and utilization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... the following information: (1) Product pounds, pounds of butterfat, pounds of protein, pounds of solids-not-fat other than protein (other solids), and the value of the somatic cell adjustment pursuant... of fluid milk products and bulk fluid cream products; (3) The utilization or disposition of all milk...

7 CFR 1124.30 - Reports of receipts and utilization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... the following information: (1) Product pounds, pounds of butterfat, pounds of protein, and pounds of solids-not-fat other than protein (other solids) contained in or represented by: (i) Receipts of producer... and end of the month of fluid milk products and bulk fluid cream products; (3) The utilization or...

7 CFR 1124.30 - Reports of receipts and utilization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... the following information: (1) Product pounds, pounds of butterfat, pounds of protein, and pounds of solids-not-fat other than protein (other solids) contained in or represented by: (i) Receipts of producer... and end of the month of fluid milk products and bulk fluid cream products; (3) The utilization or...

The information trail of the 'Freshman 15'--a systematic review of a health myth within the research and popular literature.

PubMed

Brown, Cecelia

2008-03-01

How does health misinformation become part of the American and Canadian vernacular? Twenty-three databases were searched for articles discussing university freshmen weight gain. Research articles were examined for methodology, number and gender of the participants and weight gain. Popular press articles were reviewed for the types of information published: expert/anecdotal, weight gain, nutrition, exercise, health and alcohol. A timeline of article publication dates was generated. Twenty peer-reviewed, 19 magazine, 146 newspaper, and 141 university newspaper articles were discovered. Appearance of media articles about the 'Freshman 15' mirrored the peer-reviewed articles, yet the information did not reliably depict the research. Research indicated a weight gain of less than five pounds (2.268 kg), while half of the popular press publications claimed a 15-pound (6.804 kg) weight gain. The misinformation was frequently accompanied by information about achieving weight control through diet, exercise, stress reduction and alcohol avoidance. Understanding of how the concept of the 'Freshman 15' developed indicates that remediation efforts are needed. Collaborative efforts between health science and academic librarians, faculty and journalists to construct new paradigms for the translation of scientific evidence into information that individuals can use for decisions about health and well-being is suggested.

Vehicle Support Posts Installation onto Mobile Launcher

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-05-11

Four vehicle support posts have been installed on the deck of the mobile launcher at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. A total of eight support posts will be installed to support the load of the Space Launch System's (SLS) solid rocket boosters, with four posts for each of the boosters. The support posts are about five feet tall and each weigh about 10,000 pounds. The posts will structurally support the SLS rocket through T-0 and liftoff, and will drop down before vehicle liftoff to avoid contact with the flight hardware. The Ground Systems Development and Operations Program is overseeing installation of the support posts to prepare for the launch of the Orion spacecraft atop the SLS rocket.

The cost-effectiveness of routine postoperative radiotherapy after sector resection and axillary dissection for breast cancer stage I. Results from a randomized trial.

PubMed

Liljegren, G; Karlsson, G; Bergh, J; Holmberg, L

1997-08-01

Cost-effectiveness of routine postoperative radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery has not been prospectively evaluated earlier. In times of rationing of medical resources, valid assessments of cost-effectiveness are important for rational allocation of resources. Cost and cost-effectiveness of routine postoperative radiotherapy was calculated in a prospective randomized trial comparing sector resection plus axillary dissection with (XRT group) or without (non-XRT group) postoperative radiotherapy in breast cancer stage I. Three hundred eighty-one patients were included. After a median follow-up of five years 43 local recurrences, six of them in the XRT-group occurred (P < 0.0001). No difference in regional and distant recurrence (P = 0.23) or survival (P = 0.44) was observed. Direct medical costs as well as indirect costs in terms of production lost during the treatment period and travel expenses were estimated from data in the medical records and the national insurance registry of each patient. Average costs of different treatment activities and measures were estimated for the XRT-group and the non-XRT group respectively. From these estimates differences in costs and effectiveness between the groups were calculated and marginal cost-effectiveness ratios were estimated. For the construction of QALYs each life-year was quality-adjusted by a utility value depending on which health state the patient was considered to perceive. Taking into account the cost of primary treatment, the cost of follow-up, the cost of treatment of a local recurrence, travel expenses and indirect costs (production lost) excluding costs for treatment of regional and distant recurrence the cost per avoided local recurrence at five years was SEK 337,727 ($44,438, Pounds 27,018). Adjustment for quality of life showed a cost for every gained QALY to be SEK approximately 1.6 million, ($210,526, Pounds 128,000), range SEK 0.2-3.9 million ($26,315-513,158, Pounds 16,000-312,000). The cost of routine postoperative radiotherapy after sector resection and axillary dissection in breast cancer stage I per avoided local recurrence and gained QALY is high. The cost per gained QALY show great variation depending on utility value, which in this study was derived from external observers and not from the patients themselves. These results stress the importance of identifying risk factors for local recurrence, better understanding of impact on quality of life of a local recurrence and adding cost evaluations to clinical trials in early breast cancer.

Using a cross correlation technique to refine the accuracy of the Failure Forecast Method: Application to Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Salvage, R. O.; Neuberg, J. W.

2016-09-01

Prior to many volcanic eruptions, an acceleration in seismicity has been observed, suggesting the potential for this as a forecasting tool. The Failure Forecast Method (FFM) relates an accelerating precursor to the timing of failure by an empirical power law, with failure being defined in this context as the onset of an eruption. Previous applications of the FFM have used a wide variety of accelerating time series, often generating questionable forecasts with large misfits between data and the forecast, as well as the generation of a number of different forecasts from the same data series. Here, we show an alternative approach applying the FFM in combination with a cross correlation technique which identifies seismicity from a single active source mechanism and location at depth. Isolating a single system at depth avoids additional uncertainties introduced by averaging data over a number of different accelerating phenomena, and consequently reduces the misfit between the data and the forecast. Similar seismic waveforms were identified in the precursory accelerating seismicity to dome collapses at Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat in June 1997, July 2003 and February 2010. These events were specifically chosen since they represent a spectrum of collapse scenarios at this volcano. The cross correlation technique generates a five-fold increase in the number of seismic events which could be identified from continuous seismic data rather than using triggered data, thus providing a more holistic understanding of the ongoing seismicity at the time. The use of similar seismicity as a forecasting tool for collapses in 1997 and 2003 greatly improved the forecasted timing of the dome collapse, as well as improving the confidence in the forecast, thereby outperforming the classical application of the FFM. We suggest that focusing on a single active seismic system at depth allows a more accurate forecast of some of the major dome collapses from the ongoing eruption at Soufrière Hills volcano, and provides a simple addition to the well-used methodology of the FFM.

Ghana's experience in the establishment of a national digital seismic network observatory

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ahulu, Sylvanus; Danuor, Sylvester Kojo

2015-07-01

The Government of Ghana has established a National Digital Seismic Network Observatory in Ghana with the aim of monitoring events such as earthquakes, blasts from mining and quarrying, nuclear tests, etc. The Digital Observatory was commissioned on 19 December 2012, and was dedicated to Geosciences in Ghana. Previously Ghana did not have any operational, digital seismic network acquisition system with the capability of monitoring and analysing data for planning and research purposes. The Ghana Geological Survey has been monitoring seismic events with an analogue system which was not efficient and does not deliver real-time data. Hence, the importance of setting up the National Digital Seismic Network System which would enable the Geological Survey to constantly monitor, manage and coordinate both natural and man-made seismic activities in the country and around the globe, to some extent on real-time basis. The Network System is made up of six remote digital stations that transmit data via satellite to the central observatory. Sensors used are 3× Trillium Compact and 3× Trillium 120PA with Trident digitizers. The department has also acquired strong motion equipment: Titan accelerometers with Taurus digitizers from Nanometrics. Three of each of these instruments have been installed at the Akosombo and Kpong hydrodams, and also at the Weija water supply dam. These instruments are used to monitor dams. The peak ground acceleration (PGA) values established from the analysed data from the accelerometers will be used to retrofit or carry out maintenance work of the dam structures to avoid collapse. Apart from these, the observatory also assesses and analyses seismic waveforms relevant to its needs from the Global Seismographic Network (GSN) system operated by the US Geological Survey. The Ghana Geological Survey, through its Seismic Network Observatory makes data available to its stakeholder institutions for earthquake disaster mitigation; reports on all aspects of seismic-related disasters to the relevant government agencies that deal with disasters; makes recommendations to the government of Ghana on earthquake safety measures; and provides information to assist government institutions develop appropriate land and building policies. The Geological Survey Department, in collaboration with stakeholder agencies, periodically organises public lectures on earthquake disaster risk mitigation.

40 CFR 464.25 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS METAL MOLDING AND CASTING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Copper Casting... Maximum for monthly average kg/1000 kkg (pounds per million pounds) of metal poured Copper (T) 0.0307 0... any 1 day Maximum for monthly average kg/1,000 kkg (pounds per million pounds) of metal poured Copper...

46 CFR 178.330 - Simplified stability proof test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...-meters (foot-pounds); P = wind pressure of: (1) 36.6 kilograms/square meter (7.5 pounds/square foot) for operation on protected waters; (2) 48.8 kilogram/square meter (10.0 pounds/square foot) for operation on partially protected waters; or (3) 73.3 kilograms/square meter (15.0 pounds/square foot) for operation on...

Measuring airborne components of seismic body vibrations in a Middle-Asian sand-dwelling Insectivora species, the piebald shrew (Diplomesodon pulchellum).

PubMed

Volodin, Ilya A; Zaytseva, Alexandra S; Ilchenko, Olga G; Volodina, Elena V; Chebotareva, Anastasia L

2012-08-15

Self-produced seismic vibrations have been found for some subterranean rodents but have not been reported for any Insectivora species, although seismic sensitivity has been confirmed for blind sand-dwelling chrysochlorid golden moles. Studying the vocal behaviour of captive piebald shrews, Diplomesodon pulchellum, we documented vibrations, apparently generated by the whole-body wall muscles, from 11 (5 male, 6 female) of 19 animals, placed singly on a drum membrane. The airborne waves of the vibratory drumming were digitally recorded and then analysed spectrographically. The mean frequency of vibration was 160.5 Hz. This frequency matched the periodicity of the deep sinusoidal frequency modulation (159.4 Hz) found in loud screech calls of the same subjects. The body vibration was not related to thermoregulation, hunger-related depletion of energy resources or fear, as it was produced by well-fed, calm animals, at warm ambient temperatures. We hypothesize that in the solitary, nocturnal, digging desert piebald shrew, body vibrations may be used for seismic exploration of substrate density, to avoid energy-costly digging of packed sand for burrowing and foraging. At the same time, the piercing quality of screech calls due to the deep sinusoidal frequency modulation, matching the periodicity of body vibration, may be important for agonistic communication in this species.

Seismic data interpolation and denoising by learning a tensor tight frame

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Lina; Plonka, Gerlind; Ma, Jianwei

2017-10-01

Seismic data interpolation and denoising plays a key role in seismic data processing. These problems can be understood as sparse inverse problems, where the desired data are assumed to be sparsely representable within a suitable dictionary. In this paper, we present a new method based on a data-driven tight frame (DDTF) of Kronecker type (KronTF) that avoids the vectorization step and considers the multidimensional structure of data in a tensor-product way. It takes advantage of the structure contained in all different modes (dimensions) simultaneously. In order to overcome the limitations of a usual tensor-product approach we also incorporate data-driven directionality. The complete method is formulated as a sparsity-promoting minimization problem. It includes two main steps. In the first step, a hard thresholding algorithm is used to update the frame coefficients of the data in the dictionary; in the second step, an iterative alternating method is used to update the tight frame (dictionary) in each different mode. The dictionary that is learned in this way contains the principal components in each mode. Furthermore, we apply the proposed KronTF to seismic interpolation and denoising. Examples with synthetic and real seismic data show that the proposed method achieves better results than the traditional projection onto convex sets method based on the Fourier transform and the previous vectorized DDTF methods. In particular, the simple structure of the new frame construction makes it essentially more efficient.

Processing Maple Syrup with a Vapor Compression Distiller: An Economic Analysis

Treesearch

Lawrence D. Garrett

1977-01-01

A test of vapor compression distillers for processing maple syrup revealed that: (1) vapor compression equipment tested evaporated 1 pound of water with .047 pounds of steam equivalent (electrical energy); open-pan evaporators of similar capacity required 1.5 pounds of steam equivalent (oil energy) to produce 1 pound of water; (2) vapor compression evaporation produced...

21 CFR 558.363 - Narasin.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... this section are as follows: (1) To 000986: 36, 45, 54, 72, and 90 grams per pound, paragraph (d)(1)(i) of this section. (2) [Reserved] (3) To 000986: 36 grams per pound, with 36 grams per pound nicarbazin, paragraph (d)(1)(iii) of this section. (4) To 016592: 36, 45, 54, 72, and 90 grams per pound, with 2 and 10...

40 CFR 471.103 - New source performance standards (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... mg/off-kg (pounds per million off-pounds) of powder metallurgy parts steam treated Copper 0.151 0.079... million off-pounds) of powder metallurgy parts tumbled, burnished, or cleaned Copper 0.836 0.440 Cyanide 0... off-pounds) of powder metallurgy parts sawed or ground with emulsions Copper 0.035 0.018 Cyanide 0.005...

40 CFR 471.105 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... mg/off-kg (pounds per million off-pounds) of powder metallurgy parts steam treated Copper 0.151 0.079... million off-pounds) of powder metallurgy parts tumbled, burnished, or cleaned Copper 0.836 0.440 Cyanide 0... off-pounds) of powder metallurgy parts sawed or ground with emulsions Copper 0.035 0.018 Cyanide 0.005...

46 CFR 169.567 - Portable extinguishers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Minimum size Coast Guard classification Living space and open boats 1 per 1000 cu. ft. of space Halon 1211 of 1301 21/2 pounds Foam 11/4 gallons Carbon dioxide 4 pounds B-I. Dry chemical 2 pounds Propulsion machinery space with fixed CO2 or halon system 1 Foam 11/4 gallons Carbon dioxide 4 pounds B-I. Dry chemical...

46 CFR 169.567 - Portable extinguishers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Minimum size Coast Guard classification Living space and open boats 1 per 1000 cu. ft. of space Halon 1211 of 1301 21/2 pounds Foam 11/4 gallons Carbon dioxide 4 pounds B-I. Dry chemical 2 pounds Propulsion machinery space with fixed CO2 or halon system 1 Foam 11/4 gallons Carbon dioxide 4 pounds B-I. Dry chemical...

46 CFR 169.567 - Portable extinguishers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Minimum size Coast Guard classification Living space and open boats 1 per 1000 cu. ft. of space Halon 1211 of 1301 21/2 pounds Foam 11/4 gallons Carbon dioxide 4 pounds B-I. Dry chemical 2 pounds Propulsion machinery space with fixed CO2 or halon system 1 Foam 11/4 gallons Carbon dioxide 4 pounds B-I. Dry chemical...

46 CFR 169.567 - Portable extinguishers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Minimum size Coast Guard classification Living space and open boats 1 per 1000 cu. ft. of space Halon 1211 of 1301 21/2 pounds Foam 11/4 gallons Carbon dioxide 4 pounds B-I. Dry chemical 2 pounds Propulsion machinery space with fixed CO2 or halon system 1 Foam 11/4 gallons Carbon dioxide 4 pounds B-I. Dry chemical...

7 CFR 1430.103 - Purchase prices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... barrels for $0.03 per pound less than the cheddar cheese block price; (3) Butter for not less than $1.05 per pound; unless (i) Net removals of butter for a period of 12 consecutive months exceed 450,000,000 pounds, but do not exceed 650,000,000 pounds, in which case the CCC butter purchase price will be not...

7 CFR 1430.103 - Purchase prices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... barrels for $0.03 per pound less than the cheddar cheese block price; (3) Butter for not less than $1.05 per pound; unless (i) Net removals of butter for a period of 12 consecutive months exceed 450,000,000 pounds, but do not exceed 650,000,000 pounds, in which case the CCC butter purchase price will be not...

7 CFR 1430.103 - Purchase prices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... barrels for $0.03 per pound less than the cheddar cheese block price; (3) Butter for not less than $1.05 per pound; unless (i) Net removals of butter for a period of 12 consecutive months exceed 450,000,000 pounds, but do not exceed 650,000,000 pounds, in which case the CCC butter purchase price will be not...

7 CFR 1430.103 - Purchase prices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... barrels for $0.03 per pound less than the cheddar cheese block price; (3) Butter for not less than $1.05 per pound; unless (i) Net removals of butter for a period of 12 consecutive months exceed 450,000,000 pounds, but do not exceed 650,000,000 pounds, in which case the CCC butter purchase price will be not...

Induced seismicity and the potential for liability under U.S. law

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cypser, Darlene A.; Davis, Scott D.

1998-04-01

Research by seismologists over the past 30+ years has firmly established that some human activities induce seismicity. Sometimes induced seismicity causes injuries to people or property. The activities which induce seismicity generally involve extraction of energy, or natural resources, or the disposal of wastes. As the human population increases these extraction and disposal activities will increase in number of sites and intensity of effort as the demands become greater and the resources scarcer. With these increases the number and severity of damaging induced earthquakes is likely to increase. Induced seismicity may cause injuries by vibrations or by seismically induced ground failure. In either case compensation for injuries caused by induced seismicity should be paid for by the inducer. In the United States the inducer of damaging seismicity can be made to pay for the harm caused. Liability for damage caused by vibrations can be based on several legal theories: trespass, strict liability, negligence and nuisance. Our research revealed no cases in which an appellate court has upheld or rejected the application of tort liability to an induced earthquake situation. However, there are numerous analogous cases that support the application of these legal theories to induced seismicity. Vibrations or concussions due to blasting or heavy machinery are sometimes viewed as a `trespass' analogous to a physical invasion. In some states activities which induce earthquakes might be considered `abnormally dangerous' activities that require companies engaged in them to pay for injuries the quakes cause regardless of how careful the inducers were. In some circumstances, a court may find that an inducer was negligent in its site selection or in maintenance of the project. If induced seismicity interferes with the use or enjoyment of another's land, then the inducing activity may be a legal nuisance, even if the seismicity causes little physical damage. In most states of the United States owners of land owe a duty of lateral support to adjacent landowners, and, in some states, mineral estate owners and lessees owe a duty of subjacent support to the surface owners. Failure to meet those duties of support can result in liability. Seismicity induced by one source might accelerate failure of support originating from another source, leaving both of the parties at fault proportionally liable to the injured parties. Geoscientists can use their roles as investigators, educators and advisors to help companies in the petroleum, mining and geothermal fields avoid liability.

New Insights on the Structure of the Cascadia Subduction Zone from Amphibious Seismic Data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Janiszewski, Helen Anne

A new onshore-offshore seismic dataset from the Cascadia subduction zone was used to characterize mantle lithosphere structure from the ridge to the volcanic arc, and plate interface structure offshore within the seismogenic zone. The Cascadia Initiative (CI) covered the Juan de Fuca plate offshore the northwest coast of the United States with an ocean bottom seismometer (OBS) array for four years; this was complemented by a simultaneous onshore seismic array. Teleseismic data recorded by this array allows the unprecedented imaging of an entire tectonic plate from its creation at the ridge through subduction initiation and back beyond the volcanic arc along the entire strike of the Cascadia subduction zone. Higher frequency active source seismic data also provides constraints on the crustal structure along the plate interface offshore. Two seismic datasets were used to image the plate interface structure along a line extending 100 km offshore central Washington. These are wide-angle reflections from ship-to-shore seismic data from the Ridge-To-Trench seismic cruise and receiver functions calculated from a densely spaced CI OBS focus array in a similar region. Active source seismic observations are consistent with reflections from the plate interface offshore indicating the presence of a P-wave velocity discontinuity. Until recently, there has been limited success in using the receiver function technique on OBS data. I avoid these traditional challenges by using OBS constructed with shielding deployed in shallow water on the continental shelf. These data have quieter horizontals and avoid water- and sediment-multiple contamination at the examined frequencies. The receiver functions are consistently modeled with a velocity structure that has a low velocity zone (LVZ) with elevated P to S-wave velocity ratios at the plate interface. A similar LVZ structure has been observed onshore and interpreted as a combination of elevated pore-fluid pressures or metasediments. This new offshore result indicates that the structure may persist updip indicating the plate interface may be weak. To focus more broadly on the entire subduction system, I calculate phase velocities from teleseismic Rayleigh waves from 20-100 s period across the entire onshore-offshore array. The shear-wave velocity model calculated from these data can provide constrains on the thermal structure of the lithosphere both prior to and during subduction of the Juan de Fuca plate. Using OBS data in this period band requires removal of tilt and compliance noise, two types of water-induced noise that affect long period data. To facilitate these corrections on large seismic arrays such as the CI, an automated quality control routine was developed for selecting noise windows for the calculation of the required transfer functions. These corrections typically involve either averaging out transient signals, which requires the assumption of stationarity of the noise over the long periods of time, or laborious hand selection of noise segments. This new method calculates transfer functions based on daily time series that exclude transient signals, but allows for the investigation of long-term variation over the course of an instrument's deployment. I interpret these new shoreline-crossing phase velocity maps in terms of the tectonics associated with the Cascadia subduction system. Major findings include that oceanic plate cooling models do not explain the velocities observed beneath the Juan de Fuca plate, that slow velocities in the forearc appear to be more prevalent in areas modeled to have experienced high slip in past Cascadia megathrust earthquakes, and along strike variations in phase velocity reflect variations in arc structure and backarc tectonics.

Ambient seismic noise as an interesting indirect cue for the Cerithidea decollata migrations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pazzi, Veronica; Lotti, Alessia

2017-04-01

Presence or absence of water, food availability, capability of avoiding predation, and body temperature are constantly changing according to the tidal excursion. In fact, more than the diurnal light-dark variation, tide is shaping the whole intertidal animal life. Therefore, physiological and behavioural systems exist to reduce the stress that the intertidal fauna may face during the unsuitable tidal phase. Cerithidea decollata is a common western Indian Ocean mangrove gastropod. It feeds on the ground at low tide, and climbs the trees two/three hours before the water arrival to avoid submersion. In spite of the irregular East African tidal pattern, it also regularly settles on trunks roughly 40 cm above the maximum level of the incoming tide. Migrations usually take place about twice a day unless at Neap Tide, when snails may remain on the dry ground. Past experiments showed that a biological clock cannot account for water level foreseeing, nor direct visual cues or chemical information from the water itself or from previous migrations have been detected. On the other hand, tidal gravity variations can be felt by the snails. Moreover, other indirect cues could be hypothesize related to a) the oceanic waves reaching the coast and the barrier reef (seismic noise), or b) the changes in ground resistivity (self potential) caused by the sea water moving close. To verify these hypotheses, an integrated geophysical survey (single-station seismic noise and self potential survey) was carried out at Mida Creek (Kenya) to characterize the local seismic wavefield in terms of its amplitude and to measure the temporal variations of the electric potential field. Final goal was to verify whether a correlation exists between the time evolution of these phenomena and the snail movements. Here we present the first results of the seismic noise measurements. Data were acquired by means of a single station all-in-one 3-directional 24-bit digital tromometer equipped with 4.5 Hz geophones. The acquisition run for 11 days (29th June, 2013 - 9th July, 2013). We assumed that the tide transgressions/regressions generate pressure fluctuations on the ground, that are locally transformed into microseismic waves at seafloor propagating inland. Therefore, we evaluated a possible correlation, in terms of decision to climb up or not, between the seismic signals amplitude fluctuations and the snails' movements. To do so we performed: a) the analysis of the trend of the LF (0.1-2 Hz) and HF (2-60 Hz) seismic noise amplitudes, and b) the comparison of the seismic signals with the height of tide, the number of animals that climbed to the safety level, and the height that they reached during each tide cycle. The study showed an interesting similarity between the time evolution (mean value) of the LF amplitude trend and the animals' movements. Even thought additional data should be collected to improve the results, it is the first time that a consistent physical cue other than the obvious but discarded ones (visual and chemical), has been identified that could potentially be detected by the snails as well as by other intertidal organisms.

Observations on the behavior of bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) in the presence of operating seismic exploration vessels in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ljungblad, D.K.; Wuersig, B.; Swartz, S.L.

1985-10-01

The response of bowhead whales to active geophysical vessels was observed during the course of 4 field experiments conducted in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea, September 1984. Conspicuous short-term behavioral changes were observed when active vessels approached to within 10km of bowheads, with the strongest responses occurring when whales were within 5km of active vessels. Behavioral responses included shorter surfacing and dive times, fewer blows per surfacing, and longer blow intervals. Total avoidance responses occured at vessel distances of 1.25km, 7.2km, 3.5km and 3.5km with associated measured sound levels from the seismic airgun arrays of 152dB, 164dB, 178dB and 163dB, respectively.

Seismic, magnetic, and geotechnical properties of a landslide and clinker deposits, Powder River basin, Wyoming and Montana

USGS Publications Warehouse

Miller, C.H.

1979-01-01

Exploitation of vast coal and other resources in the Powder River Basin has caused recent, rapid increases in population and in commercial and residential development and has prompted land utilization studies. Two aspects of land utilization were studied for this report: (1) the seismic and geotechnical properties of a landslide and (2) the seismic, magnetic, and geotechnical properties of clinker deposits. (1) The landslide seismic survey revealed two layers in the slide area. The upper (low-velocity) layer is a relatively weak mantle of colluvium and unconsolidated and weathered bedrock that ranges in thickness from 3.0 to 7.5 m and has an average seismic velocity of about 390 m/s. It overlies high-velocity, relatively strong sedimentary bedrock that has velocities greater than about 1330 m/s. The low-velocity layer is also present at the other eight seismic refraction sites in the basin; a similar layer has also been reported in the Soviet Union in a landslide area over similar bedrock. The buried contact of the low- and high-velocity layers is relatively smooth and is nearly parallel with the restored topographic surface. There is no indication that any of the high-velocity layer (bedrock) has been displaced or removed. The seismic data also show that the shear modulus of the low-velocity layer is only about one-tenth that of the high-velocity layer and the shear strength (at failure) is only about one-thirtieth. Much of the slide failure is clearly in the shear mode, and failure is, therefore, concluded to be confined to the low-velocity layer. The major immediate factor contributing to landslide failure is apparently the addition of moisture to the low-velocity layer. The study implies that the low-velocity layer can be defined over some of the basin by seismic surveys and that they can help predict or delineate potential slides. Preventative actions that could then be taken include avoidance, dewatering, prevention of saturation, buttressing the toe, and unloading the head. The low-velocity layer is usually less than about 5 m thick and may be excavated by dozing, whereas the bedrock must be blasted. Thus, it would seem economically feasible to underpin a structure to nonweathered bedrock or, perhaps, to remove the low-velocity layer prior to construction. (2) Many coal beds in the Powder River Basin have burned along their outcrops, and the resulting intense heat has baked and fused the overlying clastic (sedimentary) rocks into clinkers. The clinkers are very magnetic and a buried edge of a single layer of burn can easily be located by magnetic prospecting methods. Location of the edge is very important in estimating unburned coal deposits, locating clinker quarries, and planning drilling of seismic reflection lines. The clinkers are very porous and highly fractured,-and seismic and geotechnical tests show that they have relatively low strength and competency. Many of the laboratory tests, however, are inherently biased because the clinkers are so highly fractured that only competent samples are selected. The laboratory tests, for example, show that clinkers must be loosened by heavy ripping tractors or blasting, whereas the field data and practical experience indicate that clinkers may be mined with light equipment. Heavy structures such as coal silos and bridge abutments may have to be sited on clinkers. However, differential settlement may occur, with failure in the shear mode, because chimneys of relatively greater strength occur among the weaker clinkers. Preliminary data indicate that the chimneys may be located by magnetic or possibly seismic surveys. Special foundation-preparation techniques could be used or, perhaps, the chimneys could be avoided altogether at a construction site.

Seismic refraction and GPR measurements of depth to bedrock: A case study from Randolph College, Virginia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Datta, A.; Pokharel, R.; Toteva, T.

2007-12-01

Randolph College is located in Lynchburg, VA, in the eastern edge of the Blue Ridge Mountains. Lynchburg city lies in the James River Synclinorium and consists of metasedimentary and metaigneous rocks. As part of College's plan to expand, a new soccer field will be build. For that purpose, part of a hill has to be excavated. Information was needed on the depth to the bedrock at the site. We conducted a seismic refraction experiment as part of an eight week summer research program for undergraduate students. We used 24 vertical geophones, spaced at 1.5 m interval. Our recording device was a 12 channel Geometrics geode (ES 3000). The source was an 8 pound sledge hummer. Source positions were chosen to be at 5, 10, 15 and 20 m on both sides of the array. We collected data along a tree line (in two segments) and across a hockey field. The data collected from the hockey field had very low signal to noise ratio and clear refraction arrivals. The other two acquisition lines were much noisier and difficult to interpret. Our results are consistent with data from seven bore holes in close proximity to the field site. We interpreted depth to bedrock to be between 4 and 12 m. The bedrock velocities are consistent with weathered gneiss. To improve the interpretation of the tree line records, we conducted a GPR survey. The preliminary radar images are showing highly heterogeneous subsurface with multiple point reflectors.

40 CFR 421.324 - Standards of performance for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

.../kg (pounds per million pounds) of uranium processed in the refinery Chromium (total) 27.14 11.00... average mg/kg (pounds per million pounds) of uranium processed in the refinery Chromium (total) 1.689 0... Chromium (total) 2.357 0.955 Copper 8.152 3.885 Nickel 3.503 2.357 Fluoride 222.900 126.700 Total suspended...

40 CFR 471.35 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (pounds per million off-pounds) of nickel-cobalt rolled with emulsions Chromium 0.063 0.026 Nickel 0.094 0... nickel-cobalt rolled with water Chromium 0.028 0.012 Nickel 0.042 0.028 Fluoride 4.49 1.99 (d) Tube... monthly average mg/off-kg (pounds per million off-pounds) of nickel-cobalt drawn with emulsions Chromium 0...

40 CFR 421.324 - Standards of performance for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

.../kg (pounds per million pounds) of uranium processed in the refinery Chromium (total) 27.14 11.00... average mg/kg (pounds per million pounds) of uranium processed in the refinery Chromium (total) 1.689 0... Chromium (total) 2.357 0.955 Copper 8.152 3.885 Nickel 3.503 2.357 Fluoride 222.900 126.700 Total suspended...

40 CFR 471.104 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (pounds per million off-pounds) of powder metallurgy part steam treated Copper 1.51 0.792 Cyanide 0.230 0...-pounds) of powder metallurgy parts tumbled, burnished, or cleaned Copper 8.36 4.40 Cyanide 1.28 0.528...-pounds) of powder metallurgy parts sawed or ground with emulsions Copper 0.035 0.018 Cyanide 0.005 0.002...

Oceanic broad multifault transform plate boundaries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ligi, Marco; Bonatti, Enrico; Gasperini, Luca; Poliakov, Alexei N. B.

2002-01-01

Oceanic transform plate boundaries consist of a single, narrow (a few kilometers wide) strike-slip seismic zone offsetting two mid-ocean ridge segments. However, we define here a new class of oceanic transform boundaries, with broad complex multifault zones of deformation, similar to some continental strike-slip systems. Examples are the 750-km- long, 120-km-wide Andrew Bain transform on the Southwest Indian Ridge, and the Romanche transform, where the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is offset by a lens-shaped, ˜900-km- long, ˜100-km-wide sliver of deformed lithosphere bound by two major transform valleys. One of the valleys is seismically highly active and constitutes the present-day principal transform boundary. However, strike-slip seismic events also occur in the second valley and elsewhere in the deformed zone. Some of these events may be triggered by earthquakes from the principal boundary. Numerical modeling predicts the development of wide multiple transform boundaries when the age offset is above a threshold value of ˜30 m.y., i.e., in extra-long (>500 km) slow-slip transforms. Multiple boundaries develop so that strike-slip ruptures avoid very thick and strong lithosphere.

Trans-dimensional and hierarchical Bayesian approaches toward rigorous estimation of seismic sources and structures in the Northeast Asia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Seongryong; Tkalčić, Hrvoje; Mustać, Marija; Rhie, Junkee; Ford, Sean

2016-04-01

A framework is presented within which we provide rigorous estimations for seismic sources and structures in the Northeast Asia. We use Bayesian inversion methods, which enable statistical estimations of models and their uncertainties based on data information. Ambiguities in error statistics and model parameterizations are addressed by hierarchical and trans-dimensional (trans-D) techniques, which can be inherently implemented in the Bayesian inversions. Hence reliable estimation of model parameters and their uncertainties is possible, thus avoiding arbitrary regularizations and parameterizations. Hierarchical and trans-D inversions are performed to develop a three-dimensional velocity model using ambient noise data. To further improve the model, we perform joint inversions with receiver function data using a newly developed Bayesian method. For the source estimation, a novel moment tensor inversion method is presented and applied to regional waveform data of the North Korean nuclear explosion tests. By the combination of new Bayesian techniques and the structural model, coupled with meaningful uncertainties related to each of the processes, more quantitative monitoring and discrimination of seismic events is possible.

A Fracture-Mechanical Model of Crack Growth and Interaction: Application to Pre-eruptive Seismicity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Matthews, C.; Sammonds, P.; Kilburn, C.

2007-12-01

A greater understanding of the physical processes occurring within a volcano is a key aspect in the success of eruption forecasting. By considering the role of fracture growth, interaction and coalescence in the formation of dykes and conduits as well as the source mechanism for observed seismicity we can create a more general, more applicable model for precursory seismicity. The frequency of volcano-tectonic earthquakes, created by fracturing of volcanic rock, often shows a short-term increase prior to eruption. Using fracture mechanics, the model presented here aims to determine the conditions necessary for the acceleration in fracture events which produces the observed pre-eruptive seismicity. By focusing on the cause of seismic events rather than simply the acceleration patterns observed, the model also highlights the distinction between an accelerating seismic sequence ending with an eruption and a short-term increase which returns to background levels with no activity occurring, an event also observed in the field and an important capability if false alarms are to be avoided. This 1-D model explores the effects of a surrounding stress field and the distribution of multi-scale cracks on the interaction and coalescence of these cracks to form an open pathway for magma ascent. Similarly to seismic observations in the field, and acoustic emissions data from the laboratory, exponential and hyperbolic accelerations in fracturing events are recorded. Crack distribution and inter-crack distance appears to be a significant controlling factor on the evolution of the fracture network, dominating over the effects of a remote stress field. The generality of the model and its basis on fundamental fracture mechanics results makes it applicable to studies of fracture networks in numerous situations. For example looking at the differences between high temperature fracture processes and purely brittle failure the model can be similarly applied to fracture dynamics in the edifice of a long repose volcano and a lava dome.

Development and production of a flame retardant, general purpose, pressure sensitive adhesive tape

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Monaghan, P. B.; Doggett, R. H.

1977-01-01

The specification results for the finished tape properties were as follows: (1) adhesive strength (180 deg peel) on aluminum from 107 to 143 grams per centimeter (0.6 to 0.8 pounds per inch); (2) adhesive strength (180 deg peel) on stainless steel from 71 to 107 grams per centimeter (0.4 to 0.6 pounds per inch); (3) unwind resistance of 536 to 714 grams per centimeter (3 to 4 pounds per inch); (4) tensile strength minimum of 7143 grams per centimeter (40 pounds per inch); (5) elongation from 5 to 10% at break; (6) tear strength, Elmendorf from 200 to 350 grams (0.44 to 0.77 pounds); and (7) tear strength, tongue from 363 to 408 grams (0.8 to 0.9) pounds).

The cost effectiveness of tacrolimus versus microemulsified cyclosporin: a 10-year model of renal transplantation outcomes.

PubMed

Orme, Michelle E; Jurewicz, Wieslaw A; Kumar, Nagappan; McKechnie, Tracy L

2003-01-01

In 1983, the launch of cyclosporin was a significant clinical advance for organ transplant recipients. Subsequent drug research led to further advances with the introduction of cyclosporin microemulsion (cyclosporin ME) and tacrolimus. This paper presents the results from a long-term model comparing the clinical and economic outcomes associated with cyclosporin ME and tacrolimus immunosuppression for the prevention of graft rejection following renal transplantation. A model was developed to project the costs and outcomes over a 10-year period following transplantation. The model was based on the results of a prospective, randomised study of 179 renal transplantation recipients receiving either cyclosporin ME or tacrolimus, which was conducted by the Welsh Transplantation Research Group (median follow-up: 2.7 years). The short-term costs and outcomes were the averages from the actual head-to-head trial data. From this, the long-term costs and outcomes were extrapolated based on the rate of change in patient and graft survival at 3, 5 and 10 years post transplant, as reported in the 1995 United Kingdom Transplant Support Service Authority Renal Transplant Audit. PERSPECTIVE AND YEAR OF COST DATA: The analysis was conducted from the perspective of a UK transplant unit. Costs were at 1999 prices (pounds sterling 1 = dollars US 1.42 = Euro 1.5) and costs and outcomes were discounted at 6% and 1.5%, respectively. The model estimated that 10 years after transplantation, the proportion of patients surviving was 56% of the cyclosporin ME cohort and 64% of the tacrolimus cohort. The cumulative cost of maintenance therapy at 10 years was pounds sterling 23204 per patient maintained on cyclosporin ME versus pounds sterling 23803 per patient on tacrolimus. The cost per survivor at 10 years was pounds sterling 37000 (tacrolimus) versus pounds sterling 41000 (cyclosporin ME) and the cost per patient with a functioning graft was pounds sterling 39000 versus pounds sterling 45000. A Monte Carlo simulation of the model (10000 simulations) gave an average cost at 10 years of pounds sterling 23279 (SD pounds sterling 3457) for cyclosporin ME and pounds sterling 22841 (SD pounds sterling 3590) for tacrolimus. A (second order) probabilistic sensitivity analysis was also performed. The average cost at 10 years from a simulated cohort of 1000 was pounds sterling 23473 (SD pounds sterling 2154) for cyclosporin ME and pounds sterling 24087 (SD pounds sterling 2025) for tacrolimus. Renal transplant recipients maintained on tacrolimus have better short- and long-term outcomes than patients maintained on cyclosporin ME. The long-term use of tacrolimus is a more cost-effective solution in terms of the number of survivors, patients with a functioning graft and rejection-free patients.

40 CFR 471.93 - New source performance standards (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... monthly average mg/off-kg (pounds per million off-pounds) of zirconium-hafnium extruded Chromium 0.104 0... monthly average mg/off-kg (pounds per million off-pounds) of zirconium-hafnium heat treated Chromium 0.015... Chromium 0.150 0.061 Cyanide 0.099 0.041 Nickel 0.653 0.432 Ammonia 45.3 20.0 Fluoride 20.0 8.98 Oil and...

40 CFR 471.93 - New source performance standards (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... monthly average mg/off-kg (pounds per million off-pounds) of zirconium-hafnium extruded Chromium 0.104 0... monthly average mg/off-kg (pounds per million off-pounds) of zirconium-hafnium heat treated Chromium 0.015... Chromium 0.150 0.061 Cyanide 0.099 0.041 Nickel 0.653 0.432 Ammonia 45.3 20.0 Fluoride 20.0 8.98 Oil and...

40 CFR 471.102 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... metallurgy parts steam treated Copper 1.51 0.792 Cyanide 0.230 0.095 Lead 0.333 0.159 (e) Tumbling... Maximum for monthly average mg/off-kg (pounds per million off-pounds) or powder metallurgy parts tumbled... monthly average mg/off-kg (pounds per million off-pounds) of powder metallurgy parts sawed or ground with...

21 CFR 155.130 - Canned corn.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... the sieve is 20.3 cm. (8 inches) if the quantity of the contents of the container is less than 1.36 kg. (3 pounds), and 30.5 cm. (12 inches) if such quantity is 1.36 kg. (3 pounds) or more. The bottom of... less than 1.36 kg. (3 pounds), and 30.5 cm. (12 inches) if such quantity is 1.36 kg. (3 pounds) or more...

21 CFR 155.130 - Canned corn.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... the sieve is 20.3 cm. (8 inches) if the quantity of the contents of the container is less than 1.36 kg. (3 pounds), and 30.5 cm. (12 inches) if such quantity is 1.36 kg. (3 pounds) or more. The bottom of... less than 1.36 kg. (3 pounds), and 30.5 cm. (12 inches) if such quantity is 1.36 kg. (3 pounds) or more...

21 CFR 155.130 - Canned corn.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... the sieve is 20.3 cm. (8 inches) if the quantity of the contents of the container is less than 1.36 kg. (3 pounds), and 30.5 cm. (12 inches) if such quantity is 1.36 kg. (3 pounds) or more. The bottom of... less than 1.36 kg. (3 pounds), and 30.5 cm. (12 inches) if such quantity is 1.36 kg. (3 pounds) or more...

21 CFR 155.130 - Canned corn.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... the sieve is 20.3 cm. (8 inches) if the quantity of the contents of the container is less than 1.36 kg. (3 pounds), and 30.5 cm. (12 inches) if such quantity is 1.36 kg. (3 pounds) or more. The bottom of... less than 1.36 kg. (3 pounds), and 30.5 cm. (12 inches) if such quantity is 1.36 kg. (3 pounds) or more...

Cost-effectiveness of single dose cefotaxime plus metronidazole compared with three doses each of cefuroxime plus metronidazole for the prevention of wound infection after colorectal surgery.

PubMed

Davey, P; Lynch, B; Malek, M; Byrne, D; Thomas, P

1992-12-01

The cost-effectiveness of prophylaxis for colonic surgery with single dose cefotaxime plus metronidazole has been compared with that of three doses each of cefuroxime plus metronidazole, by analysing data from a previously published study supplemented with additional data on the hospital and community costs of wound infection after colonic surgery. The original trial included 942 patients having elective colonic surgery in 14 hospitals. The data on costs of wound infection were collected from a further 124 patients undergoing elective colonic surgery at Ninewells Hospital. All these patients received a three dose regimen of cefuroxime plus metronidazole. The Dundee patients received three injections of 0.75 g cefuroxime at 8-hourly intervals whereas the trial patients received a single dose of 1.5 g followed by two further doses of 0.75 g at 8-hourly intervals. The cefuroxime prophylaxis regimen used in the trial cost 24.16 pounds per patient more than the cefotaxime regimen. The components of the excess cost were drugs (15.18 pounds), equipment (6.14 pounds) and staff time (2.84 pounds). The median cost to the hospital of a wound infection was 978.04 pounds (95% CI 482.04 pounds to 1521.22 pounds). The components of the hospital cost of wound infection were: hotel costs 858 pounds (88%), dressing costs 83.02 pounds (8%) and drug costs (excluding prophylaxis) 37.02 pounds (4%). Only five patients received additional antibiotic treatment in the community, and only one required home visits from the District Nurse. Applying the difference in costs of prophylaxis as 21 pounds (costs of drugs plus equipment) and the cost per wound infection as 1000 pounds to the observed wound infection rate of 7% in the cefuroxime group, the wound infection rate in the cefotaxime group would have to be 2.1% higher for the two regimens to be equally cost-effective. The probability that such a difference in efficacy exists is 0.088. A model was developed to calculate the probability of equal cost-effectiveness over a range of costs of wound infection.

Randomised controlled trial of Alexander technique lessons, exercise, and massage (ATEAM) for chronic and recurrent back pain: economic evaluation.

PubMed

Hollinghurst, Sandra; Sharp, Debbie; Ballard, Kathleen; Barnett, Jane; Beattie, Angela; Evans, Maggie; Lewith, George; Middleton, Karen; Oxford, Frances; Webley, Fran; Little, Paul

2008-12-11

An economic evaluation of therapeutic massage, exercise, and lessons in the Alexander technique for treating persistent back pain. Cost consequences study and cost effectiveness analysis at 12 month follow-up of a factorial randomised controlled trial. 579 patients with chronic or recurrent low back pain recruited from primary care. Normal care (control), massage, and six or 24 lessons in the Alexander technique. Half of each group were randomised to a prescription for exercise from a doctor plus behavioural counselling from a nurse. Costs to the NHS and to participants. Comparison of costs with Roland-Morris disability score (number of activities impaired by pain), days in pain, and quality adjusted life years (QALYs). Comparison of NHS costs with QALY gain, using incremental cost effectiveness ratios and cost effectiveness acceptability curves. Intervention costs ranged from pound30 for exercise prescription to pound596 for 24 lessons in Alexander technique plus exercise. Cost of health services ranged from pound50 for 24 lessons in Alexander technique to pound124 for exercise. Incremental cost effectiveness analysis of single therapies showed that exercise offered best value ( pound61 per point on disability score, pound9 per additional pain-free day, pound2847 per QALY gain). For two-stage therapy, six lessons in Alexander technique combined with exercise was the best value (additional pound64 per point on disability score, pound43 per additional pain-free day, pound5332 per QALY gain). An exercise prescription and six lessons in Alexander technique alone were both more than 85% likely to be cost effective at values above pound20 000 per QALY, but the Alexander technique performed better than exercise on the full range of outcomes. A combination of six lessons in Alexander technique lessons followed by exercise was the most effective and cost effective option.

Fault reactivation by fluid injection considering permeability evolution in fault-bordering damage zones

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Z.; Yehya, A.; Rice, J. R.; Yin, J.

2017-12-01

Earthquakes can be induced by human activity involving fluid injection, e.g., as wastewater disposal from hydrocarbon production. The occurrence of such events is thought to be, mainly, due to the increase in pore pressure, which reduces the effective normal stress and hence the strength of a nearby fault. Change in subsurface stress around suitably oriented faults at near-critical stress states may also contribute. We focus on improving the modeling and prediction of the hydro-mechanical response due to fluid injection, considering the full poroelastic effects and not solely changes in pore pressure in a rigid host. Thus we address the changes in porosity and permeability of the medium due to the changes in the local volumetric strains. Our results also focus on including effects of the fault architecture (low permeability fault core and higher permeability bordering damage zones) on the pressure diffusion and the fault poroelastic response. Field studies of faults have provided a generally common description for the size of their bordering damage zones and how they evolve along their direction of propagation. Empirical laws, from a large number of such observations, describe their fracture density, width, permeability, etc. We use those laws and related data to construct our study cases. We show that the existence of high permeability damage zones facilitates pore-pressure diffusion and, in some cases, results in a sharp increase in pore-pressure at levels much deeper than the injection wells, because these regions act as conduits for fluid pressure changes. This eventually results in higher seismicity rates. By better understanding the mechanisms of nucleation of injection-induced seismicity, and better predicting the hydro-mechanical response of faults, we can assess methodologies and injection strategies to avoid risks of high magnitude seismic events. Microseismic events occurring after the start of injection are very important indications of when injection should be stopped and how to avoid major events. Our work contributes to the assessment or mitigation of seismic hazard and risk, and our long-term target question is: How to not make an earthquake?

Cost effectiveness of imatinib compared with interferon-alpha or hydroxycarbamide for first-line treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia.

PubMed

Dalziel, Kim; Round, Ali; Garside, Ruth; Stein, Ken

2005-01-01

To evaluate the cost utility of imatinib compared with interferon (IFN)-alpha or hydroxycarbamide (hydroxyurea) for first-line treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia. A cost-utility (Markov) model within the setting of the UK NHS and viewed from a health system perspective was adopted. Transition probabilities and relative risks were estimated from published literature. Costs of drug treatment, outpatient care, bone marrow biopsies, radiography, blood transfusions and inpatient care were obtained from the British National Formulary and local hospital databases. Costs (pound, year 2001-03 values) were discounted at 6%. Quality-of-life (QOL) data were obtained from the published literature and discounted at 1.5%. The main outcome measure was cost per QALY gained. Extensive one-way sensitivity analyses were performed along with probabilistic (stochastic) analysis. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of imatinib, compared with IFNalpha, was pound26,180 per QALY gained (one-way sensitivity analyses ranged from pound19,449 to pound51,870) and compared with hydroxycarbamide was pound86,934 per QALY (one-way sensitivity analyses ranged from pound69,701 to pound147,095) [ pound1=$US1.691=euro1.535 as at 31 December 2002].Based on the probabilistic sensitivity analysis, 50% of the ICERs for imatinib, compared with IFNalpha, fell below a threshold of approximately pound31,000 per QALY gained. Fifty percent of ICERs for imatinib, compared with hydroxycarbamide, fell below approximately pound95,000 per QALY gained. This model suggests, given its underlying data and assumptions, that imatinib may be moderately cost effective when compared with IFNalpha but considerably less cost effective when compared with hydroxycarbamide. There are, however, many uncertainties due to the lack of long-term data.

Small helicopter could find niche in remote heavy lift operations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1994-02-21

A new helicopter specifically designed for external vertical lift operations, such as moving transportable rig components or seismic equipment in remote locations, operates more efficiently than most other medium or heavy-lift helicopters, according to manufacturer Kaman Aerospace. The single-pilot helicopter was designed as an aerial truck for efficient lifting of heavy loads but with the operating costs of a light-lift craft. The K-Max helicopter can lift more pounds of cargo per gallon of fuel consumed than other similar helicopters, according to Kaman. For example, to transport a 5,000-lb load at an elevation of 8,000 ft, the K-Max helicopter consumes 85more » gal of fuel/hr. Under the same load conditions, the next most efficient commercially available helicopter consumes 160 gal of fuel/hr and requires two pilots. The 4,500-lb helicopter can lift 5,000 lb to an altitude of 8,000 ft or about 6,000 lb at low altitudes.« less

High resolution strain sensor for earthquake precursor observation and earthquake monitoring

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Wentao; Huang, Wenzhu; Li, Li; Liu, Wenyi; Li, Fang

2016-05-01

We propose a high-resolution static-strain sensor based on a FBG Fabry-Perot interferometer (FBG-FP) and a wavelet domain cross-correlation algorithm. This sensor is used for crust deformation measurement, which plays an important role in earthquake precursor observation. The Pound-Drever-Hall (PDH) technique based on a narrow-linewidth tunable fiber laser is used to interrogate the FBG-FPs. A demodulation algorithm based on wavelet domain cross-correlation is used to calculate the wavelength difference. The FBG-FP sensor head is fixed on the two steel alloy rods which are installed in the bedrock. The reference FBG-FP is placed in a strain-free state closely to compensate the environment temperature fluctuation. A static-strain resolution of 1.6 n(epsilon) can be achieved. As a result, clear solid tide signals and seismic signals can be recorded, which suggests that the proposed strain sensor can be applied to earthquake precursor observation and earthquake monitoring.

Development of Vertical Cable Seismic System

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Asakawa, E.; Murakami, F.; Sekino, Y.; Okamoto, T.; Ishikawa, K.; Tsukahara, H.; Shimura, T.

2011-12-01

In 2009, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology(MEXT) started the survey system development for Hydrothermal deposit. We proposed the Vertical Cable Seismic (VCS), the reflection seismic survey with vertical cable above seabottom. VCS has the following advantages for hydrothermal deposit survey. (1) VCS is an efficient high-resolution 3D seismic survey in limited area. (2) It achieves high-resolution image because the sensors are closely located to the target. (3) It avoids the coupling problems between sensor and seabottom that cause serious damage of seismic data quality. (4) Because of autonomous recording system on sea floor, various types of marine source are applicable with VCS such as sea-surface source (GI gun etc.) , deep-towed or ocean bottom source. Our first experiment of 2D/3D VCS surveys has been carried out in Lake Biwa, JAPAN, in November 2009. The 2D VCS data processing follows the walk-away VSP, including wave field separation and depth migration. Seismic Interferometry technique is also applied. The results give much clearer image than the conventional surface seismic. Prestack depth migration is applied to 3D data to obtain good quality 3D depth volume. Seismic Interferometry technique is applied to obtain the high resolution image in the very shallow zone. Based on the feasibility study, we have developed the autonomous recording VCS system and carried out the trial experiment in actual ocean at the water depth of about 400m to establish the procedures of deployment/recovery and to examine the VC position or fluctuation at seabottom. The result shows that the VC position is estimated with sufficient accuracy and very little fluctuation is observed. Institute of Industrial Science, the University of Tokyo took the research cruise NT11-02 on JAMSTEC R/V Natsushima in February, 2011. In the cruise NT11-02, JGI carried out the second VCS survey using the autonomous VCS recording system with the deep towed source provided by Institute of Industrial Science, the University of Tokyo. It generates high frequency acoustic waves around 1kHz. The acquired VCS data clearly shows the reflections and currently being processed for imaging the subsurface structure.

40 CFR 471.32 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (pounds per million off-pounds) of nickel-cobalt rolled with emulsions Chromium 0.063 0.026 Nickel 0.094 0... nickel-cobalt rolled with water Chromium 0.028 0.011 Nickel 0.042 0.028 Fluoride 4.49 1.99 (d) Tube... monthly average mg/off-kg (pounds per million off-pounds) of nickel-cobalt drawn with emulsions Chromium 0...

46 CFR 160.047-4 - Construction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... AF-1, CFM-1, and CFS-1. The buoyant pad inserts for Models AF-1, CFM-1, and CFS-1 buoyant vests shall...)—Distribution of Fibrous Glass in Buoyant Pad Inserts Model AF-1 (minimum) Model CFM-1 (minimum) Model CFS-1... and CFM-1 Each Models CKS-1 and CFS-1 Each Front pads 61/4 pounds ±1/4 pound 41/4 pounds ±1/4 pound 23...

46 CFR 160.047-4 - Construction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... AF-1, CFM-1, and CFS-1. The buoyant pad inserts for Models AF-1, CFM-1, and CFS-1 buoyant vests shall...)—Distribution of Fibrous Glass in Buoyant Pad Inserts Model AF-1 (minimum) Model CFM-1 (minimum) Model CFS-1... and CFM-1 Each Models CKS-1 and CFS-1 Each Front pads 61/4 pounds ±1/4 pound 41/4 pounds ±1/4 pound 23...

Seismic triggering of landslides, Part A: Field evidence from the Northern Tien Shan

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Havenith, H.-B.; Strom, A.; Jongmans, D.; Abdrakhmatov, A.; Delvaux, D.; Tréfois, P.

Landslides triggered by strong earthquakes often caused most of the global damage and most of all casualties related to the events, such as shown by the M = 7.7 Peru earthquake in 1970, by the M = 7.6 El Salvador earthquake in 2001 or by the M = 7.4 Khait (Tajikistan) earthquake in 1949. The obvious impact of a landslide on the population is directly related to its movement. Yet, prediction of future failure potential and hence future risk to population is necessary in order to avoid further catastrophes and involves the analyses of the origin of seismic instability. The seismic landslide potential is mainly determined by the interaction between the regional seismic hazard and local geological conditions. At a local scale, seismic factors interfering with geological conditions can produce site-specific ground motions. The influence of such Site Effects on instability is the principal topic of this paper, which is divided into two parts, A and B. The present Part A is concerned with the correlation of field data with observed instability phenomena. Field data were obtained on mainly three landslide sites in the Northern Tien Shan Mountains in Kyrgyzstan, Central Asia. Geophysical prospecting, earthquake recordings, geological observation, trenching and geotechnical tests were the main investigation tools. The collected information gives an insight in the geological background of the slope failure and allows us to roughly infer failure mechanisms from field evidence. A detailed analysis of the susceptibility of a mechanism to specific geological conditions will be shown in Part B.

Vehicle Support Posts Installation onto Mobile Launcher

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-05-25

Construction workers on the deck of the mobile launcher at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, prepare to install a vehicle support post. A total of eight support posts are being installed to support the load of the Space Launch System's (SLS) solid rocket boosters, with four posts for each of the boosters. The support posts are about five feet tall and each weigh about 10,000 pounds. The posts will structurally support the SLS rocket through T-0 and liftoff, and will drop down before vehicle liftoff to avoid contact with the flight hardware. The Ground Systems Development and Operations Program is overseeing installation of the support posts to prepare for the launch of the Orion spacecraft atop the SLS rocket.

Vehicle Support Posts Installation onto Mobile Launcher

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-05-25

At NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, construction workers on the deck of the mobile launcher install the final four vehicle support posts. A total of eight support posts are being installed to support the load of the Space Launch System's (SLS) solid rocket boosters, with four posts for each of the boosters. The support posts are about five feet tall and each weigh about 10,000 pounds. The posts will structurally support the SLS rocket through T-0 and liftoff, and will drop down before vehicle liftoff to avoid contact with the flight hardware. The Ground Systems Development and Operations Program is overseeing installation of the support posts to prepare for the launch of the Orion spacecraft atop the SLS rocket.

Vehicle Support Posts Installation onto Mobile Launcher

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-05-25

At NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, the final four vehicle support posts are being installed on the deck of the mobile launcher. A total of eight support posts are being installed to support the load of the Space Launch System's (SLS) solid rocket boosters, with four posts for each of the boosters. The support posts are about five feet tall and each weigh about 10,000 pounds. The posts will structurally support the SLS rocket through T-0 and liftoff, and will drop down before vehicle liftoff to avoid contact with the flight hardware. The Ground Systems Development and Operations Program is overseeing installation of the support posts to prepare for the launch of the Orion spacecraft atop the SLS rocket.

Vehicle Support Posts Installation onto Mobile Launcher

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-05-11

Construction workers on the deck of the mobile launcher at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, prepare a platform for installation of a vehicle support post. A total of eight support posts will be installed to support the load of the Space Launch System's (SLS) solid rocket boosters, with four posts for each of the boosters. The support posts are about five feet tall and each weigh about 10,000 pounds. The posts will structurally support the SLS rocket through T-0 and liftoff, and will drop down before vehicle liftoff to avoid contact with the flight hardware. The Ground Systems Development and Operations Program is overseeing installation of the support posts to prepare for the launch of the Orion spacecraft atop the SLS rocket.

Vehicle Support Posts Installation onto Mobile Launcher

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-05-11

A vehicle support post will lifted up by crane and lowered onto the deck of the mobile launcher at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. A total of eight support posts will be installed to support the load of the Space Launch System's (SLS) solid rocket boosters, with four posts for each of the boosters. The support posts are about five feet tall and each weigh about 10,000 pounds. The posts will structurally support the SLS rocket through T-0 and liftoff, and will drop down before vehicle liftoff to avoid contact with the flight hardware. The Ground Systems Development and Operations Program is overseeing installation of the support posts to prepare for the launch of the Orion spacecraft atop the SLS rocket.

Vehicle Support Posts Installation onto Mobile Launcher

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-05-11

In view are three vehicle support posts installed on the deck of the mobile launcher at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. A total of eight support posts will be installed to support the load of the Space Launch System's (SLS) solid rocket boosters, with four posts for each of the boosters. The support posts are about five feet tall and each weigh about 10,000 pounds. The posts will structurally support the SLS rocket through T-0 and liftoff, and will drop down before vehicle liftoff to avoid contact with the flight hardware. The Ground Systems Development and Operations Program is overseeing installation of the support posts to prepare for the launch of the Orion spacecraft atop the SLS rocket.

Solar Electric Propulsion for Mars Exploration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hack, Kurt J.

1998-01-01

Highly propellant-efficient electric propulsion is being combined with advanced solar power technology to provide a non-nuclear transportation option for the human exploration of Mars. By virtue of its high specific impulse, electric propulsion offers a greater change in spacecraft velocity for each pound of propellant than do conventional chemical rockets. As a result, a mission to Mars based on solar electric propulsion (SEP) would require fewer heavy-lift launches than a traditional all-chemical space propulsion scenario would. Performance, as measured by mass to orbit and trip time, would be comparable to the NASA design reference mission for human Mars exploration, which utilizes nuclear thermal propulsion; but it would avoid the issues surrounding the use of nuclear reactors in space.

a Novel Approach to Support Majority Voting in Spatial Group Mcdm Using Density Induced Owa Operator for Seismic Vulnerability Assessment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Moradi, M.; Delavar, M. R.; Moshiri, B.; Khamespanah, F.

2014-10-01

Being one of the most frightening disasters, earthquakes frequently cause huge damages to buildings, facilities and human beings. Although the prediction of characteristics of an earthquake seems to be impossible, its loss and damage is predictable in advance. Seismic loss estimation models tend to evaluate the extent to which the urban areas are vulnerable to earthquakes. Many factors contribute to the vulnerability of urban areas against earthquakes including age and height of buildings, the quality of the materials, the density of population and the location of flammable facilities. Therefore, seismic vulnerability assessment is a multi-criteria problem. A number of multi criteria decision making models have been proposed based on a single expert. The main objective of this paper is to propose a model which facilitates group multi criteria decision making based on the concept of majority voting. The main idea of majority voting is providing a computational tool to measure the degree to which different experts support each other's opinions and make a decision regarding this measure. The applicability of this model is examined in Tehran metropolitan area which is located in a seismically active region. The results indicate that neglecting the experts which get lower degrees of support from others enables the decision makers to avoid the extreme strategies. Moreover, a computational method is proposed to calculate the degree of optimism in the experts' opinions.

Theoretical and experimental investigation of position-controlled semi-active friction damper for seismic structures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lu, Lyan-Ywan; Lin, Tzu-Kang; Jheng, Rong-Jie; Wu, Hsin-Hsien

2018-01-01

A semi-active friction damper (SAFD) can be employed for the seismic protection of structural systems. The effectiveness of an SAFD in absorbing seismic energy is usually superior to that of its passive counterpart, since its slip force can be altered in real time according to structural response and excitation. Most existing SAFDs are controlled by adjusting the clamping force applied on the friction interface. Thus, the implementation of SAFDs in practice requires precision control of the clamping force, which is usually substantially larger than the slip force. This may increase the implementation complexity and cost of SAFDs. To avoid this problem, this study proposes a novel position-controlled SAFD, named the leverage-type controllable friction damper (LCFD). The LCFD system combines a traditional passive friction damper and a leverage mechanism with a movable central pivot. By simply controlling the pivot position, the damping force generated by the LCFD system can be adjusted in real time. In order to verify the feasibility of the proposed SAFD, a prototype LCFD was tested by using a shaking table. The test results demonstrate that the equivalent friction force and hysteresis loop of the LCFD can be regulated by controlling the pivot position. By considering 16 ground motions with two different intensities, the adaptive feature of the LCFD for seismic structural control is further demonstrated numerically.

A novel high-pressure vessel for simultaneous observations of seismic velocity and in situ CO2 distribution in a porous rock using a medical X-ray CT scanner

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jiang, Lanlan; Nishizawa, Osamu; Zhang, Yi; Park, Hyuck; Xue, Ziqiu

2016-12-01

Understanding the relationship between seismic wave velocity or attenuation and CO2 saturation is essential for CO2 storage in deep saline formations. In the present study, we describe a novel upright high-pressure vessel that is designed to keep a rock sample under reservoir conditions and simultaneously image the entire sample using a medical X-ray CT scanner. The pressure vessel is composed of low X-ray absorption materials: a carbon-fibre-enhanced polyetheretherketone (PEEK) cylinder and PEEK vessel closures supported by carbon-fibre-reinforced plastic (CFRP) joists. The temperature was controlled by a carbon-coated film heater and an aramid fibre thermal insulator. The assembled sample cell allows us to obtain high-resolution images of rock samples during CO2 drainage and brine imbibition under reservoir conditions. The rock sample was oriented vertical to the rotation axis of the CT scanner, and seismic wave paths were aligned parallel to the rotation axis to avoid shadows from the acoustic transducers. The reconstructed CO2 distribution images allow us to calculate the CO2 saturation in the first Fresnel zone along the ray path between transducers. A robust relationship between the seismic wave velocity or attenuation and the CO2 saturation in porous rock was obtained from experiments using this pressure vessel.

77 FR 41967 - Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-17

... endangered and threatened sea turtles, found both live and dead, in their pound net operations. When a live or dead sea turtle is discovered during a pound net trip, the Virginia pound net fisherman is...

U.S. Navy Program Guide 2017

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-01-01

LRASM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Paveway II Laser-Guided Bomb (LGB) / Dual-Mode LGB (GBU-10/12/16) and Paveway III (GBU-24) LGB . . 26...system (INS) guidance kit to improve the precision of existing 500-pound, 1,000-pound, and 2,000-pound general-purpose and penetrator bombs in all...pound dual-mode weapon that couples the GPS/INS precision of the JDAM and laser-des- ignated accuracy of the laser-guided bomb into a single weapon

Definition of Exclusion Zones Using Seismic Data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bartal, Y.; Villagran, M.; Ben Horin, Y.; Leonard, G.; Joswig, M.

- In verifying compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), there is a motivation to be effective, efficient and economical and to prevent abuse of the right to conduct an On-site Inspection (OSI) in the territory of a challenged State Party. In particular, it is in the interest of a State Party to avoid irrelevant search in specific areas. In this study we propose several techniques to determine `exclusion zones', which are defined as areas where an event could not have possibly occurred. All techniques are based on simple ideas of arrival time differences between seismic stations and thus are less prone to modeling errors compared to standard event location methods. The techniques proposed are: angular sector exclusion based on a tripartite micro array, half-space exclusion based on a station pair, and closed area exclusion based on circumferential networks.

Cost effectiveness of ramipril treatment for cardiovascular risk reduction.

PubMed

Malik, I S; Bhatia, V K; Kooner, J S

2001-05-01

To assess the cost effectiveness of ramipril treatment in patients at low, medium, and high risk of cardiovascular death. Population based cost effectiveness analysis from the perspective of the health care provider in the UK. Effectiveness was modelled using data from the HOPE (heart outcome prevention evaluation) trial. The life table method was used to predict mortality in a medium risk cohort, as in the HOPE trial (2.44% annual mortality), and in low and high risk groups (1% and 4.5% annual mortality, respectively). UK population using 1998 government actuary department data. Cost per life year gained at five years and lifetime treatment with ramipril. Cost effectiveness was pound36 600, pound13 600, and pound4000 per life year gained at five years and pound5300, pound1900, and pound100 per life year gained at 20 years (lifetime treatment) in low, medium, and high risk groups, respectively. Cost effectiveness at 20 years remained well below that of haemodialysis ( pound25 000 per life year gained) over a range of potential drug costs and savings. Treatment of the HOPE population would cost the UK National Health Service (NHS) an additional pound360 million but would prevent 12 000 deaths per annum. Ramipril is cost effective treatment for cardiovascular risk reduction in patients at medium, high, and low pretreatment risk, with a cost effectiveness comparable with the use of statins. Implementation of ramipril treatment in a medium risk population would result in a major reduction in cardiovascular deaths but would increase annual NHS spending by pound360 million.

Growth and Your Newborn

MedlinePlus

... somewhere between 5 pounds, 8 ounces (2,500 grams) and 8 pounds, 13 ounces (4,000 grams). A newborn who is lighter or heavier than ... less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces (2,500 grams) at birth. That's the case for about 1 ...

Nuclear-Rocket Propulsion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rom, Frank E.

1968-01-01

The three basic types of nuclear power-plants (solid, liquid, and gas core) are compared on the bases of performance potential and the status of current technology. The solid-core systems are expected to have impulses in the range of 850 seconds, any thrust level (as long as it is greater than 10,000 pounds (44,480 newtons)), and thrust-to-engine-weight ratios of 2 to 20 pounds per pound (19.7 to 197 newtons per kilogram). There is negligible or no fuel loss from the solid-core system. The solid-core system, of course, has had the most work done on it. Large-scale tests have been performed on a breadboard engine that has produced specific impulses greater than 700 seconds at thrust levels of about 50,000 pounds (222,000 newtons). The liquid-core reactor would be interesting in the specific impulse range of 1200 to 1500 seconds. Again, any thrust level can be obtained depending on how big or small the reactor is made. The thrust-to-engine weight ratio for these systems would be in the range of 1 to 10. The discouraging feature of the liquid-core system is the high fuel-loss ratio anticipated. Values of 0.01 to 0.1 pound (0.00454 to 0.0454 kilograms) or uranium loss per pound (0.454 kilograms) of hydrogen are expected, if impulses in the range of 1200 to 1500 seconds are desired. The gas-core reactor shows specific impulses in the range of 1500 to 2500 seconds. The thrust levels should be at least as high as the weight so that the thrust-to-weight ratio does not go below 1. Because the engine weight is not expected to be under 100,000 pounds (444,800 newtons), thrust levels higher than 100,000 pounds (448,000 newtons) are of interest. The thrust-to-engine weights, in that case, would run from 1 to 20 pounds per pound (9.8 to 19.7 kilograms). Gas-core reactors tend to be very large, and can have high thrust-to-weight ratios. As in the case of the liquid-core system, the fuel loss that will be attendant with gas cores as envisioned today will be rather high. The loss rates will be 0.01 to 0.1 pound of uranium (0.00454 to 0.0454 kilograms) for each pound (0.454 kilograms) of hydrogen.

Can we model the impact of increased drug treatment expenditure on the U.K. drug market?

PubMed

Godfrey, Christine; Parrott, Steve; Eaton, Gail; Culyer, Anthony; McDougall, Cynthia

2005-01-01

This chapter introduces a simulation model to estimate the social costs of problem drug misusers in England and Wales, and how policies to increase the number of drug users in treatment may impact on both social costs and government expenditure. Consequences are divided into five domains--health, crime, social care, work, and driving. Social costs are estimated to be between pound 12 and pound 12.3 billion, and the total cost of government expenditure is around pound 3.5 billion. Increases in the numbers in treatment, are estimated to reduce social costs across a 5-year period by between pound 3.0 and pound 4.4 billion.

Episootiology of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus in Pacific herring from the spawn-on-kelp fishery in Prince William Sound, Alaska, USA

USGS Publications Warehouse

Hershberger, P.K.; Kocan, R.M.; Elder, N.E.; Meyers, T.R.; Winton, J.R.

1999-01-01

Both the prevalence and tissue titer of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) increased in Pacific herring Clupea pallasi following their introduction into net pens (pounds) used in the closed pound spawn-on-kelp (SOK) fishery in Prince William Sound, Alaska. VHSV was also found in water samples from inside and outside the SOK pounds after herring had been confined for several days; however, water samples taken near wild free-ranging, spawning herring either failed to test positive or tested weakly positive for virus. Little or no virus was found in tissue samples from free-ranging, spawning herring captured from the vicinity of the pounds, nor did the prevalence of VHSV increase following spawning as it did in impounded herring. The data indicated that increased prevalences of VHSV were correlated with confinement of herring for the closed pound SOK fishery and that infection was spread within the pounds through waterborne exposure to virus particles originating from impounded fish. In addition, pounds containing predominantly young fish had higher prevalences of VHSV, suggesting that older fish may be partially immune, perhaps as a result of previous infection with the virus. Operation of SOK pounds during spawning seasons in which young herring predominate may amplify the disease and possibly exacerbate the population fluctuations observed in wild herring stocks.

Epizootiology of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus in Pacific herring from the spawn-on-kelp fishery in Prince William Sound, Alaska, USA

USGS Publications Warehouse

Hershberger, P.K.; Kocan, R.M.; Elder, N.E.; Meyers, T.R.; Winton, J.R.

1999-01-01

Both the prevalence and tissue titer of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) increased in Pacific herring Clupea pallasi following their introduction into net pens (pounds) used in the closed pound spawn-on-kelp (SOK) fishery in Prince William Sound, Alaska. VHSV was also found in water samples from inside and outside the SOK pounds after herring had been confined for several days; however, water samples taken near wild free-ranging, spawning herring either failed to test positive or tested weakly positive for virus. Little or no virus was found in tissue samples from free-ranging, spawning herring captured from the vicinity of the pounds, nor did the prevalence of VHSV increase following spawning as it did in impounded herring. The data indicated that increased prevalences of VHSV were correlated with confinement of herring for the closed pound SOK fishery and that infection was spread within the pounds through waterborne exposure to virus particles originating from impounded fish. In addition, pounds containing predominantly young fish had higher prevalences of VHSV, suggesting that older fish may be partially immune, perhaps as a result of previous infection with the virus. Operation of SOK pounds during spawning seasons in which young herring predominate may amplify the disease and possibly exacerbate the population fluctuations observed in wild herring stocks.

Acoustic/Seismic Ground Sensors for Detection, Localization and Classification on the Battlefield

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-10-01

controlled so that collisions are avoided. Figure 1 presents BACH system components. 3 BACH Sensor Posts (1 to 8) Command Post BACH MMI PC VHF...2.2.4 Processing scheme Processing inside SP is dedicated to stationary spectral lines extraction and derives from ASW algorithms. Special attention...is similar to that used for helicopters (see figure 4), with adaptations to cope with vehicles signatures (fuzzy unstable spectral lines, abrupt

Observations of the rupture development process from source time functions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Renou, Julien; Vallée, Martin

2017-04-01

The mechanisms governing the seismic rupture expansion and leading to earthquakes of very different magnitudes are still under debate. In the cascade model, the rupture starts from a very small patch, which size is undetectable by seismological investigation. Then rupture grows in a self-similar way, implying that no clues about the earthquake magnitude can be found before rupture starts declining. However dependencies between early phases of the rupture process and final magnitude have also been proposed, which can be explained if an earthquake is more likely to be a big one when its start and early development occur in rupture-prone areas. Here, the analysis of the early phases of the seismic rupture is achieved from an observational point of view using the SCARDEC database, a global catalog containing more than 3000 Source Time Functions (STFs) of earthquakes with magnitude larger than 5.7. This dataset is theoretically very suitable to investigate the initial phase, because STFs directly describe the seismic moment rate released over time, giving access to the rupture growth behavior. As several studies already showed that deep earthquakes tend to have a specific signature of short duration with respect to magnitude (implying a quicker rupture growth than superficial events), only shallow events (depths < 70km) are analyzed here. Our method consists in computing the STFs slope, i.e. the seismic moment acceleration, at several prescribed moment rates. In order to ensure that the chosen moment rates intersect the growth phase of the STF, its value must be high enough to avoid the very beginning of the signal -not well constrained in the deconvolution process-, and low enough to avoid the proximity of the peak moment rate. This approach does not use any rupture time information, which is interesting as (1) the exact hypocentral time can be uncertain and (2) the real rupture expansion can be delayed compared to origin time. If any magnitude-dependent signal exists, the average or median value of the slope should vary with the magnitude of the events, despite the intrinsic variability of the STFs. The preliminary results from the SCARDEC dataset seem to only exhibit a weak dependence of the slope with magnitude, in the magnitude domain where the chosen moment rate value crosses most of the STFs onsets. In addition, our results point out that slope values gradually increase with the moment rate. These findings will be discussed in the frame of the existing models of seismic rupture expansion.

27 CFR 21.51 - Formula No. 25-A.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... solution composed of 20 pounds of iodine, U.S.P.; 15 pounds of either potassium iodide, U.S.P., or sodium iodide, U.S.P.; and 15 pounds of water. (b) Authorized uses. (1) As a solvent: 230.Tinctures of iodine...

Carvedilol reduces the costs of medical care in severe heart failure: an economic analysis of the COPERNICUS study applied to the United Kingdom.

PubMed

Stewart, Simon; McMurray, John J V; Hebborn, Ansgar; Coats, Andrew J S; Packer, Milton

2005-04-08

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of carvedilol on the costs related to the treatment of severe chronic heart failure (CHF). Costs for the treatment for heart failure within the National Health Service (NHS) in the United Kingdom (UK) were applied to resource utilisation data prospectively collected in all patients randomized into the Carvedilol Prospective Randomized Cumulative Survival (COPERNICUS) Study. Unit-specific, per diem (hospital bed day) costs were used to calculate expenditures due to hospitalizations. We also included costs of carvedilol treatment, general practitioner surgery/office visits, hospital out-patient clinic visits and nursing home care based on estimates derived from validated patterns of clinical practice in the UK. The estimated cost of carvedilol therapy and related ambulatory care for the 1156 patients assigned to active treatment was pound530,771 ( pound44.89 per patient/month of follow-up). However, patients assigned to carvedilol were hospitalised less often and accumulated fewer and less expensive days of admission. Consequently, the total estimated cost of hospital care was pound3.49 million in the carvedilol group compared with pound4.24 million for the 1133 patients in the placebo arm. The cost of post-discharge care was also less in the carvedilol than in the placebo group ( pound479,200 vs. pound548,300). Overall, the cost per patient treated in the carvedilol group was pound3948 compared to pound4279 in the placebo group. This equated to a cost of pound385.98 vs. pound434.18, respectively, per patient/month of follow-up: an 11.1% reduction in health care costs in favour of carvedilol. These findings suggest that not only can carvedilol treatment increase survival and reduce hospital admissions in patients with severe CHF but that it can also cut costs in the process.

77 FR 14347 - Proposed Information Collection; Comment Request; Reporting of Sea Turtle Incidental Take in...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-09

... interactions with endangered and threatened sea turtles, found both live and dead, in their pound net operations. When a live or dead sea turtle is discovered during a pound net trip, the Virginia pound net...

Design and development of diborane shipping container. Volume 2, Appendix A: Record of contacts with DOT regarding special permit for 200-pound diborane shipping container

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1972-01-01

Pertinent documents are reported of the correspondance with the Department of Transportation for obtaining and revising Special Permit no. 6522 for the shipment of diborane. The documents reported cover the period from 4 June 1971 to 22 September 1972. The design and performance of 200-pound diborane shipping containers are included along with the requests for permission to ship quantities less that 200 pounds, and less than 100 pounds.

Saturn Apollo Program

NASA Image and Video Library

1960-01-01

H-1 engine characteristics: The H-1 engine was developed under the management of the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC). The cluster of eight H-1 engines was used to power the first stage of the Saturn I (S-I stage) and Saturn IB (S-IVB stage) launch vehicles, and produced 188,00 pounds of thrust, a combined thrust of 1,500,000 pounds, later uprated to 205,000 pounds of thrust and a combined total thrust of 1,650,000 pounds for the Saturn IB program.

Recombinant or urinary follicle-stimulating hormone? A cost-effectiveness analysis derived by particularizing the number needed to treat from a published meta-analysis.

PubMed

Ola, B; Papaioannou, S; Afnan, M A; Hammadieh, N; Gimba, S

2001-06-01

To demonstrate that particularizing pooled results of a meta-analysis can derive incremental cost effectiveness of superovulation with recombinant follicle-stimulating hormones (rFSH) vs. the highly purified urinary form (uFSH) for assisted conception. A retrospective study. An assisted conception unit in the United Kingdom. One hundred forty-five fresh in vitro fertilization (IVF) and 58 fresh intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles. rFSH vs. uFSH. Incremental cost-effectiveness (i.e., cost needed to treat, or CNT) and budget-impact analyses of rFSH vs. uFSH. In women less than 30 years old, the clinical pregnancy rate was 37.7% (95% CI 24.8%-52.1%), the particularized number needed to treat (pNNT) was -19, and the cost needed to treat was 5070.51 pounds sterling (3660.53 pounds sterling to 7619.32 pounds sterling). For the 30- to 35-year-old age group, the clinical pregnancy rate was 29.9% (95% CI 20.0%--41.4%), the particularized number needed to treat was -24, and CNT was 7335.59 pounds stering (5284.11 pounds sterling to 10,941.22 pounds sterling). For the 36- to 40-year-old age group, the clinical pregnancy rate was 30.6.0% (95% CI 19.6%--43.7%), the particularized number needed to treat was -23.0, and the CNT was 8569.67 pounds sterling (5998.70 pounds sterling to 13,413.24 pounds sterling). The CNT and thus the budget impact analyses (the extra number of cycles that can be funded by the CNT) both increase directly with age of the patient, and inversely with the clinical pregnancy rate.

Financial audit of antitachycardia pacing for the control of recurrent supraventricular tachycardia.

PubMed Central

Griffith, M J; Bexton, R S; McComb, J M

1993-01-01

OBJECTIVE--To assess the financial implications of antitachycardia pacing in patients with frequent supraventricular tachycardia. PATIENTS--Intertach pacemakers were implanted in 25 patients (mean age 47 years, five men): 22 had atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia. The patients had failed a mean of 4.9 (range zero to eight) drugs and had been admitted to hospital 3.7 (zero to 31) times over a symptomatic period of 13.9 years (two months to 54 years). RESULTS--The mean admission time for implantation was 2.8 (two to seven) days. One patient with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome subsequently underwent surgery. Infection occurred in two patients, and pain over the pacemaker required its resiting in two. Two patients have had one admission each for tachycardia. Six patients remain on anti-arrhythmic drugs. Costs were calculated including value added tax, capital charges, and allocated overheads. The cost a year before pacing was 1174 pounds including drug costs, clinic visits, and hospital admissions. The mean cost of pacemaker implantation was 3364.22 pounds, including the pacemaker and lead, admission and procedure, readmissions and first pacing check. Subsequent annual follow up cost was 73.72 pounds including annual clinic visits and drug costs. The cost of pacing is 4241 pounds whereas medical management costs 7044 pounds assuming pacemaker life of six years: with a 10 year life the cost is 4537 pounds compared with 11,740 pounds: with a 12 year life the cost is 4685 pounds compared with 14,088 pounds. CONCLUSION--The excess cost of implantation of an antitachycardia pacemaker is minimal in patients with frequent supraventricular tachycardia despite drug treatment and is justified by excellent control of symptoms and reduction of drug use and hospital admissions. PMID:8461232

Financial audit of antitachycardia pacing for the control of recurrent supraventricular tachycardia.

PubMed

Griffith, M J; Bexton, R S; McComb, J M

1993-03-01

To assess the financial implications of antitachycardia pacing in patients with frequent supraventricular tachycardia. Intertach pacemakers were implanted in 25 patients (mean age 47 years, five men): 22 had atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia. The patients had failed a mean of 4.9 (range zero to eight) drugs and had been admitted to hospital 3.7 (zero to 31) times over a symptomatic period of 13.9 years (two months to 54 years). The mean admission time for implantation was 2.8 (two to seven) days. One patient with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome subsequently underwent surgery. Infection occurred in two patients, and pain over the pacemaker required its resiting in two. Two patients have had one admission each for tachycardia. Six patients remain on anti-arrhythmic drugs. Costs were calculated including value added tax, capital charges, and allocated overheads. The cost a year before pacing was 1174 pounds including drug costs, clinic visits, and hospital admissions. The mean cost of pacemaker implantation was 3364.22 pounds, including the pacemaker and lead, admission and procedure, readmissions and first pacing check. Subsequent annual follow up cost was 73.72 pounds including annual clinic visits and drug costs. The cost of pacing is 4241 pounds whereas medical management costs 7044 pounds assuming pacemaker life of six years: with a 10 year life the cost is 4537 pounds compared with 11,740 pounds: with a 12 year life the cost is 4685 pounds compared with 14,088 pounds. The excess cost of implantation of an antitachycardia pacemaker is minimal in patients with frequent supraventricular tachycardia despite drug treatment and is justified by excellent control of symptoms and reduction of drug use and hospital admissions.

Optimum design of a novel pounding tuned mass damper under harmonic excitation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Wenxi; Hua, Xugang; Wang, Xiuyong; Chen, Zhengqing; Song, Gangbing

2017-05-01

In this paper, a novel pounding tuned mass damper (PTMD) utilizing pounding damping is proposed to reduce structural vibration by increasing the damping ratio of a lightly damped structure. The pounding boundary covered by viscoelastic material is fixed right next to the tuned mass when the spring-mass system is in the equilibrium position. The dynamic properties of the proposed PTMD, including the natural frequency and the equivalent damping ratio, are derived theoretically. Moreover, the numerical simulation method by using an impact force model to study the PTMD is proposed and validated by pounding experiments. To minimize the maximum dynamic magnification factor under harmonic excitations, an optimum design of the PTMD is developed. Finally, the optimal PTMD is implemented to control a lightly damped frame structure. A comparison of experimental and simulated results reveals that the proposed impact force model can accurately model the pounding force. Furthermore, the proposed PTMD is effective to control the vibration in a wide frequency range, as demonstrated experimentally.

Joint Bayesian inference for near-surface explosion yield

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bulaevskaya, V.; Ford, S. R.; Ramirez, A. L.; Rodgers, A. J.

2016-12-01

A near-surface explosion generates seismo-acoustic motion that is related to its yield. However, the recorded motion is affected by near-source effects such as depth-of-burial, and propagation-path effects such as variable geology. We incorporate these effects in a forward model relating yield to seismo-acoustic motion, and use Bayesian inference to estimate yield given recordings of the seismo-acoustic wavefield. The Bayesian approach to this inverse problem allows us to obtain the probability distribution of plausible yield values and thus quantify the uncertainty in the yield estimate. Moreover, the sensitivity of the acoustic signal falls as a function of the depth-of-burial, while the opposite relationship holds for the seismic signal. Therefore, using both the acoustic and seismic wavefield data allows us to avoid the trade-offs associated with using only one of these signals alone. In addition, our inference framework allows for correlated features of the same data type (seismic or acoustic) to be incorporated in the estimation of yield in order to make use of as much information from the same waveform as possible. We demonstrate our approach with a historical dataset and a contemporary field experiment.

What is the best imaging strategy for acute stroke?

PubMed

Wardlaw, J M; Keir, S L; Seymour, J; Lewis, S; Sandercock, P A G; Dennis, M S; Cairns, J

2004-01-01

To determine the cost-effectiveness of computed tomographic (CT) scanning after acute stroke. To assess the contribution of brain imaging to the diagnosis and management of stroke, and to estimate the costs, benefits and risks of different imaging strategies in order to provide data to inform national and local policy on the use of brain imaging in stroke. A decision-analysis model was developed to represent the pathway of care in acute stroke using 'scan all patients within 48 hours' as the comparator against which to cost 12 alternative scan strategies. Hospitals in Scotland. Subjects were patients admitted to hospital with a first stroke and those managed as outpatients. The effect on functional outcome after ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke, tumours or infections, of correctly administered antithrombotic or other treatment; of time to scan and stroke severity on diagnosis by CT or MRI; on management, including length of stay, functional outcome, and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), of the diagnostic information provided by CT scanning; the cost-effectiveness (cost versus QALYs) of different strategies for use of CT after acute stroke. Death and functional outcome at long-term follow-up; accuracy of CT and MRI; cost of CT scanning by time of day and week; effect of CT diagnosis on change in health outcome, length of stay in hospital and QALYs; cost-effectiveness of various scanning strategies. CT is very sensitive and specific for haemorrhage within the first 8 days of stroke only. Suboptimal scanning used in epidemiology studies suggests that the frequency of primary intracerebral haemorrhage (PICH) has been underestimated. Aspirin increases the risk of PICH. There were no reliable data on functional outcome or on the effect of antithrombotic treatment given long term after PICH. In 60% of patients with recurrent stroke after PICH, the cause is another PICH and mortality is high among PICH patients. A specific MR sequence (gradient echo) is required to identify prior PICH reliably. CT scanners were distributed unevenly in Scotland, 65% provided CT scanning within 48 hours of stroke, and 100% within 7 days for hospital-admitted patients, but access out of hours was very variable, and for outpatients was poor. The average cost of a CT brain scan for stroke was pounds 30.23 to pounds 89.56 in normal working hours and pounds 55.05 to pounds 173.46 out of hours. Average length of stay was greatest for severe strokes and those who survived in a dependent state. For a cohort of 1000 patients aged 70-74 years, the policy 'scan all strokes within 48 hours', cost pounds 10,279,728 and achieved 1982.3 QALYS. The most cost-effective strategy was 'scan all immediately' (pounds 9,993,676 and 1982.4 QALYS). The least cost-effective was to 'scan patients on anticoagulants, in a life-threatening condition immediately and the rest within 14 days'. In general, strategies in which most patients were scanned immediately cost least and achieved the most QALYs, as the cost of providing CT (even out of hours) was less than the cost of inpatient care. Increasing independent survival by even a small proportion through early use of aspirin in the majority with ischaemic stroke, avoiding aspirin in those with haemorrhagic stroke, and appropriate early management of those who have not had a stroke, reduced costs and increased QALYs.

Do people with type 2 diabetes and their carers lose income? (T2ARDIS-4).

PubMed

Holmes, Jeremy; Gear, Elena; Bottomley, Julia; Gillam, Stephen; Murphy, Moira; Williams, Rhys

2003-06-01

T(2)ARDIS is a study of the full costs of care for a sample of people with type 2 diabetes in the UK. This paper reports on individual earnings lost by patients (n=653) and carers (n=253) aged <65 years, based on 1998 values. Mean annual lost earnings are calculated on three different bases. Across the total survey population aged <65 years, mean lost earnings are estimated at pound 869 (S.D. pound 4109) per patient and pound 1300 (S.D. pound 4093) per carer. However, for the sub-set of respondents who actually lose earnings, the mean levels are pound 13841 (S.D. pound 9551) and pound 10960 (S.D. pound 6002), respectively. Patients and carers who lose earnings incur higher personal care-related expenditure than those who do not lose earnings (although for the patients this is not statistically significant). Patients who lose earnings also report poorer health-related quality of life and carers who lose earnings report higher levels of strain. Only one third of carers report receiving state benefits, and for both carers and patients the shortfall between reported benefits received and lost earnings is substantial. A strong association was found between patients' loss of earnings and the presence of diabetic complications (P<0.001), especially micro-vascular complications. Policy priorities should, therefore, include facilitating comprehensive access to state benefits (especially for carers) and a clear focus on reducing the incidence of diabetic complications.

WebEQ: a web-GIS System to collect, display and query data for the management of the earthquake emergency in Central Italy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Carbone, Gianluca; Cosentino, Giuseppe; Pennica, Francesco; Moscatelli, Massimiliano; Stigliano, Francesco

2017-04-01

After the strong earthquakes that hit central Italy in recent months, the Center for Seismic Microzonation and its applications (CentroMS) was commissioned by the Italian Department of Civil Protection to conduct the study of seismic microzonation of the territories affected by the earthquake of August 24, 2016. As part of the activities of microzonation, IGAG CNR has created WebEQ, a management tool of the data that have been acquired by all participants (i.e., more than twenty research institutes and university departments). The data collection was organized and divided into sub-areas, assigned to working groups with multidisciplinary expertise in geology, geophysics and engineering. WebEQ is a web-GIS System that helps all the subjects involved in the data collection activities, through tools aimed at data uploading and validation, and with a simple GIS interface to display, query and download geographic data. WebEQ is contributing to the creation of a large database containing geographical data, both vector and raster, from various sources and types: - Regional Technical Map em Geological and geomorphological maps em Data location maps em Maps of microzones homogeneous in seismic perspective and seismic microzonation maps em National strong motion network location. Data loading is done through simple input masks that ensure consistency with the database structure, avoiding possible errors and helping users to interact with the map through user-friendly tools. All the data are thematized through standardized symbologies and colors (Gruppo di lavoro MS 2008), in order to allow the easy interpretation by all users. The data download tools allow data exchange between working groups and the scientific community to benefit from the activities. The seismic microzonation activities are still ongoing. WebEQ is enabling easy management of large amounts of data and will form a basis for the development of tools for the management of the upcoming seismic emergencies.

High resolution mapping of seismic properties across upper mantle discontinuities in the stagnant slab region beneath Korea

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Y.; Shen, X.; Song, T. R. A.; Lim, H.

2016-12-01

Plate tectonic processes operating over much of the Earth's history induce long-term mantle mixing of chemical heterogeneities, recycling of volatiles into the mantle and regulate basalt geochemistry. Fundamental questions relevant to the mantle transition zone concern the nature of phase transition, the distribution of chemical heterogeneities (e.g., harzburgite, basalt), the temperature gradient, as well as the degree and extent of hydration and melting. One particularly important question is how the slab stagnation may be influenced by hydration or/and basalt enrichment in the mantle transition zone. To help answer these questions, we aim to detail upper mantle seismic discontinuity properties, including the shear velocity contrast, the density contrast, the transition sharpness and the gradient using high quality receiver functions using broadband data in South Korea, which is located in the immediate vicinity of the imaged stagnant slab near northeast China. Our approach involves broadband observation and amplitude analysis of direct converted waves (Pds) and multiples (PpPds) from the 410 and 660 seismic discontinuities, following our previous effort in a similar analysis in China. We processed waveforms from 52 broadband seismic stations of the Korea seismic array using an automatic scheme to remove noisy waveforms and retained close to 12,000 high quality receiver functions. After gathering receiver functions as a function of epicentral distance, we perform slowness stacking of direct converted waves and the multiples, respectively, at several discrete frequency bands between 1 sec and 15 sec. To avoid interferences from other mantle waves (PP, PPP, PcP, PP410s, PP660s), we stack receive functions across epicentral distances of 74-90 (62-76) degrees for the 410 (660) seismic discontinuity and obtain amplitude estimates and uncertainties through the bootstrap method. To properly calibrate the amplitudes of receiver functions, we take into account the effect of incoherent stacking due to discontinuity topography and frequency-dependent attenuation. Preliminary result will be presented and contrasted against our previous work in east China.

Impact of magnitude uncertainties on seismic catalogue properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Leptokaropoulos, K. M.; Adamaki, A. K.; Roberts, R. G.; Gkarlaouni, C. G.; Paradisopoulou, P. M.

2018-05-01

Catalogue-based studies are of central importance in seismological research, to investigate the temporal, spatial and size distribution of earthquakes in specified study areas. Methods for estimating the fundamental catalogue parameters like the Gutenberg-Richter (G-R) b-value and the completeness magnitude (Mc) are well established and routinely applied. However, the magnitudes reported in seismicity catalogues contain measurement uncertainties which may significantly distort the estimation of the derived parameters. In this study, we use numerical simulations of synthetic data sets to assess the reliability of different methods for determining b-value and Mc, assuming the G-R law validity. After contaminating the synthetic catalogues with Gaussian noise (with selected standard deviations), the analysis is performed for numerous data sets of different sample size (N). The noise introduced to the data generally leads to a systematic overestimation of magnitudes close to and above Mc. This fact causes an increase of the average number of events above Mc, which in turn leads to an apparent decrease of the b-value. This may result to a significant overestimation of seismicity rate even well above the actual completeness level. The b-value can in general be reliably estimated even for relatively small data sets (N < 1000) when only magnitudes higher than the actual completeness level are used. Nevertheless, a correction of the total number of events belonging in each magnitude class (i.e. 0.1 unit) should be considered, to deal with the magnitude uncertainty effect. Because magnitude uncertainties (here with the form of Gaussian noise) are inevitable in all instrumental catalogues, this finding is fundamental for seismicity rate and seismic hazard assessment analyses. Also important is that for some data analyses significant bias cannot necessarily be avoided by choosing a high Mc value for analysis. In such cases, there may be a risk of severe miscalculation of seismicity rate regardless the selected magnitude threshold, unless possible bias is properly assessed.

Hydrology and the hypothetical effects of reducing nutrient applications of water quality in the Bald Eagle Creek Headwaters, southeastern Pennsylvania prior to implementation of agricultural best-management practices

USGS Publications Warehouse

Fishel, D.K.; Langland, M.J.; Truhlar, M.V.

1991-01-01

The report characterizes a 0.43-square-mile agricultural watershed in York County, underlain by albite-chlorite and oligoclase-mica schist in the Lower Susquehanna River basin, that is being studied as part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Chesapeake Bay Program. The water quality of Bald Eagle Creek was studied from October 1985 through September 1987 prior to the implementation of Best-Management Practices to reduce nutrient and sediment discharge into Muddy Creek, a tributary to the Chesapeake Bay. About 88 percent of the watershed is cropland and pasture, and nearly 33 percent of the cropland is used for corn. The animal population is entirely dairy cattle. About 85,640 pounds of nitrogen (460 pounds per acre) and 21,800 pounds of phosphorus (117 pounds per acre) were applied to fields; 52 percent of the nitrogen and 69 percent of the phosphorus was from commercial fertilizer. Prior to fertilization, nitrate nitrogen in the soil ranged from 36 to 136 pounds per acre and phosphorus ranged from 0.89 to 5.7 pounds per acre in the top 4 feet of soil. Precipitation was about 18 percent below normal and streamflow about 35 percent below normal during the 2-year study. Eighty-four percent of the 20.44 inches of runoff was base flow. Median concentrations of total nitrogen and dissolved phosphorous in base flow were 0.05 and 0.04 milligrams per liter as phosphorus, respectively. Concentrations of dissolved nitrate in base flow increased following wet periods after crops were harvested and manure was applied. During the growing season, concentrations decreased similarly to those observed in carbonate-rock areas as nutrient uptake and evapotranspiration by corn increased. About 4,550 pounds of suspended sediment, 5,250 pounds of nitrogen, and 66.6 pounds of phosphorus discharged in base flow during the 2-year period. The suspended sediment load was about 232,000 pounds in stormflow from 26 storms that contributed 51 percent of the total stormflow. The nitrogen load was about 651 pounds and the phosphorus load was about 74 pounds in stormflow from 16 storms that contributed 28 percent of the total stormflow. It is estimated that concentrations of total nitrogen and phosphorus in base flow need to be reduced by 12 and 48 percent, respectively, to detect changes during the nutrient-management phase. Likewise, loads to total nitrogen and phosphorus in base flow need to be reduced by 62 and 57 percent.

Frequency power analyses of seismic sources on firn

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sanz, Christopher; Diez, Anja; Coen, Hofstede; Kristoffersen, Yngve; Mayer, Christoph; Lambrecht, Astrid; Miller, Heinz; Eisen, Olaf

2013-04-01

A great obstacle for seismic surveys on firn-covered ice masses is the ability of firn to strongly attenuate seismic energy and divert downward ray paths away from the vertical because of the velocity gradient. The standard way to overcome these limitations is the drilling of shotholes about 10-30 m deep. However, drilling of shotholes is a time and energy consuming task. Another possibility is to use vibroseismic sources at the surface and increase the signal-to-noise ratio by repeated stacking. However, compared to explosive charges, vibroseismic signals are bandlimited per se. As a third variant, we investigate the usage of ordered patterns of surface charges consisting of detonation cord. Previous applications of detonation cord only explored their general comparison to bulk explosives when deployed in a linear fashion, i.e. a single line. Our approach extends these results to other geometries, like fan- or comb-shaped patterns. These have two advantages: first, over the pattern area a locally plane wave is generated, limiting the spherical and velocity-gradient induced spreading of energy during propagation; second, the ratio between seismic wave speed of the firn and the detonation cord of typically about 1:5 causes the wave to propagate in an angle downward. When using large offsets like a snow streamer, it is possible to direct the refected energy towards the streamer, depending on offset range and reflector depth. We compare the different source types for several surveys conducted in Antarctica in terms of frequency spectra. Our results show that ordered patterns of detonation cord serve as suitable seismic surface charges, avoiding the need to drill shotholes. Moreover, an example of a short profile with patterned surface charges is presented. The technique can be of advantage for surveys in remote areas, which can only be accessed by aircrafts.

An efficient approach to detection of weak seismic events at the Groningen gas field in the Netherlands

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wyer, P.; Zurek, B.

2017-12-01

Extensive additions to the Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute (KNMI) seismic monitoring network over recent years have yielded corresponding gains in detection of low magnitude seismicity induced by production of the Groningen gas field. A review of the weakest events in the seismic catalog demonstrates that waveforms from individual stations in the 30 x 35 km network area overlap sufficiently for normalized analytic envelopes to be constructively stacked without compensation for moveout, detection of individual station triggers or the need for more advanced approaches such as template matching. This observation opens the possibility of updating the historical catalog to current detection levels without having to implement more computationally expensive steps when reprocessing the legacy continuous data. A more consistent long term catalog would better constrain the frequency-size distribution (Gutenberg-Richter relationship) and provide a richer dataset for calibration of geomechanical and seismological models. To test the viability of a direct stacking approach, normalized waveform envelopes are partitioned by station into two discrete RMS stacks. Candidate seismic events are then identified as simultaneous STA/LTA triggers on both stacks. This partitioning has a minor impact on signal, but avoids the majority of false detections otherwise obtained on a single stack. Undesired detection of anthropogenic sources and earthquakes occurring outside the field can be further minimized by tuning the waveform frequency filters and trigger configuration. After minimal optimization, data from as few as 14 legacy stations are sufficient for robust automatic detection of known events approaching ML0 from the recent catalog. Ongoing work will determine residual false detection rates and whether previously unknown past events can be detected with sensitivities comparable to the modern KNMI catalog.

Importance of double-pole CFS-PML for broad-band seismic wave simulation and optimal parameters selection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Feng, Haike; Zhang, Wei; Zhang, Jie; Chen, Xiaofei

2017-05-01

The perfectly matched layer (PML) is an efficient absorbing technique for numerical wave simulation. The complex frequency-shifted PML (CFS-PML) introduces two additional parameters in the stretching function to make the absorption frequency dependent. This can help to suppress converted evanescent waves from near grazing incident waves, but does not efficiently absorb low-frequency waves below the cut-off frequency. To absorb both the evanescent wave and the low-frequency wave, the double-pole CFS-PML having two poles in the coordinate stretching function was developed in computational electromagnetism. Several studies have investigated the performance of the double-pole CFS-PML for seismic wave simulations in the case of a narrowband seismic wavelet and did not find significant difference comparing to the CFS-PML. Another difficulty to apply the double-pole CFS-PML for real problems is that a practical strategy to set optimal parameter values has not been established. In this work, we study the performance of the double-pole CFS-PML for broad-band seismic wave simulation. We find that when the maximum to minimum frequency ratio is larger than 16, the CFS-PML will either fail to suppress the converted evanescent waves for grazing incident waves, or produce visible low-frequency reflection, depending on the value of α. In contrast, the double-pole CFS-PML can simultaneously suppress the converted evanescent waves and avoid low-frequency reflections with proper parameter values. We analyse the different roles of the double-pole CFS-PML parameters and propose optimal selections of these parameters. Numerical tests show that the double-pole CFS-PML with the optimal parameters can generate satisfactory results for broad-band seismic wave simulations.

Azimuthal Seismic Amplitude Variation with Offset and Azimuth Inversion in Weakly Anisotropic Media with Orthorhombic Symmetry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pan, Xinpeng; Zhang, Guangzhi; Yin, Xingyao

2018-01-01

Seismic amplitude variation with offset and azimuth (AVOaz) inversion is well known as a popular and pragmatic tool utilized to estimate fracture parameters. A single set of vertical fractures aligned along a preferred horizontal direction embedded in a horizontally layered medium can be considered as an effective long-wavelength orthorhombic medium. Estimation of Thomsen's weak-anisotropy (WA) parameters and fracture weaknesses plays an important role in characterizing the orthorhombic anisotropy in a weakly anisotropic medium. Our goal is to demonstrate an orthorhombic anisotropic AVOaz inversion approach to describe the orthorhombic anisotropy utilizing the observable wide-azimuth seismic reflection data in a fractured reservoir with the assumption of orthorhombic symmetry. Combining Thomsen's WA theory and linear-slip model, we first derive a perturbation in stiffness matrix of a weakly anisotropic medium with orthorhombic symmetry under the assumption of small WA parameters and fracture weaknesses. Using the perturbation matrix and scattering function, we then derive an expression for linearized PP-wave reflection coefficient in terms of P- and S-wave moduli, density, Thomsen's WA parameters, and fracture weaknesses in such an orthorhombic medium, which avoids the complicated nonlinear relationship between the orthorhombic anisotropy and azimuthal seismic reflection data. Incorporating azimuthal seismic data and Bayesian inversion theory, the maximum a posteriori solutions of Thomsen's WA parameters and fracture weaknesses in a weakly anisotropic medium with orthorhombic symmetry are reasonably estimated with the constraints of Cauchy a priori probability distribution and smooth initial models of model parameters to enhance the inversion resolution and the nonlinear iteratively reweighted least squares strategy. The synthetic examples containing a moderate noise demonstrate the feasibility of the derived orthorhombic anisotropic AVOaz inversion method, and the real data illustrate the inversion stabilities of orthorhombic anisotropy in a fractured reservoir.

Quantification of source uncertainties in Seismic Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis (SPTHA)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Selva, J.; Tonini, R.; Molinari, I.; Tiberti, M. M.; Romano, F.; Grezio, A.; Melini, D.; Piatanesi, A.; Basili, R.; Lorito, S.

2016-06-01

We propose a procedure for uncertainty quantification in Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis (PTHA), with a special emphasis on the uncertainty related to statistical modelling of the earthquake source in Seismic PTHA (SPTHA), and on the separate treatment of subduction and crustal earthquakes (treated as background seismicity). An event tree approach and ensemble modelling are used in spite of more classical approaches, such as the hazard integral and the logic tree. This procedure consists of four steps: (1) exploration of aleatory uncertainty through an event tree, with alternative implementations for exploring epistemic uncertainty; (2) numerical computation of tsunami generation and propagation up to a given offshore isobath; (3) (optional) site-specific quantification of inundation; (4) simultaneous quantification of aleatory and epistemic uncertainty through ensemble modelling. The proposed procedure is general and independent of the kind of tsunami source considered; however, we implement step 1, the event tree, specifically for SPTHA, focusing on seismic source uncertainty. To exemplify the procedure, we develop a case study considering seismic sources in the Ionian Sea (central-eastern Mediterranean Sea), using the coasts of Southern Italy as a target zone. The results show that an efficient and complete quantification of all the uncertainties is feasible even when treating a large number of potential sources and a large set of alternative model formulations. We also find that (i) treating separately subduction and background (crustal) earthquakes allows for optimal use of available information and for avoiding significant biases; (ii) both subduction interface and crustal faults contribute to the SPTHA, with different proportions that depend on source-target position and tsunami intensity; (iii) the proposed framework allows sensitivity and deaggregation analyses, demonstrating the applicability of the method for operational assessments.

Design and initial characterization of a compact, ultra high vacuum compatible, low frequency, tilt accelerometer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

O'Toole, A.; Peña Arellano, F. E.; Rodionov, A. V.; Shaner, M.; Sobacchi, E.; Dergachev, V.; DeSalvo, R.; Asadoor, M.; Bhawal, A.; Gong, P.; Kim, C.; Lottarini, A.; Minenkov, Y.; Murphy, C.

2014-07-01

A compact tilt accelerometer with high sensitivity at low frequency was designed to provide low frequency corrections for the feedback signal of the Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory active seismic attenuation system. It has been developed using a Tungsten Carbide ceramic knife-edge hinge designed to avoid the mechanical 1/f noise believed to be intrinsic in polycrystalline metallic flexures. Design and construction details are presented; prototype data acquisition and control limitations are discussed. The instrument's characterization reported here shows that the hinge is compatible with being metal-hysteresis-free, and therefore also free of the 1/f noise generated by the dislocation Self-Organized Criticality in the metal. A tiltmeter of this kind will be effective to separate the ground tilt component from the signal of horizontal low frequency seismometers, and to correct the ill effects of microseismic tilt in advanced seismic attenuation systems.

Design and initial characterization of a compact, ultra high vacuum compatible, low frequency, tilt accelerometer

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

O’Toole, A., E-mail: amandajotoole@gmail.com, E-mail: riccardo.desalvo@gmail.com; Peña Arellano, F. E.; Rodionov, A. V.

2014-07-15

A compact tilt accelerometer with high sensitivity at low frequency was designed to provide low frequency corrections for the feedback signal of the Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory active seismic attenuation system. It has been developed using a Tungsten Carbide ceramic knife-edge hinge designed to avoid the mechanical 1/f noise believed to be intrinsic in polycrystalline metallic flexures. Design and construction details are presented; prototype data acquisition and control limitations are discussed. The instrument's characterization reported here shows that the hinge is compatible with being metal-hysteresis-free, and therefore also free of the 1/f noise generated by the dislocation Self-Organizedmore » Criticality in the metal. A tiltmeter of this kind will be effective to separate the ground tilt component from the signal of horizontal low frequency seismometers, and to correct the ill effects of microseismic tilt in advanced seismic attenuation systems.« less

What if ? On alternative conceptual models and the problem of their implementation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Neuberg, Jurgen

2015-04-01

Seismic and other monitoring techniques rely on a set of conceptual models on the base of which data sets can be interpreted. In order to do this on an operational level in volcano observatories these models need to be tested and ready for an interpretation in a timely manner. Once established, scientists in charge advising stakeholders and decision makers often stick firmly to these models to avoid confusion by giving alternative versions of interpretations to non-experts. This talk gives an overview of widely accepted conceptual models to interpret seismic and deformation data, and highlights in a few case studies some of the arising problems. Aspects covered include knowledge transfer between research institutions and observatories, data sharing, the problem of up-taking advice, and some hidden problems which turn out to be much more critical in assessing volcanic hazard than the actual data interpretation.

Scaling in geology: landforms and earthquakes.

PubMed Central

Turcotte, D L

1995-01-01

Landforms and earthquakes appear to be extremely complex; yet, there is order in the complexity. Both satisfy fractal statistics in a variety of ways. A basic question is whether the fractal behavior is due to scale invariance or is the signature of a broadly applicable class of physical processes. Both landscape evolution and regional seismicity appear to be examples of self-organized critical phenomena. A variety of statistical models have been proposed to model landforms, including diffusion-limited aggregation, self-avoiding percolation, and cellular automata. Many authors have studied the behavior of multiple slider-block models, both in terms of the rupture of a fault to generate an earthquake and in terms of the interactions between faults associated with regional seismicity. The slider-block models exhibit a remarkably rich spectrum of behavior; two slider blocks can exhibit low-order chaotic behavior. Large numbers of slider blocks clearly exhibit self-organized critical behavior. Images Fig. 6 PMID:11607562

Time-domain full waveform inversion using instantaneous phase information with damping

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Luo, Jingrui; Wu, Ru-Shan; Gao, Fuchun

2018-06-01

In time domain, the instantaneous phase can be obtained from the complex seismic trace using Hilbert transform. The instantaneous phase information has great potential in overcoming the local minima problem and improving the result of full waveform inversion. However, the phase wrapping problem, which comes from numerical calculation, prevents its application. In order to avoid the phase wrapping problem, we choose to use the exponential phase combined with the damping method, which gives instantaneous phase-based multi-stage inversion. We construct the objective functions based on the exponential instantaneous phase, and also derive the corresponding gradient operators. Conventional full waveform inversion and the instantaneous phase-based inversion are compared with numerical examples, which indicates that in the case without low frequency information in seismic data, our method is an effective and efficient approach for initial model construction for full waveform inversion.

9 CFR 73.10 - Permitted dips; substances allowed.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... follows: (1) Lime-sulphur dip, other than proprietary brands thereof, made in the proportion of 12 pounds of unslaked lime (or 16 pounds of commercial hydrated lime, not airslaked lime) and 24 pounds of... of lime-sulphur dip. (2) Dips made from specifically permitted proprietary brand emulsions of...

40 CFR 721.775 - Brominated aromatic com-pound (generic name).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Brominated aromatic com-pound (generic... Specific Chemical Substances § 721.775 Brominated aromatic com-pound (generic name). (a) Chemical... as a brominated aromatic compound (PMN P-84-824) is subject to reporting under this section for the...

Technical Report Writer’s Style Manual. Revision.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-01-01

number and followed by a per!od, a zero , and a second period. Two blank spaces separate the heading number and the heading words. All letters in major...the word "degrees" as shown: 9 490 below zero e -15 °C e 45 to 65 OF 4. * 150 million degrees Fahrenheit o a 45-degree angle ,o * 450 north latitude 4...dm pound-force lb f degree Celcius °C pound-mass Ibm degree Farenheit OF pounds per second pps degrees per second deg/s pounds per square inch lb/in

Towards Development of Innovative Bio-Inspired Materials by Analyzing the Hydrodynamic Properties of Polyondon Spathula (Paddlefish) Rostrum

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-09-01

Factors Multiply By To Obtain cubic inches 1.6387064 E -05 cubic meters inches 0.0254 meters pounds (force) 4.448222 newtons pounds (force) per...0.45359237 kilograms pounds (mass) per cubic foot 16.01846 kilograms per cubic meter pounds (mass) per cubic inch 2.757990 E +04 kilograms per cubic...14.59390 kilograms square inches 6.4516 E -04 square meters ERDC/ITL TR-13-4 1 1 Introduction 1.1 Bio–inspiration Nature has evolved from a

Impacts of climate change on coastal flood risk in England and Wales: 2030-2100.

PubMed

Hall, Jim W; Sayers, Paul B; Walkden, Mike J A; Panzeri, Mike

2006-04-15

Coastal flood risk is a function of the probability of coastal flooding and the consequential damage. Scenarios of potential changes in coastal flood risk due to changes in climate, society and the economy over the twenty-first century have been analysed using a national-scale quantified flood risk analysis methodology. If it is assumed that there will be no adaptation to increasing coastal flood risk, the expected annual damage in England and Wales due to coastal flooding is predicted to increase from the current 0.5 billion pounds to between 1.0 pound and 13.5 billion pounds, depending on the scenario of climate and socio-economic change. The proportion of national flood risk that is attributable to coastal flooding is projected to increase from roughly 50% to between 60 and 70%. Scenarios of adaptation to increasing risk, by construction of coastal dikes or retreat from coastal floodplains, are analysed. These adaptations are shown to be able to reduce coastal flood risk to between 0.2 pounds and 0.8 billion pounds. The capital cost of the associated coastal engineering works is estimated to be between 12 pounds and 40 billion pounds. Non-structural measures to reduce risk can make a major contribution to reducing the cost and environmental impact of engineering measures.

Vehicle Support Posts Installation onto Mobile Launcher

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-05-11

A construction worker on the deck of the mobile launcher welds a portion of a platform for installation of a vehicle support post at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. A total of eight support posts will be installed to support the load of the Space Launch System's (SLS) solid rocket boosters, with four posts for each of the boosters. The support posts are about five feet tall and each weigh about 10,000 pounds. The posts will structurally support the SLS rocket through T-0 and liftoff, and will drop down before vehicle liftoff to avoid contact with the flight hardware. The Ground Systems Development and Operations Program is overseeing installation of the support posts to prepare for the launch of the Orion spacecraft atop the SLS rocket.

Vehicle Support Posts Installation onto Mobile Launcher

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-05-11

Construction workers on the deck of the mobile launcher prepare the platforms for installation of vehicle support posts at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. At left, four of the support posts are installed. A total of eight support posts will be installed to support the load of the Space Launch System's (SLS) solid rocket boosters, with four posts for each of the boosters. The support posts are about five feet tall and each weigh about 10,000 pounds. The posts will structurally support the SLS rocket through T-0 and liftoff, and will drop down before vehicle liftoff to avoid contact with the flight hardware. The Ground Systems Development and Operations Program is overseeing installation of the support posts to prepare for the launch of the Orion spacecraft atop the SLS rocket.

Vehicle Support Posts Installation onto Mobile Launcher

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-05-11

Several heavy lift cranes surround the mobile launcher at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Preparations are underway to lift a vehicle support post up and onto the mobile launcher for installation on the deck. A total of eight support posts will be installed to support the load of the Space Launch System's (SLS) solid rocket boosters, with four posts for each of the boosters. The support posts are about five feet tall and each weigh about 10,000 pounds. The posts will structurally support the SLS rocket through T-0 and liftoff, and will drop down before vehicle liftoff to avoid contact with the flight hardware. The Ground Systems Development and Operations Program is overseeing installation of the support posts to prepare for the launch of the Orion spacecraft atop the SLS rocket.

Using seismically constrained magnetotelluric inversion to recover velocity structure in the shallow lithosphere

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Moorkamp, M.; Fishwick, S.; Jones, A. G.

2015-12-01

Typical surface wave tomography can recover well the velocity structure of the upper mantle in the depth range between 70-200km. For a successful inversion, we have to constrain the crustal structure and assess the impact on the resulting models. In addition,we often observe potentially interesting features in the uppermost lithosphere which are poorly resolved and thus their interpretationhas to be approached with great care.We are currently developing a seismically constrained magnetotelluric (MT) inversion approach with the aim of better recovering the lithospheric properties (and thus seismic velocities) in these problematic areas. We perform a 3D MT inversion constrained by a fixed seismic velocity model from surface wave tomography. In order to avoid strong bias, we only utilize information on structural boundaries to combine these two methods. Within the region that is well resolved by both methods, we can then extract a velocity-conductivity relationship. By translating the conductivitiesretrieved from MT into velocities in areas where the velocity model is poorly resolved, we can generate an updated velocity model and test what impactthe updated velocities have on the predicted data.We test this new approach using a MT dataset acquired in central Botswana over the Okwa terrane and the adjacent Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe Cratons togetherwith a tomographic models for the region. Here, both datasets have previously been used to constrain lithospheric structure and show some similarities.We carefully asses the validity of our results by comparing with observations and petrophysical predictions for the conductivity-velocity relationship.

On the physics-based processes behind production-induced seismicity in natural gas fields

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zbinden, Dominik; Rinaldi, Antonio Pio; Urpi, Luca; Wiemer, Stefan

2017-05-01

Induced seismicity due to natural gas production is observed at different sites worldwide. Common understanding states that the pressure drop caused by gas production leads to compaction, which affects the stress field in the reservoir and the surrounding rock formations and hence reactivates preexisting faults and induces earthquakes. In this study, we show that the multiphase fluid flow involved in natural gas extraction activities should be included. We use a fully coupled fluid flow and geomechanics simulator, which accounts for stress-dependent permeability and linear poroelasticity, to better determine the conditions leading to fault reactivation. In our model setup, gas is produced from a porous reservoir, divided into two compartments that are offset by a normal fault. Results show that fluid flow plays a major role in pore pressure and stress evolution within the fault. Fault strength is significantly reduced due to fluid flow into the fault zone from the neighboring reservoir compartment and other formations. We also analyze scenarios for minimizing seismicity after a period of production, such as (i) well shut-in and (ii) gas reinjection. In the case of well shut-in, a highly stressed fault zone can still be reactivated several decades after production has ceased, although on average the shut-in results in a reduction in seismicity. In the case of gas reinjection, fault reactivation can be avoided if gas is injected directly into the compartment under depletion. However, gas reinjection into a neighboring compartment does not stop the fault from being reactivated.

The Time-Frequency Signatures of Advanced Seismic Signals Generated by Debris Flows

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chu, C. R.; Huang, C. J.; Lin, C. R.; Wang, C. C.; Kuo, B. Y.; Yin, H. Y.

2014-12-01

The seismic monitoring is expected to reveal the process of debris flow from the initial area to alluvial fan, because other field monitoring techniques, such as the video camera and the ultrasonic sensor, are limited by detection range. For this reason, seismic approaches have been used as the detection system of debris flows over the past few decades. The analysis of the signatures of the seismic signals in time and frequency domain can be used to identify the different phases of debris flow. This study dedicates to investigate the different stages of seismic signals due to debris flow, including the advanced signal, the main front, and the decaying tail. Moreover, the characteristics of the advanced signals forward to the approach of main front were discussed for the warning purpose. This study presents a permanent system, composed by two seismometers, deployed along the bank of Ai-Yu-Zi Creek in Nantou County, which is one of the active streams with debris flow in Taiwan. The three axes seismometer with frequency response of 7 sec - 200 Hz was developed by the Institute of Earth Sciences (IES), Academia Sinica for the purpose to detect debris flow. The original idea of replacing the geophone system with the seismometer technique was for catching the advanced signals propagating from the upper reach of the stream before debris flow arrival because of the high sensitivity. Besides, the low frequency seismic waves could be also early detected because of the low attenuation. However, for avoiding other unnecessary ambient vibrations, the sensitivity of seismometer should be lower than the general seismometer for detecting teleseism. Three debris flows with different mean velocities were detected in 2013 and 2014. The typical triangular shape was obviously demonstrated in time series data and the spectrograms of the seismic signals from three events. The frequency analysis showed that enormous debris flow bearing huge boulders would induce low frequency seismic waves. Owing to the less attenuation of low frequency waves, advanced signals mainly ranged between 2 and 10 Hz were detected in several minutes prior to the arrival of the main surge of a debris flow. As the results, the prior time of the advanced signals could be used not only to extend the warning time, but also to identify the initial location of a developing debris flow.

HP-HMG versus rFSH in treatments combining fresh and frozen IVF cycles: success rates and economic evaluation.

PubMed

Wex-Wechowski, Jaro; Abou-Setta, Ahmed M; Kildegaard Nielsen, Sandy; Kennedy, Richard

2010-08-01

The economic implications of the choice of gonadotrophin influence decision making but their cost-effectiveness in frozen-embryo transfer cycles has not been adequately studied. An economic evaluation was performed comparing highly purified human menopausal gonadotrophin (HP-HMG) and recombinant FSH (rFSH) using individual patient data (n=986) from two large randomized controlled trials using a long agonist IVF protocol. The simulation model incorporated live birth data and published UK costs of IVF-related medical resources. After treatment for up-to-three cycles (one fresh and up to two subsequent fresh or frozen cycles conditional on availability of cryopreserved embryos), the cumulative live birth rate was 53.7% (95% CI 49.3-58.1%) for HP-HMG and 44.6% (40.2-49.0%) for rFSH (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.12-1.85; P<0.005). The mean costs per IVF treatment for HP-HMG and rFSH were pound5393 ( pound5341-5449) and pound6269 ( pound6210-6324), respectively (number needed to treat to fund one additional treatment was seven; P<0.001). With maternal and neonatal costs applied, the median cost per IVF baby delivered with HP-HMG was pound11,157 ( pound11,089-11,129) and pound14,227 ( pound14,183-14,222) with rFSH (P<0.001). The cost saving using HP-HMG remained after varying model parameters in a probabilistic sensitivity analysis. 2010 Reproductive Healthcare Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Controlled trial of pharmacist intervention in general practice: the effect on prescribing costs.

PubMed

Rodgers, S; Avery, A J; Meechan, D; Briant, S; Geraghty, M; Doran, K; Whynes, D K

1999-09-01

It has been suggested that the employment of pharmacists in general practice might moderate the growth in prescribing costs. However, empirical evidence for this proposition has been lacking. We report the results of a controlled trial of pharmacist intervention in United Kingdom general practice. To determine whether intervention practices made savings relative to controls. An evaluation of an initiative set up by Doncaster Health Authority. Eight practices agreed to take part and received intensive input from five pharmacists for one year (September 1996 to August 1997) at a cost of 163,000 Pounds. Changes in prescribing patterns were investigated by comparing these practices with eight individually matched controls for both the year of the intervention and the previous year. Prescribing data (PACTLINE) were used to assess these changes. The measures used to take account of differences in the populations of the practices included the ASTRO-PU for overall prescribing and the STAR-PU for prescribing in specific therapeutic areas. Differences between intervention and control practices were subjected to Wilcoxon matched-pairs, signed-ranks tests. The median (minimum to maximum) rise in prescribing costs per ASTRO-PU was 0.85 Pound (-1.95 Pounds to 2.05 Pounds) in the intervention practices compared with 2.55 Pounds (1.74 Pounds to 4.65 Pounds) in controls (P = 0.025). Had the cost growth of the intervention group been as high as that of the controls, their total prescribing expenditure would have been around 347,000 Pounds higher. This study suggests that the use of pharmacists did control prescribing expenditure sufficiently to offset their employment costs.

Necessity of using heterogeneous ellipsoidal Earth model with terrain to calculate co-seismic effect

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cheng, Huihong; Zhang, Bei; Zhang, Huai; Huang, Luyuan; Qu, Wulin; Shi, Yaolin

2016-04-01

Co-seismic deformation and stress changes, which reflect the elasticity of the earth, are very important in the earthquake dynamics, and also to other issues, such as the evaluation of the seismic risk, fracture process and triggering of earthquake. Lots of scholars have researched the dislocation theory and co-seismic deformation and obtained the half-space homogeneous model, half-space stratified model, spherical stratified model, and so on. Especially, models of Okada (1992) and Wang (2003, 2006) are widely applied in the research of calculating co-seismic and post-seismic effects. However, since both semi-infinite space model and layered model do not take the role of the earth curvature or heterogeneity or topography into consideration, there are large errors in calculating the co-seismic displacement of a great earthquake in its impacted area. Meanwhile, the computational methods of calculating the co-seismic strain and stress are different between spherical model and plane model. Here, we adopted the finite element method which could well deal with the complex characteristics (such as anisotropy, discontinuities) of rock and different conditions. We use the mash adaptive technique to automatically encrypt the mesh at the fault and adopt the equivalent volume force replace the dislocation source, which can avoid the difficulty in handling discontinuity surface with conventional (Zhang et al., 2015). We constructed an earth model that included earth's layered structure and curvature, the upper boundary was set as a free surface and the core-mantle boundary was set under buoyancy forces. Firstly, based on the precision requirement, we take a testing model - - a strike-slip fault (the length of fault is 500km and the width is 50km, and the slippage is 10m) for example. Because of the curvature of the Earth, some errors certainly occur in plane coordinates just as previous studies (Dong et al., 2014; Sun et al., 2012). However, we also found that: 1) the co-seismic displacement and strain are no longer symmetric with different latitudes in plane model while always theoretically symmetrical in spherical model. 2) The errors of co-seismic strain will be increased when using corresponding formulas in plane coordinate. When we set the strike-slip fault along the equator, the maximum relative error can reach to several tens of thousand times in high latitude while 30 times near the fault. 3) The style of strain changes are eight petals while the errors are four petals, and apparent distortion at high latitudes. Furthermore, the influence of the earth's ellipticity and heterogeneity and terrain were calculated respectively. Especially the effect of terrain, which induced huge differences, should not be overlooked during the co-seismic calculations. Finally, taking all those affecting factors into account, we calculated the co-seismic effect of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and its adjacent area and faults using the heterogeneous ellipsoidal Earth model with terrain.

7 CFR 70.15 - Equipment and facilities for graders.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

...) Scales graduated in tenths of a pound or less for weighing carcasses, parts, or products individually in containers up to 100 pounds, and test weights for such scales. (4) Scales graduated in one-pound graduation or less for weighing bulk containers of poultry and test weights for such scales. (b) Furnished...

75 FR 17072 - Nectarines and Peaches Grown in California; Increased Assessment Rates

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-05

... periods from $0.0175 to $0.0280 per 25-pound container or container equivalent of nectarines handled, and from $0.0025 to $0.026 per 25-pound container or container equivalent of peaches handled. The....0280 per 25-pound container or container equivalent of nectarines and for the Peach Commodity Committee...

40 CFR 721.775 - Brominated aromatic com-pound (generic name).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

.... Requirements as specified in § 721.80 (j) (use as an additive flame retardant for plastics) and (q). (iv... 40 Protection of Environment 32 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Brominated aromatic com-pound (generic... Specific Chemical Substances § 721.775 Brominated aromatic com-pound (generic name). (a) Chemical...

40 CFR 721.775 - Brominated aromatic com-pound (generic name).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

.... Requirements as specified in § 721.80 (j) (use as an additive flame retardant for plastics) and (q). (iv... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Brominated aromatic com-pound (generic... Specific Chemical Substances § 721.775 Brominated aromatic com-pound (generic name). (a) Chemical...

40 CFR 721.775 - Brominated aromatic com-pound (generic name).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

.... Requirements as specified in § 721.80 (j) (use as an additive flame retardant for plastics) and (q). (iv... 40 Protection of Environment 32 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Brominated aromatic com-pound (generic... Specific Chemical Substances § 721.775 Brominated aromatic com-pound (generic name). (a) Chemical...

Poor Returns from Ozark Woodland Grazing

Treesearch

Ardell J. Bjugstad; Dean A. Murphy; Hewlette S. Crawford

1968-01-01

Sixty-tree percent of the area in Missouri's National Forests produces forage at the rate of about 50 pounds per acre per year. Forage production on the other 37 percent ranges from a low near 75 pounds per acre in the pine stands to a high of about 200 pounds in the redcedar stands.

46 CFR 193.15-15 - Piping.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... fittings shall have a bursting pressure of not less than 6,000 pounds per square inch. (b) All piping, in...,800 pounds per square inch shall be installed in the distribution manifold or such other location as... stop valves in the manifold shall be subjected to a pressure of 1,000 pounds per square inch. With no...

49 CFR 229.59 - Leakage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

...) Leakage from the main air reservoir and related piping may not exceed an average of 3 pounds per square.... (b) Brake pipe leakage may not exceed 5 pounds per square inch per minute. (c) With a full service... pneumatically operated controls may not exceed an average of 3 pounds per square inch per minute for 3 minutes...

49 CFR 229.59 - Leakage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

...) Leakage from the main air reservoir and related piping may not exceed an average of 3 pounds per square.... (b) Brake pipe leakage may not exceed 5 pounds per square inch per minute. (c) With a full service... pneumatically operated controls may not exceed an average of 3 pounds per square inch per minute for 3 minutes...

46 CFR 193.15-15 - Piping.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... fittings shall have a bursting pressure of not less than 6,000 pounds per square inch. (b) All piping, in...,800 pounds per square inch shall be installed in the distribution manifold or such other location as... stop valves in the manifold shall be subjected to a pressure of 1,000 pounds per square inch. With no...

49 CFR 229.59 - Leakage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

...) Leakage from the main air reservoir and related piping may not exceed an average of 3 pounds per square.... (b) Brake pipe leakage may not exceed 5 pounds per square inch per minute. (c) With a full service... pneumatically operated controls may not exceed an average of 3 pounds per square inch per minute for 3 minutes...

49 CFR 229.59 - Leakage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...) Leakage from the main air reservoir and related piping may not exceed an average of 3 pounds per square.... (b) Brake pipe leakage may not exceed 5 pounds per square inch per minute. (c) With a full service... pneumatically operated controls may not exceed an average of 3 pounds per square inch per minute for 3 minutes...

49 CFR 229.49 - Main reservoir system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... least one safety valve that shall prevent an accumulation of pressure of more than 15 pounds per square... or unloads and loads the air compressor within 5 pounds per square inch above or below the maximum... pressure is not less than 15 pounds per square inch above the maximum brake pipe pressure fixed by the...

49 CFR 229.59 - Leakage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

...) Leakage from the main air reservoir and related piping may not exceed an average of 3 pounds per square.... (b) Brake pipe leakage may not exceed 5 pounds per square inch per minute. (c) With a full service... pneumatically operated controls may not exceed an average of 3 pounds per square inch per minute for 3 minutes...

49 CFR 229.49 - Main reservoir system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... least one safety valve that shall prevent an accumulation of pressure of more than 15 pounds per square... or unloads and loads the air compressor within 5 pounds per square inch above or below the maximum... pressure is not less than 15 pounds per square inch above the maximum brake pipe pressure fixed by the...

46 CFR 193.15-15 - Piping.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... fittings shall have a bursting pressure of not less than 6,000 pounds per square inch. (b) All piping, in...,800 pounds per square inch shall be installed in the distribution manifold or such other location as... stop valves in the manifold shall be subjected to a pressure of 1,000 pounds per square inch. With no...

7 CFR 1001.73 - Payments to producers and to cooperative associations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... and total pounds of milk received; (3) The total pounds of butterfat, protein, and other solids... shall pay each producer as follows: (1) Partial payment. For each producer who has not discontinued... butterfat received by the butterfat price for the month; (iii) Multiply the pounds of protein received by...

7 CFR 1001.73 - Payments to producers and to cooperative associations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... and total pounds of milk received; (3) The total pounds of butterfat, protein, and other solids... shall pay each producer as follows: (1) Partial payment. For each producer who has not discontinued... butterfat received by the butterfat price for the month; (iii) Multiply the pounds of protein received by...

7 CFR 1001.73 - Payments to producers and to cooperative associations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... and total pounds of milk received; (3) The total pounds of butterfat, protein, and other solids... shall pay each producer as follows: (1) Partial payment. For each producer who has not discontinued... butterfat received by the butterfat price for the month; (iii) Multiply the pounds of protein received by...

7 CFR 1001.73 - Payments to producers and to cooperative associations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... and total pounds of milk received; (3) The total pounds of butterfat, protein, and other solids... shall pay each producer as follows: (1) Partial payment. For each producer who has not discontinued... butterfat received by the butterfat price for the month; (iii) Multiply the pounds of protein received by...

7 CFR 1001.73 - Payments to producers and to cooperative associations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... and total pounds of milk received; (3) The total pounds of butterfat, protein, and other solids... shall pay each producer as follows: (1) Partial payment. For each producer who has not discontinued... butterfat received by the butterfat price for the month; (iii) Multiply the pounds of protein received by...

Evaluation of the effects of nursery depopulation of the profitability of 34 pig farms.

PubMed

Dee, S A; Joo, H S; Polson, D D; Marsh, W E

1997-05-10

The financial impact of nursery depopulation was assessed on 34 pig farms by constructing a partial budget model to measure the profitability of the nursery production. The model measured margin over variable cost and used production data generated from a previous study; it assumed that fixed costs remained constant throughout the study and that feed cost, weaned pig cost and market price per nursery pig also remained fixed. The mean margin over variable cost per sow on the 34 farm after nursery depopulation was Pounds 116. Thirty-two of the farms showed reductions in this cost, ranging from Pounds 20 to Pounds 408 per sow, in the 12 months after nursery depopulation compared with the previous 12 months. Of the two farms which did not show an increase in profitability, one showed no change and the other showed a net loss of Pounds 8 per sow. The sows' serostatus for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection was monitored but there was no significant difference between the margin over variable cost per sow of the seropositive (Pounds 130) and seronegative (Pounds 170) herds.

Research on Integrated Geophysics Detect Potential Ground Fissure in City

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Qian, R.

2017-12-01

North China confined aquifer lied 70 to 200 meters below the earth's surface has been exploited for several decades, which resulted in confined water table declining and has generated a mass of ground fissure. Some of them has reached the surface and the other is developing. As it is very difficult to stop the ground fissure coming into being, measures of avoiding are often taken. It brings great potential risk to urban architecture and municipal engineering. It is very important to find out specific distribution and characteristic of potential ground fissure in city with high resolution. The ground fissure is concealed, therefor, geophysical method is an important technology to detecting concealed ground fissure. However, it is very difficult to detect the characteristics of the superficial part of ground fissure directly, as it lies dozens of meters below and has only scores of centimeters fault displacement. This paper studies applied ground penetration radar, surface wave and shallow refleciton seismic to detect ground fissure. It sets up model of surface by taking advantage of high resolution of ground penetrating radar data, constrains Reilay wave inversion and improves its resolution. The high resolution reflection seismic is good at detecting the geology structure. The data processing and interpretation technique is developmented to avoid the pitfall and improve the aliability of the rusult. The experiment has been conducted in Shunyi District, Beijing in 2016. 5 lines were settled to collect data of integrated geophysical method. Development zone of concealed ground fissure was found and its ultra shallow layer location was detected by ground penetrating radar. A trial trench of 6 meters in depth was dug and obvious ground fissure development was found. Its upper end was 1.5 meters beneath the earth's surface with displacement of 0.3 meters. The favorable effect of this detection has provided a new way for detecting ground fissure in cities of China, such as Beijing and Xi'an etc. Keyword: Ground Fissure, GPR, Surface Wave; Shallow Reflection Seismic

Effects of agricultural nutrient management on nitrogen fate and transport in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania

USGS Publications Warehouse

Hall, D.W.; Risser, D.W.

1993-01-01

Nitrogen inputs to, and outputs from, a 55-acre site in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, were estimated to determine the pathways and relative magnitude of loads of nitrogen entering and leaving the site, and to compare the loads of nitrogen before and after the implementation of nutrient management. Inputs of nitrogen to the site were manure fertilizer, commercial fertilizer, nitrogen in precipitation, and nitrogen in ground-water inflow; and these sources averaged 93, 4, 2, and 1 percent of average annual nitrogen additions, respectively. Outputs of nitrogen from the site were nitrogen in harvested crops, loads of nitrogen in surface runoff, volatilization of nitrogen, and loads of nitrogen in ground-water discharge, which averaged 37, less than 1,25, and 38 percent of average annual nitrogen removals from the site, respectively. Virtually all of the nitrogen leaving the site that was not removed in harvested crops or by volatilization was discharged in the ground water. Applications of manure and fertilizer nitrogen to 47.5 acres of cropped fields decreased about 33 percent, from an average of 22,700 pounds per year (480 pounds per acre per year) before nutrient management to 15,175 pounds of nitrogen per year (320 pounds per acre per year) after the implementation of nutrient management practices. Nitrogen loads in ground-water discharged from the site decreased about 30 percent, from an average of 292 pounds of nitrogen per million gallons of ground water before nutrient management to an average of 203 pounds of nitrogen per million gallons as a result of the decreased manure and commercial fertilizer applications. Reductions in manure and commercial fertilizer applications caused a reduction of approximately 11,000 pounds (3,760 pounds per year, 70 pounds per acre per year) in the load of nitrogen discharged in ground water from the 55-acre site during the three-year period 1987-1990.

Improvements on the seismic catalog previous to the 2011 El Hierro eruption.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Domínguez Cerdeña, Itahiza; del Fresno, Carmen

2017-04-01

Precursors from the submarine eruption of El Hierro (Canary Islands) in 2011 included 10,000 low magnitude earthquakes and 5 cm crustal deformation within 81 days previous to the eruption onset on the 10th October. Seismicity revealed a 20 km horizontal migration from the North to the South of the island and depths ranging from 10 and 17 km with deeper events occurring further South. The earthquakes of the seismic catalog were manually picked by the IGN almost in real time, but there has not been a subsequent revision to check for new non located events jet and the completeness magnitude for the seismic catalog have strong changes during the entire swarm due to the variable number of events per day. In this work we used different techniques to improve the quality of the seismic catalog. First we applied different automatic algorithms to detect new events including the LTA-STA method. Then, we performed a semiautomatic system to correlate the new P and S detections with known phases from the original catalog. The new detected earthquakes were also located using Hypoellipse algorithm. The resulting new catalog included 15,000 new events mainly concentrated in the last weeks of the swarm and we assure a completeness magnitude of 1.2 during the whole series. As the seismicity from the original catalog was already relocated using hypoDD algorithm, we improved the location of the new events using a master-cluster relocation. This method consists in relocating earthquakes towards a cluster of well located events instead of a single event as the master-event method. In our case this cluster correspond to the relocated earthquakes from the original catalog. Finally, we obtained a new equation for the local magnitude estimation which allow us to include corrections for each seismic station in order to avoid local effects. The resulting magnitude catalog has a better fit with the moment magnitude catalog obtained for the strong earthquakes of this series in previous studies. Moreover, we also computed the spatial and temporal evolution of the b value from the Gutenberg-Richter relation of the improved catalog. The b value map and evolution of the relocated seismicity suggests the presence of a expanding sill of magma in the north of the island at the beginning of the unrest. During the last month of the series, seismicity tracked a magma migration towards the South, where there was the final vent of the submarine eruption.

GeoMapApp as a platform for visualizing marine data from Polar Regions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nitsche, F. O.; Ryan, W. B.; Carbotte, S. M.; Ferrini, V.; Goodwillie, A. M.; O'hara, S. H.; Weissel, R.; McLain, K.; Chinhong, C.; Arko, R. A.; Chan, S.; Morton, J. J.; Pomeroy, D.

2012-12-01

To maximize the investment in expensive fieldwork the resulting data should be re-used as much as possible. In addition, unnecessary duplication of data collection effort should be avoided. This becomes even more important if access to field areas is as difficult and expensive as it is in Polar Regions. Making existing data discoverable in an easy to use platform is key to improve re-use and avoid duplication. A common obstacle is that use of existing data is often limited to specialists who know of the data existence and also have the right tools to view and analyze these data. GeoMapApp is a free, interactive, map based tool that allows users to discover, visualize, and analyze a large number of data sets. In addition to a global view, it provides polar map projections for displaying data in Arctic and Antarctic areas. Data that have currently been added to the system include Arctic swath bathymetry data collected from the USCG icebreaker Healy. These data are collected almost continuously including from cruises where bathymetry is not the main objective and for which existence of the acquired data may not be well known. In contrast, existence of seismic data from the Antarctic continental margin is well known in the seismic community. They are archived at and can be accessed through the Antarctic Seismic Data Library System (SDLS). Incorporating these data into GeoMapApp makes an even broader community aware of these data and the custom interface, which includes capabilities to visualize and explore these data, allows users without specific software or knowledge of the underlying data format to access the data. In addition to investigating these datasets, GeoMapApp provides links to the actual data sources to allow specialists the opportunity to re-use the original data. Important identification of data sources and data references are achieved on different levels. For access to the actual Antarctic seismic data GeoMapApp links to the SDLS site, where users have to register before downloading the data and where they are informed about data owners. For the swath bathymetry data GeoMapApp links to an IEDA/MGDS web page for each cruise containing detailed information about investigators and surveys.

Estimated water and nutrient inflows and outflows, Lake Cochituate, eastern Massachusetts, 1977-79

USGS Publications Warehouse

Gay, F.B.

1984-01-01

Streamflow was the major source of water and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) to Lake Cochituate, followed by ground water, and then precipitation during April 1978 through March 1979. Compared to all sources during that period, streams contributed 7,217 million gallons (a little over 82 percent) of water, 63 ,000 pounds (between 50 and 60 percent) of nitrogen, and 3,000 pounds (94 percent) of phosphorus. A little over 60 percent of all the water that entered Lake Cochituate flowed from Fisk Pond. This single source transported about 38,000 pounds of nitrogen and 2,000 pounds of phosphorus. Ground-water inflow to Lake Cochituate occurs along its shoreline except at the north end of Lake Cochituate 's North Pond where natural seepage from the lake is occurring and at locations on the lake 's Middle and South Ponds where municipal wells induce infiltration of lake water amounting to 1,228 million gallons for that period. Discharge of ground water to the lake was estimated to range from 462 to 816 million gallons and transported from 31,000 to 55,000 pounds of nitrogen and from 46 to 82 pounds of phosphorus. Bulk precipitation was estimated to contribute about the same volume of water to the lake as ground water but double its phosphorus load. However, the load of nitrogen, 8000 pounds, from bulk precipitation was the smallest of any source. (USGS)

An economic evaluation of highly purified HMG and recombinant FSH based on a large randomized trial.

PubMed

Wechowski, Jaroslaw; Connolly, Mark; McEwan, Philip; Kennedy, Richard

2007-11-01

Public funding for IVF is increasingly being challenged by health authorities in an attempt to minimize health service costs. In light of treatment rationing, the need to consider costs in relation to outcomes is paramount. To assess the cost implications of gonadotrophin treatment options, an economic evaluation comparing highly purified human menopausal gonadotrophin (HP-HMG) and recombinant FSH (rFSH) has been conducted. The analysis is based on individual patient data from a large randomized controlled trial (n = 731) in a long agonist IVF protocol. The economic evaluation uses a discrete event simulation model to assess treatment costs in relation to live births for both treatments based on published UK costs. After one cycle the mean costs per IVF treatment for HP-HMG and rFSH were pound2396 (95% CI pound2383-2414) and pound2633 ( pound2615-2652), respectively. The average cost-saving of pound237 per IVF cycle using HP-HMG allows one additional cycle to be delivered for every 10 cycles. With maternal and neonatal costs applied, the median cost per IVF baby delivered with HP-HMG was pound8893 compared with pound11,741 for rFSH (P < 0.001). The cost-saving potential of HP-HMG in IVF was still apparent after varying critical cost parameters in the probabilistic sensitivity analysis.

A cost description of an adult cystic fibrosis unit and cost analyses of different categories of patients.

PubMed Central

Robson, M; Abbott, J; Webb, K; Dodd, M; Walsworth-Bell, J

1992-01-01

BACKGROUND: There is little information on the costs of running an adult cystic fibrosis centre. The aim of this study was to provide detailed costs to assist funding and planning for these patients. METHODS: The cost of a regional adult cystic fibrosis centre serving 119 cystic fibrosis patients, categorised according to four treatment regimens, was determined. District health authority, family health service authority, and voluntary resources used from April 1989 to March 1990 were determined, with appropriate bases for allocation of costs and patient based costs from local information. RESULTS: The total annual cost of treating the 119 patients was 980,646 pounds, with an average cost 8241 pounds per patient. An outpatient reviewed at three monthly intervals cost 2792 pounds a year; an outpatient receiving intravenous antibiotics cost 8606 pounds; an inpatient receiving intravenous antibiotics cost 13,501 pounds; and a patient needing a high level of care cost 19,955 pounds. Medication accounted for 57% (561,395 pounds) of the total cost. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis has helped us to secure funding for patients with cystic fibrosis and it facilitates the prediction of future requirements. The study also indicates the limitations of using average patient costs and difficulties as a result of the poorly structured British National Health Service accounting and information systems. PMID:1440461

Extending a Lippmann style seismometer's dynamic range by using a non-linear feedback circuit

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Romeo, Giovanni; Spinelli, Giuseppe

2013-04-01

A Lippmann style seismometer uses a single-coil velocity-feedback method in order to extend toward lower frequencies a geophone's frequency response. Strong seismic signals may saturate the electronics, sometimes producing a characteristic whale-shaped recording. Adding a non linear feedback in the electronic circuit may avoid saturation, allowing the strong-motion use of the seismometer without affecting the usual performance. We show results from both simulations and experiments, using a Teledyne Geotech s13 as a mechanical part.

Microseismic techniques for avoiding induced seismicity during fluid injection

DOE PAGES

Matzel, Eric; White, Joshua; Templeton, Dennise; ...

2014-01-01

The goal of this research is to develop a fundamentally better approach to geological site characterization and early hazard detection. We combine innovative techniques for analyzing microseismic data with a physics-based inversion model to forecast microseismic cloud evolution. The key challenge is that faults at risk of slipping are often too small to detect during the site characterization phase. Our objective is to devise fast-running methodologies that will allow field operators to respond quickly to changing subsurface conditions.

A General Model for Food Purchasing in Captive Food Service Institutions.

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-08-28

pounds Turnip greens Canned Asparagus 904 38 cases* Chicken Canadian Bacon 1670 1670 pounds Turkey breast Veal 3580 358 pounds Hamburger Rump roast 9648...65 11. RAW TURNIP PRICES .. .. ....... ............. 66 12. PROCESSED CHICKEN PRICES...planning, edited by Birchflield (10), emphasizes the Importance of standard recipes in determining quantities of food required for menu items. Standard

21 CFR 520.1289 - Lufenuron suspension.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

.... 058198 in § 510.600(c) of this chapter. (c) Conditions of use in cats—(1) Amount. Minimum of 13.6... to 10 pounds of body weight or 270 milligrams for 11 to 20 pounds. Cats over 20 pounds are provided...) Limitations. For oral use in cats 6 weeks of age or older, once a month, mixed with food. Administer in...

23 CFR 658.17 - Weight.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... weight limits of less than 20,000 pounds on a single axle, 34,000 pounds on a tandem axle, or the weights.... States may not limit tire loads to less than 500 pounds per inch of tire or tread width, except that such limits may not be applied to tires on the steering axle. States may not limit steering axle weights to...

23 CFR 658.17 - Weight.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... weight limits of less than 20,000 pounds on a single axle, 34,000 pounds on a tandem axle, or the weights.... States may not limit tire loads to less than 500 pounds per inch of tire or tread width, except that such limits may not be applied to tires on the steering axle. States may not limit steering axle weights to...

7 CFR 1427.5 - General eligibility requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... previously made; (9) Weigh at least 325 pounds net weight; bales of more than 600 pounds net weight may be pledged for loan at 600 pounds net weight. (10) Be packaged in materials that meet the specifications... ginned by a ginner that: (i) Has entered the tare weight of the bale (bagging and ties used to wrap the...

7 CFR 1427.5 - General eligibility requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... previously made; (9) Weigh at least 325 pounds net weight; bales of more than 600 pounds net weight may be pledged for loan at 600 pounds net weight. (10) Be packaged in materials that meet the specifications... ginned by a ginner that: (i) Has entered the tare weight of the bale (bagging and ties used to wrap the...

7 CFR 1427.5 - General eligibility requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... previously made; (9) Weigh at least 325 pounds net weight; bales of more than 600 pounds net weight may be pledged for loan at 600 pounds net weight. (10) Be packaged in materials that meet the specifications... ginned by a ginner that: (i) Has entered the tare weight of the bale (bagging and ties used to wrap the...

21 CFR 558.363 - Narasin.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... this section are as follows: (1) To 000986: 36, 45, 54, 72, and 90 grams per pound, paragraph (d)(1)(i) of this section. (2) To 000986: 36, 45, 54, 72, and 90 grams per pound, with 10, 20, 50, and 80 percent roxarsone, paragraph (d)(1)(ii) of this section. (3) To 000986: 36 grams per pound, with 36 grams...

21 CFR 558.363 - Narasin.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... this section are as follows: (1) To 000986: 36, 45, 54, 72, and 90 grams per pound, paragraph (d)(1)(i) of this section. (2) To 000986: 36, 45, 54, 72, and 90 grams per pound, with 10, 20, 50, and 80 percent roxarsone, paragraph (d)(1)(ii) of this section. (3) To 000986: 36 grams per pound, with 36 grams...

21 CFR 558.485 - Pyrantel.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

..., or 80 grams per pound pyrantel tartrate. (b) Approvals. See sponsors in § 510.600(c) of this chapter for uses as in paragraph (e) of this section: (1) No. 066104: 9.6, 19.2, 48, and 80 grams per pound....2 grams per pound for use as in paragraphs (e)(1)(i) through (e)(1)(iii) of this section. (4...

21 CFR 558.485 - Pyrantel.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

..., or 80 grams per pound pyrantel tartrate. (b) Approvals. See sponsors in § 510.600(c) of this chapter for uses as in paragraph (e) of this section: (1) No. 066104: 9.6, 19.2, 48, and 80 grams per pound....2 grams per pound for use as in paragraphs (e)(1)(i) through (e)(1)(iii) of this section. (4...

21 CFR 558.625 - Tylosin.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... paragraph (f) of this section. (1) To 000986: 10, 40, 100 grams per pound, paragraphs (f)(1) (i) through (vi) of this section. (2)-(4) [Reserved] (5) To No. 051311: 0.4, 0.8, 1, and 8 grams per pound, paragraph (f)(1)(vi)(a) of this section; 10 and 40 grams per pound, paragraphs (f)(1) (i) through (vi) of this...

21 CFR 558.363 - Narasin.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... this section are as follows: (1) To 000986: 36, 45, 54, 72, and 90 grams per pound, paragraph (d)(1)(i) of this section. (2) To 000986: 36, 45, 54, 72, and 90 grams per pound, with 10, 20, 50, and 80 percent roxarsone, paragraph (d)(1)(ii) of this section. (3) To 000986: 36 grams per pound, with 36 grams...

21 CFR 558.625 - Tylosin.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... paragraph (f) of this section. (1) To 000986: 10, 40, 100 grams per pound, paragraphs (f)(1) (i) through (vi) of this section. (2)-(4) [Reserved] (5) To No. 051311: 0.4, 0.8, 1, and 8 grams per pound, paragraph (f)(1)(vi)(a) of this section; 10 and 40 grams per pound, paragraphs (f)(1) (i) through (vi) of this...

21 CFR 558.363 - Narasin.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... this section are as follows: (1) To 000986: 36, 45, 54, 72, and 90 grams per pound, paragraph (d)(1)(i) of this section. (2) To 000986: 36, 45, 54, 72, and 90 grams per pound, with 10, 20, 50, and 80 percent roxarsone, paragraph (d)(1)(ii) of this section. (3) To 000986: 36 grams per pound, with 36 grams...

21 CFR 558.485 - Pyrantel tartrate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... containing 9.6, 19.2, 48, or 80 grams per pound pyrantel tartrate. (b) Approvals. See sponsors in § 510.600(c... grams per pound for use as in paragraph (e)(1) of this section. (2) [Reserved] (3) Nos. 010439, 011490, 011749, 012286, 016968, 017790, 043733, and 049685: 9.6 and 19.2 grams per pound for use as in paragraphs...

21 CFR 558.625 - Tylosin.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... paragraph (f) of this section. (1) To 000986: 10, 40, 100 grams per pound, paragraphs (f)(1) (i) through (vi) of this section. (2)-(4) [Reserved] (5) To No. 051311: 0.4, 0.8, 1, and 8 grams per pound, paragraph (f)(1)(vi)(a) of this section; 10 and 40 grams per pound, paragraphs (f)(1) (i) through (vi) of this...

21 CFR 558.625 - Tylosin.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... paragraph (f) of this section. (1) To 000986: 10, 40, 100 grams per pound, paragraphs (f)(1) (i) through (vi) of this section. (2)-(4) [Reserved] (5) To No. 051311: 0.4, 0.8, 1, and 8 grams per pound, paragraph (f)(1)(vi)(a) of this section; 10 and 40 grams per pound, paragraphs (f)(1) (i) through (vi) of this...

21 CFR 558.625 - Tylosin.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... paragraph (f) of this section. (1) To 000986: 10, 40, 100 grams per pound, paragraphs (f)(1) (i) through (vi) of this section. (2)-(4) [Reserved] (5) To No. 051311: 0.4, 0.8, 1, and 8 grams per pound, paragraph (f)(1)(vi)(a) of this section; 10 and 40 grams per pound, paragraphs (f)(1) (i) through (vi) of this...

76 FR 78616 - 36(b)(1) Arms Sales Notification

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-19

... PAVEWAY II Laser Guided Bomb Units (500 pound), (50) GBU-10 PAVEWAY II Laser Guided Bomb Units (2000 pound), (50) GBU- 24 PAVEWAY III Laser Guided Bomb Units (2000 pound), (22) ALQ-211 Advanced Integrated... Ammunition, (30,000) PGU-28 Ammunition, (230) MK-84 2000 lb General Purpose Bombs, and (800) MK-82 500lb...

21 CFR 520.1289 - Lufenuron suspension.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

.... 058198 in § 510.600(c) of this chapter. (c) Conditions of use in cats—(1) Amount. Minimum of 13.6... to 10 pounds of body weight or 270 milligrams for 11 to 20 pounds. Cats over 20 pounds are provided...) Limitations. For oral use in cats 6 weeks of age or older, once a month, mixed with food. Administer in...

21 CFR 520.1289 - Lufenuron suspension.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

.... 058198 in § 510.600(c) of this chapter. (c) Conditions of use in cats—(1) Amount. Minimum of 13.6... to 10 pounds of body weight or 270 milligrams for 11 to 20 pounds. Cats over 20 pounds are provided...) Limitations. For oral use in cats 6 weeks of age or older, once a month, mixed with food. Administer in...

21 CFR 520.1289 - Lufenuron suspension.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

.... 058198 in § 510.600(c) of this chapter. (c) Conditions of use in cats—(1) Amount. Minimum of 13.6... to 10 pounds of body weight or 270 milligrams for 11 to 20 pounds. Cats over 20 pounds are provided...) Limitations. For oral use in cats 6 weeks of age or older, once a month, mixed with food. Administer in...

21 CFR 520.1289 - Lufenuron suspension.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

.... 058198 in § 510.600(c) of this chapter. (c) Conditions of use in cats—(1) Amount. Minimum of 13.6... to 10 pounds of body weight or 270 milligrams for 11 to 20 pounds. Cats over 20 pounds are provided...) Limitations. For oral use in cats 6 weeks of age or older, once a month, mixed with food. Administer in...

46 CFR 30.10-22 - Flammable liquid-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure of 14 pounds or more. 1 American Society for Testing... Petroleum Products (Reid Method). (b) Grade B. Any flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure under 14 pounds and over 81/2 pounds. (c) Grade C. Any flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure of 81/2...

46 CFR 30.10-22 - Flammable liquid-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure of 14 pounds or more. 1 American Society for Testing... Petroleum Products (Reid Method). (b) Grade B. Any flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure under 14 pounds and over 81/2 pounds. (c) Grade C. Any flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure of 81/2...

46 CFR 30.10-22 - Flammable liquid-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure of 14 pounds or more. 1 American Society for Testing... Petroleum Products (Reid Method). (b) Grade B. Any flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure under 14 pounds and over 81/2 pounds. (c) Grade C. Any flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure of 81/2...

46 CFR 30.10-22 - Flammable liquid-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure of 14 pounds or more. 1 American Society for Testing... Petroleum Products (Reid Method). (b) Grade B. Any flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure under 14 pounds and over 81/2 pounds. (c) Grade C. Any flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure of 81/2...

21 CFR 522.800 - Droperidol and fentanyl citrate injection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... conjunction with atropine sulfate administered at the rate of 0.02 milligram per pound of body weight, or (b) Intravenously at the rate of 1 cubic centimeter per 25 to 60 pounds of body weight in conjunction with atropine... per 40 pounds of body weight in conjunction with atropine sulfate administered at the rate of 0.02...

40 CFR 420.132 - Effluent limitations attainable by the application of the best practicable control technology...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... daily 1 Maximum monthly avg. 1 TSS 0.00998 0.00465 pH (2) (2) 1 Pounds per thousand pound of product. 2... Maximum daily 1 Maximum monthly avg. 1 O&G (as HEM) 0.00746 0.00446 TSS 0.0123 0.00508 pH (2) (2) 1 Pounds...

40 CFR 420.132 - Effluent limitations attainable by the application of the best practicable control technology...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... daily 1 Maximum monthly avg. 1 TSS 0.00998 0.00465 pH (2) (2) 1 Pounds per thousand pound of product. 2... Maximum daily 1 Maximum monthly avg. 1 O&G (as HEM) 0.00746 0.00446 TSS 0.0123 0.00508 pH (2) (2) 1 Pounds...

29 CFR 1917.71 - Terminals handling intermodal containers or roll-on roll-off operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... pounds; (2) The maximum cargo weight the container is designed to carry, in pounds; and (3) The sum of the weight of the container and the cargo, in pounds. (b) No container shall be hoisted by any crane... any, that such container is empty. Methods of identification may include cargo plans, manifests or...

29 CFR 1917.71 - Terminals handling intermodal containers or roll-on roll-off operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... pounds; (2) The maximum cargo weight the container is designed to carry, in pounds; and (3) The sum of the weight of the container and the cargo, in pounds. (b) No container shall be hoisted by any crane... any, that such container is empty. Methods of identification may include cargo plans, manifests or...

29 CFR 1917.71 - Terminals handling intermodal containers or roll-on roll-off operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... pounds; (2) The maximum cargo weight the container is designed to carry, in pounds; and (3) The sum of the weight of the container and the cargo, in pounds. (b) No container shall be hoisted by any crane... any, that such container is empty. Methods of identification may include cargo plans, manifests or...

29 CFR 1917.71 - Terminals handling intermodal containers or roll-on roll-off operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... pounds; (2) The maximum cargo weight the container is designed to carry, in pounds; and (3) The sum of the weight of the container and the cargo, in pounds. (b) No container shall be hoisted by any crane... any, that such container is empty. Methods of identification may include cargo plans, manifests or...

29 CFR 1917.71 - Terminals handling intermodal containers or roll-on roll-off operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... pounds; (2) The maximum cargo weight the container is designed to carry, in pounds; and (3) The sum of the weight of the container and the cargo, in pounds. (b) No container shall be hoisted by any crane... any, that such container is empty. Methods of identification may include cargo plans, manifests or...

46 CFR 116.427 - Fire load of accommodation and service spaces.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... (7.5 pounds) of combustibles per square meter (square foot) of deck area. (b) When required under... calculations must not exceed 15.0 kg (3 pounds) of combustibles per square meter (square foot) of deck area... not exceed 37.5 kg (7.5 pounds) of combustibles per square meter (square foot) of deck area. [CGD 85...

46 CFR 98.25-10 - Design and construction of cargo tanks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... for a pressure of not less than 250 pounds per square inch gage. (c) Where unrefrigerated cargo tanks... less than 215 pounds per square inch gage. (d) Refrigerated cargo tanks, in which the temperature of... system is to be maintained, plus 25 pounds per square inch gage. (e) Each tank shall be provided with not...

46 CFR 116.427 - Fire load of accommodation and service spaces.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... (7.5 pounds) of combustibles per square meter (square foot) of deck area. (b) When required under... calculations must not exceed 15.0 kg (3 pounds) of combustibles per square meter (square foot) of deck area... not exceed 37.5 kg (7.5 pounds) of combustibles per square meter (square foot) of deck area. [CGD 85...

46 CFR 116.427 - Fire load of accommodation and service spaces.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... (7.5 pounds) of combustibles per square meter (square foot) of deck area. (b) When required under... calculations must not exceed 15.0 kg (3 pounds) of combustibles per square meter (square foot) of deck area... not exceed 37.5 kg (7.5 pounds) of combustibles per square meter (square foot) of deck area. [CGD 85...

46 CFR 116.427 - Fire load of accommodation and service spaces.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... (7.5 pounds) of combustibles per square meter (square foot) of deck area. (b) When required under... calculations must not exceed 15.0 kg (3 pounds) of combustibles per square meter (square foot) of deck area... not exceed 37.5 kg (7.5 pounds) of combustibles per square meter (square foot) of deck area. [CGD 85...

46 CFR 116.427 - Fire load of accommodation and service spaces.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... (7.5 pounds) of combustibles per square meter (square foot) of deck area. (b) When required under... calculations must not exceed 15.0 kg (3 pounds) of combustibles per square meter (square foot) of deck area... not exceed 37.5 kg (7.5 pounds) of combustibles per square meter (square foot) of deck area. [CGD 85...

46 CFR 98.25-10 - Design and construction of cargo tanks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... for a pressure of not less than 250 pounds per square inch gage. (c) Where unrefrigerated cargo tanks... less than 215 pounds per square inch gage. (d) Refrigerated cargo tanks, in which the temperature of... system is to be maintained, plus 25 pounds per square inch gage. (e) Each tank shall be provided with not...

40 CFR 86.229-94 - Road load force, test weight, and inertia weight class determination.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... inertia weight class determination. 86.229-94 Section 86.229-94 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... § 86.229-94 Road load force, test weight, and inertia weight class determination. (a) Flywheels... vehicle weight (pounds) Equivalent test weight (pounds) Inertia weight class (pounds) Up-1,062 1,000 1,000...

40 CFR 86.229-94 - Road load force, test weight, and inertia weight class determination.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... inertia weight class determination. 86.229-94 Section 86.229-94 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... § 86.229-94 Road load force, test weight, and inertia weight class determination. (a) Flywheels... vehicle weight (pounds) Equivalent test weight (pounds) Inertia weight class (pounds) Up-1,062 1,000 1,000...

40 CFR 86.229-94 - Road load force, test weight, and inertia weight class determination.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... inertia weight class determination. 86.229-94 Section 86.229-94 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... § 86.229-94 Road load force, test weight, and inertia weight class determination. (a) Flywheels... vehicle weight (pounds) Equivalent test weight (pounds) Inertia weight class (pounds) Up-1,062 1,000 1,000...

Hydrology and the effects of selected agricultural best-management practices in the Bald Eagle Creek Watershed, York County, Pennsylvania, prior to and during nutrient management : Water-Quality Study for the Chesapeake Bay Program

USGS Publications Warehouse

Langland, Michael J.; Fishel, David K.

1995-01-01

The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Susquehanna River Basin Commission and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, conducted a study as part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Chesapeake Bay Program to determine the effects of nutrient management of surface-water quality by reducing animal units in a 0.43-square-mile agricultural watershed in York County. The study was conducted primarily from October 1985 through September 1990 prior to and during the implementation of nutrient-management practices designed to reduce nutrient and sediment discharges. Intermittent sampling continued until August 1991. The Bald Eagle Creek Basin is underlain by schist and quartzite. About 87 percent of the watershed is cropland and pasture. Nearly 33 percent of the cropland was planted in corn prior to nutrient management, whereas 22 percent of the cropland was planted in corn during the nutrient-management phase. The animal population was reduced by 49 percent during nutrient management. Average annual applications of nitrogen and phosphorus from manure to cropland were reduced by 3,940 pounds (39 percent) and 910 pounds (46 percent), respectively, during nutrient management. A total of 94,560 pounds of nitrogen (538 pounds per acre) and 26,400 pounds of phosphorus (150 pounds per acre) were applied to the cropland as commercial fertilizer and manure during the 5-year study. Core samples from the top 4 feet of soil were collected prior to and during nutrient management and analyzed from concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus. The average amount of nitrate nitrogen in the soil ranged from 36 to 135 pounds per acre, and soluble phosphorus ranged from 0.39 to 2.5 pounds per acre, prior to nutrient management. During nutrient management, nitrate nitrogen in the soil ranged from 21 to 291 pounds per acre and soluble phosphorus ranged from 0.73 to 1.7 pounds per acre. Precipitation was about 18 percent below normal and streamflow was about 35 percent below normal prior to nutrient management, whereas precipitation was 4 percent above normal and streamflow was 3 percent below normal during the first 2 years of nutrient management. Eighty-four percent of the 20.44 inches of streamflow was base flow prior to nutrient management and 54 percent of the 31.14 inches of streamflow was base flow during the first 2 years of the nutrient-management phase. About 31 percent of the measured precipitation during the first 4 years of the study was discharged as surface water; the remaining 69 percent was removed as evapotranspiration or remained in ground-water storage. Median concentrations of total nitrogen and dissolved nitrate plus nitrite in base flow increased from 4.9 and 4.1 milligrams per liter as nitrogen, respectively, prior to nutrient management to 5.8 and 5.0 milligrams per liter, respectively, during nutrient management. Median concentrations of ammonia nitrogen and organic nitrogen did not change significantly in base flow. Median concentrations of total and dissolved phosphorus in base flow did not change significantly and were 0.05 and 0.03 milligrams per liter as phosphorus, respectively, prior to the management phase, and 0.05 and 0.04 milligrams per liter, respectively, during the management phase. Concentrations and loads of dissolved nitrite plus nitrate in base flow increased following wet periods after crops were harvested and manure was applied. During the growing season, concentrations and loads decreased as nutrient utilization and evapotranspiration by corn increased. About 4,550 pounds of suspended sediment 5,300 pounds of nitrogen, and 70.4 pounds of phosphorous discharged in base flow in the 2 years prior to nutrient management. During the first 2 years of nutrient management about 2,860 pounds of suspended sediment, 5,700 pounds of nitrogen, and 46.6 pounds of phosphorus discharged in base flow. Prior to nutrient management, about 260,000 pounds of suspende

Outcomes of an intervention to improve hospital antibiotic prescribing: interrupted time series with segmented regression analysis.

PubMed

Ansari, Faranak; Gray, Kirsteen; Nathwani, Dilip; Phillips, Gabby; Ogston, Simon; Ramsay, Craig; Davey, Peter

2003-11-01

To evaluate an intervention to reduce inappropriate use of key antibiotics with interrupted time series analysis. The intervention is a policy for appropriate use of Alert Antibiotics (carbapenems, glycopeptides, amphotericin, ciprofloxacin, linezolid, piperacillin-tazobactam and third-generation cephalosporins) implemented through concurrent, patient-specific feedback by clinical pharmacists. Statistical significance and effect size were calculated by segmented regression analysis of interrupted time series of drug use and cost for 2 years before and after the intervention started. Use of Alert Antibiotics increased before the intervention started but decreased steadily for 2 years thereafter. The changes in slope of the time series were 0.27 defined daily doses/100 bed-days per month (95% CI 0.19-0.34) and pound 1908 per month (95% CI pound 1238- pound 2578). The cost of development, dissemination and implementation of the intervention ( pound 20133) was well below the most conservative estimate of the reduction in cost ( pound 133296), which is the lower 95% CI of effect size assuming that cost would not have continued to increase without the intervention. However, if use had continued to increase, the difference between predicted and actual cost of Alert Antibiotics was pound 572448 (95% CI pound 435696- pound 709176) over the 24 months after the intervention started. Segmented regression analysis of pharmacy stock data is a simple, practical and robust method for measuring the impact of interventions to change prescribing. The Alert Antibiotic Monitoring intervention was associated with significant decreases in total use and cost in the 2 years after the programme was implemented. In our hospital, the value of the data far exceeded the cost of processing and analysis.

Review of the NURE assessment of the U.S. Gulf Coast Uranium Province

USGS Publications Warehouse

Hall, Susan M.

2013-01-01

Historic exploration and development were used to evaluate the reliability of domestic uranium reserves and potential resources estimated by the U.S. Department of Energy national uranium resource evaluation (NURE) program in the U.S. Gulf Coast Uranium Province. NURE estimated 87 million pounds of reserves in the $30/lb U3O8 cost category in the Coast Plain uranium resource region, most in the Gulf Coast Uranium Province. Since NURE, 40 million pounds of reserves have been mined, and 38 million pounds are estimated to remain in place as of 2012, accounting for all but 9 million pounds of U3O8 in the reserve or production categories in the NURE estimate. Considering the complexities and uncertainties of the analysis, this study indicates that the NURE reserve estimates for the province were accurate. An unconditional potential resource of 1.4 billion pounds of U3O8, 600 million pounds of U3O8 in the forward cost category of $30/lb U3O8 (1980 prices), was estimated in 106 favorable areas by the NURE program in the province. Removing potential resources from the non-productive Houston embayment, and those reserves estimated below historic and current mining depths reduces the unconditional potential resource 33% to about 930 million pounds of U3O8, and that in the $30/lb cost category 34% to 399 million pounds of U3O8. Based on production records and reserve estimates tabulated for the region, most of the production since 1980 is likely from the reserves identified by NURE. The potential resource predicted by NURE has not been developed, likely due to a variety of factors related to the low uranium prices that have prevailed since 1980.

The cost-effectiveness of IVF in the UK: a comparison of three gonadotrophin treatments.

PubMed

Sykes, D; Out, H J; Palmer, S J; van Loon, J

2001-12-01

The objective of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of women undergoing IVF treatment with recombinant FSH (rFSH) in comparison with highly purified urinary FSH (uFSH-HP) and human menopausal gonadotrophins (HMG). A decision-analytic model was used to estimate cost-effectiveness ratios for 'the average cost per ongoing pregnancy' and 'incremental cost per additional pregnancy' for women entering into IVF treatment for a maximum of three cycles. The model was constructed based on a previously published large prospective randomized clinical trial comparing rFSH and uFSH-HP. Where necessary, these data were augmented with a combination of expert opinion, evidence from the literature and observational data relating to the management and cost of IVF treatment in the UK. The cost of rFSH, uFSH-HP and HMG were obtained from National Health Service list prices in the UK. The model predicted a cumulative pregnancy rate after three cycles of 57.1% for rFSH and 44.4% for both uFSH-HP and HMG. The cost of IVF treatment was 5135 pounds sterling for rFSH, 4806 pounds sterling for uFSH-HP and 4202 pounds sterling for HMG. When assessed in association with outcomes, the average cost per ongoing pregnancy was more favourable with rFSH (8992 pounds sterling) than with either uFSH-HP (10 834 pounds sterling) or HMG (9472 pounds sterling). The incremental cost per additional pregnancy was 2583 pounds sterling using rFSH instead of uFSH-HP and 7321 pounds sterling using rFSH instead of HMG. These results were robust to changes in the baseline assumptions of the model. rFSH is a cost-effective treatment strategy in ovulation induction prior to IVF.

The evaluation of NIMROD, a community-based service for people with mental handicap: revenue costs.

PubMed

Davies, L; Felce, D; Lowe, K; de Paiva, S

1991-11-01

The cost implications of moving from a system of services for people with mental handicaps centred on large institutions to a network of community-based services are not precisely known. The provision of the NIMROD service in a part of Cardiff, with its aim not only to meet the residential needs of adults comprehensively by providing a number of houses in the community but also to develop a support service to people living in their family home, gave an opportunity to investigate and report the revenue costs of a number of service elements with respect to a defined total population. The residential costs of intensively staffed houses in 1986-87, varying in size from two to six places, were found to range between pounds 16,473 and pounds 23,319 per person per year. With the addition of community support costs, such as the provision of day services, the total costs of care per resident averaged pounds 21,708; range, pounds 18,883-pounds 26,009. These compared to the total costs in a minimally staffed house of pounds 9,678 per resident. The costs of community support services for people living in their family homes averaged pounds 5,614 inclusive of DSS benefits, of which pounds 1,743 was accounted for by the NIMROD domiciliary support service, office base and administrative overheads. The residential costs reported were compared to other cost data in the literature. The study supports previous conclusions that there is little evidence of diseconomy attached to small scale per se but that the way staffing levels and therefore staff costs are determined is critical. No evidence was found in this study to link greater cost to better quality.

Highly reusable space transportation: Approaches for reducing ETO launch costs to $100 - $200 per pound of payload

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Olds, John R.

1995-01-01

The Commercial Space Transportation Study (CSTS) suggests that considerable market expansion in earth-to-orbit transportation would take place if current launch prices could be reduced to around $400 per pound of payload. If these low prices can be achieved, annual payload delivered to low earth orbit (LEO) is predicted to reach 6.7 million pounds. The primary market growth will occur in communications, government missions, and civil transportation. By establishing a cost target of $100-$200 per pound of payload for a new launch system, the Highly Reusable Space Transportation (HRST) program has clearly set its sights on removing the current restriction on market growth imposed by today's high launch costs. In particular, achieving the goal of $100-$200 per pound of payload will require significant coordinated efforts in (1) marketing strategy development, (2) business planning, (3) system operational strategy, (4) vehicle technical design, and (5) vehicle maintenance strategy.

40 CFR 721.3320 - Ethanol, 2-amino-, com-pound with N-hydroxy-N-nitro-soben-zena-mine (1:1).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 32 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Ethanol, 2-amino-, com-pound with N... Significant New Uses for Specific Chemical Substances § 721.3320 Ethanol, 2-amino-, com-pound with N-hydroxy-N...) The chemical substance identified as ethanol, 2-amino-, compound with N-hydroxy-N-nitrosobenzenamine...

40 CFR 721.3320 - Ethanol, 2-amino-, com-pound with N-hydroxy-N-nitro-soben-zena-mine (1:1).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Ethanol, 2-amino-, com-pound with N... Significant New Uses for Specific Chemical Substances § 721.3320 Ethanol, 2-amino-, com-pound with N-hydroxy-N...) The chemical substance identified as ethanol, 2-amino-, compound with N-hydroxy-N-nitrosobenzenamine...

40 CFR 721.3320 - Ethanol, 2-amino-, com-pound with N-hydroxy-N-nitro-soben-zena-mine (1:1).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 32 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Ethanol, 2-amino-, com-pound with N... Significant New Uses for Specific Chemical Substances § 721.3320 Ethanol, 2-amino-, com-pound with N-hydroxy-N...) The chemical substance identified as ethanol, 2-amino-, compound with N-hydroxy-N-nitrosobenzenamine...

40 CFR 721.3320 - Ethanol, 2-amino-, com-pound with N-hydroxy-N-nitro-soben-zena-mine (1:1).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Ethanol, 2-amino-, com-pound with N... Significant New Uses for Specific Chemical Substances § 721.3320 Ethanol, 2-amino-, com-pound with N-hydroxy-N...) The chemical substance identified as ethanol, 2-amino-, compound with N-hydroxy-N-nitrosobenzenamine...

"It Doesn't . . . Matter where You Begin": Pound and Santayana on Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Coleman, Martin

2010-01-01

Poet Ezra Pound wrote a letter on February 6, 1940, inviting philosopher George Santayana to join poet T. S. Eliot and himself in writing a book on the ideal university. Santayana declined the invitation, claiming to have no ideas on education. Participation would have been morally impossible, he wrote, because unlike Pound and Eliot, he was…

76 FR 4250 - Operating Certain Railroad Tank Cars in Excess of 263,000 Pounds Gross Rail Load; Approval

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-25

... Railroad Tank Cars in Excess of 263,000 Pounds Gross Rail Load; Approval AGENCY: Federal Railroad... certain railroad tank cars in excess of 263,000 pounds gross rail load. SUMMARY: On May 14, 2010, the... to allow certain rail tank cars, transporting hazardous materials, to exceed the gross weight on rail...

21 CFR 558.630 - Tylosin and sulfamethazine.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

..., 5, 10, 20, or 40 grams each, per pound. (b) Approvals. See sponsor numbers in § 510.600(c) of this chapter for use as in paragraph (e) of this section. (1) No. 000986: 10 or 40 grams per pound each for use as in paragraph (e)(2)(i) of this section. (2) No. 012286: 2 grams per pound each for use as in...

21 CFR 558.630 - Tylosin and sulfamethazine.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

..., 5, 10, 20, or 40 grams each, per pound. (b) Approvals. See sponsor numbers in § 510.600(c) of this chapter for use as in paragraph (e) of this section. (1) No. 000986: 10 or 40 grams per pound each for use as in paragraph (e)(2)(i) of this section. (2) [Reserved] (3) No. 051311: 40 grams per pound each for...

21 CFR 558.485 - Pyrantel.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

..., or 80 grams per pound pyrantel tartrate. (b) Approvals. See sponsors in § 510.600(c) of this chapter for uses as in paragraph (e) of this section: (1) No. 066104: 9.6, 19.2, 48, and 80 grams per pound... 017790: 9.6 and 19.2 grams per pound for use as in paragraphs (e)(1)(i) through (e)(1)(iii) of this...

21 CFR 558.630 - Tylosin and sulfamethazine.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

..., 5, 10, 20, or 40 grams each, per pound. (b) Approvals. See sponsor numbers in § 510.600(c) of this chapter for use as in paragraph (e) of this section. (1) No. 000986: 10 or 40 grams per pound each for use as in paragraph (e)(2)(i) of this section. (2) No. 012286: 2 grams per pound each for use as in...

40 CFR 721.3320 - Ethanol, 2-amino-, com-pound with N-hydroxy-N-nitro-soben-zena-mine (1:1).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Ethanol, 2-amino-, com-pound with N... Significant New Uses for Specific Chemical Substances § 721.3320 Ethanol, 2-amino-, com-pound with N-hydroxy-N...) The chemical substance identified as ethanol, 2-amino-, compound with N-hydroxy-N-nitrosobenzenamine...

40 CFR 461.35 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Lead Subcategory § 461.35...—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of lead used Copper 0.026 0.012 Lead 0.005 0.002 (4) Subpart C—Battery Wash... Maximum for monthly average Metric units—mg/kg of lead in trucked batteries English units—pounds per 1,000...

40 CFR 421.73 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... produced Lead .000 .000 Zinc .000 .000 (g) Subpart G—Hard Lead Refining Slag Granulation. BAT Effluent... per billion pounds) of hard lead produced Lead .000 .000 Zinc .000 .000 (h) Subpart G—Hard Lead... any 1 day Maximum for monthly average mg/kkg (pounds per billion pounds) of hard lead produced Lead...

40 CFR 421.73 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... produced Lead .000 .000 Zinc .000 .000 (g) Subpart G—Hard Lead Refining Slag Granulation. BAT Effluent... per billion pounds) of hard lead produced Lead .000 .000 Zinc .000 .000 (h) Subpart G—Hard Lead... any 1 day Maximum for monthly average mg/kkg (pounds per billion pounds) of hard lead produced Lead...

46 CFR 32.60-40 - Construction and testing of cargo tanks and bulkheads-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... cargo tanks vented at gage pressure of 4 pounds per square inch or less shall be constructed and tested... 4 pounds per square inch but not exceeding 10 pounds per square inch gage pressure will be given... square inch are considered to be pressure vessels and shall be of cylindrical or similar design and shall...

46 CFR 32.60-40 - Construction and testing of cargo tanks and bulkheads-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... cargo tanks vented at gage pressure of 4 pounds per square inch or less shall be constructed and tested... 4 pounds per square inch but not exceeding 10 pounds per square inch gage pressure will be given... square inch are considered to be pressure vessels and shall be of cylindrical or similar design and shall...

46 CFR 32.60-40 - Construction and testing of cargo tanks and bulkheads-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... cargo tanks vented at gage pressure of 4 pounds per square inch or less shall be constructed and tested... 4 pounds per square inch but not exceeding 10 pounds per square inch gage pressure will be given... square inch are considered to be pressure vessels and shall be of cylindrical or similar design and shall...

46 CFR 32.60-40 - Construction and testing of cargo tanks and bulkheads-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... cargo tanks vented at gage pressure of 4 pounds per square inch or less shall be constructed and tested... 4 pounds per square inch but not exceeding 10 pounds per square inch gage pressure will be given... square inch are considered to be pressure vessels and shall be of cylindrical or similar design and shall...

75 FR 9107 - Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Federal Volatility Control Program in the Denver-Boulder...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-01

...). ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: This action establishes an applicable standard of 7.8 pounds per square inch... gasoline at 7.8 pounds per square inch (psi) under the federal volatility control program in the Denver....8 7.8 * * * * * * * \\1\\ Standards are expressed in pounds per square inch (psi). \\2\\ The Colorado...

46 CFR 32.60-40 - Construction and testing of cargo tanks and bulkheads-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... cargo tanks vented at gage pressure of 4 pounds per square inch or less shall be constructed and tested... 4 pounds per square inch but not exceeding 10 pounds per square inch gage pressure will be given... square inch are considered to be pressure vessels and shall be of cylindrical or similar design and shall...

40 CFR 461.35 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Lead Subcategory § 461.35...—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of lead used Copper 0.026 0.012 Lead 0.005 0.002 (4) Subpart C—Battery Wash... Maximum for monthly average Metric units—mg/kg of lead in trucked batteries English units—pounds per 1,000...

29 CFR Appendix A to Subpart S of... - Decompression Tables

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... uniform rate from 4 pounds to 0-pound gage over a period of 40 minutes. Rate—0.10 pound per minute or 10.../pound Total time decompress minutes 14 1/2 1 14 4 2 0.20 6 2 4 0 4 1.00 6 1 1 14 4 2 0.20 6 2 4 0 4 1.00 6 11/2 1 14 4 2 0.20 6 2 4 0 4 1.00 6 2 1 14 4 2 0.20 6 2 4 0 4 1.00 6 3 1 14 4 2 0.20 6 2 4 0 4 1...

In vitro starch digestibility and predicted glycemic index of microwaved and conventionally baked pound cake.

PubMed

Sánchez-Pardo, María Elena; Ortiz-Moreno, Alicia; Mora-Escobedo, Rosalva; Necoechea-Mondragón, Hugo

2007-09-01

The present study compares the effect of baking process (microwave vs conventional oven) on starch bioavailability in fresh pound cake crumbs and in crumbs from pound cake stored for 8 days. Proximal chemical analysis, resistant starch (RS), retrograded starch (RS3) and starch hydrolysis index (HI) were evaluated. The empirical formula suggested by Granfeldt was used to determine the predicted glycemic index (pGI). Pound cake, one of Mexico's major bread products, was selected for analysis because the quality defects often associated with microwave baking might be reduced with the use of high-fat, high-moisture, batted dough. Differences in product moisture, RS and RS3 were observed in fresh microwave-baked and conventionally baked pound cake. RS3 increased significantly in conventionally baked products stored for 8 days at room temperature, whereas no significantly changes in RS3 were observed in the microwaved product. HI values for freshly baked and stored microwaved product were 59 and 62%, respectively (P > 0.05), whereas the HI value for the conventionally baked product decreased significantly after 8 days of storage. A pound cake with the desired HI and GI characteristics might be obtained by adjusting the microwave baking process.

Static, Drop, and Flight Tests on Musselman Type Airwheels

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Peck, William C; Beard, Albert P

1932-01-01

The purpose of this investigation was to obtain quantitative information on the shock-reducing and energy-dissipating qualities of a set of 30 by 13-6 Musselman type airwheels. The investigation consisted of static, drop, and flight tests. The static tests were made with inflation pressures of approximately 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 pounds per square inch and loadings up to 9,600 pounds. The drop tests were with the inflation pressures approximately 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 pounds per square inch and loadings of 1,840, 2,440, 3,050, and 3,585 pounds. The flight tests were made with VE-7 airplane weighing 2,153 pounds, with the tires inflated to 5, 10, and 15 pounds per square inch. The landing gears used in conjunction with airwheels were practically rigid structures. The results of the tests showed that the walls of the tires carried a considerable portion of the load, each tire supporting a load of 600 pounds with a depression of approximately 6 inches. The shock-reducing qualities, under severe tests, and the energy dissipating characteristics of the tires, under all tests, were poor. The latter was evidenced by the rebound present in all landings made. In the severe drop tests, the free rebound reached as much as 60 per cent of the free drop. The results indicate that a shock-reducing and energy-dissipating mechanism should be used in conjunction with airwheels.

Three-year audit and cost assessment of open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair in a district general hospital.

PubMed

El Kafsi, J; Wake, J; Lintott, P; Northeast, A; McLaren, A

2009-11-01

The aims of this study were to audit the outcome of elective open abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair in a district general hospital, as well as investigate the true costs for this procedure in relation to the national tariff. A database is maintained on AAA surgery in the trust. Data were supplemented by drawing information from blood bank and clinical notes. Patients with symptomatic or emergency aneurysms were excluded. Data from January 2005 to December 2007 were obtained on demographics, morbidity, 30-day mortality and blood usage. Costs were obtained from the trust finance department. Between January 2005 and December 2007, 79 elective AAA procedures were undertaken. Median age was 75 years (range, 52-85 years), median aneurysm size was 63 mm (range, 42-105 mm) and median ITU stay was 3 days (range, 1-41 days). Major morbidity rate was 20.3% (16 of 79 patients) and 30-day mortality overall was 5.1% (4 of 79 patients). Average cost per case was pound15,012.91 (range, pound4,040.03- pound82,158.00), when National Tariff is pound6,722.00 ( pound5,649.00 x local Market Forces Factor of 1.19). Loss per case for our trust was pound8,290.91 with a total annual loss of pound218,299.56. Morbidity and mortality in this district general hospital compare well with national studies; however, the total cost is far in excess of the national tariff.

Effect of emerging technology on a convertible, business/interceptor, supersonic-cruise jet

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Beissner, F. L., Jr.; Lovell, W. A.; Robins, A. W.; Swanson, E. E.

1986-01-01

This study was initiated to assess the feasibility of an eight-passenger, supersonic-cruise long range business jet aircraft that could be converted into a military missile carrying interceptor. The baseline passenger version has a flight crew of two with cabin space for four rows of two passenger seats plus baggage and lavatory room in the aft cabin. The ramp weight is 61,600 pounds with an internal fuel capacity of 30,904 pounds. Utilizing an improved version of a current technology low-bypass ratio turbofan engine, range is 3,622 nautical miles at Mach 2.0 cruise and standard day operating conditions. Balanced field takeoff distance is 6,600 feet and landing distance is 5,170 feet at 44,737 pounds. The passenger section from aft of the flight crew station to the aft pressure bulkhead in the cabin was modified for the interceptor version. Bomb bay type doors were added and volume is sufficient for four advanced air-to-air missiles mounted on a rotary launcher. Missile volume was based on a Phoenix type missile with a weight of 910 pounds per missile for a total payload weight of 3,640 pounds. Structural and equipment weights were adjusted and result in a ramp weight of 63,246 pounds with a fuel load of 30,938 pounds. Based on a typical intercept mission flight profile, the resulting radius is 1,609 nautical miles at a cruise Mach number of 2.0.

Pushing the boundaries of viability: the economic impact of extreme preterm birth.

PubMed

Petrou, Stavros; Henderson, Jane; Bracewell, Melanie; Hockley, Christine; Wolke, Dieter; Marlow, Neil

2006-02-01

Previous assessments of the economic impact of preterm birth focussed on short term health service costs across the broad spectrum of prematurity. To estimate the societal costs of extreme preterm birth during the sixth year after birth. Unit costs were applied to estimates of health, social and broader resource use made by 241 children born at 20 through 25 completed weeks of gestation in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland and a comparison group of 160 children born at full term. Societal costs per child during the sixth year after birth were estimated and subjected to a rigorous sensitivity analysis. The effects of gestational age at birth on annual societal costs were analysed, first in a simple linear regression and then in a multiple linear regression. Mean societal costs over the 12 month period were 9541 pounds sterling (standard deviation 11,678 pounds sterling) for the extreme preterm group and 3883 pounds sterling (1098 pounds sterling) for the term group, generating a mean cost difference of 5658 pounds sterling (bootstrap 95% confidence interval: 4203 pounds sterling, 7256 pounds sterling) that was statistically significant (P<0.001). After adjustment for clinical and sociodemographic covariates, sex-specific extreme preterm birth was a strong predictor of high societal costs. The results of this study should facilitate the effective planning of services and may be used to inform the development of future economic evaluations of interventions aimed at preventing extreme preterm birth or alleviating its effects.

Naive, captive long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis fascicularis) fail to individually and socially learn pound-hammering, a tool-use behaviour

PubMed Central

Tennie, Claudio

2018-01-01

A subspecies of long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis aurea; Mfa) has been reported to use stone tools and a specific technique to process nuts in Southeast Asia, a behaviour known as ‘pound-hammering’. The aim of this study was to examine the development of pound-hammering in long-tailed macaques: whether this behavioural form can be individually learnt or whether it has to rely on some forms of social learning. Given the absence of Mfa from captivity, long-tailed macaques of a highly related subspecies (Macaca fascicularis fascicularis; Mff) were experimentally tested by providing them with the ecological materials necessary to show pound-hammering. A baseline was first carried out to observe whether pound-hammering would emerge spontaneously without social information. As this was not the case, different degrees of social information, culminating in a full demonstration of the behaviour, were provided. None of the subjects (n = 31) showed pound-hammering in any of the individual or social learning conditions. Although these data do not support the hypothesis that individual learning underlies this behaviour, no evidence was found that (at least) Mff learn pound-hammering socially either. We propose that other—potentially interacting—factors may determine whether this behaviour emerges in the various subspecies of long-tailed macaques, and provide a novel methodology to test the role of social and individual learning in the development of animal tool-use. PMID:29892375

Cost-saving treatment strategies in in vitro fertilization: a combined economic evaluation of two large randomized clinical trials comparing highly purified human menopausal gonadotropin and recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone alpha.

PubMed

Wechowski, Jaroslaw; Connolly, Mark; Schneider, Dirk; McEwan, Philip; Kennedy, Richard

2009-04-01

To assess the cost-effectiveness of two gonadotropin treatments that are available in the United Kingdom in light of limited public funding and the fundamental role of costs in IVF treatment decisions. An economic evaluation based on two large randomized clinical trials in IVF patients using a simulation model. Fifty-three fertility clinics in 13 European countries and Israel. Women indicated for treatment with IVF (N = 986), aged 18-38, participating in double-blind, randomized controlled trials. Highly purified menotropin (HP-hMG, Menopur) or recombinant follitropin alpha (rFSH, Gonal-F). Cost per IVF cycle and cost per live birth for HP-hMG and rFSH alpha. HP-hMG was more effective and less costly versus rFSH for both IVF cost per live birth and for IVF cost per baby (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was negative). The mean costs per IVF treatment for HP-hMG and rFSH were 2408 pounds (95% confidence interval [CI], 2392 pounds, 2421 pounds) and 2660 pounds (95% CI 2644 pounds, 2678 pounds), respectively. The mean cost saving of 253 pounds per cycle using HP-hMG allows one additional cycle to be delivered for every 9.5 cycles. Treatment with HP-hMG was dominant compared with rFSH in the United Kingdom. Gonadotropin costs should be considered alongside live-birth rates to optimize outcomes using scarce health-care resources.

A multicentred randomised controlled trial of a primary care-based cognitive behavioural programme for low back pain. The Back Skills Training (BeST) trial.

PubMed

Lamb, S E; Lall, R; Hansen, Z; Castelnuovo, E; Withers, E J; Nichols, V; Griffiths, F; Potter, R; Szczepura, A; Underwood, M

2010-08-01

To estimate the clinical effectiveness of active management (AM) in general practice versus AM plus a group-based, professionally led cognitive behavioural approach (CBA) for subacute and chronic low back pain (LBP) and to measure the cost of each strategy over a period of 12 months and estimate cost-effectiveness. Pragmatic multicentred randomised controlled trial with investigator-blinded assessment of outcomes. Fifty-six general practices from seven English regions. People with subacute and chronic LBP who were experiencing symptoms that were at least moderately troublesome. Participants were randomised (in a ratio of 2:1) to receive either AM+CBA or AM alone. Primary outcomes were the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMQ) and the Modified Von Korff Scale (MVK), which measure LBP and disability. Secondary outcomes included mental and physical health-related quality of life (Short Form 12-item health survey), health status, fear avoidance beliefs and pain self-efficacy. Cost-utility of CBA was considered from both the UK NHS perspective and a broader health-care perspective, including both NHS costs and costs of privately purchased goods and services related to LBP. Quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) were calculated from the five-item EuroQoL. Between April 2005 and April 2007, 701 participants were randomised: 233 to AM and 468 to AM+CBA. Of these, 420 were female. The mean age of participants was 54 years and mean baseline RMQ was 8.7. Outcome data were obtained for 85% of participants at 12 months. Benefits were seen across a range of outcome measures in favour of CBA with no evidence of group or therapist effects. CBA resulted in at least twice as much improvement as AM. Mean additional improvement in the CBA arm was 1.1 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.4 to 1.7], 1.4 (95% CI 0.7 to 2.1) and 1.3 (95% CI 0.6 to 2.1) change points in the RMQ at 3, 6 and 12 months respectively. Additional improvement in MVK pain was 6.8 (95% CI 3.5 to 10.2), 8.0 (95% CI 4.3 to 11.7) and 7.0 (95% CI 3.2 to 10.7) points, and in MVK disability was 4.3 (95% CI 0.4 to 8.2), 8.1 (95% CI 4.1 to 12.0) and 8.4 (95% CI 4.4 to 12.4) points at 3, 6 and 12 months respectively. At 12 months, 60% of the AM+CBA arm and 31% of the AM arm reported some or complete recovery. Mean cost of attending a CBA course was 187 pounds per participant with an additional benefit in QALYs of 0.099 and an additional cost of 178.06 pounds. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was 1786.00 pounds. Probability of CBA being cost-effective reached 90% at about 3000 pounds and remained at that level or above; at a cost-effectiveness threshold of 20,000 pounds the CBA group had an almost 100% probability of being considered cost-effective. User perspectives on the acceptability of group treatments were sought through semi-structured interviews. Most were familiar with key messages of AM; most who had attended any group sessions had retained key messages from the sessions and two-thirds talked about a reduction in fear avoidance and changes in their behaviour. Group sessions appeared to provide reassurance, lessen isolation and enable participants to learn strategies from each other. Long-term effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of CBA in treating subacute and chronic LBP was shown, making this intervention attractive to patients, clinicians and purchasers. Short-term (3-month) clinical effects were similar to those found in high-quality studies of other therapies and benefits were maintained and increased over the long term (12 months). Cost per QALY was about half that of competing interventions for LBP and because the intervention can be delivered by existing NHS staff following brief training, the back skills training programme could be implemented within the NHS with relative ease. Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN37807450. The National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.

Ballistic Puncture Self-Healing Polymeric Materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gordon, Keith L.; Siochi, Emilie J.; Yost, William T.; Bogert, Phil B.; Howell, Patricia A.; Cramer, K. Elliott; Burke, Eric R.

2017-01-01

Space exploration launch costs on the order of $10,000 per pound provide an incentive to seek ways to reduce structural mass while maintaining structural function to assure safety and reliability. Damage-tolerant structural systems provide a route to avoiding weight penalty while enhancing vehicle safety and reliability. Self-healing polymers capable of spontaneous puncture repair show promise to mitigate potentially catastrophic damage from events such as micrometeoroid penetration. Effective self-repair requires these materials to quickly heal following projectile penetration while retaining some structural function during the healing processes. Although there are materials known to possess this capability, they are typically not considered for structural applications. Current efforts use inexpensive experimental methods to inflict damage, after which analytical procedures are identified to verify that function is restored. Two candidate self-healing polymer materials for structural engineering systems are used to test these experimental methods.

9 CFR 95.26 - Railroad cars, trucks, boats, aircraft and other means of conveyance, equipment or containers...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... proportion of 1 pound to 3 gallons of water. (2) Sodium carbonate (4 percent) plus sodium silicate (0.1 percent) in the proportion of 1 pound of sodium carbonate plus sodium silicate to 3 gallons of water. (3) Sodium hydroxide (Lye) prepared in a fresh solution in the proportion of not less than 1 pound...

9 CFR 95.26 - Railroad cars, trucks, boats, aircraft and other means of conveyance, equipment or containers...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... proportion of 1 pound to 3 gallons of water. (2) Sodium carbonate (4 percent) plus sodium silicate (0.1 percent) in the proportion of 1 pound of sodium carbonate plus sodium silicate to 3 gallons of water. (3) Sodium hydroxide (Lye) prepared in a fresh solution in the proportion of not less than 1 pound...

9 CFR 95.26 - Railroad cars, trucks, boats, aircraft and other means of conveyance, equipment or containers...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... proportion of 1 pound to 3 gallons of water. (2) Sodium carbonate (4 percent) plus sodium silicate (0.1 percent) in the proportion of 1 pound of sodium carbonate plus sodium silicate to 3 gallons of water. (3) Sodium hydroxide (Lye) prepared in a fresh solution in the proportion of not less than 1 pound...

40 CFR Table 1 to Subpart Xxxx of... - Emission Limits for Tire Production Affected Sources

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... to this subpart must not exceed 1,000 grams HAP per megagram (2 pounds per ton) of total cements and... subpart must not exceed 10,000 grams HAP per megagram (20 pounds per ton) of total cements and solvents... not exceed 0.024 grams per megagram (0.00005 pounds per ton) of rubber used at the tire production...

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart Xxxx of... - Emission Limits for Tire Cord Production Affected Sources

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... source Emissions must not exceed 280 grams HAP per megagram (0.56 pounds per ton) of fabric processed at... tire cord production affected source Emissions must not exceed 220 grams HAP per megagram (0.43 pounds... Table 16 to this subpart must not exceed 1,000 grams HAP per megagram (2 pounds per ton) of total...

40 CFR Table 1 to Subpart Xxxx of... - Emission Limits for Tire Production Affected Sources

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... to this subpart must not exceed 1,000 grams HAP per megagram (2 pounds per ton) of total cements and... subpart must not exceed 10,000 grams HAP per megagram (20 pounds per ton) of total cements and solvents... not exceed 0.024 grams per megagram (0.00005 pounds per ton) of rubber used at the tire production...

40 CFR Table 1 to Subpart Xxxx of... - Emission Limits for Tire Production Affected Sources

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... to this subpart must not exceed 1,000 grams HAP per megagram (2 pounds per ton) of total cements and... subpart must not exceed 10,000 grams HAP per megagram (20 pounds per ton) of total cements and solvents... not exceed 0.024 grams per megagram (0.00005 pounds per ton) of rubber used at the tire production...

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart Xxxx of... - Emission Limits for Tire Cord Production Affected Sources

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... must not exceed 280 grams HAP per megagram (0.56 pounds per ton) of fabric processed at the tire cord... affected source Emissions must not exceed 220 grams HAP per megagram (0.43 pounds per ton) of fabric... exceed 1,000 grams HAP per megagram (2 pounds per ton) of total coatings used at the tire cord production...

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart Xxxx of... - Emission Limits for Tire Cord Production Affected Sources

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... must not exceed 280 grams HAP per megagram (0.56 pounds per ton) of fabric processed at the tire cord... affected source Emissions must not exceed 220 grams HAP per megagram (0.43 pounds per ton) of fabric... exceed 1,000 grams HAP per megagram (2 pounds per ton) of total coatings used at the tire cord production...

40 CFR Table 1 to Subpart Xxxx of... - Emission Limits for Tire Production Affected Sources

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... to this subpart must not exceed 1,000 grams HAP per megagram (2 pounds per ton) of total cements and... subpart must not exceed 10,000 grams HAP per megagram (20 pounds per ton) of total cements and solvents... not exceed 0.024 grams per megagram (0.00005 pounds per ton) of rubber used at the tire production...

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart Xxxx of... - Emission Limits for Tire Cord Production Affected Sources

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... source Emissions must not exceed 280 grams HAP per megagram (0.56 pounds per ton) of fabric processed at... tire cord production affected source Emissions must not exceed 220 grams HAP per megagram (0.43 pounds... Table 16 to this subpart must not exceed 1,000 grams HAP per megagram (2 pounds per ton) of total...

40 CFR 464.26 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS METAL MOLDING AND CASTING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Copper Casting Subcategory § 464.26... million pounds) of metal poured Copper (T) 0.0307 0.0168 Lead (T) 0.0211 0.0104 Zinc (T) 0.0303 0.0116 TTO... kkg (pounds per million pounds) of metal poured Copper (T) 0.928 0.506 Lead (T) 0.639 0.314 Zinc (T) 0...

40 CFR 49.23 - Federal Implementation Plan Provisions for Four Corners Power Plant, Navajo Nation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... recertification events. When valid SO2 pounds per hour, NO2 pounds per hour, or NO2 pounds per million Btu... approval. (ii) In the event that the owner or operator is unable to develop the plan required in paragraph... requested by the Regional Administrator. (vii) In the event that a program for parameter monitoring on Units...

40 CFR 49.23 - Federal Implementation Plan Provisions for Four Corners Power Plant, Navajo Nation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... recertification events. When valid SO2 pounds per hour, NO2 pounds per hour, or NO2 pounds per million Btu... approval. (ii) In the event that the owner or operator is unable to develop the plan required in paragraph... requested by the Regional Administrator. (vii) In the event that a program for parameter monitoring on Units...

27 CFR 21.68 - Formula No. 38-F.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

...) Six pounds of either boric acid, N.F., or Polysorbate 80, N.F.; 11/3 pounds of thymol, N.F.; 11/3... of any two or more denaturing materials listed under Formula No. 38-B, plus sufficient boric acid, N..., U.S.P., 2.6 fluid ounces of hydrochloric acid, N.F., and a total of 3 pounds of any two or more of...

27 CFR 21.68 - Formula No. 38-F.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

...) Six pounds of either boric acid, N.F., or Polysorbate 80, N.F.; 11/3 pounds of thymol, N.F.; 11/3... of any two or more denaturing materials listed under Formula No. 38-B, plus sufficient boric acid, N..., U.S.P., 2.6 fluid ounces of hydrochloric acid, N.F., and a total of 3 pounds of any two or more of...

27 CFR 21.68 - Formula No. 38-F.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

...) Six pounds of either boric acid, N.F., or Polysorbate 80, N.F.; 11/3 pounds of thymol, N.F.; 11/3... of any two or more denaturing materials listed under Formula No. 38-B, plus sufficient boric acid, N..., U.S.P., 2.6 fluid ounces of hydrochloric acid, N.F., and a total of 3 pounds of any two or more of...

27 CFR 21.68 - Formula No. 38-F.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

...) Six pounds of either boric acid, N.F., or Polysorbate 80, N.F.; 11/3 pounds of thymol, N.F.; 11/3... of any two or more denaturing materials listed under Formula No. 38-B, plus sufficient boric acid, N..., U.S.P., 2.6 fluid ounces of hydrochloric acid, N.F., and a total of 3 pounds of any two or more of...

27 CFR 21.68 - Formula No. 38-F.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

...) Six pounds of either boric acid, N.F., or Polysorbate 80, N.F.; 11/3 pounds of thymol, N.F.; 11/3... of any two or more denaturing materials listed under Formula No. 38-B, plus sufficient boric acid, N..., U.S.P., 2.6 fluid ounces of hydrochloric acid, N.F., and a total of 3 pounds of any two or more of...

42 CFR 84.148 - Type C supplied-air respirator, continuous flow class; minimum requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... the hose connection shall not exceed 863 kN/m.2 (125 pounds per square inch gage). (c) Where the pressure at any point in the supply system exceeds 863 kN/m.2 (125 pounds per square inch gage), the... connection from exceeding 863 kN/m.2 (125 pounds per square inch gage) under any conditions. ...

42 CFR 84.148 - Type C supplied-air respirator, continuous flow class; minimum requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... the hose connection shall not exceed 863 kN/m.2 (125 pounds per square inch gage). (c) Where the pressure at any point in the supply system exceeds 863 kN/m.2 (125 pounds per square inch gage), the... connection from exceeding 863 kN/m.2 (125 pounds per square inch gage) under any conditions. ...

42 CFR 84.148 - Type C supplied-air respirator, continuous flow class; minimum requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... the hose connection shall not exceed 863 kN/m.2 (125 pounds per square inch gage). (c) Where the pressure at any point in the supply system exceeds 863 kN/m.2 (125 pounds per square inch gage), the... connection from exceeding 863 kN/m.2 (125 pounds per square inch gage) under any conditions. ...

42 CFR 84.148 - Type C supplied-air respirator, continuous flow class; minimum requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... the hose connection shall not exceed 863 kN/m.2 (125 pounds per square inch gage). (c) Where the pressure at any point in the supply system exceeds 863 kN/m.2 (125 pounds per square inch gage), the... connection from exceeding 863 kN/m.2 (125 pounds per square inch gage) under any conditions. ...

42 CFR 84.148 - Type C supplied-air respirator, continuous flow class; minimum requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... the hose connection shall not exceed 863 kN/m.2 (125 pounds per square inch gage). (c) Where the pressure at any point in the supply system exceeds 863 kN/m.2 (125 pounds per square inch gage), the... connection from exceeding 863 kN/m.2 (125 pounds per square inch gage) under any conditions. ...

Simulated Altitude Investigation of Stewart-Warner Model 906-B Combustion Heater

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ebersbach, Frederick R.; Cervenka, Adolph J.

1947-01-01

An investigation has been conducted to determine thermal and pressure-drop performance and the operational characteristics of a Stewart-Warner model 906-B combustion heater. The performance tests covered a range of ventilating-air flows from 500 to 3185 pounds per hour, combustion-air pressure drops from 5 to 35 inches of water, and pressure altitudes from sea level to 41,000 feet. The operational characteristics investigated were the combustion-air flows for sustained combustion and for consistent ignition covering fuel-air ratios ranging from 0.033 to 0.10 and pressure altitudes from sea level to 45,000 feet. Rated heat output of 50,000 Btu per hour was obtained at pressure altitudes up to 27,000 feet for ventilating-air flows greater than 800 pounds per hour; rated output was not obtained at ventilating-air flow below 800 pounds per hour at any altitude. The maximum heater efficiency was found to be 60.7 percent at a fuel-air ratio of 0.050, a sea-level pressure altitude, a ventilating-air temperature of 0 F, combustion-air temperature of 14 F, a ventilating-air flow of 690 pounds per hour, and a combustion-air flow of 72.7 pounds per hour. The minimum combustion-air flow for sustained combustion at a pressure altitude of 25,000 feet was about 9 pounds per hour for fuel-air ratios between 0.037 and 0.099 and at a pressure altitude of 45,000 feet increased to 18 pounds per hour at a fuel-air ratio of 0.099 and 55 pounds per hour at a fuel-air ratio of 0.036. Combustion could be sustained at combustion-air flows above values of practical interest. The maximum flow was limited, however, by excessively high exhaust-gas temperature or high pressure drop. Both maximum and minimum combustion-air flows for consistent ignition decrease with increasing pressure altitude and the two curves intersect at a pressure altitude of approximately 25,000 feet and a combustion-air flow of approximately 28 pounds per hour.

Daily Medicine Record for Your Child

MedlinePlus

... Age: ____ 2 years old___ Weight: ___ 30 pounds ___ Daily Medicine Record Child’s name: ___________________ Today’s date: _________________ Age: ____________ Weight: ________________ (pounds) Time Problem ...

Effects of thermal variability on broadband seismometers: Controlled experiments, observations, and implications

USGS Publications Warehouse

Doody, Claire; Ringler, Adam; Anthony, Robert E.; Wilson, David; Holland, Austin; Hutt, Charles R.; Sandoval, Leo

2017-01-01

Isolating seismic instruments from temperature fluctuations is routine practice within the seismological community. However, the necessary degree of thermal stability required in broadband installations to avoid generating noise or compromising the fidelity in the seismic records is largely unknown and likely application dependent. To quantify the temperature sensitivity of seismometers over a broad range of frequencies, we artificially induced local temperature changes on three different models of seismometers to measure the effect of thermal variations on seismometer output. We found that diurnal temperature changes above 0.002°C root mean square (rms) showed significant changes in velocity and acceleration output in comparison to thermally stable reference measurements. We also found that sensor incoherent self‐noise increased with temperature variation; these increases in noise can be modeled as 1/f">1/f noise (pink noise), and are unlikely to be easily corrected for. These experimental results are compared with the data from Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Global Seismographic Network (GSN) station TUC (Tucson, Arizona). This station is well instrumented with temperature sensors and has three different broadband seismometers, each of which uses a different method of thermal isolation. We show that the water bricks and borehole installations give ample temperature attenuation to thermally isolate seismometers from diurnal thermal variability that would compromise seismic data. We find that seismometer installations that provide thermal stability below 0.002°C rms could help to improve long‐period vertical seismic data across the GSN by decreasing temperature‐driven 1/f">1/f noise.

Performance-Based Seismic Retrofit of Soft-Story Woodframe Buildings Using Energy-Dissipation Systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tian, Jingjing

Low-rise woodframe buildings with disproportionately flexible ground stories represent a significant percentage of the building stock in seismically vulnerable communities in the Western United States. These structures have a readily identifiable structural weakness at the ground level due to an asymmetric distribution of large openings in the perimeter wall lines and to a lack of interior partition walls, resulting in a soft story condition that makes the structure highly susceptible to severe damage or collapse under design-level earthquakes. The conventional approach to retrofitting such structures is to increase the ground story stiffness. An alternate approach is to increase the energy dissipation capacity of the structure via the incorporation of supplemental energy dissipation devices (dampers), thereby relieving the energy dissipation demands on the framing system. Such a retrofit approach is consistent with a Performance-Based Seismic Retrofit (PBSR) philosophy through which multiple performance levels may be targeted. The effectiveness of such a retrofit is presented via examination of the seismic response of a full-scale four-story building that was tested on the outdoor shake table at NEES-UCSD and a full-scale three-story building that was tested using slow pseudo-dynamic hybrid testing at NEES-UB. In addition, a Direct Displacement Design (DDD) methodology was developed as an improvement over current DDD methods by considering torsion, with or without the implementation of damping devices, in an attempt to avoid the computational expense of nonlinear time-history analysis (NLTHA) and thus facilitating widespread application of PBSR in engineering practice.

Geologic and seismic investigation for southeast expressway, stations 600-603 in Quincy, Mass.

USGS Publications Warehouse

May, James E.

1954-01-01

At this site the southbound lane of the proposed highway will be located approximately 75 feet to the left (south) of the base line. This will place it close to the base of a mound of granite quarry waste with very steep slopes. As a cut of considerable depth will be required for the road, the mound of waste with its unstable slope constitutes a very hazardous condition, especially with respect to the possibility of rock-falls and slides. Seismic work was performed at the site with the two aims in view; firstly, to obtain information on depths to bedrock that would aid in estimating the quantities of materials to be removed from the proposed cut, secondly, to obtain data that might aid in estimating the quantity of material in the mound of quarry waste with the object of obtaining estimates for its removal. Transverses A-13 and C-D were made for this latter purpose. Additional transverses would have been of value, but they were not made because of the possibility of starting rock-falls or slides, a situation that would have exposed personnel to unwarranted danger, and equipment to avoidable risk. Mr. M. E. Chandler and Me. W. L. Carney, Massachusetts Department of Public Works' Engineers, performed pertinent survey work required for this project, and prepared the essential plans and profiles. Mr. Chandler also operated the seismic equipment and assisted in the preparation of the seismic velocity data. The work was performed in June 1953 as part of a cooperative program of the Massachusetts Department of Public Works and the United States Geological Survey.

The use of Graphic User Interface for development of a user-friendly CRS-Stack software

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sule, Rachmat; Prayudhatama, Dythia; Perkasa, Muhammad D.; Hendriyana, Andri; Fatkhan; Sardjito; Adriansyah

2017-04-01

The development of a user-friendly Common Reflection Surface (CRS) Stack software that has been built by implementing Graphical User Interface (GUI) is described in this paper. The original CRS-Stack software developed by WIT Consortium is compiled in the unix/linux environment, which is not a user-friendly software, so that a user must write the commands and parameters manually in a script file. Due to this limitation, the CRS-Stack become a non popular method, although applying this method is actually a promising way in order to obtain better seismic sections, which have better reflector continuity and S/N ratio. After obtaining successful results that have been tested by using several seismic data belong to oil companies in Indonesia, it comes to an idea to develop a user-friendly software in our own laboratory. Graphical User Interface (GUI) is a type of user interface that allows people to interact with computer programs in a better way. Rather than typing commands and module parameters, GUI allows the users to use computer programs in much simple and easy. Thus, GUI can transform the text-based interface into graphical icons and visual indicators. The use of complicated seismic unix shell script can be avoided. The Java Swing GUI library is used to develop this CRS-Stack GUI. Every shell script that represents each seismic process is invoked from Java environment. Besides developing interactive GUI to perform CRS-Stack processing, this CRS-Stack GUI is design to help geophysicists to manage a project with complex seismic processing procedures. The CRS-Stack GUI software is composed by input directory, operators, and output directory, which are defined as a seismic data processing workflow. The CRS-Stack processing workflow involves four steps; i.e. automatic CMP stack, initial CRS-Stack, optimized CRS-Stack, and CRS-Stack Supergather. Those operations are visualized in an informative flowchart with self explanatory system to guide the user inputting the parameter values for each operation. The knowledge of CRS-Stack processing procedure is still preserved in the software, which is easy and efficient to be learned. The software will still be developed in the future. Any new innovative seismic processing workflow will also be added into this GUI software.

Nut Cracking Tools Used by Captive Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and Their Comparison with Early Stone Age Percussive Artefacts from Olduvai Gorge.

PubMed

Arroyo, Adrián; Hirata, Satoshi; Matsuzawa, Tetsuro; de la Torre, Ignacio

2016-01-01

We present the results of a series of experiments at the Kumamoto Sanctuary in Japan, in which captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) performed several nut cracking sessions using raw materials from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. We examined captive chimpanzee pounding tools using a combination of technological analysis, use-wear distribution, and micro-wear analysis. Our results show specific patterns of use-wear distribution across the active surfaces of pounding tools, which reveal some similarities with traces on archaeological percussive objects from the Early Stone Age, and are consistent with traces on other experimental pounding tools used by modern humans. The approach used in this study may help to stablish a framework with which to interpret archaeological assemblages and improve understanding of use-wear formation processes on pounding tools used by chimpanzees. This study represents the first direct comparison of chimpanzee pounding tools and archaeological material, and thus may contribute to a better understanding of hominin percussive activities.

Nut Cracking Tools Used by Captive Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and Their Comparison with Early Stone Age Percussive Artefacts from Olduvai Gorge

PubMed Central

Arroyo, Adrián; Hirata, Satoshi; Matsuzawa, Tetsuro; de la Torre, Ignacio

2016-01-01

We present the results of a series of experiments at the Kumamoto Sanctuary in Japan, in which captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) performed several nut cracking sessions using raw materials from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. We examined captive chimpanzee pounding tools using a combination of technological analysis, use-wear distribution, and micro-wear analysis. Our results show specific patterns of use-wear distribution across the active surfaces of pounding tools, which reveal some similarities with traces on archaeological percussive objects from the Early Stone Age, and are consistent with traces on other experimental pounding tools used by modern humans. The approach used in this study may help to stablish a framework with which to interpret archaeological assemblages and improve understanding of use-wear formation processes on pounding tools used by chimpanzees. This study represents the first direct comparison of chimpanzee pounding tools and archaeological material, and thus may contribute to a better understanding of hominin percussive activities. PMID:27870877

SSME turbopump bearing analytical study

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kannel, J. W.; Merriman, T.

1980-01-01

Three shuttle pump bearings operating under severe overspeed and shut-down conditions are evaluated. The specific parameters investigated include outer race stresses, cage stresses, cage-race drag, bearing heating, and crush loading. A quasi-dynamic version of the BASDAP computer code was utilized which involved the calculation of ball-race forces (inner and outer), contact pressures, contact dimensions, and contact angles as a function of (1) axial load, (2) radial load, and (3) centrifugal load on the bearing. Generally, radial loads on the order of 13,300 N (3000 pounds) per bearing or 26,700 N (6000 pounds) per bearing pair, could be expected to cause severe problems to any of the bearings with a 17,800 N (4000 pounds) axial load. Further, when possible temperature excursions are considered, even a load of 8900 N (2000 pounds) may be excessive. However, high momentary radial loads with a 3800 N (850 pounds) axial load would not be anticipated to cause catastrophic failure of the fuel pump bearing.

14 CFR 25.509 - Towing loads.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... static positions; and (3) With W T as the design ramp weight, the towing load, F TOW, is— (i) 0.3 W T for W T less than 30,000 pounds; (ii) (6W T+450,000)/7 for W T between 30,000 and 100,000 pounds; and (iii) 0.15 W T for W T over 100,000 pounds. (b) For towing points not on the landing gear but near the...

14 CFR 25.509 - Towing loads.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... static positions; and (3) With W T as the design ramp weight, the towing load, F TOW, is— (i) 0.3 W T for W T less than 30,000 pounds; (ii) (6W T+450,000)/7 for W T between 30,000 and 100,000 pounds; and (iii) 0.15 W T for W T over 100,000 pounds. (b) For towing points not on the landing gear but near the...

40 CFR 471.101 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... million off-pounds) of power metallurgy parts steam treated Copper 1.51 0.792 Cyanide 0.230 0.095 Lead 0... metallurgy parts tumbled, burnished, or cleaned Copper 8.36 4.40 Cyanide 1.28 0.528 Lead 1.85 0.880 Oil and... Maximum for monthly average mg/off-kg (pounds per million off-pounds) of powder metallurgy parts sawed or...

40 CFR 49.128 - Rule for limiting particulate matter emissions from wood products industry sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... veneer dryers must not exceed 0.3 pounds per 1000 square feet of veneer dried (3/8 inch basis), one-hour average. (ii) PM10 emissions from steam heated veneer dryers must not exceed 0.3 pounds per 1000 square... dryers must not exceed a total of 0.3 pounds per 1000 square feet of veneer dried (3/8 inch basis) and 0...

33 CFR Table 4 to Subpart H of... - Weights (Pounds) of Outboard Motor and Related Equipment for Various Boat Horsepower Ratings

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Weights (Pounds) of Outboard Motor and Related Equipment for Various Boat Horsepower Ratings 4 Table 4 to Subpart H of Part 183... or Less Pt. 183, Subpt. H, Table 4 Table 4 to Subpart H of Part 183—Weights (Pounds) of Outboard...

What reductions in dependency costs result from treatment in an inpatient neurological rehabilitation unit for people with stroke?

PubMed

O'Connor, Rory J; Beden, Rushdy; Pilling, Andrew; Chamberlain, M Anne

2011-02-01

This paper examines the reductions in care costs that result from inpatient multidisciplinary rehabilitation for younger people with acquired brain injury. Thirty-five consecutive patients admitted following a stroke over one year were recruited to this observational study. Physical ability, dependency and potential community care costs were measured on admission and discharge. Fifty-one community-dwelling patients were transferred to rehabilitation from acute medical wards in a large teaching hospital; 35 met the inclusion criteria. After a median of 59 days of rehabilitation, 29 patients were discharged home and six to nursing homes. Patients made highly significant gains in physical ability (median Barthel index 50 to 64; p < 0.001). Dependency decreased; median calculated costs for care were reduced from pounds 1900 to pounds 1100 per week, a saving of pounds 868 per week. Total annualised care costs reduced from pounds 3,358,056 to pounds 1,807,208, a potential saving of pounds 1,550,848. The median time to repay rehabilitation costs was 21 weeks. Savings occurred in those with moderate and severe disability and they have the potential to continue to accrue for over 12 years. Similar results will probably be found for rehabilitation in other forms of acquired brain injury.

Robust Seismic Normal Modes Computation in Radial Earth Models and A Novel Classification Based on Intersection Points of Waveguides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ye, J.; Shi, J.; De Hoop, M. V.

2017-12-01

We develop a robust algorithm to compute seismic normal modes in a spherically symmetric, non-rotating Earth. A well-known problem is the cross-contamination of modes near "intersections" of dispersion curves for separate waveguides. Our novel computational approach completely avoids artificial degeneracies by guaranteeing orthonormality among the eigenfunctions. We extend Wiggins' and Buland's work, and reformulate the Sturm-Liouville problem as a generalized eigenvalue problem with the Rayleigh-Ritz Galerkin method. A special projection operator incorporating the gravity terms proposed by de Hoop and a displacement/pressure formulation are utilized in the fluid outer core to project out the essential spectrum. Moreover, the weak variational form enables us to achieve high accuracy across the solid-fluid boundary, especially for Stoneley modes, which have exponentially decaying behavior. We also employ the mixed finite element technique to avoid spurious pressure modes arising from discretization schemes and a numerical inf-sup test is performed following Bathe's work. In addition, the self-gravitation terms are reformulated to avoid computations outside the Earth, thanks to the domain decomposition technique. Our package enables us to study the physical properties of intersection points of waveguides. According to Okal's classification theory, the group velocities should be continuous within a branch of the same mode family. However, we have found that there will be a small "bump" near intersection points, which is consistent with Miropol'sky's observation. In fact, we can loosely regard Earth's surface and the CMB as independent waveguides. For those modes that are far from the intersection points, their eigenfunctions are localized in the corresponding waveguides. However, those that are close to intersection points will have physical features of both waveguides, which means they cannot be classified in either family. Our results improve on Okal's classification, demonstrating that dispersion curves from independent waveguides should be considered to break at intersection points.

The geological and petrological studies of the subduction boundaries and suggestion for the geological future work in Japan　- How to avoid ultra-mega-earthquakes -

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ishii, T.

2015-12-01

The Pacific plate is surrounded by circum-Pacific active margin, along which volcanic and seismic activities are very high. Ultra-Mega-Earthquakes (=UMEs, M>9.0) are occasionally observed along the margin, where sedimentary rocks of subducting slaves contact with the accreted sedimentary rocks of subducted slaves. But, those UME have never been occured along western Pacific islandarc-trench system including Izu-Ogasawara (=Bonin)-Mariana-Yap-Palau-Philippine-Tonga-Kermadec Trenches. I assume that the geological and petrological characteristics of the subduction boundaries are very important to understand those different seismic activities. Along the above mentioned trench inner wall, especially in the southern Mariana, mantle peridotites are widely distributed. Subducting slave contacts directly with the olivine dominant mantle peridotites of subducted slave, serpentinite layer can be deposited easily under hydrous oceanic sub-bottom environment and very slippery subduction boundaries are left along the subduction zone.On the other hand, those geological evidences give us some ideas on how to avoid UMEs in the Japanese Islands along Japan Trench and Nankai Trough in future. We will be able to change artificially from normal subduction boundaries with asperity zone into slippery subduction boundaries with serpentine layer, by means of serpentine mud injection toward the subduction boundaries interior by combining the following improved drilling technologies A and B. (A) Deep Sea Drilling Vessel CHIKYU has a drilling ability to reach subduction boundary with asperity zone in the Nankai Trough. (B) Advanced drilling technology in the shale gas industry is tremendous, that is, after one vertical deep drilling, horizontal drilling towards several direction are performed, then shale gas is collected by hydraulic fracturing method. I hope that, after several generations, our posterity will be able to avoid UMEs by continuous serpentine mud injection.

Review of the NURE Assessment of the U.S. Gulf Coast Uranium Province

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hall, Susan M., E-mail: SusanHall@usgs.gov

2013-09-15

Historic exploration and development were used to evaluate the reliability of domestic uranium reserves and potential resources estimated by the U.S. Department of Energy national uranium resource evaluation (NURE) program in the U.S. Gulf Coast Uranium Province. NURE estimated 87 million pounds of reserves in themore » $$30/lb U{sub 3}O{sub 8} cost category in the Coast Plain uranium resource region, most in the Gulf Coast Uranium Province. Since NURE, 40 million pounds of reserves have been mined, and 38 million pounds are estimated to remain in place as of 2012, accounting for all but 9 million pounds of U{sub 3}O{sub 8} in the reserve or production categories in the NURE estimate. Considering the complexities and uncertainties of the analysis, this study indicates that the NURE reserve estimates for the province were accurate. An unconditional potential resource of 1.4 billion pounds of U{sub 3}O{sub 8}, 600 million pounds of U{sub 3}O{sub 8} in the forward cost category of $$30/lb U{sub 3}O{sub 8} (1980 prices), was estimated in 106 favorable areas by the NURE program in the province. Removing potential resources from the non-productive Houston embayment, and those reserves estimated below historic and current mining depths reduces the unconditional potential resource 33% to about 930 million pounds of U{sub 3}O{sub 8}, and that in the $30/lb cost category 34% to 399 million pounds of U{sub 3}O{sub 8}. Based on production records and reserve estimates tabulated for the region, most of the production since 1980 is likely from the reserves identified by NURE. The potential resource predicted by NURE has not been developed, likely due to a variety of factors related to the low uranium prices that have prevailed since 1980.« less

The economy-wide impact of pandemic influenza on the UK: a computable general equilibrium modelling experiment.

PubMed

Smith, Richard D; Keogh-Brown, Marcus R; Barnett, Tony; Tait, Joyce

2009-11-19

To estimate the potential economic impact of pandemic influenza, associated behavioural responses, school closures, and vaccination on the United Kingdom. A computable general equilibrium model of the UK economy was specified for various combinations of mortality and morbidity from pandemic influenza, vaccine efficacy, school closures, and prophylactic absenteeism using published data. The 2004 UK economy (the most up to date available with suitable economic data). The economic impact of various scenarios with different pandemic severity, vaccination, school closure, and prophylactic absenteeism specified in terms of gross domestic product, output from different economic sectors, and equivalent variation. The costs related to illness alone ranged between 0.5% and 1.0% of gross domestic product ( pound8.4bn to pound16.8bn) for low fatality scenarios, 3.3% and 4.3% ( pound55.5bn to pound72.3bn) for high fatality scenarios, and larger still for an extreme pandemic. School closure increases the economic impact, particularly for mild pandemics. If widespread behavioural change takes place and there is large scale prophylactic absence from work, the economic impact would be notably increased with few health benefits. Vaccination with a pre-pandemic vaccine could save 0.13% to 2.3% of gross domestic product ( pound2.2bn to pound38.6bn); a single dose of a matched vaccine could save 0.3% to 4.3% ( pound5.0bn to pound72.3bn); and two doses of a matched vaccine could limit the overall economic impact to about 1% of gross domestic product for all disease scenarios. Balancing school closure against "business as usual" and obtaining sufficient stocks of effective vaccine are more important factors in determining the economic impact of an influenza pandemic than is the disease itself. Prophylactic absence from work in response to fear of infection can add considerably to the economic impact.

Effect of strong-column weak-beam design provision on the seismic fragility of RC frame buildings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Surana, Mitesh; Singh, Yogendra; Lang, Dominik H.

2018-04-01

Incremental dynamic analyses are conducted for a suite of low- and mid-rise reinforced-concrete special moment-resisting frame buildings. Buildings non-conforming and conforming to the strong-column weak-beam (SCWB) design criterion are considered. These buildings are designed for the two most severe seismic zones in India (i.e., zone IV and zone V) following the provisions of Indian Standards. It is observed that buildings non-conforming to the SCWB design criterion lead to an undesirable column failure collapse mechanism. Although yielding of columns cannot be avoided, even for buildings conforming to a SCWB ratio of 1.4, the observed collapse mechanism changes to a beam failure mechanism. This change in collapse mechanism leads to a significant increase in the building's global ductility capacity, and thereby in collapse capacity. The fragility analysis study of the considered buildings suggests that considering the SCWB design criterion leads to a significant reduction in collapse probability, particularly in the case of mid-rise buildings.

Real-time Implementation of the Waveloc Technique for Monitoring Earthquake Swarms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Maggi, A.; Langet, N.; Michelini, A.

2013-12-01

Monitoring regions with high swarm-type seismicity (e.g. volcanoes, certain tectonic regions) is a challenge for the traditional pick-associate-locate type algorithms that form the basis of most seismicity monitoring software. Over the past few years, new approaches that avoid the association phase by direct migration of some characteristic function of the recorded seismograms have started to be implemented, and have shown great promise (see related abstract on the Waveloc method applied to Piton de la Fournaise volcano). Implementing such methods in real-time is an essential step in proving their usefulness and robustness in swarm-monitoring situations. Here we describe the work in progress on adapting the Waveloc migration technique to real-time operation. The resulting software package, RT-Waveloc, is currently in the prototype stage, and we hope to have a version that can be distributed to the scientific community for beta-testing within a year. The development of RT-Waveloc is financed by the EU NERA project.

An open source, web based, simple solution for seismic data dissemination and collaborative research

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Diviacco, Paolo

2005-06-01

Collaborative research and data dissemination in the field of geophysical exploration need network tools that can access large amounts of data from anywhere using any PC or workstation. Simple solutions based on a combination of Open Source software can be developed to address such requests, exploiting the possibilities offered by the web technologies, and at the same time avoiding the costs and inflexibility of commercial systems. A viable solution consists of MySQL for data storage and retrieval, CWP/SU and GMT for data visualisation and a scripting layer driven by PHP that allows users to access the system via an Apache web server. In the light of the experience building the on-line archive of seismic data of the Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale (OGS), we describe the solutions and the methods adopted, with a view to stimulate both the attitude of network collaborative research of other institutions similar to ours, and the development of different applications.

Earthquake Hazard Mitigation Using a Systems Analysis Approach to Risk Assessment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Legg, M.; Eguchi, R. T.

2015-12-01

The earthquake hazard mitigation goal is to reduce losses due to severe natural events. The first step is to conduct a Seismic Risk Assessment consisting of 1) hazard estimation, 2) vulnerability analysis, 3) exposure compilation. Seismic hazards include ground deformation, shaking, and inundation. The hazard estimation may be probabilistic or deterministic. Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment (PSHA) is generally applied to site-specific Risk assessments, but may involve large areas as in a National Seismic Hazard Mapping program. Deterministic hazard assessments are needed for geographically distributed exposure such as lifelines (infrastructure), but may be important for large communities. Vulnerability evaluation includes quantification of fragility for construction or components including personnel. Exposure represents the existing or planned construction, facilities, infrastructure, and population in the affected area. Risk (expected loss) is the product of the quantified hazard, vulnerability (damage algorithm), and exposure which may be used to prepare emergency response plans, retrofit existing construction, or use community planning to avoid hazards. The risk estimate provides data needed to acquire earthquake insurance to assist with effective recovery following a severe event. Earthquake Scenarios used in Deterministic Risk Assessments provide detailed information on where hazards may be most severe, what system components are most susceptible to failure, and to evaluate the combined effects of a severe earthquake to the whole system or community. Casualties (injuries and death) have been the primary factor in defining building codes for seismic-resistant construction. Economic losses may be equally significant factors that can influence proactive hazard mitigation. Large urban earthquakes may produce catastrophic losses due to a cascading of effects often missed in PSHA. Economic collapse may ensue if damaged workplaces, disruption of utilities, and resultant loss of income produces widespread default on payments. With increased computational power and more complete inventories of exposure, Monte Carlo methods may provide more accurate estimation of severe losses and the opportunity to increase resilience of vulnerable systems and communities.

Cruise Report for G1-03-GM, USGS Gas Hydrates Cruise, R/V Gyre, 1-14 May 2003, Northern Gulf of Mexico

USGS Publications Warehouse

Hutchinson, Deborah R.; Hart, Patrick E.

2004-01-01

This report gives a summary of the field program and instrumentation used on the R/V Gyre in the Gulf of Mexico in May, 2003, to collect multichannel seismic data in support of USGS and Department of Energy gas hydrate studies. Tabulated statistics, metadata, figures and maps are included to show the breadth of data collected and preliminary interpretations made during the field program. Geophysical data collected during this cruise will be released in a separate report. At the start of the cruise, three test lines were run to compare different source configurations in order to optimize data quality for the objectives of the cruise. The source chosen was the 13/13 in3 Generator-Injector (GI) Gun. Following these tests, a total of 101 lines (approximately 1033 km) of 24-channel high-resolution seismic reflection data were collected in the northern Gulf of Mexico. 59 lines (about 600 km) were collected in and around lease block Keathley Canyon 195. An additional 4 lines (85 km) provided a seismic tie between the Keathley Canyon data and USGS multichannel data collected in 1999. About 253 km of data were collected along 35 short lines in and around lease block Atwater Valley 14 on the floor of the Mississippi Canyon. Three lines (53 km) completed the cruise and provided a seismic tie to USGS multichannel data collected in 1998. Two on-board trained marine-mammal observers fulfilled the requirements determined by NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service to avoid incidental harassment of marine mammals as established in the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA). A total of three species of dolphins were observed during the cruise and one basking shark. No sperm whales were sighted. During the cruise, seismic operations were not delayed or terminated because of marine mammal activity.

Hazard Assessment in a Big Data World

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kossobokov, Vladimir; Nekrasova, Anastasia

2017-04-01

Open data in a Big Data World provides unprecedented opportunities for enhancing scientific studies and better understanding of the Earth System. At the same time, it opens wide avenues for deceptive associations in inter- and transdisciplinary data misleading to erroneous predictions, which are unacceptable for implementation. Even the advanced tools of data analysis may lead to wrong assessments when inappropriately used to describe the phenomenon under consideration. A (self-) deceptive conclusion could be avoided by verification of candidate models in experiments on empirical data and in no other way. Seismology is not an exception. Moreover, seismic evidences accumulated to-date demonstrate clearly that most of the empirical relations commonly accepted in early history of instrumental seismology can be proved erroneous when subjected to objective hypothesis testing. In many cases of seismic hazard assessment (SHA), either probabilistic or deterministic, term-less or short-term, the claims of a high potential of a model forecasts are based on a flawed application of statistics and, therefore, are hardly suitable for communication to decision makers, which situation creates numerous deception points and resulted controversies. So far, most, if not all, the standard probabilistic methods to assess seismic hazard and associated risks are based on subjective, commonly unrealistic, and even erroneous assumptions about seismic recurrence and none of the proposed short-term precursory signals showed sufficient evidence to be used as a reliable precursor of catastrophic earthquakes. Accurate testing against real observations must be done in advance claiming seismically hazardous areas and/or times. The set of errors of the first and second kind in such a comparison permits evaluating the SHA method effectiveness and determining the optimal choice of parameters in regard to a user-defined cost-benefit function. The information obtained in testing experiments may supply us with realistic estimates of confidence and accuracy of SHA predictions. If proved reliable, but not necessarily perfect, forecast/prediction related recommendations on the level of risks in regard to engineering design, insurance, and emergency management can be used for efficient decision making.

Probabilistic seismic history matching using binary images

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Davolio, Alessandra; Schiozer, Denis Jose

2018-02-01

Currently, the goal of history-matching procedures is not only to provide a model matching any observed data but also to generate multiple matched models to properly handle uncertainties. One such approach is a probabilistic history-matching methodology based on the discrete Latin Hypercube sampling algorithm, proposed in previous works, which was particularly efficient for matching well data (production rates and pressure). 4D seismic (4DS) data have been increasingly included into history-matching procedures. A key issue in seismic history matching (SHM) is to transfer data into a common domain: impedance, amplitude or pressure, and saturation. In any case, seismic inversions and/or modeling are required, which can be time consuming. An alternative to avoid these procedures is using binary images in SHM as they allow the shape, rather than the physical values, of observed anomalies to be matched. This work presents the incorporation of binary images in SHM within the aforementioned probabilistic history matching. The application was performed with real data from a segment of the Norne benchmark case that presents strong 4D anomalies, including softening signals due to pressure build up. The binary images are used to match the pressurized zones observed in time-lapse data. Three history matchings were conducted using: only well data, well and 4DS data, and only 4DS. The methodology is very flexible and successfully utilized the addition of binary images for seismic objective functions. Results proved the good convergence of the method in few iterations for all three cases. The matched models of the first two cases provided the best results, with similar well matching quality. The second case provided models presenting pore pressure changes according to the expected dynamic behavior (pressurized zones) observed on 4DS data. The use of binary images in SHM is relatively new with few examples in the literature. This work enriches this discussion by presenting a new application to match pressure in a reservoir segment with complex pressure behavior.

40 CFR 471.21 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... mg/off-kg (pounds per million off-pounds) of forged magnesium cooled with water Chromium 1.27 0.520... million off-pounds) of magnesium forged Chromium 0.018 0.007 Zinc 0.059 0.025 Ammonia 5.32 2.34 Fluoride 2... cast with direct chill methods Chromium 1.74 0.711 Zinc 5.77 2.41 Ammonia 527 232 Fluoride 235 105 Oil...

40 CFR 471.75 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (pounds per million off-pounds) of uranium extruded Cadmium 0.007 0.003 Chromium 0.013 0.005 Copper 0.044... treated Cadmium 0.006 0.003 Chromium 0.012 0.005 Copper 0.040 0.019 Lead 0.009 0.004 Nickel 0.017 0.012...-pounds) of uranium surface treated Cadmium 0.006 0.002 Chromium 0.010 0.004 Copper 0.035 0.017 Lead 0.008...

40 CFR 471.75 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (pounds per million off-pounds) of uranium extruded Cadmium 0.007 0.003 Chromium 0.013 0.005 Copper 0.044... treated Cadmium 0.006 0.003 Chromium 0.012 0.005 Copper 0.040 0.019 Lead 0.009 0.004 Nickel 0.017 0.012...-pounds) of uranium surface treated Cadmium 0.006 0.002 Chromium 0.010 0.004 Copper 0.035 0.017 Lead 0.008...

40 CFR 468.14 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy hot rolled Chromium 0.045 0.018 Copper 0.195 0.103... rolled English units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy cold rolled Chromium 0.166... drawn Chromium 0.037 0.015 Copper 0.161 0.085 Lead 0.012 0.011 Nickel 0.163 0.107 Zinc 0.124 0.051 TTO 0...

Strange Deja Vu: Tackling Information Sharing Problems for Efforts Against Transnational Organized Crime

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-06-01

as the demand in the US for drugs produced in Latin America (e.g., cocaine, marijuana , methamphetamines) remains, Latin American drug cartels will...6,100 kilograms of cocaine, 10,284 pounds of methamphetamine, 1,619 pounds of heroin, 349,304 pounds of marijuana , and nearly $150 million in United...benefits from increased information sharing with the Intelligence Community and other federal agencies through a favorable relationship with BIFS

What gross weight and range for an advanced HSCT?

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Driver, Cornelius

1992-01-01

A review of studies conducted in 1986 indicates that a 300 passenger, 5500 nautical mile range aircraft should weigh less than 400,000 pounds. Some data from a British Aerospace Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) paper will be shown that purport to be an advanced Concorde that meets the range payload specifications at a gross weight of 360,000 pounds. Previous studies by Peter Coen of Langley Research Center support these results. The weight of a supersonic transport is important from the point of view of how much effort should be expended in developing lower sonic boom technologies. It is obvious that a 360,000 pound aircraft can be modified to a more acceptable boom level than a 700,000 pound one.

Exploration of the Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles along with Other Assets to Enhance Border Protection

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-06-01

Border Initiative SUAV Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle SAR Synthetic Aperture Radar TTPs Tactics, Techniques, And Procedures TRVS Trailer Remote...2008). 4 3. Overview of Illegal Activities According to the CBP, 178,770 pounds of cocaine, 2,178 pounds of heroin, 2,471,931 pounds of marijuana ...Raytheon Company Web Site) Another component of Predator B is the high- resolution Lynx Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). In their study, Tsunoda, et

Industrial-hygiene walk-through survey report of Copolymer Rubber and Chemical Corporation, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Industrywide study

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Roberts, D.R.; Krishnan, E.R.

1986-06-01

A walk through survey was conducted at the Copolymer Rubber and Chemical Corporation, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The facility produces 465 million pounds of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) and 15 million pounds of nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) annually, requiring 120 million pounds of 1,3-butadiene. Of 470 employees, 143 were directly involved in reaction, recovery, and finishing operations, and were potentially exposed to 1,3-butadiene 8 hours per day.

Americium-241 Decorporation Model

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-10-01

doses compared Radiation Dose Convert mass to activity if needed Calculate critical organ doses/ effective whole body dose (Christy and Eckerman...compartments over time with and without treatment, excretion rates, and radiation doses to critical organs. Calculations from the model may be used to...268 x E + 2 newton-meter (N/m) pound-force/foot2 4.788 026 x E – 2 kilo pascal (kPa) pound-force/inch2 (psi) 6.894 757 kilo pascal (kPa) pound- mass

40 CFR 471.72 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... average mg/off-kg (pounds per million off-pounds) of uranium extruded Cadmium 0.007 0.003 Chromium 0.013 0... uranium heat treated Cadmium 0.006 0.003 Chromium 0.012 0.005 Copper 0.040 0.019 Lead 0.009 0.004 Nickel 0... million off-pounds) of uranium surface treated Cadmium 0.006 0.002 Chromium 0.010 0.004 Copper 0.035 0.017...

40 CFR 471.72 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... average mg/off-kg (pounds per million off-pounds) of uranium extruded Cadmium 0.007 0.003 Chromium 0.013 0... uranium heat treated Cadmium 0.006 0.003 Chromium 0.012 0.005 Copper 0.040 0.019 Lead 0.009 0.004 Nickel 0... million off-pounds) of uranium surface treated Cadmium 0.006 0.002 Chromium 0.010 0.004 Copper 0.035 0.017...

40 CFR 468.12 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... English Units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy hot rolled Chromium 0.045 0.018...,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy cold rolled Chromium 0.166 0.068 Copper 0.720 0.379 Lead... copper alloy drawn Chromium 0.037 0.015 Copper 0.161 0.085 Lead 0.012 0.011 Nickel 0.163 0.107 Zinc 0.124...

40 CFR 468.12 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... English Units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy hot rolled Chromium 0.045 0.018...,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy cold rolled Chromium 0.166 0.068 Copper 0.720 0.379 Lead... copper alloy drawn Chromium 0.037 0.015 Copper 0.161 0.085 Lead 0.012 0.011 Nickel 0.163 0.107 Zinc 0.124...

40 CFR 468.12 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... English Units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy hot rolled Chromium 0.045 0.018...,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy cold rolled Chromium 0.166 0.068 Copper 0.720 0.379 Lead... copper alloy drawn Chromium 0.037 0.015 Copper 0.161 0.085 Lead 0.012 0.011 Nickel 0.163 0.107 Zinc 0.124...

40 CFR 468.12 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... English Units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy hot rolled Chromium 0.045 0.018...,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy cold rolled Chromium 0.166 0.068 Copper 0.720 0.379 Lead... copper alloy drawn Chromium 0.037 0.015 Copper 0.161 0.085 Lead 0.012 0.011 Nickel 0.163 0.107 Zinc 0.124...

29 CFR Appendix A to Subpart S of... - Decompression Tables

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... working period at 20 pounds gauge. Decompression Table No. 1: 20 pounds for 4 hours, total decompression... minutes per pound. Stage 2 (final) elapsed time 40 Total time 43 Example No. 2: 5-hour working period at... pressure p.s.i.g. Working period hours 1/2 1 11/2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Over 8 9 to 12 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 14 6 6...

Cryogenic Pound Circuits for Cryogenic Sapphire Oscillators

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dick, G. John; Wang, Rabi

2006-01-01

Two modern cryogenic variants of the Pound circuit have been devised to increase the frequency stability of microwave oscillators that include cryogenic sapphire-filled cavity resonators. The original Pound circuit is a microwave frequency discriminator that provides feedback to stabilize a voltage-controlled microwave oscillator with respect to an associated cavity resonator. In the present cryogenic Pound circuits, the active microwave devices are implemented by use of state-of-the-art commercially available tunnel diodes that exhibit low flicker noise (required for high frequency stability) and function well at low temperatures and at frequencies up to several tens of gigahertz. While tunnel diodes are inherently operable as amplitude detectors and amplitude modulators, they cannot, by themselves, induce significant phase modulation. Therefore, each of the present cryogenic Pound circuits includes passive circuitry that transforms the AM into the required PM. Each circuit also contains an AM detector that is used to sample the microwave signal at the input terminal of the high-Q resonator for the purpose of verifying the desired AM null at this point. Finally, each circuit contains a Pound signal detector that puts out a signal, at the modulation frequency, having an amplitude proportional to the frequency error in the input signal. High frequency stability is obtained by processing this output signal into feedback to a voltage-controlled oscillator to continuously correct the frequency error in the input signal.

Costs and outcomes associated with IVF using recombinant FSH.

PubMed

Ledger, W; Wiebinga, C; Anderson, P; Irwin, D; Holman, A; Lloyd, A

2009-09-01

Cost and outcome estimates based on clinical trial data may not reflect usual clinical practice, yet they are often used to inform service provision and budget decisions. To expand understanding of assisted reproduction treatment in clinical practice, an economic evaluation of IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) data from a single assisted conception unit (ACU) in England was performed. A total of 1418 IVF/ICSI cycles undertaken there between October 2001 and January 2006 in 1001 women were analysed. The overall live birth rate was 22% (95% CI: 19.7-24.2), with the 30- to 34-year age group achieving the highest rate (28%). The average recombinant FSH (rFSH) dose/cycle prescribed was 1855 IU. Average cost of rFSH/cycle was 646 pound(SD: 219 pound), and average total cost/cycle was 2932 pound (SD: 422 pound). Economic data based on clinical trials informing current UK guidance assumes higher doses of rFSH dose/cycle (1750-2625 IU), higher average cost of drugs/cycle (1179 pound), and higher average total cost/cycle (3266 pound). While the outcomes in this study matched UK averages, total cost/cycle was lower than those cited in UK guidelines. Utilizing the protocols and (lower) rFSH dosages reported in this study may enable other ACU to provide a greater number of IVF/ICSI cycles to patients within given budgets.

Counting the costs of children's smoking.

PubMed Central

Foulds, J.; Godfrey, C.

1995-01-01

The recent publication of the 1994 OPCS survey of smoking among secondary school children confirmed that the Health of the Nation target for children's smoking (a reduction in regular smoking from 8% in 1988 to less than 6% in 1994) has not been achieved. In 1994, 12% of English schoolchildren aged 11-15 were regular smokers (as were 12% in Scotland, 9% in Wales, and 12.5% in Northern Ireland). In 1994 the government spent around 10 million pounds on initiatives to prevent smoking, but received around 8643 million pounds in tax receipts from tobacco sales, about 108 million pounds of which was tax receipts from the illegal sale of cigarettes to children under 16 years old. The tobacco industry spent an estimated 100 million pounds on promotional activities. Improving current trends in children's smoking by the year 2000 will require decisive action by the government. The government should legislate to ban tobacco advertising and should use the 108 million pounds taken each year in taxes from smoking children to fund smoking cessation and prevention initiatives. PMID:7580715

Numerical simulation of pounding damage to caisson under storm surge

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yu, Chen

2018-06-01

In this paper, a new method for the numerical simulation of structural model is proposed, which is employed to analyze the pounding response of caissons subjected to storm surge loads. According to the new method, the simulation process is divided into two steps. Firstly, the wave propagation caused by storm surge is simulated by the wave-generating tool of Flow-3D, and recording the wave force time history on the caisson. Secondly, a refined 3D finite element model of caisson is established, and the wave force load is applied on the caisson according to the measured data in the first step for further analysis of structural pounding response using the explicit solver of LSDYNA. The whole simulation of pounding response of a caisson caused by "Sha Lijia" typhoon is carried out. The results show that the different wave direction results in the different angle caisson collisions, which will lead to different failure mode of caisson, and when the angle of 60 between wave direction and front/back wall is simulated, the numerical pounding failure mode is consistent with the situation.

Long life monopropellant hydrazine thruster evaluation for Space Station Freedom application

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Popp, Christopher G.; Henderson, John B.

1991-01-01

In support of propulsion system thruster development activity for Space Station Freedom (SSF), NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) is conducting a hydrazine thruster technology demonstration program. The goal of this program is to identify impulse life capability of state-of-the-art long life hydrazine thrusters nominally rated for 50 pounds thrust at 300 psia supply pressure. The SSF propulsion system requirement for impulse life of this thruster class is 1.5 million pound-seconds, corresponding to a throughput of approximately 6400 pounds of propellant, with a high performance (234 pound-seconds per propellant pound). Long life thrusters were procured from Hamilton Standard, The Marquardt Company, and Rocket Research Company. Testing has initiated on the thruster designs to identify life while simulating expected thruster firing duty cycles and durations for SSF using monopropellant grade hydrazine. This paper presents a review of the SSF propulsion system and requirements as applicable to hydrazine thrusters, the three long life thruster designs procured by JSC and the resultant acceptance test data for each thruster, and the JSC test plan and facility.

Preliminary Investigation of Performance and Starting Characteristics of Liquid Fluorine : Liquid Oxygen Mixtures with Jet Fuel

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rothenberg, Edward A; Ordin, Paul M

1954-01-01

The performance of jet fuel with an oxidant mixture containing 70 percent liquid fluorine and 30 percent liquid oxygen by weight was investigated in a 500-pound-thrust engine operating at a chamber pressure of 300 pounds per square inch absolute. A one-oxidant-on-one-fuel skewed-hole impinging-jet injector was evaluated in a chamber of characteristic length equal to 50 inches. A maximum experimental specific impulse of 268 pound-seconds per pound was obtained at 25 percent fuel, which corresponds to 96 percent of the maximum theoretical specific impulse based on frozen composition expansion. The maximum characteristic velocity obtained was 6050 feet per second at 23 percent fuel, or 94 percent of the theoretical maximum. The average thrust coefficient was 1.38 for the 500-pound thrust combustion-chamber nozzle used, which was 99 percent of the theoretical (frozen) maximum. Mixtures of fluorine and oxygen were found to be self-igniting with jet fuel with fluorine concentrations as low as 4 percent, when low starting propellant flow rated were used.

Seismic atlas of the "Messinian Salinity Crisis" markers in the Mediterranean and Black seas - Volume 2

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lofi, Johanna

2014-05-01

The Seismic atlas of the "Messinian Salinity Crisis" markers in the Mediterranean and Black seas - Volume 2 is a publication project in the framework of the study of the Messinian Salinity Crisis. It follows the publication of a first volume in 2011 (see Editors' websites: http://ccgm.free.fr & http://sgfr.free.fr) and aims to illustrate the seismic characteristics of the MSC markers over news study areas. The Messinian Salinity Crisis is a huge outstanding succession of events that deeply modified the Mediterranean area within a short time span at the geological scale. In 2011, a seismic atlas of the Messinian markers in the Mediterranean and Black seas has been published [1]. This collective work summarizes, in one publication with a common format, the most relevant seismic features related to this exceptional event in the offshore domain. It also proposes a new global and consistent terminology for the MSC markers in the entire offshore Mediterranean area in order to avoid nomenclatural problems. Throughout 13 study areas, the seismic facies, geometry and extend of the Messinian markers (bounding surfaces and depositional units) are described. The Atlas however does not provide a complete description of all what that is known about the MSC and about the geology of each study area. Accordingly, illustrations in the Atlas should be used for a global description of the offshore imprints of the MSC at a broad scale, or for local information or site-specific general interpretations. Interpreted seismic data were carefully selected according to their quality, position and significance. Raw and interpreted seismic profiles are available on CD-Rom. Volume 2 is currently under preparation with the objectives : (1) to image the Messinian seismic marker from margins and basins that have not been illustrated in the first volume and (2) to complete the extension map of the MSC markers in the offshore and onshore domains at the Mediterranean scale. As the first volume, Volume 2 will also aim to share the geological interpretation of seismic reflection data imaging Messinian markers, to make this information accessible to the non geophysician community and to be a reference work that can be used by teachers and future researchers working on the Messinian event. This publication project is still open to anybody from industry and academia willing to contribute. At the present time, 16 new sites have been identified. Publication of the Seismic atlas of the "Messinian Salinity Crisis" markers in the Mediterranean and Black seas - Volume 2 is planned for Fall 2014. For more details, contact presenting author J. Lofi (atlas coordinator). This contribution has been funded by the Actions Marges French research program. [1] : Lofi J., Deverchère J., Gaullier V., Gillet H., Gorini C., Guennoc P., Loncke L., Maillard A., Sage F. and Thinon I., 2011. Seismic atlas of the "Messinian Salinity Crisis" markers in the Mediterranean and Black Seas. Commission for the Geological Map of the World (CGMW) / Mémoires de la Société Géologique de France, n.s., 179, 72 pp., 1 CD. Atlas contributors (first authors): A. Camerlenghi, A. Del Ben, D. Do Couto, F. Estrada, F. Gallais, M. Garcia, V. Gaullier, A. Maillard, A. Micallef, M. Rossi, F. Sage, U. Schattner, A. Tassy, R. Urgeles

Improving the seismic small-scale modelling by comparison with numerical methods

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pageot, Damien; Leparoux, Donatienne; Le Feuvre, Mathieu; Durand, Olivier; Côte, Philippe; Capdeville, Yann

2017-10-01

The potential of experimental seismic modelling at reduced scale provides an intermediate step between numerical tests and geophysical campaigns on field sites. Recent technologies such as laser interferometers offer the opportunity to get data without any coupling effects. This kind of device is used in the Mesures Ultrasonores Sans Contact (MUSC) measurement bench for which an automated support system makes possible to generate multisource and multireceivers seismic data at laboratory scale. Experimental seismic modelling would become a great tool providing a value-added stage in the imaging process validation if (1) the experimental measurement chain is perfectly mastered, and thus if the experimental data are perfectly reproducible with a numerical tool, as well as if (2) the effective source is reproducible along the measurement setup. These aspects for a quantitative validation concerning devices with piezoelectrical sources and a laser interferometer have not been yet quantitatively studied in published studies. Thus, as a new stage for the experimental modelling approach, these two key issues are tackled in the proposed paper in order to precisely define the quality of the experimental small-scale data provided by the bench MUSC, which are available in the scientific community. These two steps of quantitative validation are dealt apart any imaging techniques in order to offer the opportunity to geophysicists who want to use such data (delivered as free data) of precisely knowing their quality before testing any imaging technique. First, in order to overcome the 2-D-3-D correction usually done in seismic processing when comparing 2-D numerical data with 3-D experimental measurement, we quantitatively refined the comparison between numerical and experimental data by generating accurate experimental line sources, avoiding the necessity of geometrical spreading correction for 3-D point-source data. The comparison with 2-D and 3-D numerical modelling is based on the Spectral Element Method. The approach shows the relevance of building a line source by sampling several source points, except the boundaries effects on later arrival times. Indeed, the experimental results highlight the amplitude feature and the delay equal to π/4 provided by a line source in the same manner than numerical data. In opposite, the 2-D corrections applied on 3-D data showed discrepancies which are higher on experimental data than on numerical ones due to the source wavelet shape and interferences between different arrivals. The experimental results from the approach proposed here show that discrepancies are avoided, especially for the reflected echoes. Concerning the second point aiming to assess the experimental reproducibility of the source, correlation coefficients of recording from a repeated source impact on a homogeneous model are calculated. The quality of the results, that is, higher than 0.98, allow to calculate a mean source wavelet by inversion of a mean data set. Results obtained on a more realistic model simulating clays on limestones, confirmed the reproducibility of the source impact.

KSC-2012-4343

NASA Image and Video Library

2012-08-09

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – At the Shuttle Landing Facility at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, the Morpheus prototype lander begins to lift off of the ground during a free-flight test. Testing of the prototype lander had been ongoing at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston in preparation for its first free-flight test at Kennedy Space Center. Morpheus was manufactured and assembled at JSC and Armadillo Aerospace. Morpheus is large enough to carry 1,100 pounds of cargo to the moon – for example, a humanoid robot, a small rover, or a small laboratory to convert moon dust into oxygen. The primary focus of the test is to demonstrate an integrated propulsion and guidance, navigation and control system that can fly a lunar descent profile to exercise the Autonomous Landing and Hazard Avoidance Technology, or ALHAT, safe landing sensors and closed-loop flight control. For more information on Project Morpheus, visit http://morpheuslander.jsc.nasa.gov/. Photo credit: NASA

Model Parameterization and P-wave AVA Direct Inversion for Young's Impedance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zong, Zhaoyun; Yin, Xingyao

2017-05-01

AVA inversion is an important tool for elastic parameters estimation to guide the lithology prediction and "sweet spot" identification of hydrocarbon reservoirs. The product of the Young's modulus and density (named as Young's impedance in this study) is known as an effective lithology and brittleness indicator of unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs. Density is difficult to predict from seismic data, which renders the estimation of the Young's impedance inaccurate in conventional approaches. In this study, a pragmatic seismic AVA inversion approach with only P-wave pre-stack seismic data is proposed to estimate the Young's impedance to avoid the uncertainty brought by density. First, based on the linearized P-wave approximate reflectivity equation in terms of P-wave and S-wave moduli, the P-wave approximate reflectivity equation in terms of the Young's impedance is derived according to the relationship between P-wave modulus, S-wave modulus, Young's modulus and Poisson ratio. This equation is further compared to the exact Zoeppritz equation and the linearized P-wave approximate reflectivity equation in terms of P- and S-wave velocities and density, which illustrates that this equation is accurate enough to be used for AVA inversion when the incident angle is within the critical angle. Parameter sensitivity analysis illustrates that the high correlation between the Young's impedance and density render the estimation of the Young's impedance difficult. Therefore, a de-correlation scheme is used in the pragmatic AVA inversion with Bayesian inference to estimate Young's impedance only with pre-stack P-wave seismic data. Synthetic examples demonstrate that the proposed approach is able to predict the Young's impedance stably even with moderate noise and the field data examples verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach in Young's impedance estimation and "sweet spots" evaluation.

Global seasonal strain and stress models derived from GRACE loading, and their impact on seismicity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chanard, K.; Fleitout, L.; Calais, E.; Craig, T. J.; Rebischung, P.; Avouac, J. P.

2017-12-01

Loading by continental water, atmosphere and oceans deforms the Earth at various spatio-temporal scales, inducing crustal and mantelic stress perturbations that may play a role in earthquake triggering.Deformation of the Earth by this surface loading is observed in GNSS position time series. While various models predict well vertical observations, explaining horizontal displacements remains challenging. We model the elastic deformation induced by loading derived from GRACE for coefficients 2 and higher. We estimate the degree-1 deformation field by comparison between predictions of our model and IGS-repro2 solutions at a globally distributed network of 700 GNSS sites, separating the horizontal and vertical components to avoid biases between components. The misfit between model and data is reduced compared to previous studies, particularly on the horizontal component. The associated geocenter motion time series are consistent with results derived from other datasets. We also discuss the impact on our results of systematic errors in GNSS geodetic products, in particular of the draconitic error.We then compute stress tensors time series induced by GRACE loads and discuss the potential link between large scale seasonal mass redistributions and seismicity. Within the crust, we estimate hydrologically induced stresses in the intraplate New Madrid Seismic Zone, where secular stressing rates are unmeasurably low. We show that a significant variation in the rate of micro-earthquakes at annual and multi-annual timescales coincides with stresses induced by hydrological loading in the upper Mississippi embayment, with no significant phase-lag, directly modulating regional seismicity. We also investigate pressure variations in the mantle transition zone and discuss potential correlations between the statistically significant observed seasonality of deep-focus earthquakes, most likely due to mineralogical transformations, and surface hydrological loading.

Assessment of Uncertainties Related to Seismic Hazard Using Fuzzy Analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jorjiashvili, N.; Yokoi, T.; Javakhishvili, Z.

2013-05-01

Seismic hazard analysis in last few decades has been become very important issue. Recently, new technologies and available data have been improved that helped many scientists to understand where and why earthquakes happen, physics of earthquakes, etc. They have begun to understand the role of uncertainty in Seismic hazard analysis. However, there is still significant problem how to handle existing uncertainty. The same lack of information causes difficulties to quantify uncertainty accurately. Usually attenuation curves are obtained in statistical way: regression analysis. Statistical and probabilistic analysis show overlapped results for the site coefficients. This overlapping takes place not only at the border between two neighboring classes, but also among more than three classes. Although the analysis starts from classifying sites using the geological terms, these site coefficients are not classified at all. In the present study, this problem is solved using Fuzzy set theory. Using membership functions the ambiguities at the border between neighboring classes can be avoided. Fuzzy set theory is performed for southern California by conventional way. In this study standard deviations that show variations between each site class obtained by Fuzzy set theory and classical way are compared. Results on this analysis show that when we have insufficient data for hazard assessment site classification based on Fuzzy set theory shows values of standard deviations less than obtained by classical way which is direct proof of less uncertainty.

Pseudospectral reverse time migration based on wavefield decomposition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Du, Zengli; Liu, Jianjun; Xu, Feng; Li, Yongzhang

2017-05-01

The accuracy of seismic numerical simulations and the effectiveness of imaging conditions are important in reverse time migration studies. Using the pseudospectral method, the precision of the calculated spatial derivative of the seismic wavefield can be improved, increasing the vertical resolution of images. Low-frequency background noise, generated by the zero-lag cross-correlation of mismatched forward-propagated and backward-propagated wavefields at the impedance interfaces, can be eliminated effectively by using the imaging condition based on the wavefield decomposition technique. The computation complexity can be reduced when imaging is performed in the frequency domain. Since the Fourier transformation in the z-axis may be derived directly as one of the intermediate results of the spatial derivative calculation, the computation load of the wavefield decomposition can be reduced, improving the computation efficiency of imaging. Comparison of the results for a pulse response in a constant-velocity medium indicates that, compared with the finite difference method, the peak frequency of the Ricker wavelet can be increased by 10-15 Hz for avoiding spatial numerical dispersion, when the second-order spatial derivative of the seismic wavefield is obtained using the pseudospectral method. The results for the SEG/EAGE and Sigsbee2b models show that the signal-to-noise ratio of the profile and the imaging quality of the boundaries of the salt dome migrated using the pseudospectral method are better than those obtained using the finite difference method.

Large-Scale Science Observatories: Building on What We Have Learned from USArray

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Woodward, R.; Busby, R.; Detrick, R. S.; Frassetto, A.

2015-12-01

With the NSF-sponsored EarthScope USArray observatory, the Earth science community has built the operational capability and experience to tackle scientific challenges at the largest scales, such as a Subduction Zone Observatory. In the first ten years of USArray, geophysical instruments were deployed across roughly 2% of the Earth's surface. The USArray operated a rolling deployment of seismic stations that occupied ~1,700 sites across the USA, made co-located atmospheric observations, occupied hundreds of sites with magnetotelluric sensors, expanded a backbone reference network of seismic stations, and provided instruments to PI-led teams that deployed thousands of additional seismic stations. USArray included a comprehensive outreach component that directly engaged hundreds of students at over 50 colleges and universities to locate station sites and provided Earth science exposure to roughly 1,000 landowners who hosted stations. The project also included a comprehensive data management capability that received, archived and distributed data, metadata, and data products; data were acquired and distributed in real time. The USArray project was completed on time and under budget and developed a number of best practices that can inform other large-scale science initiatives that the Earth science community is contemplating. Key strategies employed by USArray included: using a survey, rather than hypothesis-driven, mode of observation to generate comprehensive, high quality data on a large-scale for exploration and discovery; making data freely and openly available to any investigator from the very onset of the project; and using proven, commercial, off-the-shelf systems to ensure a fast start and avoid delays due to over-reliance on unproven technology or concepts. Scope was set ambitiously, but managed carefully to avoid overextending. Configuration was controlled to ensure efficient operations while providing consistent, uniform observations. Finally, community governance structures were put in place to ensure a focus on science needs and goals, to provide an informed review of the project's results, and to carefully balance consistency of observations with technical evolution. We will summarize lessons learned from USArray and how these can be applied to future efforts such as SZO.

A Survey of Pound Net Catches Near the Chesapeake Bay Mouth off Lynnhaven, 1973-1983.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-10-01

NO. NO. NO. ACCESSION NO. Norfolk, Virginia 23510-1096 I I 11 TITLE (Include Security Classfication) A Survev of Pound Net Catches Near the...reverse if necessary and identify by block number’ FIELD GROUP I SUB-GROUP Pound net catches, fin fish, Lynnhaven, commercial fishery, abundance, seasonal...summer minimum is in August, the month in which water temperatures are near maximum. The bimodality of abundance of these species is, no doubt, the result

Venous Gas Emboli and Ambulation at 4.3 PSIA (Preliminary)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Conkin, J.; Pollock, N. W.; Natoli, M. J.; Martina, S. D.; Wessel, J. H., III; Gernhardt, M. L.

2016-01-01

Ambulation imparts compressive and decompressive forces into the lower body, potentially creating quasi-stable micronuclei that influence the outcome of hypobaric depressurizations. Hypotheses: ambulation before the conclusion of a denitrogenation (prebreathe) protocol at 14.7 pounds per square inch absolute is not sufficient to increase the incidence of venous gas emboli (VGE) at 4.3 pounds per square inch absolute but is sufficient if performed after tissues become supersaturated with nitrogen at 4.3 pounds per square inch absolute.

Hydrologic data for the Big Spring basin, Clayton County, Iowa; water year 1989

USGS Publications Warehouse

Kalkhoff, S.J.; Kuzniar, R.L.

1991-01-01

During a baseflow seepage study, August 16 and 17, the measured discharge lost by streams in the basin was 2.82 cubic feet per second, the measured dissolved nitrogen load lost was 80 pounds per day, and the measured atrazine load lost was 0.002 pound per day. The total measured discharge and total dissolved nitrogen load leaving the basin in streams was 0.07 cubic feet per second and less than 20 pounds per day, respectively.

41 CFR 101-25.405 - Materials handling equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 50 45 40 30 25 20 15 10 Straddle truck 15 50 50 50 45 45 45 40 40 35 35 30 25 20 15 10 Electric Fork... percentage of acquisition costs (years in use) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Gasoline Fork truck (2000 pounds to 6000 pounds) 8 50 45 40 30 25 20 15 10 Fork truck (over 6000 pounds) 10 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15...

Cost and outcome analysis of two alcohol detoxification services.

PubMed

Parrott, Steve; Godfrey, Christine; Heather, Nick; Clark, Jenny; Ryan, Tony

2006-01-01

To examine the relationship between service use and outcomes (individual and wider consequences) using an economic analysis of a direct-access alcohol detoxification service in Manchester (the Smithfield Centre) and an NHS partial hospitalization programme in Newcastle upon Tyne (Newcastle and North Tyneside Drug and Alcohol Service, Plummer Court). A total of 145 direct-access admissions to the Smithfield Centre and 77 admissions to Plummer Court completed a battery of questionnaires shortly after intake and were followed up 6 months after discharge. Full economic data at follow-up were available for 54 Smithfield admissions and 49 Plummer Court admissions. Mean total cost of treatment per patient was pound1113 at the Smithfield Centre and pound1054 at Plummer Court in 2003-04 prices. Comparing the 6 months before treatment with the 6 months before follow-up, social costs fell by pound331 on average for each patient at Plummer Court but rose by pound1047 for each patient at the Smithfield Centre. When treatment costs and wider social costs were combined, the total cost to society at Smithfield was on average pound2159 per patient whilst at Plummer Court it was pound723 per patient. Combining the cost of treatment with drinking outcomes yielded a net cost per unit reduction in alcohol consumption of pound1.79 at Smithfield and pound1.68 at Plummer Court. Both services delivered a flexible needs-based service to very disadvantaged population at a reasonable cost and were associated with statistically significant reductions in drinking. For some patients, there was evidence of public sector resource savings but for others these detoxification services allowed those not previously in contact with services to meet health and social care needs. These patterns of cost through time are more complex than in previous evaluations of less severely dependent patients and difficult to predict from drinking patterns or patient characteristics. More research is required to judge the suitability of generic health state measures commonly in use for health economic evaluations for assessing the short-term outcomes of alcohol treatment.

21 CFR 522.1066 - Glycopyrrolate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... cats—(1) Amount. 5 micrograms per pound of body weight (0.25 milliliter per 10 pounds of body weight... cats. (2) Indications for use. As a preanesthetic agent. (3) Limitations. Federal law restricts this...

40 CFR 421.284 - Standards of performance for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... for monthly average mg/kg (pounds per million pounds) of tantalum powder produced from leaching Copper... all times. (e) Leaching wet air pollution control. NSPS for the Secondary Tantalum Subcategory...

40 CFR 421.284 - Standards of performance for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... for monthly average mg/kg (pounds per million pounds) of tantalum powder produced from leaching Copper... all times. (e) Leaching wet air pollution control. NSPS for the Secondary Tantalum Subcategory...

40 CFR 421.284 - Standards of performance for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... for monthly average mg/kg (pounds per million pounds) of tantalum powder produced from leaching Copper... all times. (e) Leaching wet air pollution control. NSPS for the Secondary Tantalum Subcategory...

40 CFR 421.284 - Standards of performance for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... for monthly average mg/kg (pounds per million pounds) of tantalum powder produced from leaching Copper... all times. (e) Leaching wet air pollution control. NSPS for the Secondary Tantalum Subcategory...

40 CFR 421.284 - Standards of performance for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... for monthly average mg/kg (pounds per million pounds) of tantalum powder produced from leaching Copper... all times. (e) Leaching wet air pollution control. NSPS for the Secondary Tantalum Subcategory...

27 CFR 21.63 - Formula No. 36.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... pounds of caustic soda, liquid grade, containing 50 percent sodium hydroxide by weight; or 12.0 pounds of caustic soda, liquid grade, containing 73 percent sodium hydroxide by weight. (b) Authorized uses. (1) As...

27 CFR 21.63 - Formula No. 36.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... pounds of caustic soda, liquid grade, containing 50 percent sodium hydroxide by weight; or 12.0 pounds of caustic soda, liquid grade, containing 73 percent sodium hydroxide by weight. (b) Authorized uses. (1) As...

27 CFR 21.63 - Formula No. 36.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... pounds of caustic soda, liquid grade, containing 50 percent sodium hydroxide by weight; or 12.0 pounds of caustic soda, liquid grade, containing 73 percent sodium hydroxide by weight. (b) Authorized uses. (1) As...

21 CFR 522.2424 - Sodium thiamylal for injection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... anesthetic in dogs, cats, swine, horses, and cattle. (2) When diluted aseptically to the desired...) Swine: 40 milligrams per 5 pounds of body weight. (iii) Horses: Light anesthesia, 1 gram per 500 pounds...

21 CFR 522.2424 - Sodium thiamylal for injection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... anesthetic in dogs, cats, swine, horses, and cattle. (2) When diluted aseptically to the desired...) Swine: 40 milligrams per 5 pounds of body weight. (iii) Horses: Light anesthesia, 1 gram per 500 pounds...

40 CFR 421.226 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...] [Reserved] Ammonia (as N) 24114.000 10600.000 (c) Vanadium decomposition wet air pollution control. PSNS for... day Maximum for monthly average mg/kg (pounds per million pounds) vanadium produced by decomposition...

40 CFR 421.226 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...] [Reserved] Ammonia (as N) 24114.000 10600.000 (c) Vanadium decomposition wet air pollution control. PSNS for... day Maximum for monthly average mg/kg (pounds per million pounds) vanadium produced by decomposition...

40 CFR 421.226 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...] [Reserved] Ammonia (as N) 24114.000 10600.000 (c) Vanadium decomposition wet air pollution control. PSNS for... day Maximum for monthly average mg/kg (pounds per million pounds) vanadium produced by decomposition...

Recycle of radioactive scrap metal from the Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant (K-25 Site)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Meehan, R.W.

1997-02-01

The scale of the metal available for reuse at the plant includes 22 million pounds of Ni, 17 million pounds of Al, 47 million pounds of copper, and 835 million pounds of steels. In addition there is a wide range of industrial equipment and other items of value. The author describes small bench scale and pilot plant scale efforts made at treating metal for decontamination and fabrication into cast stock or specialized containers for reuse within the DOE complex or release. These projects show that much of the material can be cleaned or chemically decontaminated to a level where itmore » can be free released to various markets. Of the remaining metals, much of it can be cast into products which can be absorbed within the DOE complex.« less

Calculated performance of a mercury-compressor-jet powered airplane using a nuclear reactor as an energy source

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Doyle, R B

1951-01-01

An analysis was made at a flight Mach number of 1.5, an altitude of 45,000 feet, a turbine-inlet temperature of 1460 degrees R, of a mercury compressor-jet powered airplane using a nuclear reactor as an energy source. The calculations covered a range of turbine-exhaust and turbine-inlet pressures and condenser-inlet Mach numbers. For a turbine--inlet pressure of 40 pounds per square inch absolute, a turbine-exhaust pressure of 14 pounds per square inch absolute, and a condenser-inlet Mach number of 0.23 the calculated airplane gross weight required to carry a 20,000 pound payload was 322000 pounds and the reactor heat release per unit volume was 8.9 kilowatts per cubic inch. These do not represent optimum operating conditions.

Nonmetallic Material Compatibility with Liquid Fluorine

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Price, Harold G , Jr; Douglass, Howard W

1957-01-01

Static tests were made on the compatibility of liquid fluorine with several nonmetallic materials at -3200 F and at pressures of 0 and 1500 pounds per square inch gage. The results are compared with those from previous work with gaseous fluorine at the same pressures, but at atmospheric temperature. In general, although environmental effects were not always consistent, reactivity was least with the low-temperature, low-pressure liquid fluorine. Reactivity was greatest with the warm, high-pressure gaseous fluorine. None of the liquids and greases tested was found to be entirely suitable for use in fluorine systems. Polytrifluorochloroethylene and N-43, the formula for which is (C4F9)3N, did not react with liquid fluorine at atmospheric pressure or 1500 pounds per square inch gage under static conditions, but they did react when injected into liquid fluorine at 1500 pounds per square inch gage; they also reacted with gaseous fluorine at 1500 pounds per square inch gage. While water did not react with liquid fluorine at 1500 pounds per square inch gage, it is known to react violently with fluorine under other conditions. The pipe-thread lubricant Q-Seal did not react with liquid fluorine, but did react with gaseous fluorine at 1500 pounds per square inch gage. Of the solids, ruby (Al2O3) and Teflon did not react under the test conditions. The results show that the compatibility of fluorine with nonmetals depends on the state of the fluorine and the system design.

Healthcare and patient costs of a proactive chlamydia screening programme: the Chlamydia Screening Studies project.

PubMed

Robinson, Suzanne; Roberts, Tracy; Barton, Pelham; Bryan, Stirling; Macleod, John; McCarthy, Anne; Egger, Matthias; Sanford, Emma; Low, Nicola

2007-07-01

Most economic evaluations of chlamydia screening do not include costs incurred by patients. The objective of this study was to estimate both the health service and private costs of patients who participated in proactive chlamydia screening, using mailed home-collected specimens as part of the Chlamydia Screening Studies project. Data were collected on the administrative costs of the screening study, laboratory time and motion studies and patient-cost questionnaire surveys were conducted. The cost for each screening invitation and for each accepted offer was estimated. One-way sensitivity analysis was conducted to explore the effects of variations in patient costs and the number of patients accepting the screening offer. The time and costs of processing urine specimens and vulvo-vaginal swabs from women using two nucleic acid amplification tests were similar. The total cost per screening invitation was 20.37 pounds (95% CI 18.94 pounds to 24.83). This included the National Health Service cost per individual screening invitation 13.55 pounds (95% CI 13.15 pounds to 14.33) and average patient costs of 6.82 pounds (95% CI 5.48 pounds to 10.22). Administrative costs accounted for 50% of the overall cost. The cost of proactive chlamydia screening is comparable to those of opportunistic screening. Results from this study, which is the first to collect private patient costs associated with a chlamydia screening programme, could be used to inform future policy recommendations and provide unique primary cost data for economic evaluations.

The cost-effectiveness of etanercept in patients with severe ankylosing spondylitis in the UK.

PubMed

Ara, R M; Reynolds, A V; Conway, P

2007-08-01

To examine the costs and benefits associated with long-term etanercept (ETN) treatment in patients with severe ankylosing spondylitis (AS) in the UK in accordance with the BSR guidelines. A mathematical model was constructed to estimate the costs and benefits associated with ETN plus non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) compared with NSAIDs alone. Individual patient data from Phase III RCTs was used to inform the proportion and magnitude of initial response to treatment and changes in health-related quality of life. A retrospective costing exercise on patients attending a UK secondary care rheumatology unit was used to inform disease costs. Published evidence on long-term disease progression was extrapolated over a 25-yr horizon. Uncertainty was examined using probabilistic sensitivity analyses. Over a 25-yr horizon, ETN plus NSAIDs gave 1.58 more QALYs at an additional cost of 35,978 pounds when compared with NSAID treatment alone. This equates to a central estimate of 22,700 pounds per QALY. The incremental cost per QALYs using shorter time periods were 27,600 pounds, 23,600 pounds and 22,600 pounds at 2, 5 and 15 yrs, respectively. Using a 25-yr horizon, 93% of results from the probabilistic analyses fall below a threshold of 25,000 pounds per QALY. This study demonstrates the potential cost-effectiveness of ETN plus NSAIDs compared with NSAIDs alone in patients with severe AS treated according to the BSR guidelines in the UK.

Analysis of Cameron Parish geopressured aquifer. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Durham, C.O. Jr.

1978-09-01

The Sweet Lake geopressured-geothermal prospect is located in northern Cameron Parish, Louisiana in T.12 S., R. 7 W. and T. 12 S., R. 8 W. approximately 10 to 15 miles south of Lake Charles. The region is characterized by Cenozoic sand and clay deposits of geosynclinal thickness and differentially uplifted salt structures. The primary geopressured-geothermal aquifer is the Miogyp sand of the Camerina zone (Upper Frio formation of Oligocene-Miocene age). The main prospect is located in a basin on the north flank of the Hackberry-Big Lake-Sweet Lake salt ridge. Interpretation of 27 miles of seismic lines and 17 deep wellmore » logs localizes the prospect in a basin with northwesterly dip in a graben between east--west faults converging eastward. Aquifer depth ranges from 14,000 to 18,000 feet. Net sand thickness exceeds 400 feet with 22% porosity. Temperatures range from 280/sup 0/F. (corrected) at 14,000 feet to 350/sup 0/F. at 18,000 feet. Geopressures occur below 9,000 feet with mud weight equivalents in the sand from 12 to 13 pounds per gallon. Net sand volume of one cubic mile is estimated in the area mapped.« less

High-resolution seismic reflection surveying with a land streamer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cengiz Tapırdamaz, Mustafa; Cankurtaranlar, Ali; Ergintav, Semih; Kurt, Levent

2013-04-01

In this study, newly designed seismic reflection data acquisition array (land streamer) is utilized to image the shallow subsurface. Our acquisition system consist of 24 geophones screwed on iron plates with 2 m spacing, moving on the surface of the earth which are connected with fire hose. Completely original, 4.5 Kg weight iron plates provides satisfactory coupling. This land-streamer system enables rapid and cost effective acquisition of seismic reflection data due to its operational facilities. First test studies were performed using various seismic sources such as a mini-vibro truck, buffalo-gun and hammer. The final fieldwork was performed on a landslide area which was studied before. Data acquisition was carried out on the line that was previously measured by the seismic survey using 5 m geophone and shot spacing. This line was chosen in order to re-image known reflection patterns obtained from the previous field study. Taking penetration depth into consideration, a six-cartridge buffalo-gun was selected as a seismic source to achieve high vertical resolution. Each shot-point drilled 50 cm for gunshots to obtain high resolution source signature. In order to avoid surface waves, the offset distance between the source and the first channel was chosen to be 50 m and the shot spacing was 2 m. These acquisition parameters provided 12 folds at each CDP points. Spatial sampling interval was 1 m at the surface. The processing steps included standard stages such as gain recovery, editing, frequency filtering, CDP sorting, NMO correction, static correction and stacking. Furthermore, surface consistent residual static corrections were applied recursively to improve image quality. 2D F-K filter application was performed to suppress air and surface waves at relatively deep part of the seismic section. Results show that, this newly designed, high-resolution land seismic data acquisition equipment (land-streamer) can be successfully used to image subsurface. Likewise, results are and compatible with the results obtained from the previous study. This tool is extremely practical and very effective in imaging the shallow subsurface. Next step, an integrated GPS receiver will be added to recorder to obtain shot and receiver station position information during data acquisition. Also, some mechanical parts will be placed to further improve the stability and durability of the land streamer. In addition, nonlinear geophone layout will be added after completion of test. We are planning to use this land streamer not only in landslide areas but also in archaeological sites, engineering applications such as detection of buried pipelines and faults. This equipment will make it possible to perform these studies both in urban and territory areas.

UMTS rapid response real-time seismic networks: implementation and strategies at INGV

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Govoni, Aladino; Margheriti, Lucia; Moretti, Milena; Lauciani, Valentino; Sensale, Gianpaolo; Bucci, Augusto; Criscuoli, Fabio

2015-04-01

The benefits of portable real-time seismic networks are several and well known. During the management of a temporary experiment from the real-time data it is possible to detect and fix rapidly problems with power supply, time synchronization, disk failures and, most important, seismic signal quality degradation due to unexpected noise sources or sensor alignment/tampering. This usually minimizes field maintenance trips and maximizes both the quantity and the quality of the acquired data. When the area of the temporary experiment is not well monitored by the local permanent network, the real-time data from the temporary experiment can be fed to the permanent network monitoring system improving greatly both the real-time hypocentral locations and the final revised bulletin. All these benefits apply also in case of seismic crises when rapid deployment stations can significantly contribute to the aftershock analysis. Nowadays data transmission using meshed radio networks or satellite systems is not a big technological problem for a permanent seismic network where each site is optimized for the device power consumption and is usually installed by properly specialized technicians that can configure transmission devices and align antennas. This is not usually practical for temporary networks and especially for rapid response networks where the installation time is the main concern. These difficulties are substantially lowered using the now widespread UMTS technology for data transmission. A small (but sometimes power hungry) properly configured device with an omnidirectional antenna must be added to the station assembly. All setups are usually configured before deployment and this allows for an easy installation also by untrained personnel. We describe here the implementation of a UMTS based portable seismic network for both temporary experiments and rapid response applications developed at INGV. The first field experimentation of this approach dates back to the 2009 L'Aquila aftershock sequence and since then it has been customized and refined to overcome most reliability and security issues using an industry standard VPN architecture that allows to avoid UMTS provider firewall problems and does not expose to the Internet the usually weak and attack prone data acquisition ports. With this approach all the devices are protected inside a local network and the only exposed port is the VPN server one. This solution improves both the security and the bandwidth available to data transmission. While most of the experimentation has been carried out using the RefTek units of the INGV Mobile Network this solution applies equally well to most seismic data loggers available on the market. Overall the UMTS data transmission has been used in most temporary seismic experiments and in all seismic emergencies happened in Italy since 2010 and has proved to be a very cost effective approach with real-time data acquisition rates usually greater than 97% and all the benefits that result from the fast integration of the temporary data in the National Network monitoring system and in the EIDA data bank.

Cost of schizophrenia in England.

PubMed

Mangalore, Roshni; Knapp, Martin

2007-03-01

Despite the wide-ranging financial and social burdens associated with schizophrenia, there have been few cost-of-illness studies of this illness in the UK. To provide up-to-date, prevalence based estimate of all costs associated with schizophrenia for England. A bottom-up approach was adopted. Separate cost estimates were made for people living in private households, institutions, prisons and for those who are homeless. The costs included related to: health and social care, informal care, private expenditures, lost productivity, premature mortality, criminal justice services and other public expenditures such as those by the social security system. Data came from many sources, including the UK-SCAP (Schizophrenia Care and Assessment Program) survey, Psychiatric Morbidity Surveys, Department of Health and government publications. The estimated total societal cost of schizophrenia was 6.7 billion pounds in 2004/05. The direct cost of treatment and care that falls on the public purse was about 2 billion pounds; the burden of indirect costs to the society was huge, amounting to nearly 4.7 billion pounds. Cost of informal care and private expenditures borne by families was 615 million pounds. The cost of lost productivity due to unemployment, absence from work and premature mortality of patients was 3.4 billion pounds. The cost of lost productivity of carers was 32 million pounds. Estimated cost to the criminal justice system was about 1 million pounds. It is estimated that about 570 million pounds will be paid out in benefit payments and the cost of administration associated with this is about 14 million pounds. It is difficult to compare estimates from previous cost-of-illness studies due to differences in the methods, scope of analyses and the range of costs covered. Costs estimated in this study are detailed, cover a comprehensive list of relevant items and allow for different levels of disaggregation. The main limitation of the study is that data came from a variety of secondary sources and some official data publicly available was not the latest. Schizophrenia continues to be a high cost illness because of the range of health needs that people have. Despite the shifting balance of care away from hospital-based care, the health care costs of treating and supporting people with schizophrenia remain high. Decision-makers need to recognise the breadth of economic impacts, well beyond the health system as conventionally defined. For example, as nearly 80% of schizophrenia patients remain unemployed, the cost of lost productivity is especially large. Better measurement of criminal justice services costs, private expenditures borne by families and valuation of lost quality of life could improve the estimates further.

Seismic structures in the inner and outer core constrained by the PKP observations near the caustic distance range

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yu, W.; Wen, L.; Niu, F.

2002-05-01

We have extensively collected PKP waveforms around the PKP caustic distance range (141o - 147o) recorded in several dense regional arrays and the Global Seismic Network covering from 1990 to 2000. PKP observations at this distance range (141o - 147o) are usually purposely avoided in travel time analyses, because of the interference of various PKP branches. The observations there, however, will be extremely useful for constraining the seismic structures at both the top of the inner core and the bottom of the outer core. Moreover, because PKIKP phases sample a depth range of 100 km - 170 km below the inner-core boundary at this distant range, their observations fill the sampling depth gap between the PKiKP-PKIKP observations at the smaller distances and the PKPbc-PKIKP phases at the larger distances. Before the PKP caustics (141o - 145o), the diffracted PKP phases near the B caustics (PKPBdiff) and PKiKP phases are discernible in the long-period seismograms, and their differential travel times and waveforms could be used to constrain seismic structures at the bottom of the outer core and/or at the base of the mantle. The observed long-period PKiKP-PKPBdiff waveforms exhibit a hemispheric difference between those sampling the "eastern" and "western" hemispheres, with those sampling the "western" hemisphere showing larger time separations between the two phases. These observations can be explained by models with P velocity gradients of 0.0806 (km/s)/ 200 km for the "western" hemisphere and 0.114 (km/s)/200 km for the "eastern" hemisphere at the bottom of the outer core. Alternatively, these observations can also be explained by models with different velocity structures at the bottom 200 km of the mantle with P velocity variations in an order of 3 percent with respect to PREM. Broadband PKP observations after the PKP caustics (145o - 147o), on the other hand, provide high-quality constraints on the seismic structures at both the top of the inner core and the bottom of the outer core, as PKPbc phases can be used as excellent reference phases. We explore seismic models in both the bottom of the outer core and the top of the inner core, which can consistently explain the seismic observations at the caustic distance range (141o - 147o) and the PKiKP-PKIKP observations at the closer distances (Niu and Wen, Nature, 410, 1081-1084, 2001, Wen and Niu, JGR, submitted).

Resistance of Transparent Plastics to Impact

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Axilrod, Benjamin M; Kline, Gordon M

1939-01-01

The problem of developing a windshield for aircraft which will withstand the effect of bird impacts during flight is a difficult one, as an estimate of the striking energy will indicate. If the average speed of the airplane is considered to be about 200 miles per hour and that of the bird about 70 miles per hour, the speed of the bird relative to the airplane may be as great as 400 feet per second. If a 4-pound bird is involved, a maximum impact energy of approximately 10,000 foot-pounds must be dissipated. To obtain this energy in a drop test in the Washington Monument, it would be necessary to drop a 20-pound weight down the 500-foot shaft. For both theoretical and practical reasons, it is necessary to keep the mass and speed more nearly like those to be encountered. However, to get an impact of about 10,000 foot-pounds with a 4-pound falling body, it would be necessary to drop it from a height of approximately one-half mile, neglecting air resistance. These facts will indicate some of the experimental obstacles in the way of simulating bird impacts against aircraft windshields.

40 CFR 421.85 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) Subpart H—Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control. PSES Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average mg/kg (pounds per million pounds) of zinc processed through leaching Cadmium...