Nuclear education in public health and nursing

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Winder, A.E.; Stanitis, M.A.

Twenty-three public health schools and 492 university schools of nursing were surveyed to gather specific information on educational programs related to nuclear war. Twenty public health schools and 240 nursing schools responded. Nuclear war-related content was most likely to appear in disaster nursing and in environmental health courses. Three schools of public health report that they currently offer elective courses on nuclear war. Innovative curricula included political action projects for nuclear war prevention.

Nuclear education in public health and nursing.

PubMed Central

Winder, A E; Stanitis, M A

1988-01-01

Twenty-three public health schools and 492 university schools of nursing were surveyed to gather specific information on educational programs related to nuclear war. Twenty public health schools and 240 nursing schools responded. Nuclear war-related content was most likely to appear in disaster nursing and in environmental health courses. Three schools of public health report that they currently offer elective courses on nuclear war. Innovative curricula included political action projects for nuclear war prevention. PMID:3389435

Summary Proceedings of the Congress of International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (2nd, Cambridge, England, April, 1982).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, Inc., Boston, MA.

This conference was held to alert physicians worldwide of the mortal peril of nuclear war to public health, with the hope that they will help educate their communities about the effects of nuclear war. Summary papers prepared during the conference include: medical consequences of nuclear war with special reference to Europe--immediate problems for…

Attitudes and reactions to nuclear weapons: responses to fear arousal

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Herman, K.L.

This study employed a pre-posttest design to investigate how degree of commitment to a preventive nuclear war strategy, and various demographic characteristics influence nuclear-war-related factors. Two hundred sixteen college students were assigned to one of four groups. Subjects in the first two groups completed the pretest, and waited three weeks before receiving the posttest. The posttest asked subjects in the first group to imagine and write about what might happen to them in the event of a major nuclear war, and re-administered the pretest research questions. Individuals in the second group responded to a fantasy on earthquakes, followed by themore » posttest. Subjects in the third group responded only to the nuclear was fantasy and theposttest, while those individuals in the fourth group were administered the posttest only. Subjects committed to a strategy considered their chance of death by nuclear war more likely after the nuclear-war fantasy than after the earthquake fantasy. Subjects uncommitted viewed their chance of death by nuclear was as less likely after the nuclear war fantasy than after the earthquake fantasy. This supports previous research indicating that cognitive strategies may be employed to reduce fear arousal. Women reported greater (a) chance of death by nuclear war, (b) nuclear anxiety, (c) nuclear concern, and (d) fear of the future than men. Subjects committed to a strategy expressed greater nuclear concern, greater nuclear anxiety, and employed less nuclear denial than those who were uncommitted.« less

1980 Rabinowitch Essay: A Nuclear Education Campaign.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Markusen, Eric; And Others

1981-01-01

Proposes an educational campaign that: (1) provides opportunities for citizens to learn about facts and issues relating to nuclear war; (2) stimulates the search for national security policies likely to lead to nuclear war; and (3) generates a political will to initiate social changes that eliminate threats of nuclear war. (CS)

A Nuclear Dilemma--Korean War Deja Vu

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-03-08

USAWC STRATEGY RESEARCH PROJECT A NUCLEAR DILEMMA—KOREAN WAR DEJA VU by Lieutenant Colonel Trent A. Pickering United States Air Force Colonel William...Lieutenant Colonel Trent A. Pickering TITLE: A Nuclear Dilemma—Korean War Deja Vu FORMAT: Strategy Research Project DATE: 8 March 2006 WORD COUNT: 19,270...1. REPORT DATE 15 MAR 2006 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED 00-00-2005 to 00-00-2006 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Nuclear Dilemma--Korean War Deja

Planning and Assessing Stability Operations: A Proposed Value Focus Thinking Approach

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-03-01

to avoid double -counting of possible consequences. 8... Taxes War Profiteering Arms Smuggling Grey Economy Avoidance of taxes Violation of regulations Smuggling Evasion of economic embargoes... Taxes War Profiteering Arms Smuggling Grey Economy Avoidance of taxes Violation of regulations Smuggling Evasion of economic embargoes

Before and After "The Day After": A Nationwide Survey of a Movie's Impact.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Adams, William C.; And Others

A study assessed the effect of the telelvision drama "The Day After" on attitudes toward (1) defense spending, (2) a nuclear freeze, (3) nuclear disarmament, (4) the likelihood of war, (5) the severity of such a war, (6) personal political efficacy on the issue of war and peace, and (7) the likelihood of nuclear war under the presidency…

Changing soviet doctrine on nuclear war. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

FitzGerald, M.C.

In January 1977, General Secretary L. I. Brezhnev delivered an address in the city of Tula whose impact on Soviet doctrine and capabilities continues to this day. By rejecting the possibility of a means of defense against nuclear weapons, or a damage-limiting capacity in nuclear war, Brezhnev closed the door on a debate that had lasted for over a decade in Soviet military thought. Since Tula, the Soviet politico-military leadership has presented a consensus on the reality of Mutual Assured Destruction in present-day conditions. The Soviet debate on the viability of nuclear war as an instrument of policy was likewisemore » resolved by a consensus: nuclear war is so unpromising and dangerous that it remains an instrument of policy only in theory, an instrument of policy that cannot be used. While the Soviet consensus on the diminishing military utility of nuclear weapons represents a ground-breaking shift in doctrine since the heyday of Marshal Sokolovskiy, there is scant evidence of any dispute on the new correlation of war and policy in a nuclear age. Marshal N. V. Ogarkov and other hard-minded military figures have themselves emerged as the architects of the Soviet shift away from a nuclear war-fighting and war-winning strategy, while General Secretary Gorbachev has fashioned a corresponding arms control agenda.« less

The Nuclear Family: Correspondence in Cognitive and Affective Reactions to the Threat of Nuclear War among Older Adolescents and Their Parents.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hamilton, Scott B.; And Others

1986-01-01

In order to assess the relationship between family members' cognitive and affective responses to nuclear war issues, 317 college students and their parents independently completed a multifaceted questionnaire that included items concerning personal reactions, predictions, opinions, and attitudes about nuclear war. (Author/LMO)

Post-traumatic stress disorder, social anxiety disorder, and depression in survivors of the Kosovo War: Experiential avoidance as a contributor to distress and quality of life

PubMed Central

Kashdan, Todd B.; Morina, Nexhmedin; Priebe, Stefan

2009-01-01

Few studies have been conducted on psychological disorders other than post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in war survivors. The aim of this study was to examine PTSD, social anxiety disorder (SAD), and major depressive disorder (MDD) and their associations with distress and quality of life in 174 Albanian civilian survivors of the Kosovo war. This included testing of conceptual models suggesting that experiential avoidance might influence associations between anxiety and mood disorders with psychological functioning. Each of the three psychiatric disorders was associated with greater experiential avoidance and psychological distress, and lower quality of life. Being a refugee was associated with a higher likelihood of having SAD and MDD. We found evidence for experiential avoidance as a partial mediator of the respective effects of SAD and PTSD on quality of life; experiential avoidance did not mediate the effects of disorders on global distress. We also found support for a moderation model showing that only war survivors without SAD and low experiential avoidance reported elevated quality of life; people with either SAD or excessive reliance on experiential avoidance reported compromised, low quality of life. This is the third independent study, each using a different methodology, to find empirical support for this moderation model (Kashdan & Breen, 2008; Kashdan & Steger, 2006). Overall, we provided initial evidence for the importance of addressing PTSD, SAD, MDD, and experiential avoidance in primarily civilian war survivors. PMID:18676121

Thinking About the Unthinkable: The Relationship Between Death Anxiety and Cognitive/Emotional Response to the Threat of Nuclear War.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hamilton, Scott B.; And Others

1988-01-01

Examined relationship betwen death anxiety and cognitive/emotional responses to the threat of nuclear war in 345 college students. Results from Templer Death Anxiety Scale and questionnaire about nuclear war found death anxiety positively related to nuclear anxiety, and negligibly associated with perceptions of political efficacy and support for…

The medical implications of nuclear war

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Solomon, F.; Marston, R.Q.

1986-01-01

This volume is divided into five parts. The first provides an overview of the physical and environmental effects of nuclear war, setting the stage for later sections that address the medical impact of various types of nuclear attack. Part III reviews the demand for medical resources after a nuclear attack and estimates the actual supply likely to be available. If a single one-megaton bomb were exploded over the city of Detroit, for example, it is calculated that survivors would need about forty times the number of burn beds currently available throughout the entire United States. Contributors to Part IV addressmore » the nuclear arms race from a psychosocial point of view: How does the threat of nuclear war affect the attitudes and behavior of adults and children. Studies provide evidence that many young children are worried about the possibility of nuclear war; most learn about nuclear war from television or the media and rarely discuss it with their parents. Finally in this section is a call for improving the screening system used to select nuclear weapons handlers.« less

Differential roles of childhood adversities and stressful war experiences in the development of mental health symptoms in post-war adolescents in northern Uganda.

PubMed

Okello, James; De Schryver, Maarten; Musisi, Seggane; Broekaert, Eric; Derluyn, Ilse

2014-09-09

Previous studies have shown a relationship between stressful war experiences and mental health symptoms in children and adolescents. To date, no comprehensive studies on the role of childhood adversities have been conducted with war-exposed adolescents living in post-war, low-resource settings in Sub-Saharan Africa. A cross-sectional study of 551 school-going adolescents aged 13-21 years old was undertaken four years post-war in northern Uganda. Participants completed self-administered questionnaires assessing demographics, stressful war experiences, childhood adversities, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety symptoms. Our analyses revealed a main effect of gender on all mental health outcomes except avoidance symptoms, with girls reporting higher scores than boys. Stressful war experiences were associated with all mental health symptoms, after adjusting for potential confounders. Childhood adversity was independently associated with depression symptoms but not PTSD, anxiety, and PTSD cluster symptoms. However, in situations of high childhood adversity, our analyses showed that stressful war experiences were less associated with vulnerability to avoidance symptoms than in situations of low childhood adversity. Both stressful war experiences and childhood adversities are risk factors for mental health symptoms among war-affected adolescents. Adolescents with histories of high childhood adversities may be less likely to develop avoidance symptoms in situations of high stressful war experiences. Further exploration of the differential roles of childhood adversities and stressful war experiences is needed.

Psychological aspects of nuclear war

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Thompson, J.

1985-01-01

Exploring the nature of nuclear war, this treatise examines human reaction to nuclear disaster and accidental explosions. The discussion is based on evidence of human fallibility that has emerged from the psychology of accidents and from research into decision-making in military and political contexts. The book draws on the psychology of negotiation and conflict resolution to suggest ways in which the threat of nuclear war might be reduced.

The continuing risk of nuclear war.

PubMed

McCoy, Ronald

2007-01-01

Climate change and nuclear war are currently the most dangerous challenges to human civilisation and survival. The effects of climate change are now sufficient to persuade many governments to take effective measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Today there are about 27,000 nuclear warheads, many at least ten times more powerful than the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs, and a meaningful medical response to a nuclear attack is impossible. Nevertheless, the threat of nuclear war does not raise public concern, and indeed the nuclear-weapon states are upgrading their capability. The only effective preventive measure is the abolition of nuclear weapons. Steps towards this include: a Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty, for the nuclear weapon states to observe their obligations under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, and for the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty to enter into force. The ultimate need is for a Nuclear Weapons Convention; International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War have launched an International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear weapons (ICAN) to promote a NWC.

Nuclear War: Fears and Concerns of College Students.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mayton, Daniel M., II; Delamater, Mary C.

Revised version of paper towards nuclear war were investigated. Two questionnaires were administered. The first included five incomplete sentences designed to assess indirectly each respondent's fear of nuclear war. In response to either "My greatest fear regarding the future is..." and "I worry about...", 23 of 127, or 18.1 percent of those…

The Measurement of Nuclear War Attitudes: Methods and Concerns.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mayton, Daniel M., II

Measures of adults' attitudes toward nuclear war are briefly discussed, and Mayton's Modified World Affairs Questionnaire (MWAQ) is described. The 23-item MWAQ was developed from Novak and Lerner's World Affairs Questionnaire, a nuclear war attitude measure by Mayton and Delamater, and related interview items by Jeffries. When the MWAQ was…

Posttraumatic Intrusion, Avoidance, and Social Functioning: A 20-Year Longitudinal Study

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Solomon, Zahava; Mikulincer, Mario

2007-01-01

The study assesses posttraumatic intrusion, avoidance, and social functioning among 214 Israeli combat veterans from the first Lebanon War with and without combat stress reaction (CSR) 1, 2, 3, and 20 years after the war. CSR veterans reported higher intrusion and avoidance than did non-CSR veterans. With time, there was a decline in these…

Active war in Sri Lanka: Children's war exposure, coping, and posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity.

PubMed

Soysa, Champika K; Azar, Sandra T

2016-01-01

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in response to active war is understudied among Sinhalese children in Sri Lanka. We investigated PTSD symptom severity in children using child (n = 60) and mother (n = 60) reports; child-reported war exposure and coping; as well as self-reported maternal PTSD symptom severity. The study addressed active war in 2 rural locations (acute and chronic community war exposure). Child-reports were significantly greater than mother-reports of child PTSD symptom severity. Furthermore, children's war exposure, child-reported and mother-reported child PTSD symptom severity, and maternal PTSD symptom severity were significantly greater in the acute versus chronic community war exposure location, but children's approach and avoidance coping did not significantly differ, indicating a potential ceiling effect. Children's war exposure significantly, positively predicted child-reported child PTSD symptom severity, controlling for age, gender, and maternal PTSD symptom severity, but only maternal PTSD symptom severity significantly, positively predicted mother-reported child PTSD symptom severity. Avoidance coping (in both acute and chronic war) significantly positively mediated the children's war exposure-child-reported child PTSD symptom severity relation, but not mother-reports of the same. Approach coping (in chronic but not acute war) significantly, positively mediated the children's war exposure-child-reported and mother-reported child PTSD symptom severity relations. We advanced the literature on long-term active war by confirming the value of children's self-reports, establishing that both approach and avoidance coping positively mediated the war-exposure-PTSD symptom severity relation, and that the mediation effect of approach coping was situationally moderated by acute verses chronic community war exposure among Sri Lankan children. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved).

Just-war tradition in the nuclear age: is it ever moral to push the button. Student essay

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Carney, J.L.

1987-03-23

Because of the massive destructiveness of nuclear weapons, many nuclear ethicists have asserted that their use in war is contrary to just-war traditions which have guided Western moral thought since at least the Fifth Century. This position creates a significant dilemma for US officials who must keep their fingers on the nuclear trigger as part of our national defense strategy. This essay examines the dimensions of that dilemma by reviewing the principles of the just-war tradition and applying them to modern total-war concepts. It concludes by examining three possible solutions to the dilemma, (1) deployment of a strategic defense system,more » such as that contemplated by SDI; (2) arms control; and (3) establishment of a world police authority under the auspices of the United Nations to enforce nuclear disarmament and to intervene, if necessary, to prevent a total conventional war between the great powers.« less

Nuclear War. The moral dimension

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Child, J.W.

1985-01-01

U.S. nuclear policy has become the target of increasing criticism during the past decade. Critics often argue that the use of nuclear weapons would be irrational, would destroy humankind, and thus could not serve any rational policy goal. Other critics point to the immortality of the use of nuclear weapons. Both groups condemn U.S. military policy. In Nuclear War, James Child considers and rejects both these lines of criticism. He argues that a policy of deterrence can be both rational and moral; that U.S. nuclear policy is, on balance, based on rational and moral foundations. Child examines near-term consequences ofmore » a nuclear war and finds them ghastly but not unthinkable or incomparable to the havoc produced by previous wars. He also analyzes long-term consequences, such as those proposed by the ''nuclear winter'' theory, and finds the fear of total annihilation of humankind to be unfounded.« less

Adolescents and the threat of nuclear war: the evolution of a perspective.

PubMed Central

Beardslee, W. R.; Mack, J. E.

1983-01-01

The authors briefly review recent work in the area of the impact of the threat of nuclear war on children and adolescents. They explore some of the difficulties inherent in understanding the possible effects of the threat of nuclear war on children based on their research experience in the area. PMID:6636837

Peace and Nuclear War. ERIC Digest No. 21.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zola, John; Zola, Jaye

This ERIC Digest examines the nature of peace and nuclear war education, rationales for its inclusion in public school programs, and ways to deal with the controversial nature of the topics. A distinction between peace education and nuclear war education is followed by a description of four basic themes offered as a rationale for peace and nuclear…

Nuclear weapons and medicine: some ethical dilemmas.

PubMed

Haines, A; de B White, C; Gleisner, J

1983-12-01

The enormous destructive power of present stocks of nuclear weapons poses the greatest threat to public health in human history. Technical changes in weapons design are leading to an increased emphasis on the ability to fight a nuclear war, eroding the concept of deterrence based on mutually assured destruction and increasing the risk of nuclear war. Medical planning and civil defence preparations for nuclear war have recently been increased in several countries although there is little evidence that they will be of significant value in the aftermath of a nuclear conflict. These developments have raised new ethical dilemmas for those in health professions. If there is any risk of use of weapons of mass destruction, then support for deterrence with these weapons as a policy for national or global security appears to be incompatible with basic principles of medical ethics and international law. The primary medical responsibility under such circumstances is to participate in attempts to prevent nuclear war.

Accidental Nuclear War: The Growing Peril. Part I [and] Part II.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Newcombe, Alan, Ed.

1984-01-01

Two volumes designed to increase awareness of accidental nuclear war dangers are presented. The first of 5 sections in volume I proposes that although accidental war is preventable, the current arms race and secrecy about accidents and false alarms increase the possibility of an accidental war. Section 2 posits that decreased decision-making time…

The Evolution of India’s Nuclear Program: Implications for the United States

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-05-22

be a part of the global nuclear regime: “On the one hand, nuclear weapons were considered a shameful badge worn by the great powers of the cold war ...Asian region, balancing their policies between the needed Pakistani support for the Global War on Terror (GWOT) with the desire to maintain India as an...1990s: On the Brink of Nuclear War in South Asia .................................................... 25 Section 3: Indian Military Capability

Bishops and the bomb: the morality of nuclear deterrrence

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lawler, P.F.

1982-01-01

Roman Catholic bishops in the US are now discussing a Pastoral Letter on the morality of nuclear defense. Since a nuclear war would be an unprecedented horror, nations have a moral obligation to make such a war less likely. That, in turn, implies a moral obligation to think clearly and cogently on the best strategies for nuclear defense. The author argues that the US has a moral obligation to safeguard peace with a revised, strengthened nuclear deterrent. He contends that ideology and irresponsible international behavior, not weapons, cause war.

Japan's anti-nuclear weapons policy misses its target, even in the war on terrorism.

PubMed

DiFilippo, Anthony

2003-01-01

While actively working to promote the abolition of all nuclear weapons from the world since the end of the cold war, Japan's disarmament policies are not without problems. Promoting the elimination of nuclear weapons as Japan remains under the US nuclear umbrella creates a major credibility problem for Tokyo, since this decision maintains a Japanese deterrence policy at the same time that officials push for disarmament. Tokyo also advocates a gradual approach to the abolition of nuclear weapons, a decision that has had no effect on those countries that have been conducting sub-critical nuclear testing, nor stopped India and Pakistan from carrying out nuclear tests. Consistent with Article 9 of the Constitution, the Japanese war-renouncing constitutional clause, Tokyo toughened Japan's sizeable Official Development Assistance (ODA) programme in the early 1990s. Because of the anti-military guidelines included in Japan's ODA programme, Tokyo stopped new grant and loan aid to India and Pakistan in 1998 after these countries conducted nuclear tests. However, because of the criticism Japan faced from its failure to participate in the 1991 Gulf War, Tokyo has been seeking a new Japanese role in international security during the post-cold war period. Deepening its commitment to the security alliance with the US, Tokyo has become increasingly influenced by Washington's global polices, including the American war on terrorism. After Washington decided that Pakistan would be a key player in the US war on terrorism, Tokyo restored grant and loan aid to both Islamabad and New Delhi, despite the unequivocal restrictions of Japan's ODA programme.

Impacts of Geoengineering and Nuclear War on Chinese Agriculture

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xia, L.; Robock, A.

2011-12-01

Climate is one of the most important factors determining crop yields and world food supplies. To be well prepared for possible futures, it is necessary to study yield changes of major crops under different climate scenarios. Here we consider two situations: stratospheric sulfate geoengineering and nuclear war. Although we certainly do not advocate either scenario, we cannot exclude the possibilities: if global warming is getting worse, we might have to deliberately manipulate global temperature; if nuclear weapons still exist, we might face a nuclear war catastrophe. Since in both scenarios there would be reductions of temperature, precipitation, and insolation, which are three controlling factors on crop growth, it is important to study food supply changes under the two cases. We conducted our simulations for China, because it has the highest population and crop production in the world and it is under the strong influence of the summer monsoon, which would be altered in geoengineering and nuclear war scenarios. To examine the effects of climate changes induced by geoengineering and nuclear war on Chinese agriculture, we use the DSSAT crop model. We first evaluate the model by forcing it with daily weather data and management practices for the period 1978-2008 for all the provinces in China, and compare the results to observations of the yields of major crops in China (middle season rice, winter wheat, and maize). Then we perturbed observed weather data using climate anomalies for geoengineering and nuclear war simulations using NASA GISS ModelE. For stratospheric geoengineering, we consider the injection of 5 Tg SO2 per year into the tropical lower stratosphere. For the nuclear war scenario, we consider the effects of 5 Tg of soot that could be injected into the upper troposphere by a war between India and Pakistan using only 100 Hiroshima-size atomic bombs dropped on cities. We perturbed each year of the 31-year climate record with anomalies from each year of geoengineering and nuclear war simulations for different regions in China. Without changes of agricultural technology, we found that in both climate scenarios, the national crop production decreases, but different regions responded differently, indicating that the climate under which agriculture is conducted is a key factor to determine the impacts of geoengineering and nuclear war on agriculture. In southern China, the cooling helps the rice and maize grow. In northern China, the cooling makes the temperatures so cold that it hurts crop productivity, and in western China, the reduction of precipitation causes failed crop growth. To adapt to geoengineering and nuclear war scenarios, we could substitute crops that would grow better in the perturbed climate, increase fertilizer usage, irrigate agricultural land, change planting date, or change to seeds which are tolerant of cooler and drier climates.

Nuclear Weapons and Communication Studies: A Review Essay.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Taylor, Bryan C.

1998-01-01

Reviews the body of work inspired by the late Cold War period, where nuclear weapons briefly became a compelling object for communication scholars. Considers the prospects for nuclear communication scholarship in post-Cold War culture. Discusses "nuclear criticism" and issues regarding the bomb in communication. (SC)

Coping and mental health outcomes among Sierra Leonean war-affected youth: Results from a longitudinal study.

PubMed

Sharma, Manasi; Fine, Shoshanna L; Brennan, Robert T; Betancourt, Theresa S

2017-02-01

This study explored how coping with war-related traumatic events in Sierra Leone impacted mental health outcomes among 529 youth (aged 10-17 at baseline; 25% female) using longitudinal data from three time points (Time 1 in 2002, Time 2 in 2004, and Time 3 in 2008). We examined two types of coping items (approach and avoidance); used multiple regression models to test their relations with long-term mental health outcomes (internalizing behaviors, externalizing behaviors, adaptive/prosocial behaviors, and posttraumatic stress symptoms); and used mediation analyses to test whether coping explained the relation between previous war exposures (being raped, death of parent(s), or killing/injuring someone during the war) and those outcomes. We found that avoidance coping items were associated with lower internalizing and posttraumatic stress behaviors at Time 3, and provided some evidence of mediating the relation between death of parent(s) during the war and the two outcomes mentioned above. Approach coping was associated with higher Time 3 adaptive/prosocial behaviors, whereas avoidance coping was associated with lower Time 3 adaptive/prosocial behaviors. Avoidance coping may be a protective factor against mental illness, whereas approach coping may be a promotive factor for adaptive/prosocial behaviors in war-affected societies. This study has important implications for designing and implementing mental health interventions for youth in postconflict settings.

Wartime nuclear weapons research in Germany and Japan.

PubMed

Grunden, Walter E; Walker, Mark; Yamnazaki, Masakatsu

2005-01-01

This article compares military research projects during the Second World War to develop nuclear weapons in Germany and Japan, two countries who lost the war and failed to create nuclear weapons. The performance and motivations of the scientists, as well as the institutional support given the work, is examined, explaining why, in each case, the project went as far as it did-but no further. The story is carried over into the postwar period, when the two cultures and their scientists had to deal with the buildup of nuclear weapons during the cold war and the new nuclear power industry.

Summary Proceedings of the Congress of International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (1st, Airlie, Virginia, March 20-25, 1981).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, Inc., Boston, MA.

Physicians charged with the responsibility for the lives of their patients and the health of the community must begin to explore a new province of prevention medicine, the prevention of nuclear war. This conference was held to alert these physicians worldwide, of the mortal peril to public health which could result from nuclear war. The hope is…

Nuclear Strategy and World Order: The United States Imperative.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Beres, Louis Rene

The current U.S. nuclear strategy goes beyond the legitimate objective of survivable strategic forces to active preparation for nuclear war. The Reagan administration strategy rejects minimum deterrence and prepares for a nuclear war that might be protracted and controlled. The strategy reflects the understanding that a combination of counterforce…

Potential Nuclear Conflict: Attention Adult Educators.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gleazer, Edmund J.

1983-01-01

Teaching about potential nuclear conflict is increasing in schools, colleges, and universities. A group of faculty from many universities across the United States has formed United Campuses to Prevent Nuclear War (UCAM) to produce teaching materials and publish summaries of courses on nuclear war. One such course at Lafayette College…

Nuclear War and Its Consequences on Television News.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rubin, David M.; Cummings, Constance

1989-01-01

Studies how network television news responded to three 1983 news stories on the nuclear threat: (1) the theory of nuclear winter; (2) the fictional film "The Day After"; and (3) discussion by members of the Reagan administration of the possibility of fighting and prevailing in a limited nuclear war. (MS)

Locus of Control and Likelihood of Nuclear War: Two Studies.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Erdahl, Paul; Rounds, James B.

The Nuclear Locus of Control (NLOC) scales were constructed to assess beliefs as to whether nuclear war and nuclear policy decisions are, or can be, influenced by oneself, powerful others, or chance. Three scales measuring internal, powerful others, and chance nuclear LOC show internal consistency estimates (Cronbach's Alpha) of .87, .76, and .85,…

Stretching and Exploiting Thresholds for High-Order War: How Russia, China, and Iran are Eroding American Influence Using Time-Tested Measures Short of War

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-01-01

war including the use of many nuclear weapons—on the other. Although the simplifications in linear sequencing theory were adequate to help U.S. deci ...Liberation Army SDF Self -Defense Forces 1 CHAPTER ONE Time-Tested Measures Short of War This report describes a dangerous strategic weakness of the...representative of standard—and long- standing—practices in international behavior.6 The bilateral, nuclear-era Cold War theories of military escalation that

Nuclear weapons and medicine: some ethical dilemmas.

PubMed Central

Haines, A; de B White, C; Gleisner, J

1983-01-01

The enormous destructive power of present stocks of nuclear weapons poses the greatest threat to public health in human history. Technical changes in weapons design are leading to an increased emphasis on the ability to fight a nuclear war, eroding the concept of deterrence based on mutually assured destruction and increasing the risk of nuclear war. Medical planning and civil defence preparations for nuclear war have recently been increased in several countries although there is little evidence that they will be of significant value in the aftermath of a nuclear conflict. These developments have raised new ethical dilemmas for those in health professions. If there is any risk of use of weapons of mass destruction, then support for deterrence with these weapons as a policy for national or global security appears to be incompatible with basic principles of medical ethics and international law. The primary medical responsibility under such circumstances is to participate in attempts to prevent nuclear war. PMID:6668585

Radioactive fallout projections and arms control agreements: INF (Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces) and START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shapiro, C.S.

1988-02-01

Projections of levels of radioactive fallout from a nuclear war are sensitive to assumptions about the structure of the nuclear stockpiles as well as the assumed scenarios for a nuclear war. Recent arms control proposals would change these parameters. This paper examines the implications of the proposed (Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces) INF treaty and (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) START on fallout projections from a major nuclear war. We conclude that the INF reductions are likely to have negligible effects on estimates of global and local fallout, whereas the START reductions could result in reductions in estimates of local fallout that rangemore » from significant to dramatic, depending upon the nature of the reduced strategic forces. Should a major war occur, projections of total fatalities from direct effects of blast, thermal radiation, a nd fallout, and the phenomenon known as nuclear winter, would not be significantly affected by INF and START initiatives as now drafted. 14 refs.« less

Student attitudes toward the threat of nuclear war: Friends as influential reference persons

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Marasch, M.J.

A renewed interest in research into the psychology of the threat of nuclear war occurred in the past decade as national attention focused increasingly on the arms race between the US and the USSR. Some of this research began the task of exploring the social influences upon attitudes and responses to the nuclear threat. Research on friends as potential influences upon nuclear attitudes was minimal. The present study investigated the role of college friends as potential reference persons in the formation of nuclear attitudes. A battery of questionnaires addressing various nuclear war and non-nuclear war attitudes was completed by 200more » student-friend dyads from introductory psychology and sociology courses at the University of North Dakota. Three hypotheses were presented in this study. One hypothesis was that students would perceive their friends as having similar attitudes toward the threat of nuclear war. A second hypothesis was that the actual attitudes between pairs of students and friends would be similar. The third hypothesis was that the attitudes would have become more similar over the course of the development of the friendship (as measured retrospectively). The first hypothesis was borne out by the data. The second and third hypotheses were not supported. There are several implications of the findings. One implication is that the nuclear issue may not be as salient to college students as other, more immediate, issues. Another implication is that a relative lack of communication between college students on political issues precludes more effective mutual influence upon the development and change of such attitudes. A false consensus bias appeared to be operative when the students perceived that their attitudes were similar. Further discussion is presented in regard to past and future psychological research upon nuclear war attitudes.« less

The biomedicalisation of war and military remains: US nuclear worker compensation in the 'post-Cold War'.

PubMed

Krupar, Shiloh

2013-01-01

This paper analyses the recent legislation and administration of United States nuclear worker compensation--the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Programme Act (EEOICPA)--in order to show the domestic impacts of war and the social order that has been established to respond to the Cold War legacy of occupational exposures, illness, and death. Examining the epistemological politics and material effects of compensation, an insufficiently analysed aspect of the Cold War, I argue that the system designed to redress the occupational exposures of nuclear workers accomplishes something else: obscuring the ethical problem of misinformation and missing data from the Cold War era; mobilising an industry of knowledge and market-economic opportunities in the arena of biomedical exposure assessment and dose reconstruction for parts of the former US nuclear complex; and, lastly, dematerialising and depoliticising geographies of the Cold War and its differential impacts through an individualistic epidemiological reprocessing of radiation exposures. The paper shows how the general claims procedure, combined with two methods mandated by EEOICPA--dose reconstruction and the probability of causation--effectively de-link workers from each other, and worksites from homes, pin compensation to a cost-benefit logic, implicate genuine scientific complexity and uncertainty in an ongoing denial of the toxic legacies of war, and ethically undermine the social justice aims of the legislation. The article ends by considering some of the ways that US nuclear workers have responded to living as the remains of both US bomb production and the compensation system.

Proliferation: Threat and response

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1996-04-01

During the height of the Cold War, the Russian physicist Andre Sakharov said, `Reducing the risk of annihilating humanity in a nuclear war carries an absolute priority over all other considerations.` The end of the Cold War has reduced the threat of global nuclear war, but today a new threat is rising from the global spread of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons. Hostile groups and nations have tried - or have been able - to obtain these weapons, the technology, and homegrown ability to make them or ballistic missiles that can deliver the massive annihilation, poison, and death of thesemore » weapons hundreds of miles away. For rogue nations, these weapons are a ticket to power, stature, and confidence in regional war.« less

Adult Public Education for Nuclear Terrorism: An Analysis of Cold War and War on Terror Preparedness Discourses

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fisher, Debra A.

2014-01-01

The nuclear terrorist threat is far greater today than ever before, but the United States is unprepared to respond to the aftermath of a nuclear attack, whether perpetrated by rogue nuclear countries or the terrorist groups they support. Following the detonation of an improvised nuclear device (IND), citizens, not government personnel, become the…

Nuclear Winter: Uncertainties Surround the Long-Term Effects of Nuclear War. Report to the Congress.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

General Accounting Office, Washington, DC.

Nuclear winter, a term used to describe potential long-term climate and environmental effects of nuclear war, has been a subject of debate and controversy. This report examines and presents scientific and policy implications of nuclear winter. Contents include: (1) an executive summary (highlighting previous and current studies on the topic); (2)…

The nuclear dilemma and the just war tradition

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

O'Brien, W.V.; Langan, J.

This book presents papers on the ethical aspects of nuclear weapons. Topics considered include the concept of a ''just'' war, national defense, political aspects, religion and politics, the failure of deterrence, conventional warfare, nuclear deterrence and democratic politics, the future of the nuclear debate, non-proliferation policy, arms control, national security, and government policies.

Post-traumatic stress disorder, social anxiety disorder, and depression in survivors of the Kosovo War: experiential avoidance as a contributor to distress and quality of life.

PubMed

Kashdan, Todd B; Morina, Nexhmedin; Priebe, Stefan

2009-03-01

Few studies have been conducted on psychological disorders other than post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in war survivors. The aim of this study was to examine PTSD, social anxiety disorder (SAD), and major depressive disorder (MDD) and their associations with distress and quality of life in 174 Albanian civilian survivors of the Kosovo War. This included testing of conceptual models suggesting that experiential avoidance might influence associations between anxiety and mood disorders with psychological functioning. Each of the three psychiatric disorders was associated with greater experiential avoidance and psychological distress, and lower quality of life. Being a refugee was associated with a higher likelihood of having SAD and MDD. We found evidence for experiential avoidance as a partial mediator of the respective effects of SAD and PTSD on quality of life; experiential avoidance did not mediate the effects of disorders on global distress. We also found support for a moderation model showing that only war survivors without SAD and low experiential avoidance reported elevated quality of life; people with either SAD or excessive reliance on experiential avoidance reported compromised, low quality of life. This is the third independent study, each using a different methodology, to find empirical support for this moderation model [Kashdan, T. B., & Breen, W. E. (2008). Social anxiety and positive emotions: a prospective examination of a self-regulatory model with tendencies to suppress or express emotions as a moderating variable. Behavior Therapy, 39, 1-12; Kashdan, T. B., & Steger, M. F. (2006). Expanding the topography of social anxiety: an experience sampling assessment of positive emotions and events, and emotion suppression. Psychological Science, 17, 120-128]. Overall, we provided initial evidence for the importance of addressing PTSD, SAD, MDD, and experiential avoidance in primarily civilian war survivors.

The Role of Education in Preventing Nuclear War.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Markusen, Eric; Harris, John B.

1984-01-01

Examines the role of education in the Holocaust of Nazi Germany, discusses U.S. nuclear weapons policy and factors of psychological resistance that have limited citizen participation in decision making, and explores the potential of education to help prevent nuclear war. (Author/SK)

Nuclear Weapons, Nuclear War and the Health Professions: Curriculum Development in Medical Schools.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cassell, Christine K.; McCally, Michael

1984-01-01

Describes the design and development of a 10-week course entitled Medical Consequences of Nuclear War, offered to medical and nursing students at the Oregon Health Sciences University. Other curriculum models and teaching materials are also discussed. (SK)

Nationalism, Nuclear Policy and Children in Cold War America.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stephens, Sharon

1997-01-01

Theorizes the place of children in America's "Cold War Consensus" of the 1950s-60s. Counterposes dominant Cold War images of abstract, generic children (inevitably white middle class) to actual children most vulnerable to risks associated with nuclear weapons production and testing. Concludes that in various ways, these children were all…

"A Hedge against the Future": The Post-Cold War Rhetoric of Nuclear Weapons Modernization

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Taylor, Bryan C.

2010-01-01

Rhetoric has traditionally played an important role in constituting the nuclear future, yet that role has changed significantly since the declared end of the Cold War. Viewed from the perspectives of nuclear criticism and postmodern theories of risk and security, current rhetoric of US nuclear modernization demonstrates how contingencies of voice…

The Soviet program for peaceful uses of nuclear explosions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nordyke, M.D.

1996-07-24

The concept of utilizing the weapons of war to serve the peaceful pursuits of mankind is as old as civilization itself. Perhaps the most famous reference to this basic desire is recorded in the Book of Micah where the great prophet Isiah called upon his people `to turn your spears into pitchforks and your swords into plowshares.` As the scientists at Los Alamos worked on developing the world`s first atomic bomb, thoughts of how this tremendous new source of energy could be used for peaceful purposes generally focused on using the thermal energy generated by the slow fission of uraniummore » in a reactor, such as those being used to produce Plutonium to drive electric power stations. However, being scientists in a new, exciting field, it was impossible to avoid letting their minds wander from the task at hand to other scientific or non-military uses for the bombs themselves. During the Manhattan Project, Otto Frisch, one of the pioneers in the development of nuclear fission process in the 1930s, first suggested using an atomic explosion as a source for a large quantities of neutrons which could used in scientific experiments designed to expand their understanding of nuclear physics. After the war was over, many grandiose ideas appeared in the popular press on how this new source of energy should be to serve mankind. Not to be left out of the growing enthusiasm for peaceful uses of atomic energy, the Soviet Union added their visions to the public record. This document details the Soviet program for using nuclear explosions in peacetime pursuits.« less

Nuclear war effects studied

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Widespread starvation resulting from changes in climate in the aftermath of a large-scale nuclear war could kill far more people than would the bombs themselves. That prediction was made in a recent study by the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE), an a rm of the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU). “Noncombatant and combatant countries alike” would risk mass starvation; SCOPE predicted that all told, 2.5 billion people could die as a result of crop failures and breakdowns in food distribution after a nuclear war.

Catholic doctrine and nuclear dogmatics

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Paradise, S.I.

The bishops' pastoral letter challenging US nuclear strategy is based on the moral doctrine of a just war and post-World War II anti-Communist developments within the church. They advocate non-violence and active pursuit of peace, but retain the just war theory. They interpret nuclear deterrence as morally flawed and a driving force in the arms race, but they offer a moral loophole by advocating only bilateral and verifiable disarmament. The controversy centers on how quickly Christians are obligated to act. 9 references. (DCK)

Superpower nuclear minimalism in the post-Cold War era

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Graben, E.K.

1992-07-01

With the end of the Cold War and the breakup of the Soviet Union, the strategic environment has fundamentally changed, so it would seem logical to reexamine strategy as well. There are two main schools of nuclear strategic thought: a maximalist school, which emphasizes counterforce superiority and nuclear war-fighting capability, and a MAD-plus school, which emphasizes survivability of an assured destruction capability along with the ability to deliver small, limited nuclear attacks in the event that conflict occurs. The MAD-plus strategy is the more logical of the two strategies, because the maximalist strategy is based on an attempt to conventionalizemore » nuclear weapons which is unrealistic.« less

Superpower nuclear minimalism in the post-Cold War era?. Revised

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Graben, E.K.

1992-07-01

With the end of the Cold War and the breakup of the Soviet Union, the strategic environment has fundamentally changed, so it would seem logical to reexamine strategy as well. There are two main schools of nuclear strategic thought: a maximalist school, which emphasizes counterforce superiority and nuclear war-fighting capability, and a MAD-plus school, which emphasizes survivability of an assured destruction capability along with the ability to deliver small, limited nuclear attacks in the event that conflict occurs. The MAD-plus strategy is the more logical of the two strategies, because the maximalist strategy is based on an attempt to conventionalizemore » nuclear weapons which is unrealistic.« less

Data Base Analysis for Perceptions of Emergency Programs.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-02-01

greater anxiety re the nuclear issue is possible long term. Concern About Nuclear War The possibility of nuclear war is a salient issue for the general...role for nuclear plants more long term (into the next century). Apparently, the public hopes for improvements in technology to mitigate nuclear hazards...ticular. More than half (54%) of government officials currently believe that management of decommissioned plants is the most important long -term

Personality Correlates of Nuclear War Threat Perception.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mayton, Daniel M., II

This study investigated the relationship between individual personality characteristics and the threat of nuclear war among 192 introductory psychology students at a small college in the Pacific Northwest. One measure of nuclear threat perception was spontaneous concern, which was assessed using five presentations each of the incomplete sentences,…

Projected Costs of U.S. Nuclear Forces, 2017 to 2026

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-02-01

CBO FEBRUARY 2017 Projected Costs of U.S. Nuclear Forces, 2017 to 2026 Nuclear weapons have been a cornerstone of U.S. national security since they...were developed during World War II. In the Cold War, nuclear forces were central to U.S. defense policy, resulting in the buildup of a large...arsenal. Since that time, nuclear forces have figured less prominently than conventional forces, and the United States has not built any new nuclear

Temperament, character, and suicidality among Croatian war veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder.

PubMed

Jakšić, Nenad; Aukst-Margetić, Branka; Marčinko, Darko; Brajković, Lovorka; Lončar, Mladen; Jakovljević, Miro

2015-03-01

The occurrence of suicidal thoughts and behaviors is rather frequent among war veterans, particularly those suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Understanding factors present within these individuals that increase suicide risk may inform prevention efforts. The present study aimed to determine whether the dimensions of temperament and character are associated with various aspects of suicidality among Croatian war veterans with PTSD. A sample of 72 Croatian male war veterans (mean age 52.33 years) diagnosed with PTSD was gathered at the National Center for Psychotrauma between May and October 2014. The participants completed the Temperament and Character Inventory - Revised (TCI-R) and the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire - Revised (SBQ-R). Zero-order analyses revealed that temperament dimension Harm avoidance and character dimension Self-directedness were moderately associated with the total risk for suicide (i.e., the SBQ-R total score), while Persistence and Cooperativeness showed significant but weaker relations. Different dimensions of suicidality were associated with different personality traits. Harm Avoidance was shown to be significantly increased among the subgroup of war veterans with high suicidal risk. Notwithstanding some limitations of this study, these findings could help extend our understanding of the elevated suicide risk in war veterans with PTSD. Detection of individuals displaying high Harm Avoidance and low Self-Directedness might facilitate prevention of suicidal behaviors in this population.

Healing a Sick World: Psychiatric Medicine and the Atomic Age.

PubMed

Zwigenberg, Ran

2018-01-01

The onset of nuclear warfare in Hiroshima and Nagasaki had far-reaching implications for the world of medicine. The study of the A-bomb and its implications led to the launching of new fields and avenues of research, most notably in genetics and radiation studies. Far less understood and under-studied was the impact of nuclear research on psychiatric medicine. Psychological research, however, was a major focus of post-war military and civilian research into the bomb. This research and the perceived revolutionary impact of atomic energy and warfare on society, this paper argues, played an important role in the global development of post-war psychiatry. Focusing on psychiatrists in North America, Japan and the United Nations, this paper examines the reaction of the profession to the nuclear age from the early post-war period to the mid 1960s. The way psychiatric medicine related to atomic issues, I argue, shifted significantly between the immediate post-war period and the 1960s. While the early post-war psychiatrists sought to help society deal with and adjust to the new nuclear reality, later psychiatrists moved towards a more radical position that sought to resist the establishment's efforts to normalise the bomb and nuclear energy. This shift had important consequences for research into the psychological trauma suffered by victims of nuclear warfare, which, ultimately, together with other research into the impact of war and systematic violence, led to our current understanding of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).

Healing a Sick World: Psychiatric Medicine and the Atomic Age

PubMed Central

Zwigenberg, Ran

2018-01-01

The onset of nuclear warfare in Hiroshima and Nagasaki had far-reaching implications for the world of medicine. The study of the A-bomb and its implications led to the launching of new fields and avenues of research, most notably in genetics and radiation studies. Far less understood and under-studied was the impact of nuclear research on psychiatric medicine. Psychological research, however, was a major focus of post-war military and civilian research into the bomb. This research and the perceived revolutionary impact of atomic energy and warfare on society, this paper argues, played an important role in the global development of post-war psychiatry. Focusing on psychiatrists in North America, Japan and the United Nations, this paper examines the reaction of the profession to the nuclear age from the early post-war period to the mid 1960s. The way psychiatric medicine related to atomic issues, I argue, shifted significantly between the immediate post-war period and the 1960s. While the early post-war psychiatrists sought to help society deal with and adjust to the new nuclear reality, later psychiatrists moved towards a more radical position that sought to resist the establishment’s efforts to normalise the bomb and nuclear energy. This shift had important consequences for research into the psychological trauma suffered by victims of nuclear warfare, which, ultimately, together with other research into the impact of war and systematic violence, led to our current understanding of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). PMID:29199929

The abolition of war as a goal of environmental policy.

PubMed

Snyder, Brian F; Ruyle, Leslie E

2017-12-15

Since the 1950s, select military and political leaders have had the capacity to kill all or nearly all human life on Earth. The number of people entrusted with this power grows each year through proliferation and the rise of new political leaders. If humans continue to maintain and develop nuclear weapons, it is highly probable that a nuclear exchange will occur again at some point in the future. This nuclear exchange may or may not annihilate the human species, but it will cause catastrophic effects on the biosphere. The international community has attempted to resolve this existential problem via treaties that control and potentially eliminate nuclear weapons, however, these treaties target only nuclear weapons, leaving the use of war as a normalized means for settling conflict. As long as war exists as a probable future, nations will be under pressure to develop more powerful weapons. Thus, we argue that the elimination of nuclear weapons alone is not a stable, long-term strategy. A far more secure strategy would be the elimination of war as a means of settling international disputes. Therefore, those concerned about environmental sustainability or the survival of the biosphere should work to abolish war. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Decadal reduction of Chinese agriculture after a regional nuclear war

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xia, Lili; Robock, Alan; Mills, Michael; Stenke, Andrea; Helfand, Ira

2015-02-01

A regional nuclear war between India and Pakistan could decrease global surface temperature by 1°C-2°C for 5-10 years and have major impacts on precipitation and solar radiation reaching Earth's surface. Using a crop simulation model forced by three global climate model simulations, we investigate the impacts on agricultural production in China, the largest grain producer in the world. In the first year after the regional nuclear war, a cooler, drier, and darker environment would reduce annual rice production by 30 megaton (Mt) (29%), maize production by 36 Mt (20%), and wheat production by 23 Mt (53%). With different agriculture management—no irrigation, auto irrigation, 200 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer, and 10 days delayed planting date—simulated national crop production reduces 16%-26% for rice, 9%-20% for maize, and 32%-43% for wheat during 5 years after the nuclear war event. This reduction of food availability would continue, with gradually decreasing amplitude, for more than a decade. Assuming these impacts are indicative of those in other major grain producers, a nuclear war using much less than 1% of the current global arsenal could produce a global food crisis and put a billion people at risk of famine.

Albert Schweitzer on nuclear war and peace

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jack, H.A.

1988-01-01

This paper contains all of Albert Schweitzer's known writings on the topic of nuclear war and disarmament. Included are speeches as well as correspondence with Norman Cousins, Albert Einstein, Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy and many others.

High School Seniors' Styles of Coping with the Nuclear Threat, 1975-1984: Reconciling Theories, Taxonomies, and Empirical Trends.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Diamond, Gregory; Bachman, Jerald G.

As awareness of the threat of nuclear war has increased over the past decade (1975-1984), young people have learned to cope with the possibility of unimaginable catastrophe. This paper accordingly begins by reviewing literature on how people cope with the threat of nuclear war, in order to reconcile general theories of coping with nuclear anxiety…

Nuclear Deterrence in Cyber-ia: Challenges and Controversies

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-09-01

acceptance of possible opponents. In short, the task of managing a nuclear crisis demands clear thinking and good information. But the employment of...economy, and social infrastructure. (Stuxnet was an exceptional, purpose-built destroyer of targeted nuclear facilities.) Failure of deterrence can...lead to historically unprecedented and socially catastrophic damage even in the case of a “limited” nuclear war by Cold War standards. 58 | Air

Proceedings of the Air Power Symposium on the Role of Airpower in Low Intensity Conflict (9th) Held at Maxwell AFB, Alabama on 11-13 March 1985. Appendix 2. Symposium Papers,

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-05-01

Much has been written recently on the subject of non- nuclear , unconventional, limited war--or, low intensity conflict. These articles have raised...341 Low intensity conflict, for the purpose of this paper, is defined as conflict at the lower end of the warfare spectrum.* (Global nuclear war is at...conflict and conventional and nuclear war--priorities and forces disposition. BACKGROUND Traditionally, the U.S. has thought in global or regional terms

Persistent Social Networks: Civil War Veterans Who Fought Together Co-Locate in Later Life.

PubMed

Costa, Dora L; Kahn, Matthew E; Roudiez, Christopher; Wilson, Sven

2018-05-01

We demonstrate the long reach of early social ties in the location decision of individuals and in their older age mortality risk using data on Union Army veterans of the US Civil War (1861-5). We estimate discrete choice migration models to quantify the trade-offs across locations faced by veterans. Veterans were more likely to move to a neighborhood or county where men from their same war company lived and were more likely to move to such areas than to areas where other veterans were located. Veterans also were less likely to move far from their origin and avoided urban immigrant areas and high mortality risk areas. They also avoided areas that opposed the Civil War. This co-location evidence highlights the existence of persistent social networks. Such social networks had long-term consequences: veterans living close to war-time comrades had a 6% lower probability of dying.

If War--How to Minimize the Loss for School Children

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gentry, Ruben

2008-01-01

War is so devastating that if at all possible, it should be avoided. But if reasoning and negotiation fail to yield peace between nations and countries and war results, the loss to children must be minimized. In the last decade, two million children have been killed in wars and conflicts, 4.5 million have been disabled and 12 million have been…

Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear War. Papers Based on a Symposium of the Forum on Physics and Society of the American Physical Society, (Washington, D.C., April 1982).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Morrison, Philip; And Others

Three papers on nuclear weapons and nuclear war, based on talks given by distinguished physicists during an American Physical Society-sponsored symposium, are provided in this booklet. They include "Caught Between Asymptotes" (Philip Morrison), "We are not Inferior to the Soviets" (Hans A. Bethe), and "MAD vs. NUTS"…

Attitudes Concerning Nuclear War in Finland and the United States.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Johnson, Roger N.; And Others

Four hundred and seventy residents of Ridgewood, New Jersey, and 493 residents of Jyvaskyla, Finland, were randomly selected and interviewed about their attitudes concerning nuclear war. In each area, a high proportion of the sample believed that some kind of nuclear incident is likely in the next decade. The vast majority stated that a nuclear…

The nuclear lion: What every citizen should know about nuclear power and nuclear war

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jagger, J.

1991-01-01

The stupendous energy in the atomic nucleus can be used to advance human welfare, and it has been so used ever since we learned how to release it. Nuclear medicine has revolutionized medical diagnosis and treatment, notably in dealing with cancer. Nuclear reactors have provided us with valuable radioactive atoms (radioisotopes) for use in research and industry, and they have given us cheap, clean power, which can drive a ship around the world on a tiny charge of fuel. On the other hand, we have unleashed the awesome power of nuclear weapons, and we must now face the almost incomprehensiblemore » devastation that awaits the world as it contemplates nuclear war. An all-out nuclear war would end modern civilization, and might well end humankind, to say nothing of countless other species of plants and animals. It would be, without question the greatest disaster of the last million years of the history of the Earth.« less

Breaking New Ground on War and Peace.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bock, Paul

1983-01-01

The American Catholic Church, which has historically supported America's involvement in wars through the concept of just wars, has broken new ground with its Pastoral Letter on War, Armaments, and Peace, which challenges the morality of present defense policy and nuclear war. Reasons for the change in attitude are discussed. (IS)

The Implications of Preemptive and Preventive War Doctrines: A Reconsideration

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-07-01

geopolitics, ideology , and personality as combining to produce the fatal brew which resulted in 42 years of nuclear shadowed global menace.26 But...preventive war. 49 1. Preventive war is war, and preventive warfare is warfare. It is not a distinctive genus of war and warfare. The distinguishing

Deterring War or Courting Disaster: An Analysis of Nuclear Weapons in the Indian Ocean

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-03-01

16 II. DETERRING WAR BETWEEN THE U.S. AND U.S.S.R. ...................................17 A. DETERRENCE THEORY AND THE...thesis will show, the literature and theory developed around the Cold War does not accommodate the relatively small size and relative inexperience of...and theory regarding sea-based nuclear weapons. Close examination of the Indian Ocean rivalries and the assumptions underpinning the belief in

Glossary on the environmental impact of a nuclear war. Technical note

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Verstraete, M.M.

1986-02-01

The glossary defines a number of words, expressions, and acronyms used in the description of the impact of nuclear war on the environment, and associated issues. Selected additional words related to the problems of armaments, disarmament, and nuclear war in general were also added for convenience, although terms and expressions specifically related to the medical aspects of the problem were not included. The glossary is an enlarged and updated version of the glossary that was published as part of the SCOPE-Enuwar study on the same subject, and published by Wiley (Pittock et al., 1986).

Nuclear almanac: confronting the atom in war and peace

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dennis, J.

1984-01-01

The MIT Faculty Coalition for Disarmament prepared this almanac for those who wish to find in a single volume of factual account of the discovery, development, and use of nuclear energy - as well as a critical evaluation of policy issues raised by nuclear armaments and nuclear power. It is their hope that, with this knowledge readily accessible, public opinion will be better informed and public policy more responsible and wise. In an introductory essay, Henry S. Commager, distinguished historian at Amherst College challenges us to put the interests of all peoples ahead of national loyalties. Another introductory essay bymore » Nan Randall, consultant to the Office of Technology Assessment, in Charlottesville: a fictional account, pictures the effects on an old and beautiful city fortunate enough to escape the warheads in a large-scale nuclear war. Twenty-six separate chapters are then included under 9 separate Parts: the Story of Nuclear Weapons; Nuclear Weapons Effects; Nuclear War; Nuclear Warheads; Consequences; International Issues; Nuclear Energy; Action; and Background. A separate abstract was prepared for each of the 26 chapters.« less

Agriculture Impacts of Regional Nuclear Conflict

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xia, Lili; Robock, Alan; Mills, Michael; Toon, Owen Brian

2013-04-01

One of the major consequences of nuclear war would be climate change due to massive smoke injection into the atmosphere. Smoke from burning cities can be lofted into the stratosphere where it will have an e-folding lifetime more than 5 years. The climate changes include significant cooling, reduction of solar radiation, and reduction of precipitation. Each of these changes can affect agricultural productivity. To investigate the response from a regional nuclear war between India and Pakistan, we used the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer agricultural simulation model. We first evaluated the model by forcing it with daily weather data and management practices in China and the USA for rice, maize, wheat, and soybeans. Then we perturbed observed weather data using monthly climate anomalies for a 10-year period due to a simulated 5 Tg soot injection that could result from a regional nuclear war between India and Pakistan, using a total of 100 15 kt atomic bombs, much less than 1% of the current global nuclear arsenal. We computed anomalies using the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies ModelE and NCAR's Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM). We perturbed each year of the observations with anomalies from each year of the 10-year nuclear war simulations. We found that different regions respond differently to a regional nuclear war; southern regions show slight increases of crop yields while in northern regions crop yields drop significantly. Sensitivity tests show that temperature changes due to nuclear war are more important than precipitation and solar radiation changes in affecting crop yields in the regions we studied. In total, crop production in China and the USA would decrease 15-50% averaged over the 10 years using both models' output. Simulations forced by ModelE output show smaller impacts than simulations forced by WACCM output at the end of the 10 year period because of the different temperature responses in the two models.

Implications of the ’Nuclear Winter’ Thesis.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-06-24

not provide significant relief by warming the planet o ozone depletion would increase exposure to ultraviolet light ( UV -B) Technical Uncertainties in...pgs. 37. - ------------ "When Light is Put Away, Ecological Effects of Nuclear War," The Counterfeit Ark: Crisis Relocation for Nuclear War, 1984, 13...Mary, "Biologists Paint an Icy Picture . . ., Washington Post, November 1, 1983, 1 pg. 56. McWilliams, Rita, "Hill Told Money Won’t Buy Nuclear

Hybrid Threat Center of Gravity Analysis: Cutting the Gordian Knot

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-04-04

water avoids the heights … so an army avoids strengths and strikes weakness … water has no constant form.”1 - Sun Tzu Hybrid warfare is a topic...1 Sun Tzu , The Art of War, (Oxford University Press, London, 1963), 101. 2 Alba Iulia...and Boyer, Matthew. Vulnerability Assessment Method Pocket Guide: A Tool for Center of Gravity Analysis. RAND, 2014. Tzu , Sun . The Art of War

United States Naval War College, 1919-1941: An Institutional Response to Naval Preparedness

DTIC Science & Technology

1975-06-01

studied and were well understood." For a brief, lucid account of War Plan ORANGE, see Louis Morton, "War Plan Orange; Evo- lution of a Strategy...believed "there is one hope—a dream only—to avoid war, and that is that at some time the moral sense of the populations of the r 25 Commander Harold R

Nuclear winter - Global consequences of multiple nuclear explosions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Turco, R. P.; Toon, O. B.; Ackerman, T. P.; Pollack, J. B.; Sagan, C.

1983-01-01

The results of a computerized simulation of the potential global environmental effects of dust and smoke clouds that would be generated by a nuclear war are presented. Short term effects of blast, fire, and radiation are neglected in the series of physical models that include a nuclear war scenario, a particle microphysics model, and a radiative convective model. Account is taken of the altitude-dependent dust, smoke, radioactivity, and NO(x) injections, the temporal evolution of dust and smoke clouds, land and ocean environments, and temperature contrasts. A nuclear exchange would produce thousands of individual smoke and dust clouds rising up to 30 km altitude in the midlatitudes. The smoke, dust, and radioactive debris would cover the entire midlatitudes within 1-2 weeks. The smoke would arise from conflagrations of forests, suburbs, and urban areas. Obscuration of sunlight would induce subfreezing temperatures for several months, disruption of the global circulation patterns, and the arrival of a nuclear winter, followed and accompanied by radioactive fallout, pyrogenic air pollution, and UV-B flux enhancements. It is estimated that a total of only 100 Mtons would be sufficient to plunge the Northern Hemisphere summer to subfreezing temperatures lasting months. Since the probable exchange in a nuclear war would exceed 5000 Mtons, it is expected that many species, including humans, may not survive the war.

"What kept me going": A qualitative study of avoidant responses to war-related adversity and perpetration of violence by former forcibly recruited children and youth in the Acholi region of northern Uganda.

PubMed

Harnisch, Helle; Montgomery, Edith

2017-09-01

This qualitative study investigates what, according to 36 former forcibly recruited women and men, enabled them to "keep on going" during and after their forced recruitment in the twenty-year-long civil war in northern Uganda. Furthermore, the study conveys the ways most of the former forcibly recruited kept on going and today cope with ongoing war-related adversity and difficult reintegration processes without relying on psycho-social intervention. Thirty-five of the 36 women and men were forcibly recruited when they were children by the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) from the Acholi region of northern Uganda. Over the course of five visits to the Acholi region from 2012 to 2016, 10 months of ethnographic fieldwork was carried out involving interviews and participant observation. The 36 Acholi women and men shared how they experienced and responded to suffering from brutal torture and being forced to perpetrate often lethal violence against fellow Acholi who had tried to escape the LRA. The article provides an overview of the responses to this war-related adversity and the results document how avoidant coping is the preferred and most common coping response among the 36 former forcibly recruited women and men in this study. We take an interdisciplinary approach to discussing how these avoidant coping responses resonate with psycho-traumatology research on responses to war-related trauma and with conceptualizations of resilience. We end with the argument that avoidant responses to war-related adversity, when faced in clinical and diagnostic settings, should not be understood exclusively from a biomedical perspective: Responses to war-related adversity must be carefully investigated in collaboration with the human beings who have experienced the war-related adversity and based on integrative and emic approaches that consider the locally situated notions of how to cope with adversity and "keep on going" in their own right. Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Climatic Consequences of Nuclear Conflict

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Robock, A.

2011-12-01

A nuclear war between Russia and the United States could still produce nuclear winter, even using the reduced arsenals of about 4000 total nuclear weapons that will result by 2017 in response to the New START treaty. A nuclear war between India and Pakistan, with each country using 50 Hiroshima-sized atom bombs as airbursts on urban areas, could produce climate change unprecedented in recorded human history. This scenario, using much less than 1% of the explosive power of the current global nuclear arsenal, would produce so much smoke from the resulting fires that it would plunge the planet to temperatures colder than those of the Little Ice Age of the 16th to 19th centuries, shortening the growing season around the world and threatening the global food supply. Crop model studies of agriculture in the U.S. and China show massive crop losses, even for this regional nuclear war scenario. Furthermore, there would be massive ozone depletion with enhanced ultraviolet radiation reaching the surface. These surprising conclusions are the result of recent research (see URL) by a team of scientists including those who produced the pioneering work on nuclear winter in the 1980s, using the NASA GISS ModelE and NCAR WACCM GCMs. The soot is self-lofted into the stratosphere, and the effects of regional and global nuclear war would last for more than a decade, much longer than previously thought. Nuclear proliferation continues, with nine nuclear states now, and more working to develop or acquire nuclear weapons. The continued environmental threat of the use of even a small number of nuclear weapons must be considered in nuclear policy deliberations in Russia, the U.S., and the rest of the world.

Joseph A. Burton Forum Award: Some Nuclear Weapons Dilemmas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

May, Michael

2014-03-01

Nuclear weapons pose a combination of political and ethical dilemmas the solution to which has not been found. On one hand, in the view of both US government leaders and US allies, nuclear deterrence continues to play an essential part in the US role as the ultimate source of military strength for the alliances among the major democratic countries. It also continues to be in demand by countries that believe themselves to be isolated and threatened. On the other hand, nuclear weapons, besides being effective deterrents, can cause unprecedented loss of life and risk the demise of civilizations. No ban or technical precaution could prevent the rebuilding of nuclear weapons in a crisis. No diplomatic arrangement to date has erased the threat of invasion and war in the world. Only the abandonment of war and the threat of war as instruments of policy can make nuclear weapons obsolete. The slow, halting, risky road to that end remains the only hope for a world in which lasting solutions to the nuclear dilemmas are possible.

Nuclear winter or nuclear fall?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Berger, André

Climate is universal. If a major modern nuclear war (i.e., with a large number of small-yield weapons) were to happen, it is not even necessary to have a specific part of the world directly involved for there to be cause to worry about the consequences for its inhabitants and their future. Indeed, smoke from fires ignited by the nuclear explosions would be transported by winds all over the world, causing dark and cold. According to the first study, by Turco et al. [1983], air surface temperature over continental areas of the northern mid-latitudes (assumed to be the nuclear war theatre) would fall to winter levels even in summer (hence the term “nuclear winter”) and induce drastic climatic conditions for several months at least. The devastating effects of a nuclear war would thus last much longer than was assumed initially. Discussing to what extent these estimations of long-term impacts on climate are reliable is the purpose of this article.

U.S. Strategic Nuclear Policy and Force Structure: Three Analytical Approaches

DTIC Science & Technology

1999-12-01

research rocket fired from Norway, an incident that sparked strong concerns that nuclear war 18 Lachlan Forrow, Bruce Blair, Ira Helfnad, George Lewis...quoted in R. Jeffrey Smith , "Clinton Directive Changes Strategy On Nuclear Arms," Washington Post, 7 December 1997, Al. 86 President William...Meyers, "U.S. Updates Nuclear War Guidelines," New York Times, 8 December 1997, 4. 233 Bell quoted in R. Jeffrey Smith , "Clinton Directive Changes

Nuclear fear and children: the impact of parental nuclear activism, responsivity, and fear

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

LaGuardia, M.R.

1986-01-01

This study examines the extent to which parental nuclear fear, parental activism, and parental responsivity is associated with children's (age 10) nuclear fear. Other associated variables investigated include: nuclear denial, general anxiety and fear, and the personal characteristics of sex, socio-economic status, and academic aptitude. Findings indicate that children attend to nuclear issues when their parents attend to a significant degree. Children's hopelessness about the arms race is increased as parents' worry about nuclear war increases. Children's fear about not surviving a nuclear war increases as parents' worry about survivability decreases. Children who have more general fears also indicated thatmore » they have a high level of hopelessness, pervasive worry, and much concern about being able to survive a nuclear war. Children with a high degree of general anxiety did not indicate high degrees of nuclear fears. Children with high academic aptitude were more knowledgeable about nuclear issues and expressed more fears about the nuclear threat. Boys demonstrated more knowledge about nuclear issues than girls, and girls expressed much more frequent fear and worry about the nuclear threat than boys. Parents of lower socio-economic statues (SES) expressed more denial about the nuclear threat and were more pro-military than the higher SES parents.« less

People's Reactions to Nuclear War: Implications for Psychologists.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fiske, Susan T.

1987-01-01

Reviews available data documenting modal adults' beliefs, feelings, and actions regarding nuclear war. Examines discrepancies between peoples's beliefs and their relative lack of affective and behavioral response. Reviews data on possible psychological and social sources of those reactions. Contrasts average citizens, antinuclear activists, and…

The American Home Front. Revolutionary War, Civil War, World War 1, World War 2

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-01-01

antimili- tarism and wish to avoid anything remotely related to the armed services or because they prefer to focus on either a war’s origins or its...RevoLtion’s opponents. to win reluctant support from many who preferred neutrality, and. with less justification, to settle old personal scores. On the...responsible for the American 0 farmers’ subsequent preference for inflation, seeing in easy money, according to John Schlebecker, the "route to agrarian

Building Partnerships by Design or by Default?

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-05-24

Florida Incursions 1810- 1819 ................................................................................ 10  Spanish-American War 1898-1901...Department of Defense, QDR Execution Roadmap Building Partnership Capacity Report (Washington DC: Department of Defense, 22 May 2006), 4. 1...weapons, making total war between these nations certain suicide for the aggressor and attacked alike. What is required, to avoid war with China for

Living in the nuclear age: An Australian study of children's and adolescent's fears

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Slee, P.T.; Cross, D.G.

Developmental changes in children's fears with a particular focus on fears of nuclear war were studied in a sample of 1243 Australian children and adolescents aged between 4-19 years. The average number of fears reported per child was 9.3. Females reported significantly more fears than males. Developmental changes also were apparent with animal and supernatural fears in the youngest age group giving way to social fears and fear of war in the older age brackets. An average of 67.4% of the sample expressed a fear of nuclear war. The implications of this finding for parents and educators are discussed.

Psychologists and Nuclear War: A Survey.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Polyson, James; And Others

A questionnaire was mailed to 530 randomly selected members of the American Psychological Association to determine their views on the nuclear war threat and on efforts by the American Psychological Association to reduce that threat. Completed questionnaires were received from 290 psychologists. The two-page questionnaire asked respondents whether…

Long-Term Biological Consequences of Nuclear War.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ehrlich, Paul R.; And Others

1983-01-01

Presents evidence suggesting that the longer-term biological effects resulting from climactic changes may be at least as serious as the immediate ones. Primarily considers results of a nuclear war in which sufficient dust/soot are injected into the atmosphere to attenuate most incident solar radiation. (JN)

The anthropology of war and peace

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Turner, P.R.; Pitt, D.

1989-01-01

Drawing parallels between tribal behavior and international relations to demonstrate that societies are not inherently aggressive but are led into conflict when pride or in-group pressures push people to fight, this profound look at the chilling reality of cold war and its arsenal of nuclear destruction offers valuable new insights into how prejudices and stereotypes contribute to what may seem like an inexorable drift to war. Yet the authors conclude that war is not inevitable, as they offer suggestions for an end to the arms race in, the nuclear age. Based on original research, this is a long overdue contributionmore » to the study of war and peace in our time and a text for newly emerging courses on the subject.« less

Estimating Outcomes and Consequences of Interstate Wars.

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-02-01

way to evaluate the real effectiveness of governments. Techniques for appraising the performance of national economies cannot be applied to the... outcome of any total but non-nuclear war. The four conflicts analyzed in this study are: (1) The wars between the Arabs and Israelis. (2) The war

Decisive Force -- The New American Way of War

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-03-02

be avoided, but since the nature of war, and democracy, mixes political factors and military nsiderions, the military is and must be politically...objective analysis to the war, and have come to different conclusions. Thus, the legacy of ’playing to win* in the professional culture appears mixed ...Vietnam remains mixed when it comes to how force should be applied. The veterans of Vietnam claim the war supports the absolutist position about using

Children's Fears and Nuclear War: A Systems Strategy for Change.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Duncan, Barry L; And Others

1986-01-01

Authors conclude from literature survey that children worldwide fear nuclear war. Resulting feelings of powerlessness, hopelessness, and resignation may be heightened by adults' inappropriate response to and denial of threat. Article suggests systemic interventions directed at familial and larger social systems to allay fears. Also recommends…

"Drama" and "Nuclear War" as Representative Anecdotes of Burke's Theories of Ontology and Epistemology.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Williams, David Cratis

Using Kenneth Burke's conceptualization of the "representative anecdote," this paper explicates Burke's own theoretical frame. By examining Burke's system through the two anecdotes of "drama" and "nuclear war," the paper demonstrates that Burke weaves together two distinct theoretical threads, one a theory of Being,…

Seuss's Butter Battle Book: Is There Hidden Harm?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Van Cleaf, David W.; Martin, Rita J.

1986-01-01

Examines whether elementary school children relate to the "harmful hidden message" about nuclear war in Dr. Seuss's THE BUTTER BATTLE BOOK. After ascertaining the children's cognitive level, they participated in activities to find hidden meanings in stories, including Seuss's book. Students failed to identify the nuclear war message in…

Prenuclear-age leaders and the nuclear arms race.

PubMed

Frank, Jerome D

1982-10-01

Nuclear arms are a phenomenon with no historical precedent, yet people--and their national leaders--confront the prospect of nuclear war with psychological attitudes from an earlier, simpler time. This paper considers the meaning of our image of the "enemy," analyzes the appropriateness and effectiveness of a policy of deterrence, and considers approaches to doing away with war and to easing international antagonisms through the pursuit of mutually beneficial goals.

The relationship between early ego strength and adolescent responses to the threat of nuclear war

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Andrekus, N.J.

Ego resiliency and ego control, measured when subjects were 3 or 4 years old, were related to expectation of war, concern for the future, and activism in response to the threat of nuclear war, measured when subjects were 18 years old. Data from 92 participants in a longitudinal study of ego and cognitive development conducted by Jeanne and Jack Block at the University of California, Berkeley were used to test hypotheses. Assessments with the California Child Q-set, composited across multiple independent observers, provide measures of ego resiliency and ego control. Adolescent interviews regarding the perception of likelihood of nuclear war,more » how this affects their future, and their antinuclear and general political activism were scaled and rated. Early ego resiliency and ego under control were hypothesized to account for the variance in adolescent nuclear responses and activism. The only significant longitudinal relationships were in the female sample, where ego under control was found to be a significant predictor of both general political activism (p<.01) and ideas of the future being affected by the nuclear threat (p<.05). Among males, the relationship between early ego resiliency and adolescent antinuclear activism approached significance (p<.10). Adolescent personality was significantly related to several measures of nuclear response. In girls, adolescent ego under control related to perception of likelihood of nuclear war (p<.05) and antinuclear activism (p<.05), and the interaction of ego resiliency and ego under control predicted general political activism (p<.0005). In boys, adolescent ego resiliency correlated with antinuclear activism (p<.05). These findings were discussed in terms of antecedent parenting styles, and conceptual links were drawn between children's ego resiliency and security of attachment, perspective taking, and moral development.« less

The doctrine of the nuclear-weapon states and the future of non-proliferation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Panofsky, W.K.H.; Bunn, G.

Less than a year remains before the critical conference in April 1995 to review and extend the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), the main international barrier to the proliferation of nuclear weapons. This is a critical moment for the United States. With the end of the Cold War, the likelihood of nuclear war with the states of the former Soviet Union has been radically reduced, but there is greatly increased concern over the potential threats from states or sub-state groups seeking to develop or acquire nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction.

A confirmatory factor analysis of the Impact of Event Scale using a sample of World War II and Korean War veterans.

PubMed

Shevlin, M; Hunt, N; Robbins, I

2000-12-01

This study assessed the factor structure of the Impact of Event Scale (IES), a measure of intrusion and avoidance, using a sample of World War II and Korean War veterans who had experienced combat 40-50 years earlier. A series of 3 confirmatory factor analytic models were specified and estimated using LISREL 8.3. Model 1 specified a 1-factor model. Model 2 specified a correlated 2-factor model. Model 3 specified a 2-factor model with additional cross-factor loadings for Items 2 and 12. Model 3 was found to fit the data. In addition, this model was found to be a better explanation of the data than the other models. Also in addition, the correlations between the Intrusion and Avoidance factors and the 4 subscales of the 28-item General Health Questionnaire were examined to determine the distinctiveness of the two IES factors.

Ethical dilemmas of nuclear deterrence

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Russett, B.M.

An analysis of the May 1983 Pastoral Letter on War and Peace of the US Catholic Bishops examines their ethical arguments, which were critical of accepted policy while failing to change the underlying principles of acceptable deterrence and a just war. The author concludes that there is no easy solution to the problem of nuclear deterrence because there is no way to bridge the extremes of war-winning counterforce and possession without use. The Bishops' central problem was deterrence of attack on US allies or neutrals, but he finds merit in their positions that deterrence need not rely on nuclear threatsmore » and that new ways of thinking are needed for the long run. 20 references. (DCK)« less

How to think about nuclear war

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Luttwak, E.N.

1982-08-01

Mr. Luttwak, a professional defense consultant, observes the arguments of nuclear freeze proponents can be refuted on both strategic and moral grounds. The freeze concept is illogical, he notes, because it is political systems - not state boundaries - that separate sides and because the Warsaw Pact countries are more heavily armed than the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) countries. An important factor keeping NATO forces at a disadvantage is their defensive orientation, which keeps forces militarily diffuse and dependent on nuclear weapons and preemptive action as a deterrent. Mr. Luttwak feels the shock effect of any use of nuclearmore » weapons would probably shorten a war rather than expand it because of the instinct for survival on both sides; further only nuclear weapons have this awesome power to deter. The proposal for universal disarmament under world government control is not a serious one, he thinks, and reflects an indifference to the possibility of a long non-nuclear war. The effect would be to trade the risk of nuclear death for the inevitability of many non-nuclear casualties. (DCK)« less

Student Reports in Soviet Military Doctrine and Strategy

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-09-30

nuclear penetration. The idea of winning a nuclear war, as well as nuclear war itself, has been denounced by General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev and the...talks. This desire has been advanced significantly by Chernenko’s successor Mikhail Gorbachev as part of his ongoing policies of perestroika and glasnost...the strong impact of Mikhail Gorbachev’s "new thinking" on military affairs since March 1985, I believe explains why the Soviets so drastically

10 CFR 70.82 - Suspension and operation in war or national emergency.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Suspension and operation in war or national emergency. 70... NUCLEAR MATERIAL Modification and Revocation of Licenses § 70.82 Suspension and operation in war or national emergency. Whenever Congress declares that a state of war or national emergency exists, the...

A Course on Defense Policy and Military Strategy.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Thibault, George E.

1987-01-01

Describes instructional approach and coursework of the National War College, a 10-month resident program established shortly after World War II which aids high-level military and government personnel in understanding national and international policy. The titles of the four courses described are the Art of War, Strategic Nuclear War, Worldwide and…

Components of a Course on National Security Policy.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Quester, George H.

1987-01-01

Describes the components of a course on the formation of national security policy. Includes information on the amount of emphasis and instructional approach to take with each component of the course. Components include the nature of strategy, the role of war in international politics, disarmament and arms control, nuclear weapons and nuclear war,…

Teaching about Conflict, Nuclear War and the Future.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zola, John; Sieck, Reny

Designed for teachers of students in grades 5-12, the guide provides over 25 lesson plans and 45 student handouts for teaching units on conflict, nuclear war, and future studies. In the first unit, students define conflict, learn conflict-related vocabulary, illustrate knowledge of conflict types through the use of cartoons, recognize common…

From a United Nations Study: The Climatic and Other Global Effects of Nuclear War.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Environment, 1988

1988-01-01

Presents excerpts from the first chapter of a report presented to the General Assembly of the United Nations during the Special Session on Disarmament. Discussed are key scientific issues regarding the global effects of nuclear war, and the findings and conclusions presented in the report. (CW)

2008 Defense Economics Conference: The Economics of War

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-11-17

avoided a recession this time for a while. In a way one of the regions of the world avoided it in the 1970s and that was Latin America . How did it...What happened in Latin America ? They borrowed and borrowed until they could not repay it, and country after country went into default, [causing] a...most of the slaves brought to the Americas in the transatlantic slave trade were captives in war. Slavery was regarded by many as a humane way to

Nuclear education campaign: on how to eliminate the threat of nuclear war

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Markusen, E.; Dunham, J.; Bee, R.

1981-05-01

The threat of a nuclear war creates a chronic erosion of moral and intellectual integrity and places the future of humanity in the hands of a few hundred people. The nuclear elite probably requires a degree of psychological numbing and desensitization in order to separate themselves emotionally from decisions that might require exercise of their power. They may also lose the ability to question basic assumptions and may identify themselves with the rightness of their policies and the need to use nuclear technology to preserve those policies. To reform the nuclear-industrial complex, the American public must become educated to givemore » the prevention of nuclear war a higher priority than the economy. Fears and anxieties may underlie apparent apathy, taking the form of denial and a focus on immediate problems. A campaign by knowledgeable people to educate the public should stress the empirical data necessary for objectivity and should use a multidisciplinary approach in the same way that recent death education programs have broken the taboos about discussing the Nazi holocaust. An outline of a nuclear-education program suggests a number of social and economic benefits. 13 references. (DCK)« less

Evolution of United States and NATO tactical nuclear doctrine and limited nuclear war options, 1949-1964. Master's thesis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Maiorano, A.G.

The debate over nuclear weapons in Europe and their utility as part of NATO's forward defense strategy persisted since the mid-1950s. Existing tactical nuclear employment doctrine and strategies are based on obsolete criteria and defense concepts established when the U.S. possessed superiority in nearly all nuclear categories. NATO has allowed its tactical nuclear doctrine and arsenal of battlefield nuclear weapons to deteriorate, choosing instead to rely on the American strategic nuclear umbrella for all but the most localized of conflicts. This thesis examines the development, stagnation and decline of NATO tactical nuclear doctrine and strategy from 1949 to 1984. Itmore » analyzes four tactical nuclear postures, drawing from each to recommend a viable tactical nuclear strategy for NATO today. The presence and potential employment of tactical nuclear weapons make it imperative that NATO devise an effective limited nuclear war strategy.« less

Superpower nuclear minimalism

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Graben, E.K.

1992-01-01

During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union competed in building weapons -- now it seems like America and Russia are competing to get rid of them the fastest. The lengthy process of formal arms control has been replaced by exchanges of unilateral force reductions and proposals for reciprocal reductions not necessarily codified by treaty. Should superpower nuclear strategies change along with force postures President Bush has yet to make a formal pronouncement on post-Cold War American nuclear strategy, and it is uncertain if the Soviet/Russian doctrine of reasonable sufficiency formulated in the Gorbachev era actually heraldsmore » a change in strategy. Some of the provisions in the most recent round of unilateral proposals put forth by Presidents Bush and Yeltsin in January 1992 are compatible with a change in strategy. Whether such a change has actually occurred remains to be seen. With the end of the Cold War and the breakup of the Soviet Union, the strategic environment has fundamentally changed, so it would seem logical to reexamine strategy as well. There are two main schools of nuclear strategic thought: a maximalist school, mutual assured destruction (MAD) which emphasizes counterforce superiority and nuclear war- fighting capability, and a MAD-plus school, which emphasizes survivability of an assured destruction capability along with the ability to deliver small, limited nuclear attacks in the event that conflict occurs. The MAD-plus strategy is based on an attempt to conventionalize nuclear weapons which is unrealistic.« less

U.S. Army War College Guide to National Security Issues. Third Edition, Volume 1. Theory of War and Strategy

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-06-01

Japanese wars. That inability was tied in with a trend in Europe at the time to combine elan with a military focus on moral force, bloodshed, and...most famous and influential theory of insurgency warfare. His concepts, designed initially for the Chinese fight against the Japanese in World War II... Japanese ; victory would come in time through attrition. He believed the Chinese should avoid large battles except in the rare instances when they had the

Consequences of Regional Scale Nuclear Conflicts and Acts of Individual Nuclear Terrorism

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Toon, O. B.; Turco, R. P.; Robock, A.; Bardeen, C.; Oman, L.; Stenchikov, G. L.

2006-12-01

The number of nuclear warheads in the world has fallen by about a factor of three since its peak in 1986. However, the potential exists for numerous regional nuclear arms races, and for a significant expansion in the number of nuclear weapons states. Eight countries are known to have nuclear weapons, 2 are constructing them, and an additional 32 nations already have the fissile material needed to build weapons if they so desire. Population and economic activity worldwide are congregated to an increasing extent in "megacities", which are ideal targets for nuclear weapons. We find that low yield weapons, which new nuclear powers are likely to construct, can produce 100 times as many fatalities and 100 times as much smoke from fires per kt yield as high-yield weapons, if they are targeted at city centers. A single low-yield nuclear detonation in an urban center could lead to more fatalities, in some cases by orders of magnitude, than have occurred in major historical conflicts. A regional war between the smallest current nuclear states involving 100 15-kt explosions (less than 0.1% of the explosive yield of the current global nuclear arsenal) could produce direct fatalities comparable to all of those worldwide in World War II (WW-II), or to those once estimated for a "counterforce" nuclear war between the superpowers. Portions of megacities attacked with nuclear devices or exposed to fallout of long-lived isotopes, through armed conflict or terrorism, would likely be abandoned indefinitely, with severe national and international implications. Smoke from urban firestorms in a regional war might induce significant climatic and ozone anomalies on global scales. While there are many uncertainties in the issues we discuss here, the major uncertainties are the type and scale of conflict that might occur. Each of these potential hazards deserves careful analysis by governments worldwide advised by a broad section of the world scientific community, as well as widespread debate.

Intensive Nuclear War Education: Inducing Attitude and Behavior Changes.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mayton, Daniel M., II

Nuclear war education has become a topic of concern among educators who, on one side, see it as an essential component of undergraduate education or, on the other, see it as political indoctrination dominated by direct and indirect Soviet interests. This study assessed the affective impact of an intensive (eight hours per day for five straight…

Nuclear weapons in the 1980s: MAD versus NUTS. Mutual hostage relationship of the superpowers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Keeny, S.M. Jr.; Panofsky, W.K.H.

Critics of the strategic relationship of Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) developed during the 1960s claim it immorally holds entire civilian populations hostage. Some advocate the Nuclear Utilization Target Selection (NUTS) concept, while others argue for a defense-oriented military posture. The interrelationships of these concepts are examined against the background of stockpiled nuclear weapons capable of massive devastation, the technical limits to defense, and the uncertainty that a nuclear war could be controlled. The evidence shows that a MAD world prevails despite NUTS proposals, which may have increased the danger by giving nuclear war the illusion of acceptability. (DCK)

China’s Nuclear Force Modernization

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-01-01

of mass destruction, see 美伊 战 争 引发核竞 赛？[U.S. War on Iraq Initiated Nuclear Races?], 世界新闻报 [World News Journal], 1 May 2003. 41. Lewis and Hua...Plana, Spain, May 2003. ———.美伊 战 争 引发核竞赛？[U.S. War on Iraq Initiated Nuclear Races?], 世界新闻报 [World News Journal], no. 33, 1 May 2003. Lewis, John, Hua...彬 [Zhou Baogen and Li Bin], 党派政治对冷 战 后美国军控政策的 影响 [Impacts of Party Politics on Ameri- can Arms Control Policy after the Cold War], 世界经济与政治论坛 [Forum

Limited War Under the Nuclear Umbrella: An Analysis of India’s Cold Start Doctrine and Its Implications for Stability on the Subcontinent

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-06-01

theory, by creating an offensive oriented 10 Tariq M. Ashraf , “Doctrinal Reawakening of the Indian...5Cpapers23%5Cpaper2293.html (accessed July 19, 2009). 19 Ashraf , “Doctrinal Reawakening,” 58. 10 nuclear threshold emerges as one of the major constraints...20 Ashraf , “Doctrinal Reawakening,” 59. 21 Ikram Sehgal, “War-Gaming Nuclear Armageddon,” The News, 29 January 2009

Commentary from Westminster. Medical effects of nuclear war.

PubMed

Deitch, R

1983-03-12

A British Medical Association report on the medical consequences of nuclear war, scheduled for commercial publication in April 1983, could damage the Government's arguments for maintaining a nuclear deterrent. The gist of the BMA's findings is that Britain could not possibly cope with the aftermath of nuclear attack. Although Prime Minister Thatcher has made no comment, both the Home Office and the Department of Health and Social Security have criticized the report's negative conclusions. The BMA is expected to take up the issue at its annual meeting, and the Labour party has called for a Parliamentary debate on the report and its implications.

The threat of nuclear war: Some responses

PubMed Central

Marcattilio, A. J. M.; Nevin, John A.

1986-01-01

The possibility of nuclear holocaust threatens the very existence of the world community. Biologists, earth scientists, educators, lawyers, philosophers, physicists, physicians, and social scientists have addressed the problem from their special perspectives, and have had substantial impact on the public. Behavior analysts, however, have not as a whole contributed a great deal to the goal of preventing nuclear catastrophe. We argue that the threat of nuclear war is primarily a behavioral problem, and present an analysis of that problem. In addition, we address the difficulty of implementing behavioral interventions that would contribute to the survival of the World. PMID:22478648

History of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Doctrine and a Path Forward

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chyba, Christopher

2007-04-01

During the Cold War, the United States considered a number of approaches for living in a world with nuclear weapons, including disarmament, preventive war, the incorporation of nuclear weapons into military strategy, passive and active defense, and deterrence. With the failure of early approaches to disarmament, and the rejection of preventive war against the Soviet Union (and later, China), deterrence became central to key nuclear relationships, though arms control continued to play an important role. The nuclear nonproliferation treaty made preventing the further spread of nuclear weapons another central component of U.S. policy. The Bush Administration has tried to devise a new policy for the post-Cold War period. Their approach has three salient pillars. First, it is characterized by an overall skepticism toward multilateral agreements, on the grounds that bad actors will not obey them, that agreements can lead to a false sense of security, and that such agreements are too often a way for the Lilliputians of the world to tie down Gulliver. The March 2005 U.S. National Defense Strategy declared that U.S. strength ``will continue to be challenged by those who employ a strategy of the weak, using international fora, judicial processes and terrorism.'' Second, the Bush Administration declared its intention to maintain a military dominance so great that other states simply would not try to catch up. The 2002 National Security Strategy states that ``Our forces will be strong enough to dissuade potential adversaries from pursuing a military build-up in hopes of surpassing, or equaling, the power of the United States.'' Third, the 2002 National Security Strategy (reaffirmed by the 2006 National Security Strategy) moved preventive war (which the strategies called ``preemptive war'') to a central position, rather than deterrence and nonproliferation. In part this was because of the claim that certain ``rogue'' states, and terrorist groups, were not deterrable. This talk will sketch this history, discuss the approach of the Bush Administration in more detail and assess its successes and failures, and suggest the lines of a new approach to U.S. nuclear weapons policy for the coming decades. This approach will follow that outlined in George Bunn and Christopher Chyba (eds.), ``U.S. Nuclear Weapons Policy: Confronting Today's Threats'' (Brookings, 2006, 340 pp.).

The nuclear present. A guide to recent books on nuclear war, weapons, the peace movement, and related issues, with a chronology of nuclear events, 1789-1991

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Burns, G.

The Nuclear Present brings the interested reader up-to-date on significant English-language books about nuclear weapons and related topics, identifying primarily important works of nuclear non-fiction that have come out since 1984. Each reference has a paragraph of comment about its subject and value. General organizational areas include the following: Reference Works; Nuclear weapons and Nuclear war (14 sub-headings including overviews, development, effects, tests, arms race, prospectives, legal considerations etc.); Strategy; proliferation; Stratigic Defense; Arms control and disarmament; ethical, pholosophical and religous perspectives; new paths to peace; periodic guide; the Chernobyl Disaster. An extensive Nuclear Chronology (1789-1991) written by the authormore » allows a fairly detailed sense of the historical record of nuclear weapons, including testing, manufacture, use and movements for arms control and disarmament.« less

Student Reactions to Nuclear Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Christie, Daniel J.; Nelson, Linden

1988-01-01

Reports on a study that focused on the psychological impact of nuclear education curriculum on middle school students. Concluded that instruction about nuclear issues rarely increases students' fear or worry about nuclear war. (RT)

The role of competitive binding to human serum albumin on efavirenz-warfarin interaction: a nuclear magnetic resonance study.

PubMed

Wanke, Riccardo; Harjivan, Shrika G; Pereira, Sofia A; Marques, M Matilde; Antunes, Alexandra M M

2013-11-01

The potential for co-prescription of the anti-human immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV) drug efavirenz (EFV) and the oral anticoagulant warfarin (WAR) is currently high as EFV is a drug of choice for HIV type 1 infection and because cardiovascular disease is increasing among HIV-infected individuals. However, clinical reports of EFV-WAR interaction, leading to WAR overdosing, call for elucidation of the mechanisms involved in this drug-drug interaction. Here we present the first report demonstrating competition of the two drugs for the same binding site of human serum albumin. Using ligand-based nuclear magnetic resonance experiments, this study proves that EFV has an effect on the concentration of free WAR. This previously unidentified EFV-WAR interaction represents a potential risk factor that should be taken into account when considering treatment options. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. and the International Society of Chemotherapy. All rights reserved.

JPRS Report, Near East and South Asia.

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-07-08

and our culture. We collaborators two excellent connoisseurs of Berber lan- are not going to play at being censors ," Ramdane adds. guage and culture, T...its conceived plan, wars will be started between countries propaganda war, America censored war coverage. The for their consumption. There is only one...way to avoid Western media which protested censor restrictions this new international imperialist system and that is, just imposed during the

The structure of post-traumatic stress symptoms in survivors of war: confirmatory factor analyses of the Impact of Event Scale--revised.

PubMed

Morina, Nexhmedin; Böhme, Hendryk F; Ajdukovic, Dean; Bogic, Marija; Franciskovic, Tanja; Galeazzi, Gian M; Kucukalic, Abdulah; Lecic-Tosevski, Dusica; Popovski, Mihajlo; Schützwohl, Matthias; Stangier, Ulrich; Priebe, Stefan

2010-08-01

The study aimed at establishing the factor structure of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) in survivors of war. A total sample of 4167 participants with potentially traumatic experiences during the war in Ex-Yugoslavia was split into three samples: two independent samples of people who stayed in the area of conflict and one sample of refugees to Western European countries. Alternative models with three, four, and five factors of post-traumatic symptoms were tested in one sample. The other samples were used for cross-validation. Results indicated that the model of best fit had five factors, i.e., intrusion, avoidance, hyperarousal, numbing, and sleep disturbance. Model superiority was cross-validated in the two other samples. These findings suggest a five-factor model of post-traumatic stress symptoms in war survivors with numbing and sleep disturbance as separate factors in addition to intrusion, avoidance and hyperarousal. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Nuclear, biological and chemical warfare. Part I: Medical aspects of nuclear warfare.

PubMed

Kasthuri, A S; Pradhan, A B; Dham, S K; Bhalla, I P; Paul, J S

1990-04-01

Casualties in earlier wars were due much more to diseases than to weapons. Mention has been made in history of the use of biological agents in warfare, to deny the enemy food and water and to cause disease. In the first world war chemical agents were used to cause mass casualties. Nuclear weapons were introduced in the second world war. Several countries are now involved in developing nuclear, biological and chemical weapon systems, for the mass annihilation of human beings, animals and plants, and to destroy the economy of their enemies. Recently, natural calamities and accidents in nuclear, chemical and biological laboratories and industries have caused mass instantaneous deaths in civilian population. The effects of future wars will not be restricted to uniformed persons. It is time that physicians become aware of the destructive potential of these weapons. Awareness, immediate protective measures and first aid will save a large number of persons. This series of articles will outline the medical aspects of nuclear, biological and chemical weapon systems in three parts. Part I will deal with the biological effects of a nuclear explosion. The short and long term effects due to blast, heat and associated radiation are highlighted. In Part II, the role of biological agents which cause commoner or new disease patterns is mentioned. Some of the accidents from biological warfare laboratories are a testimony to its potential deleterious effects. Part III deals with medical aspects of chemical warfare agents, which in view of their mass effects can overwhelm the existing medical resources, both civilian and military.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The Politics of Forgetting: Otto Hahn and the German Nuclear-Fission Project in World War II

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sime, Ruth Lewin

2012-03-01

As the co-discoverer of nuclear fission and director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry, Otto Hahn (1879-1968) took part in Germany`s nuclear-fission project throughout the Second World War. I outline Hahn's efforts to mobilize his institute for military-related research; his inclusion in high-level scientific structures of the military and the state; and his institute's research programs in neutron physics, isotope separation, transuranium elements, and fission products, all of potential military importance for a bomb or a reactor and almost all of it secret. These activities are contrasted with Hahn's deliberate misrepresentations after the war, when he claimed that his wartime work had been nothing but "purely scientific" fundamental research that was openly published and of no military relevance.

Impacts on Chinese Agriculture of Geoengineering and Smoke from Fires Ignited by Nuclear War

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xia, L.; Robock, A.

2013-12-01

Climate is one of the most important factors determining crop yields and world food supplies. To be well prepared for possible futures, it is necessary to study yield changes of major crops under different climate scenarios. Here we consider two situations: stratospheric sulfate geoengineering and nuclear war. Although we certainly do not advocate either scenario, we cannot exclude the possibilities: if global warming is getting worse, society might consider deliberately manipulating global temperature; if nuclear weapons still exist, we might face a nuclear war catastrophe. Since in both scenarios there would be reductions of temperature, precipitation, and insolation, which are three controlling factors on crop growth, it is important to study food supply changes under the two cases. We conducted our simulations for China, because it has the highest population and crop production in the world and it is under the strong influence of the summer monsoon, which would be altered in geoengineering and nuclear war scenarios. To examine the effects of climate changes induced by geoengineering and nuclear war on Chinese agriculture, we use the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) crop model. We first evaluated the model by forcing it with daily weather data and management practices for the period 1978-2008 for 24 provinces in China, and compared the results to observations of the yields of major crops in China (middle season rice, winter wheat, and maize). Then we perturbed observed weather data using climate anomalies for geoengineering and nuclear war simulations. For geoengineering, we consider the G2 scenario of the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP), which prescribes an insolation reduction to balance a 1% per year increase in CO2 concentration (1pctCO2). We used results from ten climate models participating in G2. For the nuclear war scenario, we consider the effects of 5 Tg of soot that could be injected into the upper troposphere by a war between India and Pakistan using only 100 Hiroshima-size atomic bombs dropped on cities. We used results from three climate models that did the same simulation. For the geoengineering scenario, without changes of agricultural technology, the combined effect of climate changes due to geoengineering and CO2 fertilization would change rice production in China by -4.6×6.0 Mt (4.5×5.9%) as compared with 1pctCO2 and would increase Chinese maize production by 20.9×6.9 Mt (14.8×4.9%) the period 46-50 years after the CO2 increase and compensating insolation reduction began. The CO2 fertilization effect compensates for the deleterious impacts of climate changes due to geoengineering on rice production, increasing rice production by 8.2 Mt and the elevated CO2 concentration enhances maize production in G2, contributing 35.5% to the total increase. While agricultural impacts may not be a serious problem for geoengineering, there are many other potential risks that need to be evaluated before geoengineering should be considered. Climate changes due to nuclear war would decrease Chinese rice production by 20×4.7%, maize production by 15×6.2% and winter wheat production by 35×19.3% for a five-year period after the soot injection, producing a major world food security crisis.

Leo Szilard Lectureship Award Talk: Nuclear disarmament after the cold war

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Podvig, Pavel

2008-04-01

Now that the cold war is long over, our thinking of nuclear weapons and the role that they play in international security has undergone serious changes. The emphasis has shifted from superpower confrontation to nuclear proliferation, spread of weapon materials, and to the dangers of countries developing nuclear weapon capability under a cover of a civilian program. At the same time, the old cold-war dangers, while receded, have not disappeared completely. The United States and Russia keep maintaining thousands of nuclear weapons in their arsenals, some of them in very high degree of readiness. This situation presents a serious challenge that the international community has to deal with. Although Russia and the United States are taking some steps to reduce their nuclear arsenals, the traditional arms control process has stalled -- the last treaty that was signed in 2002 does not place serious limits on strategic forces of either side. The START Treaty, which provides a framework for verification and transparency in reduction of nuclear arsenals, will expire at the end of 2009. Little effort has been undertaken to extend the treaty or renegotiate it. Moreover, in recent years Russia has stepped up the efforts to modernize its strategic nuclear forces. The United States has resisted joining the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty and has been working on controversial new nuclear weapon development programs. The U.S. missile defense program makes the dialogue between Russia and the United States even more difficult. The reluctance of Russia and the United States to engage in a discussion about drastic reductions of their nuclear forces undermines the case of nuclear nonproliferation and seriously complicated their effort to contain the spread of nuclear weapon technologies and expertise. One of the reasons for the current lack of progress in nuclear disarmament is the contradiction between the diminished role that nuclear weapons play in security of nuclear weapon states and the inertia of cold-war institutions that are involved in their development and support. Dealing with this contradiction would require development of new mechanisms of cooperation between nuclear weapons states and their strong commitment to the cause of nuclear nonproliferation. One important area of cooperation is development of a framework that would prevent the spread of nuclear materials and technology at the time when increasing number of countries is turning toward expanded use of nuclear power to cover their energy needs.

Adolescents' Response to Unconventional War Threat Prior to the Gulf War.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Klingman, Avigdor; Goldstein, Zehava

1994-01-01

Examined Israeli adolescents' responses to impending unconventional warfare by administering Nuclear Threat Index to 269 junior high school students 2 months prior to Persian Gulf War. Younger adolescents and females reported more activity, pessimistic thoughts, and concerns than older adolescents and males, respectively; and "internal"…

What About the Children? The Threat of Nuclear War and Our Responsibility to Preserve this Planet for Future Generations.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hawkes, Glenn W.

Part of a global effort, this brochure was written to increase understanding of the threat nuclear war poses to children. Several issues are raised and briefly discussed, including (1) the present capacity for annihilating the next generation or ending human life on this planet, (2) the inadequacy of deterrence, (3) the suffering of children after…

Surprise and Preemption in Soviet Nuclear Strategy

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-04-01

PROGRAM ELEMFNT, PROJECT, TASK AREA ft WORK UNIT NUMBERS NWC Strategic Studies Project 12. REPORT DATE April, 1983 13. NUMBER OF PAGES 66...015 THE NATIONAL WAR COIXKCIE NATIONAL DEFENSE UNIVERSITY STRATEGIC STUDY SURPRISE AND PREEMPTION IN SOVIET NUCLEAR STRATEGY by Dr. Glenn E...TC TAB D Distribution/ Availability Codes {Avail and/or Dist Special B ,& it illL NATIONAL WAR COLLEGD STRATEGIC STUDIES REPORT ABSTRACT

Trauma exposure and the mediating role of posttraumatic stress on somatic symptoms in civilian war victims.

PubMed

Morina, Naser; Schnyder, Ulrich; Klaghofer, Richard; Müller, Julia; Martin-Soelch, Chantal

2018-04-10

It has been well documented that the exposure to war has a negative effect on the psychological health of civilian. However, little is known on the impact of war exposure on the physical health of the civilian population. In addition, the link between trauma exposure and somatic symptoms remain poorly understood. This cross-sectional study examined levels of somatic symptoms in the aftermath of war, and the mediating role of posttraumatic stress symptoms in the relationship between trauma exposure and somatic symptoms. Civilian war survivors (N = 142) from Kosovo were assessed for potentially traumatic events, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and somatic symptoms. Data were analyzed using mediation analyses. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were categorized based on King's four factor model (Psychol Assessment. 10: 90-96, 1998). Participants reported on average more than 5 types of traumatic exposure. The cut-off indicative for PTSD was exceeded by 26.1% of participants. Symptom levels of PTSD were associated with somatic symptoms. The relationship between trauma exposure and somatic symptoms was partly mediated by the active avoidance and hyperarousal symptom clusters of PTSD. Active avoidance and hyperarousal symptoms seem to play a key role in traumatized people suffering from somatic symptoms.

Environmental consequences of nuclear war

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Toon, Owen B.; Robock, Alan; Turco, Richard P.

A regional war involving 100 Hiroshima-sized weapons would pose a worldwide threat due to ozone destruction and climate change. A superpower confrontation with a few thousand weapons would be catastrophic.

Legal Services during War.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-03-23

thorough education about the laws of war, suggesting that even lawyers were ill prepared to address many of the questions that arose. In addition, there...should be "more intensive education of troops prior to combat to help avoid breaches of the laws and usages of war. 147 28 Military Affairs Military...must be determined, Inter lqa , whether damage or injury was caused by US forces during combat. Interests of both the claimant and government are served

Nuclear threat on the Korean peninsula: The present and the future. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kang, S.

1994-04-01

Forty years after they were divided by the Cold War, South and North Korea are closer to reunification than ever before. However, North Korea's nuclear weapons program might cause South Koreans to be much less sure about reunification. Today the Cold War is over, but the Korean peninsula is still divided into two Koreas despite the new era of reconciliation. Since December 1991 when a non-aggression pact was signed barring nuclear weapons, North Korea has pursued its nuclear weapon development. In March 1993, North Korea declared its intention to withdraw from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, and has been refusing amore » full inspection of its nuclear program. North Korea's nuclear issue is an international issue today. This paper discusses 'what threat we have today' and 'what should be done in the future.'.« less

Nuclear proliferation: Will the Soviet Union's collapse spawn a new arms race

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Griffin, R.D.

Almost 30 years ago, in the midst of the US-Soviet arms race, President John F. Kennedy warned of the danger of nuclear proliferation. Ironically, now that the Cold War is over, the prospect has become a reality. The collapse of the Soviet Union may have calmed fears of a nuclear Armageddon, but it has aroused new concerns about the spread of nuclear weapons. More than a dozen nations either have or are feverishly trying to develop nuclear arsenals, including Third World nations riven by religious and territorial disputes. If the world fails to contain the spread of nuclear-weapons technology, themore » balance of power that kept relative peace during the four decades of the Cold War may be displaced by a balance of terror.« less

Naval War College. Volume 60, Number 2, Spring 2007

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-01-01

attacks of grave conse- quences. The aspiration of this small-wars force element is to prevent even one nuclear, biological , or chemical weapon attack...153 Preventive Attack and Weapons of Mass...Default screen Bioethics and Armed Conflict: Moral Dilemmas of Medicine and War, by Michael L. Gross reviewed by Arthur M. Smith, MD

Living with the Bomb: Young People's Images of War and Peace.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mackey, James A.

1983-01-01

Describes children's conceptions of war and peace, their fear of nuclear war, and the different attitudes of boys and girls. Suggested steps to help raise children's consciousness of the issues involved include teaching conflict-resolution skills (cooperation, negotiation, and compromise), and peace studies, including disarmament and world order.…

Nuclear deterrence in the Arab-Israeli conflict. A case study in Egyptian-Israeli relations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shikaki, K.I.

1986-01-01

In order to achieve security and stability, and maximize the chances for resolving the Arab-Israeli conflict, should Egypt and Israel adopt declared nuclear deterrence doctrines. Or would such a move be ineffective, dangerous, or even disastrous. The nuclearization of the Middle East is not necessary: military threats to the survival of the states in the region do not justify the introduction of nuclear weapons. Nuclearization is not desirable: deterrence theory's assumptions and implications exhibit intellectual weakness and its explanatory power is unsatisfactory; nuclear deterrence may reduce the frequency of war, but it pays little attention to the consequences of war;more » and in comparison to defense, nuclear deterrence may lack credibility. Presently, Israel has nuclear capability and delivery systems sufficient to provide security to its vital areas through deterrence of or defense against Arab attacks. The Arabs do not, however, believe that such security extends to the Arab territories occupied by Israel during the June 1967 war. To supply security, nuclear deterrence must be effective, stable, and credible. In a multinuclear environment, the Egyptians and Israelis are likely to meet the requirement for an effective deterrence: the possession of a nuclear capability sufficient to inflict an enormous amount of death and destruction. If the Arabs and Israelis sought and adopted strategies of deterrence, they might be able to meet the requirement for a stable deterrence: the acquisition of second strike capabilities.« less

Photographs and Pamphlet about Nuclear Fallout. The Constitution Community: Postwar United States (1945 to Early 1970s).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lawlor, John M., Jr.

In August 1945, the United States unleashed an atomic weapon against the Japanese at Hiroshima and Nagasaki and brought an end to World War II. These bombs killed in two ways -- by the blast's magnitude and resulting firestorm, and by nuclear fallout. After the Soviet Union exploded its first atom bomb in 1949, the Cold War waged between the two…

Global Famine after a Regional Nuclear War

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Robock, A.; Xia, L.; Mills, M. J.; Stenke, A.; Helfand, I.

2014-12-01

A regional nuclear war between India and Pakistan, using 100 15-kt atomic bombs, could inject 5 Tg of soot into the upper troposphere from fires started in urban and industrial areas. Simulations by three different general circulation models, GISS ModelE, WACCM, and SOCOL, all agree that global surface temperature would decrease by 1 to 2°C for 5 to 10 years, and have major impacts on precipitation and solar radiation reaching Earth's surface. Local summer climate changes over land would be larger. Using the DSSAT crop simulation model forced by these three global climate model simulations, we investigate the impacts on agricultural production in China, the largest grain producer in the world. In the first year after the regional nuclear war, a cooler, drier, and darker environment would reduce annual rice production by 23 Mt (24%), maize production by 41 Mt (23%), and wheat production by 23 Mt (50%). This reduction of food availability would continue, with gradually decreasing amplitude, for more than a decade. Results from simulations in other major grain producing regions produce similar results. Thus a nuclear war using much less than 1% of the current global arsenal could produce a global food crisis and put a billion people at risk of famine.

Decisively Avoiding Defeat: Strategy, the Operational Artist, and Limited War

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-05-26

Allan R. Millett, The War For Korea , 1950 – 1951: They Came from the North (Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 2010), 60. 10 Communist...security, but could not attack the Communist North and upset the balance.86 The US limited policy toward Korea to support European commitments. This...78. 105 Millett, The War for Korea , 132. 30 action by the 24th Infantry Division failed to stop the North Koreans. MacArthur understood the

Human genetics in troubled times and places.

PubMed

Harper, Peter S

2018-01-01

The development of human genetics world-wide during the twentieth century, especially across Europe, has occurred against a background of repeated catastrophes, including two world wars and the ideological problems and repression posed by Nazism and Communism. The published scientific literature gives few hints of these problems and there is a danger that they will be forgotten. The First World War was largely indiscriminate in its carnage, but World War 2 and the preceding years of fascism were associated with widespread migration, especially of Jewish workers expelled from Germany, and of their children, a number of whom would become major contributors to the post-war generation of human and medical geneticists in Britain and America. In Germany itself, eminent geneticists were also involved in the abuses carried out in the name of 'eugenics' and 'race biology'. However, geneticists in America, Britain and the rest of Europe were largely responsible for the ideological foundations of these abuses. In the Soviet Union, geneticists and genetics itself became the object of persecution from the 1930s till as late as the mid 1960s, with an almost complete destruction of the field during this time; this extended also to Eastern Europe and China as part of the influence of Russian communism. Most recently, at the end of the twentieth century, China saw a renewal of government sponsored eugenics programmes, now mostly discarded. During the post-world war 2 decades, human genetics research benefited greatly from recognition of the genetic dangers posed by exposure to radiation, following the atomic bomb explosions in Japan, atmospheric testing and successive accidental nuclear disasters in Russia. Documenting and remembering these traumatic events, now largely forgotten among younger workers, is essential if we are to fully understand the history of human genetics and avoid the repetition of similar disasters in the future. The power of modern human genetic and genomic techniques now gives a greater potential for abuse as well as for beneficial use than has ever been seen in the past.

Armageddon Is Not around the Corner.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Walsh, Edward A.

1984-01-01

Nuclear war is unthinkable, psychologically unfeasible, and untenable technically; conventional war against the Russians is impossible. Therefore, time and money should not be spent preparing for confrontation. Proposals are made for redirecting funds. (RM)

The Army Study Program Fiscal Year 1988 Report

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-03-24

Studies Institute (ATTN: AWCI) 4 Defense Nuclear Agency (ATTN: LASS) 1 Engineering Studies Center (ATTN: ESC) 5 Commandant: US Army War College (ATTN...Library) 5 US Navy War College (ATTN: Library) 5 US Air War College (ATTN: Library) 5 Chief of Naval Operations (ATTN: 0P916) 5 Headquarters, US Air... war . Agreement is needed on the key words describing Army functional areas and related terms and on the relationships among them and other factors

The bishops and nuclear weapons: The catholic pastoral letter on war and peace

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dougherty, J.E.

1984-01-01

This is a contribution to the Catholic debate over nuclear weapons, by an international relations scholar who teaches at a Catholic college. Dougherty is critical of the 1983 pastoral letter, arguing that it focuses too much on the dangers of nuclear war and the inadequacies of deterrence while giving insufficient attention to Soviet expansionism and the need for stable deterrence through a judicious mixture of military modernization and arms control. He is concerned by an increase in ''Catholic nuclear pacifism,'' fearing that the pastoral letter could become a theological rationalization for neo-isolationism in the United States. The European bishops, hemore » notes, take a more moderate view.« less

From Confrontation to Cooperation: 8th International Seminar on Nuclear War

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zichichi, A.; Dardo, M.

1992-09-01

The Table of Contents for the full book PDF is as follows: * OPENING SESSION * A. Zichichi: Opening Statements * R. Nicolosi: Opening Statements * MESSAGES * CONTRIBUTIONS * "The Contribution of the Erice Seminars in East-West-North-South Scientific Relations" * 1. LASER TECHNOLOGY * "Progress in laser technology" * "Progress in laboratory high gain ICF: prospects for the future" * "Applications of laser in metallurgy" * "Laser tissue interactions in medicine and surgery" * "Laser fusion" * "Compact X-ray lasers in the laboratory" * "Alternative method for inertial confinement" * "Laser technology in China" * 2. NUCLEAR AND CHEMICAL SAFETY * "Reactor safety and reactor design" * "Thereotical analysis and numerical modelling of heat transfer and fuel migration in underlying soils and constructive elements of nuclear plants during an accident release from the core" * "How really to attain reactor safely" * "The problem of chemical weapons" * "Long terms genetic effects of nuclear and chemical accidents" * "Features of the brain which are of importance in understanding the mode of operation of toxic substances and of radiation" * "CO2 and ultra safe reactors" * 3. USE OF MISSILES * "How to convert INF technology for peaceful scientific purposes" * "Beating words into plowshares: a proposal for the peaceful uses of retired nuclear warheads" * "Some thoughts on the peaceful use of retired nuclear warheads" * "Status of the HEFEST project" * 4. OZONE * "Status of the ozone layer problem" * 5. CONVENTIONAL AND NUCLEAR FORCE RESTRUCTURING IN EUROPE * 6. CONFLICT AVOIDANCE MODEL * 7. GENERAL DISCUSSION OF THE WORLD LAB PROJECTS * "East-West-North-South Collaboration in Subnuclear Physics" * "Status of the World Lab in the USSR" * CLOSING SESSION

Sandia National Laboratories, Tonopah Test Range Fire Control Bunker (Building 09-51): Photographs and Written Historical and Descriptive Data

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ullrich, Rebecca A.

The Fire Control Bunker (Building 09-51) is a contributing element to the Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) Tonopah Test Range (TTR) Historic District. The SNL TTR Historic District played a significant role in U.S. Cold War history in the areas of stockpile surveillance and non-nuclear field testing of nuclear weapons design. The district covers approximately 179,200 acres and illustrates Cold War development testing of nuclear weapons components and systems. This report includes historical information, architectural information, sources of information, project information, maps, blueprints, and photographs.

Sandia National Laboratories, Tonopah Test Range Assembly Building 9B (Building 09-54): Photographs and Written Historical and Descriptive Data

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ullrich, Rebecca A.

Assembly Building 9B (Building 09-54) is a contributing element to the Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) Tonopah Test Range (TTR) Historic District. The SNL TTR Historic District played a significant role in U.S. Cold War history in the areas of stockpile surveillance and non-nuclear field testing of nuclear weapons designs. The district covers approximately 179,200 acres and illustrates Cold War development testing of nuclear weapons components and systems. This report includes historical information, architectural information, sources of information, project information, maps, blueprints, and photographs.

The Evolution of United States and NATO Tactical Nuclear Doctrine and Limited Nuclear War Options, 1949-1964

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-12-01

Ronald Reagan, the Soviets de- ployed more than 100 SS-20 nuclear missiles against Western Europe and added approximately 70...Strategic Deterrence in the 1980’s. Stanford: I - Hoover Institution Press, 1979. "’ 9*’ 244 ..99 " . , " ’ ’ ’ " < - ,’ , ’- .’-"C’"’’ Steel, Ronald ...100-102. A - Wagstaff , Jack J. "The Army’s Preparation for Atomic War- fare." Military Review (May 1955): 3-6. Walker, R.M. "The Night Attack

Climate changes associated with nuclear war

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Toon, O. B.

1986-01-01

Nuclear war, featuring explosion of half the world arsenal of nuclear weapons, would cause urban and forest fires that would inject 20-650 megatons of smoke into the atmosphere. The Northern Hemisphere optical depth would increase to between 0.5-14. All models indicate an increase in optical depths, a large net radiation gain in the smoke layer, and an antigreenhouse effect at the surface. Significant global cooling would proceed, transforming the global climate to a large degree toward that of an airless world. Persisting deficiencies in the models are identified, noting research areas which would improve the accuracies of the predictions.

Nuclear weapons at 70: reflections on the context and legacy of the Manhattan Project

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Reed, B. Cameron

2015-08-01

August 2015 marks the 70th anniversary of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. These bombs, the products of the United States Army’s Manhattan Project, helped to end World War II and had enormous long-term effects on global political strategies by setting the stage for the Cold War and nuclear proliferation. This article explores the context and legacy of the Manhattan Project. The state of the war in the summer of 1945 is described, as are how the target cities came to be chosen, deliberations surrounding whether the bombs should be used directly or demonstrated first, and the long-term effects of the Project on individual scientists, the relationship between scientists and society, the subsequent development of nuclear arsenals around the world, and the current status of these arsenals and how they might evolve in the future.

Imaginary Savior: the image of the nuclear bomb in Korea, 1945-1960.

PubMed

Kim, Dong-Won

2009-01-01

Two atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 brought the unexpected liberation of Korea from the 35-year Japanese occupation. Koreans therefore had a very favorable and positive image of the nuclear bomb and nuclear energy from the beginning. The image of the nuclear bomb as "savior" was strengthened during the Korean War when the United States openly mentioned the possible use of the nuclear bomb against North Korean and Chinese military. After the end of the Korean War in July 1953 South Koreans strongly supported the development of the nuclear bomb in order to deter another North Korean invasion. When the US government provided South Korea with a research nuclear reactor in the late 1950s, most South Koreans hailed it as the first step to developing their own nuclear bomb. This paper will analyze how and why the savior image of the nuclear bomb originated and spread in Korea during the 1950s.

The Effects of GWOT and Deployment Intensity on the Propensity to Develop Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among Navy Personnel

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-03-01

In addition to anxiety and depression, symptoms included headaches , anorexia . . . tremors, insomnia, nightmares and palpitation which were...the traumatic event • Hyper awareness (i.e. feel constantly on guard or alert for danger, which may cause trouble sleeping) • Symptoms last longer...of war. It thus becomes much safer to simply say nothing and avoid the feelings . b. World War II Having forgotten the lessons from World War I

Peaceful atoms in agriculture and food: how the politics of the Cold War shaped agricultural research using isotopes and radiation in post war divided Germany.

PubMed

Zachmann, Karin

2015-01-01

During the Cold War, the super powers advanced nuclear literacy and access to nuclear resources and technology to a first-class power factor. Both national governments and international organizations developed nuclear programs in a variety of areas and promoted the development of nuclear applications in new environments. Research into the use of isotopes and radiation in agriculture, food production, and storage gained major importance as governments tried to promote the possibility of a peaceful use of atomic energy. This study is situated in divided Germany as the intersection of the competing socio-political systems and focuses on the period of the late 1940s and 1950s. It is argued that political interests and international power relations decisively shaped the development of "nuclear agriculture". The aim is to explore whether and how politicians in both parts of the divided country fostered the new field and exerted authority over the scientists. Finally, it examines the ways in which researchers adapted to the altered political conditions and expectations within the two political structures, by now fundamentally different.

Teaching "The Nuclear Predicament."

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Carman, Philip; Kneeshaw, Stephen

1987-01-01

Contends that courses on nuclear war must help students examine the political, social, religious, philosophical, economic, and moral assumptions which characterized the dilemma of nuclear armament/disarmament. Describes the upper level undergraduate course taught by the authors. (JDH)

Cold War America, 1946 to 1990. Almanacs of American Life.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gregory, Ross

This book offers an in-depth look at U.S. culture during a 45-year period when the threat of nuclear war loomed over millions worldwide, and post-World War II ideological tensions took form as an ever-deepening chasm separating two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. The book finds that the national and global societies that…

Nuclear war between Israel and Iran: lethality beyond the pale

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Background The proliferation of nuclear technology in the politically volatile Middle East greatly increases the likelihood of a catastrophic nuclear war. It is widely accepted, while not openly declared, that Israel has nuclear weapons, and that Iran has enriched enough nuclear material to build them. The medical consequences of a nuclear exchange between Iran and Israel in the near future are envisioned, with a focus on the distribution of casualties in urban environments. Methods Model estimates of nuclear war casualties employed ESRI's ArcGIS 9.3, blast and prompt radiation were calculated using the Defense Nuclear Agency's WE program, and fallout radiation was calculated using the Defense Threat Reduction Agency's (DTRA's) Hazard Prediction and Assessment Capability (HPAC) V404SP4, as well as custom GIS and database software applications. Further development for thermal burn casualties was based on Brode, as modified by Binninger, to calculate thermal fluence. ESRI ArcGISTM programs were used to calculate affected populations from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory's LandScanTM 2007 Global Population Dataset for areas affected by thermal, blast and radiation data. Results Trauma, thermal burn, and radiation casualties were thus estimated on a geographic basis for three Israeli and eighteen Iranian cities. Nuclear weapon detonations in the densely populated cities of Iran and Israel will result in an unprecedented millions of numbers of dead, with millions of injured suffering without adequate medical care, a broad base of lingering mental health issues, a devastating loss of municipal infrastructure, long-term disruption of economic, educational, and other essential social activity, and a breakdown in law and order. Conclusions This will cause a very limited medical response initially for survivors in Iran and Israel. Strategic use of surviving medical response and collaboration with international relief could be expedited by the predicted casualty distributions and locations. The consequences for health management of thermal burn and radiation patients is the worst, as burn patients require enormous resources to treat, and there will be little to no familiarity with the treatment of radiation victims. Any rational analysis of a nuclear war between Iran and Israel reveals the utterly unacceptable outcomes for either nation. PMID:23663406

Inching toward Armageddon: a psychiatric view.

PubMed

Abraham, H D

1983-01-01

The existence of thermonuclear arsenals capable of destroying much of humanity takes its origins from, and has an influence on, processes that are largely psychological. The threat to use a single nuclear bomb to resolve contemporary conflict is an anathema in part because complex nation-states did not evolve with surviving a nuclear war in mind. The atomic arms race has proceeded apace because of maladaptive psychological mechanism including denial, distortion, projection, and, most relevantly, the need to enhance bonding within groups by creating stereotypes. One consequence of the arms race is a climate of fear and hopelessness, and especially destructive effect of which is seen in children. The physician's role in the prevention of nuclear war is critical, but divided between contradictory roles. On one hand, the physician is traditionally identified as a non-political advocate of the sick; on the other, as an advocate for the public health. It is this second model that enables physicians most legitimately to work for the prevention of nuclear war and to deal with the psychiatric concomitants of a planet drifting toward disaster.

Inching toward Armageddon: a psychiatric view.

PubMed Central

Abraham, H. D.

1983-01-01

The existence of thermonuclear arsenals capable of destroying much of humanity takes its origins from, and has an influence on, processes that are largely psychological. The threat to use a single nuclear bomb to resolve contemporary conflict is an anathema in part because complex nation-states did not evolve with surviving a nuclear war in mind. The atomic arms race has proceeded apace because of maladaptive psychological mechanism including denial, distortion, projection, and, most relevantly, the need to enhance bonding within groups by creating stereotypes. One consequence of the arms race is a climate of fear and hopelessness, and especially destructive effect of which is seen in children. The physician's role in the prevention of nuclear war is critical, but divided between contradictory roles. On one hand, the physician is traditionally identified as a non-political advocate of the sick; on the other, as an advocate for the public health. It is this second model that enables physicians most legitimately to work for the prevention of nuclear war and to deal with the psychiatric concomitants of a planet drifting toward disaster. PMID:6636836

Scientific impacts on nuclear strategic policy: Dangers and opportunities

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Keeny S.M. Jr.

1988-12-15

Nuclear weapons have revolutionized warfare, making a mutual capability for assured destruction a fact of life and mutual assured deterrence the underlying nuclear strategy of the superpowers. The program to find a technical solution to the threat of nuclear weapons by creating an impervious defense is fatally flawed by failure to consider responses available to a sophisticated adversary at much lower cost. Responses could involve: exploiting vulnerabilities; increased firepower; technical innovation; and circumvention. Efforts to achieve strategic defense would in fact increase risk of nuclear war by stimulating the nuclear arms race since history demonstrates neither side will allow itsmore » deterrent force to be seriously degraded. Defenses would increase instability in times of a crisis. Science has also reduced the risk of nuclear war by making possible improved control and safety of nuclear forces and predictability of US/Soviet relations, verifiability of arms control agreements, and survivable strategic systems. Science can be a tool for good or evil; mankind must be its masters not its slaves.« less

Scientific impacts on nuclear strategic policy: Dangers and opportunities

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Keeny, Spurgeon M.

1988-12-01

Nuclear weapons have revolutionized warfare, making a mutual capability for assured destruction a fact of life and mutual assured deterrence the underlying nuclear strategy of the superpowers. The program to find a technical solution to the threat of nuclear weapons by creating an impervious defense is fatally flawed by failure to consider responses available to a sophisticated adversary at much lower cost. Responses could involve: exploiting vulnerabilities; increased firepower; technical innovation; and circumvention. Efforts to achieve strategic defense would in fact increase risk of nuclear war by stimulating the nuclear arms race since history demonstrates neither side will allow its deterrent force to be seriously degraded. Defenses would increase instability in times of a crisis. Science has also reduced the risk of nuclear war by making possible improved control and safety of nuclear forces and predictability of US/Soviet relations, verifiability of arms control agreements, and survivable strategic systems. Science can be a tool for good or evil; mankind must be its masters not its slaves.

War gaming for strategic and tactical nuclear warfare. January 1970-January 1988 (citations from the NTIS data base). Report for January 1970-January 1988

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1988-01-01

This bibliography contains citations concerning non-quick war gaming for strategic and tactical nuclear warfare. Analyses and comparative evaluations, based upon computerized simulations, are considered as are manuals and specification for the various computer programs employed. Stage 64 and Satan II and III are covered prominently. (This updated bibliography contains 356 citations, 36 of which are new entries to the previous edition.)

Logistics Implications of Maneuver Warfare. Volume 3. Soviet Offensive Concepts and Capabilities

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-10-01

science, in contrast to military doctrine, is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Defense (MoD). Unlike military doctrine, military science is open...of State, and published under auspices of the U.S. Air Force. 5lbid. 6 Sovetskaia Voennaia Entsiklopediia, Vol. 6 (Moscow: Voenizdat, 1978). The Soviet...be nuclear, global, nor unlimited.11 Under that notion, while World War III would probably escalate to nuclear war, it would start with a long

The Israeli Nuclear Alert of 1973: Deterrence and Signaling in Crisis

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-04-01

limiting war, see Shlomo Aronson, Conflict and Bargaining in the Middle East (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978), 178-9; Shlomo Aronson...Ismail Fahmy, Negotiating for Peace in the Middle East (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983), 24-7. Indeed, Evron points out that...attaché. Yair Evron offered a similar report in Israel’s Nuclear Dilemma, 72. 50. See, for instance, Walter Boyne , The Two O’Clock War: The 1973 Yom

Cooperation not confrontation: the imperative of a nuclear age. The message from Budapest.

PubMed

Lown, B; Chazov, E

1985-08-02

Reprinted here is the text of a speech to the Fifth Congress of the International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW), delivered in Budapest on 29 June 1985 by the group's co-founders, Dr. Bernard Lown from the United States and Dr. Eugene Chazov from the U.S.S.R. After reminding the delegates that 1985 marked the 40th anniversary of the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the founding of the United Nations, the two physicians review the work of the IPPNW in alerting the world to the dangers of nuclear warfare. They warn that the chances of nuclear confrontation have increased, and urge their colleagues to foster cooperation between East and West. Lown and Chazov identify nuclear war as the greatest public health threat of all, and call for a moratorium on all nuclear explosions.

Modernization of US Nuclear Forces: Costs in Perspective

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tapia-Jimenez, D.

This short research paper addresses two topics that have emerged in the debate about whether, when, and how to modernize U.S. nuclear forces.1 The first topic relates to the size and scale of the planned nuclear force, with some critics of the modernization plan arguing that the United States is simply replicating the Cold War force for a very different era. The second topic relates to the cost of the modernization effort, with some critics arguing that the cost is unaffordable.2 This paper begins with a review of the changes in the size and scale of U.S. nuclear forces sincemore » the Cold War. It then examines the expected costs of modernization in a comparative perspective.« less

Wistar audiogenic rats display abnormal behavioral traits associated with artificial selection for seizure susceptibility.

PubMed

Castro, Gabriel Perfeito; Medeiros, Daniel de Castro; Guarnieri, Leonardo de Oliveira; Mourão, Flávio Afonso Gonçalves; Pinto, Hyorrana Priscila Pereira; Pereira, Grace Schenatto; Moraes, Márcio Flávio Dutra

2017-06-01

Accumulating evidence from different animal models has contributed to the understanding of the bidirectional comorbidity associations between the epileptic condition and behavioral abnormalities. A strain of animals inbred to enhance seizure predisposition to high-intensity sound stimulation, the Wistar audiogenic rat (WAR), underwent several behavioral tests: forced swim test (FST), open-field test (OFT), sucrose preference test (SPT), elevated plus maze (EPM), social preference (SP), marble burying test (MBT), inhibitory avoidance (IAT), and two-way active avoidance (TWAA). The choice of tests aimed to investigate the correlation between underlying circuits believed to be participating in both WAR's innate susceptibility to sound-triggered seizures and the neurobiological substrates associated with test performance. Comparing WAR with its Wistar counterpart (i.e., resistant to audiogenic seizures) showed that WARs present behavioral despair traits (e.g., increased FST immobility) but no evidence of anhedonic behavior (e.g., increased sucrose consumption in SPT) or social impairment (e.g., no difference regarding juvenile exploration in SP). In addition, tests suggested that WARs are unable to properly evaluate degrees of aversiveness (e.g., performance on OFT, EPM, MBT, IAT, and TWAA). The particularities of the WAR model opens new venues to further untangle the neurobiology underlying the co-morbidity of behavioral disorders and epilepsy. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Genetic and Reflex Epilepsies, Audiogenic Seizures and Strains: From Experimental Models to the Clinic". Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The long darkness: Psychological and moral perspectives on nuclear winter

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Grinspoon, L.

1986-01-01

This book presents papers on the risks of nuclear weapons. Topics considered include nuclear war and climatic catastrophe, evolutionary and developmental considerations, a biological comment on Erikson's notion of pseudospeciation, national security, unexamined assumptions and inescapable consequences, opposing the nuclear threat (the convergence of moral analysis and empirical data), and nuclear winter.

Nuclear Dangers: A Resource Guide for Secondary School Teachers. Teaching Nuclear Issues.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Meier, Paulette; McPherson, Beth

Provided in this guide are annotated lists of teacher and student resources for teaching and learning about nuclear issues in the secondary school. Resources are grouped into five major sections. The first section (background reading for teachers) contains books and articles focusing on nuclear issues (nuclear war; arms race/disarmament; nuclear…

Climate effects of a hypothetical regional nuclear war: Sensitivity to emission duration and particle composition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pausata, Francesco S. R.; Lindvall, Jenny; Ekman, Annica M. L.; Svensson, Gunilla

2016-11-01

Here, we use a coupled atmospheric-ocean-aerosol model to investigate the plume development and climate effects of the smoke generated by fires following a regional nuclear war between emerging third-world nuclear powers. We simulate a standard scenario where 5 Tg of black carbon (BC) is emitted over 1 day in the upper troposphere-lower stratosphere. However, it is likely that the emissions from the fires ignited by bomb detonations include a substantial amount of particulate organic matter (POM) and that they last more than 1 day. We therefore test the sensitivity of the aerosol plume and climate system to the BC/POM ratio (1:3, 1:9) and to the emission length (1 day, 1 week, 1 month). We find that in general, an emission length of 1 month substantially reduces the cooling compared to the 1-day case, whereas taking into account POM emissions notably increases the cooling and the reduction of precipitation associated with the nuclear war during the first year following the detonation. Accounting for POM emissions increases the particle size in the short-emission-length scenarios (1 day/1 week), reducing the residence time of the injected particle. While the initial cooling is more intense when including POM emission, the long-lasting effects, while still large, may be less extreme compared to the BC-only case. Our study highlights that the emission altitude reached by the plume is sensitive to both the particle type emitted by the fires and the emission duration. Consequently, the climate effects of a nuclear war are strongly dependent on these parameters.

The Bad News and the Good about Nuclear Careers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Basta, Nicholas

1986-01-01

Traces the changes in the nuclear energy field since World War II, citing distinct periods of growth in the nuclear industry, as well as downtrends. Analyzes the reasons for the changes in public support for nuclear energy and the impact upon careers in the field. (TW)

What Are Nuclear Weapons For?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Drell, Sidney

2007-03-01

Through the decades of the Cold War the prospect of a nuclear holocaust was all too real. With the demise of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, that threat to civilization as we know it had receded. But today we face a grave new danger, the acquisition of nuclear weapons by hostile or unstable governments and terrorists. What can and should we be doing to meet this challenge and prevent the world's most dangerous weapons from falling into very dangerous hands? Are there any reasons for us to still retain thousands of nuclear warheads in our arsenals? What are they for? Can we rekindle the bold vision of a world free of nuclear weapons that President Reagan and General Secretary Gorbachev brought to their remarkable summit meeting at Reykjavik twenty years ago, and define practical steps toward achieving such a goal?

Medical lessons learned from chernobyl relative to nuclear detonations and failed nuclear reactors.

PubMed

Dallas, Cham E

2012-12-01

The Chernobyl disaster in 1986 involved the largest airborne release of radioactivity in history, more than 100 times as much radioactivity as the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombs together. The resulting emergency response, administrative blunders, and subsequent patient outcomes from this large-scale radiological disaster provide a wealth of information and valuable lessons for those who may find themselves having to deal with the staggering consequences of nuclear war. Research findings, administrative strategies (successful and otherwise), and resulting clinical procedures from the Chernobyl experience are reviewed to determine a current utility in addressing the appropriate protocols for a medical response to nuclear war. As various myths are still widely associated with radiation exposure, attention is given to the realities of a mass casualty medical response as it would occur with a nuclear detonation.

Bytes: Weapons of Mass Disruption

DTIC Science & Technology

2002-04-01

advances compound the problems of protecting complex global infrastructures from attacks. How should the U.S. integrate the many disparate...deploy and sustain military forces.".16 According to the direst of information warfare theories , all computer systems are vulnerable to attack. The...Crisis Show of Force Punitive Strikes Armed Intervention Regional Conflict Regional War Global Conventional War Strategic Nuclear War IW & C2W area of

Strengthening Strategic Stability with Russia

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-01-01

war. Local conflicts, of course, need not escalate to general or nuclear war. Indeed, according to the stability - instability paradox, limited war...political stabil - ity. From the current Russian perspective, both of these compo- nents were thrown out of balance in the 1990s, creating instability ...part of the United States in the early 2000s, stra- tegic stability was replaced with instability and military-political defeats for Russia.27

RAND Review: Volume 29, Number 2, Summer 2005

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-01-01

is problematic because al Qaeda "Protecting businesses against tinued reliance on martyrdom; and " franchises " its attacks to local the economic impact...enriching uranium. We’ve got a lot ofnatural answered, "you would fee! safer if you had nuclear uranium. It’s legal. We want to enrich Uranium.’ And weapons...is then safer . If Iran adds nuclear weapons to its civil war within Islam rather than a global war on ter- arsenal, they already have Israel to worry

Iran and Iraq - the proliferation challenge. Strategic research report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jordan, F.R.

1996-04-15

Worldwide proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and ballistic missiles has been on the rise since the end of the Cold War. This escalation has brought a new set of challenges to post-Cold War strategists and policymakers. This study focus on the impact of nuclear proliferation in the Middle East. It assesses the possibility of Iran`s and Iraq`s ability to develop a nuclear capability within the next twenty to thirty years. United States` strategy and policy to counter this potential is also considered.

Nuclear Weapons Materials Gone Missing: What Does History Teach?

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-11-01

ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) U.S. Army War...Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College. The volume features re- search done over the last 2 years. Funding for this project came from the...Cochran: The statistical distribution of MUF will have a given one- sigma and two- sigma range. A MUF of zero does not mean that SNM [special nuclear

The NMCSSC Quick-Reacting General War Gaming System (QUICK). Analytical Manual. Volume I - Data Base Preparation. Change

DTIC Science & Technology

1972-02-21

is a two-sided strategic nuclear exchange war gaming system. It is designed co assist the military planner in examining various facets of strategic...substantial, the data base preparation process is designed to provide an efficient means of assembling, maintaining, and organizing an input data base to... designed to assist in the study of &’trategic conflicts involving a large-scale Pexchange of nuclear weapons. The system is structured into five

Impact of Vietnam Veterans Arousal and Avoidance on Spouses' Perceptions of Family Life.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hendrix, Charles C.; Erdmann, Marjorie A.; Briggs, Kathleen

1998-01-01

Examines the association between Vietnam veterans' levels of war-related symptoms of arousal and avoidance and their spouses' perceptions of their current family cohesion, adaptability, communication, and parental and marital satisfaction, using veterans' and their spouses' self-reports. Results indicate associations between the psychological…

The integration of science and politics to clean up 50 years in the nuclear sandbox

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lyons, C.E.; Holeman, T.

1999-07-01

The Cold War was fought between world superpowers for approximately 40 years from the end of the second World War until the end of the 1980s. During that time, the US government devoted billions of dollars to the development and production of nuclear weapons. Now the Cold War is over and the US is left with numerous nuclear weapons factories, stockpiles of nuclear materials, and mountains of waste to decontaminate and decommission. In the heat of the Cold War, little or no thought was given to how the facilities building bombs would be dismantled. Far too little attention was paidmore » to the potential human health and environmental impact of the weapons production. Now, dozens of communities across the country face the problems this negligence created. In many cases, the location, extent, and characteristics of the waste and contamination are unknown, due to negligence or due to intentional hiding of waste and associated problems. Water supplies are contaminated and threatened; air quality is degraded and threatened; workers and residents risk contamination and health impacts; entire communities risk disaster from potential nuclear catastrophe. The US government, in the form of the US Department of Energy (DOE), now accepts responsibility for creating and cleaning up the mess. But it is the local communities, the home towns of the bomb factories and laboratories, that carry a significant share of the burden of inventing the science and politics required to clean up 50 years in the nuclear sandbox. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the role of the local community in addressing the cleanup of the US nuclear weapons complex. Local governments do not own nor are responsible for the environmental aftermath, but remain the perpetual neighbor to the facility, the hometown of workers, and long-term caretaker of the off-site impacts of the on-site contamination and health risks.« less

Reagan and the Nuclear Freeze: "Stars Wars" as a Rhetorical Strategy.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bjork, Rebecca S.

1988-01-01

Analyzes the interaction between nuclear freeze activists and proponents of a Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI). Argues that SDI strengthens Reagan's rhetorical position concerning nuclear weapons policy because it reduces the argumentative ground of the freeze movement by envisioning a defensive weapons system that would nullify nuclear weapons.…

Another Inconvenient Truth: Even a Small Nuclear War Could be Much Worse Than you Think

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Toon, O. B.

2008-05-01

The number of nuclear warheads in the world has fallen by about a factor of three since its peak in 1986. However, the potential exists for numerous regional nuclear arms races, and for a significant expansion in the number of nuclear weapons states. Eight countries are known to have nuclear weapons, 2 are constructing them, and an additional 32 nations already have the fissile material needed to build weapons if they so desire. Population and economic activity worldwide are congregated to an increasing extent in "megacities", which are ideal targets for nuclear weapons. Based upon observations of the damage caused by nuclear explosions in World War II and in nuclear tests, a group of researchers has estimated the area that might be consumed in firestorms following a regional war between the smallest current nuclear states involving 100, 15-kt explosions (less than 0.1% of the explosive yield of the current global nuclear arsenal). Based upon observations of large forest fires these firestorms should inject smoke into the upper troposphere. Using estimates of the mass of flammable material in the areas that would burn we find that 5x1012 g of elemental carbon could be injected into the upper troposphere in a regional nuclear war. A suite of numerical models show that this upper tropospheric soot will be transported due to solar heating into the stratosphere and will rise to altitudes above 40 km. The elemental carbon will absorb sunlight, heating the stratosphere and cooling the ground. The heating of the stratosphere could cause column ozone losses in excess of 20% globally, 25-45% at mid-latitudes, and 50- 70% at northern high latitudes persisting for 5 years, with substantial losses continuing for 5 additional years. Column ozone amounts would remain near or below 220 Dobson units at all latitudes even after three years, constituting an extra-tropical "ozone hole". The cooling at the ground would reduce precipitation globally by about 10%, create lower temperatures than any observed in the past thousand years, and cause a several week shortening of the growing season at mid-latitudes in both hemispheres for several years. While these environmental perturbations from a regional scale conflict involving smaller nuclear powers, such as India and Pakistan, are very serious, recent studies of the results of a global nuclear war between the superpowers show that a "nuclear winter" could occur that is even more long lasting than previously believed. Following a global nuclear conflict global precipitation might fall by 45% for several years, and surface temperatures might decline to values not seen since the ice ages. There are many uncertainties in the issues we discuss here, however these results indicate that nuclear weapons pose a dire threat to everyone on the planet, even those far removed from any combat zone. Each of these potential hazards deserves careful analysis by governments worldwide advised by a broad section of the world scientific community, as well as widespread debate.

Media triggers of post-traumatic stress disorder 50 years after the Second World War.

PubMed

Hilton, C

1997-08-01

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may present many years after the original trauma. Case studies of two elderly patients are described. Both had experienced life-threatening combat situations and witnessed intense suffering during the Second World War. Marked distress was triggered by the media commemorating the fiftieth anniversary of the end of the war. PTSD patients often avoid talking of their traumatic experiences because of associated distress. Without taking a military and trauma history from elderly patients the diagnosis is likely to be missed.

Time’s Cycle and National Military Strategy: The Case for Continuity in a Time of Change.

DTIC Science & Technology

1995-06-01

particularly democracy. The key to this goal can be traced as far back as Immanuel Kant who postulated that liberal governments would seek to avoid wars...go to war. More recently, however, social scientists have recast the Kantian hypothesis to suggest that it is not that democracies don’t indulge in

We all lost the Cold War

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lebow, R.N.; Stein, J.G.

1994-12-31

The purpose of the book is to use the experience of two actual Cold War crises to test the hypothesis that it was the U.S. strategy of deterrence that was primarily responsible for preventing war with the Soviet Union and teaching them that aggression would not pay. The two crises; the Cuban missile crisis of 1962 and the Middle East crisis of 1973 have been widely interpreted as victories for U.S. deterence strategy. The authors draw on sources that were previously unavailable, both documents and interviews. The authors show that it was the fear of any nuclear use, not quantitativemore » assessments of the nuclear balance, that deterred both Soviet and American leaders in the two crises examined. Each side believed that the loss of even a single city was unacceptable. This implies that the benefits of nuclear weapons derive from their ability to annihilate cities. A policy of finite deterence would rely almost exclusively on this threat to civilians, raising further moral questions.« less

Nuclear war in the Middle East: where is the voice of medicine and public health.

PubMed

Dallas, Cham E; Burkle, Frederick M

2011-10-01

Once again, the politically volatile Middle East and accompanying rhetoric has escalated the risk of a major nuclear exchange. Diplomatic efforts have failed to make the medical consequences of such an exchange a leading element in negotiations. The medical and academic communities share this denial. Without exaggeration, the harsh reality of the enormous consequences of an imminently conceivable nuclear war between Iran and Israel will encompass an unprecedented millions of dead and an unavoidable decline in public health and environmental devastation that would impact major populations in the Middle East for decades to come. Nuclear deterrence and the uncomfortable but real medical and public health consequences must become an integral part of a broader global health diplomacy that emphasizes health security along with poverty reduction and good governance.

Atmospheric effects and societal consequences of regional scale nuclear conflicts and acts of individual nuclear terrorism

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Toon, O. B.; Turco, R. P.; Robock, A.; Bardeen, C.; Oman, L.; Stenchikov, G. L.

2007-04-01

We assess the potential damage and smoke production associated with the detonation of small nuclear weapons in modern megacities. While the number of nuclear warheads in the world has fallen by about a factor of three since its peak in 1986, the number of nuclear weapons states is increasing and the potential exists for numerous regional nuclear arms races. Eight countries are known to have nuclear weapons, 2 are constructing them, and an additional 32 nations already have the fissile material needed to build substantial arsenals of low-yield (Hiroshima-sized) explosives. Population and economic activity worldwide are congregated to an increasing extent in megacities, which might be targeted in a nuclear conflict. We find that low yield weapons, which new nuclear powers are likely to construct, can produce 100 times as many fatalities and 100 times as much smoke from fires per kt yield as previously estimated in analyses for full scale nuclear wars using high-yield weapons, if the small weapons are targeted at city centers. A single "small" nuclear detonation in an urban center could lead to more fatalities, in some cases by orders of magnitude, than have occurred in the major historical conflicts of many countries. We analyze the likely outcome of a regional nuclear exchange involving 100 15-kt explosions (less than 0.1% of the explosive yield of the current global nuclear arsenal). We find that such an exchange could produce direct fatalities comparable to all of those worldwide in World War II, or to those once estimated for a "counterforce" nuclear war between the superpowers. Megacities exposed to atmospheric fallout of long-lived radionuclides would likely be abandoned indefinitely, with severe national and international implications. Our analysis shows that smoke from urban firestorms in a regional war would rise into the upper troposphere due to pyro-convection. Robock et al. (2007) show that the smoke would subsequently rise deep into the stratosphere due to atmospheric heating, and then might induce significant climatic anomalies on global scales. We also anticipate substantial perturbations of global ozone. While there are many uncertainties in the predictions we make here, the principal unknowns are the type and scale of conflict that might occur. The scope and severity of the hazards identified pose a significant threat to the global community. They deserve careful analysis by governments worldwide advised by a broad section of the world scientific community, as well as widespread public debate.

USSOCOM Research Topics 2010

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-01-01

the ongoing irregular form of war. Irregular war engen - ders much debate, and its concepts are strongly linked to the interagency process. The third...effectively accomplish its mission in a high end asym- metric threat environment and at what cost? Chemical , biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN

National military strategy in the post cold war era: Nuclear deterrence or an alternative. Study project

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pooley, G.R.

In the aftermath of the Cold War it becomes necessary to explore the validity of nuclear deterrence as the cornerstone of the United States National Military Strategy for the upcoming period of transition in international relations. Using the current world situation as a starting point, the evolving trends in international relations, arms control and nuclear proliferation, the strategic threat and the evolution of technology will be analyzed in an effort to forecast the complexion of international relations twenty years hence. Then, within this context, nuclear deterrence and a non nuclear alternative nonoffensive defense, proposed by the Danish political scientist, Bjornmore » Moller, will be examined. In the final analysis, this project will suggest an appropriate direction for the evolution of the United States' National Military Strategy which, in the opinion of the author, provides the best probability for long term world peace.« less

Strategic command, control, communications, and intelligence.

PubMed

Zraket, C A

1984-06-22

Command, control, communications, and intelligence (C(3)l) for nuclear forces are essential elements in the deterrence of nuclear war. The present C(3)l) system has vulnerabilities associated with its reliability, survivability, and endurance under attack, thereby weakening deterrence by increasing the ambiguity in our capabilities. Development of a reliable and enduring C(3)l) system would reduce this ambiguity. Its reliable, positive control of nuclear forces would give the national leadership more time to assess situations, ensure discriminate retaliation, and improve our ability to manage crises in general. These capabilities could help to stop a war rapidly should one start. A reliable and enduring C(3)1) system will be needed for a long time to come, even if a freeze on strategic nuclear forces is accomplished or other arms control successes achieved. Indeed, C(3)l) may be the best source today of confidence-building measures to reduce tensions and the threat of nuclear catastrophe.

Changing Our Ways of Thinking: Health Professionals and Nuclear Weapons.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Neal, Mary

1984-01-01

Outlines the issues raised by health professionals concerned about the threat of nuclear weapons and nuclear war, including epidemics, civil defense, arms costs, psychosocial aspects, and ethical responsibility. Appendixes include lists of antinuclear organizations, medical professional associations, and 160 references. (SK)

Health Belief Systems and the Psychobiology of War

PubMed Central

Elgee, Neil J.

1984-01-01

Belief systems overlie powerful biological and psychological forces that are root causes of war. Much as in medicine where an appreciation of health belief systems is necessary in the control of illness and disease, so the paths to the control of war may lie in an understanding of belief systems and ways to circumvent them. Such understanding gives strong theoretical support to many time-honored but underutilized international initiative and educational ventures. The effort of the medical community to educate the public about biomedical aspects of nuclear war should gain more balance and sophistication with an appreciation of belief systems in the psychobiology of war. PMID:6741137

Airplanes, Combat and Maintenance Crews, and Air Bases. The World War II and Early Cold War Architectural Legacy of Holloman Air Force Base (ca. 1942-1962)

DTIC Science & Technology

1998-11-01

to develop and build an atomic bomb. The project was under the direction of physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer , a former student at the Los Alamos Ranch...of AAF Facilities (1942- 1943 ) 39 Victory in Sight and the Atomic Age: Consolidation and Disposition of Facilities ( 1943 - 1945 ) 42 Cold War ( 1945 ...Sight and the Atomic Age ( 1943 - 1945 ) 61 Cold War Inception (July 1945 -January 1953) 63 Nuclear Escalation (January 1953-November 1963) 72 Detente

[Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker: nuclear disarmament and the search for freedom].

PubMed

Neuneck, Götz

2014-01-01

Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker's comprehensive contributions to nuclear disarmament and arms control, as well as his peace policy impulses are to be understood primarily in the context of his family origin, his comprehensive thinking and the historical circumstances of the emerging nuclear age. They have a scientific, political and a strong philosophical-moral component. Beside the factual problems (nuclear energy, military strategy) he was interested in political power issues and their ambivalence and perception. His actual work is not only based on general academic knowledge, but also serve the immediate political influence on a scientific basis. Weizsäcker was not committed to nuclear disarmament or arms control per se, but about creating a lasting peace policy in the nuclear age. The paper discusses in chronological order of Weizsäcker's work within the policy field peace and disarmament. Family origin, study and work on the nuclear programme by Nazi-Germany laid the foundations for his later career. As a young physicist, he was directly involved in the political and ethical dilemma of the military and civilian use of nuclear energy. After the war, in Göttingen and Hamburg the reflections of the Nazi phase and the discussion of ways out of the dangers of the Cold War followed. The Max-Planck Institute in Starnberg dealt with the science-based treatment of global world problems, including the dangers of nuclear proliferation. Finally, Weizsäcker initiated a Peace Council in 1985. He urged both the perception of the moral responsibility of scientists as well as an ethics of the scientific-technological age. According to him, a general and profound change in the consciousness of humankind is needed to solve the existing power problems and the problem of war.

Peritraumatic Reaction Courses During War in Individuals With Serious Mental Illness: Gender, Mental Health Status, and Exposure.

PubMed

Gelkopf, Marc; Lapid Pickman, Liron; Grinapol, Shulamit; Werbeloff, Nomi; Carlson, Eve B; Greene, Talya

2017-01-01

We assessed in vivo symptom courses of early psychological responses during war and investigated the influence of exposure, gender, and a prior diagnosis of severe mental illness (SMI). Participants were 181 highly exposed individuals from the general population and community psychiatric rehabilitation centers. A 30-day twice-daily Internet-smartphone-based intensive assessment two weeks into the 2014 Israel-Gaza war estimated peritraumatic symptom clusters, sense of threat, negative emotions and cognitions, and siren exposure during two periods that varied in exposure level. Piecewise growth curve modeling procedures were performed. We found different courses for most variables, gender, and SMI status. Women were more reactive two weeks into the war but reduced their reactivity level at a faster pace than males, reaching lower symptom levels one month later. Women's courses were characterized by arousal, negative emotionality, sense of threat, and reactivity to siren exposure. No-SMI men had a stable course followed by a significant reduction in arousal, negative emotions, avoidance, and perceived threat during a "return to routine" lower-level intensity period of the war. Individuals with SMI had higher reactivity levels at study onset; but while women with SMI improved over time, men with SMI worsened. SMI reactivity was characterized by negative cognitions, intrusions, and avoidance. Early reactions during prolonged exposure to war are variable, dynamic, and affected by exposure context. Symptoms, emotions, and cognitions develop differentially over time and are affected by gender and mental health status. The identification of various early stress courses should inform primary intervention strategies.

Cognitive Consistency in Beliefs about Nuclear Weapons.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nelson, Linden

The paper details a study supporting the hypothesis that people's opinions about nuclear arms control are influenced by their logically relevant beliefs about nuclear weapons, nuclear war, and the Soviet Union. The hypothesis should not be construed to imply that these beliefs are the only influences or the most powerful influences on arms control…

The nuclear arms debate: Ethical and political implications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Johansen, R.C.

1984-01-01

This book contains the following seven papers: Moral Aspects of the Nuclear Arms Debate: The Contribution of the U.S. Catholic Bishops; The Strategic and Arms Control Implications of the Bishop's Pastoral Letter; Applying Just-War Doctrine to Nuclear Deterrence; Nuclearism in Western Culture; Mutal Assured Destruction: A Stable Nuclear Deterrent; The Prospect for a Freeze on Nuclear Weapons; and The Soviet Union and Arms Control.

''Whither Deterrence?'' A Brief Synopsis May, 2002

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Poppe, C; Vergino, E; Barker, R

To most audiences, deterrence has been interconnected with nuclear weapons whose purpose had been to deter a Soviet attack. But, the Soviet Union has been gone for almost a decade. President George W. Bush has stated that Russia is not an enemy of the US and the numbers of nuclear weapons can be dramatically reduced. It is important to note that deterrence has always transcended nuclear weapons. The US' first line of deterrence has been its formidable conventional warfare capability, designed to prevent conflict and win wars if necessary. The role of nuclear weapons has been to deter the,use ofmore » nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction against U.S. interests during the conduct of conventional warfare and to ensure our ability to inflict massive destruction on any who would use nuclear weapons, or other weapons of mass destruction, against us. With regard to the Soviet Union, the threat of the use of nuclear weapons was a critical component of our deterrent to prevent massive Soviet conventional attack against our allies in Europe. However, the events of September 11, 2001 make clear that we have not convinced all who seek to harm us that we will be able to respond in a manner to make them wish they had not even tried. The September 11 attacks, as well as other past conflicts, do not mean that deterrence has failed-it remains effective against the threats for which it was designed. We have known there are other threats for which we did not have a credible deterrent. The challenge is to sustain deterrence against the classic threats as they evolve in technical sophistication while remaining alert to the need to evaluate continuously our ability to deter previously unforeseen challenges. How then should we be looking at deterrence as we consider fifteen or so years in the future, say to about 2015? What will be the role of nuclear weapons and other instruments of mass destruction in the future? What should the US be doing to prepare for the future? In this study, we present four futures as a tool for planners who must think ahead fifteen years or more, rather than a prediction of the future. None of the four futures will emerge in just the way we have described. Fifteen years from now, some mix of these futures is more likely, or perhaps we will see a trend towards one of the futures, but with the possibility that any of the other three could appear, perhaps quite swiftly. Any future will undoubtedly contain its own kind of unpleasant surprises and, in contrast to the Cold War; the possession of enormous nuclear-response and conventional-response capability may not be sufficient to deter these from happening. However, there are other tools that the US must include as part of its strategy and security policy in addition to deterrence, specifically dissuasion, defense, destruction, and assurance. Rather than rely on the Cold-War concept of deterrence, future security policy should be built upon the appropriate mix of these elements as a way to steer us toward a more favorable future, while ensuring that we are prepared for the kinds of surprises associated with far less favorable futures. In this study, we have defined three unfavorable futures to be avoided, and one future that represents, we believe, a more desirable global situation than the first three, but still not entirely benign. Our security policy should be defined to avoid or prevent the first three, which we have entitled ''Nuclear Giants, Global Terror'', and ''Regional Nuclear Tension and Use'', and steer us toward a more favorable future, ''Dynamic Cooperation''. We have examined the implications for both policy and military capability that are posed by these different futures. The result often raises more questions than we are able to answer without additional study-however, our primary purpose was to clarify the issues, to identify. what we believe we know, what we don't know, and where more study and effort are needed. Nevertheless, in preparing for unfavorable futures, we must also identify and plan the future we want. This study emphasizes that a desirable future in 2015 would be characterized by peaceful resolution of conflict, growing worldwide economic prosperity, an effective non-proliferation regime, the ability of the United States to control its own destiny without conflict, and expansion of political and economic freedom. Security policies, even in the face of unpleasant futures, should be crafted so as enhance, rather than diminish, these desired goals.« less

Responsible soldiering in the nuclear age: inferences from the Catholic Bishop's Pastoral on nuclear war. Master's thesis, August 1985-June 1986

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Smith, M.E.

1986-06-06

This thesis is an attempt to develop an ethic for those who must perform soldierly duties in this era. It is an examination of core values, and how these values have been translated into military ethics and obligations within the context of western civilization. This study uses the most recent application of just-war theory, the Catholic Bishop's Pastoral on nuclear war, The Challenge of Peace: God's Promise and Our Response, and compares its instruction to selected findings of another contemporary application, the Nuremberg War Trials. The manner in which we construct and reinforce our moral values in conscience, coupled withmore » appreciation for the sanctity of human existence, evolve as fundamental underlying principles. After having established the scope of authority from which the Catholic Bishop's Pastoral derives its credibility, these principles are compared against the United States Army Ethic and a contemporary ethic is proposed. The study concludes that ultimately we are responsible for the decisions and choices that we make. Soldiers are not absolved, especially within the Judeo-Christian context, from the obligation to make choices based upon sound moral reasoning, simply because they are engaged in activities that run counter to orderly human existence.« less

Triumphs Show: Taking Students outside the Classroom "inside" the Classroom

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Osowiecki, Maria; Francis, Robin

2014-01-01

Year 9 think they know a lot about the First World War. After all, they read Michael Morpurgo's novel Private Peaceful in their English lessons all the way back in Year 7, they have seen Blackadder so many times they can recite it, and in the centenary year of the war's outbreak, they can hardly avoid it on television. But their view of the war…

Geopolitical and strategic aspects of present and future use of nuclear energy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Blix, Hans

2012-06-01

Nuclear power is at a bump in the road - not at the end of the road. We must promote further safe development. Nuclear weapons are obsolescent. The Cold War is over and further détente will lead to disarmament.

Growing Up in a Nuclear World: A Resource Guide for Elementary School Teachers. Teaching Nuclear Issues.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Meier, Paulette; McPherson, Beth

Provided in this guide are annotated lists of teacher and student resources for teaching and learning about nuclear issues in the elementary/junior high school (grades K-8). Resources are grouped into five major sections. The first section (background reading for teachers) contains books and articles focusing on nuclear issues (nuclear war; arms…

Nuclear and Radiochemistry: the First 100 Years

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Friedlander, G.; Herrmann, G.

This chapter gives a brief overview of the development of nuclear and radiochemistry from Mme. Curie's chemical isolation of radium toward the end of the twentieth century. The first four sections deal with fairly distinct time periods: (1) the pioneering years when the only radioactive materials available were the naturally occurring ones; (2) the decade of rapid growth and expansion of both the fundamental science and its applications following the discoveries of the neutron and artificial radioactivity; (3) the World War II period characterized by the intense exploration of nuclear fission and its ramifications; (4) what can be called the “golden era” - the 3 to 4 decades following World War II when nuclear science was generously supported and therefore flourished. In the final section, research trends pursued near the end of the century are briefly touched upon.

FROM THE HISTORY OF PHYSICS: The nuclear shield in the 'thirty-year war' of physicists against ignorant criticism of modern physical theories

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vizgin, Vladimir P.

1999-12-01

This article deals with the almost 'thirty-year war' led by physicists against the authorities' incompetent philosophical and ideological interference with science. The 'war' is shown to have been related to the history of Soviet nuclear weapons. Theoretical milestones of 20th century physics, to wit, theory of relativity and quantum mechanics, suffered endless 'attacks on philosophical grounds'. The theories were proclaimed idealistic as well as unduly abstract and out of touch with practice; their authors and followers were labelled 'physical idealists', and later, in the 1940s and 1950s, even 'cosmopolitans without kith or kin'. Meanwhile, quantum and relativistic theories, as is widely known, had become the basis of nuclear physics and of the means of studying the atomic nucleus (charged particle accelerators, for instance). The two theories thus served, to a great extent, as a basis for both peaceful and military uses of nuclear energy, made possible by the discovery of uranium nuclear fission under the action of neutrons. In the first part, the article recounts how prominent physicists led the way to resisting philosophical and ideological pressure and standing up for relativity, quantum theories and nuclear physics, thus enabling the launch of the atomic project. The second part contains extensive material proving the point that physicists effectively used the 'nuclear shield' in the 1940s and 1950s against the 'philosophical-cosmopolitan' pressure, indeed saving physics from a tragic fate as that of biology at the Academy of Agricultural Sciences (VASKhNIL) session in 1948.

The Rhetoric of Nukespeak.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schiappa, Edward

Nukespeak--euphemisms or jargon that serve to hide the horrific nature of nuclear weapons systems and nuclear war--uses the strategies of domestication and bureaucratization to represent itself to the public. Domestication employs everyday language to introduce nuclear concepts into public discourse in a non-threatening manner, as when President…

Implanting a Discipline: The Academic Trajectory of Nuclear Engineering in the USA and UK

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Johnston, Sean F.

2009-01-01

The nuclear engineer emerged as a new form of recognised technical professional between 1940 and the early 1960s as nuclear fission, the chain reaction and their applications were explored. The institutionalization of nuclear engineering--channelled into new national laboratories and corporate design offices during the decade after the war, and…

Nuclear Technology in War and Peace: A Study of Issues and Choices.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shanebrook, J. Richard

This is the syllabus of a course that explores the technology of nuclear weapons and nuclear energy for electric power generation, and considers some problems of nuclear weapons proliferation and technical alternatives. It provides a course description, a course outline, a list of required readings, and information on the films shown in the…

Nuclear winter - Physics and physical mechanisms

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Turco, R. P.; Toon, O. B.; Pollack, J. B.; Ackerman, T. P.; Sagan, C.

1991-01-01

The basic physics of the environmental perturbations caused by multiple nuclear detonations is explored, summarizing current knowledge of the possible physical, chemical, and biological impacts of nuclear war. Emphasis is given to the impact of the bomb-generated smoke (soot) particles. General classes of models that have been used to simulate nuclear winter are examined, using specific models as examples.

A Nuclear Tech Course = Nuclear Technology in War and Peace: A Study of Issues and Choices.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shanebrook, J. Richard

A nuclear technology college course for engineering students is outlined and described. The course begins with an historical account of the scientific discoveries leading up to the uranium experiments of Hahn and Strassman in Germany and the subsequent explanation of nuclear fission by Meitner and Frisch. The technological achievements of the…

History Microcomputer Games: Update 2.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sargent, James E.

1985-01-01

Provides full narrative reviews of B-1 Nuclear Bomber (Avalon, 1982); American History Adventure (Social Science Microcomputer Review Software, 1985); Government Simulations (Prentice-Hall, 1985); and The Great War, FDR and the New Deal, and Hitler's War, all from New Worlds Software, 1985. Lists additional information on five other history and…

World War II in Social Studies and Science Curricula.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mayer, Victor J.

2000-01-01

Western educators are forgetting the need to impart knowledge about modern warfare's consequences. Science texts contain little about radiation damage. The nuclear bomb's destructiveness to humans and the biosphere should be a teacher responsibility in several curriculum areas. "War is hell" should be educators' main message. (Contains…

Who Should Control Nuclear Technology? A Curriculum Unit for Contemporary U.S. and World History, Grades 9-12.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zimney, Michelle; Boston, Jane

Since the end of World War II and the onset of the "new age," nuclear technology has remained high on the world's agenda as questions regarding sovereignty and the balance of power, control of the development and spread of nuclear weapons, non-military uses for nuclear technology, and nuclear safety are debated among and within nations.…

Extended Deterrence, Nuclear Proliferation, and START III

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Speed, R.D.

2000-06-20

Early in the Cold War, the United States adopted a policy of ''extended nuclear deterrence'' to protect its allies by threatening a nuclear strike against any state that attacks these allies. This threat can (in principle) be used to try to deter an enemy attack using conventional weapons or one using nuclear, chemical, or biological weapons. The credibility of a nuclear threat has long been subject to debate and is dependent on many complex geopolitical factors, not the least of which is the military capabilities of the opposing sides. The ending of the Cold War has led to a significantmore » decrease in the number of strategic nuclear weapons deployed by the United States and Russia. START II, which was recently ratified by the Russian Duma, will (if implemented) reduce the number deployed strategic nuclear weapons on each side to 3500, compared to a level of over 11,000 at the end of the Cold War in 1991. The tentative limit established by Presidents Clinton and Yeltsin for START III would reduce the strategic force level to 2000-2500. However, the Russians (along with a number of arms control advocates) now argue that the level should be reduced even further--to 1500 warheads or less. The conventional view is that ''deep cuts'' in nuclear weapons are necessary to discourage nuclear proliferation. Thus, as part of the bargain to get the non-nuclear states to agree to the renewal of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, the United States pledged to work towards greater reductions in strategic forces. Without movement in the direction of deep cuts, it is thought by many analysts that some countries may decide to build their own nuclear weapons. Indeed, this was part of the rationale India used to justify its own nuclear weapons program. However, there is also some concern that deep cuts (to 1500 or lower) in the U.S. strategic nuclear arsenal could have the opposite effect. The fear is that such cuts might undermine extended deterrence and cause a crisis in confidence among U.S. allies to such an extent that they could seek nuclear weapons of their own to protect themselves.« less

Symptoms of PTSD in Frontline Journalists: A Retrospective Examination of 18 Years of War and Conflict.

PubMed

Feinstein, Anthony; Osmann, Jonas; Patel, Viral

2018-01-01

The objective of the current study was to determine the frequency and severity of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in journalists covering conflict. PTSD data (Impact of Event Scale-Revised) collected over an 18-year period from 684 conflict journalists were analyzed retrospectively for frequency and severity of reexperiencing, avoidance, and arousal symptoms. Conflicts covered were civil wars in the Balkans ( n = 140 journalists), 9/11 attack in New York City ( n = 46), Iraq war ( n = 84), Mexico drug wars ( n = 104), civil war in Syria ( n = 59), Kenya election violence/Al-Shabab terror ( n = 57), state-sanctioned media intimidation in Iran ( n = 114), and the current migration crisis in Europe ( n = 80). The mean age of the sample was 38.59 (SD = 8.35) years, 461 (67%) journalists were men, and the mean duration of conflict work was 13.42 (SD = 7.74) years. The 5 most frequently endorsed symptoms were in the reexperiencing/intrusion category. Mean intrusion (1.31, SD = 0.97), avoidance (1.08, SD = 0.89), and arousal (1.07, SD = 0.96) scores for the entire sample were in the mild range. Being female and less educated independently predicted PTSD symptoms. PTSD phenomenology in a group of conflict journalists with well over a decade of frontline experience is dominated by reexperiencing symptoms. While symptom severity is for the most part mild, group means can obscure those individuals with significantly more severe difficulties.

Modern Initial Management of Severe Limbs Trauma in War Surgery: Orthopaedic Damage Control

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-04-01

avoid fat embolism , allow an optimal nursing and medical evacuation without any secondary functional consequences [3]. 2.2.1 Indications: The...decrease the risk of fat embolism . Modern Initial Management of Severe Limbs Trauma in War Surgery: “Orthopaedic Damage Control” RTO-MP-HFM-182 17...injuries. Orthopaedic Imperious: Multiple open shaft fractures with blood loss, complex epiphysal fractures requiring a long difficult surgical bloody

Chemical Warfare and Medical Response During World War I

PubMed Central

Fitzgerald, Gerard J.

2008-01-01

The first large-scale use of a traditional weapon of mass destruction (chemical, biological, or nuclear) involved the successful deployment of chemical weapons during World War I (1914–1918). Historians now refer to the Great War as the chemist’s war because of the scientific and engineering mobilization efforts by the major belligerents. The development, production, and deployment of war gases such as chlorine, phosgene, and mustard created a new and complex public health threat that endangered not only soldiers and civilians on the battlefield but also chemical workers on the home front involved in the large-scale manufacturing processes. The story of chemical weapons research and development during that war provides useful insights for current public health practitioners faced with a possible chemical weapons attack against civilian or military populations. PMID:18356568

Chemical warfare and medical response during World War I.

PubMed

Fitzgerald, Gerard J

2008-04-01

The first large-scale use of a traditional weapon of mass destruction (chemical, biological, or nuclear) involved the successful deployment of chemical weapons during World War I (1914-1918). Historians now refer to the Great War as the chemist's war because of the scientific and engineering mobilization efforts by the major belligerents. The development, production, and deployment of war gases such as chlorine, phosgene, and mustard created a new and complex public health threat that endangered not only soldiers and civilians on the battlefield but also chemical workers on the home front involved in the large-scale manufacturing processes. The story of chemical weapons research and development during that war provides useful insights for current public health practitioners faced with a possible chemical weapons attack against civilian or military populations.

Materials for Children about Nuclear War.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Eiss, Harry

President Reagan's Fiscal Year 1987 budget was an attempt to increase dramatically spending on national defense, on nuclear weapons, while cutting back on social programs. The increases for almost all nuclear weapons indicate the Administration of the United States saw its major responsibility as one of providing a strong military, one centered on…

The Principles and Implications of Nuclear Winter.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Grover, Herbert D.

1985-01-01

The ecological consequences of nuclear war are discussed. Ultimately, the solution to the nuclear dilemma lies in education. We must come to thoroughly understand the odds we face and must gain control of our destiny from accidents of technological origin as well as from misguided action by any government. (RM)

Turning nuclear waste into glass

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pegg, Ian L.

2015-02-15

Vitrification has emerged as the treatment option of choice for the most dangerous radioactive waste. But dealing with the nuclear waste legacy of the Cold War will require state-of-the-art facilities and advanced glass formulations.

Air and Space Power Journal. Volume 22, Number 4, Winter 2008

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-01-01

otherwise be illegal. en- sign Florencio J. Yuzon, “Deliberate environmental Modi- fication through the Use of Chemical and Biological Weapons ...of war. His land- mark book Ideas and Weapons , published in 1953, analyzes the evolution of weaponry be- tween World War I and World War II, notably...it could opt to use nuclear weapons against India? How can a government prove that a foreign government (India) is the cause of internal problems

Avoidable challenges of a nuclear medicine facility in a developing nation

PubMed Central

Adedapo, Kayode Solomon; Onimode, Yetunde Ajoke; Ejeh, John Enyi; Adepoju, Adewale Oluwaseun

2013-01-01

The role of nuclear medicine in disease management in a developing nation is as impactful as it is in other regions of the world. However, in the developing world, the practice of nuclear medicine is faced with a myriad of challenges, which can be easily avoided. In this review, we examine the many avoidable challenges to the practice of nuclear medicine in a developing nation. The review is largely based on personal experiences of the authors who are the pioneers and current practitioners of nuclear medicine in a typical developing nation. If the challenges examined in this review are avoided, the practice of nuclear medicine in such a nation will be more effective and practitioners will be more efficient in service delivery. Hence, the huge benefits of nuclear medicine will be made available to patients in such a developing nation. PMID:24379527

[Military psychiatry in Israel: a 50-year perspective].

PubMed

Bleich, A

2000-05-01

The history of military psychiatry in Israel may be divided into 2 main periods. The first extended from the War of Independence in 1948, through the Sinai, Six Day and Yom Kippur Wars. Its outstanding feature was avoidance of the issue of combat stress reaction (CSR). The Yom Kippur War made the recognition of CSR inescapable, assisted in breaking up denial, and served as a stimulus for development of the next phase of the system. This second phase was characterized by impressive progress in all areas of military psychiatry. The rich experience accumulated during the wars, together with the assimilation of a research culture which began blooming, especially in the wake of the Lebanon War, aided the development and crystallization of concepts related to combat and non-combat military psychiatry alike. The build-up of the mental health organization overlapped field deployment of the Medical Corps.

The ephemeral and the enduring: Trajectories of disappearance for the scientific objects of American Cold War nuclear weapons testing

DOE PAGES

Hanson, Todd

2016-07-01

Here, the historical material culture produced by American Cold War nuclear weapons testing includes objects of scientific inquiry that can be generally categorized as being either ephemeral or enduring. Objects deemed to be ephemeral were of a less substantial nature, being impermanent and expendable in a nuclear test, while enduring objects were by nature more durable and long-lasting. Although all of these objects were ultimately subject to disappearance, the processes by which they were transformed, degraded, or destroyed prior to their disappearing differ. Drawing principally upon archaeological theory, this paper proposes a functional dichotomy for categorizing and studying the historicalmore » trajectories of nuclear weapons testing technoscience artifacts. In examining the transformation patterns of steel towers and concrete blockhouses in particular, it explores an associated loss of scientific method that accompanies a science object's disappearance.« less

The ephemeral and the enduring: Trajectories of disappearance for the scientific objects of American Cold War nuclear weapons testing

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hanson, Todd

Here, the historical material culture produced by American Cold War nuclear weapons testing includes objects of scientific inquiry that can be generally categorized as being either ephemeral or enduring. Objects deemed to be ephemeral were of a less substantial nature, being impermanent and expendable in a nuclear test, while enduring objects were by nature more durable and long-lasting. Although all of these objects were ultimately subject to disappearance, the processes by which they were transformed, degraded, or destroyed prior to their disappearing differ. Drawing principally upon archaeological theory, this paper proposes a functional dichotomy for categorizing and studying the historicalmore » trajectories of nuclear weapons testing technoscience artifacts. In examining the transformation patterns of steel towers and concrete blockhouses in particular, it explores an associated loss of scientific method that accompanies a science object's disappearance.« less

Legacy of insecurity, a reservoir of hope: the psychosocial impact and developmental implications of the threat of nuclear war on adolescents

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rudoy, D.W.

1985-01-01

Five scales were constructed to measure the opinions and expectations of the respondents regarding the threat of nuclear war, the future for both themselves and the world, socio-political activism, and adult stewardship. Two standard scales measuring powerlessness and estrangement - focus of control and alienation - were also employed and analyzed for their interaction with the above opinions and expectations. The respondents were 270 female and male junior and senior volunteers attending the three high schools in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, who completed the above scales anonymously. In three of the five major areas of inquiry, a majority of these youngsters respondedmore » unequivocally and as predicted: (1) they are keenly aware and fearful of the threat of nuclear war and believe such a war to be unlimitable, unsurvivable, and probable in their lifetime - with those most highly threatened more pessimistic about the future, more skeptical of socio-political activism, and more critical of adult stewardship: (b) they are eagerly optimistic about their own personal futures; and (c) they have confidence in socio-political activism. These results are consistent with previous research. The findings with regard to appraisal of the world's future and adult stewardship were less definitive. Both alienation and externality were significantly correlated with negative assessments of the future, socio-political activism, and adult stewardship.« less

Family cohesion and posttraumatic intrusion and avoidance among war veterans: a 20-year longitudinal study.

PubMed

Zerach, Gadi; Solomon, Zahava; Horesh, Danny; Ein-Dor, Tsachi

2013-02-01

The bi-directional relationships between combat-induced posttraumatic symptoms and family relations are yet to be understood. The present study assesses the longitudinal interrelationship of posttraumatic intrusion and avoidance and family cohesion among 208 Israeli combat veterans from the 1982 Lebanon War. Two groups of veterans were assessed with self-report questionnaires 1, 3 and 20 years after the war: a combat stress reaction (CSR) group and a matched non-CSR control group. Latent Trajectories Modeling showed that veterans of the CSR group reported higher intrusion and avoidance than non-CSR veterans at all three points of time. With time, there was a decline in these symptoms in both groups, but the decline was more salient among the CSR group. The latter also reported lower levels of family cohesion. Furthermore, an incline in family cohesion levels was found in both groups over the years. Most importantly, Autoregressive Cross-Lagged Modeling among CSR and non-CSR veterans revealed that CSR veterans' posttraumatic symptoms in 1983 predicted lower family cohesion in 1985, and lower family cohesion, in turn, predicted posttraumatic symptoms in 2002. The findings suggest that psychological breakdown on the battlefield is a marker for future family cohesion difficulties. Our results lend further support for the bi-directional mutual effects of posttraumatic symptoms and family cohesion over time.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dodds, J.; Lin, C.D.

Teenagers in the U.S., U.S.S.R., Eastern Europe, Western Europe, and New Zealand have consistently rated death of a parent and nuclear war as their greatest concerns about the future. In the present study, however, Chinese teenagers rated overpopulation and environmental pollution as their greatest concerns; these were usually rated quite low by teenagers in other countries. While still of concern to Chinese teenagers, nuclear war seemed more remote to them than it did to U.S. and U.S.S.R. teenagers and therefore more survivable. Speculation is offered as to how teenagers' concerns reflect those of a country's general population.

Secrets and spies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hughes, Jeff

2009-11-01

There is no shortage of popular histories of the creation of nuclear weapons. From the mid-1940s to the present day, scientists, historians and others have tried to explain the genesis of these awesome and awful weapons, and the reasons for their use against Japan at the end of the Second World War. From the official 1945 Smyth Report on the Manhattan Project to Richard Rhodes' 1986 Pulitzer Prize-winning The Making of the Atomic Bomb and beyond, the history of nuclear weapons and the Cold War continues to exert a powerful and sometimes macabre fascination for those interested in the history of modern science.

Catalog: Wilmington College Peace Resource Center. Revised Edition.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wilmington Coll., OH. Peace Resource Center.

A bibliography of low-cost peace education resources for individuals and organizations, this catalogue lists audio-visual materials, archival materials, and books. The audio-visual materials and the books are grouped into some or all of the following categories: atomic bombings, nuclear war, the arms race, anti-war, civil defense, peace education,…

Parameters, Journal of the US Army War College, Volume 14, Number 4, Winter 1984.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-01-01

Pa.: US Army War College, Strategic Studies In- 31. A Energia Nuclear no Brasil (Rio de Janeiro: stitute, 1979), p. 17. Biblioteca do Exercito Editors...security factors exist. These would be Monetary Fund officials. "Balance of Payments," in Annual US-Mexican relationships, moral renovation , demographic

Ronald Reagan's "Star Wars" Address: Mythic Containment of Technical Reasoning.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rushing, Janice Hocker

1986-01-01

Views Reagan's "Star Wars" address as part of the culturally evolving myth of the New Frontier. Discusses how the speech creates the illusion of both preserving and transcending science by (1) subordinating technical reasoning to prevent nuclear holocaust and (2) using technoscience to rescript history and remove temporal and spacial…

Contributions of psychology to war and peace.

PubMed

Christie, Daniel J; Montiel, Cristina J

2013-10-01

The contributions of American psychologists to war have been substantial and responsive to changes in U.S. national security threats and interests for nearly 100 years. These contributions are identified and discussed for four periods of armed conflict: World Wars I and II, the Cold War, and the Global War on Terror. In contrast, about 50 years ago, largely in reaction to the threat of nuclear war, some psychologists in the United States and around the world broke with the tradition of supporting war and began focusing their scholarship and activism on the prevention of war and promotion of peace. Today, peace psychology is a vibrant area of psychology, with theory and practice aimed at understanding, preventing, and mitigating both episodes of organized violence and the pernicious worldwide problem of structural violence. The growth, scope, and content of peace psychology are reviewed along with contributions to policies that promote peace, social justice, and human well-being. PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved

Harnessing the Heavens: National Defense through Space

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-11-01

Hartung, William. "Star Wars Pork Barrel." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 42 no 1 (1986): 20-24. Heppenheimer , Thomas A . "What Edward Teller Did...Graham, Thomas Jr. "Space Weapons and the Risk of Accidental Nuclear War." Arms Control Today 35 no 10 (Dec. 2005): 12-16. Hallman, Wesley. " A Fast...Architecture." Marine Corps Gazette 87 no I (Jan. 2003): 28-30. Doyne, Thomas A . "Space and the Theater Conmander*s War." Joint Force Quarterly No 27 (Winter

Resolving Ethical Challenges in an Era of Persistent Conflict

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-04-01

pleasure. For John Stuart Mill , it was hap- piness. Others consider it interest or well-being. In the context of 36 Just War thinking, the good is...war. THE PROFESSIONAL MILITARY ETHIC: BALANCING RISK Accomplishing the Mission. Military ethics begins with the utilitarian im- perative to...avoid defeat are not just permissible, they are obliga- tory. Additionally, it is a feature of any utilitarian ethic that the greater the good, the

The Anzus Rift: The Politics of the Matter

DTIC Science & Technology

1999-04-01

nuclear disaster preoccupied the New Zealand public mind in the early 1980s in contrast to the more explicitly environmental concerns of the 1970s.4...Unpublished paper, Columbia University, May 1997, p 9. 4 A nuclear disaster or accident was thought to be more likely than nuclear war, and as such was

The Science of Little Boy

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Askew, Jennifer; Gray, Ron

2017-01-01

Near the end of World War II, the United States dropped the first nuclear bomb ever used in warfare. The bomb was code named "Little Boy." The fission-type nuclear bomb exploded with the energy equivalent of approximately 13 kilotons of TNT. This article describes a 16 day model-based inquiry (MBI) unit on nuclear chemistry that…

Psychology and Nuclear Weapon Issues: Topics, Concepts, and Bibliography.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nelson, Linden, Comp.

The document outlines 15 topics, each with concepts and selected references, to illustrate the relevance of psychology for understanding and coping with the threat of nuclear war. Awareness of the literature is intended to encourage psychologists to become more active in applying psychological concepts to nuclear weapons issues. The articles and…

Taking the Lead: Russia, the United States, and Nuclear Nonproliferation after Bush

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-12-01

2002), especially chap. 5; Henry D. Sokolski, ed., Pakistan’s Nuclear Future: Worries beyond War ( Carl - isle: SSI, January 2008); Henry Sokolski and...Two sides of this issue are argued in Scott D. Sagan and Kenneth N. Waltz, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A Debate (New York: W. W. Norton, 995

Climatic Effects of Regional Nuclear War

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Oman, Luke D.

2011-01-01

We use a modern climate model and new estimates of smoke generated by fires in contemporary cities to calculate the response of the climate system to a regional nuclear war between emerging third world nuclear powers using 100 Hiroshima-size bombs (less than 0.03% of the explosive yield of the current global nuclear arsenal) on cities in the subtropics. We find significant cooling and reductions of precipitation lasting years, which would impact the global food supply. The climate changes are large and longlasting because the fuel loadings in modern cities are quite high and the subtropical solar insolation heats the resulting smoke cloud and lofts it into the high stratosphere, where removal mechanisms are slow. While the climate changes are less dramatic than found in previous "nuclear winter" simulations of a massive nuclear exchange between the superpowers, because less smoke is emitted, the changes seem to be more persistent because of improvements in representing aerosol processes and microphysical/dynamical interactions, including radiative heating effects, in newer global climate system models. The assumptions and calculations that go into these conclusions will be described.

The arms race and nuclear war

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Barash, D.P.

Addressing the history, physics, biology, economics, politics, psychology, and ethics of nuclear armaments, the author provides a survey of diverse facets of the nuclear controversy. The study encompasses such key areas as nuclear hardware and technology; the short- and long-term effects of nuclear weapons; strategic doctrine, deterrence and defense policy; the arms race, arms control, and nuclear proliferation; and the economic impact, psychology, and ethics of nuclear armaments. A ''Policy Issues'' section, presenting both the advocate and opponent sides of the debate, is included with each chapter.

Holocaust and strategic bombing: case studies in the psychology, organization, and technology of mass killing in the twentieth century

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Markusen, E.R.

After preliminary discussion of the unprecedented scale of mass killing in the twentieth century, the threat of nuclear war, and the widespread neglect of these issues, the literature on two major types of government sanctioned mass killing is reviewed; genocide, in which a government slaughters its own citizens or subjects, and total war, in which two or more governments slaughter each other's civilian citizens or subjects. This literature review reaches two basic conclusions: (1) there is considerable inconsistency and ambiguity among definitions of genocide and total war; and (2) there is a controversy regarding how distinct or similar the twomore » forms of mass killing actually are. A comparative historical analysis was undertaken in which the Nazi Holocaust was selected as an example of genocide, and the Allied strategic bombing campaigns during World War II were selected to exemplify total war. The two cases are compared in terms of a conceptual framework of five hypothesized facilitating factors. On the basis of this comparative analysis, four or the five hypothesized facilitating factors are found to have played important roles in both cases. The findings of the study are discussed, and their implications for the threat of nuclear holocaust are explored.« less

Terrorism, Wars, Nuclear Holocaust.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kende, Istvan

1986-01-01

Presents a brief survey of the political and structural violence which pervades contemporary life. Attempts to demonstrate the ancient dictum that violence breeds more violence. Draws distinctions between different types of political violence and explores the political nature of nuclear deterrence. (JDH)

Peace and war: a study of morality and US strategic nuclear policies. Study project report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ginder, D.B.; Hicks, I.

1983-05-01

The paper examines the quesitons of peace and war and the morality of nuclear deterrence. These vital and enduring questions have been again become a focus of societal debate, especially in the light of the Catholic Bishop's pastoral letter. The nuclear debate is all encompassing, raising philosophical, political, social, strategic an religious questions. These issues present problems that each informed citizen will have to discern both morally and politically. The purpose of the paper is not to evaluate the morality of the defense and deterrent policies/strategies of the United States, but to provide the reader with the information to allowmore » him to formulate judgment on this important question and be able to reconcile personal moral values with national policy and strategy.« less

Religious perspectives on the nuclear weapons debate: excerpts from the bishops' pastoral letter on war and peace, proposed third draft

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

The text of the third draft, issued in April 1983 and approved by the bishops on 3 May 1983, focuses on the morality of the use of nuclear weapons in a first strike, the threat to use them, and their use as a deterrent to war, but it also includes discussions of the just war theory, nonviolence, and peacemaking. Viewed in the context of the traditional modes of accommodation between religion and the state, and in the light of contemporary disharmony between more fundamentalist sects and modern science, the document affords an interesting point for discussion of the moral basesmore » of the uses of technology. More than simply a dogmatic statement of one religious organization, the pastoral letter represents a vigorous new current in moral discretion and responsibility. 114 references.« less

Tactical Nuclear Weapons: Their Purpose and Placement

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-06-01

War II, nuclear scientists argued against the development of fusion weapons .3 In the 1970s, politicians debated the use of neutron bombs, weapons ...Tactical Nuclear Weapons : Their Purpose and Placement BY EDWARD G. FERGUSON A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE...This study answers the question -- Why does America have tactical nuclear weapons (TNWs) in Europe today? – treating America and the North

Worldwide Report, Arms Control

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-12-28

NUCLEAR FORCES NATO Reviews Nuclear Weapons in Europe (Paris AFP, 28 Nov 85) 37 RELATED ISSUES ’.,. European Defense Ministers Congratulate Reagan...militarization of space and its statement of not being the first one to use nuclear weapons." [Excerpts] [Beijing XINHUA Domestic Service in Chinese 1522...threat of nuclear war, the prevention of military advantages for the Soviet Union and the United States over each other, the prevention

Impact of American Cinema on Nuclear Geopolitical Identity

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-04-01

AU/ACSC/AY14 AIR COMMAND AND STAFF COLLEGE AIR UNIVERSITY IMPACT OF AMERICAN CINEMA ON NUCLEAR GEOPOLITICAL IDENTITY by Major Michael...26 ABSTRACT American cinema has shaped and reinforced nuclear ideological geopolitics in the United States since the beginning of...policymakers and the public. When US nuclear strategy appeared to shift away from deterrence later in the Cold War, American cinema pushed back by

Nuclear Reign: Providing a Nuclear Umbrella to United States Pacific Partners

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-04-06

October 2016/October 18 2016/North-Korean-Missile-Launch-Fails,-Again.aspx Amadeo, Kimberly. “Japan’s 2011 Earthquake: Tsunami and Nuclear Disaster .” The...Balance, 8 September 2016. https://www.thebalance.com/japan-s-2011-earthquake-tsunami-and- nuclear - disaster -3305662 Air War College Speaker...Foundation, “2017 Index of Military Strength Assessment Global Asia,” 129. See also, Kimberly Amadeo, “Japan’s 2011 Earthquake: Tsunami and Nuclear

U.S. Nuclear Weapons Enterprise: A Strategic Past and Unknown Future

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-04-25

are left to base their planning assumptions, weapons designs and capabilities on outdated models . The likelihood of a large-scale nuclear war has...conduct any testing on nuclear weapons and must rely on computer modeling . While this may provide sufficient confidence in the current nuclear...unlikely the world will be free of nuclear weapons. 24 APPENDIX A – Acronyms ACC – Air Combat Command ACM – Advanced cruise missle CSAF

Conceptions of politics, morality, and war in the nuclear policy debates

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ware, L.C.

1993-01-01

During the resurgent nuclear debates from the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s, analysts sharply disagreed about the appropriate means and ends of strategy. Deterrence dominance strategists argued that America required a countervailing capacity to sustain a viable deterrent posture and to contain Soviet adventurism. Proponents of pure deterrence claimed that the risks endemic to mutual vulnerability would suffice to moderate the superpower rivalry. Advocates of denuclearization charged that reliance on nuclear weaponry posed the greatest danger to human well-being and called for diplomatic measures to establish a disarmament regime. While scholars have systemically explored the strategic and technological components of themore » controversy, few studies have examined the political theoretic dimensions. Through a textual exegesis of the writings of key participants, this work seeks to demonstrate that contending conceptions of politics and morality inform dissension about the viability of coercive power in the nuclear age. Justifications of deterrence dominance proposals generally conflate political and ethical considerations through variants of Hobbesian skepticism or liberal just war interventionism. Such arguments perceive the state as the locus of societal values and sovereignty as sanctioning extensive activities in the global system. Pure deterrence notions posit an irreconcilable tension between politics and morality that corresponds with a tragic vision: war may be a necessary element of sociality, but it seldom has truly creative consequences. From this perspective, the state is a morally ambiguous agent that can preserve and endanger societal well-being. Finally, associated with the denuclearization school is a conviction that progressive social movements can conform politics to essential ethical precepts by minimizing the role of coercive power. In this view, the state and its claim to sovereignty are primary sources of the war system, hence must be radically altered.« less

Stephen Jay Gould and the Value of Neutrality of Science During the Cold War.

PubMed

Sheldon, Myrna

2016-12-01

Stephen Jay Gould was a paleontologist and scientific celebrity at the close of the twentieth century, most famous for his popular writings on evolution and his role in the American creationist controversies of that era. In the early 1980s, Gould was drawn into the "nuclear winter" episode through his friendship with Carl Sagan, an astronomer and popular science celebrity. Sagan helped develop the theory of nuclear winter and subsequently used the theory as evidence to petition the United States government to scale back its nuclear armament. The theory of nuclear winter claimed that even a small nuclear exchange could result in a atmospheric blackening akin to the extinction event of the late Cretaceous. Gould was not a climate scientist but he testified before the U.S. House of Representatives as an expert on historical extinction events. Gould's insistence on the value-neutrality of nuclear winter reveals much about the moral politics of science in late Cold War America. Coming at the heels of leftist scientific activism of the 1980s, the nuclear winter episode demonstrates how value-neutrality emerged the salient feature of scientific involvement in American politics in this period. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing: U.S. Policy Development

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-11-29

to the chemical separation of fissionable uranium and plutonium from irradiated nuclear fuel. The World War II-era Manhattan Project developed...created the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) and transferred production and control of fissionable materials from the Manhattan Project . As the exclusive

Peace and Conflict: Resources Available from the Manitoba Education Library.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Barich, Phyllis

This bibliography of books, kits, and films for elementary and secondary education, available from Manitoba (Canada) Education Library, covers the topics of peace education, nuclear issues, violence, and the history of war. The list contains 55 books, 21 kits, and 50 16mm films. The films include the 13-part "Canada at War Series" and…

The International Atomic Energy Agency

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dufour, Joanne

2004-01-01

The dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in World War II inaugurated a new era in world history, the atomic age. After the war, the Soviet Union, eager to develop the same military capabilities as those demonstrated by the United States, soon rivaled the U.S. as an atomic and nuclear superpower. Faced by the possibility of…

Crossroads: Quality of Life in a Nuclear World. A High School Science Curriculum.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

French, Dan; Phillips, Connie

One of a set of high school curricula on nuclear issues, this 10-day science unit helps students understand the interrelationship between the economy, the arms race, military spending, and the threat of nuclear war. Through activities such as role playing, discussion, brainstorming, and problem solving, students develop their ability to evaluate…

Crossroads: Quality of Life in a Nuclear World. A High School Social Studies Curriculum.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

French, Dan; And Others

One of a set of high school curricula on nuclear issues, this 10-day social studies unit helps students understand the interrelationship of economics, the arms race, military spending, and the threat of nuclear war. Activities such as role plays, discussion, brainstorming, and problem solving develop students' abilities to evaluate issues and…

Fulfilling the Roosevelts’ Vision for American Naval Power (1923-2005)

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-06-30

nuclear pressure vessels are based on the results of that program.81 In...of a Nuclear Submarine 14 Identification Friend-or-Foe Systems 15 First American Airborne Radar 17 ThE COlD WAR 18 Monopulse Radar...Film-Forming Foam 38 Nuclear Reactor Safety iii 39 Linear Predictive Coder 40 Submarine Habitability 41

Everybody's Scared--But Life Goes On: Coping, Defense and Action in the Face of Nuclear Threat.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Haste, Helen

1989-01-01

Presents model of sequence of processes by which people deal with recurrent fears about nuclear war, drawing on risk perception and stress paradigms. Shows activism to be but one coping mechanism rather than the logical outcome of effective coping. Discusses implications for psychologists concerned about nuclear threat. (Author/NB)

"Fat Man and Little Boy": The Cinematic Representation of Interests in the Nuclear Weapons Organization.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Taylor, Bryan C.

1993-01-01

Examines the ironic "problems" of the 1989 Hollywood film "Fat Man and Little Boy" (portraying the construction of the atomic bomb at the Los Alamos Laboratory during World War II) to demonstrate the ideological operations of nuclear texts, and the role of the nuclear weapons organization as a symbolic form in cultural…

Choices: A Unit on Conflict and Nuclear War.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Massachusetts Teachers Association, Boston.

Ten lessons on the evolution of the nuclear arms race, the nature and consequences of using nuclear weapons, and new ways that conflicts among nations might be resolved are presented for the junior high school level. The unit contains age-appropriate materials to equip students with skills and knowledge to understand what choices can be made to…

Watermelons Not War! A Support Book for Parenting in the Nuclear Age.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cloud, Kate; And Others

The Nuclear Education Project (NEP), a group of five women concerned about parenting in a nuclear age, developed this guide to help parents and others develop a sense of hope and promote a greater involvement in the democratic political process. Chapter I, "The Heart of the Matter," presents sections on answering possible questions children might…

MAD with aliens? Interstellar deterrence and its implications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Korhonen, Janne M.

2013-05-01

The possibility that extraterrestrial intelligences (ETIs) could be hostile to humanity has been raised as a reason to avoid even trying to contact ETIs. However, there is a distinct shortage of analytical discussion about the risks of an attack, perhaps because of an implicit premise that we cannot analyze the decision making of an alien civilization. This paper argues that we can draw some inferences from the history of the Cold War and nuclear deterrence in order to show that at least some attack scenarios are likely to be exaggerated. In particular, it would seem to be unlikely that the humanity would be attacked simply because it might, sometime in the future, present a threat to the ETI. Even if communication proves to be difficult, rational decision-makers should avoid unprovoked attacks, because their success would be very difficult to assure. In general, it seems believable that interstellar conflicts between civilizations would remain rare. The findings advise caution for proposed interstellar missions, however, as starfaring capability itself might be seen as a threat. On the other hand, attempting to contact ETIs seems to be a relatively low-risk strategy: paranoid ETIs must also consider the possibility that the messages are a deception designed to lure out hostile civilizations and preemptively destroy them.

Quality of life, primary traumatisation, and positive and negative affects in primary school students in the Gaza Strip.

PubMed

Veronese, Guido; Pepe, Alessandro; Almurnak, Feda; Jaradah, Alaa; Hamdouna, Husam

2018-02-21

Many researchers have reported that exposure to war and ongoing political violence increases mental health problems in children. Results of studies have also shown a high prevalence (58-80%) of post-traumatic stress disorder in war-affected children living in the occupied Palestinian territory. The aim of this study was to estimate the direct and indirect effects of perceived life satisfaction on the consequences of children's exposure to trauma and the balance of positive and negative affect. Palestinian children were recruited from primary schools in four refugee camps in the Gaza Strip (Bureij, Gaza Beach Camp, Jabalia, Rafah). All children had been involved in or witnessed one or more episodes of violence involving other people in the 2 months prior to the study (the 2012 Gaza War). We used the Multidimensional Students Life Satisfaction Scale (peers, self, living environment, school, family), the Positive and Negative Affect Scale for Children, and the revised Children Impact of Events scale (intrusion and avoidance symptoms) to test (through structural equation modelling) the moderation effect of life satisfaction on war trauma via positive emotions. 1276 Palestinian children were enrolled in this study. The model tested with structural equation modelling was robust. Children's life satisfaction influenced both the intrusion (β=-0·48; p=0.003) and avoidance (β=-11; p=0·021) effects of primary traumatisation. The consequences of primary traumatisation by intrusion (β=0·34; p=0·008) and avoidance (β=0·27; p=0.011) contributed to increasing negative affect. Finally, perceived life satisfaction had direct effects on affective experience, specifically increasing positive affect and diminishing negative affect. Perceived quality of life in children has a role in controlling war-related traumas. Life satisfaction contributes both directly and indirectly to change affectivity. When children perceive themselves to be highly satisfied with their home and school environment, living conditions, and relationships with peers and parents, the effects of trauma are less severe. None. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Resilience-promoting factors in war-exposed adolescents: an epidemiologic study.

PubMed

Fayyad, John; Cordahi-Tabet, C; Yeretzian, J; Salamoun, M; Najm, C; Karam, E G

2017-02-01

Studies of war-exposed children have not investigated a comprehensive array of resilience-promoting factors, nor representative samples of children and adolescents. A representative sample of N = 710 adolescents was randomly selected from communities recently exposed to war. All those who had experienced war trauma were administered questionnaires measuring war exposure, family violence, availability of leisure activities, school-related problems, interpersonal and peer problems, socialization, daily routine problems, displacement, availability of parental supervision and contact and medical needs as well as coping skills related to religious coping, denial, self-control, avoidance and problem solving. Mental health was measured by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and the Child-Revised Impact of Events Scale (CRIES). Resilient adolescents were defined as those who experienced war trauma, but did not manifest any symptoms on the SDQ or CRIES. Resilience was related to being male, using problem-solving techniques, having leisure activities, and having parents who spent time with their adolescents and who supported them with school work. Interventions designed for war-traumatized youth must build individual coping skills of children and adolescents, yet at the same time target parents and teachers in an integrated manner.

The Dark Side of Nuclear Arms Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jungerman, Nancy K.; Jungerman, John A.

1985-01-01

Outlines a course (offered jointly by physics and applied science departments) which focuses on basic physics and nuclear war effects. Due to the emotional impact of issues discussed in the course, faculty implemented a plan which included the use of counseling professionals. (DH)

Defense in Clausewitz’s ’On War’ and in FM (Field Manual) 100-5 and HDv 100/100.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-06-07

preparation for the upcoming assault against Russia, Clausewitz left Prussia and joined the Russian Army to fight against the French conqueror. 13 Thus, under ...ideas. As iionic as it seems, it is reality: The next war, should it break out in Central Europe, will be fought over his grave under his principles by...detail as its predecessor. Major points--some are changes to HDv 100/1--are as follows: 1. Although one has to anticipate war under nuclear conditions

Nuclear weapons modernizations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kristensen, Hans M.

2014-05-01

This article reviews the nuclear weapons modernization programs underway in the world's nine nuclear weapons states. It concludes that despite significant reductions in overall weapons inventories since the end of the Cold War, the pace of reductions is slowing - four of the nuclear weapons states are even increasing their arsenals, and all the nuclear weapons states are busy modernizing their remaining arsenals in what appears to be a dynamic and counterproductive nuclear competition. The author questions whether perpetual modernization combined with no specific plan for the elimination of nuclear weapons is consistent with the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and concludes that new limits on nuclear modernizations are needed.

Relationships of Childhood Adverse Experiences With Mental Health and Quality of Life at Treatment Start for Adult Refugees Traumatized by Pre-Flight Experiences of War and Human Rights Violations.

PubMed

Opaas, Marianne; Varvin, Sverre

2015-09-01

Adverse and potentially traumatic experiences (PTEs) in childhood were examined among 54 adult refugee patients with pre-flight PTEs of war and human rights violations (HRVs) and related to mental health and quality of life at treatment start. Extent of childhood PTEs was more strongly related to mental health and quality of life than the extent of war and HRV experiences. Childhood PTEs were significantly related to arousal and avoidance symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and to quality of life, whereas pre-flight war and HRV experiences were significantly related to reexperiencing symptoms of PTSD only. Within childhood adversities, experiences of family violence and external violence, but not of loss and illness, were significantly related to increased mental health symptoms and reduced quality of life. These results point to the importance of taking childhood adverse experiences into account in research and treatment planning for adult refugees with war and HRVs trauma.

Influence of solar heating and precipitation scavenging on the simulated lifetime of post-nuclear war smoke

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Malone, R. C.; Auer, L. H.; Glatzmaier, G. A.; Wood, M. C.; Toon, O. B.

1985-01-01

The behavior of smoke injected into the atmosphere by massive fires that might follow a nuclear war was simulated. Studies with a three-dimensional global atmospheric circulation model showed that heating of the smoke by sunlight would be important and might produce several effects that would decrease the efficiency with which precipitation removes smoke from the atmosphere. The heating gives rise to vertical motions that carry smoke well above the original injection height. Heating of the smoke also causes the tropopause, which is initially above the smoke, to reform below the heated smoke layer. Smoke above the tropopause is physically isolated from precipitation below. Consequently, the atmospheric residence time of the remaining smoke is greatly increased over the prescribed residence times used in previous models of nuclear winter.

Deterrence before Hiroshima

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Quester, G.H.

The gap between studies of military history and military strategy is ever widening. The enormous destructive power of nuclear weapons has tended to persuade us that the military experience of the first half of this century is not relevant to more ''modern'' military questions. In Deterrence before Hiroshima, first published in 1966, George H. Quester analyzes pre-nuclear age theories of deterrence to equip us with a perspective and data by which current theories can be evaluated. Quester shows that from almost the time of the first military aircraft, air-power was believed to have the capacity for apocalyptic destruction. He pointsmore » out that the modern terms deterrence, limited war, tacit agreement, and balance of terror, show up often in the literature from 1900-1945, coupled with war scenarios every bit as awesome as a nuclear holocaust.« less

Nuclear threats from small states

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kahan, J.H.

1994-06-13

What are the policy implications regarding proliferation and counter proliferation of nuclear weapons among Third World states. How does deterrence operate outside the parameters of superpower confrontation as defined by the cold war elaborate system of constraints enforced by concepts like mutual assured destruction, and counter-value and counter-force targeting. How can US policymakers devise contingencies for dealing with nuclear threats posed by countries like North Korea, Libya, Iraq, Iran, and Syria. These are some of the unsettling but nevertheless important questions addressed by the author in this monograph. In his analysis, Mr. Jerome Kahan examines the likelihood that one ormore » more of these countries will use nuclear weapons before the year 2000. He also offers a framework that policymakers and planners might use in assessing US interests in preempting the use of nuclear weapons or in retaliating for their use. Ironically, with the end of the cold war, it is imperative that defense strategists, policymakers, and military professionals think about the `unthinkable`. In the interest of fostering debate on this important subject, the Strategic Studies Institute commends this insightful monograph.« less

Effects of a didactic and guided-imagery intervention regarding horrendous death by nuclear war upon fear of death, health locus of control, and social responsibility in health education college students

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Campanelli, L.C.

1987-01-01

This investigation studied the effects of a videotaped lecture explaining horrendous death theory, with a guided imagery component describing horrendous death of a beloved other, upon action toward anti-nuclearism and three individual difference variables. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a videotaped lecture on college students' fear of death, health locus of control, and social responsibility. A second purpose was to determine whether participants who viewed the videotape were likely to sign a petition against nuclear war, in support of the Physicians for Social Responsibility's position against nuclearism. One hundred fifty-two (152) college studentsmore » participated in this study; approximately 55% were female and 50% were seniors. No significant differences were found regarding individual difference variables, except concerning fear of death of self between death education and non-death education experimental groups. Although an interaction effect was found, the hypothesis that experimental groups would be more likely to sign the petition against nuclear was not confirmed.« less

The implication of combat-induced stress reaction, PTSD, and attachment in parenting among war veterans.

PubMed

Cohen, Estee; Zerach, Gadi; Solomon, Zahava

2011-10-01

This study examined parental functioning, parental satisfaction, and concern for offspring during their child's military service, among war veterans, some of whom suffered from acute combat-induced stress reaction (CSR) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In addition, we examined the additive and interactive contributions of CSR, PTSD and attachment dimensions to parenting measures. The sample consisted of 477 participants divided into two groups: a clinical group of veterans who had been diagnosed with CSR on the battlefield (N = 267), and a matched control group of veterans who did not suffer from CSR (NCSR; N = 210). CSR, PTSD, avoidant-attachment, and anxious-attachment, were all related to lower levels of parental functioning and satisfaction. Veterans who suffered from both CSR and PTSD reported more concern for their offspring during their child's military service compared to veterans with PTSD but without antecedent CSR. Attachment dimensions and specifically attachment-avoidance, made the greatest contribution to parenting measures, followed by posttraumatic symptoms. In addition, attachment-avoidance moderated the relationship between posttraumatic symptoms and parental functioning. Theoretical and clinical implications of these results are discussed.

"A Is for Atom, B Is for Bomb": Civil Defense in American Public Education, 1948-1963.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brown, JoAnne

1988-01-01

Discusses the development of civil defense education following World War II. Examines its effects on the public as atomic bomb drills became commonplace in schools which also served as fallout shelters. Concludes that inadequate portrayal of the horrors of nuclear war produced anger, fear, and disillusionment as the postwar generation matured.…

In Defense of the Defense: The Continuing Political Value of Denial of Enemy Aims

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-01-01

Propositions, 8–19, 28–40. 4. Carl von Clausewitz, On War, ed. and trans. Michael Howard and Peter Paret ( Prince - ton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976), 81...From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986), 148, 154–55, 159, 161, 168–70, 174–75. 40. Clausewitz, On War

Prevention of nuclear war

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lifton, R.J.

Physicians are exercising their responsibility as healers in their efforts to prevent nuclear war. Death for Hiroshima survivors was experienced in four stages: the immediate impact of destruction, the acute impact of radiation, delayed radiation effects, and later identification as an atomic bomb survivor. Each phase had its physical and psychological impacts and negates Hiroshima as a model for rational behavior despite those who claim survival is possible for those who are prepared. The psychic effects of modern nuclear, chemical, and germ warfare need to be challenged with a symbolization of life and immortality. Studies of psychological reactions to themore » terror children felt during practice air-raid drills indicate that the fears can be surpressed and re-emerge in adult life as a linking of death with collective annihilation. Other themes which emerge are feelings of impermanence, craziness, identification with the bomb, and a double existence. Psychic numbing and the religion of nuclearism cause dangerous conflicts with the anxieties caused by increasing awareness of death. (DCK)« less

The evolution of disarmament and arms control thought, 1945-1963

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Williams, R.E. Jr.

1987-01-01

The onset of the Cold War and the total failure of nuclear disarmament efforts at the United Nations were only the most obvious of several factors prompting a reexamination of the disarmament approach in the early 1950s. The end of the American nuclear monopoly, the development of the hydrogen bomb, the experience with limited war in Korea, and the rise of concerns about the possibility of nuclear surprise attack (exacerbated by Sputnik) all prompted the Eisenhower administration and the community of strategic thinkers to question the feasibility and even the desirability of nuclear disarmament. To replace disarmament, the strategic communitymore » developed the arms-control approach; this approach, the intellectual foundations of which were largely completed in 1961, has been the basis of American policy for the regulation of nuclear weapons since the Kennedy administration. Since its development, the new thinking has been challenged both by disarmers, who regard it as a conservative approach designed merely to perpetuate mutual nuclear deterrence, and traditionalists, who perceive many similarities to the disarmament approach and are skeptical of its faith in the ability of adversaries to act together to reduce the threat that weapons pose.« less

Avoiding Armageddon: The US Military’s Response to Trans-Regional Nuclear Proliferation in a Post-Soviet World

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-05-26

Post -Soviet World A Monograph by MAJ Andrew S. Glenn US Army School of Advanced Military Studies United States Army Command and General...2016 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Avoiding Armageddon: The US Military1s Response to Trans-Regional Nuclear Proliferation in a Post -Soviet World Sa...MAJ Andrew S. Glenn Monograph Title: Avoiding Armageddon: The US Military’s Response to Trans- Regional Nuclear Proliferation in a Post -Soviet

Soviet short-range nuclear forces: flexible response or flexible aggression. Student essay

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Smith, T.R.

1987-03-23

This essay takes a critical look at Soviet short-range nuclear forces in an effort to identify Soviet capabilities to fight a limited nuclear war with NATO. From an analysis of Soviet military art, weapon-system capabilities and tactics, the author concludes that the Soviets have developed a viable limited-nuclear-attack option. Unless NATO reacts to this option, the limited nuclear attack may become favored Soviet option and result in the rapid defeat of NATO.

The long darkness: Psychological and moral perspectives on nuclear winter

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Grinspoon, L.

The aftermath of nuclear war - a sustained period of devastation called nuclear winter - would threaten the survival of civilization, even of the human species. In this book some opponents of the arms race describe the consequences of nuclear warfare and offer explanations - drawn from their knowledge of psychiatry, history, religion, and biology - for the irrational behavior of political leaders who risk these consequences and for the reluctance of ordinary citizens to face the horror of the nuclear threat.

Proliferation dangers associated with nuclear medicine: getting weapons-grade uranium out of radiopharmaceutical production.

PubMed

Williams, Bill; Ruff, Tilman A

2007-01-01

Abolishing the threat of nuclear war requires the outlawing of nuclear weapons and dismantling current nuclear weapon stockpiles, but also depends on eliminating access to fissile material (nuclear weapon fuel). The near-universal use of weapons-grade, highly enriched uranium (HEU) to produce radiopharmaceuticals is a significant proliferation hazard. Health professionals have a strategic opportunity and obligation to progress the elimination of medically-related commerce in HEU, closing one of the most vulnerable pathways to the much-feared 'terrorist bomb'.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Greenwald, D.S.; Zeitlin, S.

Based on interviews with families from various ethnic and economic backgrounds, the authors look at the effect of the nuclear threat on family life, exploring such issues as how parents deal with their children's fears about the threat of nuclear war and the difficulty adolescents have committing themselves to the adult community in the nuclear age. Using Erik Erikson's stages of development as a framework, they move from early childhood to old age in their analysis of how families confront the nuclear issue.

Waging modern war: An analysis of the moral literature on the nuclear arms debate

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Palmer-Fernandez, G.F.

1992-01-01

The primary aim was to examine the dominant views on the subject of deterrence and the use of nuclear weapons, to compare them with each other, and to consider objections that have or might be made against them. A second, more controversial and substantive, aim was to show that nuclear weapons and war-fighting plans engender some disturbing moral dilemmas that call into question fundamental ways of thinking about morality and some of the common intuitions on the relation of intentions and actions. The author examines the moral literature, both religious and secular, on nuclear arms policy written between the earlymore » 1960s and the late 1980s. Three different schools of thought, or parties,' are identified. To establish the differences among these parties, the author shows the various ways in which judgments on the use of nuclear weapons and on deterrence are linked either by a prohibitive moral principle which draws a moral equivalence going from action to intention or by a factual assumption about the nature of nuclear weapons. He concludes with the suggestion that the dilemmas that arise in the moral evaluation of nuclear deterrence represent a profound and much wider problem in moral theory between the ideals of character and the moral claims of politics.« less

The Emperor's New Clothes--1981.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

von Hippel, Frank

1981-01-01

Illustrates, with three case histories, that outside peer review of public policy analysis is critically needed, is feasible, and can have an important impact. These case histories are: (1) safety of today's commercial nuclear power plants; (2) necessity of plutonium breeder reactors; and (3) consequences of "limited" nuclear war.…

Busting Myths about Nuclear Deterrence

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-01-01

clearly showed Kim Jung Un’s in- tent to develop ballistic missiles capable of delivering a nuclear warhead against an Asian ally and possibly US...consequences of such aggression against the United States. Carl von Clausewitz ob- served in his classic work, On War, that when the potential exists for

Despair and Personal Power in the Nuclear Age.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Macy, Joanna Rogers

This guide to personal empowerment provides 47 exercises for dealing with feelings of despair, isolation, and powerlessness associated with the growing threat of nuclear war, progressive destruction of the environment, and unprecedented human misery. The first of eight chapters describes psychological responses. to planetary perils and discusses…

Post Cold War Nuclear Weapons Policy

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-20

are unknown.”14 This instability threatens the success and future of the NPT. According to scholar Joseph F. Pilat , While the vision of a nuclear...for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction, April 2007. 15 Joseph F. Pilat , “Nonproliferation, Arms Control and Disarmament, and ExtendedDeterrence

Atmospheric effects and societal consequences of regional scale nuclear conflicts and acts of individual nuclear terrorism

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Toon, O. B.; Turco, R. P.; Robock, A.; Bardeen, C.; Oman, L.; Stenchikov, G. L.

2006-11-01

We assess the potential damage and smoke production associated with the detonation of small nuclear weapons in modern megacities. While the number of nuclear warheads in the world has fallen by about a factor of three since its peak in 1986, the number of nuclear weapons states is increasing and the potential exists for numerous regional nuclear arms races. Eight countries are known to have nuclear weapons, 2 are constructing them, and an additional 32 nations already have the fissile material needed to build substantial arsenals of low-yield (Hiroshima-sized) explosives. Population and economic activity worldwide are congregated to an increasing extent in megacities, which might be targeted in a nuclear conflict. Our analysis shows that, per kiloton of yield, low yield weapons can produce 100 times as many fatalities and 100 times as much smoke from fires as high-yield weapons, if they are targeted at city centers. A single "small'' nuclear detonation in an urban center could lead to more fatalities, in some cases by orders of magnitude, than have occurred in the major historical conflicts of many countries. We analyze the likely outcome of a regional nuclear exchange involving 100 15-kt explosions (less than 0.1% of the explosive yield of the current global nuclear arsenal). We find that such an exchange could produce direct fatalities comparable to all of those worldwide in World War II, or to those once estimated for a "counterforce'' nuclear war between the superpowers. Megacities exposed to atmospheric fallout of long-lived radionuclides would likely be abandoned indefinitely, with severe national and international implications. Our analysis shows that smoke from urban firestorms in a regional war would rise into the upper troposphere due to pyro-convection. Robock et al. (2006) show that the smoke would subsequently rise deep into the stratosphere due to atmospheric heating, and then might induce significant climatic anomalies on global scales.We also anticipate substantial perturbations of global ozone. While there are many uncertainties in the predictions we make here, the principal unknowns are the type and scale of conflict that might occur. The scope and severity of the hazards identified pose a significant threat to the global community. They deserve careful analysis by governments worldwide advised by a broad section of the world scientific community, as well as widespread public debate.

Climatic Consequences and Agricultural Impact of Regional Nuclear Conflict

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Toon, O. B.; Robock, A.; Mills, M. J.; Xia, L.

2013-05-01

A nuclear war between India and Pakistan, with each country using 50 Hiroshima-sized atom bombs as airbursts on urban areas, would inject smoke from the resulting fires into the stratosphere.This could produce climate change unprecedented in recorded human history and global-scale ozone depletion, with enhanced ultraviolet (UV) radiation reaching the surface.Simulations with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM), run at higher vertical and horizontal resolution than a previous simulation with the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies ModelE, and incorporating ozone chemistry for the first time, show a longer stratospheric residence time for smoke and hence a longer-lasting climate response, with global average surface air temperatures still 1.1 K below normal and global average precipitation 4% below normal after a decade.The erythemal dose from the enhanced UV radiation would greatly increase, in spite of enhanced absorption by the remaining smoke, with the UV index more than 3 units higher in the summer midlatitudes, even after a decade. Scenarios of changes in temperature, precipitation, and downward shortwave radiation from the ModelE and WACCM simulations, applied to the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer crop model for winter wheat, rice, soybeans, and maize by perturbing observed time series with anomalies from the regional nuclear war simulations, produce decreases of 10-50% in yield averaged over a decade, with larger decreases in the first several years, over the midlatitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. The impact of the nuclear war simulated here, using much less than 1% of the global nuclear arsenal, would be devastating to world agricultural production and trade, possibly sentencing a billion people now living marginal existences to starvation.The continued environmental threat of the use of even a small number of nuclear weapons must be considered in nuclear policy deliberations in Russia, the U.S., and the rest of the world.

Climatic Consequences and Agricultural Impact of Regional Nuclear Conflict

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Robock, Alan; Mills, Michael; Toon, Owen Brian; Xia, Lili

2013-04-01

A nuclear war between India and Pakistan, with each country using 50 Hiroshima-sized atom bombs as airbursts on urban areas, would inject smoke from the resulting fires into the stratosphere. This could produce climate change unprecedented in recorded human history and global-scale ozone depletion, with enhanced ultraviolet (UV) radiation reaching the surface. Simulations with the NCAR Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM), run at higher vertical and horizontal resolution than a previous simulation with the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies ModelE, and incorporating ozone chemistry for the first time, show a longer stratospheric residence time for smoke and hence a longer-lasting climate response, with global average surface air temperatures still 1.1 K below normal and global average precipitation 4% below normal after a decade. The erythemal dose from the enhanced UV radiation would greatly increase, in spite of enhanced absorption by the remaining smoke, with the UV index more than 3 units higher in the summer midlatitudes, even after a decade. Scenarios of changes in temperature, precipitation, and downward shortwave radiation from the ModelE and WACCM simulations, applied to the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer crop model for winter wheat, rice, soybeans, and maize by perturbing observed time series with anomalies from the regional nuclear war simulations, produce decreases of 10-50% in yield averaged over a decade, with larger decreases in the first several years, over several regions in the midlatitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. The impact of the nuclear war simulated here, using much less than 1% of the global nuclear arsenal, would be devastating to world agricultural production and trade, possibly sentencing a billion people now living marginal existences to starvation. The continued environmental threat of the use of even a small number of nuclear weapons must be considered in nuclear policy deliberations in Russia, the U.S., and the rest of the world

American Physicists, Nuclear Weapons in World War II, and Social Responsibility

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Badash, Lawrence

2005-06-01

Social responsibility in science has a centuries-long history, but it was such a minor thread that most scientists were unaware of the concept. Even toward the conclusion of the Manhattan Project, which produced the first nuclear weapons, only a handful of its participants had some reservations about use of a weapon of mass destruction. But the explosions over Hiroshima and Nagasaki not only made society more aware of the importance of science, they made scientists more aware of their responsibility to society. I describe the development of the concept of social responsibility and its appearance among American scientists both before and after the end of World War II.

Science and technology review, April 1997

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Upadhye, R.

1997-04-01

This month's issue has the following articles: (1) The Laboratory in the News; (2) Commentary by Tom Isaacs--Shaping Nuclear Materials Policy; (3) Dealing with a Dangerous Surplus from the Cold War--Since the end of the Cold War, the Laboratory has been spearheading studies on the disposition of surplus weapons plutonium; (4) Volcanoes: A Peek into Our Planet's Plumbing; and (5) Optical Networks: The Wave of the Future.

Toward a nuclear weapons free world?

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Maaranen, S.A.

Doubts about the wisdom of relying on nuclear weapons are as old as nuclear weapons themselves. But despite this questioning, nuclear weapons came to be seen as the indispensable element of American (indeed Western) security during the Cold War. By the 1970s and 1980s, however, discontent was growing about the intense US-Soviet nuclear arms competition, as it failed to provide any enduring improvement in security; rather, it was seen as creating ever greater risks and dangers. Arms control negotiations and limitations, adopted as a means to regulate the technical competition, may also have relieved some of the political pressures andmore » dangers. But the balance of terror, and the fears of it, continued. The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) under President Reagan was a very different approach to escaping from the precarious protection of nuclear weapons, in that it sought a way to continue to defend the US and the West, but without the catastrophic risks of mutual deterrence. As such, SDI connoted unhappiness with the precarious nuclear balance and, for many, with nuclear weapons in general. The disappearance of the Warsaw Pact, the disintegration of the Soviet Union, and the sudden end of the Cold War seemed to offer a unique opportunity to fashion a new, more peaceful world order that might allow for fading away of nuclear weapons. Scholars have foreseen two different paths to a nuclear free world. The first is a fundamental improvement in the relationships between states such that nuclear weapons are no longer needed. The second path is through technological development, e.g., missile defenses which could provide effective protection against nuclear attacks. The paper discusses nuclear weapon policy in the US, views of other nuclear states, the future of nuclear weapons, and issues in a less-nuclear world.« less

Legacies of the Manhattan Project

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kevles, Daniel

2017-01-01

The Manhattan Project of World War II mobilized thousands of people, including many of the nation's leading physicists, and extensive material resources to design, develop, and manufacture the world's first nuclear weapons. It also established sprawling new facilities for the production of fissionable fuels - notably at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Hanford, Washington. It left a set of powerful legacies in the context of the Cold War - endowing scientists with conscience-taxing responsibilities in the nuclear arms race; promoting enormous patronage of academic research by defense and defense-related federal agencies, notably the Office of Naval Research and the Atomic Energy Commission; and turning its wartime facilities into major national laboratories that advanced the fields of high-energy and nuclear physics and stimulated local industrial economies but that in some cases, notably at Hanford, severely polluted the surrounding environment with radioactive waste and disrupted the livelihoods of native peoples. ``Legacies of the Manhattan Project''

Nuclear weapons modernizations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kristensen, Hans M.

This article reviews the nuclear weapons modernization programs underway in the world's nine nuclear weapons states. It concludes that despite significant reductions in overall weapons inventories since the end of the Cold War, the pace of reductions is slowing - four of the nuclear weapons states are even increasing their arsenals, and all the nuclear weapons states are busy modernizing their remaining arsenals in what appears to be a dynamic and counterproductive nuclear competition. The author questions whether perpetual modernization combined with no specific plan for the elimination of nuclear weapons is consistent with the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and concludesmore » that new limits on nuclear modernizations are needed.« less

Ballistic Missile Defense Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-10-01

included: the need for BMD; budget allocations; procedural problems related to NEPA; nuclear weapon dangers; arms reductions; and potential contravention...2-26 2.6.2 TECHNOLOGY ALTERNATIVES ........................... 2-26 2.6.2.1 Directed Energy Weapons ..................... 2-26 2.6.2.2 Nuclear ...national defense strategy of mutually assured destruction to keep conflicts from escalating beyond conventional warfare to nuclear war. In 1955, the

Japans Defense Program Guidelines

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-03-01

matters worse, the tsunami damaged the nuclear reactors at the Tokyo Electric Power Company’s Fukushima 10 Daiichi Nuclear Power Station, causing...response to the nuclear disaster with maximum personnel numbers exceeding 100,000. In order to strengthen those activities, the SDF established the...that prohibits some kinds of military activity.1 After the outbreak of the Korean War, Prime Minister Shigeru Yoshida’s government created a heavily

Counterinsurgency Warfare Approach to Iran

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-04-01

p. x. 3 Ibid. 4 Yossi Melman and Meir Javedanfar, The Nuclear Sphinx of Tehran, Caroll & Graf Publishers, 2007, p. 53. 5 Global Security...22 Ibid. 23 Yossi Melman and Meir Javedanfar, The Nuclear Sphinx of Tehran, Caroll & Graf Publishers, 2007, p. 55. 24 Shirin Ebadi, Iran...US Army War College, Strategic Studies Institute, October 2005) Yossi Melman and Meir Javedanfar, The Nuclear Sphinx of Tehran, Caroll & Graf Publishers, 2007

Peace in a nuclear age: The bishops' pastoral letter in perspective

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Reid, C.

1986-01-01

This book is a discussion of The Challenge of Peace, the Catholic bishops' pastoral letter on nuclear war. It is a collection of twenty-five essays which confront issues raised by nuclear deterrence policy and the Catholic Church's response to this ethical dilemma. This book addresses the tradition of the Church, the making of public policy, religious ethics, and the implications for American Catholics.

Salience of the Nuclear Threat: Operationalization through Spontaneous Concern.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mayton, Daniel M., II

An indirect/nonreactive technique of assessing spontaneous concern should be used to examine the salience of the threat of nuclear war. Direct/reactive techniques may produce inconsistent results and inadvertently enhance a false consensus. The procedures for the administration, scoring, and interpretation of a spontaneous concern measure along…

A PROTOTYPE MANUAL ON CIVIL DEFENSE ASPECTS OF WATERWORKS OPERATIONS

DTIC Science & Technology

survival and recovery in the event of a nuclear war; (2) to stimulate and assist water utilities i developing emergency plans to cope with a nuclear ... disaster ; (3) to provide a procedural guide for restoration and for training personnel in postattack emergency repair procedures, recovery techniques, and safety measures.

Limits of Military Power for National Security.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Melman, Seymour

1981-01-01

Reviews the post World War II nuclear-military arms race and claims that it is possible to define significant limits of military power for national security. Topics discussed include public opinion regarding the arms race, constraints on military power, conventional forces, checkmating conventional strategy, and the seriousness of nuclear false…

The Last Day of Civilization.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jacobson, Willard J.

1982-01-01

A narrative account of what might occur the first day of a nuclear war is interspersed with facts about the nuclear arms race and about the destructive power of weapons already stockpiled in the United States and the Soviet Union. A plea is made for preserving civilization from such a catastrophe. (PP)

Design of a Course on the Medical Consequences of Nuclear War.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cassel, Christine; And Others

1982-01-01

A course is described in which students were to: learn about nuclear weapons and their medical, social, and ecological consequences; identify principles of social ethics defining health professionals' roles; and define professional activities consistent with these principles. Student attitudes toward the course and its content were measured. (MSE)

The Fight for Fusion: A Modern Nuclear War.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rogers, Adam; Sereda, David

1992-01-01

Describes the work of Bogdan Maglich with helium-based fusion and barriers to its development resulting from lack of government support, competition for funding, and political pet projects. Compares tritium-based to helium-based fusion and the potential for nonradioactive nuclear power to supply the world's energy requirements with no negative…

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hooper, R.

Since the end of the Cold War the world has witnessed a remarkable series of events demonstrating that universal adherence to the principles of nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament are no longer utopian dreams. The author reviews the actions of various countries to terminate or reduce nuclear weapons programs and those that are resisting the non-proliferation efforts. The author addresses efforts of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to safeguard declared nuclear material more cost-effectively and deal with the possibility of undeclared nuclear activities.

Crisis Relocation and Nuclear Deterrence

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-04-07

Publications, 1984 ’Virginia mock nuclear disaster simulated in Nevada not as disastrous as feared.’ May 10, 1983, Section C, p.Sa. The Organization of the...Relocation’ Plan" New York Times Magazine, Volume 131: No. 45,347, Jun 1982, p. 16. Deen, Thalif and Earl S. Browning. How to Survive a Nuclear ... Disaster . Piscataway, N.J.: New Century Press, 1981. Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry. Psychiatric Aspects of the Prevention of Nuclear War. New York

South Asia and the Indian Ocean: The Strategic Environment, 1995-2010.

DTIC Science & Technology

1996-03-01

chance of much more before 2010. India regards China as its principal long-term rival. Although the Chi- nese watch India’s nuclear development...and the pros- pects for nuclear war are low. Yet prospects for rolling back ongoing nuclear or missile programs in the region are slim, except in the...con- text of new global arrangements involving firm and time-bound com- mitments by all the nuclear powers. Conflict on the subcontinent is more

Little Boy to Star Wars the evolution of American deterrence. Research report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Havey, M.E.

1986-05-01

The historical and sociological development of the American deterrent posture in the nuclear age is traced since the its dawn at Alamagordo, New Mexico, 16 July 1945, and the use of the Little Boy over Hiroshima three weeks later. A description of Western man's involvement in and reaction to pre-1945 catastrophic circumstances is followed by a comparative examination of the post-1945 changes in national policy in regard to the use and dangers of total war. Using Bernard Brodie as a theoretical deterrent baseline, the author analyzes the ethical and military shifts in U.S. declaratory (versus actual) nuclear policy, through Paulmore » Nitze's statements of future policy in light of strategic defense. The author concludes that extremely effective--not necessarily perfect--defenses can be based dramatically on the beneficial effects of arms control. But at the same time, such a condition must inevitably result in a de facto reversion of U.S. nuclear policy to that of a small, non-counterforce force de frappe deterrent - similar in effect to that of the present French posture. The implications of this upon U.S.-Soviet force balance, the historical trends of the American Way of War, and the present deterrent mindset of the officer corps is left as a grave concern.« less

Preventing war through non-violent direct involvement in conflict: I. Principles and background.

PubMed

2001-01-01

International Physicians for Prevention of Nuclear War now considers prevention of all violent armed conflict as one of its core objectives, as such conflict is incompatible with health. Health professionals have long been involved in this area with an inclination towards non-violent means. The growth of interest in the area of non-military peacemaking, the growth of knowledge and research in the last few years and the post-cold-war nature of most contemporary wars mean that IPPNW needs to approach war prevention in a systematic way, benefiting and co-operating with other creative forces in the field. In this first of two articles we present some important work by contemporary non-violent researchers. We seek to develop an imagination and a mode of thinking to enable health professionals to prepare to engage in Non-violent Direct Involvement in Conflict (NVDIC).

Self-assessment of well-being as an indicator of quality of life of former war prisoners - A Croatian study.

PubMed

Loncar, Mladen; Plasć, Ivana Dijanić; Bunjevac, Tomislav; Henigsberg, Neven; Hrabac, Pero; Groznica, Ivana; Marcinko, Vesna; Jevtović, Sasa

2011-01-01

The impact of war on the population is vast, especially when it comes to those who were directly affected by war, among other things as concentration camp detainees. Because of the specific war experience of this population it is important to better understand the possible contribution of key socio-demographic variables, war traumatization and acute disturbances in mental health to their subjective assessment of their own well-being, which represents a psychological category and is based on a subjective assessment. The starting point is a theoretical precept according to which individual characteristics, together with war experience, can have repercussions on mental health, and eventually on the general well-being of an individual and their quality of life. The study comprised 184participants who had given their informed consent for participation and filled out complete questionnaires. The participants were a convenience sample of male persons who had survived war captivity in the Homeland War in the period from 1991 to 1995. The study was conducted as part of the physical examinations at the University Hospital "Fran Mihaljević" in Zagreb. The data was collected using several self-evaluation measuring instruments one of which served to collect socio-demographic data, two to collect data on the participants' mental health, one for the data on the participants' combat and war experiences and one to assess the participants' well-being. The data obtained suggest that only avoidance and arousal symptoms and psychosomatic difficulties are predictors of the well-being of persons who have experienced war captivity.

[Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident and Tokaimura criticality accident].

PubMed

Takada, Jun

2012-03-01

It is clear from inspection of historical incidents that the scale of disasters in a nuclear power plant accident is quite low level overwhelmingly compared with a nuclear explosion in nuclear war. Two cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were destroyed by nuclear blast with about 20 kt TNT equivalent and then approximately 100,000 people have died respectively. On the other hand, the number of acute death is 30 in the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident. In this chapter, we review health hazards and doses in two historical nuclear incidents of Chernobyl and Tokaimura criticality accident and then understand the feature of the radiation accident in peaceful utilization of nuclear power.

Global action to prevent war: a programme for government and grassroots efforts to stop war, genocide and other forms of deadly conflict.

PubMed

Dean, J; Forsberg, R C; Mendlovitz, S

2000-01-01

At the end of history's bloodiest century and the outset of a new millennium, we have an opportunity to fulfil one of humanity's oldest dreams: making the world largely free of war. Global changes make this goal achievable. Nuclear weapons have shown the folly of war. For the first time, there is no war and no immediate prospect of war among the main military powers. For the first time, many proven measures to prevent armed conflict, distilled in the crucible of this century's wars, are available. If systematically applied, these measures can sharply decrease the frequency and violence of war, genocide, and other forms of deadly conflict. To seize the opportunity, nations should adopt a comprehensive programme to reduce conventional armaments and armed conflict. This programme will complement and strengthen efforts to eliminate nuclear arms. To assure its ongoing worldwide implementation, the conventional reduction programme should be placed in a treaty framework. We propose a four-phased process, with three treaties, each lasting five to ten years, to lay the groundwork for the fourth treaty, which will establish a permanent international security system. The main objectives of the treaties are to achieve: 1. A verified commitment to provide full transparency on conventional armed forces and military spending, not to increase forces during negotiations on arms reductions, and to increase the resources allocated to multilateral conflict prevention and peacekeeping. 2. Substantial worldwide cuts in national armed forces and military spending and further strengthening of United Nations and regional peacekeeping and peace-enforcement capabilities. 3. A trial of a watershed commitment by participating nations, including the major powers, not to deploy their armed forces beyond national borders except in a multilateral action under UN or regional auspices. 4. A permanent transfer to the UN and regional security organizations of the authority and capability for armed intervention to prevent or end war, accompanied by further substantial cuts in national armed forces and increases in UN and regional forces. This programme offers many valuable features: a global framework for conventional forces that parallels the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty; a verified no-increase commitment for national armed forces based on full data exchange; a commitment to undertake prescribed confidence-building measures, including limits on force activities and deployments; a commitment to a specified plan for increased funding of UN and regional peacekeeping capabilities; a commitment to strengthen international legal institutions; and after a trial period, a lasting commitment by each participant not to unilaterally deploy its armed forces beyond its borders, but instead to give the responsibility for peacekeeping and peace enforcement to international institutions. This programme of phased steps to reduce armed forces and strengthen peacekeeping institutions will make war rare. It will foster the spread of zones of peace like those in North America and Western Europe where, after centuries of violence, international and civil war have given way to the peaceful settlement of disputes.

Maternal dietary advice as an artifact of time and culture: post-World War II Queensland, Australia.

PubMed

Thorley, Virginia

2002-03-01

Dietary advice to breastfeeding mothers in post-World War II Queensland, 1945-1965, was not evidence-based, but based on cultural beliefs. Diet-based recommendations for boosting the breastmilk yield included increased intake of milk and protein foods, food supplements, especially chocolate-flavoured supplements, and tablets. Although community beliefs about foods to be avoided during lactation were reflected in informal advice, foods such as green leafy vegetables were specifically recommended by the print materials of the period as part of a healthy diet during breastfeeding.

Training vs. Education at the Army War College: The Benefits of a Return to the Past

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-05-22

strengthen the American economy, and later to recover from the Great Depression . Government officials and citizens also desired to avoid another war, and...of the Depression in 1929, the U.S. government concentrated on economic recovery, leading to an even greater increase in the fiscal restraints...Conference- Dr. Andrew Bacevich,” YouTube video, 8:35, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =X6K6aagV9KU&list=PLBA15ADDE22B06CFB (accessed January 23, 2014

Relationships of Childhood Adverse Experiences With Mental Health and Quality of Life at Treatment Start for Adult Refugees Traumatized by Pre-Flight Experiences of War and Human Rights Violations

PubMed Central

Opaas, Marianne; Varvin, Sverre

2015-01-01

Abstract Adverse and potentially traumatic experiences (PTEs) in childhood were examined among 54 adult refugee patients with pre-flight PTEs of war and human rights violations (HRVs) and related to mental health and quality of life at treatment start. Extent of childhood PTEs was more strongly related to mental health and quality of life than the extent of war and HRV experiences. Childhood PTEs were significantly related to arousal and avoidance symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and to quality of life, whereas pre-flight war and HRV experiences were significantly related to reexperiencing symptoms of PTSD only. Within childhood adversities, experiences of family violence and external violence, but not of loss and illness, were significantly related to increased mental health symptoms and reduced quality of life. These results point to the importance of taking childhood adverse experiences into account in research and treatment planning for adult refugees with war and HRVs trauma. PMID:26103604

Airpower in an Age of Limited War

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-05-25

independent US Air Force and the nuclear bomb —further influenced airpower theory. The ensuing Cold War had the potential to drastically simplify airpower...transportation of supplies and personnel, and even bombing of enemy troops, supplies, and facilities, both day and night. In short, most of the...only to make high-explosive bombing raids over any sector of the enemy’s territory, but also to ravage his whole country by chemical and

Crisis and Escalation in Cyberspace

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-01-01

state’s ability to censor the Internet within its own boundaries, for instance, would not be well received in the United States. 39 CHAPTER THREE...producers elsewhere in Asia and Latin America . China’s physical investments in the West, although growing, are far smaller than the West’s invest...ensure that they always are available. On a somewhat different note, the 1983 movie War Games, besides offering a cautionary tale against nuclear war in

Continuing Lessons of the Cuban Missile Crisis, October 1962,

DTIC Science & Technology

1995-04-14

natiornal interests. Both sides had steadfastly marched to the edge of the precipice overlooking nuclear war, and had stepped back; staunchly determined to...contention is that the event is steeped in heavy, almost cinematic drama, "A vividness and excitement unmatched by almost any other post-war event...Locka, Florida on 15 March 1962 (thirteen separate federal agencies were vying to interview each refugee). Known as the Caribbean Admission Center

Personal Narratives of Loss and the Exhumation of Missing Persons in the Aftermath of War: In Search of Public and School Pedagogies of Mourning

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zembylas, Michalinos

2011-01-01

This paper is grounded in a phenomenological-interpretive exploration of how mourning is experienced and understood by the victim's nuclear family--the victims are Greek-Cypriot missing persons whose remains have been recovered, identified and properly buried, after exhumations of mass graves in the aftermath of war. Particularly, the focus is on…

Three Years After: Next Steps in the War on Terror

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-01-01

to a change in the objectives of terrorism—in particular, the growth in terrorism with religious and millennial motivations. He and colleagues from...We must convince buyers and sellers that nuclear forensics can reveal the source of nuclear materials and that transferring nuclear weapons and...position in the international system. They will not take buyers or sellers closer to their ultimate policy objectives. There are also market forces

U.S. Security Cooperation with India and Pakistan: A Comparative Study

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-06-01

Pakistan’s nuclear ambitions, and resulted in further sanctions200 Pakistan spent the better part of the 1990s seething about the U.S. “abandonment... nuclear accident that happens in future. (From India’s perspective, the problem of liability has been exacerbated by the Fukushima disaster and anti...14. SUBJECT TERMS: United States, India, Pakistan, Security Cooperation, South Asia, Cold War, Defense Cooperation, Kashmir, Nuclear

Underestimated: Our Not So Peaceful Nuclear Future

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-01-01

strategic appraisals; • The nature of land warfare; • Matters affecting the Army’s future; • The concepts, philosophy, and theory of strategy; and...has long complained about Israeli nuclear weapons and previously attempted to get nuclear weapons, just announced its intention to tender bids for...cooperation with India, Russia, and the Chinese. As a part of this review, it also would be helpful to game alternative war and military crisis scenarios

Hidden dangers: Environmental consequences of preparing for war

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Birks, J.W.; Ehrlich, A.H.

1990-01-01

This compilation of chapters by some of the world's foremost non-governmental experts, focuses on the military's nuclear mess. Hidden Dangers suggests that in the end, events, not politics, changed operations' in the nuclear complex. After Chernobyl, safety became the pressing issue. Although the continuing stream of revelations of safety and environmental violations within the US nuclear weapons complex may make the 1990 book seem out of date, it remains an indispensable primer for those concerned with the social and environmental consequences of nuclear weapons production.

Preparing for the 2009 Nuclear Posture Review: Post-Cold War Nuclear Deterrence and the 2001 NPR Debate

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-12-01

of relying upon the minimalist idea of maintaining strategic deterrence only to prevent nuclear attack.[87] Joseph Pilat agrees and tries to make...Record Straight,” The Washington Quarterly 28, no. 3 (Summer 2005): 136. 87. Payne (2005), Op. Cit., 140. 88. Pilat , Op. Cit., 43. 89. Payne (2005...152. 91. Payne (2005), Op. Cit., 142. 92. Ibid., 146. 93. Joseph F. Pilat , “The New Triad,” in Wirtz and Larson, eds., Nuclear Transformation

History of Nuclear Weapons Design and Production

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Oelrich, Ivan

2007-04-01

The nuclear build-up of the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War is often portrayed as an arms race. Some part was indeed a bilateral competition, but much was the result of automatic application of technical advances as they became available, without careful consideration of strategic implications. Thus, the history of nuclear weapon design is partly designers responding to stated military needs and partly the world responding to constant innovations in nuclear capability. Today, plans for a new nuclear warhead are motivated primarily by the desire to maintain a nuclear design and production capability for the foreseeable future.

"The Day After." Catalyst for Communication: A Psychologist's Perspective.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Singer, Dorothy

1984-01-01

Describes efforts of educators, mental health workers, and parents to prepare audiences to view "The Day After," a movie about nuclear destruction and possibility of survival after a nuclear war; wonders why parents aren't always as involved in their children's television viewing; and discusses viewers' reactions to the movie. (MBR)

Dialogue: A Teaching Guide to Nuclear Issues.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Educators for Social Responsibility, Cambridge, MA.

Materials in this manual are designed to help educators raise the issue of nuclear war through a "day of dialog" on the subject. There are seven sections. Section 1 contains a project reationale; suggestions for implementation; methods for meeting resistance; tips for schoolwide, parent-teacher, and community discussion; uses of the media; and…

Assessing the Influence of the United States’ Nuclear Deterrent on the China-Japan Security Relationship

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-12-01

Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty DF Deng Feng (“East Wind”) EASR East Asia Strategy Review GPALS Global Protection Against Limited Attacks ICBM......massive retaliation because it provided little recourse other than a global nuclear war. These fears were underscored during the Berlin Crisis of

Teaching the Manhattan Project

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schibuk, Elizabeth

2015-01-01

This article describes a nuclear chemistry unit on the Manhattan Project, a research effort that led to the development of the world's first nuclear weapons during World War II. The unit is appropriate for an introductory high school chemistry or physics course and takes from four to six weeks. The unit poses this essential question: "Over…

Nuclear Nomads: Finding a New Island

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ratliffe, Katherine T.

2018-01-01

This qualitative study describes a small community of people in Hawai'i who were affiliated with Enewetak, an atoll exposed to nuclear testing by the United States after World War II. Pattern matching is used to compare their social and educational conditions to those of other involuntary migrant groups across the world. The Enewetak community is…

News Media Use and Adolescents' Attitudes about Nuclear Issues: An American-Soviet Comparison.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Robinson, John P.; And Others

1989-01-01

Examines linkages between media use and attitudes from a survey of Soviet and American teenagers. Finds that all youths show a great concern about the possible effects of nuclear war, with heavy media users in both countries more optimistic, but the relation was stronger among Soviet students. (MS)

Common sense and nuclear peace

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zacharias, J.R.; Gordon, M.; Davis, S.R.

The authors note that arms control, arms limitation, and arms reduction, though moving in the right direction, are not sufficient. Possible escalation of a small-scale war between nuclear superpowers or of an accident into a major conflagration is our greatest worry, they think, even though there is no justification for ever resorting to nuclear weaponry. We must find new ways to prevent and resolve conflict among nations other than military solutions. Further, the stakes are too high to leave the settling of international disputes in the hands of the world's military establishments, or even its anti-military establishments. To reduce andmore » then eliminate the risk of nuclear war will require a profound change in attitude, both here and in the Soviet Union. The authors feel we must both learn to bargain and barter about the things that really matter. We must realize that we cannot compete on both economic and military trufs simultaneously, because they require different attitudes and policies. Good treaties based on commonality of interest make good neighbors, and can lead to a less-belligerent world. 17 references.« less

Special Issue on University Nonproliferation Education and Training Introduction.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Leek, K. M.

2006-07-31

Nonproliferation, like many aspects of security, has not played out as many expected following the end of the cold war. The peace dividend has been elusive in many countries. The notion that the world would become a safer and more secure place as nuclear weapons stockpiles were reduced has been trumped by the rise in international terrorism. Hopes that nuclear weapons would lose their salience as markers of elite status among nations along with pressures to acquire them have been dashed. The drive by some countries and terrorist groups to acquire nuclear weapons has not diminished, and the threat ofmore » proliferation has increased. At the level of the nation state, the Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) itself is under pressure as more nations acquire nuclear weapons, de facto weapons states fail to join, and nations that want to acquire them leave or threaten to leave. At the sub-state level, the convergence of terrorism and weapons of mass destruction (WMD) has introduced an element of uncertainty into nonproliferation that is unprecedented. Another feature of the post-cold war era that has taken many by surprise is the continued, and growing need for trained specialists in nonproliferation and nuclear materials management. Contained within the notion of disarmament and reduced strategic importance of nuclear weapons was the expectation of a diminishing workforce of trained nonproliferation and nuclear materials specialists. Events have overtaken this assumption.« less

The artifact of nature: 'Spaceship Earth' and the dawn of global environmentalism.

PubMed

Deese, R S

2009-06-01

The metaphor of 'Spaceship Earth' employed by a diverse array of scientists, economists and politicians during the 1960s and 1970s points to the Cold War origins of the first global environmentalist movement. With the advent of Spaceship Earth, nature itself became at once technological artifact and a vital object of Cold War gamesmanship. The evolution of this metaphor uncovers the connections between Cold War technologies such as nuclear weapons, space travel and cybernetics, and the birth of the first global environmentalist movement. Revisiting Spaceship Earth may help us to better understand the implicit assumptions that have both empowered and limited that movement.

Posttraumatic stress in aging World War II survivors after a fireworks disaster: a controlled prospective study.

PubMed

Bramsen, Inge; van der Ploeg, Henk M; Boers, Maarten

2006-04-01

Little is known about the effects of cumulative trauma and whether traumatized individuals are more vulnerable. In 2000, a fireworks disaster created the possibility to examine this issue among World War II survivors who were part of an ongoing longitudinal study. Between 1998 and 2000 posttraumatic stress increased in disaster exposed respondents as opposed to the control group. War-related reexperiencing and avoidance also increased. The strongest increase occurred in disaster-exposed respondents who had low levels of wartime stress and a slight decrease occurred in those who had high wartime exposure. This unique controlled observation suggests that disasters do increase the levels of posttraumatic stress, and that reactivation of previous traumatic events generally occurs. However, the vulnerability hypothesis was not supported.

Growing up with the threat of nuclear war: some indirect effects on personality development

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Escalona, S.K.

1982-10-01

The effects of the nuclear peril upon youngsters in middle childhood are considered, with particular emphasis on the extent to which ego strengths and weaknesses are influenced by adult behavior. It is suggested that the adult response to a pervasive danger such as the nuclear arms build-up shapes children's views of the trustworthiness of adult society and defines the limits of their growth and development.

Options for Accelerating Economic Recovery after Nuclear Attack. Volume 3

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-07-01

speed of data processing. It really ought to be possible to program computers with likely locations of needs, and then locations of ablebodied people...that a number of existing programs and institutions were imple- mented when public concerns over the risk of nuclear war were considerably higher...natural disasters are funded as programs if such programs would also be appropriate to the post-nuclear attack situation. This logic has a compelling

Rethinking the Unthinkable: Selective Proliferation and US Nuclear Strategy

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-06-01

Equally commendable are the efforts of the SAASS librarian Sandhya "Sandy" Malladi and the SAASS secretaries Sheila McKitt and Kelly Rhodes. These...Nuclear Deterrence and Global Security in Transition, 177. 20 Barry R . Schneider, Future War and Counterproliferation: US Military Responses to Nbc...develop states prepared to conduct themselves as nuclear weapons 42 Barre R . Seguin, "Why Did Poland Choose the F-16?," The Marshall Center

Extended Deterrence and Arms Control: A Collection of Conference Papers

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-05-01

possessing a nuclear 1OSee also Robbin F. Laird, France, the Soviet Union, and the Nuclear Issue, Boulder, Colorado , and London, 1984. "Uwe Nerlich, "Die...War and the Army, Voyenizdat, Moscow, 1955, p. 168, as cited in Thomas W. Wolfe , Soviet Strategy at the Crossroads, Harvard University Press...a whole is concerned, the reintroduction of strategic defenses in the nuclear equation between the superpowers is clearly not a positive prospect. It

A Guide to Nuclear Weapons Phenomena and Effects Literature

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-10-31

and Disarmament Agency. An article entitled "Limited Nuclear War" in Scientific American (Reference ECE-14) is also of interest because of its rela... Sistems and the Aemosphere’-BCj=9. 43 Personne l; .-EP)- / 47 Civilian .S’ector and the .Environment, (ECE) 50 5 SPECIAL REFERENCE MATERIALS (R) ’<ൾ...approximations. DNA has sponsored the development of software for scientific and military applications of nuclear weapon phenomena and effects information

Rise in needle sharing among injection drug users in Pakistan during the Afghanistan war.

PubMed

Strathdee, Steffanie A; Zafar, Tariq; Brahmbhatt, Heena; Baksh, Ahmed; ul Hassan, Salman

2003-07-20

The war in Afghanistan in 2001 may have had direct or indirect effects on drug users' behaviors in nearby Pakistan. We studied drug use patterns and correlates of needle sharing among injection drug users (IDUs) in Lahore, Pakistan, before and after the beginning of the Afghanistan war. Between August and October 2001, 244 drug users registering for needle exchange and other services underwent an interviewer-administered survey on sociodemographics, drug use and HIV/AIDS awareness. chi(2)-tests were used to compare drug use behaviors among subjects interviewed before and after October 6th, 2001, coinciding with the start of the Afghanistan war. Correlates of needle sharing among IDUs were identified using logistic regression. Comparing IDUs interviewed before and after October 6th, 2001, levels of needle sharing were significantly higher after the war (56% versus 76%, respectively; P=0.02). Factors independently associated with needle sharing included registering after the war began (adjusted odds ratio, AOR=3.76 (95% CI: 1.23-11.48)), being married (AOR=0.36), being homeless (AOR=3.91), having been arrested (AOR=6.00), and re-using syringes (AOR=6.19). Expansion of needle exchange, drug treatment and supportive services is urgently needed to avoid an explosive HIV epidemic in Pakistan.

Force and Accommodation in World Politics

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-08-01

interest of academic freedom and the advancement of national defense-related concepts . The views expressed in this publication are those ofthe author...political, economic , social, and environmental-havecombined in this nuclear age to make many of the past practices of the superpowers irrelevant...American rapprochement . Preface With economic pressures, demographic changes, and the acknowledged futility of nuclear war steadily eroding the

A Conversation with William A. Fowler Part II

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Greenberg, John

2005-06-01

Physicist William A.Fowler initiated an experimental program in nuclear astrophysics after World War II. He recalls here the Steady State versus Big Bang controversy and his celebrated collaboration with Fred Hoyle and Geoffrey and Margaret Burbidge on nucleosynthesis in stars. He also comments on the shift away from nuclear physics in universities to large accelerators and national laboratories.

Nuclear worries of Canadian youth: Replication and extension

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lewis, C.; Goldberg, S.; Parker, K.R.

1989-10-01

A national survey of Canadian adolescents assessed concern, anxiety, and sources of information about the threat of nuclear war. Results indicated few geographical or gender differences in overall levels of concern, although females were more likely to admit fear and anxiety, and students with activist parents showed more concern. Family ranked below all media as a source of information.

Professions for World Disarmament and Development.

PubMed

1982-02-20

A conference entitled "Professions for World Disarmament and Development" was held in London on February 13, 1982. Messages were sent to the Secretary-General of the United Nations and to Prime Minister Thatcher expressing the concern of the 450 participants regarding the "abuse of professional skills in the preparation for nuclear war" and the consequences of today's nuclear arsenals.

Climatic, biological, and strategic effects of nuclear war. Hearing before the Subcommittee on Natural Resources, Agriculture Research and Environment of the Committee on Science and Technology, House of Representatives, Ninety-Eighth Congress, Second Session, September 12, 1984

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1985-01-01

A panel of experts, including Carl Sagan, Jay Gould, and Edward Teller, testified along with climate and atmospheric science experts from the Soviet Union on the long-term effects of a nuclear war. The scientists warned that such an event could repeat the biological and climatic disruption that ended the age of dinosaurs 65 million years ago. The purpose of the hearing was to inform committee members about the nature and outcome of a nuclear winter. The scientists also described international research programs designed to ascertain these long-term effects. They pointed out that, while the effects of a single explosion aremore » well known, little is known of overlapping effects from multiple explosions. Two appendices with additional material submitted for the record and additional questions and answers follows the testimony.« less

Physicians confront the apocalypse: the American medical profession and the threat of nuclear war

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Boyer, P.

1985-08-02

Physicians figured prominently in the resurgence of nuclear weapons activism and cultural awareness that swept the US in the early 1980s. This discussion seeks to place this activism in historical context. It explores the American medical profession's shifting engagement with the issue of nuclear war. Attention is focused on the period 1945 to 1954, with a brief evaluation of the period 1954 to 1963, the years to which the activism of the 1980s may be traced. Radiation studies are reviewed including Hiroshima and Nagasaki survivors. Radiological studies were begun within days of Japan's surrender. The delayed effects of radiation exposuremore » on some 14,000 persons in Hiroshima and Nagasaki include hemorrhage, leukocyte destruction, bone marrow damage, anemia, sterility, and the suppression of menstruation. In contrast, the American medical profession in the late 1940s focused much attention on the atom's potential medical benefits, especially the diagnostic and treatment value of radioisotopes. 90 references.« less

The long-term problems of contaminated land: Sources, impacts and countermeasures

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Baes, C.F. III

1986-11-01

This report examines the various sources of radiological land contamination; its extent; its impacts on man, agriculture, and the environment; countermeasures for mitigating exposures; radiological standards; alternatives for achieving land decontamination and cleanup; and possible alternatives for utilizing the land. The major potential sources of extensive long-term land contamination with radionuclides, in order of decreasing extent, are nuclear war, detonation of a single nuclear weapon (e.g., a terrorist act), serious reactor accidents, and nonfission nuclear weapons accidents that disperse the nuclear fuels (termed ''broken arrows'').

Nukes in the Post-Cold War Era A View of the World from Inside the US Nuclear Weapons Program

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wood, Blake Philip

Why do we have nuclear weapons? What is in the US stockpile, how is it deployed and controlled, and how it has changed over the years? What is in the “nuclear weapons complex” and what does each lab and plant do? How do the DOE/NNSA Design Labs interact with the Intelligence Community? How does the US stockpile, NW complex, and NW policy compare with those of other countries? What is easy and hard about designing nuclear weapons?

Oklahoma City bombing: exacerbation of symptoms in veterans with PTSD.

PubMed

Moyers, F

1996-02-01

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) develops following exposure to an extremely traumatic stressor and consists of reexperiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal symptoms. Exposure to stimuli reminiscent of the original trauma often causes an exacerbation of symptoms. Models attempting to explain this phenomenon include classical conditioning, emotional network imagery, and memory consolidation. The recent bombing in Oklahoma City caused an exacerbation of symptoms in veterans from World War II, the Korean War, and Vietnam, ranging from images of combat to memories of being called "baby-killer." These various responses to identical stimuli might help to explain the importance of attached meaning to traumatic events.

Origin and evolution of US Naval strategic nuclear policy to 1960. Master's thesis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kreitlein, H.C.

1986-12-01

This thesis treats the impact of the atomic bomb on traditional naval strategy as that strategy had developed under the influence of Captain Alfred T. Mahan, how traditional naval strategy was modified by the development of naval aviation, the lessons of World War II, and the leadership of James Forrestal, and how the adoption of atomic weapons into naval strategic planning was integrally tied to naval aviation. The growth of the Soviet Union as a threat to world peace, and interservice rivalry over roles and missions are compared as factors that influenced the development of post-World War II naval strategicmore » thinking. The Navy's reaction to the adoption of massive retaliation as the foundation of the national strategic nuclear policy is discussed and analyzed.« less

Defense Science Board 2005 Summer Study on Reducing Vulnerabilities to Weapons of Mass Destruction

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-05-01

the potential of massive destruction from nuclear weapons in the former Soviet Union for nearly half a century during the Cold War. The principle...on limited aspects of a single modality—whether biological, chemical, nuclear , or radiological. Concerns such as detection, defeat, or consequence...as difficult and dangerous as possible and to minimize the likelihood that he will achieve his goals. The worst forms of WMD— nuclear and, in some

Avoiding the Slippery Slope: Conducting Effective Interventions

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-06-01

internal memo from NATO headquarters in Zagreb , Croatia discussed these options in detail. Withdraw- ing more than 40,000 troops from an active war zone...Interoffice Memorandum, UN Peace Forces, HQ Zagreb to Special Representative of the Secretary-General, July 17, 1995, Lester Pearson Canadian Peacekeeping

Avoiding the Coming Higher Ed Wars

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Newfield, Christopher

2010-01-01

For the past thirty years, conventional wisdom has held that cutting public funding will make public institutions more efficient. This idea has profoundly altered support for higher education. University leaders have regularly assured legislators, and the general public, that business-oriented science, fundraising, and sophisticated financing…

JPRS Report, China.

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-05-25

to property. Destruction would be far greater than in World War II. Who would want to suffer such a catastrophe ? It is because people fear nuclear...Period, Sun Zi, referred to the idea of "sub- duing the enemy without fighting" in the offensive strategy chapter of his The Art of War. Among other...preliminary SDI system to be deployed, not only would a great military expenditure be required, but not many prob- lems would be solved. Thus, the U.S

Shock and Awe. Achieving Rapid Dominance

DTIC Science & Technology

1996-09-01

par- adox of the issue of planning for a long - versus -short war in a nuclear world remained unresolved. 4 Shock and AweMobilization, as in World War...world and are likely to remain so for a long time to come. Why then, many will ask, should we examine and even propose major excursions and...after battle. Today, x we believe that an unusual opportunity exists to determine whether or not this long -sought strategic goal of affecting the

The Impact on Strategic Stability of Ballistic Missile Defense in Eastern Europe

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-06-12

how did we get to this point? And what does it mean for strategic stability? Is there even still such a thing in a post-Cold War and post-Anti...Despite these radical changes to global security since the end of the Cold War, very few examinations of exactly what strategic stability means ...examining the historical definition of the phrase and researching the various perturbations that have resulted from changing national nuclear capabilities

Investigation of automatic avoidance in displaced individuals with chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).

PubMed

Wittekind, Charlotte E; Behmer, Friederike; Muhtz, Christoph; Fritzsche, Anja; Moritz, Steffen; Jelinek, Lena

2015-08-30

Avoidance of trauma-related stimuli is a key feature of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). However, avoidance has almost exclusively been investigated with explicit measures targeting more strategic aspects of behavior. The aim of the present study was to examine automatic avoidance in older individuals displaced as children at the end of World War II with (n=22) and without PTSD (n=26) and in non-traumatized control participants (n=23) with an Approach-Avoidance Task (AAT). Participants were instructed to respond to the color (gray, brown) of trauma-related, neutral, and control pictures by pushing or pulling a joystick. Groups did not differ significantly as to their behavioral tendencies towards trauma-related pictures. Thus, there was no evidence for automatic avoidance in individuals with PTSD. However, high vigilance was associated with stronger implicit avoidance towards trauma-related pictures in the PTSD group. Several explanations for the non-significant results as well as implications and limitations of the present findings are discussed. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Thermonuclear peace, the tightrope of deterrence

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Uscher, A.R.

This policy analysis focuses on the actions and approaches that will best reduce the chances of nuclear war in a MAD world, where mutual terror and mutual dependence will define our bipolar environment for the foreseeable future. The general approach to this broad and complex issue can be summarized as follows: since plans for conducting and preventing nuclear war are likely to be self-fulfilling prophecies, the US should strive for rational declaratory and deployment policies that reduce the chance of nuclear conflict while maintaining our national-security interests. Stability, probably the single most-important and unifying theme in nuclear deterrence, is visualizedmore » as a set of incentive structures that create no perceived advantages in escalating at any point along a hypothetical-force continuum. The key element in establishing and maintaining superpower stability is the inability to achieve adequate damage limitation through a preemptive first strike. The power and number of nuclear weapons compared to the fragility and limited number of priority targets seriously challenge the utility of most defensive measures. Successfully walking the tightrope of deterrence will require careful balancing of legitimate and competing values. This is a difficult task, but with a clear and realistic vision of the future, it is a feasible one.« less

Impacts of Stratospheric Black Carbon on Agriculture

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xia, L.; Robock, A.; Elliott, J. W.

2017-12-01

A regional nuclear war between India and Pakistan could inject 5 Tg of soot into the stratosphere, which would absorb sunlight, decrease global surface temperature by about 1°C for 5-10 years and have major impacts on precipitation and the amount of solar radiation reaching Earth's surface. Using two global gridded crop models forced by one global climate model simulation, we investigate the impacts on agricultural productivity in various nations. The crop model in the Community Land Model 4.5 (CLM-crop4.5) and the parallel Decision Support System for Agricultural Technology (pDSSAT) in the parallel System for Integrating Impact Models and Sectors are participating in the Global Gridded Crop Model Intercomparison. We force these two crop models with output from the Whole Atmospheric Community Climate Model to characterize the global agricultural impact from climate changes due to a regional nuclear war. Crops in CLM-crop4.5 include maize, rice, soybean, cotton and sugarcane, and crops in pDSSAT include maize, rice, soybean and wheat. Although the two crop models require a different time frequency of weather input, we downscale the climate model output to provide consistent temperature, precipitation and solar radiation inputs. In general, CLM-crop4.5 simulates a larger global average reduction of maize and soybean production relative to pDSSAT. Global rice production shows negligible change with climate anomalies from a regional nuclear war. Cotton and sugarcane benefit from a regional nuclear war from CLM-crop4.5 simulation, and global wheat production would decrease significantly in the pDSSAT simulation. The regional crop yield responses to a regional nuclear conflict are different for each crop, and we present the changes in production on a national basis. These models do not include the crop responses to changes in ozone, ultraviolet radiation, or diffuse radiation, and we would like to encourage more modelers to improve crop models to account for those impacts. We present these results as a demonstration of using different crop models to study this problem, and we invite more global crop modeling groups to use the same climate forcing, which we would be happy to provide, to gain a better understanding of global agricultural responses under different future climate scenarios with stratospheric aerosols.

America, the Soviets and Nuclear Arms: Looking to the Future. Teacher's Resource Book.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Berger, Karl; And Others

This curriculum project focuses on U.S.-Soviet relations and the choices that U.S. citizens face today in addressing the Soviet Union and the threat of nuclear war. This book is intended as a resource guide to accompany a 22-minute video presentation and student text that are part of the "Four Futures" curriculum. The resource book…

Soviet Tactical Doctrine for Urban Warfare

DTIC Science & Technology

1975-12-01

for Chemical and Radiation Specialists . . . 0 a . a. . . . . &. . . . .&. 120 5. Soviet Guidelines for the Logistician . . . . . . 122 6. Soviet...conducted with or without the employment of nuclear or chemical weapons although the Soviets emphasize the integrity, flexibility and duality of tactical...concepts and that future wars will entail nuclear, chemical and con- ventional operations. " From the materials reviewed in this study, Soviet treatment

Two Nations Underground: Building Schools to Survive Nuclear War and Desegregation in the 1960s

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Preston, John

2017-01-01

In the 1960s federal agencies in the US encouraged the building of protected schools designed to survive a nuclear attack. A number of designs, including underground schools, were constructed. In order to promote the building of protected schools, the US government produced a number of propaganda films for school boards and governors. In addition…

Bethe, Hans Albrecht (1906-)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Murdin, P.

2000-11-01

Physicist, born in Strasburg, Germany (present-day France), Nobel prizewinner (1967). As professor of physics at Cornell University he worked out the nuclear reactions occurring in the Sun. He worked on the development of the atomic bomb in the Manhatten project, and, after the second World War, pursued again research on stellar nuclear energy sources and the origin of the chemical elements in th...

From the Old to the New World of Nuclear Physics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stuewer, Roger H.

Physicists passed from the Old to the New World of Nuclear Physics in the two decades between the first and second world wars. The transition occurred against the background of the Great War, the postwar hyperinflation in Germany and Austria, and the greatest intellection migrations in history after the Nazi Civil Service law of 1933, the Anschlussof Austria in March 1938, and the Fascist anti-Semitic laws that fall. It involved Rutherford's discovery of artificial disintegration, Pettersson and Kirsch's challenge of it, and the concomitant rise and fall of Rutherford's satellite model of the nucleus; Gamow's quantum-mechanical theory of alpha decay and his liquid-drop model of the nucleus; the discoveries of deuterium and the deuteron, neutron, and positron, and the inventions of the Cockcroft-Walton accelerator and the cyclotron; the influence of the seventh Solvay Conference; Joliot and Curie's discovery of artificial radioactivity; Pauli's neutrino hypothesis, Fermi's theory of beta decay, and his discovery of the efficacy of slow neutrons in producing nuclear reactions; Bohr's theory of the compound nucleus and Breit and Wigner's theory of neutron-nucleus resonances; and the discovery of nuclear fission, Meitner and Frisch's interpretation of it, and Bohr and Fermi revelation of both in America.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Among Health Care Providers Following the Israeli Attacks Against Gaza Strip in 2014: A Call for Immediate Policy Actions.

PubMed

Abu-El-Noor, Nasser Ibrahim; Aljeesh, Yousef Ibrahim; Radwan, AbdalKarim Said; Abu-El-Noor, Mysoon Khalil; Qddura, Ibrahim Abdel-Ilhady; Khadoura, Khalid Jamal; Alnawajha, Samer Khader

2016-04-01

This study aimed to assess the level of posttraumatic stress disorder and to examine the relationship between exposure to war stress and posttraumatic symptoms among health care providers following Israeli offensives against Gaza Strip in 2014. A cross-sectional design was used for this study. We targeted all nurses and doctors working in three governmental hospitals in the Gaza Strip and worked with victims of the last war, more specifically, those who were working in emergency departments, intensive care units, operating rooms, surgical departments, and burn units. A demographic sheet and Impact Event Scale-Revised were used in this study. The Impact Event Scale-Revised has three sub-scales; intrusion, avoidance, and hyper-arousal. The results showed that 291 (89.8%) of 324 participants had scores more than 35 (threshold cut-off point) on the Impact Event Scale-Revised. Scores ranged from zero to 80 with a mean of 52.13. Females had higher levels of stress (55.79) than males (51.63) and nurses (54.85) had more stress than physicians (47.38). The most frequent symptoms of trauma subscales was "avoidance" (mean=20.04), followed by "intrusion" (mean=17.83), and then "hyper-arousal" (mean=14.27). Levels of trauma symptoms were not affected by place of living, hospital of work, while level of education had impacted level of trauma. The findings showed that health care providers suffered from severe posttraumatic symptoms after exposure to prolonged war stress. This level of trauma among health care providers warrants intervention programs to reduce stress and trauma among Gaza health care providers after the war. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

What was different about exposures reported by male Australian Gulf War veterans for the 1991 Persian Gulf War, compared with exposures reported for other deployments?

PubMed

Glass, Deborah C; Sim, Malcolm R; Kelsall, Helen L; Ikin, Jill F; McKenzie, Dean; Forbes, Andrew; Ittak, Peter

2006-07-01

This study identified chemical and environmental exposures specifically associated with the 1991 Persian Gulf War. Exposures were self-reported in a postal questionnaire, in the period of 2000-2002, by 1,424 Australian male Persian Gulf War veterans in relation to their 1991 Persian Gulf War deployment and by 625 Persian Gulf War veterans and 514 members of a military comparison group in relation to other active deployments. Six of 28 investigated exposures were experienced more frequently during the Persian Gulf War than during other deployments; these were exposure to smoke (odds ratio [OR], 4.4; 95% confidence interval, 3.0-6.6), exposure to dust (OR, 3.7; 95% confidence interval, 2.6-5.3), exposure to chemical warfare agents (OR, 3.9; 95% confidence interval, 2.1-7.9), use of respiratory protective equipment (OR, 13.6; 95% confidence interval, 7.6-26.8), use of nuclear, chemical, and biological protective suits (OR, 8.9; 95% confidence interval, 5.4-15.4), and entering/inspecting enemy equipment (OR, 3.1; 95% confidence interval, 2.1-4.8). Other chemical and environmental exposures were not specific to the Persian Gulf War deployment but were also reported in relation to other deployments. The number of exposures reported was related to service type and number of deployments but not to age or rank.

[Organization and delivery of therapeutic care in modern local wars and armed conflicts].

PubMed

Khalimov, Iu Sh; Tkachuk, N A; Zhekalov, A N

2014-08-01

The system of providing therapeutic care within a united system of staged treatment of wounded and sick and evacuation was established during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 and helped to return 90,6% of casualties to duty. In terms of local wars and armed conflicts the most important task of military field therapy is to improve the provision of therapeutic support through regional and territorial principles, echeloning of forces and facilities, optimization of allocation of medical institutions in accordance with their capabilities, evacuation routes, etc. The organization of therapeutic assistance should be guided primarily by the size and structure of sanitary losses. In modern local wars cannot exclude the occurrence of massive sanitary losses with limited use of weapons of mass destruction, as a result of failure (with a conventional weapon or as a result of sabotage) of nuclear power plants, chemical plants, and transport containers containing toxic chemicals.

Aircraft Carriers in Soviet Naval Theory from 1960 to the Falklands War.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-01-01

dinosaur of capital ships, its extinction fated by the birth of the nuclear age. -15- NOTES 1 ftef erence to this debate was made by Colonel-General N...who addressed the question of CTOL aircraft carriers unanimously agreed, then and later in the decade, that they were fated for extinction , like...battleships-that they -2- were the dinosaurs of the nuclear age. First, they were too vulnerable to nuclear-tipped missiles; second, other naval force arm

Designing, Testing and Using Command, Control, Communications, Computer, and Intelligence (C4I) Systems: What Causes the Disconnects and What Can Be Done About Them?

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-06-01

numbers on a Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) visual display or monochrome monitor. Gradually, pictures and color were added to enhance this interaction...apparent that there are very strong interactions among the political, economic, and military aspects of national power. Although the NCA will...classified according to the levels of war. Which level of war best describes your experience with C4I systems? Strategic - NCA (Nuclear) Operational

Doctrines of Defeat, La Guerre Revolutionnaire and Counterinsurgency Warfare

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-12-01

sending in colonial troops to "pacify" the region. The French simply felt a superior force of arms would regain control. As France began to see defeat at...doctrine. The French Army’s isolation from its own society was the result of many reasons. At the end of World War II, France was war weary; it had...strategically defensive by threateni.,. nuclear destruction of an enemy’s force attempting _o invade France or her allies. In theory, all French

WORLD WAR III The 1960's Version

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brocklebank, Roy

2005-09-01

This article is based on a lecture to the Royal Institute of Navigation History of Air Navigation Group at Tangmere Museum on 12 May 2004. The author served as a navigator-radar or a radar bomb aimer within RAF Bomber Command during the mid-1960s. This article is based on his experience of this time in Bomber Command and describes how the Medium Bomber Force would have carried out their war operations had nuclear deterrence failed. In its day these plans were TOP SECRET.

The Changing Strategic Balance and US Defense Planning.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-02-01

that ’,+, :., -nuclear war is unthinkable and that the application of force is V 3 prima facie evidence of failure of rational analysis and patient...University. Dr. Kennedy served on active duty briefly with the Army and !hen with the Air Force from 1958 to 1971 and is currently a reserve officer...pursuing a war-winning capability designed to give them a strategic advantage they woule be " duty bound" to exploit." In the wake of his participation

Military Unity and National Policy: Some Past Effects and Future Implications

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-12-01

unavoidable. The Army’s riority, interdiction, strategic bombing, growing commitment to the task of mod- close air support, air transport, mad ernizing its air... growing number lower levels of conflict to nuclear war. of his colleagues were influenced by After the Berlin crisis and the Bay of Pigs General Taylor’s...creating the US securily - pening -a snew tedlun of war- Traunsportation Contuanmd in 1987 to fare’ that overarrhed the mediumits of oversee tie Joint

Critical Elements and Needs for Nuclear Weapons Maintenance: A Delphi Study

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-01

means the world to me. You’ve always stood by my side and made life easier for me through all of the moves and deployments. I would also like to...recommendations will be discussed. Trinity and the Cold War July 16, 1945 forever changed the history of the world when the first atomic bomb...than one month later, atomic bombs were dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki bringing an end to World War II. Since that time, no

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Higgins, R.

During the next twenty-five years, Higgins says we and our children will face a world of mounting confusion and horror, including hardship, disorder, war, and the starvation of millions. Daring to see mankind's rapidly converging crisis for what it is, he starkly forecasts the course it is likely to take. He shows that there are six immense impersonal threats to the human future: overpopulation, famine, resource shortage, environmental degradation, nuclear abuse, and technologies racing out of control. Theoretically these six challenges are not beyond solving; but, asks Higgins, do we have the time, or the will, or the capacity tomore » organize against them. The frightening inertia of our political institutions and our obstinate individual blindness to the realities of the late twentieth century are the critical factors. To avoid a holocaust, we need a remarkable transformation of the moral basis of our politics. The Seventh Enemy can be defeated, argues the author, and he concludes with a thoughtful and controversial discussion of the qualities of consciousness that mankind must bring to bear so urgently on its extraordinary situation. Thus, this cogent analysis ends on a note of cautious hope.« less

Understanding how deployment experiences change over time: Comparison of female and male OEF/OIF and Gulf War veterans.

PubMed

Fox, Annie B; Walker, Brian E; Smith, Brian N; King, Daniel W; King, Lynda A; Vogt, Dawne

2016-03-01

Despite increased attention to the evolving nature of war, the unique challenges of contemporary deployment, and women's changing role in warfare, few studies have examined differences in deployment stressors across eras of service or evaluated how gender differences in deployment experiences have changed over time. Using data collected from two national survey studies, we examined war cohort and gender differences in veterans' reports of both mission-related and interpersonal stressors during deployment. Although Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom veterans reported more combat experiences and greater preparedness for deployment compared to Gulf War veterans, Gulf War veterans reported higher levels of other mission-related stressors, including difficult living and working environment, perceived threat, and potential exposure to nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons. Gender differences also emerged, with men reporting greater exposure to mission-related stressors and women reporting higher levels of interpersonal stressors. However, the size and nature of gender differences did not differ significantly when comparing veterans of the two eras. By understanding how risk factors for PTSD differ based on war era and gender, veterans' experiences can be better contextualized. (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved).

Construction of Experimental Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Roofing.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-04-01

in. War II vintage; squash and handball courts were (13-mm) fiberboard, to comply with Sarnafil re- added in 1966. The entire structure is of wood con...squash and handball courts had a gravel surface. pendently, avoiding difficulties of trying to handle Figure 23 shows the building arrangements. two

45 CFR 504.3 - Official claim forms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Forces of the United States Held as Prisoner of War in Vietnam; for Persons Assigned to Duty on board the... or Who Went into Hiding to Avoid Capture or Internment in Southeast Asia During the Vietnam Conflict... Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) FOREIGN CLAIMS SETTLEMENT COMMISSION OF THE...

45 CFR 504.3 - Official claim forms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Forces of the United States Held as Prisoner of War in Vietnam; for Persons Assigned to Duty on board the... or Who Went into Hiding to Avoid Capture or Internment in Southeast Asia During the Vietnam Conflict... Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) FOREIGN CLAIMS SETTLEMENT COMMISSION OF THE...

45 CFR 504.3 - Official claim forms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Forces of the United States Held as Prisoner of War in Vietnam; for Persons Assigned to Duty on board the... or Who Went into Hiding to Avoid Capture or Internment in Southeast Asia During the Vietnam Conflict... Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) FOREIGN CLAIMS SETTLEMENT COMMISSION OF THE...

45 CFR 504.3 - Official claim forms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Forces of the United States Held as Prisoner of War in Vietnam; for Persons Assigned to Duty on board the... or Who Went into Hiding to Avoid Capture or Internment in Southeast Asia During the Vietnam Conflict... Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) FOREIGN CLAIMS SETTLEMENT COMMISSION OF THE...

45 CFR 504.3 - Official claim forms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Forces of the United States Held as Prisoner of War in Vietnam; for Persons Assigned to Duty on board the... or Who Went into Hiding to Avoid Capture or Internment in Southeast Asia During the Vietnam Conflict... Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) FOREIGN CLAIMS SETTLEMENT COMMISSION OF THE...

Nonproliferation, arms control and disarmament and extended deterrence in the new security environment

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pilat, Joseph F

2009-01-01

With the end of the Cold War, in a dramatically changed security environment, the advances in nonnuclear strategic capabilities along with reduced numbers and roles for nuclear forces has altered the calculus of deterrence and defense, at least for the United States. For many, this opened up a realistic possibility of a nuclear-free world. It soon became clear that the initial post-Cold War hopes were exaggerated. The world did change fundamentally, but it did not become more secure and stable. In place of the old Soviet threat, there has been growing concern about proliferation and terrorism involving nuclear and othermore » weapons of mass destruction (WMD), regional conflicts, global instability and increasingly serious new and emerging threats, including cyber attacks and attacks on satellites. For the United States at least, in this emerging environment, the political rationales for nuclear weapons, from deterrence to reassurance to alliance management, are changing and less central than during the Cold War to the security of the United States, its friends and allies. Nuclear weapons remain important for the US, but for a far more limited set of roles and missions. As the Perry-Schlesinger Commission report reveals, there is a domestic US consensus on nuclear policy and posture at the highest level and for the near term, including the continued role of nuclear arms in deterring WMD use and in reassuring allies. Although the value of nuclear weapons has declined for the United States, the value of these weapons for Russia, China and so-called 'rogue' states is seen to be rising. The nuclear logic of NATO during Cold War - the need for nuclear weapons to counter vastly superior conventional capabilities of the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact - is today heard from Russians and even some proliferants. Moreover, these weapons present a way for rogues to achieve regional hegemony and possibly to deter interventions by the United States or others. While the vision of a nuclear-free world is powerful, both existing nuclear powers and proliferators are unlikely to forego nuclear weapons entirely in a world that is dangerous and uncertain. And the emerging world would not necessarily be more secure and stable without nuclear weapons. Even if nuclear weapons were given up by the United States and other nuclear-weapon states, there would continue to be concerns about the proliferation of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons, which would not disappear and could worsen. WMD terrorism would remain a concern that was largely unaffected by US and other nuclear-weapon decisions. Conventional capabilities would not disappear and the prospects for warfare could rise. In addition, new problems could arise if rogue states or other non-status-quo powers attempted to take advantage of moves toward disarmament, while friends and allies who are not reassured as in the past could reconsider their options if deterrence declined. To address these challenges, non- and counter-proliferation and counterterrorismincluding defenses and consequence management-are priorities, especially in light of an anticipated 'renaissance' in civil nuclear power. The current agenda of the United States and others includes efforts to: (1) Strengthen International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and its safeguards system; (2) Strengthen export controls, especially for sensitive technologies, by limiting the development of reprocessing and enrichment technologies and by requiring the Additional Protocol as a condition of supply; (3) Establish a reliable supply regime, including the possibility of multilateral or multinational ownership of fuel cycle facilities, as a means to promote nuclear energy without increasing the risks of proliferation or terrorism; (4) Implement effectively UN Security Council Resolution 1540; and (5) Strengthen and institutionalize the Proliferation Security Initiative and the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism. These and other activities are important in themselves, and are essential to maintaining and strengthening the Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) bargain by bolstering two of its pillars - nonproliferation and peaceful nuclear energy cooperation. There is no alternative, and little prospect for a better deal.« less

Is biomedical nuclear magnetic resonance limited by a revisitable paradigm in physics?

PubMed

de Certaines, J D

2005-12-14

The history of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) can be divided generally into two phases: before the Second World War, molecular beam methods made it possible to detect the whole set of spins. However, these methods were destructive for the sample and had a very low precision. The publications of F. Bloch and E. Purcell in 1946 opened up a second phase for NMR with the study of condensed matter, but at the expense of an enormous loss in theoretical sensitivity. During more than half a century, the method of Bloch and Purcell, based on inductive detection of the NMR signal, has allowed many developments in biomedicine. But, curiously, this severely constraining limitation on sensitivity has not been called into question during this half-century, as if the pioneers of the pre-war period had been forgotten.

Archaeology and direct imaging of exoplanets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Campbell, John B.

The search for extraterrestrial technology effectively began 45 years ago with Frank Drake's Project Ozma and a radioastronomy start to the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI). Eventually searches began for possible interstellar probes in stable orbits in the Solar System, as well as for infrared excesses from possible Dyson spheres round Sun-like stars. Whilst the Cold War was still underway, some scientists looked for evidence of nuclear waste dumps and nuclear wars elsewhere in the Milky Way. None of this work was carried out by archaeologists, even though by their very nature archaeologists are experts in the detection of ancient technologies. The technologies being searched for would have been partly ancient in age though advanced in techniques and science. The development of ESA's Darwin and NASA's TPF for detection and imaging of Earth-like exoplanets in our galactic neighbourhood represents an opportunity for the testing of techniques for detecting signatures of technological activities. Ideally, both Darwin and TPF might be able to provide spectroscopic data on the chemistry and biochemistry of the atmospheres of Earth-like exoplanets, and thus to detect some of the signs of life. If this can be accomplished successfully, then in theory evidence for pollution and nuclear accidents and wars should be detectable. Some infrared signatures of ETT on or round exoplanets might be detectable. Direct visual imaging of ETT structures will probably not be feasible till we have extremely powerful interstellar telescopes or actually send orbital craft.

[Consequences for military medicine of new nuclear weapons developments].

PubMed

Vogler, H

1985-01-15

The development and production of qualitatively new nuclear weapons (e.g. neutron weapons) has consequences also for the medical protection under conditions of war. In the present paper the peculiarities of these new systems of arms as well as the profile of injured persons which is to be expected after use of neutron weapons are analysed and general conclusions for the medical service are drawn.

The logic of nuclear terror

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kolkowicz, R.

A group of international contributors explores the ways in which technological and political changes have affected the original concepts of nuclear war and deterrence strategies, and how such changes have affected policy and doctrine. The contributors also outline realistic, alternative ways of thinking about strategy in the changing context of new military technologies and international politics, including several thought-provoking discussions of the new Strategic Defense Initiative.

Secrecy vs. the need for ecological information: challenges to environmental activism in Russia.

PubMed

Jandl, T

1998-01-01

This article identifies the lessons learned from the Nikitin case study in Russia. The Nikitin case involves the analysis of sources of radioactive contamination in several Russian counties and in the Russian Northern Fleet. Norway was interested in the issue due to proximity to the storage sites. The issue involved national security and environmental protection. It was learned that mixing national security issues with environmental issues offers dangerous and multiple challenges. Environmental groups must build relationships with a wide audience. International security policy must include the issues of globalization of trade and the spread of environmental problems into the global commons (oceans and atmosphere). The risk of an environmentally dangerous accident as a consequence of Cold War activities is greater than the risk of nuclear war. Secrecy in military affairs is not justified when there is inadequate storage of nuclear weapons and contaminated materials. In Russia, the concern is great due to their economic transition and shortages of funds for even the most basic needs, which excludes nuclear waste clean up. The Bellona Foundation studied the extent of nuclear pollution from military nuclear reactors in the Kola peninsula of northwest Russia, in 1994 and 1996. Russian security police arrested one of the report authors for alleged national security violations. A valuable lesson learned was that local Russian environmental groups needed international support. The military nuclear complex poses an enormous hazard. Limiting inspections is an unacceptable national security risk. The new Russian law on state secrets is too broad.

Exploring Greenland: science and technology in Cold War settings.

PubMed

Heymann, Matthias; Knudsen, Henrik; Lolck, Maiken L; Nielsen, Henry; Nielsen, Kristian H; Ries, Christopher J

2010-01-01

This paper explores a vacant spot in the Cold War history of science: the development of research activities in the physical environmental sciences and in nuclear science and technology in Greenland. In the post-war period, scientific exploration of the polar areas became a strategically important element in American and Soviet defence policy. Particularly geophysical fields like meteorology, geology, seismology, oceanography, and others profited greatly from military interest. While Denmark maintained formal sovereignty over Greenland, research activities were strongly dominated by U.S. military interests. This paper sets out to summarize the limited current state of knowledge about activities in the environmental physical sciences in Greenland and their entanglement with military, geopolitical, and colonial interests of both the USA and Denmark. We describe geophysical research in the Cold War in Greenland as a multidimensional colonial endeavour. In a period of decolonization after World War II, Greenland, being a Danish colony, became additionally colonized by the American military. Concurrently, in a period of emerging scientific internationalism, the U.S. military "colonized" geophysical research in the Arctic, which increasingly became subject to military directions, culture, and rules.

Accidents at Nuclear Power Plants and Cancer Risk

MedlinePlus

... of the Chernobyl accident, survivors of the atomic bomb explosions in Japan during World War II, and ... about the health effects from the 1945 atomic bomb exposures in that country. This ongoing project is ...

Medical costs of war in 2035: long-term care challenges for veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan.

PubMed

Geiling, James; Rosen, Joseph M; Edwards, Ryan D

2012-11-01

War-related medical costs for U.S. veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan may be enormous because of differences between these wars and previous conflicts: (1) Many veterans survive injuries that would have killed them in past wars, and (2) improvised explosive device attacks have caused "polytraumatic" injuries (multiple amputations; brain injury; severe facial trauma or blindness) that require decades of costly rehabilitation. In 2035, today's veterans will be middle-aged, with health issues like those seen in aging Vietnam veterans, complicated by comorbidities of posttraumatic stress disorder, traumatic brain injury, and polytrauma. This article cites emerging knowledge about best practices that have demonstrated cost-effectiveness in mitigating the medical costs of war. We propose that clinicians employ early interventions (trauma care, physical therapy, early post-traumatic stress disorder diagnosis) and preventive health programs (smoking cessation, alcohol-abuse counseling, weight control, stress reduction) to treat primary medical conditions now so that we can avoid treating costly secondary and tertiary complications in 2035. (We should help an amputee reduce his cholesterol and maintain his weight at age 30, rather than treating his heart disease or diabetes at age 50.) Appropriate early interventions for primary illness should preserve veterans' functional status, ensure quality clinical care, and reduce the potentially enormous cost burden of their future health care.

SIOP for Perestroika. Research report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Szafranski, R.

1990-04-01

The pursuit of greater stability through arms reductions is an important component of perestroika. Assuming strategic weapons reductions, the general nuclear war plan, the Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP), will change to employ fewer nuclear arms. If stability and threat reduction are authentic goals, the composition of nuclear offensive forces and the SIOP alert force will evolve accordingly. Greater reliance will likely be placed on bombers. The United States and the Soviet Union can use the opportunity provided by perestroika to agree that the only legitimate role of nuclear weapons is to deter nuclear weapons by threatening nuclear reprisal ormore » punishment. Both sides can then share a strategic catechism that would allow them to move toward small reprisal forces.« less

Peace and security in Northeast Asia: The nuclear issue and the Korean Peninsula

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kihl, Y.W.; Hayes, P.; Scalapino, R.A.

1996-01-01

Korean security was the focus of world-wide attention and concern in 1993--95 with North Korea's 'suspected' nuclear weapons program. Dubbed by some as the first post-Cold War nuclear crisis, it was triggered by the United Nations Security Council's move to impose economic sanctions on North Korea. Although the immediate crisis was defused diplomatically, the nuclear time bomb continues to tick on the Korean peninsula, and the issues remain under close international surveillance. This important book examines North Korea's nuclear controversy from a variety of perspectives, including nuclear reactor technology and technology transfer, economic sanctions and incentives, strategic calculus and confidence-buildingmore » measures, the major powers, and environmental challenges that a nuclear-free zone in Korea will present.« less

Nuclear nonproliferation: India Pakistan. Research report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fallon, J.S.

1997-04-01

As most of the world continues to seek ways to reduce or eliminate the spread of nuclear weapons, two countries seem intent on pursuing a path which is contradictory. India and Pakistan, two neighboring and frequently warring nations, condemn the use of nuclear weapons as they continue to develop the capability to deliver a nuclear payload. Additionally, India has stood against the Non-Proliferation Treaty, insisting that all nations must agree to eliminate nuclear weapons. It is against this seemingly hopeless situation that this report is focused. How can nuclear proliferation in South Asia be diffused while answering the security concernsmore » of both India and Pakistan. What I offer here is a review of the history, the current situation for the area, and a proposed solution to this nuclear stalemate.« less

Revitalizing Nuclear Operations in the Joint Environment

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-02-01

height of the Cold War, US schol - ars and joint operational planners were working simultaneously on weapons development and operational art to employ...leadership’s large-target- category withholds thought necessary to maintain stability in a strategic crisis. The inclusion of nuclear effects and...escalation. The inclusion of these points in tomorrow’s doctrine as well as an intellec- tual discussion on the topic will inform Joint Staff planners

USSR Report, Political and Sociological Affairs

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-05-08

Organization of African Unity on proclaiming Africa a nuclear- free zone, the active anti-war and anti-Imperialist stand assumed by the conference of ministers...prevention of outer space militar- ization, ist the disbandment of military alliances, for proclaiming Canada a zone free -from nuclear weapons and for...achieve an abolition of all the formalities existing now which prevent a " free " exchange between governments and various social orders. They said let

The Analysis of Soviet Military Manpower

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-12-01

and civilian populations and its consecutive results related to the preparedness to the conventio.:ial and nuclear wars. Ever existing images of...and of the branches of service. One direct result was the formation of a fifth service in 1959, the Strategic Rocket Forces. Ac the present time the...overall strategic nuclear capa- bilities perspective. Therefore, it is mentioned first iin Soviet references. The SRF was established as an independent

Dirty snow after nuclear war

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Warren, S. G.; Wiscombe, W. J.

1985-01-01

It is shown that smoke from fires started by nuclear explosions could continue to cause significant disruption even after it has fallen from the atmosphere, by lowering the reflectivity of snow and sea ice surfaces, with possible effects on climate in northern latitudes caused by enhanced absorption of sunlight. The reduced reflectivity could persist for several years on Arctic sea ice and on the ablation area of the Greenland ice sheet.

78 FR 40891 - Revisions to the Export Administration Regulations: Military Vehicles; Vessels of War...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-08

..., among other things, reducing incentives for foreign manufacturers to design out and avoid U.S.-origin... designed'' for military applications, then it is identified in one of the new ``600 series'' ECCNs created..., that have reached a stage in manufacture where they are clearly identifiable by material composition...

The Army National Guard: Part of the Operational Force and Strategic Reserve

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-05-26

avoiding the war. The limited use of the RC in the Vietnam 6 Patrick M. Cronin, The Total Force Policy in Historical Perspective, No. CRM -87-78. Center...Cronin, Patrick M. The Total Force Policy in Historical Perspective. No. CRM -87-78. Center for Naval Analyses, Alexandria, VA: Naval Planning

American Naval Policy, Strategy, Plans and Operations in the Second Decade of the Twenty first Century

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-01-01

13 Maritime safety ...deterrence, ballistic missile defense, deterrence of conventional crises and war (through naval readiness and engagement), maritime safety operations...confidence-building measure and to avoid unwanted crises.55 Maritime safety This an area that is primarily the domain of the world’s Coast Guards

The transition to a deterrence posture more reliant on strategic defenses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chrzanowski, Paul L.

1988-12-01

Strategic nuclear deterrence is currently based on the overwhelming capability of the arsenals of the two superpowers. Massive damage would be inflicted upon the military forces and industrial capacity of both sides should nuclear war occur and escalation of conflict not be controlled. Nuclear deterrence has fostered a condition of peace in central Europe and an absence of direct conflict between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. However, some question whether deterrence will remain effective into the indefinite future, and should deterrence fail the consequences are grave.

Perspectives of Radioactive Contamination in Nuclear War

PubMed Central

Waters, W. R.

1967-01-01

The degrees of risk associated with the medical, industrial and military employment of nuclear energy are compared. The nature of radioactive contamination of areas and of persons resulting from the explosion of nuclear weapons, particularly the relationship between the radiation exposure and the amount of physical debris, is examined. Some theoretical examples are compared quantitatively. It is concluded that the amount of radio-activity that may be carried on the contaminated person involves a minor health hazard from gamma radiation, compared to the irradiation arising from contaminated areas. PMID:6015741

Nuclear War Survival Skills

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kearny, C.H.

The purpose of this book is to provide Americans with information and instructions that will significantly increase their chances of surviving a possible nuclear attack. It brings together field-tested instructions that, if followed by a large fraction of Americans during a crisis that preceded an attack, could save millions of lives. The author is convinced that the vulnerability of our country to nuclear threat or attack must be reduced and that the wide dissemination of the information contained in this book would help achieve that objective of our overall defense strategy.

What Lies Beneath Can Be Imaged

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Johnson, Tim

The Hanford Site was quickly established to help end World War II, making history for producing the plutonium used in the world’s first nuclear weapons. Throughout the Cold War years, Hanford employees produced plutonium for most of the more than 60,000 weapons in the U.S. nuclear arsenal stockpile. Today, the once highly active nuclear reactors are shut down. And the mission at Hanford turned full-circle as scientists, engineers and specialists work to clean up our nation’s most contaminated nuclear site. PNNL Computational Geophysicist Tim Johnson is helping decision-makers understand the complexity and breadth of the contamination in soils at Hanford.more » Tim and others are applying remote, high-resolution geophysical imaging to determine the extent of contamination in the soil below the surface and understand the processes controlling its movement. They also provide real-time imaging of remediation processes that are working to limit the movement of contaminants below the surface and toward water resources. Geophysical imaging simply means that PNNL scientists are combining the techniques of geology, physics, mathematics and chemistry with supercomputer modeling to create three-dimensional images of the waste and its movement. These real-time, remote images are essential in reducing the uncertainty associated with cleanup costs and remediation technologies.« less

ACHP | News

Science.gov Websites

, and engineering that led to the creation of the atomic bomb, the role these weapons played in World War II, and how the role of the United States in global affairs has evolved in the nuclear age. The

Physics and Diplomacy: A True Story

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sessoms, Allen

2017-01-01

Physics has played a prominent role in U.S. diplomacy since the development of nuclear weapons during World War II. The discipline expanded its reach during the Atoms for Peace initiative of president Eisenhower and continued through the Cold War with the Soviet Union. Physics maintains a prominent role in the diplomatic dialogue through efforts in the nuclear non-proliferation arena and in major international science collaborations such as in experiments at CERN, ITER and the International Space Station. Physics has also served as the template for the much broader impact of science on diplomacy. For example, climate change, energy efficiency and ocean science have all benefitted from the path blazed by physicists. But how effective have physicists been in steering clear of political dynamics while trying to infuse scientific facts into policy debates? This talk will consider this through the eyes of a physicist who has spent many years providing advice to policy makers, both inside and outside of government.

In Appreciation Julian Schwinger: From Nuclear Physics and Quantum Electrodynamics to Source Theory and Beyond

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Milton, Kimball A.

2007-01-01

Julian Schwinger’s influence on twentieth-century science is profound and pervasive. He is most famous for his renormalization theory of quantum electrodynamics, for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1965 with Richard Feynman and Sin-itiro Tomonaga. This triumph undoubtedly was his most heroic work, but his legacy lives on chiefly through subtle and elegant work in classical electrodynamics, quantum variational principles, proper-time methods, quantum anomalies, dynamical mass generation, partial symmetry, and much more. Starting as just a boy, he rapidly became one of the preeminent nuclear physicists in the world in the late 1930s, led the theoretical development of radar technology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology during World War II, and soon after the war conquered quantum electrodynamics, becoming the leading quantum-field theorist for two decades, before taking a more iconoclastic route during the last quarter century of his life.

Burned from the inside out

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Drummond, Brian

2016-01-01

In 1950 US president Harry S Truman was asked about the possible use of an atomic weapon in the Korean War. “It is a terrible weapon, and it should not be used on innocent men, women and children who have nothing whatever to do with this military aggression,” he replied, adding “That happens when it is used.” In Nagasaki: Life After Nuclear War, Susan Southard tells the stories of five people who were in the city when it was bombed on 9 August 1945 and who survived into old age.

Nuclear Strategy and National Style. Volume 2. Appendices. National Strategic Style: Country Studies

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-07-31

AIHoRO) 9. CONTRACT ON GRANT MUMOE() Edward S. Boylan Rebecca V. Strode DNA oo-8o-c-O121 Robin Ranger David S. Yost PIroiect Leader: ’Cohn inS t...Appendix B--THE FRENCH WAY OF WAR. by David S. Yost ................................................ 31 France’s History as a Great Power...PP.34i7-348. 30 APPENDIX 8 THE FRENCH WAY OF WAR David S. Yost The purpose of this essay is to explore some possible answers to the following questions

Survival, Reconstitution and Recovery: U.S.-Soviet Asymmetries and U.S. Policy Options.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-02-01

mobilization in a con- ventional war would make us more targetable for the Soviets in the event of escalation to nuclear war. Roger Sullivan of SPC ...LL.LLJ z ) 0 P-4- C.) L.L < __ CA> ( DOzA LU dC 1.C A z 00 P- _ - uj~~L _j P-- V)4 C)0 CA ’’ z LLI0 CAJ z OC 00LJZ L0l 0 < -- 0- ’u >~4 -.. z 0. ~ >I IA Z

Thrust and parry of the SIOP (single integrated operational plan) and sdi (strategic defense initiative). Research report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zank, G.D.

1989-05-01

The relationship between strategic offensive capabilities (reflected in the SIOP) and emerging strategic defensive capabilities (reflected by SDI) is not being adequately addressed. A summary of the existing nuclear war planning process is provided, and an analagous defensive process is postulated. Parallels and differences between the two processes are discussed. Potential areas for information exchange and cooperation are identified to enhance deterrence and improve war fighting potential. Operational, technical and political issues requiring resolution are raised and recommendations to resolve these issues are made.

Psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-Trauma Specific (AAQ-TS): A study with Portuguese Colonial War Veterans.

PubMed

Pinto-Gouveia, José; Carvalho, Teresa; Cunha, Marina; Duarte, Joana; Walser, Robyn D

2015-10-01

The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-Trauma Specific (AAQ-TS) is a self-report measure designed to assess-trauma-related psychological (in)flexibility, as conceptualized in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. However, there are no studies to date regarding its psychometric properties. This study explores such properties in the Portuguese version of the AAQ-TS, in Portuguese Colonial War Veterans. A Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was conducted in a sample from the general population of war Veterans (N=371). Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) as well as reliability and convergent validity studies were performed in a different sample from the same population (N=312). For the discriminant validity a clinical sample with a war-related PTSD (N=42) and a non-clinical sample without PTSD (N=44) were used. The CFA suggested a re-specified 15-item model with good global adjustment and factorial validity. The AAQ-TS showed internal consistency, a good temporal reliability, convergent validity with psychopathological symptoms (related to PTSD, anxiety, depression and stress) and peritraumatic dissociation (altered awareness and depersonalization/derealization). The questionnaire also discriminates between war Veterans with and without a PTSD diagnosis. The major limitation relates to the samples' characteristics and sampling methods, which can limit the generalization of results. The Portuguese version of the AAQ-TS is a reliable and valid measure to assess experiential avoidance related to trauma in Portuguese Colonial War Veterans. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Potential Fuel Loadings, Fire Ignitions, and Smoke Emissions from Nuclear Bursts in Megacities

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Turco, R. P.; Toon, O. B.; Robock, A.; Bardeen, C.; Oman, L.; Stenchikov, G. L.

2006-12-01

We consider the effects of "small" nuclear detonations in modern "megacities," focusing on the possible extent of fire ignitions, and the properties of corresponding smoke emissions. Explosive devices in the multi-kiloton yield range are being produced by a growing number of nuclear states (Toon et al., 2006), and such weapons may eventually fall into the hands of terrorists. The numbers of nuclear weapons that might be used in a regional conflict, and their potential impacts on population and infrastructure, are discussed elsewhere. Here, we estimate the smoke emissions that could lead to widespread environmental effects, including large-scale climate anomalies. We find that low-yield weapons, which emerging nuclear states have been stockpiling, and which are likely to be targeted against cities in a regional war, can generate up to 100 times as much smoke per kiloton of yield as the high-yield weapons once associated with a superpower nuclear exchange. The fuel loadings in modern cities are estimated using a variety of data, including extrapolations from earlier detailed studies. The probability of ignition and combustion of fuels, smoke emission factors and radiative properties, and prompt scavenging and dispersion of the smoke are summarized. We conclude that a small regional nuclear war might generate up to 5 teragrams of highly absorbing particles in urban firestorms, and that this smoke could initially be injected into the middle and upper troposphere. These results are used to develop smoke emission scenarios for a climate impact analysis reported by Oman et al. (2006). Uncertainties in the present smoke estimates are outlined. Oman, L., A. Robock, G. L. Stenchikov, O. B. Toon, C. Bardeen and R. P. Turco, "Climatic consequences of regional nuclear conflicts," AGU, Fall 2006. Toon, O. B., R. P. Turco, A. Robock, C. Bardeen, L. Oman and G. L. Stenchikov, "Consequences of regional scale nuclear conflicts and acts of individual nuclear terrorism," AGU, Fall 2006.

Role of mitochondrial DNA damage and dysfunction in veterans with Gulf War Illness.

PubMed

Chen, Yang; Meyer, Joel N; Hill, Helene Z; Lange, Gudrun; Condon, Michael R; Klein, Jacquelyn C; Ndirangu, Duncan; Falvo, Michael J

2017-01-01

Gulf War Illness (GWI) is a chronic multi-symptom illness not currently diagnosed by standard medical or laboratory test that affects 30% of veterans who served during the 1990-1991 Gulf War. The clinical presentation of GWI is comparable to that of patients with certain mitochondrial disorders-i.e., clinically heterogeneous multisystem symptoms. Therefore, we hypothesized that mitochondrial dysfunction may contribute to both the symptoms of GWI as well as its persistence over time. We recruited 21 cases of GWI (CDC and Kansas criteria) and 7 controls to participate in this study. Peripheral blood samples were obtained in all participants and a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) based assay was performed to quantify mitochondrial and nuclear DNA lesion frequency and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number (mtDNAcn) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Samples were also used to analyze nuclear DNA lesion frequency and enzyme activity for mitochondrial complexes I and IV. Both mtDNA lesion frequency (p = 0.015, d = 1.13) and mtDNAcn (p = 0.001; d = 1.69) were elevated in veterans with GWI relative to controls. Nuclear DNA lesion frequency was also elevated in veterans with GWI (p = 0.344; d = 1.41), but did not reach statistical significance. Complex I and IV activity (p > 0.05) were similar between groups and greater mtDNA lesion frequency was associated with reduced complex I (r2 = -0.35, p = 0.007) and IV (r2 = -0.28, p < 0.01) enzyme activity. In conclusion, veterans with GWI exhibit greater mtDNA damage which is consistent with mitochondrial dysfunction.

Corporate interests, philanthropies, and the peace movement.

PubMed

Wright, T; Rodriguez, F; Waitzkin, H

1986-01-01

Corporate and philanthropic involvement in the peace movement is growing. In considering medical peace groups as examples, we have studied the ways that corporate and philanthropic funding have shaped the course of activism. Our methods have included: review of the Foundations Grant Index from 1974-1983; analysis of corporations' and foundations' criteria for grants in the categories of peace, arms control, and disarmament; interviews with leaders of activist organizations and with foundation officials; and our own experiences in the peace movement. Corporate interests in preventing nuclear war stem from a concern for global stability in which world markets may expand, and from a hope to frame issues posed by the peace movement in a way that will not challenge basic structures of power and finance. Several general features make peace groups respectable and attractive to philanthropies; an uncritical stance toward corporate participation in the arms race; a viewpoint that the main danger of nuclear war stems from a profound, bilateral conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union; and a single-issue focus that does not deal with the many related problems reflecting the injustices of capitalism. The two major medical groups working for peace, Physicians for Social Responsibility (PSR) and International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW), have accomplished many goals; however, their adherence to subtle criteria of respectability and their dependence on philanthropic funding have limited the scope of their activism. The struggle for peace can not succeed without fundamental changes in the corporate system that initiates, maintains, and promotes the arms race.

To neither target, capture, surveille, nor wage war: On-going need for attention to metaphor theory in care and prevention for people who use drugs.

PubMed

Perlman, David C; Jordan, Ashly E

2017-01-01

Metaphors, and the frames they evoke, potently influence how people understand issues. These concepts of discourse, metaphor, and framing have been productively used in a range of studies including in the field of addiction. In public health and clinical discourse on people who use drugs, use of terms such as "targeting," "surveilling," and "capturing," along with "war on drugs" frames and referring to drug treatment as "substitution" may reinforce negative perceptions of people who use drugs. Avoiding military metaphors and explicitly leveraging metaphors that emphasize humanity, social cohesion, and agency have the potential to improve public health for people who use drugs.

Ensuring Strategic Stability In The Second Nuclear Age

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-02-16

War College Carlisle Barracks, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, 2013), 5. 7. John C. Wohlstetter, Sleepwalking with the Bomb, (Seattle, WA...2015_national_security_strategy.pdf. Wohlstetter, John C. Sleepwalking with the Bomb. Seattle, WA: Discovery Institute Press, 2012.

The American atom: A documentary history of nuclear policies from the discovery of fission to the present

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Williams, R.C.; Cantelon, P.L.

1984-01-01

In selecting these historical documents the authors have applied three general tests: first, does the document help tell the story of the development of American nuclear policy in a nontechnical way; second, is the source primary rather than secondary, written by an actor in the drama rather than by a member of the audience; third, does the document provide coverage of the major chapters in the story. The Manhattan Project was America's $2 billion secret project to build an atomic bomb. Many documents associated with the project have come to light only in recent years. In Section II they usemore » the letters of J. Robert Oppenheimer and the recently declassified minutes of policy committees to tell the story of how the bomb was designed and built and how the decision was made to drop the first uranium and plutonium devices on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. How did a weapon of war become the key to a peacetime industry. In considering atomic energy after World War II, they focus in Section III on the legislative enabling acts that established the Atomic Energy Commission, the short-lived dream of international control of nuclear weapons under the Baruch Plan, and the ''atoms for peace'' program of President Dwight D. Eisenhower. By 1954 the highly classified work on nuclear weapons paralleled a new development of nuclear energy and power reactors. Knowledge was shared with both private industry and other countries. The fruits of this program are considered in the later section on nuclear power.« less

Multidecadal global cooling and unprecedented ozone loss following a regional nuclear conflict

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mills, Michael J.; Toon, Owen B.; Lee-Taylor, Julia; Robock, Alan

2014-04-01

We present the first study of the global impacts of a regional nuclear war with an Earth system model including atmospheric chemistry, ocean dynamics, and interactive sea ice and land components. A limited, regional nuclear war between India and Pakistan in which each side detonates 50 15 kt weapons could produce about 5 Tg of black carbon (BC). This would self-loft to the stratosphere, where it would spread globally, producing a sudden drop in surface temperatures and intense heating of the stratosphere. Using the Community Earth System Model with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model, we calculate an e-folding time of 8.7 years for stratospheric BC compared to 4-6.5 years for previous studies. Our calculations show that global ozone losses of 20%-50% over populated areas, levels unprecedented in human history, would accompany the coldest average surface temperatures in the last 1000 years. We calculate summer enhancements in UV indices of 30%-80% over midlatitudes, suggesting widespread damage to human health, agriculture, and terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Killing frosts would reduce growing seasons by 10-40 days per year for 5 years. Surface temperatures would be reduced for more than 25 years due to thermal inertia and albedo effects in the ocean and expanded sea ice. The combined cooling and enhanced UV would put significant pressures on global food supplies and could trigger a global nuclear famine. Knowledge of the impacts of 100 small nuclear weapons should motivate the elimination of more than 17,000 nuclear weapons that exist today.

Deterrence Without Escalation:A Case for the Arctic in 2040

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-04-08

electromagnetic pulse (EMP) from a nuclear blast.69 Typical shielding used to protect an asset from an EMP generated by a nuclear blast is...weapons could travel at hypersonic speeds, but the beam must propagate through a plasma field—the same plasma field that causes the ‘radio blackout...Blechman and Stephen S Kaplan, Force Without War: U.S. Armed Forces as a Political Instrument. (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1978), 4

Minimal Deterrence Research

DTIC Science & Technology

2001-07-17

ed nuclear conflict. The former is marked by an objective of thorough and complete destruction of an opponent’s society, industry, and wealth...weapon state. 74 B. The 1994 Defense White Paper The end of the Cold War marked the beginning of a significant turning point in French military...Trident SLBM. A. Massive Retaliation The United Kingdom’s contribution to the US Manhattan Project and its own nuclear test in 1952 marked the country’s

The ROK Army’s Role When North Korea Collapses Without a War with the ROK

DTIC Science & Technology

2001-02-01

produced large amounts of biological and chemical weapons. In addition, North Korea continues to develop nuclear weapons and missile technology and export...process. 6. Security and safe disposal of WMD. This includes research, production and storage facilities for nuclear, biological and chemical weapons...Publishers, 1989. Naisbitt, John . Megatrends Asia: Eight Asian Megatrends That Are Reshaping Our World, New York: Simon and Schuster. 1996. The New

North Korea and Iran’s Nuclear Programs as Instability Factors in the New System of International Relations

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-11-01

overshadowed by an ideological confrontation of the two social value systems in the opposing coalitions, commonly referred to as the Cold War. It is possible...economic, social , political, and ideological national systems and foreign- policy preferences. The two superpowers’ military confrontation—a...svr.gov.ru. 12 Romashkina, N.P. Severokoreiskaia iadernaia problema : domysly i real’nost’. (The North Korean Nuclear Problem: Theories and Reality). Vol

Nuclear Arms Control, Nonproliferation, and Counterterrorism: Impacts on Public Health

PubMed Central

Pregenzer, Arian

2014-01-01

Reducing the risks of nuclear war, limiting the spread of nuclear weapons, and reducing global nuclear weapons stockpiles are key national and international security goals. They are pursued through a variety of international arms control, nonproliferation, and counterterrorism treaties and agreements. These legally binding and political commitments, together with the institutional infrastructure that supports them, work to establish global norms of behavior and have limited the spread of weapons of mass destruction. Beyond the primary security objectives, reducing the likelihood of the use of nuclear weapons, preventing environmental releases of radioactive material, increasing the availability of safe and secure nuclear technology for peaceful purposes, and providing scientific data relevant to predicting and managing the consequences of natural or human-caused disasters worldwide provide significant benefits to global public health. PMID:24524501

The nuclear issue: where do we go from here?.

PubMed

Rotblat, Joseph

2003-01-01

The drive for the elimination of nuclear weapons is going badly and there is currently little support from the general public. The United States Nuclear Posture Review incorporates nuclear capability into conventional war planning. The Stockpile Stewardship Program is designed to maintain nuclear weapon capability. The US is planning an essentially new earth-penetrating nuclear weapon and is prepared to test this in the national interest if thought necessary. These policies could stimulate nuclear proliferation by others, do nothing to deter terrorism, promote persisting polarization of the world, are a clear breach of the Non-Proliferation Treaty and rest world security on a continued balance of terror. A renewed mass campaign to counteract all this, on legal and moral grounds in particular, is urgently needed. IPPNW and kindred organizations must restore sanity in our policies and humanity to our actions.

Impact of WWI on Astronomy: A Teachable Century

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Trimble, Virginia L.

2015-08-01

World War II has been called the physicists’ war (radar, rockets, nuclear weapons) and World War I the chemists’ war (nitrogen fixation and synthetic fuels as well as poison gases). But in fact both fundamentally changed all of science. For astronomy, the Great War began with the August 1914 capture and internment of Freundlich’s eclipse expedition in the Crimea, where they had gone partly to look for bending of light by the sun at the one-half-of-GR level first predicted by Einstein. And it ended with the 1919 Eddington-Dyson-Crommelin eclipse expedition that really did record light bending, and with the founding of the IAU (Central Powers strictly excluded; Germany did not adhere until after WWII). In between came many deaths, Karl Schwarzschild and Moseley perhaps best known, diversion of observatory shops to production of military optics, and the beginning of friction between Hubble and Shapley, when the former volunteered soon after the US entered, while the latter went straight to an appointment at Mt. Wilson. Lemaître joined the Belgian forces as an engineering major and emerged as a theology student (though apparently he had always intended that “career path”). Is this interesting history? I at least think so. Is it also relevant to education and public outreach? Conceivably, in at least 3 ways. First is the affirmation that everything goes somewhere and interacts with everything else. Second is the establishment of a shared chronology on which to hang other facts of world and scientific history. Learning the presidents or the kings of England in order is not pointless busy work, even if there are more now than there were when I was a child. Third is the lesson that we cannot unlearn things, whether production of poison gases, building nuclear weapons or whatever; bio- or cyber-technology will lead up to and be developed in the next war. The second of my thesis papers was refereed by a gentleman who spent 1914 on active duty, on the German side. There will be a small prize for the first person to identify him.

[Epidemiology of war injuries, about two conflicts: Iraq and Afghanistan].

PubMed

Pasquier, P; de Rudnicki, S; Donat, N; Auroy, Y; Merat, S

2011-11-01

Since March 2003, military operations in Iraq "Operation Iraqi Freedom" (OIF) and in Afghanistan "Operation Enduring Freedom" (OEF), have made many wounded and killed in action (KIA). This article proposes to highlight the specific epidemiology of combat casualties, met in these both non-conventional and asymmetric conflicts. Personal protective equipments, Kevlar helmet and body armor, proved their efficiency in changing features of war injuries. Health Force Services organized trauma care system in different levels, with three main objectives: immediate basic medical care in battalion aid station, forward surgery and early aeromedical evacuation. The Joint Theater Trauma Registry (JTTR), a war injury registry, provides medical data, analyzed from the combat theater to the military hospital in United States. This analysis concluded that during modern conflicts, most injuries are caused by explosive devices; injuries are more severe and interestingly more specifically the head region and extremities than the trunk. Hemorrhage is the first cause of death, leading to the concept of avoidable death. Specific databases focused on mechanisms and severity of injuries, diagnostic and treatment difficulties, outcomes can guide research programs to improve war injuries prevention and treatment. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

United States History. Focus on Economics.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wentworth, Donald R.; Kraig, Beth; Schug, Mark C.

This book uses human interest stories to explain perplexing behavior from an economic perspective throughout U.S. history. The set of 15 lessons include: (1) "Indentured Servitude: Why Sell Yourself into Bondage?"; (2) "Do the Right Thing: Free the Slaves, Avoid the War"; (3) "Why Would You Raise Chickens When You Don't Like Eggs? -or- Why Did…

American Naval Policy, Strategy, Plans and Operations in the Second Decade of the Twenty-first Century

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-01-01

13 Maritime safety ...defense, deterrence of conventional crises and war (through naval readiness and engagement), maritime safety operations, maritime security...measure and to avoid unwanted crises.55 Maritime safety This an area that is primarily the domain of the world’s Coast Guards, but here too the U.S

The Impact of College on Migration: Evidence from the Vietnam Generation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Malamud, Ofer; Wozniak, Abigail

2012-01-01

We examine the causal effect of education on migration using variation in college attainment due to draft-avoidance behavior during the Vietnam War. We use national and state-level induction risk to identify both college attainment and veteran status for men observed in the 1980 Census. 2SLS estimates imply that additional years of college…

Coping of School-Age Children in the Sealed Room during Scud Missile Bombardment and Postwar Stress Reactions.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Weisenberg, Matisyohu; And Others

1993-01-01

Examined children's (n=492) coping behaviors in sealed room during scud missile attacks in Persian Gulf War in relation to postwar stress reactions. Emotion-focused coping (avoidance and distraction) was associated with less postwar stress reactions than persistence at direct problem-focused actions. Fifth graders used less emotion-focused and…

Evolution of the Doctrine of Academic Abstention in American Jurisprudence.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Leas, Terrence

The purpose of this study was to determine the current legal status of U.S. postsecondary education by examining the legal doctrine of academic abstention, a theory by which U.S. jurists have hitherto avoided excessive legal interference with the academic affairs of colleges and universities. Since World War II, however, changes in the student and…

"The Things They" [All] "Carried": Discovering Theme through Imagined Stories of Votive Offerings

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Krajeck, Amy J.

2009-01-01

Imaginations are the best tools people have to avoid future conflicts and unpopular wars. People may never find the panacea to eliminate all violence, but perhaps if students develop their imaginations today, America as a nation can begin to solve more problems with creativity than with fists. Imaginations allow for better decision-making.…

Defense AT&L. Volume 38, Number 5. September-October 2009

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-10-01

and downward spirals of emotion-driven sell-offs. Conceived and managed without great care and foresight , networked sys- tems function to spread bad...the Joint Project Manager for Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Contamina- tion Avoidance in June 2009. An Unmanned Ground Vehicle Thrust area two... Project Manager for Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Contamination Avoidance; the Navy Explosive Ordnance Disposal Technical Division; the Future

In Brief

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Journal of College Science Teaching, 1976

1976-01-01

Presents information on storage of radioactive wastes, the AAAS February meeting, an NSF publication on doctoral scientists and engineers, the Research Associateship programs of the National Research Council, the international congress on cybernetics, the effects of nuclear war on noncombatants, radioactivity in drinking water, and computer based…

Affiliation buffers stress: cumulative genetic risk in oxytocin-vasopressin genes combines with early caregiving to predict PTSD in war-exposed young children.

PubMed

Feldman, R; Vengrober, A; Ebstein, R P

2014-03-11

Research indicates that risk for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is shaped by the interaction between genetic vulnerability and early caregiving experiences; yet, caregiving has typically been assessed by adult retrospective accounts. Here, we employed a prospective longitudinal design with real-time observations of early caregiving combined with assessment of genetic liability along the axis of vasopressin-oxytocin (OT) gene pathways to test G × E contributions to PTSD. Participants were 232 young Israeli children (1.5-5 years) and their parents, including 148 living in zones of continuous war and 84 controls. A cumulative genetic risk factor was computed for each family member by summing five risk alleles across three genes (OXTR, CD38 and AVPR1a) previously associated with psychopathology, sociality and caregiving. Child PTSD was diagnosed and mother-child interactions were observed in multiple contexts. In middle childhood (7-8 years), child psychopathology was re-evaluated. War exposure increased propensity to develop Axis-I disorder by threefold: 60% of exposed children displayed a psychiatric disorder by middle childhood and 62% of those showed several comorbid disorders. On the other hand, maternal sensitive support reduced risk for psychopathology. G × E effect was found for child genetic risk: in the context of war exposure, greater genetic risk on the vasopressin-OT pathway increased propensity for psychopathology. Among exposed children, chronicity of PTSD from early to middle childhood was related to higher child, maternal and paternal genetic risk, low maternal support and greater initial avoidance symptoms. Child avoidance was predicted by low maternal support and reduced mother-child reciprocity. These findings underscore the saliency of both genetic and behavioral facets of the human affiliation system in shaping vulnerability to PTSD as well as providing an underlying mechanism of post-traumatic resilience.

Affiliation buffers stress: cumulative genetic risk in oxytocin–vasopressin genes combines with early caregiving to predict PTSD in war-exposed young children

PubMed Central

Feldman, R; Vengrober, A; Ebstein, R P

2014-01-01

Research indicates that risk for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is shaped by the interaction between genetic vulnerability and early caregiving experiences; yet, caregiving has typically been assessed by adult retrospective accounts. Here, we employed a prospective longitudinal design with real-time observations of early caregiving combined with assessment of genetic liability along the axis of vasopressin–oxytocin (OT) gene pathways to test G × E contributions to PTSD. Participants were 232 young Israeli children (1.5–5 years) and their parents, including 148 living in zones of continuous war and 84 controls. A cumulative genetic risk factor was computed for each family member by summing five risk alleles across three genes (OXTR, CD38 and AVPR1a) previously associated with psychopathology, sociality and caregiving. Child PTSD was diagnosed and mother–child interactions were observed in multiple contexts. In middle childhood (7–8 years), child psychopathology was re-evaluated. War exposure increased propensity to develop Axis-I disorder by threefold: 60% of exposed children displayed a psychiatric disorder by middle childhood and 62% of those showed several comorbid disorders. On the other hand, maternal sensitive support reduced risk for psychopathology. G × E effect was found for child genetic risk: in the context of war exposure, greater genetic risk on the vasopressin–OT pathway increased propensity for psychopathology. Among exposed children, chronicity of PTSD from early to middle childhood was related to higher child, maternal and paternal genetic risk, low maternal support and greater initial avoidance symptoms. Child avoidance was predicted by low maternal support and reduced mother–child reciprocity. These findings underscore the saliency of both genetic and behavioral facets of the human affiliation system in shaping vulnerability to PTSD as well as providing an underlying mechanism of post-traumatic resilience. PMID:24618689

Los Alamos Using Neutrons to Stop Nuclear Smugglers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Favalli, Andrea; Swinhoe, Martyn; Roark, Kevin

Los Alamos National Laboratory researchers have successfully demonstrated for the first time that laser-generated neutrons can be enlisted as a useful tool in the War on Terror. The international research team used the short-pulse laser at Los Alamos's TRIDENT facility to generate a neutron beam with novel characteristics that interrogated a closed container to confirm the presence and quantity of nuclear material inside. The successful experiment paves the way for creation of a table-top-sized or truck-mounted neutron generator that could be installed at strategic locations worldwide to thwart smugglers trafficking in nuclear materials.

Los Alamos Using Neutrons to Stop Nuclear Smugglers

ScienceCinema

Favalli, Andrea; Swinhoe, Martyn; Roark, Kevin

2018-02-14

Los Alamos National Laboratory researchers have successfully demonstrated for the first time that laser-generated neutrons can be enlisted as a useful tool in the War on Terror. The international research team used the short-pulse laser at Los Alamos's TRIDENT facility to generate a neutron beam with novel characteristics that interrogated a closed container to confirm the presence and quantity of nuclear material inside. The successful experiment paves the way for creation of a table-top-sized or truck-mounted neutron generator that could be installed at strategic locations worldwide to thwart smugglers trafficking in nuclear materials.

Status of Environmental Management Initiatives to Accelerate the Reduction of Environmental Risks and Challenges Posed by the Legacy of the Cold War

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

None

2009-01-01

Fifty years of nuclear weapons production and energy research in the United States during the Cold War generated large amounts of radioactive wastes, spent nuclear fuel (SNF), excess plutonium and uranium, thousands of contaminated facilities, and contaminated soil and groundwater. During most of that half century, the Nation did not have the environmental regulatory structure or nuclear waste cleanup technologies that exist today. The result was a legacy of nuclear waste that was stored and disposed of in ways now considered unacceptable. Cleaning up and ultimately disposing of these wastes is the responsibility of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).more » In 1989, DOE established the Office of Environmental Management (EM) to solve the large scale and technically challenging risks posed by the world's largest nuclear cleanup. This required EM to build a new nuclear cleanup infrastructure, assemble and train a technically specialized workforce, and develop the technologies and tools required to safely decontaminate, disassemble, stabilize, disposition, and remediate unique radiation hazards. The sites where nuclear activities produced legacy waste and contamination include the original Manhattan Project sites--Los Alamos, New Mexico; Hanford, Washington; and Oak Ridge, Tennessee--as well as major Cold War sites, such as Savannah River Site, South Carolina; the Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho; Rocky Flats Plant, Colorado; and Fernald, Ohio. Today EM has responsibility for nuclear cleanup activities at 21 sites covering more than two million acres in 13 states, and employs more than 30,000 Federal and contractor employees, including scientists, engineers and hazardous waste technicians. This cleanup poses unique, technically complex problems, which must be solved under the most hazardous of conditions, and which will require billions of dollars a year for several more decades. The EM program focus during its first 10 years was on managing the most urgent risks and maintaining safety at each site while negotiating state and Federal environmental compliance agreements. The program also concentrated on characterizing waste and nuclear materials and assessing the magnitude and extent of environmental contamination. By the late 1990s, EM had made significant progress in identifying and characterizing the extent of contamination and cleanup required and began transitioning from primarily a characterization and stabilization program to an active cleanup and closure program. During that time, EM formulated multi-year cleanup and closure plans, which contributed to cleanup progress; however, reducing the overall environmental risk associated with the cleanup program remained a challenge. In response, the Secretary of Energy directed a review of the EM program be undertaken. The resulting 'Top-to Bottom Review' re-directed the program focus from managing risks to accelerating the reduction of these risks.« less

August 5, 1963-President Kennedy's Nuclear Test Ban Treaty signed in Moscow, Russia

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kennedy, John F.

On August 5, 1963, after more than eight years of negotiations, the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union signed the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. The destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by atomic bombs marked the end of World War II and the beginning of the nuclear age. As tensions between East and West settled into a Cold War, scientists in the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union conducted tests and developed more powerful nuclear weapons. In 1959, radioactive deposits were found in wheat and milk in the northern United States. As scientists and themore » public gradually became aware of the dangers of radioactive fallout, they began to raise their voices against nuclear testing. Leaders and diplomats of several countries sought to address the issue. In May 1955, the United Nations Disarmament Commission brought together the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, France, and the Soviet Union to begin negotiations on ending nuclear weapons testing. Conflict soon arose over inspections to verify underground testing. The Soviet Union feared that on-site inspections could lead to spying that might expose the Soviets' vastly exaggerated claims of the number of deliverable nuclear weapons. As negotiators struggled over differences, the Soviet Union and the United States suspended nuclear tests—a moratorium that lasted from November 1958 to September 1961. John F. Kennedy had supported ban on nuclear weapons testing since 1956. He believed a ban would prevent other countries from obtaining nuclear weapons, and took a strong stand on the issue in the 1960 presidential campaign. Once elected, President Kennedy pledged not to resume testing in the air and promised to pursue all diplomatic efforts for a test ban treaty before resuming underground testing. He envisioned the test ban as a first step to nuclear disarmament. President Kennedy met with Soviet Premier Khrushchev in Vienna in June 1961, just five weeks after the humiliating defeat of the US-sponsored invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs. Khrushchev took a hard line at the summit. He announced his intention to cut off Western access to Berlin and threatened war if the United States or its allies tried to stop him. Many US diplomats felt that Kennedy had not stood up to the Soviet premier at the summit and left Khrushchev with the impression that he was a weak leader. President Kennedy's political and military advisers feared that the Soviet Union had continued secret underground testing and made gains in nuclear technology. They pressured Kennedy to resume testing. And, according to a Gallup poll in July 1961, the public approved of testing by a margin of two-to-one. In August 1961, the Soviet Union announced its intention to resume atmospheric testing, and over the next three months it conducted 31 nuclear tests. It exploded the largest nuclear bomb in history—58 megatons—4,000 times more powerful than the bomb dropped on Hiroshima. In his commencement address at American University on June 10, 1963, Kennedy announced a new round of high-level arms negotiations with the Russians. He boldly called for an end to the Cold War. "If we cannot end our differences," he said, "at least we can help make the world a safe place for diversity." The Soviet government broadcast a translation of the entire speech, and allowed it to be reprinted in the controlled Soviet press. The Limited Nuclear Test Ban treaty was signed in Moscow on August 5, 1963, by US Secretary Dean Rusk, Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko, and British Foreign Secretary Lord Home—one day short of the 18th anniversary of the dropping of an atomic bomb on Hiroshima. Over the next two months, President Kennedy convinced a fearful public and a divided Senate to support the treaty. The Senate approved the treaty on September 23, 1963, by an 80-19 margin. Kennedy signed the ratified treaty on October 7, 1963. The treaty: prohibited nuclear weapons tests or other nuclear explosions under water, in the atmosphere, or in outer space allowed underground nuclear tests as long as no radioactive debris falls outside the boundaries of the nation conducting the test pledged signatories to work towards complete disarmament, an end to the armaments race, and an end to the contamination of the environment by radioactive substances. Thirty-three years later, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Signed by 71 nations, including those possessing nuclear weapons, the treaty prohibited all nuclear test explosions including those conducted underground. Though it was signed by President Bill Clinton, the Senate rejected the treaty by a vote of 51 to 48.« less

Science& Technology Review December 2002

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Budil, K S

2002-10-28

This issue has the following articles: (1) ''Doing It All: Sustaining Our Working Solutions, Rising to New Challenges''; (2) ''Emerging from the Cold War: Stockpile Stewardship and Beyond''--When the Cold War ended, Lawrence Livermore stepped up to a new national challenge--maintaining the safety and reliability of the U.S. nuclear stockpile without underground testing. (3) ''Machines from Interlocking Molecules''--Fundamental chemistry and physics research will enable scientists to control and use individual molecules. (4) ''Laser Zaps Communication Bottleneck''--Using laser communications, the U.S. military will be able to transmit data from advanced remote sensors in real time.

Thermonuclear Propaganda: Presentations of Nuclear Strategy in the Early Atomic Age

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-06-01

comics .17 One scholar of atomic culture noted the ambiguity of the duality of the atomic age as a central tenant to building the “most powerful of all...2004). 18 Ferenc Morton Szasz, Atomic Comics : Cartoonists Confront the Nuclear World (Reno, NV: University of Nevada Press, 2012), 135. 19 Ibid...research.archives.gov/description/36952. 28 Osgood, Total Cold War; Szasz, Atomic Comics ; Zeman and Amundson, Atomic Culture, 3-4. 10 the most modern

Atomic Army: The Roles of the U.S. Army in America’s Nuclear Endeavors

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-09-01

for Professor David S . Yost and Professor Zachary S . Davis. These courageous professors took a chance on me by accepting the ...as tools to deter the nation’s enemies and defend America and its allies with fewer soldiers and less funding. For the remainder of the Cold War, the ...Robert A. Pfeffer entitled “Nuclear Power: An Option for the Army’s Future .” They argued that the growing

Implications of China’s Growing Military Diplomatic Clout for the United States: Cooperation, Competition or Conflict

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-03-01

conflicts and wars; • Stands for effective disarmament and arms control that are just, reasonable, comprehensive and balanced in nature; • Opposes nuclear ...proliferation, and endeavors to advance the process of international nuclear disarmament; • Observes the purposes and principles of the UN Charter... disaster relief operations; and • Plays an active part in maintaining global and regional peace and stability.16 The CPC, Foreign Ministry, and

A resolution designating January 27, 2012, as a national day of remembrance for Americans who, during the Cold War, worked and lived downwind from nuclear testing sites and were adversely affected by the radiation exposure generated by the above ground nuclear weapons testing.

THOMAS, 112th Congress

Sen. Crapo, Mike [R-ID

2011-11-16

Senate - 11/16/2011 Submitted in the Senate, considered, and agreed to without amendment and with a preamble by Unanimous Consent. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status Agreed to in SenateHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

School and the nuclear energy problems: Preliminary analysis of a questionnaire

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Conforto, A. M.; Danusso, L.; Signorini, C.

1986-11-01

The feelings of Italian secondary school and university students toward the utilization of nuclear energy were explored, questioning 600 students aged 16 to 24. The study was carried on in 85/86, that is before the Chernobyl accident. The results show a relatively low level of knowledge about natural and radiation phenomena, and a weak correlation between atomic war possibility which is feared, and the attitude towards the pacific uses of atomic energy.

The Trilateral Force: The Atlantic Alliance and the Future of Nuclear Weapons Strategy

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-01-01

2010), 10. 4 Robert Manning, Envisioning 2030: U.S. Strategy for a Post-Western World, Atlantic Council (2013), 46. 5 Paul Bracken, The Second...Strategic Stability: Contending Interpretations, U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute (2013); Paul Bracken, “The Bomb Returns for a Second...U.S. Nuclear Strategy, Force Structure and Posture, Global Zero (2012), 6. 27 Dana Johnson, et al., “Triad, Dyad, Monad? Shaping the U.S. Force of

["Living with the bomb" - Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker's path from physics to politics].

PubMed

Walker, Mark

2014-01-01

Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker spanned a spectrum from physics to politics, with philosophy in-between. This chapter surveys the most controversial part of his career, including his work on nuclear weapons and participation in cultural propaganda during the Second World War, his subsequent active political engagement during the postwar Federal German Republic, in particular the role of nuclear weapons, and his participation in myths surrounding Hitler's Bomb".

The Future of Air Power in the Aftermath of the Gulf War

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-07-01

strategic-nuclear capabilities, for which the deterrence of direct nuclear attack against the United States itself was always a lesser-included case of a...conflicts, when there are only low-value, low-contrast targets in most cases . In regard to the 20 US MILITARY STRATEGY geographic setting, the attack...navigated over their intended targets to drop laser-guided glide bombs within three feet of the aim points, with the concurrent filming of the attack

Resource Management in Peace and War

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-04-01

the relatively uncon- strained use of available military forces and weapons, including nuclear, chemical, biological , or other weapons capable of...The Zero-Sum Solution, 1985 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1985), p. 333. 50. John Naisbitt, Megatrends (New York: Warner Books, 1984), pp. 53-60. 51

22 CFR 121.15 - Surface vessels of war.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... (battleships, aircraft carriers, destroyers, frigates, cruisers, corvettes, littoral combat ships, mine sweepers, mine hunters, mine countermeasure ships, dock landing ships, amphibious assault ships), or Coast... support naval nuclear propulsion plants; (5) Are armed or are specially designed to be used as a platform...

A Longitudinal Study of Secondary Posttraumatic Growth in Wives of Ex-POWs.

PubMed

Greene, Talya; Lahav, Yael; Kanat-Maymon, Yaniv; Solomon, Zahava

2015-01-01

The current study aimed to investigate (a) "secondary" posttraumatic growth (PTG) in wives of former prisoners of war (ex-POWs) and its association to husbands' captivity, husbands' posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and husbands' PTSD trajectories; and (b) the bidirectional relationships over time between wives' posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and PTG. The study compared 116 wives of Israeli ex-POWs from the 1973 Yom Kippur War with 56 wives of a matched control group of non-POW combat veterans. Wives were divided into groups according to husbands' captivity status, husbands' PTSD status, and husbands' PTSD trajectories; and ANOVAs and MANOVAs were conducted to assess group differences in PTSS and PTG, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Autoregressive cross-lag modeling was also used to assess bidirectional relationships between wives' PTSS and PTG over time. Wives of ex-POWs with PTSD reported significantly higher PTG compared with wives of ex-POWs without PTSD and wives of controls. While PTG and PTSS remained stable over time, importantly, the Time 1 (T1) level of PTG predicted avoidance symptoms at Time 2 (T2); the higher the wives' PTG at T1, the higher their avoidance symptoms at T2, but not vice versa. These findings support the notion that "secondary PTG" exists. They also strengthen the theory that growth and distress can co-occur. Finally, the finding that PTG predicted subsequent avoidance symptoms suggests that PTG does not prevent the future development of distress.

Ends Versus Means: A Critical Analysis of the Persian Gulf Crisis (1987- 1988)

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-08-01

readily apparent that a 12 gjunX ýjM 1Q§ (Washington: National Archives and Records Service, uFo , 1981), p. 197. 13 Snyder, p. 81. 18 whole host of...the consequences of an Iranian victory in the Gulf War. . . . However, the Soviets also seek to avoid alienating Iran and, if possible, hope to improve

What the Rule of Law Should Mean in Civics Education: From the "Following Orders" Defence to the Classroom

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Minow, Martha

2006-01-01

Sixty years after the International Military Tribunal opened in Nuremberg to try "major war criminals", how should soldiers learn not to follow clearly illegal or unconscionable orders? Following the Charter of the International Military Tribunal, judges during the Nuremberg Trials rejected defendants' efforts to avoid punishment on the basis of…

How One Period Casts Shadows on Another: Exploring Year 8 Encounters with Multiple Interpretations of the First World War

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Smith, Dan

2016-01-01

Dan Smith was concerned that his pupils were drawing on oversimplified generalisations about different periods of the past when they were considering why interpretations change over time. This led him to consider how pupils' contextual knowledge and chronological fluency might be used more explicitly in order to avoid weak generalisations about…

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

O'Brien, K H

Nuclear weapons play an essential role in United States (U.S.) National Security Policy and a succession of official reviews has concluded that nuclear weapons will continue to have a role for the foreseeable future. Under the evolving U.S. government policy, it is clear that role will be quite different from what it was during the Cold War. The nuclear-weapons stockpile as well as the nuclear-weapons enterprise needs to continue to change to reflect this evolving role. Stockpile reductions in the early 1990s and the Stockpile Stewardship Program (SSP), established after the cessation of nuclear testing in 1992, began this processmore » of change. Further evolution is needed to address changing security environments, to enable further reductions in the number of stockpiled weapons, and to create a nuclear enterprise that is cost effective and sustainable for the long term. The SSP has successfully maintained the U.S. nuclear stockpile for more than a decade, since the end of nuclear testing. Current plans foresee maintaining warheads produced in the 1980s until about 2040. These warheads continue to age and they are expensive to refurbish. The current Life Extension Program plans for these legacy warheads are straining both the nuclear-weapons production and certification infrastructure making it difficult to respond rapidly to problems or changes in requirements. Furthermore, refurbishing and preserving Cold-War-era nuclear weapons requires refurbishing and preserving an infrastructure geared to support old technology. Stockpile Stewardship could continue this refurbishment approach, but an alternative approach could be considered that is more focused on sustainable technologies, and developing a more responsive nuclear weapons infrastructure. Guided by what we have learned from SSP during the last decade, the stewardship program can be evolved to address this increasing challenge using its computational and experimental tools and capabilities. This approach must start with an improved vision of the future stockpile and enterprise, and find a path that moves us toward that future. The goal of this approach is to achieve a more affordable, sustainable, and responsive enterprise. In order to transform the enterprise in this way, the SSP warhead designs that drive the enterprise must change. Designs that emphasize manufacturability, certifiability, and increased safety and security can enable enterprise transformation. It is anticipated that such warheads can be certified and sustained with high confidence without nuclear testing. The SSP provides the tools to provide such designs, and can develop replacement designs and produce them for the stockpile. The Cold War currency of optimizing warhead yield-to-weight can be replaced by SSP designs optimizing margin-to-uncertainty. The immediate challenge facing the nuclear weapons enterprise is to find a credible path that leads to this vision of the future stockpile and enterprise. Reliable warheads within a sustainable enterprise can best be achieved by shifting from a program of legacy-warhead refurbishment to one of warhead replacement. The nuclear weapons stockpile and the nuclear weapons enterprise must transform together to achieve this vision. The current Reliable Replacement Warhead (RRW) program represents an approach that can begin this process of transformation. If the RRW program succeeds, the designs, manufacturing complex, and certification strategy can evolve together and in so doing come up with a more cost-efficient solution that meets today's and tomorrow's national security requirements.« less

SAVANNAH RIVER SITE ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT FOR 2010

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mamatey, A.; Dunaway-Ackerman, J.

2011-08-16

This report was prepared in accordance with U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Order 231.1A, 'Environment, Safety and Health Reporting,' to present summary environmental data for the purpose of: (a) characterizing site's environmental management performance; (b) summarizing environmental occurrences and responses reported during the calendar year; (c) describing compliance status with respect to environmental standards and requirements; and (d) highlighting significant site programs and efforts. This report is the principal document that demonstrates compliance with the requirements of DOE Order 5400.5, 'Radiation Protection of the Public and the Environment,' and is a key component of DOE's effort to keep the publicmore » informed of environmental conditions at Savannah River Site (SRS). SRS has four primary missions: (1) Environmental Management - Cleaning up the legacy of the Cold War efforts and preparing decommissioned facilities and areas for long-term stewardship; (2) Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Support - Meeting the needs of the U.S. nuclear weapons stockpile through the tritium programs of the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA); (3) Nuclear Nonproliferation Support - Meeting the needs of the NNSA's nuclear nonproliferation programs by safely storing and dispositioning excess special nuclear materials; and (4) Research and Development - Supporting the application of science by the Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) to meet the needs of SRS, the DOE complex, and other federal agencies During 2010, SRS worked to fulfill these missions and position the site for future operations. SRS continued to work with the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control (SCDHEC), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to find and implement solutions and schedules for waste management and disposition. As part of its mission to clean up the Cold War legacy, SRS will continue to address the highest-risk waste management issues by safely storing and preparing liquid waste and nuclear materials for disposition, and by safely stabilizing any tank waste residues that remain on site.« less

New Light on Copenhagen and the German Nuclear Project

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cassidy, David C.

The recent release of draft letters from Niels Bohr to Werner Heisenberg provides new insights into German fission research during World War II and into the reasons for its relative failure. I refute claims of deliberate failure and briefly summarize other contributing factors.

Psychometric Characteristics of the Modified World Affairs Questionnaire.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mayton, Daniel M., II

1988-01-01

Subjected Modified World Affairs Questionnaire (MWAQ) to comparable common factor analysis which identified five factors: civil defense, escalation, nuclear war outcome, probability/worry, and patriotic. Alpha coefficients and test-retest reliability were determined to be adequate for the first four subscales. Acceptable discriminant validity and…

The Earth Could Burn.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Yarrow, Ruth

1982-01-01

Environmental educators are worried about the ultimate ecological threat--nuclear war, which could burn thousands of square miles, sterilize the soil, destroy 70 percent of the ozone layer letting in lethal ultraviolet rays, and cause severe radiation sickness. Educators must inform themselves, teach others, contact government representatives, and…

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shaffer, J.; Ederington, B.

The new security environment has a number of distinguishing characteristics. The formerly dominant bipolar power structure now exists only artificially, in the nuclear balance. By every measure of usable power, economic and political as well as military, the world is at a thoroughly multilateral stage, albeit with a single and unquestioned lead actor: the United States. But more and more states in the developing world have the ability to challenge U.S. and allied military forces, a fact demonstrated repeated by Saddam Hussein's Iraq. From an intense focus on a single global threat, Western defense planning has moved to the moremore » complex and varied task of analyzing and preparing for regional crises and wars involving a kaleidoscopic variety of potential aggressors and victims. In part it has done so because such operations may be more likely today than during the cold war, when the risk of escalation to superpower war lurked in all regional conflicts. This shift demands, among other things, forces that are more flexible and agile than those deployed during the cold war. It also requires better intelligence on the developing world, where most immediate military missions lie.« less

The future of high-level nuclear waste disposal, state sovereignty and the tenth amendment: Nevada v. Watkins

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Swazo, S.

The federal government`s monopoly over America`s nuclear energy production began during World War II with the birth of the Atomic Age. During the next thirty years, nuclear waste inventories increased with minor congressional concern. In the early 1970s, the need for federal legislation to address problems surrounding nuclear waste regulation, along with federal efforts to address these problems, became critical. Previous federal efforts had completely failed to address nuclear waste disposal. In 1982, Congress enacted the Nuclear Waste Policy Act (NWPA) to deal with issues of nuclear waste management and disposal, and to set an agenda for the development ofmore » two national high-level nuclear waste repositories. This article discusses the legal challenge to the NWPA in the Nevada v. Watkins case. This case illustrates the federalism problems faced by the federal government in trying to site the nation`s only high-level nuclear waste repository within a single state.« less

One perspective on stakeholder involvement at Hanford.

PubMed

Martin, Todd

2011-11-01

The Hanford nuclear site in Washington State had a major role in the production of nuclear weapons materials during the Manhattan Project in World War II and during the Cold War that followed. The production of weapons-grade radionuclides produced a large amount of radioactive byproducts that have been stored since the mid-1900s at the Hanford Site. These by-product radionuclides have leaked from containment facilities into the groundwater, contaminated buildings used for radionuclide processing, and also contaminated the nuclear reactors used to produce weapons-grade uranium and plutonium. This issue has been a major concern to Hanford stakeholders for several decades, and the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and the Washington State Department of Ecology established a Tri-Party Agreement in 1989, at which time Hanford ceased production of nuclear weapons materials and began a major effort to clean up and remediate the Hanford Site's contaminated groundwater, soil, and facilities. This paper describes the concerns of stakeholders in the production of nuclear weapons, the secrecy of Hanford operations, and the potential impacts to public health and the environment from the unintended releases of weapons-grade materials and by-products associated with their production at the Hanford Site. It also describes the involvement of public stakeholders in the development and oversight by the Hanford Advisory Board of the steps that have been taken in cleanup activities at the Hanford Site that began as a major effort about two decades ago. The importance of involvement of the general public and public interest organizations in developing and implementing the Hanford cleanup strategy are described in detail.

Joseph A. Burton Forum Award Talk: Remembering our Humanity: the deep impact of the Russell-Einstein Manifesto

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lewis, Patricia M.

2009-05-01

``There lies before us, if we choose, continual progress in happiness, knowledge, and wisdom. Shall we, instead, choose death, because we cannot forget our quarrels? We appeal as human beings to human beings: Remember your humanity, and forget the rest.'' Days before his death, Albert Einstein joined Bertrand Russell and other notable scientists and philosophers in issuing a statement calling for the abolition of war and for governments to ``find peaceful means for the settlement of all matters of dispute between them." As a first step, they called for the renunciation of nuclear weapons. The initiative led to the establishment of the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, which bring together influential scholars and public figures concerned with reducing the danger of armed conflict and seeking cooperative solutions for global problems. The Russell-Einstein Manifesto has had a major impact on the way in which people discuss the issues of peace and war. The paper traces the growing awareness of the meaning of war, ways in which violent conflict can be prevented, particularly in the nuclear age, and the humanitarian imperative for so doing. From the Russell-Einstein Manifesto, London, 9 July 1955, signed also by Max Born, Percy W. Bridgman, Leopold Infeld, Frederic Joliot-Curie, Herman J. Muller, Linus Pauling, Cecil F. Powell, Joseph Rotblat and Hideki Yukawa

Taking a stand against nuclear proliferation: the pediatrician's role.

PubMed

Newman, Thomas B

2008-05-01

Nuclear weapons pose a grave threat to the health of children. The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, which for almost 40 years has limited the spread of nuclear weapons, is in danger of unraveling. At the 2000 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty Review Conference, 180 countries, including the United States, agreed on 13 practical steps to implement Article VI of the treaty, which calls for nuclear disarmament. However, the United States has acted in contravention of several of those disarmament steps, with announced plans to develop new nuclear weapons and to maintain a large nuclear arsenal for decades to come. Pediatricians, working individually and through organizations such as the American Academy of Pediatrics and International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, can educate the public and elected officials regarding the devastating and irremediable effects of nuclear weapons on children and the need for policies that comply with and strengthen the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, rather than undermining it. For the children of the world, our goal must be a nuclear weapons convention (similar to the chemical and biological weapons conventions) that would prohibit these weapons globally.